TY - RPRT AN - 01457338 AU - White, Thomas D AU - Abers, J M AU - Haddock, John E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Accelerated Testing System to Determine Percent Crushed Aggregate Requirements in Bituminous Mixtures PY - 1990/50//Interim Report SP - 50p AB - With increase in axle loads, tire pressures and volume of truck traffic there has been an increase in the rate of which bituminous pavements are exhibiting rutting. Because resistance to rutting can be increased by the addition of crushed aggregate, a need exists for a method of determining what amount of crushed material is required and the characteristics of that crushed material to optimize performance and economy. The Accelerated Testing Facility will be located at the INDOT Research Division Facilities in West Lafayette, Indiana. A pit within the Test Facility will allow prototype scale pavement sections to be installed. An Accelerated Testing System has been designed that will span the pit and incorporate the capability to apply moving wheel loads. Materials used in the test sections as well as environment and loading conditions will be controlled. Structural damage will be scaled by increasing the load so that greater pavement damage is incurred by each pass of the load. Rutting distress will be scaled by increasing asphalt mixture temperature and thereby decreasing the mixture stiffness. Reduced stiffness would increase rutting distress with each load that passes. A number of pavement materials, structure and loading factors can be evaluated in the facility. Subsequent phases of the study will address the relative performance of asphalt mixtures prepared with varying amounts crushed aggregate. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Load tests KW - Rutting KW - Structural deterioration and defects UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313431 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457361 AU - Schmidt, Barbara I AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering soils map of Henry County, Indiana PY - 1990/42/06/Final Report SP - 95p AB - The report completes a portion of the long-term project concerned with the development of county engineering soils maps in the State of Indiana. The soils mapping of Henry County was done primarily by the analysis of landforms and associated parent materials as portrayed on stereoscopic aerial photographs. Valuable information for soils was obtained from publications of the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Test data from roadway and bridge projects was obtained from the Indiana Department of Transportation. Soil profiles for the landform/parent material areas mapped are presented on the engineering soils map, a copy of which is included at the end of the report. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Henry County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313437 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01408371 AU - Elias, V AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations, R and D TI - Durability/ corrosion of soil reinforced structures PY - 1990/12 IS - FHWA-RD-89-186 SP - 173p AB - This report is intended to provide criteria in evaluating potential corrosion tosses when using coated or uncoated steel reinforcements, and in determining aging and construction damage tosses when using geosynthetic reinforcements. To monitor in-situ corrosion rates of bare or galvanized steel reinforcements, remote electrochemical measurement equipment has been developed, evaluated and demonstrated on 7 field sites. The prototype equipment has been delivered to FHWA for further use. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Reinforced earth KW - Retaining wall KW - Retaining walls KW - Slope stability KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1176167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01408030 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hansen, A G TI - Upgrade of the FOIL pendulum test capability PY - 1990/12 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 249-54 KW - Crash test KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Safety fence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1175826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00751071 AU - Ismart, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF SYSTEM PLANNING MODELS PY - 1990/12 SP - 57 p. AB - This manual describes quick and simple procedures for calibrating and adjusting systemwide transportation models so they replicate existing ground counts and can be used in forecasting. It includes a troubleshooting section that describes various problems and gives possible solutions. The contents are as follows: (1) Introduction; (2) Networks; (3) Trip Generation; (4) Auto Occupancy; (5) Trip Distribution; (6) Traffic Assignment; (7) Transit Ridership Effects on Highway Volumes; (8) External Stations; (9) System Changes Versus Local Changes; (10) Expected and Required Accuracy; (11) Conclusions; and (12) Troubleshooting. KW - Accuracy KW - Adjustment factors KW - Adjustments KW - Calibration KW - Forecasting KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Networks KW - Public transit KW - Ridership KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation networks KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://www.bts.gov/ntl/DOCS/377CAS.html#TOP UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/377CAS.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9700/9790/377CAS.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738937 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FLEXIBLE DELINEATOR POSTS PY - 1990/12 SP - 25 p. AB - The objective of this study was to install a small number of lightweight metal U-channel posts with a round delineator and a small number of commonly used flexible posts and evaluate their performance. Three types of flexible posts were installed. They included two posts manufactured by Carsonite and one manufactured by Safe-Hit. The results of the limited field tests do not support widespread use of flexible posts. Substantial durability problems were encountered with the flexible posts. Future use of flexible posts should be limited to potential high-hit areas such as gores at urban interchanges. While the durability of the metal posts was superior to the flexible posts, a maintenance problem exists relating to maintaining the posts and delineators. KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible posts KW - Highway delineators KW - Maintenance KW - Metals KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17300/17359/PB2001101122.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625384 AU - HAMAD, B S AU - Jirsa, James O AU - d'Abreu d'Paolo, N I AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF EPOXY COATING ON BOND AND ANCHORAGE OF REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 264 p. AB - The objective of the research program was to assess the influence of epoxy coating on the bond characteristics of reinforcing bars and to develop or revise the existing recommendations for the design of splices and anchorage of straight and hooked epoxy-coated reinforcement. Three different series of tests were conducted. Pullout specimens were tested to determine differences in stress transfer between normal mill scale uncoated and epoxy-coated bars using different bar sizes, coating thicknesses, bar deformation patterns, rib face angles, concrete strengths, and different levels of restraint to splitting. Twelve beams with splices in a constant moment region were tested in negative bending. All bars were cast in a top bar position with more than 12 in. of concrete below the bars. Variables included bar size, bar spacing, and amount of transverse reinforcement crossing the splitting plane in the splice region. Twenty-four specimens simulating typical beam-column joints in a structure were tested to compare the anchorage capacities of uncoated and epoxy-coated hooked bars. Variables included bar size, concrete strength, concrete cover, hook geometry, and the amount of transverse reinforcement through the beam-column joint. Using the results of this study and results of other tests on coated bars reported in the literature, a comprehensive review of the effect of epoxy coating on structural aspects of coated bars was performed. From the review, design procedures were recommended for coated straight and hooked bars. KW - Anchorages KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bending KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Concrete structures KW - Design KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Hooked bars KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Negative bending KW - Pull out test KW - Rebars KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Splices KW - Splicing KW - Straight bars KW - Stress transfer KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615587 AU - Lybas, J M AU - Jo, Byung Wan AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESPONSE OF CONCRETE HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS WITH ECONOCRETE BASES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 229 p. AB - Two computer programs for stress and deflection analysis of concrete highway pavements, FEACONS for plate bending analysis considering a liquid subgrade, thermal curling and joint stiffness, and INPLANE for analysis under in-plane shrinkage, temperature and joint effects, were modified to handle skewed transverse joints. A series of calculations using FEACONS, under wheel loading and temperature, were performed to study the effect of subgrade stiffness levels and joint stiffness levels on the distribution of stresses in the pavement. Results were presented as profiles of principal stress and deflection magnitudes. A number of laboratory pilot tests were performed on plain unreinforced beams to study the fatigue resistance in flexure of Florida concrete. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bending KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Curling KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Econocrete KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexure KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Shrinkage KW - Skewed joints KW - Skewed structures KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Transverse joints KW - Unreinforced concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611160 AU - Derakhshandeh, M AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MONITORING A CRIBLOCK RETAINING WALL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 29 p. AB - Two criblock retaining walls were constructed on both ends of a bridge on Project BRO 0057(2) on County Road 17 in Pitkin County in Western Colorado. This study was initiated to evaluate the post-construction performance of this proprietary retaining wall system. The walls were completed during March 1989, and their movements were monitored through July 1990. The results of the monitoring program indicated that the wall movements were limited to less than 3/4 of an inch during the 17 month monitoring period, and the walls appear to be in satisfactory working condition. The appearance of the criblock retaining walls as well as their durability can make this retaining wall system competitive with the other retaining wall systems when applicable. KW - Aesthetics KW - Crib walls KW - Durability KW - Monitoring KW - Motion KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retaining walls KW - Wall movement KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622389 AU - Jovanis, P P AU - Khattak, A J AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALIDATION OF SELECTED SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION CAPACITY FACTORS FOR SMALL URBAN AREAS IN ILLINOIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 61 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to validate the saturation flow rates and progression factors in the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual in small urban areas in Illinois. It was found that the use of an ideal saturation flow rate of 1,800 vphgl is reasonable for small urban areas, as opposed to the observed 2,000 vphgl value observed in the Chicago Metropolitan area. Progression factors were found to be dependent on the proportion of platoon arrivals in green, as in the Highway Capacity Manual, but not on the degree of saturation. This is in line with recent recommendations of NCHRP project 3-28C in which progression factors are estimated strictly from arrivals in green and green splits. Overall, the study found the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual model for signalized intersections gave substantially better results in small urban areas in Illinois compared to Chicago. KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Illinois KW - Progression factors KW - Saturation flow KW - Signalized intersections KW - Small cities KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605666 AU - Stover, B AU - Colorado Geological Survey AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ROCKFALL RESEARCH: SECTION 1: PILOT STUDY AND SECTION 2: PROCEDURE MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 32 p. AB - This research project is directed at developing and demonstrating a system for cost effectively evaluating and prioritizing highway rockfall hazards statewide. This pilot study produced a prototype computer-based highway rockfall hazard ranking system - "CRASH", which can be used to identify those areas of the state's highway system which have the highest incidences of rockfall accidents, as well as any area which has had a reported rockfall accident since 1976. The existing Oregon rockfall hazard ranking system (ODOT system) was selected and studied to determine if it addressed the varied geologic as well as physical rockfall situations in Colorado. This system was adapted to suit the requirements of our prototype hazard ranking scheme. Implementation of the Highway Rockfall Hazard Evaluation system was demonstrated on five pre-selected areas. The mile in each area with the highest number of reported rockfall accidents, as determined by "CRASH", was ranked using the ODOT system. KW - Computer programs KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Mitigation KW - Ratings KW - Rockfalls KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625038 AU - Garner, J E AU - Lee, C E AU - Huang, Liysheng AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFRARED SENSORS FOR COUNTING, CLASSIFYING, AND WEIGHING VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 80 p. AB - In this study, five field tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of using commercially-available infrared light-beam sensors for counting, classifying, and perhaps weighing vehicles. It was demonstrated that a single, reflex-type infrared sensor mounted just off the shoulder and working off a retro-reflective raised pavement marker in the center of the outside traffic lane can be used to count the tires on one end of each axle of a moving vehicle with accuracy comparable to human observers or to a flush-mounted piezo-strip sensor. Sensor installation involved no pavement cuts and only minimal interference to traffic. Tests were not conducted in snow or heavy rain. Arrays of two or more infrared light-bean sensors can be used to sense vehicle-body presence, to calculate vehicle speed, axle spacing, and tire-contact patch dimensions, to indicate single or dual tires, to detect direction of vehicle movement, and to sense over-height vehicles. Off-shoulder reflex-type infrared sensors with retro-reflective raised pavement markers operated for up to three months without cleaning. A two-sensor array tested in the Houston high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) lane indicated promise as a replacement for loop-detector arrays. Infrared sensors can supplement weigh-in-motion systems by indicating off-transducer vehicle tires, but correlations between infrared light-beam sensor measurements and weight were not sufficient to make adequate weight estimates from such measurements practicable. KW - Accuracy KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Infrared detectors KW - Installation KW - Traffic counting KW - Vehicle classification KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629084 AU - Riesenberg, F AU - Charney, R D AU - McEwen, M A AU - Conners, D H AU - Krone, R B AU - Tchobanoglous, G AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM GUIDANCE MANUAL: SALT MARSH RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, AND CREATION TECHNIQUES FOR CALTRANS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. VOLUME III, SAN FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA PY - 1990/12 SP - v.p. AB - Highway construction projects along the California coast can potentially damage adjacent saltwater marshes causing a loss of saltmarsh values. Normally, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) tries to avoid these losses by moving highway alignments or other techniques. Occasionally, saltmarsh losses are unavoidable necessitating marsh restoration projects to replace lost saltmarsh values. Successful saltmarsh mitigation projects require site specific project planning, objectives, design, monitoring and construction techniques. California is unique because of its long coast. The ecological regions of the State have separate flora and fauna which must be considered by planners during mitigation projects. There are also unifying principles which apply to all saltmarsh mitigation projects. This guidance manual contains information on site assessment, monitoring, planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance activities associated with saltmarsh restoration projects in San Francisco Bay. It is part of a four manual set covering the four ecological regions of the California Coast: Northern California, Central California, Southern California and San Francisco Bay. The manual provides a checklist for each major mitigation activity and background information. The manual will serve as a set of instructions for Caltrans personnel to carry out planning, construction and monitoring of saltmarsh mitigation projects. KW - California KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Salt marshes KW - Salt water areas KW - Site investigation KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629082 AU - Charney, R D AU - McEwen, M A AU - Conners, D H AU - Riesenberg, F AU - Krone, R B AU - Tchobanoglous, G AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM GUIDANCE MANUAL: SALT MARSH RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, AND CREATION TECHNIQUES FOR CALTRANS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. VOLUME I, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA PY - 1990/12 SP - v.p. AB - Highway construction projects along the California coast can potentially damage adjacent saltwater marshes causing a loss of saltmarsh values. Normally, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) tries to avoid these losses by moving highway alignments or other techniques. Occasionally, saltmarsh losses are unavoidable necessitating marsh restoration projects to replace lost saltmarsh values. Successful saltmarsh mitigation projects require site specific project planning, objectives, design, monitoring and construction techniques. California is unique because of its long coast. The ecological regions of the State have separate flora and fauna which must be considered by planners during mitigation projects. There are also unifying principles which apply to all saltmarsh mitigation projects. This guidance manual contains information on site assessment, monitoring, planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance activities associated with saltmarsh restoration projects along the coast of Northern California. It is part of a four manual set covering the four ecological regions of the California Coast: Northern California, Central California, Southern California, and San Francisco Bay. The manual provides a checklist for each major mitigation activity and background information. The manual will serve as a set of instructions for Caltrans personnel to carry out planning, construction and monitoring of saltmarsh mitigation projects. KW - California KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Salt marshes KW - Salt water areas KW - Site investigation KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629083 AU - McEwen, M A AU - Conners, D H AU - Riesenberg, F AU - Charney, R D AU - Krone, R B AU - Tchobanoglous, G AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM GUIDANCE MANUAL: SALT MARSH RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, AND CREATION TECHNIQUES FOR CALTRANS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. VOLUME II, CENTRAL CALIFORNIA PY - 1990/12 SP - v.p. AB - Highway construction projects along the California coast can potentially damage adjacent saltwater marshes causing a loss of saltmarsh values. Normally, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) tries to avoid these losses by moving highway alignments or other techniques. Occasionally, saltmarsh losses are unavoidable necessitating marsh restoration projects to replace lost saltmarsh values. Successful saltmarsh mitigation projects require site specific project planning, objectives, design, monitoring and construction techniques. California is unique because of its long coast. The ecological regions of the State have separate flora and fauna which must be considered by planners during mitigation projects. There are also unifying principles which apply to all saltmarsh mitigation projects. This guidance manual contains information on site assessment, monitoring, planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance activities associated with saltmarsh restoration projects along the coast of Central California. It is part of a four manual set covering the four ecological regions of the California coast: Northern California, Central California, Southern California and San Francisco Bay. The manual provides a checklist for each major mitigation activity and background information. The manual will serve as a set of instructions for Caltrans personnel to carry out planning, construction and monitoring of saltmarsh mitigation projects. KW - California KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Salt marshes KW - Salt water areas KW - Site investigation KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629085 AU - Conners, D H AU - Riesenberg, F AU - Charney, R D AU - McEwen, M A AU - Krone, R B AU - Tchobanoglous, G AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM GUIDANCE MANUAL: SALT MARSH RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, AND CREATION TECHNIQUES FOR CALTRANS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. VOLUME IV, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PY - 1990/12 SP - v.p. AB - Highway construction projects along the California coast can potentially damage adjacent saltwater marshes causing a loss of saltmarsh values. Normally, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) tries to avoid these losses by moving highway alignments or other techniques. Occasionally, saltmarsh losses are unavoidable necessitating marsh restoration projects to replace lost saltmarsh values. Successful saltmarsh mitigation projects require site specific project planning, objectives, design, monitoring and construction techniques. California is unique because of its long coast. The ecological regions of the State have separate flora and fauna which must be considered by planners during mitigation projects. There are also unifying principles which apply to all saltmarsh mitigation projects. This guidance manual contains information on site assessment, monitoring, planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance activities associated with saltmarsh restoration projects along the coast of Northern California. It is part of a four manual set covering the four ecological regions of the California Coast: Northern California, Central California, Southern California and San Francisco Bay. The manual provides a checklist for each major mitigation activity and background information. The manual will serve as a set of instructions for Caltrans personnel to carry out planning, construction and monitoring of saltmarsh mitigation projects. KW - California KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Salt marshes KW - Salt water areas KW - Site investigation KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622395 AU - Chiapetta, R L AU - Welch, R E AU - Chiapetta, Welch & Associates, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BASIC STUDY TO IMPROVE SPEED AND EFFICIENCY OF VEHICLE/BARRIER SIMULATIONS. VOLUME II: APPENDIXES PY - 1990/12 SP - 516 p. AB - Some of the FHWA vehicle impact simulation computer programs were modified to improve their accuracy and/or efficiency. The CRUNCH, GUARD and BARRIER VII programs as well as three versions of the NARD program were reviewed to identify modeling limitations and numerical procedures employed by each program. Other, commercially available, software was also reviewed. Based on the reviews, numerous recommendations were made to incorporate changes to the FHWA programs to increase their accuracy/efficiency. A subset of the recommended improvements were implemented in three of the programs: GUARD 3.0, NARD 1.0 and PCNARD. This effort included development of a separate preprocessor program for GUARD and NARD. The modifications resulted in the attainment of various levels of success ranging from very little to a very significant increase in accuracy/efficiency, depending on the modification. Other activities included a state-of-the-art review of soil/post interaction and development of general guidelines for the selection of integration time-step size. This is Volume II of a two-volume set. The other volume is FHWA-RD-91-035, Volume I: Final Report. KW - Accuracy KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Impact tests KW - Improvements KW - Posts KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - Soil structure interaction KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622394 AU - Chiapetta, R L AU - Chiapetta, Welch & Associates, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BASIC STUDY TO IMPROVE SPEED AND EFFICIENCY OF VEHICLE/BARRIER SIMULATIONS. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 50 p. AB - Some of the FHWA vehicle impact simulation computer programs were modified to improve their accuracy and/or efficiency. The CRUNCH, GUARD and BARRIER VII programs as well as three versions of the NARD program were reviewed to identify modeling limitations and numerical procedures employed by each program. Other, commercially available, software was also reviewed. Based on the reviews, numerous recommendations were made to incorporate changes to the FHWA programs to increase their accuracy/efficiency. A subset of the recommended improvements were implemented in three of the programs: GUARD 3.0, NARD 1.0 and PCNARD. This effort included development of a separate preprocessor program for GUARD and NARD. The modifications resulted in the attainment of various levels of success ranging from very little to a very significant increase in accuracy/efficiency, depending on the modification. Other activities included a state-of-the-art review of soil/post interaction and development of general guidelines for the selection of integration time-step size. This is Volume I of a two-volume set. The other volume is FHWA-RD-91-036, Volume II: Appendices. KW - Accuracy KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Impact tests KW - Improvements KW - Posts KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - Soil structure interaction KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619203 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Linkenheld, J S AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A RADAR ACTIVATED HORN SYSTEM FOR SPEED CONTROL IN HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 41 p. AB - This study evaluated the speed reduction effects of providing an audible message to the speeding motorists approaching a highway striping crew. The audible system consisted of a radar unit which activated a horn when approaching vehicles exceeded a speed threshold. Speed data for 118 vehicles were collected and a speed reduction profile for each vehicle was generated. The data were divided into horn activated, horn not activated, and control groups. When the horn was activated, the average, maximum, and minimum speed reductions were 9.71, 17, and 4 mph at a distance about 750 ft from the horn. When the horn was not activated the average, max and min reductions were 3.5, 5, and 3 mph, respectively. As the detection distance decreased, the effectiveness of the horn system decreased too. The exact amount of additional speed reductions due to horn blasts alone could not be determined because of a small control data. However, the range of the additional speed reduction due to the horn was estimated to be 0-6 mph at 750 ft from the horn, and 0-2 at 500 ft from the horn. At a distance 750 ft from the horn the speed reduction effect of the horn was the greatest. The horn should be activated when a speeding vehicle is at a distance not less than 750 ft from the horn to give the drivers enough time to slow down before passing the truck. The horn system seemed to have some speed reduction effects on the motorists. However, noise problems and the human factors considerations of this system needs to be studied. These concerns may limit application of this device to very special cases. Further studies on the effectiveness of the system are needed. KW - Effectiveness KW - Horns KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Speed control KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-067.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619207 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Graves, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS OF CRUSHED SANDSTONE AGGREGATES IN BITUMINOUS BASES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 44 p. AB - The principal objective of the research effort was to develop historical performance data for bituminous sandstone pavements and bituminous limestone pavements relative to visual distress, pavement rutting characteristics, and structural condition using deflection measurements. Data relative to Road Rater deflections, pavement rutting, condition ratings based on subjective visual surveys and objective data such as skid resistance and rideability, were collected and analyzed during the course of the study. It was concluded, based upon information gained during the evaluation period and summarized in this report, that pavements constructed with bituminous sandstone bases did not develop excessive rut depths, were more resistant to shoving and pushing, but appeared to exhibit cracking at an earlier age than pavements constructed with bituminous limestone bases. The use of bituminous sandstone mixtures addresses problems such as haul costs, rutting, skid resistance, etc. Field engineers indicated that although bituminous sandstone surface mixtures have a slight tendency to ravel, they are very resistant to rutting and applications of bituminous sandstone base and surface mixtures have been very successful in their estimation. KW - Bituminous bases KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ride quality KW - Rideability KW - Rut KW - Rut depth KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting KW - Sandstones KW - Shoving KW - Skid resistance KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618763 AU - Lohrey, E C AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL FOR THE NARROW CONNECTICUT IMPACT-ATTENUATION SYSTEM (NCIAS) PY - 1990/12 SP - 17 p. AB - In a continuing effort to develop improved vehicular impact-attenuation devices, the Connecticut Department of Transportation has introduced its third cylindrical steel highway crash cushion, known as the Narrow Connecticut Impact-Attenuation System (NCIAS). Differing from the first (truck-mounted systm) and the second (wide stationary system), the NCIAS is a stationary system designed to protect motorists from impacting narrow, rigid roadside features such as bridge piers and blunt ends of concrete longitudinal barriers. This manual describes the materials and procedures required to properly repair and maintain the NCIAS. This information is presented under the following headings: Introduction; Importance of Proper Maintenance; Description of the NCIAS; Damage Assessment and Replacement Parts; Tools and Equipment Required for Repair; Disassembly; Reassembly; Cover Attachment; Long-Term Maintenance; and Parts List. KW - Crash cushions KW - Damage assessment KW - Loss and damage KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Manuals KW - Parts KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618109 AU - Fager, G A AU - Smith, B J AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLISH RESISTANCE OF SELECTED KANSAS AGGREGATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 47 p. AB - A study was undertaken between 1988 and 1990 to evaluate the frictional characteristics of the coarse aggregates proposed for use in bituminous pavements. A British Polishing Wheel along with a British Pendulum were used to test various types of aggregates. Some of the aggregates tested were sandstone, chat, wet bottom boiler slag, trap rock, steel slag, two different lightweight aggregates, both crushed and uncrushed gravel, and several different limestones from eastern Kansas. The report concluded that most of the aggregates have a rapid drop off and a leveling out of British Polish Values with time. The lightweight aggregates (expanded shales) and the one sandstone gave excellent to good results. Boiler slag and trap rock performed slightly better than the similar looking steel slag. Chat, in the flat orientation performed very poorly as well as the crushed and uncrushed gravels. The limestones overlapped the upper polished values through the lower values. Preliminary conclusions are that the softer limestones (i.e., high absorption) determine the better performing limestone aggregates. Higher acid insoluble residue contents may also be a factor. KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Boiler slags KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Crushed gravel KW - Durability KW - Expanded shale aggregates KW - Gravel KW - Kansas KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Materials tests KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Sandstones KW - Slag KW - Slag coarse aggregates KW - Steel KW - Steel slags KW - Trap rock KW - Trap rock coarse aggregate KW - Uncrushed aggregate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610091 AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Cross, S A AU - Brown, E R AU - National Center for Asphalt Technology AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS FOR HIGH PRESSURE TRUCK TIRES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 255 p. AB - This research project was undertaken to evaluate 34 in-service heavy duty pavements across Pennsylvania to identify the material properties, mix design parameters, pavement construction properties, and pavement in-service properties which are responsible for the premature rutting (permanent deformation) of some HMA pavements. Core samples were tested to determine pavement properties. The mix from cores was reheated, compacted by three different compaction methods, and analyzed for voids in total mix (VTM) and strength. Transverse surface profiles of the pavements were taken to determine maximum rut depths. Correlation analysis, linear regression analysis and stepwise multiple variable analysis methods were used to analyze the effect of some 60 independent variables on rutting. Threshold values of significant independent variables were also established. Significant independent variables affecting the rutting potential of HMA pavements included design VMA, VTM, percent natural sand in fine aggregate, and minus 200 content. It has been recommended to use Marshall Compactor with rotating base and slanted foot to obtain near maximum potential compaction in the laboratory. Daily quality control of HMA mix composition, and VMT of compacted specimens is essential to minimize rutting. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Deformation KW - Fine aggregates KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Inflation KW - Mix design KW - Natural sand fine aggregate KW - Pavement performance KW - Regression analysis KW - Rut KW - Rut depth KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting KW - Sand KW - Strength of materials KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/3000/3400/3496/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610211 AU - Stratton, F W AU - Frantzen, J A AU - Meggers, D A AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CAUSE OF ACCELERATED DETERIORATION OF CORRUGATED METAL PIPE INSTALLED AFTER 1974. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 73 p. AB - During the latter part of 1988, a short term research study was initiated to evaluate the performance of selected corrugated metal crossroad pipe (CMP) installed since 1974. Conflicting earlier reports on CMP performance created sufficient doubt that a followup study was initiated in 1989. The data in the report support the decision to prohibit the use of CMP for all crossroad installations in Districts 1, 2, 4, and 5 except for limited situations, and to consider the use of CMP in Districts 3 and 6 on a site specific basis. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Highway drainage KW - Kansas KW - Metal pipe KW - Performance evaluations KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608655 AU - Albright, D P AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1990 SURVEY OF TRAFFIC MONITORING PRACTICES AMONG STATE TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 155 p. AB - The New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department conducted surveys of state traffic monitoring practices in the Fall of 1990. The survey provides an indication of the traffic monitoring state-of-the-practice among state agencies in 1990. All fifty states are represented. The survey results provide a benchmark of diverse practice. As national traffic monitoring standards are defined, in the future, similar surveys will be able to assess standards implementation by the extent to which practice has become more consistent. KW - Data collection KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic systems KW - Monitoring KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys KW - Traffic KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608600 AU - Smith, M J AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED SIGNING FOR TRAFFIC CIRCLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 54 p. AB - The objective of this project was to develop new guidance signing for traffic circles. The measure of effectiveness which seemed the most feasible for use in determinning the effectiveness of the new guidance signing was the percentage of drivers who made the preferred maneuvers. The preferred maneuvers were determined on the basis of safety and efficiency. The percentage of vehicles who made the preferred maneuvers was measured for both before and after sign change conditions and compared to determine the effectiveness of the new signing. Traffic studies were conducted at 5 circles; 3 of which were regular and 2 cut-through. Diagrammatic signs were tested at the 3 regular circles and 1 of the cut-through circles. A modified stack sign was tested at the other cut-through circle. Diagrammatic signing was found more effective than conventional signing in reducing driver confusion at regular circles. Diagrammatic signing was also found more effective than conventional signing in reducing driver confusion at cut-through circles for left and right turning movements. No advantage could be shown for modified stack signing over conventional signing. Diagrammatic signs were recommended for use at both regular and cut-through circles. Specifications and photos of the diagrammatic signs recommended are included in the report. KW - Before and after studies KW - Diagrammatic signs KW - Diagrams KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recommendations KW - Signs KW - Specifications KW - Testing KW - Traffic circles KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608602 AU - SYSTRON Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE ON HIGH VOLUME TRAFFIC ROADS - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 218 p. AB - This report summarizes the proceedings of three multi-regional workshops which focused on applying better procedures, safer methods, better materials and time savings equipment that would result in more cost-effective and safer maintenance work zone practices and operations on high volume traffic roads. These workshops were conducted in St. Louis, Missouri, Virginia Beach, Virginia, and Las Vegas, Nevada in cooperation with the respective State Highway Agencies. Various individuals from government, industry and academia addressed specific issues under the following topics: project planning, contracting repairs, maintenance work zone management, tort liability, maintenance work zone safety, work zone traffic control at night, new and innovative materials, new and innovative equipment, environmental conditions, and research and training. Upon conclusion of the presentations, small group and panel discussions were held and recommendations were formulated and adopted within each area. The workshop formulated two main findings that could enhance maintenance operations and safety on high volume traffic roadways. These were: 1) minimize workers' road occupancy time (exposure to traffic) while performing maintenance and 2) plan and undertake the work (personnel, equipment and materials) in the most efficient manner possible. KW - Contracting KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway maintenance KW - Liability KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Materials KW - Night KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Technology transfer KW - Tort liability KW - Training KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608644 AU - Pollard, W S AU - University of Colorado, Denver AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF URBAN INTERCHANGE PERFORMANCE: I-25/GARDEN OF THE GODS ROAD, COLORADO SPRINGS; EVANS AVENUE/SANTA FE DRIVE, DENVER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 74 p. AB - Two single point urban interchanges (S.P.U.I.) were studied in order to evaluate performance and safety characteristics under varying conditions of operation. Comparative data are presented for travel time delay studies, intersection delay studies, volumes, accidents, and maintenance. One of the S.P.U.I.s is located at Sante Fe Drive and Evans Avenue in Denver; it is a retrofit design of an urban diamond. The second S.P.U.I. is located at I-25 and Garden of the Gods Road in Colorado Springs; it is a replacement for a tight urban diamond interchange. The study concludes that the S.P.U.I. design is appropriate in restricted right-of-way situations, needs improved guide signing, and needs well-maintained pavement markings, and that the justification of in-pavement guide lighting is questionable. KW - Guide signs KW - Highway design KW - In-pavement lighting KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607611 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIFE EXPECTANCY DETERMINATION OF ZINC-COATED CORRUGATED STEEL AND REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE USED IN MISSOURI PY - 1990/12 SP - v.p. AB - The results are reported of a comprehensive survey by the Missouri Highway and Transportation Department of in-place culverts to determine the expected life of zinc-coated corrugated steel pipe (CSP) and precast reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) in Missouri. Field and laboratory testing for specific service life parameters was conducted on a selected sample consisting of 153 CSP and 118 RCP. Results of the study show that neither a single nor combination of measurable parameters exists that will predict a pipe's service life anywhere in the state. The study indicates that CSP will generally be deteriorated to the point of needing replacement at approximately 44 years with a range from 15 to more than 60 years. The mode of failure for CSP is nearly always due to rusting out of the invert or bottom portion of the pipe. Due to insufficient number of RCP having deteriorated to the point of needing replacement, it was not possible to arrive at a realistic age for RCP replacement. The greatest problem noted with RCP is disjointing at the end pipe sections. With the durability rating system established for this survey, those pipe in need of replacement are 45.6% of the CSP and 0.3% of the RCP surveyed. Since 1987, district pipe replacement records indicate that 694 crossroad CSP have been replaced having an average age of 41.4 years. The Department's current policy permits the use of CSP for all entrances and for crossroad drainage under all roadways except those with 400 ADT or more with an asphaltic concrete or portland cement concrete surface. Based on this study, recommendations were made for future investigations. KW - Coatings KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Disjointing KW - Durability KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Laboratory tests KW - Metal pipe KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforced concrete pipe KW - Research KW - Rusting KW - Service life KW - Zinc UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/UnNumbrd/MR91-1_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607694 AU - Elias, V AU - Earth Engineering and Sciences, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY/CORROSION OF SOIL REINFORCED STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 173 p. AB - This report is intended to provide criteria in evaluating potential corrosion losses when using coated (fusion-bonded epoxy) or uncoated steel reinforcements, and in determining aging and construction damage losses when using geosynthetic reinforcements. To monitor in-situ corrosion rates of bare or galvanized steel reinforcements, microprocessor based remote electrochemical measurement equipment has been developed, evaluated and demonstrated on 7 field sites. The prototype equipment has been delivered to FHWA for further use. KW - Aging KW - Coatings KW - Construction KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Electrochemistry KW - Epoxides KW - Fusion-bonded epoxy KW - Geosynthetics KW - Loss and damage KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Microprocessors KW - Prototype tests KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Remote sensing KW - Retaining walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350928 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00605161 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hansen, A G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UGPRADE OF THE FOIL PENDULUM TEST CAPABILITY PY - 1990/12 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - p. 249-254 AB - At the Federal Highway Administration's Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL), roadside safety hardware impacted by small vehicles at low and high speeds are evaluated using a surrogate (bogie) vehicle which can simulate the impact of a small car at low and high speeds, and a pendulum system designed to simulate low-speed impacts. The limitations of this system are noted, and FHWA's contract to design, install, and validate the operation of an upgraded pendulum system is described. System design is described, as well as system validation. It is noted that because the crush characteristics of the upgraded pendulum are very similar to those of the bogie and an automobile, the pendulum is another surrogate method of determining the low speed breakaway performance of sign and luminaire supports. This and other study findings are discussed. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compact automobiles KW - Laboratories KW - Pendulum tests KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605667 AU - Braley, W A AU - Zarling, J P AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MUT1D: MULTILAYER USER-FRIENDLY THERMAL MODEL IN 1 DIMENSION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 67 p. AB - This report describes an MS-DOS microcomputer-based geotechnical thermal model named MUT1D (Multilayer User-Friendly Thermal Model in 1 Dimension). Using implicit finite difference techniques, the model estimates the thermal regime and tracks the movement of the phase change front in one-dimensional layered material systems. A problem is described using a variety of surface boundary conditions ranging from a specified surface temperature to a surface energy balance comprised of short- and long-wave radiation, wind speed, cloud cover, and air temperatures. Problem description is expedited by the input and modification screens which are integrated into the program. Testing the model indicated that it solves one-dimensional heat diffusion problems, including phase change, with acceptable accuracy for many design and predictive purposes. Testing included comparisons to analytical methods and to field data collected as a part of this project. KW - Accuracy KW - Finite differences KW - Freeze thaw depth KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Models KW - Thermal analysis UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_90_02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350057 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00605160 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chong, S-L AU - Peart, J AU - Ormsby, W C AU - Griffith, M S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LEACHING TEST STUDIES USING EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TOXICITY TEST AND TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE PY - 1990/12 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - p. 241-245 AB - The hazardous waste disposal of residues of surface cleaning and repainting of steel bridges is costly. Costs can, however, be contained by ensuring proper classification of such wastes. This requires a reliable, precise method for determining the leachable metal concentration of various solid wastes. The results obtained through use of 2 widely employed leaching methods are reviewed in this investigation. The investigation compared the Extraction Procedure Toxicity Test (EPTox) promulgated to extract leachable organics and metals from solid wastes, and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) that was proposed to replace EPTox. Metal concentrations in leachates from separate samples of various abrasive paint residues was measured. The study included evaluating the precision and reproducibility of the two methods using data sets obtained from various participating analytical laboratories. Round robin tests showed significant differences between the TCLP and EPTox methods. It was found that TCLP tests resulted in much higher concentrations of lead than did EPTox tests. These and other study findings are discussed. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Costs KW - Environmental protection KW - Hazardous materials KW - Leaching KW - Maintenance KW - Paint KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603679 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1990 FHWA NATIONALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM (NCP) OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/12 SP - 98 p. AB - This executive summary gives an overview of progress of programs being conducted under the Nationally Coordinated Program (NCP) of Highway Research, Development, and Technology during the period from October 1, 1989 through September 30, 1990. This report covers technologies for highway design, construction, and operation including the specific categories of Highway Safety, Traffic Operations, Pavements, Structures, Materials and Operations, Policy and Planning, and Motor Carrier Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Development KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Nationally coordinated program, ncp KW - Pavements KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Structures KW - Technology KW - Traffic KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349419 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603367 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Council, F M AU - Paniati, J F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY INFORMATION SYSTEM PY - 1990/12 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - p. 234-240 AB - The Federal Highway Administration and the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center have acquired State data for a new highway safety data base - the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS). Five states have been included in the HSIS. The data files are described as well as the data file processing, and the HSIS data guide book. HSIS provides the flexibility to analyze a large number of safety problems, ranging from basic problem identification issues to multivariate modeling efforts to predict future accidents from roadway characteristics and traffic factors. A computerized multi-State data base of accident roadway inventory and traffic information, the HSIS is user friendly in terms of formating, and flexible in terms of the numerous ways in which its files can be manipulated and merged for a specific analysis. KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603207 AU - Dougherty, C D AU - Freeman, E AU - Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission AU - Precise Communications, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SCHUYLKILL EXPRESSWAY MARKETING TECHNIQUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 135 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marketing campaign conducted by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) for the state's most extensive and expensive highway reconstruction project to date, the rehabilitation of the Schuylkill Expressway (I-76). The first phase of the study encompasses a review of the various techniques employed by PennDOT in the marketing program, including brochures, telephone hotline, news conferences, press releases, PSA's, radio and TV interviews and direct mail. This review was followed by in-depth interviews with those most directly involved in the "marketing" effort: the Department personnel, including former employees, who conceived and managed the campaign and other individuals from the news media, business community and government. The second phase focused on those most directly affected by the reconstruction project and the target of the marketing campaign: the motorists who use the Schuylkill Expressway. A mail-back survey was conducted to ascertain from users of I-76 how they received information about the project and the usefulness of the information provided by the Department. This report summarizes these two phases of the study. Based on this research, the study team has formulated a list of recommendations pertaining to future public information efforts associated with highway construction projects for consideration by PennDOT. KW - Brochures KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Expressways KW - Marketing KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pennsylvania KW - Publicity KW - Recommendations KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611095 AU - Spangler, E B AU - Kelly, W J AU - Janoff, M S AU - Hayhoe, Gordon F AU - Surface Dynamics, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM TIME STABILITY OF PAVEMENT RIDE QUALITY DATA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11/05 SP - 99 p. AB - In a 1983 Ohio DOT ride quality study, Surface Dynamics, Inc., developed a ride quality transform which defined the relationship between measured subjective ride quality and pavement profile measured with the Ohio DOT Model 690 DNC Inertial Profilometer. In this report, the time stability of that relationship was evaluated using ride quality data collected five years later in 1988. In addition to the evaluation of ride quality time stability, the performance of other ride quality transforms were also evaluated, including the Ride Number transform developed in NCHRP Project 1-23, the Michigan Ride Quality Index, the Texas Serviceability Index, the Mays Ride Meter Index, and the International Roughness Index. This report also reevaluates the relationship developed in the 1983 Ohio DOT ride quality study between measured subjective ride quality and the need for pavement repair. The report reconfirms the trigger value established in the 1983 study for non-routine maintenance of Interstate pavements. KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Time stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580484 AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Thin Bonded Portland Cement Concrete Overlay PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 28p AB - A four and one-half inch thick, bonded portland cement concrete (PCC) overlay and integral widening were used to rehabilitate a 4.5 mile section of Iowa route 141 from US 169 to Iowa 210 in Dallas County. There was a substantial amount of cracking in the old 20 ft wide PCC pavement. Most of the widening, which was tied to the original slab by dowel bars, was placed as a four ft wide section on one side. Coring has shown that the overlay is well bonded and testing with the Delamtect has shown less than 1% debonding. Midpanel transverse cracks in the old pavement have reflected through the overlay (as expected). Some new transverse cracking has occurred. This cracking has not caused any significant problems. In general, the overlay is performing quite well. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dallas County (Iowa) KW - Debonding KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement widening KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17081 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580483 AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Low Modulus Hot Pour Joint Sealant for ACC Pavements PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 7p AB - Over the years, the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) has established an outstanding network of connector highways across the state of Iowa. Construction and paving of these primary roadways has essentially been completed. Unfortunately, many of these primary highway pavements are reaching their design life and are in need of rehabilitation. The emphasis, therefore, has shifted from the construction of new highways to the maintenance and rehabilitation of existing highways. The Iowa DOT in recent years has become more concerned with preventing the ingress of surface water into the pavement structure. Crack sealing is receiving greater emphasis. Specifications have been modified to require improved low modulus crack and joint sealing materials. This research of low modulus sealant (LMS) supports the following conclusions: 1. The LMS performed well for two years without sealant failure; 2. The LMS performed better than the conventional sealant; and 3. There was not sufficient improved performance to support a recommendation for further use of the LMS in view of its failure in less than three years. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Hot-pour sealants KW - Joint sealers KW - Specifications UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16897 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580243 AU - Anderson, Chris AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dense Concrete Layer as Top Course of Bridge Deck Construction PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 25p AB - The use of deicing salts in Iowa is a necessity to remove ice from the bridges. The use of these salts has always been a problem since the chloride-ions penetrate the concrete and reach the steel and cause corrosion which eventually causes deterioration of both the steel and concrete. One method used to try to prevent this from happening was to apply a waterproof membrane to the concrete after it was placed. This method did help, but was not cost effective as the longevity of the membrane system was of relatively short duration. For this reason, this research project was initiated. After the original deck was placed a second layer of concrete about 1 1/2" thick was placed on top. Biennial evaluation of the decks included testing for delaminations and steel corrosion. Cores were also obtained for a chloride analysis. Testing and observations showed the two-layer bridge deck to be effective in preventing corrosion. Since the time this project was initiated, epoxy steel has been introduced and is a cost effective way to protect the steel from corrosion. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Delamination KW - Epoxides KW - Evaluation UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17079 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580241 AU - Anderson, Chris AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of Concrete Bridge Deck Overlays PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 58p AB - Chloride-ions penetrating into bridge decks and corroding the steel have been a major problem. As the steel corrodes it exerts stresses on the surrounding concrete. When the stresses exceed the strength of the concrete, cracks or delaminations occur. This, of course, causes deterioration and spalling of bridge deck surfaces. Both the Latex and Iowa Method were used to repair bridge decks for this project. The concrete was removed down to the steel and replaced with approximately 1 1/2 inches of low slump or latex modified concrete. The removal of unsound concrete below the top layer of steel was sometimes necessary. The objective of this project was to determine if the bridge overlays would provide a cost effective method of rehabilitation. To do this, unsound and delaminated concrete was removed and replaced by an overlay of low slump or latex modified concrete. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete overlays KW - Corrosion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Delamination KW - Iowa KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Spalling UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17340 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548298 AU - Langston, Marcus C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bar Code Reading of Moving Trucks PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 150p AB - Barcoding is a cost effective, practical solution to accomplish automatic vehicle identification (AVI) at weigh stations. Hardware cost for each AVI station is estimated to be less than $9000. Large scale unit cost to bar code each vehicle is estimated to be $0.80. Technology may also be utilized by surrounding states to reduce the amount of time, personnel and record keeping necessary to track trucks traversing their states. Information shared through computer links will allow the states to increase the efficiency of each weigh station's operation and increase the revenue by decreasing the amount of "wave throughs" when the trucks backup along the highway. Substantial money can be saved by the trucking industry due to the ease of truck registration using bar codes and having this registration information available to other states on the computer system. There is an added savings of time and fuel because trucks which are legal do not have to come to a complete stop at weigh stations only to have to restart because they are within the state's regulations. The environment benefits due to the reduction in air pollution because the trucks do not waste fuel waiting in line. KW - Air quality management KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Bar codes KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data sharing KW - Fuel consumption KW - States KW - Trucking KW - Weigh stations UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2095.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01411071 AU - Christopher, B R AU - Gill, S A AU - Giroud, J - AU - Juran, I AU - Mitchell, J K AU - Schlosser, F AU - Dunnicliff, J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations, R and D TI - Reinforced soil structures, volume 1 PY - 1990/11 IS - FHWA/RD-89-043 SP - 301 AB - This report presents comprehensive guidelines for evaluation and using soil reinforcement techniques in the construction of retaining watts, embankment slopes, and natural or cut slopes. A variety of available systems for reinforced soil including in-situ soil nailing are described from information assembled from published literature and manufacturers, catalogs. Detailed guidelines are given for design of reinforced soil structures with inextensible and extensible reinforcements and soil nailing. Design examples are included. These guidelines were developed from technical review of extensive laboratory model tests, small and large scale centrifuge tests, finite element numerical studies and full scale field tests on eight 20-foot high walls and four 25-foot high sloping embankments. The manual contains descriptions of construction procedures, instrumentation and specifications for reinforced soil structures. KW - Construction management KW - Construction method KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Retaining wall KW - Retaining walls KW - Slope stability KW - Slope stability KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil nailing KW - Soil nailing KW - Structural design KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1178869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01408558 AU - Stuart, K AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Performance evaluation of sulfur-extended asphalt pavements: laboratory evaluation PY - 1990/11 IS - FHWA/RD-90-110 SP - 191p AB - In 1987 the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) completed a field study to compare the performance of sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) pavements to conventional asphalt control (AC) pavements. A representative set of pavements was chosen to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of sulfur on pavement performance. The primary conclusion was that there was no difference in overall performance between the SEA and AC sections. This field study is documented in FHWA Report DP54-01, Federal Highway Administration, Washington DC, 1987. It is entitled "Performance Evaluation of Sulfur-Extended Asphalt Pavements - Field Survey and Assessment." The laboratory study documented in the accompanying report complements the field study. Cores were obtained from many of the pavements and tested (1) to verify that the SEA and AC sections were similar in thickness and mixture composition, except for sulfur content, (2) to predict whether the pavement performances of the SEA and AC sections will remain similar, and (3) to investigate individual pavements where the performances of the two sections were not equal. In general, the laboratory test results supported the results of the field study. Overall, sulfur did not increase or decrease most test properties, and often it had no effect on a given test property of a mixture. Sulfur did decrease the resistance to moisture susceptibility in the laboratory. There were also minor trends indicating that with some mixtures, sulfur may reduce the susceptibility to rutting and increased the susceptibility to fatigue cracking. This report also presents the results of several tasks where SEA binders and mixtures prepared in the laboratory were evaluated. KW - Binder KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Material properties KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Moisture sensitivity KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1176354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01333139 AU - Christopher, Barry R AU - Gill, Safdar A AU - Giroud, Jean-Pierre AU - Juran, Ilan AU - Mitchell, James K. AU - Schlosser, Francois AU - Dunnicliff, John AU - STS Consultants, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reinforced Soil Structures Volume I. Design and Construction Guidelines PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 326p AB - This report presents comprehensive guidelines for evaluating and using soil reinforcement techniques in the construction of retaining walls, embankment slopes, and natural or cut slopes. A variety of available systems for reinforced soil including in-situ soil nailing are described from information assembled from published literature and manufacturers' catalogs. Detailed guidelines are given for design of reinforced soil structures with inextensible and extensible reinforcements and soil nailing. Design examples are included. These guidelines were developed from technical review of extensive laboratory model tests, small and large scale centrifuge tests, finite element numerical studies and full scale field tests on eight 20-foot high walls and four 25-foot high sloping embankments. The manual contains descriptions of construction procedures, reinforced soil structures, instrumentation and specifications for reinforced soil structures. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Construction KW - Embankments KW - Guidelines KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Retaining walls KW - Slopes KW - Soil nailing KW - Soil reinforcement KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35700/35773/FHWA-RD-89-043.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1094912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608601 AU - Stuart, K D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SULFUR-EXTENDED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS - LABORATORY EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 191 p. AB - In 1987 the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) completed a field study to compare the performance of sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) pavements to conventional asphalt control (AC) pavements. A representative set of pavements was chosen to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of sulfur on pavement performance. The primary conclusion was that there was no difference in overall performance between the SEA and AC sections. The field study is documented in FHWA Report DP54-01, FHWA, Washington, D.C., 1987. It is entitled "Performance Evaluation of Sulfur-Extended Asphalt Pavements - Field Survey and Assessment." The laboratory study documented in this current study complements the field study. Cores were obtained from many of the pavements and tested (1) to verify that the SEA and AC sections were similar in thickness and mixture composition, except for sulfur content, (2) to predict whether the pavement performances of the SEA and AC sections will remain similar, and (3) to investigate individual pavements where the performances of the two sections were not equal. In general, the laboratory test results supported the results of the field study. Overall, sulfur did not increase or decrease most test properties, and often it had no effect on a given test property of a mixture. Sulfur did decrease the resistance to moisture susceptibility in the laboratory. There were also minor trends indicating that with some mixtures, sulfur may reduce the susceptibility to rutting and increase the susceptibility to fatigue cracking. This report also presents the results of several tasks where SEA binders and mixtures prepared in the laboratory were evaluated. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt additives KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Creep tests KW - Extenders KW - Fatigue tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials selection KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Sulfur KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760548 AU - Gupta, P K AU - Van Bramer, T F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESILIENT AND TENSILE PROPERTIES OF NEW YORK STATE ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXES PY - 1990/11 SP - 49 p. AB - Due to growing interest nationwide and in New York, a two-phase laboratory program was undertaken to measure resilient and tensile properties of New York's top-course Mix Types 6F and 7F. Resilient modulus was measured on 28 asphalt concrete mixes at 40, 77, and 100 deg F (4.4, 25, and 37.8 deg C) using repeated-load indirect-tension test equipment according to ASTM D 4123-82 procedures. Indirect tensile strength and stiffness were measured with static tensile strength equipment at speeds of 2 in. (5.08 cm) per minute at 77 deg F (25 deg C) only. Test properties of the 28 mixes are summarized in this report. Resilient modulus differences were found to be insignificant for 6F and 7F mixes and between crushed stone and gravel at 40 and 77 deg F (4.4 and 25 deg C). Significant differences were found, however, between mix and aggregate types at 100 deg F (37.8 deg C). Differences in tensile strength and stiffness were found to be significant for mix and aggregate types. Measured resilient modulus and stiffness compared poorly to the modulus predicted using McLeod's method and the Asphalt Institute equation. Regression techniques used to relate structural properties to mix formulation factors are described. Structural layer coefficients obtained from resilient modulus were found to be sensitive in terms of pavement service lives based on the AASHTO design equation. This implies that structural coefficients should be determined for individual mixes when designing according to the AASHTO procedure. Tensile strength and stiffness results could not be used to predict fatigue lives based on Maupin's equation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Equations KW - Gravel KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Regression analysis KW - Service life KW - Stiffness KW - Stone KW - Temperature KW - Tensile properties KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760523 AU - Anderson, C AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION ASSEMBLY ON U.S. 20 IN SIOUX CITY PY - 1990/11 SP - 4 p. AB - This project was to determine possible construction problems and evaluate the performance of experimental joint seals. Joints were installed in Woodbury County on US 20 over the Missouri River. ACME-Beta B-520 joints were used. Visual inspections were made yearly. Although the joints performed well for eight years, they deteriorated rapidly and have failed. It was concluded these joints did not perform satisfactorily. KW - Expansion joints KW - Failure KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Joint sealers KW - Performance evaluations UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16911 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760524 AU - Marks, V J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION ASSEMBLY ON I-380 IN WATERLOO PY - 1990/11 SP - 8 p. AB - The objective of this research was to evaluate two experimental Acme MSB neoprene expansion assemblies to identify possible construction problems and to determine the long term performance. These joints were installed in Black Hawk County on the curved bridge of ramp H from US 218 to I-380 in Waterloo, Iowa. Visual inspections were made yearly. There is slow leakage at one joint and indication that there is some slow leakage of both joints. The joint assemblies have performed well. KW - Expansion joints KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Joint sealers KW - Leakage KW - Neoprene KW - Performance evaluations UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16910 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760525 AU - Marks, V J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION ASSEMBLY ON JEFFERSON STREET IN OTTUMWA PY - 1990/11 SP - 7 p. AB - The objective of this research was to evaluate two experimental D.S. Brown, Type SL450 and one D.S. Brown, Type SL750 expansion assemblies to identify possible construction problems and to determine the long term performances. These joints were installed in Wapello County on Jefferson Street viaduct in Ottumwa, Iowa. Visual inspections were made yearly. There is an indication that there may be a slow leakage at all three joints. The joint assemblies have performed well. KW - Expansion joints KW - Inspection KW - Leakage KW - Performance evaluations KW - Viaducts UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16909 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625530 AU - Taylor, A W AU - Rowell, R B AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND BEHAVIOR OF THIN WALLS IN HOLLOW CONCRETE BRIDGE PIERS AND PYLONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 318 p. AB - This report is the final report of a three-year research program and summarizes an investigation which examined the behavior of thin-walled hollow concrete box sections such as those typically used in the cross-sections of hollow concrete bridge piers and pylons. A series of accurate and realistic scale model tests were used to document the behavior and the typical effects of walls with different unsupported length-to-thickness ratios. Analytical studies were used to verify observed behavior and to examine the effects of variables. KW - Bridge piers KW - Design KW - Hollow structural sections KW - Length KW - Model tests KW - Pylons KW - Scale models KW - Shells (Structural forms) KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Thickness KW - Thin walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611102 AU - Rohde, G T AU - Scullion, T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODULUS 4.0: EXPANSION AND VALIDATION OF THE MODULUS BACKCALCULATION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 128 p. AB - This report describes the Texas Transportation Institute's continuing efforts to upgrade the MODULUS backcalculation system. Enhancements have been made in several areas, including: (1) Inclusion of a procedure to estimate the depth to a stiff layer; (2) A method of assessing the non-linearity of the subgrade and computation of the optimum number of sensors to use in the backcalculation routine; and (3) The replacement of the BISAR linear elastic procedure with the WES5 procedure recently developed by the U.S. Corps of Engineers. The new MODULUS 4.0 is evaluated with monthly deflection data collected on 10 experimental sites for which all the layer materials have been tested in the laboratory. Validation of the system is attempted by using pavement sections instrumented with Multidepth Deflectometers. By simultaneously monitoring surface and depth deflections it is possible to quantify the effectiveness of the backcalculation system. Results show that the linear elastic model used in MODULUS produces reasonable layer moduli for pavements with thick asphalt surfacing. However, errors may result in using the linear elastic approach on thin pavements. The use of a stress dependent model which includes dilation substantially improves the match of measured and computed depth deflections on thin pavements. Preliminary results from a finite element backcalculation system have also been included. KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Elastic analysis KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Finite element method KW - Linear elastic analysis KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622303 AU - Elliott, R P AU - Hall, K D AU - Morrison, N T AU - Hong, K S AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROADHOG, A FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE. NDT OVERLAY DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - v.p. AB - A flexible pavement overlay thickness design procedure was developed. The procedure follows the AASHTO structural number approach to flexible pavement design and uses the structural deficiency concept in selecting the overlay thickness. The subgrade resilient modulus (M sub r) and existing pavement structural capacity (effective structural number or SN sub eff) are determined from NDT data obtained using a falling weight deflectometer. M sub r is calculated using the deflection measured 3 ft from the FWD center of loading. This method of calculation is based on ILLIPAVE finite element pavement analyses and was selected following an evaluation of various available NDT backcalculation methods. SN sub eff is determined from the difference between the deflections at the center of loading and the deflection at a distance from the center equal to the total pavement thickness. The SN sub eff determination method was developed under this study. The complete procedure is programmed for use on an IBM PC, XT, AT, or any compatible system having at least one floppy disk drive and a minimum of 384K of available RAM. The program is user friendly and runs interactively. It is menu-driven and features on-line help facilities. KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Effective structural number KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Personal computers KW - Structural number (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%208705.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627084 AU - Memmott, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE HEEM-III BENEFIT-COST COMPUTER PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 157 p. AB - This report documents a computer program, HEEM-III, that will analyze proposed added-capacity, bypass (new location), High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV), interchange, and railroad grade separation projects. The program represents a completely new program as compared to the HEEM-II computer program. The major changes include use of hourly volumes to calculate speeds and user costs, inclusion of intersection and interchange delay calculations, inclusion of yearly pavement condition and maintenance costs, and separate HOV analyses for the morning and afternoon peak periods. The program calculates motorist savings in user costs over a planning period. These user costs include delay costs, vehicle operating costs, and accident costs. HEEM-III comes in two versions, a PC version and a mainframe version. The PC version is a menu driven program that includes a data input and editing process, data analysis, output display, and procedures to save both the input and output data. The mainframe version uses batch input and produces the same output as the PC version. The mainframe version also has an option to output a single line of summary data, for use when a large number of problems are being run. HEEM-III is designed to give the user an economic analysis of a proposed highway improvement at the planning level by calculating the benefits to the motorists and giving the results in terms of both the Net Present Value and a Benefit-Cost ratio. This can be used in the project development process to define and evaluate alternatives and compare the relative merits of several proposed projects with a limited budget. KW - Accident costs KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bypasses KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic analysis KW - Grade separations KW - Heem-iii computer program KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway capacity KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Increase KW - Interchanges KW - Location KW - Mainframe computers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Personal computers KW - Planning KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Traffic delays KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625341 AU - Tatum, K AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY TO DETERMINE IF EXTRACTION GRADATIONS CAN BE DETERMINED BY PLANT PROCESS SAMPLING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 42 p. AB - The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) currently accepts asphaltic concrete (AC) based on end result specifications based on gradation and asphalt content. In order to determine AC content and gradation, the AC must be removed from the aggregate by dissolving it in a solvent. The main problem with this acceptance method is the time required to perform the test as well as solvent disposal considerations. The primary objective of this study was to determine if extraction gradations could be determined by plant process sampling. This objective was accomplished using samples obtained from the cold feed belt on drum plants and from the hot bins on batch plants. These gradations were compared with their corresponding truck samples. If a correlation could be found, extractions could possibly be phased out by the GDOT. The second objective was to determine the amount of aggregate breakdown that occurs at each plant sampled. The study revealed that it is possible to predict truck sample gradations when the corresponding plant process sample is known. However, adjustment factors may be necessary for each aggregate source/asphalt plant. Also, this procedure cannot be used on recycled asphaltic mixtures. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Plant process sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625046 AU - Hugo, F AU - McCullough, B F AU - van der Walt, B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGY FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FULL-SCALE ACCELERATED PAVEMENT TESTING FOR THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 98 p. AB - This report describes CTR Study 1246, which proved to be very dynamic, in that the initial objectives were not only met, but they were followed up by new objectives. This was due to decisions taken by the project steering committee during the execution of the project. Following initial exploratory studies in 1988, the Texas SDHPT initiated the present study through which a strategy for the acquisition of a mobile accelerated pavement testing device had to be developed. Initially, the study focussed on the feasibility of accelerated testing and the need for it in Texas. As part of the initial study, the relationship of accelerated testing to overall pavement engineering was reviewed in detail. Once the feasibility had been illustrated, the objectives were redirected to the acquisition of a mobile accelerated pavement device. The different available methods and machines were evaluated, and subsequently the Mobile Load Simulator (MLS) was selected for future application on pavements in the state of Texas. The decision was based on the higher degree of traffic simulation attainable through the proposed MLS in comparison to the South African Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) and the Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF). The latter was developed by the FHWA in 1984 and is based on the Australian patented ALF. The MLS is based on a provision patent by Dr. Frederick Hugo. To evaluate the workability and feasibility of the development, a ten to one scale model was constructed. A theoretical study was done to assess the degree of real traffic simulation of the full-scale prototype. Factors that were evaluated in the study included speed, dynamic loading of the pavement, and deflection and stress analyses for proposed axle configurations. Based on these results, recommendations for the mechanical design of the MLS were made. A theoretical comparison was also made between stresses and deflections obtained with the model MLS loads on a model pavement and values obtained with the full-scale MLS loads. Excellent comparison was found. The operational impact of the MLS test program in the Texas situation was evaluated and recommendations for immediate and future application were made. Estimates of development and operational costs were done without having the benefit of an operational prototype of known production rate. The problem was somewhat alleviated by the availability of information on existing accelerated pavement testing facilities. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Estimates KW - Loads KW - Mobile equipment KW - Mobile load simulator KW - Pavement tests KW - Pavements KW - Portable equipment KW - Recommendations KW - Scale models KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural tests KW - Test facilities KW - Theory KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625037 AU - Hazlett, D G AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF AGGREGATE GRADATION AND TYPE ON ASPHALT MIXTURE CHARACTERISTICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 106 p. AB - This report addresses the impact of aggregate gradation and type on Hot Mix Asphaltic Concrete (HMAC) characteristics. Several different, but related, topics are covered, and results from several experiments are presented. An overview of HMAC is presented, covering factors affecting mixture characteristics and performance in addition to a review of the literature relating to aggregate gradation and type. The results of a study of construction data from the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) are presented. Two laboratory studies were conducted relating to asphalt content, aggregate gradation, and aggregate type. The summarized results and interpretations of these results are included. The economic impact of specification changes currently proposed by the SDHPT to improve HMAC quality is addressed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are drawn based on all preceding material. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt content KW - Changes KW - Economic impacts KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Guides to the literature KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Performance KW - Recommendations KW - Specifications KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618799 AU - PEARSON, D AU - Bell, C E AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIPCAL5 USER'S MANUAL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 119 p. AB - In 1989, the Texas Department of Transportation, through the Texas Transportation Institute, began an overall effort to evaluate and update the practice of transportation planning in the state to equal or exceed current state-of-the-art practice in transportation planning. A new trip gneration program, TRIPCAL5, was subsequently developed to replace the trip generation programs TRIPCAL3 and TRIPCAL4 developed in the early seventies. TRIPCAL5 is a multi-functional, flexible trip generation program which allows a user to estimate trip productions and attractions for multiple trip purposes using different user-specified models. This manual provides the information necessary to set up and operate the TRIPCAL5 program. Example setups are included with copies of actual program setups with test data sets and a cross reference of the control/input records necessary for accomplishing specified objectives. One of the features of the program is the abilty to use available data for disaggregating zonal data or utilize built-in default models for disaggregating households at the zonal level by household size, household income, and/or auto ownership. KW - Computer programs KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616399 AU - Scherocman, J A AU - Rodriguez, M A AU - Little, D N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF EQUIPMENT AND MIX VARIABLES ON SURFACE SHADOWS IN ASPHALT CONCRETE MATS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 203 p. AB - Surface irregularities causing a rough ride on an asphalt concrete pavement may be contributable to equipment related problems as well as to mix related problems. Problems relating to the laydown equipment can cause such irregularities as surface waves, ripples, tearing of the mat, screed marks, nonuniform texture and surface shadows. Surface shadows can be defined as areas of discoloration on the surface of the mat. In the past the surface shadows have been called auger shadows as they were thought to be related to overloading the augers on the paver with the asphalt concrete mix -- burying the augers. This study presents a discussion of the mixture variables as well as equipment variables which influence the presence and severity of surface shadows. The problem of surface shadows exists throughout the state of Texas. It is not restricted to any one type of mix, although mixture properties do influence the development of the phenomenon. A study of 11 hot mix projects in District 2 of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation is presented. This study examines equipment, construction and equipment variables. Based on the results of the study of the 11 selected projects in District 2, a field construction investigation was accomplished to create surface shadows "on demand" by varying selected parameters related to the paver and the paver operation. The field test project consisted of operations at three sites within Texas. The results of this evaluation are presented and analyzed. Suggestions are made by which to prevent or decrease the intensity and frequency of surface shadows based on the results of the field evaluation. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Color KW - Construction KW - Construction variables KW - Defects KW - Discoloration KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Ride quality KW - Rideability KW - Surface shadows (Pavement surface irregularity) KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615588 AU - Kranc, S C AU - Anderson, M W AU - Villalon, A A AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF CULVERT GRATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 57 p. AB - An experimental investigation of the hydraulic performance of culvert end sections is reported. Of particular concern is the effect on performance that the addition of safety gratings may have. The head-discharge characteristics for various model inlet treatments were measured to determine inlet performance. Hydraulic models of various end sections were tested in a recirculating flow facility. Experiments were conducted for both inlet control and outlet control, under both mild and steep slope conditions. The results of these experiments were analyzed and collected in graphical form, mapping the various regimes of culvert operation. Performance comparisons were made for culvert design, gratings and the presence of trash. The results of this investigation indicate that, in general, the addition of a grating has only a modest effect on performance. The associated problem of trash buildup, however, can be very detrimental to performance. Particularly in outlet control situations, trash acts to produce additional losses. In the case of inlet control, moderate trash buildup does not act as a loss mechanism but reduces discharge and may change the point of control. For design purposes, the data have been correlated with empirical equations and tabulated. Suggestions and recommendations for design selections are made. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culvert outlets KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Empirical equations KW - Equations KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Grates KW - Hydraulic models KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Hydraulics KW - Model tests KW - Performance KW - Recommendations KW - Slopes KW - Test results KW - Trash buildup UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611880 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF COLD PLASTIC AND HOT SPRAY THERMOPLASTIC ON I-20 IN SCOTT COUNTY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 12 p. AB - There are great variations in the reflectance and durability of pavement marking materials. There is a lot of variability in hot spray thermoplastic since it is manufactured in place on the highway. On asphalt some of the variability is caused by the type of spray equipment and quality control. On concrete much of the variability is caused by the primer but some is caused by the type of spray equipment and quality control. There are substantial differences between the types of cold plastic; but each type is fairly uniform. The Stamark brand cold plastic has reflectivity values that are much higher than the hot spray thermoplastic; but, the hot spray thermoplastic seems to have reached a plateau. Additional time will be required before evaluation. Skid marks on one segment of Stamark have not cleared up after more than six months. The hot spray thermoplastic has developed its normal cracking. KW - Cold plastics KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Hot spray KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quality control KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Sprayers KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608457 AU - Thompson, N G AU - Lankard, D AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Cortest Columbus Technologies AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUTING TECHNOLOGY FOR BONDED TENDONS IN POST-TENSIONED BRIDGE STRUCTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 44 p. AB - Currently there is a serious problem in the United States and elsewhere with deteriorating concrete bridges. Historically, the problem has been associated with conventionally reinforced concrete bridge structures and not with bridges with prestressed or post-tensioned concrete members. In part, this situation may reflect the fact that there are more conventionally reinforced concrete structures in existence and that they have been in service longer. The oldest post-tensioned concrete bridge structures that use presently accepted technology are less than 25 years old. However, the consequences of corrosion of reinforcing steel in prestressed concrete structures are potentially greater than that in conventionally reinforced structures. This is because the structural integrity of the bridge relies on the high tensile loading of the strands, and loss of the strand could lead to catastrophic failure of the structure. It should be noted that a catastrophic failure has not yet occurred in the United States. The grout is the final line of defense for the steel tendon in the event the duct is breached. It is of interest to examine grout technology and practice, with a view to optimizing the ability of grouts to protect prestressed tendons against corrosion. The present review was carried out as the first step in achieving this objective. This review included open literature sources and contacts with industry and government agencies involved with bonded post-tensioned concrete construction as either a supplier, a user, a specifier, or contractor. Based on a review of the grouts used to date and on the current technology of additives developed primarily for use in concrete to reduce the permeability to chloride ions, the next generation of grouts could be improved in the following areas: (1) an increased resistance to chloride penetration, (2) an improved ability to inhibit corrosion if chloride ions penetrate down to the prestressed steel, and (3) improved rheological and emplacement characteristics for minimizing voids in the grouted ducts. KW - Admixtures KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete bridges KW - Corrosion protection KW - Grout KW - Grouting KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Reviews KW - Technology KW - Tendons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608620 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK ON SUCCESSFUL SUPERVISION FOR LOCAL ROAD SUPERVISORS PY - 1990/11 SP - 134 p. AB - This handbook is intended for use by persons who carry out the responsibilities of local government road supervisors. The principles of supervision presented in this handbook can be applied in any local organization regardless of its size or complexity. In addition, all local government road personnel who have supervisory responsibilities will benefit from the handbook. The three chapters address, respectively, the three main responsibilities of the local road supervisor: (1) Managing, (2) Motivating, and (3) Communicating. Managing includes planning, clarifying authority, setting up controls, providing support, training, selecting qualified employees, delegating responsibilities, problem-solving, making sound decisions, working with unions, providing for safety, time management, and self-development. Motivating includes performance appraisal, leadership, understanding the employee, disciplining, developing teamwork, and bringing about change. Communicating includes person-to-person communication, group communication, written communication and public relations. KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Handbooks KW - Local road supervisors KW - Management KW - Motivation KW - Responsibilities KW - Supervision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608657 AU - Baker, C O AU - Votapka, F E AU - US Forest Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FISH PASSAGE THROUGH CULVERTS PY - 1990/11 SP - 75 p. AB - As the number and range of many fish species have declined and the recreation demand for fish has increased, the importance of protecting the remaining populations has also multiplied. At new culvert installations, fish passage considerations and needs have increased in complexity. A high percentage of existing drainage structures are approaching or have passed their life expectancy. The task of replacing, modifying, and/or retrofitting the surviving stuctures will dwarf past programs for providing fish passage through culverts. The report is intended to review, summarize, and update current information on fish passage through culverts. The scope of the report is limited to highway drainage structures, not including bridges. This distinction was made in an effort to concentrate on those road drainage structures that are most commonly used in fish passage situations. The publication is primarily issued for the fish biologists, engineers, and hydrologists who will be designing the projects and making current decisions on fish passage at drainage structures. KW - Culverts KW - Decision making KW - Drainage structures KW - Ecology KW - Fishes KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608643 AU - Mohamed-Ali, J A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-SERVICE EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY SAFETY DEVICES. EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT NO. 7. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 33 p. AB - This report describes the construction sequence for installing three roadside safety hardware devices. The devices installed are 10-gauge guardrail, the Brakemaster End Terminal system, and the Crash-Cushion Attenuating Terminal (CAT) system. KW - Attenuators KW - Building KW - Construction KW - Crash cushions KW - Facilities KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Installation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608597 AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Ward, W V AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Mullins, J A AU - Kruger, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC ARTERIAL STREET SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 62 p. AB - Recently, attention has been directed towards the urban arterial street system to provide greater mobility, specifically in the form of a network of high-mobility arterial streets. These streets were named strategic arterials and would operate with greater capacity and operating speeds than current principal arterials, however, they would not fulfill the strict requirements of a freeway in terms of access control or right-of-way needs. Planning analyses demonstrated that capacity of the streets was the primary factor in causing diversion from a freeway system to a strategic arterial system. Design features associated with a strategic arterial should be different from ordinary arterial streets and identifiable by the motorist as being different. Several design criteria were identified. At-grade only improvements for a case study on an existing arterial resulted in limited increases in speed due to the highly congested nature of the area. Grade-separated improvements were needed to generate a speed that is near freeway speeds. A benefit/cost analysis of improving a 4-lane, urban city street to either a 6-lane, urban city street or a 6-lane strategic arterial demonstrated that the higher quality facility, even though more expensive, is a better investment. Implementation of strategic arterials will require strong local jurisdictional support, which will play a major role in the successful implementation of a strategic arterial network. KW - Arterial highways KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design features KW - Highway capacity KW - Improvements KW - Mobility KW - Operating speed KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Strategic planning KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608652 AU - KULAKOWSKI, B T AU - Wambold, J C AU - Antle, C E AU - Lin, C AU - Mason, J M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY TO IDENTIFY AND CORRECT SLIPPERY PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 121 p. AB - Traditionally, the most common action conducted by state and local highway agencies to prevent accidents on wet pavements has been skid resistance surveying of roads. However, there is strong evidence, confirmed by analysis of data from 308 road sites, that pavement skid resistance correlates poorly with the number of wet accidents and thus is not a reliable measure of wet pavement safety. In this study a probabilistic model of traffic safety under wet conditions was developed. The model of the Wet Pavement Index incorporates many variables, other than skid resistance, that affect safety, such as average daily traffic, driving difficulty, and wet weather exposure for a particular section of roads. The population of roads was divided into groups of roads having similar characteristics, and separate models were developed for different groups. KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Variables KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607696 AU - Smith, K D AU - Peshkin, D G AU - Darter, M I AU - Mueller, A L AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME III - SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 145 p. AB - A major national field and analytical sudy has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavements. Extensive design, construction, traffic, and performance data were obtained from numerous experimental and other concrete pavement sections throughout the country. Field data collected and analyzed included distress, drainage, roughness, present serviceability rating (PSR), deflections, destructive testing (coring and boring), and weigh-in-motion (WIM) on selected sites. This information was compiled into a comprehensive microcomputer database. Projects were evaluated on an individual basis and then compared at a national level to identify performance trends. The performance data were used to evaluate and modify several concrete pavement design procedures and analysis models. This volume provides a broad overview of the work performed in this study. Summaries of the effect of various design features on concrete pavement performance are reviewed and performance trends identified. The accuracy of various prediction models and analysis methods are examined using the field performance data. From that evaluation, new prediction models were developed and a cost-effectiveness evaluation was performed. KW - Accuracy KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Destructive testing KW - Drainage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Jointed pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical tests KW - Models KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607527 AU - Nguyen, M AU - Zaniewski, P AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXTENDED FIELD EVALUATION OF MOISTURE SENSING DEVICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 94 p. AB - Caltrans Division of New Technology, Materials and Research conducted a research project to determine the feasibility of using moisture sensing devices to regulate automatic irrigation systems. Four of them (Watermatic, Watermark, Hydrovisor, and Hydrodyne) proved satisfactory. This study was limited to the use of one sensor per valve. One of the recommendations of this study was to conduct further studies into the possibility of using one sensor per irrigation controller. Thus, the purpose of the research project entitled "Field Evaluation of Moisture Sensing Devices" was to investigate the possibility of overriding the entire automatic irrigation controller with one sensor. The sensors tested (Hydromanager-Interrogator, Hydrovisor, Moisture Stat, and Watermatic) provided acceptable installation and reliability results in their usage of one sensor per irrigation controller. They could be used with shrubs and ground cover. No special equipment was needed for the installation of the units. No maintenance was required once calibration of the units was completed. All sensors showed savings over allotted irrigation times varying from 22 to 64%. A five-minute video presentation was produced to show the advantages and usage of the moisture sensors. KW - Automation KW - Field tests KW - Irrigation KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Reliability KW - Sensors KW - Vegetation KW - Videotapes KW - Water conservation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607695 AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL OVERLAY STRATEGIES FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME V: SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 81 p. AB - A major field study and evaluation has been conducted into the effectiveness of three structural overlay types for portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. These include sawing and sealing asphalt concrete (AC) overlays of PCC pavements, cracking and seating PCC pavements prior to AC overlay, and constructing a thin bonded PCC overlay on top of the existing PCC pavement. Condition surveys, deflection testing, and roughness measurements were performed on a total of 55 sections. The performance of these sections was evaluated and the effectiveness of each overlay type analyzed. Based on the field data, guidelines were developed for the use of these structural overlays. This volume provides a broad overview of the work performed in this study. Summaries of the research findings for each of the overlay types (AC overlay and saw and seal; crack and seat and AC overlay; thin bonded concrete overlay) are presented. Also, a summary of the guidelines developed for the selection of rehabilitation alternatives is presented. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Deflection tests KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Roughness KW - Sawing KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603216 AU - Calvert, G AU - Lane, O J AU - Anderson, C AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIN BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAY WITH FAST TRACK CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 35 p. AB - Pavements have been overlaid with thin bonded portland cement concrete (PCC) for several years. These projects have had traffic detoured for a period of 5-10 days. These detours are unacceptable to the traveling public and result in severe criticism. The use of thin bonded fast track overlay was promoted to allow a thin bonded PCC overlay with minimal disruption of local traffic. This project demonstrated the concept of using one lane of the roadway to maintain traffic while the overlay was placed on the other and then, with the rapid strength gain of the fast track concrete, the construction and local traffic is maintained on the newly placed, thin bonded overlay. The goals of this project were: (1) Traffic usage immediately after placement and finishing; (2) Reduce traffic disruption on a single lane to less than 5 hours; (3) Reduce traffic disruption on a given section of two-lane roadway to less than 2 days; (4) The procedure must be economically viable and competitive with existing alternatives; (5) Design life for new construction equivalent to or in excess of conventional pavements; and (6) A 20 year minimum design life for rehabilitated pavements. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Bonding KW - Concrete overlays KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rapid set concrete KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Thickness KW - Thin bonded KW - Thin films KW - Traffic delays KW - Two lane highways UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17342 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602731 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio Automation, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DATA ACQUISITION AND PLAYBACK SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SIGNALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10/31 SP - 77 p. AB - This project met its objectives which were to develop a system to simulate actual traffic conditions in a controlled shop test of traffic signal installations and a system to evaluate coordinated traffic signal performance based on the actual flow of traffic through the intersections. The first system uses data from the traffic signal monitor/recorder which was developed under an earlier contract. A custom designed interface allows an IBM PC or compatible computer to drive a shop test with actual field data. This capability is especially useful for correcting difficult to diagnose signal failures. The other system consists of five data acquisition devices which collect synchronized time stamped vehicle actuations and green times from traffic signal installations and the software to display this information as a series of time-space diagrams. Data are plotted in the form of a standard time-space diagram with vehicle actuations shown along the bar of signal colors for each intersection. This type of display highlights the progress of traffic relative to the traffic signal cycle. The user can easily evaluate the efficiency of a coordinated signal system by observing the proportion of vehicles which arrive on the green. Presumably they pass through the intersections without stopping. The display also provides useful information for modifying signal timing. Since the data acquisition units are portable, the system can be used as a routine tool for evaluating coordinated signal installations. The system can be expanded by acquiring additional data acquisition units. The systems are user friendly with pull down menus and prompts which help minimize the time required for learning to install the equipment and display the data. Signal shop electricians handled all the field work and data processing. KW - Coordinated signals KW - Data collection KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diagrams KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Failure KW - Maintenance KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recording KW - Time-space diagrams KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601495 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL MONITOR/RECORDER AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10/24 SP - 106 p. AB - A practical, easy to install and use traffic signal monitor/recorder has been developed. In an earlier project a prototype model was developed. That unit met the functional objectives but, because of its size, use was limited to signalized intersections which had large controller housings. This project had two objectives. One was to support the implementation of the monitor/recorder and the other was to develop a miniaturized system that would fit in most controller housings and function under a broad range of environmental conditions. The goals were met. The unit is 12x9x4.5 inches and draws less than 400 milliamperes so overheating is not a problem. The new version also has additional features. A major change was removing the twenty column printer from inside the monitor recorder, replacing the small LED display with a larger, low power LCD and downloading data to a laptop computer rather than transferring information in bubble memory cassettes. The new design takes advantage of newer computer technology; a commercial laptop computer and portable printer replace the field analysis unit which was required by the original design. The result is a more flexible design that can be readily modified to take advantage of new technology. The update monitor/recorder has been in continuous use since mid-1988 and Ohio Department of Transportation signal electricians are fully capable of using the system in the shop or in the field. The monitor/recorder has proven to be a practical tool for diagnosing certain difficult to detect signal failures and has potential use in evaluating traffic signal timings. KW - Information processing KW - Miniaturization KW - Monitoring KW - Recording KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603711 AU - Tee, A-B AU - Bowman, M D AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2: A SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE STRUCTURAL CONDITION ASSESSMENT. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 332 p. AB - This report is the second of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume presents a system that can assist bridge inspectors in the assessment of bridge structural conditions. The procedure used is based on fuzzy sets mathematics. A computer program is discussed that can be run by bridge inspectors on personal computers. KW - Assessments KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Personal computers KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603714 AU - Murthy, S AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 3: BRIDGE TRAFFIC SAFETY EVALUATION. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 38 p. AB - This is the Executive of Volume 3 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 3 presents the findings of the part of the research work dealing with bridge traffic safety evaluation. A procedure was developed that can be used to determine the traffic safety index of a bridge on the basis of a set of contributing factors related to the bridge, the approach roadway and environmental conditions. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Methodology KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603718 AU - Saito, M AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 5: PRIORITY RANKING METHOD. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 8 p. AB - This is the Executive Summary of Volume 5 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 5 presents the findings of the part of the research work dealing with the development of a priority ranking method for bridge project selection. The volume also includes an analysis to determine the effectiveness of bridge replacement and rehabilitation projects with respect to bridge structural condition ratings and remaining service lives. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Service life KW - Strategic planning KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603720 AU - Jiang, Yong AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 6: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 8 p. AB - This is the Executive Summary of Volume 6 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 6 presents the results of the research on bridge performance analyses and the development of an optimization model for bridge project selection. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603716 AU - Saito, M AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 4: COST ANALYSIS. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 9 p. AB - This is the Executive Summary of Volume 4 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 4 presents analyses conducted to develop appropriate cost and timing estimates for various bridge related activities. A computer program was then written so that a life cycle cost analysis can be undertaken to select bridge improvement activities. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603712 AU - Tee, A-B AU - Bowman, M D AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2: A SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE STRUCTURAL CONDITION ASSESSMENT. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 11 p. AB - This is the Executive Summary of Volume 2 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 2 presents a system that can assist bridge inspectors in the assessment of bridge structural conditions. The procedure used is based on fuzzy sets mathematics. A computer program is discussed that can be run by bridge inspectors on personal computers. KW - Assessments KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Personal computers KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603713 AU - Murthy, S AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 3: BRIDGE TRAFFIC SAFETY EVALUATION. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 142 p. AB - This report is the third of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume presents the findings of the part of the research work dealing with bridge traffic safety evaluation. A procedure was developed that can be used to determine the traffic safety index of a bridge on the basis of a set of contributing factors related to the bridge, the approach roadway and environmental conditions. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Methodology KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603715 AU - Saito, M AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 4: COST ANALYSIS. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 187 p. AB - This report is the fourth of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume presents analyses conducted to develop appropriate cost and timing estimates for various bridge related activities. A computer program was then written so that a life cycle cost analysis can be undertaken to select bridge improvement activities. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603717 AU - Saito, M AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 5: PRIORITY RANKING METHOD. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 120 p. AB - This report is the fifth of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume presents the findings of the part of the research work dealing with the development of a priority ranking method for bridge project selection. The volume also includes an analysis to determine the effectiveness of bridge replacement and rehabilitation projects with respect to bridge structural condition ratings and remaining service lives. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Service life KW - Strategic planning KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603719 AU - Jiang, Yong AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 6: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 102 p. AB - This report is the sixth of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume presents the results of the research on bridge performance analyses and the development of an optimization model for bridge project selection. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619175 AU - Hartt, W H AU - Balamuralikrishna, R AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF CHLORIDES, CARBONATION AND SURFACE FILMS ON CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10/01 SP - 90 p. AB - Experiments were developed and performed to determine if glass electrodes can be employed to accurately measure pH of pore water in concrete. An attempt was made to determine the reason for the general underestimation of the alkalinity of pore water by one or more pH units when glass electrodes are used as sensors compared to the OH ion concentration obtained from titration of pore solutions expressed from hydrated cement samples. The linear response and alkaline error of glass electrodes was investigated. pH was measured for mortar samples cast in air as well as under CO2-free conditions. A flat-surface combination electrode was mostly employed for this purpose, but studies also involved the use of a microelectrode. The possible role played by Ca(OH)2 liberated during cement hydration in decarbonation of pore water is discussed based on experiments. Projections are made regarding pH and chloride-to-hydroxide service life changes which are likely under different conditions of pore water leaching and carbonation, and the implication of these with regard to concrete bridge structures in Florida are discussed. KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Carbonation KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Electrodes KW - Errors KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Glass KW - Glass electrodes KW - Measurement KW - pH value KW - Pore water KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Surface film KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738936 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUND MODIFICATION SYSTEMS (STONE COLUMNS AND WICK DRAINS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY) PY - 1990/10 SP - 39 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to document construction procedures, monitor field performance, and make recommendations as to the effectiveness and future use of stone column and wick drains for ground modification purposes. This project involved the use of wick drains to accelerate consolidation in bridge approach foundations and stone columns to improve foundation support for reinforced soil walls supporting bridge abutments. This effort was executed by use of field inspections, photologs, and instrumentation to monitor field response. Instrumentation included earth pressuremeters, multipoint settlement gages, slope inclinometers, settlement platforms, and piezometers. Wick drain performance was satisfactory. One reinforced soil wall failed and the other was marginally stable. The failure appears to be the result of a combination of a weak foundation layer that was disturbed by stone column construction, high foundation pore pressure, and rapid wall construction. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge approaches KW - Columns KW - Consolidation KW - Construction management KW - Deep foundations KW - Effectiveness KW - Field performance KW - Foundations KW - Instrumentation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilization KW - Stone KW - Stone columns KW - Wick drains UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17400/17425/PB2001101580.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00621723 AU - Seible, F AU - Priestley, MJN AU - Krishnan, K AU - Nagy, G AU - Sharabi, N AU - University of California, San Diego AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMULATION OF ROLLING LOADS ON THE GEPFORD OVERHEAD BRIDGE SECTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 47 p. AB - Internal forces and deformations in highway bridges under moving vehicle loads can be far greater than those due to the same loads applied statically. The analysis of structures subject to moving loads is complicated by the uneven riding surface, large mass of the moving vehicle relative to that of the bridge structure and the interaction between the motions of the bridge and the vehicle suspension. In laboratory bridge tests, it is customary to apply static, quasi-static or cyclic concentrated loads to large or full-scale test specimens to investigate service and overload limit states. However, the impact of moving loads at various speeds and their interaction with the dynamic characteristics of the bridge structure are either neglected or as in the current bridge design codes, empirically added. The servo-controlled multi-actuator system in the Charles Lee Powell Structural Systems Laboratory at the University of California at San Diego permits the application of simulated rolling loads through a series of computer controlled actuators along the length of a bridge structure. These actuators can be programmed to simulate rolling loads travelling at varying speeds across the bridge deck. This allows the full-scale evaluation of the influence of speed and vehicle-structure interaction on the dynamic response of the bridge section under controlled laboratory conditions. This report discusses the simulation of rolling loads on the deck of the Gepford Overhead Bridge section utilizing a time programmed series of servo-controlled actuators and parallel analytical studies of the dynamic response to moving loads at various speeds. A test method was developed to simulate fatigue type rolling loads for laboratory tests. A procedure to calibrate numerical models with the aid of experimental dynamic response data was established to study the response of bridge structures to moving loads inclusive of vehicle-structure interaction effects. KW - Calibration KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Fatigue tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Laboratory tests KW - Live loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle structure interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607697 AU - Scruggs, T E AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF TENSAR GEOGRID WALL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 38 p. AB - The construction of mechanically stabilized earth retaining wall using Tensar geogrids on a Chatham County, Georgia project in 1987 represented the first use of geogrid material in retaining wall construction in the state. Because the polyethylene material used in the geogrids is subject to creep under tensile loads over long periods of time, it was decided to monitor the performance of this wall and the geogrid material. The objectives of this study were to determine the elongation and strain levels of the geogrid at various elevations in the wall, and monitor horizontal and vertical movements of the retaining wall panels at certain points. The monitoring was performed at two to five month intervals for a period of three years after the wall was completed. The study concluded that the retaining wall performed satisfactorily, although movements due to creep continue to occur at a very slow rate. Total strain levels of the geogrid were found to be within acceptable limits, as were the vertical settlements of the wall panels. Horizontal movements, due to creep, mobilization and deformations were within reasonable limits, although larger movements should be expected with this wall type than with walls reinforced with metal straps. Tensar designed geogrid walls were recommended as alternates to walls reinforced with metal straps for walls fifteen to twenty feet high. Other recommendations included increasing panel batter, limiting geogrid design strength to control creep, and continuing to monitor extensometer movements over the next five years to study the creep rate of the grid. KW - Creep KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Elongation KW - Ethylene resins KW - Extensometers KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Horizontal displacement KW - Instrumentation KW - Length KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Polyethylene KW - Retaining walls KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Vertical displacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00621722 AU - Seible, F AU - Krishnan, K AU - Pardoen, G C AU - Kazanjy, R AU - THOMAS, J AU - University of California, San Diego AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS FOR REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING MEASURES OF THE GEPFORD OVERHEAD SECTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 101 p. AB - Experimental modal analysis prevalent within the automotive and aerospace industries has been rarely used for damage detection or structural rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures. Experimental modal analysis, when used to evaluate the dynamic response characteristics, can predict the change in structural stiffness with ease and a level of confidence. A three phase repair and strengthening program of a full-scale prototype bridge was performed. Steps included: (1) repair of all flexural cracks by epoxy injection; (2) strengthening of the bridge section with external post-tensioning tendons; and (3) investigation of a new strengthening technique for RC T-girder bridges consisting of the addition of a precast prestressed bottom soffit slab. It is the subject of this report to describe and evaluate the changes in dynamic response characteristics of the Gepford Overhead Section due to the strengthening measures outlined above as obtained from forced vibration tests and subsequent modal analyses performed at strategic states prior and subsequent to the structural modifications. Test results clearly indicate a significant change in the structural stiffness due to epoxy grouting of the flexural cracks in the bridge girders. These findings were substantiated by service load tests and yield limit state tests performed prior and subsequent to the epoxy grouting of all flexural cracks. An increase in the transverse stiffness of the bridge section was observed with the addition of the bottom soffit panel. Reduced forced vibration test data for all repair stages are presented. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Forecasting KW - Girders KW - Grouting KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Test results KW - Vibration tests KW - Vibrational testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619202 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Orloski, R L AU - Hashmi, A M AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY OF DRIVER'S OPINION ABOUT WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL ON A RURAL HIGHWAY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 67 p. AB - The responses of 441 drivers who traveled through a construction zone on I-57 were collected and analyzed. The drivers were surveyed for their understanding, interpretation, and reaction to work zone traffic control signs and messages. They were also asked for suggestions to improve work zone safety. The analysis indicated that 77% of the drivers paid more attention to work zone signs. About 83% said they saw the flagger and 88% of them correctly understood the flagger's message, while only 92% reduced their speed. Speed limit signs were noticed by 87%, but correctly remembered by only 90% of them. About 90% of the drivers reduced their speed after seeing speed limit signs but 6% did not. One-third of the drivers reported their speed being greater than the speed limit. About 94% of the speeding drivers felt that their speed was safe enough for the work zone conditions. Over three-fourths of the drivers said the posted speed limit in the work zone was was about right, but 17% said it was too low. Even though 79% of the drivers said the posted speed limit was about right, only 59% said they drove at or below this speed limit. The work zone signs conveyed a clear enough message such that a majority of the drivers were guided comfortably through the work zone. However, about 5% replied that one or more signs were confusing to them. While there was not an agreement on the "confusing" signs, the posted speed limit signs were cited by several drivers. The motorists did not perceive the driving conditions in the work zone to be hazardous; only 54% of the drivers said that going through the work zone was more hazardous than a non-work zone. The driving conditions in the work zone were described as comfortable by 3/4 of the drivers and uncomfortable by 22%. The report contains an analysis of the responses and drivers' suggestions. KW - Compliance KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Flaggers KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Perception KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Speed signs KW - Surveys KW - Traffic signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-066.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611101 AU - Washington, E J AU - Pinnoi, N AU - Stokes, R W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE HIGHWAY INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 75 p. AB - This report presents a review of the literature, a survey of current practices regarding policies used to foster economic development through intercity highway improvements, and the identification of current analytical techniques for assessing the economic development impacts of highways. The review contains extensive documentation of economic development programs in other states which should be useful to the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) in developing guidelines for evaluating the economic development potentials of highway expenditures in Texas. However, the precise impact of a particular transportation improvement often times is difficult to assess. The results of a preliminary survey indicate that 9 state DOTs give some consideration to, or use the promotion of economic development as part of, their long range statewide highway planning criteria. The objectives of these efforts range from the mere completion of a statewide four lane network to the development of a process specifically intended to increase the competitive advantage of the state's communities by funding certain types of highway improvement. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Data collection KW - Econometric models KW - Economic development KW - Economic impacts KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway economics KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Input output models KW - Intercity KW - Intercity transportation KW - Investments KW - Literature reviews KW - Policy KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611157 AU - Mottola, V E AU - Chmiel, A AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLD RECYCLING OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS, BUCKSHUTEM ROAD, COUNTY ROUTE 670, CUMBERLAND COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. CONSTRUCTION AND FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 AB - This report describes the New Jersey Department of Transportation's (NJDOT's) first experience using a Cold Recycling process for rehabilitation of a bituminous roadway. In this process 2 to 3 in. of bituminous material were milled along with 3 to 4 in. of base material. This material was then thoroughly mixed with an asphalt emulsion. The effectiveness of this process was gauged by a program of Visual Inspection, Benkelman Beam Measurements, and Resilient Modulus Testing. However, the process was discontinued after about 1 1/2 miles were completed because of the overly ambitious approach taken. Major changes to the geometry of the original roadway were attempted with this process. These changes to line and grade were not possible with the equipment used on this project. Additionally, the material recycled with the surface course (mostly clays), required several days to set up necessitating closing of the roadway to all but local traffic. KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Inspection KW - Milling KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610253 AU - Hicks, R G AU - Esch, D C AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART ON RUTTING IN ASPHALT CONCRETE PY - 1990/10 SP - 73 p. AB - This report presents an overview of the state-of-the-art on rutting in asphalt concrete pavements. Items addressed include: 1) mechanism of rutting; 2) test methods used to characterize asphalt mixtures; and 3) models for predicting rutting. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Forecasting KW - Machines KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanisms KW - Models KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - State of the art studies KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/ak_rd_91_04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610110 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROGRAM GUIDE: UTILITY ADJUSTMENTS AND ACCOMMODATION ON FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROJECTS. SECOND EDITION PY - 1990/10 SP - 89 p. AB - This program guide was developed to assist individuals administering Federal-aid highway programs which involve: (1) use of Federal-aid highway funds for the relocation and adjustment of utility facilities, and (2) accommodation of utility facilities and private lines on the right-of-way of Federal-aid highway projects. This second edition supersedes the original document dated June 1986. It reviews, by subject matter, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) regulations, policies, and practices dealing with utility relocation and accommodation matters which are found in 23 CFR, Part 645, Subparts A and B and in 23 CFR, Part 635, Subpart B. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Federal aid highways KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Policy KW - Public utilities KW - Regulations KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Utilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610138 AU - Hays, C O AU - Hoit, M I AU - Selvappalam, M AU - Vinayagamoorthy, M AU - Consolazio, G R AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RATING OF GIRDER-SLAB BRIDGES WITH AUTOMATED FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNIQUES. INTERIM PROJECT REPORT/FINAL CONTRACT REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 351 p. AB - This research is part of an on-going program to develop better bridge rating systems using finite element technology. Originally, a lateral load distribution factor program, SALOD, was developed for design and rating of simple span bridges. SALOD is now routinely used by the Florida Department of Transportation. A complete bridge rating system, BRUFEM, is now being developed that will be able to handle the vast majority of the bridges in Florida using a finite element model for the analyses. BRUFEM consists of four FORTRAN programs: 1) a preprocessor for steel and concrete bridges, BRUFEM1, that develops a finite element model from a relatively small amount of input data and prepares input files for the finite element program; 2) a finite element program, SIMPAL, that solves the model created by the person using the preprocessor and outputs the results of the finite element analyses for printing and post-processing; 3) a post-processor, BRUFEM3, that reads unformatted SIMPAL output files and does the bridge rating based on the appropriate service level or strength criteria (the post-processor is now developed to handle both pretensioned simple spans and post-tensioned continuous spans, tee beam and flat slab bridges); and 4) a graphics post-processor. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete bridges KW - Finite element method KW - Girder bridges KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608656 AU - Cable, J K AU - Marks, V J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Midwest Transportation Consortium AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS FOR THE AUTOMATED PAVEMENT DISTRESS DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT SEMINAR, AMES, IOWA, JUNE 12-15, 1990 PY - 1990/10 SP - 703 p. AB - Pavement rehabilitation decisions require reliable performance data that can be used to establish current and predicted conditions of a highway system. Collection of the data by manual methods is usually costly, requires large amounts of manpower, involves high personnel safety risks, and tends to be very subjective and not very repeatable. The development of automated procedures that use cameras and microcomputer technology is proving to be an aid in solving many of these problems. Several equipment manufacturers were present to demonstrate the use of their systems. They were observed by some 275 participants, representing State and local highway agencies and countries from around the world. Experts in the pavement distress identification and analysis area presented papers dealing with various aspects of the subject. The proceedings includes copies of all the presented papers, a list of seminar participants, summary information and sample output for several devices, and questions/answers concerning the topic. KW - Automation KW - Cameras KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Microcomputers KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608642 AU - Woodham, D AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK REPAIR DEMONSTRATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 42 p. AB - Six bridges on I-25 north of Denver were rehabilitated in 1984. Long-term monitoring of the three deck toppings (Colorado DT, low slump with fly ash, and latex modified) was done to evaluate the relative corrosion resistance of the three materials. Comparisons between the low slump (LS) with fly ash and latex-modified bridge toppings showed that the LS was easier to work with, was a more uniform product and limited chloride intrusion as well as the latex-modified concrete. Half-cell testing was performed yearly on the decks as well as visual checks on the condition of the deck surface. Cost data showed that the use of Colorado DT mix cost approximately half of the installed cost of latex-modified concrete. LS deck topping cost approximately 70% of the latex-modified concrete. Currently latex-modified concrete is not used in deck toppings in Colorado. The use of fly ash in deck toppings is allowed but not generally used. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fly ash KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Slump test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608107 AU - McMahon AU - Halstead AU - Baker AU - Granley AU - Kelly AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALITY ASSURANCE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1990/10 SP - 70 p. AB - This report contains the reprint of six articles on the subject of quality assurance that have appeared in the past issues of "Public Roads" magazine. The articles are divided into the following: (1) Introduction and Concepts; (2) Quality Assurance of Embankments and Base Courses; (3) Quality Assurance of Portland Cement Concrete; (4) Variations of Bituminous Construction; (5) Summary of Research for Quality Assurance of Aggregate; (6) Control Charts. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality assurance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607700 AU - Banks, J H AU - San Diego State University AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF HOV BYPASS LANE LOCATION ON VIOLATION RATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 14 p. AB - High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) bypass lanes are a common feature of ramp metering systems. This report addresses the question of whether HOV-lane violation rates are significantly affected by placement of the HOV lane to the left or right of the single-occupancy (SOV) lane. It is concluded that the placement of the lane has no significant effect. It is recommended that placement of HOV lanes to the left or right of the SOV lane be left to local discretion, and that the decision be based on considerations other than the potential effect on violation rates. KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Location KW - Ramp metering KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605663 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MARKETING HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND PROGRAMS PY - 1990/10 SP - 68 p. AB - As the private sector applies marketing techniques to develop and--ultimately--to sell products to customers, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) must also have effective approaches for developing products that meet the needs of the highway community and ensuring that those products are delivered. The FHWA Executive Committee for Marketing formed two groups to assist in this effort, the Work Group and the Marketing Team. The result of their efforts is this report which establishes a framework for defining the process of marketing highway technology and programs within the FHWA's mission, and an approach for building a cooperative relationship with the highway community. Four premises are presented and discussed. These concern (1) marketing and promotion as priorities, (2) involvement and outreach, (3) FHWA operations, and (4) the marketing process. KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Highways KW - Marketing KW - Promotion KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603106 AU - McLean, D I AU - Lim, K Y AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOMENT-REDUCING HINGE DETAILS FOR THE BASES OF BRIDGE COLUMNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 46 p. AB - Bridge foundations in seismic regions are usually designed to withstand the plastic hinge moments that develop at the bases of the columns. Various hinge details have been proposed to reduce or even eliminate the moments transferred to the foundations, and thereby reduce the sizes and costs of the foundations. This study experimentally investigated the behavior of column specimens incorporating different moment-reducing hinge details. Tests were performed on reinforced concrete column specimens subjected to increasing inelastic lateral displacements under constant axial load. The study investigated effects on hinge performance of several parameters, including vertical discontinuity in the hinge detail, level of axial load, low-cycle fatigue characteristics, column aspect ratio, and different amounts of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The test results of this investigation showed that hinge details can be incorporated into columns to significantly reduce the moment capacity at the bases of the columns. However, the moments are not negligible, as is sometimes assumed for design with the moment-reducing hinge details. Providing vertical discontinuity in the hinge resulted in reduced distress in the longitudinal reinforcement and improved the performance of the hinge. Preliminary design recommendations were proposed for the comprehensive design of moment-reducing hinge details at the bases of the bridge columns. KW - Aspect ratio KW - Axial loads KW - Bridge foundations KW - Columns KW - Design KW - Earthquakes KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Hinges KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Plastics KW - Ratios KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Seismic loading KW - Test results UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/220.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602625 AU - Scheck, D AU - Rogers, R AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNTER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 61 p. AB - A thorough search of the literature revealed seven sensor technologies that could be used to detect and track vehicles through turning movements. The most promising were evaluated in laboratory experiments and two, piezoelectric film and ultrasonic, were tested in actual traffic. The sensors functioned rather well under low speed conditions such as entering and leaving parking lots, but the piezoelectric film quickly failed when subjected to high speed heavy truck traffic. As temporary road surface mounted sensors they could not be protected sufficiently to survive for a reasonable length of time, e.g., two days. Algorithms were developed to analyze the signals from a prototype ultrasonic sensor system which was placed at a two-lane, four-way rural intersection. The system counted turning movements correctly but the sensor deployment scheme was not suitable for routine use. These results led to additional testing and evaluation of sensor technologies. Passive infrared sensors gave a strong analog signal or signature which varied among the different types and sizes of vehicles. Tracking would be possible by correlating the signal patterns of vehicles that were entering and leaving an intersection. The decision was reached to evaluate the passive infrared sensors in an off-road vehicle volume, speed and classification system before doing any further investigation of turning movement counting. KW - Algorithms KW - Field tests KW - Film KW - Infrared detectors KW - Intersections KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Performance evaluations KW - Piezoelectric film KW - Piezoelectric materials KW - Rural highways KW - Sensors KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Ultrasonics KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602563 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MOISTURE DAMAGE IN ASPHALT MIXTURES BY TUNNICLIFF AND ROOT PROCEDURE (NCHRP 274). FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 28 p. AB - Six bituminous mixtures were evaluated in this study. They were tested by the Immersion-Compression test, AASHTO T-165, Group 2, Alternate Procedure, and the Tunnicliff-Root procedure (NCHRP 274). Field samples were then obtained. Comparisons were made between the laboratory tests and the field samples. It is then concluded, considering the difficulty and time required for sample preparation and the lack of reliability of the test results in predicting field performance, the Tunnicliff-Root procedure has no advantages over the Immersion-Compression test. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Forecasting KW - Immersion compression test KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture damage KW - Test results KW - Tunnicliff-root procedure KW - Water UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP88-3_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600698 AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE AND SERVICE LIFE OF LOW-SLUMP-CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK OVERLAYS IN NEW YORK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 30 p. AB - Fifty randomly selected concrete bridge decks in New York State, overlaid with low-slump concrete, were studied in 1985 after an average of 5 years of service. The investigation included recording surface defects, measuring delamination and half-cell potentials, and sampling and testing for deck chloride profile. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the nature and significance of the observed damage, and estimates are made of service life expectancy. Policy implications for the New York State Department of Transportation are discussed. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Defects KW - Delamination KW - Half cell potential KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Service life KW - Slump test UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21117/PB99100141.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629081 AU - Conners, D H AU - Riesenberg, F AU - Charney, R D AU - McEwen, M A AU - Krone, R B AU - Tchobanoglous, G AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH NEEDS: SALT MARSH RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, AND CREATION TECHNIQUES FOR CALTRANS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/09/01 SP - 61 p. AB - Highway construction projects along the California coast can potentially damage adjacent saltwater marshes causing a loss of saltmarsh values. Normally, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) tries to avoid these losses by moving highway alignments or other techniques. Occasionally, saltmarsh losses are unavoidable necessitating marsh restoration projects to replace lost saltmarsh values. Considerable information is available from research completed on saltmarsh mitigation, but much of this research has been conducted in States along the East Coast and Gulf of Mexico. Much less specific information is available for California. In this study, we investigated the available information on saltmarsh hydrodynamic processes, soil development, vegetation establishment, monitoring requirements, spatial requirements, construction techniques and storm water treatment. The purpose of the investigation was to determine information needs to conduct effective saltmarsh mitigation projects in California. In each area, what was known about the subject was summarized and a list of research needs was determined. The research needs developed are primarily applicable to the California coast with general application to other coastal salt marsh areas. This report is part of a series of reports on saltmarsh mitigation prepared by the University of California for the California Department of Transportation. KW - California KW - Construction management KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Research KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Salt marshes KW - Salt water areas KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611096 AU - Moses, F AU - Fu, G K AU - Liu, Y W AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF PERMIT LOADS ON BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09/01 SP - 120 p. AB - Most states, including Ohio, have recently seen increasing numbers of overweight permit trucks and requests for even heavier and more frequent overloads. A major concern is the effect of such loads on the safety and remaining life of highway bridges. The study used a statistical data base for bridge loadings and simulated the effects of permit overloads. The simulation included distributions of truck weights, volumes, multiple lane occupancy and vehicle spacings. The output was a distribution (mean and coefficient of variation) of maximum load effect for a specified time duration ranging from a single vehicle crossing to a two-year inspection interval. A reliability model of bridge safety consistent with recent AASHTO code developments was broadened to cover permit loadings. Three categories of permit trucks were considered including a) routine frequent permits, b) special-single passage permits and c) escorted vehicles. For each permit category, load factors were derived to produce target reliability levels. Examples are included. The recommendations for reviewing permit loads were implemented in a specification format. These provisions are being incorporated in the proposed new AASHTO Maintenance Inspection Manual now under review. In addition, to facilitate permit issuance "bridge formulas" were derived which relate the permit vehicles subgroup weight and wheel base to the bridge rating factor preset as a percentage of the Ohio legal load. Also, formulas were derived to convert all bridges to an equivalent HS level. To assist in developing a permit fee structure, the study reviewed fatigue damage models. Several results are given based on a cost per bridge or a cost per route mile to assess different weight permits. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fees KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Load limits KW - Loss and damage KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403122 AU - Griffin, L I AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineers' guide to program and product evaluation PY - 1990/09 IS - FHWA/SA-93-028 SP - 89p AB - Part One of the Engineers' Guide To Program and Product Evaluation describes the functions and characteristics of the Federal Highway Administration's research and development efforts and the categories of R&D program and product evaluation. Part Two of the Guide describes a six-step procedure for conducting R&D program /product evaluations using three hypothetical evaluations of programs or products that address different evaluation topics and different circumstances encountered in conducting evaluations. The purpose of the Federal Highway Administration's multimillion dollar R&D effort is to improve the efficiency and mobility of the nation's transportation system and enhance the safety of the motoring public. The on-going R&D process ensures that technology keeps up with steadily increasing demands on the highway transportation system. Products or programs that result from R&D raise questions of effectiveness and performance, which are addressed through evaluation programs that are an integral part of the R&D process. KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760492 AU - Utah Travel Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: UTAH SCENIC BYWAYS AND BACKWAYS: A CASE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND TWO-TIERED INTEGRATION OF SYSTEMS PY - 1990/09 SP - 14 p. AB - The initiative to develop a scenic road system in Utah was inspired by a study which was completed in late 1985 by a local government group known as the Five County Association of Governments. This local initiative was to become the prototype of a statewide program that would involve the participation of several state and federal agencies and many local government groups, and would become a major marketing action for Utah's tourism and recreation industry. This Case Study presents the history of the process that followed from the local "grass roots" initiative and led to the statewide program known as Utah Scenic Byways and Backways. KW - Case studies KW - History KW - Recreational roads KW - Scenic highways KW - Tourism KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760493 AU - Robertson, R A AU - Simpson, S V AU - ROBERTSON, M AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: WISCONSIN'S RUSTIC ROAD PROGRAM PY - 1990/09 SP - 107 p. AB - The case study of Wisconsin's Rustic Road Program is a detailed description of one of the nation's most established state-maintained scenic byways programs. Established in 1973, the Rustic Roads Program includes fifty-seven county, town, and municipal roads, varying in length from 1 to 26 mi (1.6 to 41.6 km) and ranging in character from single-lane unimproved roadbed to two-lane paved county highway. The case study is presented in six sections and seven appendices. Section 1 gives an administrative history of the Rustic Roads Program. Section 2 identifies the costs of the program. Section 3&4 (combined) identifies the benefits and disadvantages of participation in the program. Section 5 explains the contributions of the Rustic Road Program in protecting the natural, historic and/or agricultural integrity of the road and its immediate surroundings. Section 6 catalogues both the positive and negative attributes of Wisconsin's fifty-seven Rustic Roads. KW - Aesthetics KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Environmental protection KW - History KW - Recreation KW - Scenic highways KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738935 AU - Graves, C AU - ALLEN, D AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD RATER CORRELATION PY - 1990/09 SP - 27 p. AB - In this study, a correlation has been conducted between the Model 400B and the Model 2000 Road Rater. Also contained in this study, is a study of the linearity of the Road Rater measurements. Information gained from this study will provide better understanding of Road Rater measurements. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Deflection KW - Linearity KW - Measurement KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Road raters UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17400/17448/PB2001101644.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734634 AU - Hunt, H AU - Gidley, J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE TOXICITIES OF SELECTED BRIDGE PAINTING MATERIALS AND GUIDELINES FOR BRIDGE PAINTING PROJECTS PY - 1990/09 SP - 245 p. AB - The effects of bridge painting operations on aquatic ecosystems were studied. Bioassays using Daphnia magna, Physa gyrina, Selenastrum capricornutum, fathead minnows, and rainbow trout were performed. The results indicate that both lead pigmented paints and paints pigmented with zinc compounds can cause toxicity. Biocides and cleaning detergent tested were highly toxic. A set of guidelines was developed to assist highway workers in determining and mitigating the impacts of bridge painting projects on the aquatic environment. The aquatic environment is broadly defined to include all beneficial uses of water and the habitat created by the water. In the guidelines, the aquatic setting is first determined, then the nature of the project is established. From the aquatic setting and nature of the project, the Area of Potential Environmental Impact and the impacts of the project are determined. Finally, mitigation is discussed. KW - Abrasives KW - Aquatic life KW - Bioassay KW - Blast cleaning KW - Bridges KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Mitigation KW - Paint KW - Painting KW - Toxicity KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646133 AU - Griffin, L I AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERS' GUIDE TO PROGRAM AND PRODUCT EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 89 p. AB - Part One of this Guide describes the functions and characteristics of the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) research and development (R&D) efforts and the categories of R&D program and product evaluation. Part Two of the Guide describes a six-step procedure for conducting R&D program/product evaluations using three hypothetical evaluations of programs or products that address different evaluation topics and different circumstances encountered in conducting evaluations. The purpose of the FHWA's multimillion dollar R&D effort is to improve the efficiency and mobility of the nation's transportation system and enhance the safety of the motoring public. The on-going R&D process ensures that technology keeps up with steadily increasing demands on the highway transportation system. Products or programs that result from R&D raise questions of effectiveness and performance, which are addressed through evaluation programs that are an integral part of the R&D process. KW - Development KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Product development KW - Product evaluation KW - Program evaluation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology applications KW - Technology assessment KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639861 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1990/09 SP - n.p. AB - Implementation of traffic control technology to improve the operating efficiency of the nation's streets and highways is receiving an increased commitment of resources in an attempt to solve congestion problems. It is important that the devices acquired with these resources be utilized to their maximum capability. Based on this premise, it is appropriate that the operation and maintenance of traffic control systems be evaluated and improved as needed. This review evaluated the effectiveness of States, counties, and cities in operating and maintaining traffic control systems. Emphasis during the review was on available technical expertise, operational planning, maintenance, equipment and funding. Another aspect of the review was to determine the adequacy of the monitoring efforts of the Federal Highway Administration and the State highway agencies. The review team visited a total of 24 traffic control systems in seven states between February and June 1990. Their findings are presented in this report, which is organized as follows: Review Element I - FHWA/State guidance; Review Element II - Technical Expertise; Review Element III - Operations; and Review Element IV - Maintenance. KW - Equipment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Guidance KW - Maintenance practices KW - Monitoring KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Operations KW - Operations planning KW - Planning KW - Professional personnel KW - Specialists KW - Technical expertise KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497353 AU - RICH, M M AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF REST AREA TRUCK PARKING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 56 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to develop a model to estimate the demand for truck parking at rest areas, and to recommend policy actions that will mitigate safety and maintenance problems that arise from truck parking on the shoulders of rest area access ramps. One-day surveys were conducted at 28 rest areas to record characteristics of truck parking. This information was analyzed to identify relationships that explain the magnitude of parking demand and its variation by time of day. The resulting model can be applied at three levels of detail, depending on the information available to the user. Policy recommendations are made regarding (a) the provision of additional truck parking space in the context of the Ohio Department of Transportation's Long Range Rest Area Improvement Program and (b) the reduction of truck parking on ramp shoulders. KW - Estimating KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Improvements KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Parking KW - Parking demand KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608438 AU - American Society of Landscape Architects AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: CREATIVE LANDSCAPE DESIGN SOLUTIONS IN SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 47 p. AB - This report identifies examples of landscape design which accommodate development while enhancing scenic highway environments. It describes design and planning considerations which can help incorporate creative landscape design solutions in scenic highways. The analytic approach identifies a range of notable and award-winning examples of landscape design solutions for scenic highways, analyzes how positive and negative scenic values associated with those highway environments were handled in the design process, and describes the key factors which led to creative landscape design solutions in case study examples. KW - Case studies KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Landscape design KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608440 AU - Bicycle Federation of America AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: THE IMPACT OF BICYCLING ON SCENIC HIGHWAYS: PLANNING REQUIREMENTS THAT AFFECT BICYCLE USE AND SAFETY ON SCENIC HIGHWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 48 p. AB - This report begins with the premise that the potential impact of increased bicycle use on scenic highways is of minor significance compared to the potential impact of scenic highway designation on bicyclists. Chapter one examines the use, sales and demographics of bicycling to determine who is doing the kind of riding that might occur on scenic highways and what is the economic impact of bicyclists using such roads. Chapter 2 looks at what bicyclists hope to get from the experience of riding on scenic highways, or roads that could be scenic highways, and discusses the factors influencing enjoyment of roads. This chapter also makes clear the potential impacts of scenic highway designation on bicycling and bicyclists. Chapter 3 discusses how the impact of scenic highways on bicycling can be mitigated, and vice versa, through planning, engineering and education. Conclusions and recommendations are contained in Chapter 4. KW - Bicycles KW - Cyclists KW - Demographics KW - Economic impacts KW - Education KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Mitigation KW - Recommendations KW - Sales KW - Scenic highways KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608447 AU - Urban Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 23 p. AB - This report briefly describes potentially important economic impacts of scenic byways and provides a few simple procedures that can be used in estimating these impacts. The discussion is organized under the following headings: tourism revenues, jobs, multiplier effects, and land use and development patterns. KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Estimating KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Real estate development KW - Scenic highways KW - Tourism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608449 AU - Heritage Task Force for the Hudson River Valley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SCENIC ROADS IN NEW YORK STATE PY - 1990/09 SP - 23 p. AB - This report focuses on the development of the New York State Scenic Roads Program pursuant to Article 49 of the Environmental Conservation Law of New York State. The program is traced from its origins in the State Natural Beauty Commission in the 1960s through to its present implementation by the Department of Environmental Conservation. The following chapters are included: (I) Introduction; (II) Origins, Development and Implementation; (III) Scenic Road Protection Techniques (road maintenance and land use practices); (IV) Relationship to Tourism; (V) Local Scenic Roads Programs; (VI) Other State-Level Scenic Roads Initiatives; and (VII) Strengths and Weaknesses of the State Scenic Roads Program. KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Highway maintenance KW - History KW - Implementation KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Local government KW - New York (State) KW - Programs KW - Scenic highways KW - State government KW - Tourism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608434 AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: CHRONOLOGIC HISTORY OF SCENIC BYWAYS IN NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1990/09 SP - 32 p. AB - This report contains a chronologic history of scenic byways in North Carolina, followed by discussions of specific issues concerning these byways. The issues discussed include safety, environmental and land use issues, and economic issues. The concluding discussion concerns near and long term issues on North Carolina's scenic byways. KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - History KW - Land use KW - North Carolina KW - Safety KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608436 AU - American Recreation Coalition AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: COMMON ELEMENTS OF STATE AND NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS PROGRAMS PY - 1990/09 SP - 69 p. AB - This report is presented in four parts. Part I is a summary report on three major scenic byways conferences. These conferences were (1) Scenic Byways '88, May 1-3, Washington, D.C.; (2) Scenic Byways '89, November 5-7, Washington, D.C.; and (3) Western Scenic Byways Conference, February 5-7, 1990, Monterey, California. Part II explores how four states--Colorado, Maryland, North Carolina and Utah--established scenic byway programs. All four states have different methods for designating roads, have similar but unique criteria, and measure their success in different ways. Part III contains suggested elements of a complementary national scenic byways program. Part IV is the Appendix, containing lists of state contacts for scenic byways. KW - Colorado KW - Conferences KW - Establishing KW - Federal government KW - Maryland KW - North Carolina KW - Programs KW - Scenic highways KW - States KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608451 AU - Bellomo-McGee, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SAFETY IMPACTS, DESIGN STANDARDS AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 50 p. AB - The objectives of this study were as follows: to develop alternative classification systems for scenic roads; to assess the impacts of designation as a scenic road; to consider minimum design standards required for safety on scenic roads; and to suggest scenic road eligibility criteria related to safety. Of four alternative classification systems examined, one is based on design, safety and operational elements and the other three on driver expectancy or the level of expectation. The report contains the following chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Classification Systems for Scenic and Recreational Routes; (3) Generalized Impacts Due to Designation as a Scenic and Recreational Route; (4) Impact on Road Design Elements; (5) Design Criteria and Maintenance Standards for Public Roads; (6) Anticipated Impacts on Specific Scenic Route Categories; (7) Minimum Standards for Design Elements and Auxiliary Features; and (8) Summary. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Classification KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design features KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Impacts KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance standards KW - Safety KW - Scenic highways KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608453 AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: NEW HAMPSHIRE'S SCENIC BYWAYS: ECONOMIC IMPACTS PY - 1990/09 SP - 247 p. AB - This report contains the results of an economic case study of the potential for a scenic byways system in New Hampshire. The case study includes a comparative analysis of two areas within the State. The first is the Kancamagus Highway area which traverses the scenic White Mountains from Conway to Lincoln. In 1989, the Kancamagus Highway was dedicated as a National Scenic Byway by the U.S. Forest Service. The Lake Sunapee area including portions of the Towns of Newbury, New London and Sunapee was the focus of the second portion of the study. This area includes a number of scenic, cultural and historic resources all of which would be potential ingredients for a scenic byway system. The report is organized as follows: (A) Executive Summary; (B) Part I - Phase One Report; (C) Part II - Phase Two Report; (D) Part III - Visitors Survey - Final Report; (E) Part IV - Bibliography and References; (F) Part V - Appendices; and (G) Part VI - Visitor Survey Statistics. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Comparative analysis KW - Data collection KW - Economic impacts KW - New Hampshire KW - Scenic highways KW - Surveys KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608441 AU - Seaway Trail, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SCENIC BYWAYS PROGRAM PY - 1990/09 SP - 11 p. AB - The Seaway Trail is the longest National Recreation Trail in the United States. Seaway Trail, Inc., is a private sector not-for-profit organization concerned with tourism development of the Seaway Trail. This report contains Seaway Trail, Inc.'s recommendations for a national scenic byways system. Briefly stated, these recommendations are as follows: the Federal Highway Administration should identify criteria, organizational structure and funding to establish scenic byway legislation; use terminology that is more appropriate and encompassing than scenic byways; review highway systems considered for inclusion at both the state and federal levels; establish overall guidelines that participating organizations follow, including funding, planning, signage, and merchandising; create an ongoing monitoring system; plan for receptive signage that considers recreation and tourism needs; adopt an appropriate highway corridor management plan to be developed and implemented; protect and enhance scenic, natural and cultural resources of the system; and invite lateral network participation from public and private sector groups. KW - Definitions KW - Development KW - Governments KW - Guidelines KW - Management KW - Monitoring KW - Natural resources KW - Private enterprise KW - Protection KW - Recommendations KW - Scenic highways KW - Signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608448 AU - US Forest Service AU - US Forest Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SAN JUAN SKYWAY: A PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP CASE STUDY PY - 1990/09 SP - 25 p. AB - In the fall of 1988, the San Juan Skyway became the 13th National Forest Scenic Byway to be designated as such by the U.S. Forest Service. It is the longest National Forest Scenic Byway in the country and the first to be designated in the state of Colorado. Both designations are the result of agreements and commitments between the Colorado Division of Highways, Bureau of Land Management, and the two national forests involved. The U.S. Forest Service has chosen the San Juan Skyway as its leading example of how partnerships may be used to bring the public and private sectors together in the creation of a scenic byway. The Skyway is the result of cost-sharing partnerships between many federal, state and local agencies, as well as private industry. This report contains a case study of the San Juan Skyway. It describes why public/private partnerships on the San Juan Skyway project have been successful; identifies, describes and demonstrates the value and need for partnerships; provides guidelines to develop strategies for establishing and implementing partnerships; and addresses marketing, tourism and rural economic development as each relates to partnerships. KW - Case studies KW - Cost sharing KW - Economic development KW - Establishing KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Marketing KW - Public private partnerships KW - Scenic highways KW - Tourism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608444 AU - Academy for State and Local Government AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SCENIC HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS PROGRAMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES PY - 1990/09 SP - 33 p. AB - This report presents the results of a survey of selected tourism-oriented, developed countries concerning their scenic highways and byways programs. The wide variation in the quality and comprehensiveness of responses, the wide range of national experience they reflect, and the near complete absence of dependable data in such areas as economic impacts argued against aggregating the replies under subject headings. Instead, the report is organized on a country by country basis with replies under five thematic subjects: the designation process, signage, environmental issues, economic impacts, and promotion initiatives. The countries surveyed are the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Denmark, Australia, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, West Germany, Canada, and Japan. KW - Australia KW - Austria KW - Authorizations KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Denmark KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - France KW - Germany KW - Italy KW - Japan KW - Netherlands KW - Programs KW - Promotion KW - Scenic highways KW - Signs KW - Surveys KW - Switzerland KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608445 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: A STUDY OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY PY - 1990/09 SP - 28 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to: 1) identify and document the highway safety and operational consequences associated with travel on the Blue Ridge Parkway, and 2) determine the design features and operational characteristics of scenic and recreational roads that are most likely to have the greatest impact on highway safety. During a recent four year period, there were 1,499 accidents on the Blue Ridge Parkway. The accidents rates for this period were: total accident rate = 2.5 accidents/MVMT; injury accident rate = 76.8 accidents/100 MVMT; and the fatal accident rate = 4.0/100 MVMT. When comparing these statistics to rates based on data from other national parks service roads and other roads, the Blue Ridge Parkway fatal accident rate was higher. Single vehicle accidents accounted for 78.6% of all accidents. Motorcycles were overrepresented in the accident statistics. The following road features were found to have the greatest impact on highway safety: a) road geometrics - curves and downgrades in combination, and curves alone (adverse impact), b) roadside maintenance - improving sight distance and signing, and replacing wood guardrail with steel backed, wood guardrail (positive impact), and c) environmental features - fixed objects such as earth embankments, trees, guardrail, and rock outcropping, and points of entry and exit to the Parkway (adverse impact). KW - Blue Ridge Parkway KW - Case studies KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Fixed object KW - Geometric design KW - Guardrails KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycles KW - North Carolina KW - Scenic highways KW - Sight distance KW - Signs KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608459 AU - Wang, C-Y AU - Stover, V G AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MULTIPATH TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 147 p. AB - Most multipath assignment techniques are generated based on either path enumeration or path diversion. Path enumeration models primarily reiterate the assignment procedure with variable link impedance inputs. Burrell's algorithm is a typical path enumeration model in which the link impedances are assumed to be randomly distributed to account for errors in the driver's perception in link travel time. Path diversion models assign trips to alternate paths without repeating the assignment procedure. The most noted path diversion model is Dial's algorithm. Dial's technique originated from logit discrete choice theory in that each "reasonable" path between a particular O-D pair is assigned a portion of the trips according to a route-choice probability. The literature review indicates that these multiple path algorithms can be incorporated into the capacity-restraint process, either iterative or incrementa. Burrell's algorithm can be implemented either in a single-pass procedure or with the capacity-restraint procedure. Paths are enumerated by repeating simulations of link impedances for each origin zone (or a number of origin zones) in a single-pass procedure; paths are enumerated by repeating simulations of link impedances for each assignment stage when combined with the capacity-restraint procedure. In theory, Dial's algorithm can be implemented with the capacity-restraint procedure although his algorithm is a single-pass procedure. KW - Algorithms KW - Capacity restraint KW - Multiple paths KW - Reviews KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608442 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SCENIC BYWAYS DEVELOPMENT ON THE OREGON COAST - ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND USER PREFERENCE PY - 1990/09 SP - 117 p. AB - This report focuses on highway user attitudes and preferences regarding scenic byway design issues on US-101 on the Oregon Coast, and on the economic benefits which scenic byway development on the Oregon Coast can contribute to. There are six chapters. Chapter one is an introduction. Chapter two reviews the history of highway development for US-101 and its pertinence within a national perspective on scenic highways. Chapter three reviews scenic byway issues and experiences in the U.S. as they pertain to the Oregon Coast, based on available published materials. Chapter four presents the primary original research findings of the study and includes a review of research methodology. An analysis of scenic byway-related economic impacts appears in Chapter five. Finally, Chapter six reviews the primary findings of the project and discusses a series of recommendations for scenic byway development on the Oregon Coast. KW - Attitudes KW - Case studies KW - Coasts KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Development KW - Economic benefits KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway design KW - History KW - Oregon KW - Recommendations KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608443 AU - Adkins, H G AU - Gillenwater, M H AU - Marshall University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: A PROPOSED COAL HERITAGE ROAD AND SCENIC BYWAY IN SOUTHERN WEST VIRGINIA PY - 1990/09 SP - 112 p. AB - This report identifies a possible coal heritage and scenic byway through southern West Virginia in an effort to promote economic development and revitalization through tourism. Parallels are pointed out between southern West Virginia and the iron ore ranges of Minnesota and gold fields of South Dakota. All three areas possess natural beauty and are rich in heritage associated with mining. Unlike southern West Virginia, however, the other areas have taken advantage of their heritage environment, preserved their unique history, and made them available to millions of Americans through successful tourism programs. Each of these heritage examples serves as a prototype for potential development in southern West Virginia coal country. KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Prototypes KW - Redevelopment KW - Revitalization KW - Scenic highways KW - Tourism KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608461 AU - Bullard, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACTS OF CARPOOL UTILIZATION ON THE KATY FREEWAY TRANSITWAY, 54-MONTH "AFTER" EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 82 p. AB - Within the Houston metropolitan area, a major commitment has been made to develop a system of physically separated transitways in the medians of the existing freeway network. These lanes are reserved for the exclusive use of high-occupancy vehicles. Phase 1 of the first completed transitway opened on the Katy Freeway (I-10W) in October 1984. Initially, only authorized buses and vanpools were designated as eligible users of the transitway. To encourage increased vehicular utilization of the facility, carpools were allowed to use the transitway on a test basis beginning in April 1985. This research study, sponsored by the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, was initiated in order to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effects of permitting carpools to use the transitway. This report documents data collected in October 1989, 4.5 years after carpool utilization of the transitway began. This report compares the 1989 data to similar data collected before carpool utilization was permitted (March 1985) and after carpool utilization was permitted (April 1986, October 1987, October 1988). These comparisons address numerous concerns and provide an indication of the effectiveness of allowing carpools onto the transitway. KW - Before and after studies KW - Carpools KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Impacts KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608596 AU - Krammes, R A AU - Tyer, K D AU - Ullman, G L AU - Dale, J J AU - Hammons, T R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL IMPACTS OF URBAN FREEWAY RECONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 119 p. AB - This report documents a review of the travel impacts of six urban freeway reconstruction projects throughout the United States and analysis of the travel impacts of five projects in Texas. The review includes projects in Chicago, Pittsburgh, Boston, Seattle, Detroit, and Milwaukee. The five projects in Texas include I-35 in Austin, US-75 in Plano, I-45 North Freeway in Houston, I-35W in Fort Worth, and I-10 in El Paso. The traffic control plans for the projects in Texas were similar: the same number of freeway lanes as existed before reconstruction were maintained, but there were minor freeway capacity reductions associated with off-peak lane closures, reductions in lane and shoulder widths, ramp closures, frontage road lane closures, and detours within the right-of-way. None of the five projects in Texas had serious adverse impacts on traffic patterns or travel times either on the freeway or elsewhere in the corridor. However, the projects in Plano and Fort Worth, where access to the freeway was restricted by frontage road lane closures and ramp closures, respectively, did cause some diversion of traffic away from the freeway. KW - Freeways KW - Impacts KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic diversion KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608432 AU - U.S. Travel Data Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TRAVEL ON SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 54 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to provide estimates of the 1988 and 1986 economic impacts of travel and tourism on scenic byways. The estimates were derived through the use of the County Travel Economic Impact Model, a computerized economic model producing estimates of travel spending at the county level, and the employment, wage and salary (payroll) income, state tax revenue and local tax revenue generated by this spending. Five scenic byways were selected as cases for study. These include the Blue Ridge Parkway (9 Virginia counties), the Natchez Trace Parkway (2 Tennessee counties), U.S. 322 (2 Pennsylvania counties), S.R. 404 (2 Maryland counties), and S.R. 11 (1 South Carolina county). KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Economic impacts KW - Estimates KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608439 AU - Scenic America AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SCENIC RESOURCE PROTECTION TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS PY - 1990/09 SP - 58 p. AB - This report identifies a range of scenic resource protection techniques now being used in support of scenic byway programs and other related resource management programs. The techniques are portrayed in a manner that informs state highway departments, local governments, and community organizations of their application in scenic byway programs. The report's analytic approach creates a framework for relating the various techniques and tools to a range of scenic environments, and to a series of applicability criteria. This framework then forms the basis of a matrix which identifies where a scenic resource protection tool might be applicable, how effective it might be in a given circumstance, what costs are involved, and what requirements are needed for its implementation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Conservation KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Easements KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Landscape KW - Preservation KW - Property acquisition KW - Protection KW - Real estate development KW - Resource management KW - Roadside advertising KW - Scenic easements KW - Scenic highways KW - View UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608446 AU - Oregon Economic Development Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: PLANNING ROADSIDE INFORMATION: OREGON HIGHWAY 30 CASE ANALYSIS PY - 1990/09 SP - 56 p. AB - This research project investigates the design of scenic routes and outlines a scenic route planning process, focusing in particular on signing for significant attractions or features which are in or associated with the highway corridor. The analysis is based on a case study of U.S. Highway 30 from the outskirts of Portland to and including the City of Astoria. Research methodology consisted of a literature review, an analysis of the Highway 30 corridor and the attractions it includes, and collection and interpretation of data regarding user attitudes on scenic route design. The report consists of six chapters. Chapter I is an introduction. Chapter II discusses scenic route characteristics and design considerations, including factors which influence demand. This discussion is based on the literature review and other materials. Chapter III describes and assesses Highway 30 as a scenic route. This chapter includes discussions of travel growth in this corridor, typical visitor activities and their relationship to the highway, and the number and characteristics of attractions in the corridor. Data collected from the sample of highway reviewers is analyzed and discussed in Chapter IV, focusing on reactions to individual attractions and attractions-specific suggestions for signing and other improvements. Additional discussion of design considerations is found in Chapter V, where the focus is on how Highway 30 attractions relate to each other and what improvements are most attractive overall for the corridor. Finally, Chapter VI reviews the findings of the study and makes recommendations for a Highway 30 Prototype Roadside Information System. The appendices include a copy of the data collection instrument and a review of methodology which helps guide use of the research methodology in other scenic highway planning situations. KW - Attitudes KW - Attractions KW - Case studies KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Improvements KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Oregon KW - Recommendations KW - Reviews KW - Scenic highways KW - Signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608450 AU - Southeastern Research Institute, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: A CASE STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY PY - 1990/09 SP - 23 p. AB - This analysis focuses upon the direct effects of the Blue Ridge Parkway upon the economies of surrounding local areas. In order to place this analysis in context, methods of defining local economic impacts of recreational facilities are reviewed as are previous studies of the economic effects of the Parkway. Expenditure data from a 1986-1987 survey of visitors to the Blue Ridge Parkway are then used to estimate the direct impacts of Parkway visitors' expenditures on primary income, tax receipts and job generation in the counties contiguous to the Parkway in North Carolina and Virginia. The analysis of expenditure data revealed that almost $1.3 billion was brought into the economies of corridor counties in 1987. This appears to have generated approximately $98 million in tax revenues and to have supported over 26,500 jobs. KW - Blue Ridge Parkway KW - Case studies KW - Counties KW - Economic impacts KW - Income KW - Jobs KW - North Carolina KW - Scenic highways KW - Tax receipts KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608435 AU - American Automobile Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: THE HISTORY OF AAA'S SCENIC BYWAYS PROGRAM PY - 1990/09 SP - 62 p. AB - This report contains a brief overview of the American Automobile Association's (AAA's) 80 years of mapping and road inspecting experience detailing the causes for AAA's interest in scenic byways, the data collection techniques and standards criteria that AAA uses to designate scenic routes, the map features developed over the last 20 years to depict the routes chosen, and AAA's vision for the future of the scenic byway program. Also included in this report are the following: AAA's procedures for reporting scenic routes; SHAG (surface, shoulder, alignment, grade) criteria; SHAG Report; Index of AAA Scenic Byways of the United States and Canada; and a list of AAA scenic byways sorted by road type. KW - American Automobile Association KW - Classification KW - Data collection KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - History KW - Location KW - Mapping KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608437 AU - American Planning Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: ROLES OF LOCAL PLANNING AGENCIES IN SCENIC BYWAYS PROGRAMS PY - 1990/09 SP - 57 p. AB - This report identifies key relationships between local planning agencies and statewide and/or regional scenic byway programs, and provides informal guidance and information for local planning agencies in support of these programs. Representative scenic byway programs are reviewed as they affect local planning agencies, and relationships are identified. Based on these planning relationships, a process is described which portrays how local citizens and planning agencies can participate in planning a scenic byway. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Local government KW - Planning KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Regional government KW - Scenic highways KW - States KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608452 AU - Blount, Dillon and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: A CASE STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY PY - 1990/09 SP - 101 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify the environmental impacts of the Blue Ridge Parkway to assist the Federal Highway Administration in preparing recommendations to Congress on the current status and future development of a national system of scenic highways. The research methodologies utilized in this study included an extensive literature search, numerous telephone and personal interviews with government agency officials and representatives of organizations with an interest in the Blue Ridge Parkway, and site visits to the National Park Service in Atlanta, Georgia and Asheville, North Carolina. In providing an understanding of the environmental effects of the Blue Ridge Parkway, this report: 1) traces the history and process of environmental assessments for the Blue Ridge Parkway; 2) reviews pertinent environmental studies; 3) examines identifiable impacts of the Parkway and specific activities related to maintaining and upgrading the Parkway; 4) summarizes current management practices for fulfilling Parkway objectives; and 5) discusses the potential evolution and development of the area without the existence of the Parkway. KW - Blue Ridge Parkway KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - History KW - Interviewing KW - Management KW - Reviews KW - Scenic highways KW - Site investigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608454 AU - Greenhorne & O'Mara, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SAFETY, TRAFFIC AND COST CONSIDERATIONS ON SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 36 p. AB - Three case studies were conducted concerning scenic byways. They examined, respectively, safety issues, highway costs, and the impact of scenic byways on travel. All involved a survey of selected state highway organizations after review of the results from the 1990 Scenic Byways Inventory. Data were obtained from state submissions and from telephone interviews. For the "cost" study, data were obtained from other sources and blended with state data. Each case study provides a useful guide to analysts considering the designation of existing highways as scenic byways. The studies present recommendations and caveats. Their titles and authors are as follows: Case Study in Highway Costs for Scenic Byways, T.J. Wilkins, pp 2-4; Federal and State Experience with Safety Issues on Scenic Byways, J.C. Klimovitch, pp 5-24; and Case Study in the Impact of Scenic Byways on Travel, B. Barnow and R.I. Kingham, pp 25-34. KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Scenic highways KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608431 AU - Mississippi River Parkway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: CASE STUDY ON THE GREAT RIVER ROAD PY - 1990/09 SP - 143 p. AB - The three thousand mile Great River Road, with its nearly 50 year history of planning and development, provides a very important case study on one of the most unique scenic byways in the United States. This report provides an in-depth look at its history, development, status and future. KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - History KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608433 AU - Mastran, S AU - National Trust for Historic Preservation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: PROTECTION TECHNIQUES FOR SCENIC BYWAYS: FOUR CASE STUDIES PY - 1990/09 SP - 88 p. AB - This study of the techniques used to protect scenic byways focuses on the historic qualities of byways that complement or contribute to natural scenic qualities. Through case studies of four highways, the techniques that have been used to protect scenic and historic byways are documented and analyzed, the efficacy of the techniques is evaluated over time, and specific recommendations for the protection of scenic byways are made. The four highways are: the National Park Service's Blue Ridge Parkway; Idaho Route 75, a state designated byway within the Sawtooth National Recreation Area, Sawtooth National Forest; Virginia's Route 5 between Richmond and Williamsburg; and Route J40 in Van Buren County, Iowa. The techniques that have been used to protect scenic byway corridors range from fee-simple acquisition of land to designating a road as scenic. Like fee-simple ownership, easements are a strong protective technique. Comprehensive planning and zoning ordinances, especially those that incorporate a highway corridor overlay district, can be effective techniques. Less effective are public policy statements, tax incentives, and local initiative. These techniques have all been used with varying degrees of long-term success. KW - Case studies KW - Easements KW - Effectiveness KW - Fee simple KW - Historic preservation KW - Initiatives KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ordinances KW - Ownership KW - Property acquisition KW - Protection KW - Public policy KW - Real property KW - Recommendations KW - Scenic highways KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608465 AU - Fong, H K AU - Rooney, F D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEAVING AREAS NEAR ONE-LANE RAMPS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 27 p. AB - Weaving data were obtained with video equipment for eleven locations. There were seventeen data sets. Nine of the data sets were for generally non-peak periods. Eight of the data sets were for generally peak periods. All of the ramps were diamond-type ramps, including a ramp to a frontage road with a curve adequate for only slow speeds, or slip ramps. All the ramps were one-lane at the merge or diverge areas. There were auxiliary lanes between all of the on-ramps and off-ramps. The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual's procedure for weaving speeds was not sufficiently accurate for California state freeways. The calculated average speed for non-peak periods was 11 mph less than the actual average speed. The nomograph procedure was prepared by Jack Leisch. Its method for weaving speeds was not sufficiently accurate for California state freeways. The average indicated speed for non-peak periods was 9 mph less than the actual average speed. However, the level of service curves of the weaving chart of the nomograph are, with level of service and weaving rate limits, probably sufficiently accurate for planning and designing typical weaving areas where there will be one-lane ramps and auxiliary lanes. Indicated capacities were within about 10% of actual capacities. However, there were only limited data. The 1965 Highway Capaity Manual's Level of Service D procedure is also probably sufficiently accurate for planning and designing typical weaving areas where there will be one-lane ramps and auxiliary lanes. The calculated maximum rates of weaving vehicles at outer through lanes or auxiliary lanes were within an average of an absolute value of about 10% of actual rates. However, there were not much data regarding through vehicles at outer through lanes when rates were near capacity. Peak-hour factors should usually be used for both the nomograph procedure and the Level of Service D procedure. KW - Accuracy KW - Auxiliary lanes KW - Diamond pattern KW - Freeway ramps KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Level of service KW - Nomographs KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak KW - Peak periods KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Single lane traffic KW - Traffic speed KW - Videotapes KW - Weaving traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607526 AU - Hall, K T AU - Darter, M I AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL OVERLAY STRATEGIES FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME VI: APPENDIX A - USERS MANUAL FOR THE EXPEAR COMPUTER PROGRAM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 54 p. AB - A major field study and evaluation has been conducted into the effectiveness of three structural overlay types for portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. These include sawing and sealing asphalt concrete (AC) overlays of PCC pavements, cracking and seating PCC pavements prior to AC overlay, and constructing a thin bonded PCC overlay on top of the existing PCC pavement. Condition surveys, deflection testing, and roughness measurements were performed on a total of 55 sections. The performance of these sections was evaluated and the effectiveness of each overlay type analyzed. Based on the field data, guidelines were developed for the use of structural overlays. This volume provides a users guide to the EXPEAR computerized system to assist practicing engineers in evaluating concrete highway pavements, in developing feasible rehabilitation alternatives, and in predicting the performance and cost-effectiveness of the alternatives. EXPEAR is intended for use by State highway engineers in project-level rehabilitation planning and design for conventional concrete pavements (JRCP, JPCP, and CRCP). EXPEAR uses information about the pavement to guide the engineer through evaluation of a pavement's present condition and development of one or more feasible rehabilitation strategies. A computer program has been developed for each of the three pavement types addressed. The EXPEAR version 1.4 program operates on any IBM-compatible personal computer. Extensive revisions were made in EXPEAR 1.4 to improve the user-friendliness of the program and its capabilities. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Deflection tests KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Expert systems KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personal computers KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Roughness KW - Sawing KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607585 AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Rymer, B AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOBILITY IMPACTS FROM IMPROVEMENTS TO AN ARTERIAL STREET. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 90 p. AB - The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation is exploring methods of providing additional roadway capacity for major traffic movements. One method identified is to increase the capacity of the arterial street system. Streets with the potential of serving an enhanced role could be improved to operate at high speeds and a high level of service yet would not be required to satisfy the strict access control and right-of-way needs of a freeway. Strategic arterial was the term selected to describe this new street category. The mobility impacts from improvements to an existing arterial street (US 90A in Houston) and to conceptual corridors were evaluated using computer simulation. Transyt-7F was the computer program used to evaluate the case study improvements that ranged from a do-nothing alternative to providing grade separations at all major intersections. For the conceptual corridor, improvements evaluated included prohibiting left turns, changing the orientation of a grade-separated structure, and modifying the number of signals per mile. The primary measure of effectiveness used to describe the mobility impacts was average through speed. At-grade improvements (e.g., adding lanes or prohibiting left turns) to the existing arterial showed limited increases in through speed due to the highly congested nature of the case study area in the year 2000. Grade-separated improvements were needed to cause significant increases in travel speeds. KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Grade separations KW - Highway capacity KW - Impacts KW - Increase KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mobility KW - No build KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603244 AU - Reyes (JA) Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1988 PY - 1990/09 SP - 61 p. AB - This document profiles 1988 accidents reported by interstate commercial carriers of property subject to the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1651-60). It is suspected that accidents involving interstate carriers were significantly underreported; actions are underway to correct this in the future. 32,778 accidents were reported by commercial carriers of property in 1988, 19% more than in 1987. Less than 1 in 10 accidents in 1988 resulted in fatalities; more than 5 in 10 accidents produced injuries. Reported accidents produced 3,309 fatalities, 31,295 injuries, and property damage estimated at $477,810,078. Three out of 10 accidents and fatalities occurred in just five states: California, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. This document contains five chapters: (1) 1988 Overview; (2) The Driver; (3) The Vehicle; (4) The Accident Setting; and (5) The Accident. Within each chapter, data are organized under specific topics. A glossary of terms and a copy of Form MCS 50-T are presented in the Appendix. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Interstate commerce KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349230 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601596 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Graziano, F AU - Jones, J S AU - Parola, A C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF RIPRAP TO PROTECT BRIDGE PIERS FROM LOCAL SCOUR PY - 1990/09 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - p. 193-199 AB - A study is described in which interim guidelines were developed for designing bridge pier riprap protection. Based on experimental data two procedures were developed to determine the size of riprap needed to protect bridge piers from local scour. The primary procedure is represented by equations. This accounts for the influence of a preexisting scour hole which tends to downsize the riprap requirements. A second procedure is presented, also represented by an equation, and is a refinement of the interim guidelines in the FHWA's HEC-18. This procedure is simpler and is applicable for most bridge piers where the riprap final placement will be approximately flush with the streambed. KW - Bridge piers KW - Equations KW - Guidelines KW - Riprap KW - Scour KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348683 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601597 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lane, S N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF PRESTRESSING STRAND PY - 1990/09 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - p. 200-205 AB - A federal Highway Administration memorandum was issued in October 1988 concerning the use of prestressing strand in a pretensioned application for prestresed concrete bridges. The restrictions of the memorandum would apply only until research results indicated otherwise. Numerous studies on this topic have been performed, and this article briefly summarizes their results. For some studies, the transfer and development length experimentation is the sole objective of the study; for others, it was an important constituent of a broader objective. All of the studies provide significant contributions to understanding and mathematically defining prestressing strand transfer and development lengths. KW - Concrete bridges KW - Length KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Pretensioning KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601598 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cooperm, J D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF LIFELINE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING PY - 1990/09 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - p. 206-211 AB - Little guidance is available for the seismic resistant design of lifelines, namely, electric power and communications, gas and liquid fuel, transportation and water sewer systems. The most cost-effective way to mitigate seismically induced damage is to upgrade seismic design and construction procedures. A second method is to retrofit existing lifelines. Ongoing activities that will impact on the seismic design of lifeline facilities are summarized in this article. Future lifeline design guides are listed. Lifeline research is reviewed including efforts by the Department of Transportation, the National Science Fondation, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Research KW - Retrofitting KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601648 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McGogney, C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD TRIALS OF THE PROTOTYPE MAGNETIC PERTURBATION CABLE SYSTEM PY - 1990/09 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - p. 212-216 AB - This study notes that the magnetic perturbation cable system has the sensitivity, resolution, repeatability, long term stability, and adaptivity to perform nondestructive inspection and monitoring tests of structural cables and strands of suspension bridges. This article presents laboratory results, and field demonstration results. It is noted that flux densities higher than that provided by the electromagnet would be required to detect very small flaws such as corrosion pits. Results from scanning laboratory specimens indicate that systems of this type should be capable of providing precise, stable, quantitative, nondestructive evaluation. KW - Bridge cables KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Cable systems KW - Corrosion KW - Electromagnetic properties KW - Field studies KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory studies KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic measurements KW - Magnetic perturbation cable system KW - Maintenance KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Perturbations KW - Strands KW - Suspension bridges KW - Suspension cables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454398 AU - Saha, Sunil K AU - Fricker, Jon D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Development of a Procedure to Forecast Traffic Volumes on Urban Segments of the State and Interstate Highway Systems PY - 1990/08/22/Executive Summary SP - 720p AB - This study developed a multi-facted procedure to forecast traffic volumes on urban segments of the state and interstate highway systems for the Indiana Department of Transportation. A detailed statistical analysis was conducted to develop alternative models to forecast traffic. The models and the procedures described in this study's Final Report are intended to provide highway planners with a tool for simple, fast and inexpensive estimation of traffic projections. Emphasis was also placed on achieving reliable input information for the forecasts of any background factors (independent variables) used in the models. This study improves on previous efforts to build simple and reliable procedures to forecast traffic. Among the several models examined in this study, elasticity and 1ag-AADT models were finally selected because of their simplicity and better performance. This study has employed several measures to evaluate the forecasting models. Often, combined forecasts developed in this study were found to perform better than the forecasts from any of the constituent models. Some problems and limitations of the models, and suggestions to overcome them, are discussed. KW - Forecasting KW - Indiana KW - Interstate highways KW - State highways KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313428 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615585 AU - Nelson, T B AU - Wood, L E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF BAGHOUSE FINES AND INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN A DRUM DRIER ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES - PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08/22 SP - 220 p. AB - The major purpose of this study was to use the high pressure-gel permeation techniques to evaluate the changes in asphalt subjected to different mix production parameters, including plan type, level of aging and fuel used in the burner of the drier. Additional objectives were to establish correlations between physical parameters of asphalts and their chromatographic parameters, and to determine whether the high pressure-gel permeation chromotography (HPGPC) technique could be used to detect burner fuel contamination in the mix produced by asphalt plants. This study determined that the HPGPC technique is an excellent comparative analysis tool, capable of detecting changes in the aging of asphalt, but not repeatably capable of establishing direct relationships between chromatograms and physical parameters. Results of the study also show that no significant differences could be found by HPGPC between mixes produced by drum plants and batch plants, or by plants using different burner fuels. HPGPC can also detect fuel contamination at the 1% contamination level, not detectable by physical measures. Finally, results of this study show that the 5 hour thin film oven test does not simulate aging produced by asphalt plants, and should be reevaluated. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt plants KW - Baghouse fines KW - Combustion KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Driers (Devices) KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Fuels KW - Furnaces KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - High pressure gel permeation chromatography KW - Incomplete combustion KW - Mixers KW - Mixing plants KW - Oven tests KW - Pressure KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615586 AU - Lin, J D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF BAGHOUSE FINES AND INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN A DRUM DRIER ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES - PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08/22 SP - 192 p. AB - An extensive laboratory study of the asphalt paving mixtures containing baghouse fines has been conducted through seven sets of experimental designs to characterize the performance of pavement. Marshall size specimens of asphalt paving mixtures with different kinds and amounts of baghouse fines were fabricated using the gyratory testing machine. The following techniques were used to evaluate the influence of the various variables upon mechanical properties such as: gyratory parameters, resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, indirect creep, and Hveem stability tests to evaluate their mechanical properties. In addition, in the asphalt paving mixtures, asphalt cement was replaced with baghouse fines in order to maintain a constant volume of asphalt cement plus baghouse fines. The evaluation was conducted under the simulation of plant aging, environmental aging, moisture damage, and traffic densification. The gyratory stability index and gyratory elasto-plastic index can be used to determine the effect of baghouse fines on asphalt paving mixtures during specimen fabrication. The resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, and Hveem stability decrease significantly with higher amounts of baghouse fines. Artificial aging processes to simulate pavement performance caused an increase in resilient modulus and the indirect tensile strength as well as a reduction in failure tensile strain. The effect of water sensitivity of asphalt paving mixture decreased with increasing amount of asphalt cement or with decreasing of baghouse fines/asphalt cement ratio. Densification of asphalt paving mixtures produces higher indirect tensile strength, but it also decreased the resilient modulus. The resilient modulus value was insensitive to the gradation of baghouse fines or mineral fillers, but the indirect tensile strength increased significantly with finer fines or fillers. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Baghouse fines KW - Combustion KW - Creep tests KW - Densification KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Furnaces KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Gyratory tests KW - Hveem test KW - Incomplete combustion KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mineral fillers KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture damage KW - Pavement performance KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tension tests KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00818227 AU - Mak, K K AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTING OF STATE ROADSIDE SAFETY SYSTEMS. VOLUME VIII: APPENDIX G - CRASH TESTING AND EVALUATION OF THE SINGLE SLOPE BRIDGE RAIL PY - 1990/08/02 SP - 82 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to crash test and evaluate new or modified roadside safety hardware and, where necessary, redesign the devices to improve their impact performance. The three major areas addressed in this study are the impact performance of bridge railings, transitions from guardrails to bridge railings, and end treatments for guardrails and median barriers. This report presents the results of three crash tests conducted on a single slope bridge railing design in accordance with guidelines set forth in the 1989 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) "Guide Specification on Bridge Railings" for performance level 2 (PL-2) and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 for test level 4 (TL-4). The first crash test involved a 2000-kg ( 4405-lb) pickup truck impacting the bridge rail at a nominal impact speed and angle of 100 km/h (62.2 mi/h) and 25 degrees. The bridge rail was judged to have performed satisfactorily in this test. The second crash test involved an 8172-kg (18,000-lb) single-unit truck impacting the bridge rail head-on at a nominal impact speed and angle of 80.5 km/h (50 mi/h) and zero (15) degrees. The third test was a repeat of the second test because the impact angle in the second test was only 10 degrees instead of the required 15 degrees. The bridge rail was judged to have performed satisfactorily in both single-unit truck redirection tests. This volume is the eighth in a series of 14 volumes for the final report. KW - Bridge railings KW - End treatments KW - Evaluation KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Pickup trucks KW - Roadside KW - Testing KW - Transitions KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00818229 AU - Mak, K K AU - Bligh, R P AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF STATE ROADSIDE SAFETY SYSTEMS. VOLUME XI: APPENDIX J - CRASH TESTING AND EVALUATION OF EXISTING GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS PY - 1990/08/02 SP - 189 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to crash test and evaluate new or modified roadside safety hardware and, where necessary, redesign the devices to improve their impact performance. The three major areas addressed in this study are the impact performance of bridge railings, transitions from guardrails to bridge railings, and end treatments for guardrails and median barriers. This report presents the results of a series of crash tests conducted on existing guardrail systems with the 2000P test vehicle (i.e., a 2000-kg (4409-lb) pickup truck) in accordance with guidelines set forth in NCHRP Report 350. Results of the crash tests indicated that the cable (G1), box-beam (G3), W-beam, strong-wood-post (G4(2W)), and the modified thrie-beam guardrail systems performed satisfactorily under test level 3 conditions (i.e., at a nominal impact speed and angle of 100 km/h (62.2 mi/h) and 25 degrees). The W-beam, strong-steel post (G4(1S)), and the thrie-beam (G9) guardrail systems failed to perform satisfactorily under test level 3 conditions. The W-beam, weak-post (G2) guardrail system failed to perform satisfactorily under test level 3 conditions, but performed satisfactorily under test level 2 conditions (i.e., at a nominal impact speed and angle of 70 km/h (43.5 mi/h) and 25 degrees). This volume is the eleventh in a series of 14 volumes for the final report. KW - Bridge railings KW - End treatments KW - Evaluation KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Pickup trucks KW - Roadside KW - Testing KW - Transitions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22000/22017/PB99155111.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00818226 AU - Mak, K K AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF STATE ROADSIDE SAFETY SYSTEMS. VOLUME VII: APPENDIX F - CRASH TESTING AND EVALUATION OF THE MINNESOTA SWING-AWAY MAILBOX SUPPORT PY - 1990/08/02 SP - 100 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to crash test and evaluate new or modified roadside safety hardware and, where necessary, redesign the devices to improve their impact performance. The three major areas addressed in this study are the impact performance of bridge railings, transitions from guardrails to bridge railings, and end treatments for guardrails and median barriers. This report presents the results of four crash tests conducted on a swing-away mailbox support design by the Minnesota Department of Transportation in accordance with guidelines set forth in the 1985 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) "Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaries and Traffic Signals" and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350. The first two tests corresponded to NCHRP Report 350 test designation 3-60 and 3-61, involving an 820-kg passenger car impacting the vertical mailbox support head-on at speeds of 35 km/h and 100 km/h respectively. The mailbox support was aligned with the right front quarter point of the vehicle so that the interaction between the cantilevered arm and the mailbox assembly with the windshield of the vehicle can be evaluated. The third and fourth tests involved an 820-kg passenger car impacting the vertical mailbox support head-on at a nominal speed of 100 km/h and zero (0) degree with the centerline of the mailbox assembly aligned with the centerline of the vehicle. These two tests are not required in NCHRP Report 350, but are included because of the cantilever design of the mailbox support. The Minnesota swing-away mailbox support was judged to have successfully met all evaluation criteria for a single mailbox assembly, but not for a triple mailbox assembly. This volume is the seventh in a series of 14 volumes for the final report. KW - Bridge railings KW - Cantilevers KW - End treatments KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Mailboxes KW - Median barriers KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Performance KW - Roadside KW - Roadside structures KW - Testing KW - Transitions KW - Vertical supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00818228 AU - Mak, K K AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF STATE ROADSIDE SAFETY SYSTEMS. VOLUME X: APPENDIX I - CRASH TESTING AND EVALUATION OF A MINI-MELT FOR A W-BEAM, WEAK POST (G2) GUARDRAIL SYSTEM PY - 1990/08/02 SP - 115 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to crash test and evaluate new or modified roadside safety hardware and, where necessary, redesign the devices to improve their impact performance. The three major areas addressed in this study are the impact performance of bridge railings, transitions from guardrails to bridge railings, and end treatments for guardrails and median barriers. This report presents the results of four crash tests conducted on a Mini-MELT for use with the W-beam, weak post (G2) guardrail system. The first test involved a 2000-kg (4409-lb) pickup truck impacting the terminal at the beginning of length of need at a nominal impact speed and angle of 100 km/h (62.2 mi/h) and 25 degrees. The vehicle was successfully contained and redirected, but the vehicle rolled over on its side as it lost contact with the guardrail. The terminal was redesigned and evaluated in a second crash test, which involved a 2043-kg (4500-lb) passenger car impacting the guardrail at 4.6 m (15 ft) upstream of the last wooden CRT post (post 5) in the reverse direction at a nominal impact speed and angle of 96.5 km/h (60 mi/h) and 25 degrees. The W-beam rail element was ruptured, allowing the vehicle to penetrate behind the guardrail. The terminal was again redesigned and evaluated with the third and fourth crash tests. The third test was a repeat of the second test on the modified terminal. The fourth crash test involved a 2043-kg (4500-lb) passenger car impacting the modified terminal at the beginning of length of need at a nominal impact speed and angle of 96.5 km/h (60 mi/h) and 25 degrees. The vehicles were successfully contained and redirected in both tests and the modified Mini-MELT was judged to have performed satisfactorily. This volume is the tenth in a series of 14 volumes for the final report. KW - Bridge railings KW - End treatments KW - Evaluation KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Mini-MELT KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Testing KW - Transitions KW - W beam UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414344 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Mason, J M AU - Glauz, W D AU - Kulakowski, B T AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Truck characteristics for use in highway design and operation; volumes 1 and 2 PY - 1990/08 IS - FHWA/RD-89-226, FHWA SP - 261p + 227p AB - Highway geometric design and traffic operations are based in part on consideration of vehicle characteristics. However, many of the current highway design and operational criteria are based on passenger car characteristics, even though truck characteristics may be more critical. This report reviews existing data for the truck characteristics that need to be considered in highway design, including truck dimensions, braking distance, driver eye height, acceleration capabilities, speed-maintenance capabilities on grades, turning radius and offtracking characteristics, suspension characteristics, and rollover threshold. The report also includes these truck characteristics. The highway design and operational criteria evaluated include sight distances, vertical curve length, intersection design, critical length of grade, lane width, horizontal curve design, vehicle change intervals at traffic signals, sign placement, and highway capacity. An assessment has been made of the need to change the current highway design and operational criteria to accommodate trucks. The cost effectiveness of proposed changes in design and operational criteria has been evaluated (A). KW - Curve KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Driving KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Intersection KW - Intersections KW - Road design KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01407806 AU - Stuart, K D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Moisture damage in asphalt mixtures - a state-of-the-art report PY - 1990/08 IS - FHWA/RD-90-019 SP - 125p AB - This state-of-the-art report is on the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures used in highway pavements. It addresses the known causes of moisture damage, methods for controlling damage such as antistripping additives, and moisture damage tests. Several current research studies are also given in the report. Moisture damage in asphalt mixtures is a complex mechanism which is not well understood and has many interacting factors. This report is mainly concerned with dense-graded hot asphalt mixtures as most of the literature discusses these types of mixtures. Some information on chip seals and emulsion mixtures is also included. One of the intents of this report is to indicate where data is lacking so that research can be performed in these areas. State-of-the-art reports often give the impression that more is known than is really known. More knowledge is needed in all areas dealing with moisture damage in asphalt pavements. How to develop moisture damage tests so that they relate to pavement performance needs to be addressed (A). KW - Binders KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Damage KW - Material properties KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture control KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Stripping of binder KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1175602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760547 AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A CULVERT-END SAFETY GRATE PY - 1990/08 SP - 31 p. AB - Culvert ends located within the highway clear zone of the right-of-way present potential hazards to errant drivers leaving the roadway. One of the less expensive solutions is installation of a safety grate over the culvert opening. A grate of welded steel reinforcing bars was developed by the New York State Department of Transportation's Region 9 (Binghamton), and has undergone six drive-over tests and two full-scale crash tests. These showed that the grate was strong enough to protect large and small sedans crossing exposed culvert ends, without damage to the grates or vehicles, with the terrain on which the grate is located having a greater effect on vehicle trajectory than the grate itself. KW - Culvert outlets KW - Culverts KW - Grates KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Roadside hazards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496287 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750999 AU - Texas Department of Transportation TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC DATA ACQUISITION TECHNOLOGIES CONFERENCE, AUSTIN, TEXAS, AUGUST 26-30, 1990. PROCEEDINGS PY - 1990/08 SP - 432p AB - The conference covered topics ranging from the demands of traffic data collection to current and future traffic data technologies and applications. More than 250 conference participants viewed 18 demonstration installations of international state-of-the-art data collection equipment, including the latest weigh-in-motion and traffic classification technologies under actual working conditions. They attended lecture sessions that focused on either toll facilities and enforcement or on data collection. The more than 30 lectures given by people from around the world involved in traffic data acquisition technology, the field trip, and all the products on display made this conference an exciting technology transfer opportunity. The proceedings contain a list of attendees, a list of exhibitors, and the conference presentations according to session: Opening General Session; Session I - Demand for Traffic Data Collection; Session II - Current Traffic Data Technologies and Applications; Session III - Emerging Traffic Data Technologies; and Closing General Session. The proceedings conclude with a list of contributors including brief biographical sketches. U1 - National Traffic Data Acquisition Technologies ConferenceAmerican Society for Testing and Materials; Texas A&M University; University of Texas; and Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19900826 EndDate:19900830 Sponsors:American Society for Testing and Materials; Texas A&M University; University of Texas; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automation KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Data recorders KW - Information organization KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Toll collection KW - Traffic data KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/487390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643561 AU - Kuo, S S AU - Davidson, T E AU - Fiji, L M AU - Leftwich, D S AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF BRIDGE INSPECTION PROCESS. PHASE II FINAL REPORT - VOLUME II PY - 1990/08 SP - 194 p. AB - To ensure public safety, bridge inspections need to be as efficient and accurate as possible. This study presents methods and equipment for automating visual bridge inspection procedures. Automation promises to increase the speed and cost efficiency of preparing bridge inspection reports. Various inspection agencies were visited to assimilate state-of-the-art inspection techniques. Informative tables comparing routine bridge inspection operations of agencies are given, along with summaries of advanced techniques currently in use. New inspection technologies drawn from current literature are also outlined. The applications of computers, video cameras, voice-activated radios, lightweight tool belts, and other advanced equipment are discussed. A new inspection procedure, utilizing state-of-the-art equipment, is proposed for the Florida Department of Transportation. The procedure includes the use of portable computers and camcorders to collect field data. Two man inspection teams are planned. The inspectors will stay in contact with each other through voice-activated, two way radios. Field inspection software will prompt the inspectors for data on bridge features and defects, making sure a complete inspection is performed. This data will then be automatically transferred into various report formats by computer software. Recommendations are given for testing the new procedure in actual field conditions to determine feasibility, time requirements, and costs. Finally, future research for further improving bridge inspection is suggested. This volume is Volume II of the Phase II Final Report. It contains (1) the Bridge Inspection Software User's Guide and (2) the Image Capture and Editing Instruction Manual. KW - Automation KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Laptop computers KW - Lightweight materials KW - Lightweight tool belts KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Productivity KW - Radio equipment KW - Research KW - Software KW - Technological innovations KW - Time savings KW - Video cameras KW - Videotape recorders KW - Vision KW - Voice-activated radios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643560 AU - Kuo, S S AU - Davidson, T E AU - Fiji, L M AU - Leftwich, D S AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF BRIDGE INSPECTION PROCESS. PHASE II FINAL REPORT - VOLUME I PY - 1990/08 SP - 190 p. AB - To ensure public safety, bridge inspections need to be as efficient and accurate as possible. This study presents methods and equipment for automating visual bridge inspection procedures. Automation promises to increase the speed and cost efficiency of preparing bridge inspection reports. Various inspection agencies were visited to assimilate state-of-the-art inspection techniques. Informative tables comparing routine bridge inspection operations of agencies are given, along with summaries of advanced techniques currently in use. New inspection technologies drawn from current literature are also outlined. The applications of computers, video cameras, voice-activated radios, lightweight tool belts, and other advanced equipment are discussed. A new inspection procedure, utilizing state-of-the-art equipment, is proposed for the Florida Department of Transportation. The procedure includes the use of portable computers and camcorders to collect field data. Two man inspection teams are planned. The inspectors will stay in contact with each other through voice-activated, two way radios. Field inspection software will prompt the inspectors for data on bridge features and defects, making sure a complete inspection is performed. This data will then be automatically transferred into various report formats by computer software. Recommendations are given for testing the new procedure in actual field conditions to determine feasibility, time requirements, and costs. Finally, future research for further improving bridge inspection is suggested. This volume is Volume I of the Phase II Final Report. It is organized in the following chapters: (I) Introduction; (II) Literature Review; (III) Proposed Techniques and Equipment; (IV) Inspection Software Development; (V) Field Testing of the Computer Automated Bridge Inspection System; (VI) Summary; and (VII) Conclusion. There are four appendices: (A) National Bridge Inspection Standards; (B) Bridge Inspection Agency Survey; (C) Sample Forms and Time Log; and (D) BIS Program Modules and Procedures. KW - Automation KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guides to the literature KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Laptop computers KW - Lightweight materials KW - Lightweight tool belts KW - Literature reviews KW - Microcomputers KW - Productivity KW - Radio equipment KW - Research KW - Software KW - Technological innovations KW - Time savings KW - Video cameras KW - Videotape recorders KW - Vision KW - Voice-activated radios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625025 AU - SMITH, L AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATHODIC BRIDGE DECK PROTECTION PY - 1990/08 SP - 195 p. AB - Five systems of cathodic protection were installed on the US 87 Missouri-Pacific Railroad overpass in Big Spring, Texas. The design and construction of the systems are summarized in this report. The Federal Highway Administration sponsored the demonstration project, which was intended to be used as a means of comparing the various systems. Later reports will provide updates of how effectively the systems operate in this installation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Construction KW - Corrosion protection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design KW - Highway bridges KW - Overpasses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367690 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00621545 JO - Publication of: California University, Berkeley PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Labell, L N AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTORS FOR FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL: FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 249 p. AB - The purpose of this research project was to review, evaluate, select and field test presence-type detector technologies for freeway surveillance and control which are readily available and which don't require lane closures for their installation and maintenance. The project consisted of several major tasks, the highlights of which are as follows. The first task was concerned with identification and description of currently available detector technologies. This work included a brief history, current research assessment, and a description of characteristics and application experience of available detector technologies. The next tasks included a paper evaluation of these detector technologies and the selection of the most promising detectors for field testing. A major portion of the research dealt with the establishment of an automatic freeway data collection station and a series of three field experiments. The first experiment was with inductive loop detectors alone, and a traffic pattern data base was developed. The second experiment was with loop and ultrasonic detectors and the results of each were compared. The third and last experiment consisted of data from the loop and ultrasonic detectors as well as a videotape from which direct measurements of flow and occupancy could be obtained. The ultrasonic detectors, under the conditions and time periods tested, were within five percent of manually measured counts for 15 minute intervals. These detectors missed few vehicles and very seldom recorded phantom vehicles. While the on times and percent occupancies appeared consistent, their values were questioned because of unexpected resulting detection zone lengths. Further research is recommended and specific research suggestions are made. KW - Detectors KW - Field tests KW - Freeways KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Loop detectors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Ultrasonic detectors KW - Ultrasonics KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/365459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619204 AU - Pierson, L A AU - Davis, S A AU - Van Vickle, R AU - Oregon State Highway Division AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCKFALL HAZARD RATING SYSTEM: IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL PY - 1990/08 SP - 172 p. AB - Development of the Rockfall Hazard Rating System (RHRS) is complete. The system has been fully tested and implemented by the Oregon Department of Transportation. The RHRS is a tool for managing rockfall sites adjacent to highways. The system is proactive by design and provides a rational way to make informed decisions on where and how to spend construction funds. This manual documents the components of the RHRS, the steps an agency should follow to implement the system, and discusses the level of commitment required. It also describes the benefits of implementation. KW - Benefits KW - Decision making KW - Hazards KW - Implementation KW - Manuals KW - Ratings KW - Rockfalls KW - Systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601413 AU - Hudson, J W AU - Hudson (James W) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY OF CURBS AND DRAINAGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 48 p. AB - A Value Engineering Study was performed by four State highway agencies (Michigan, Minnesota, West Virginia, and Wisconsin), covering various aspects of curbs, drainage structures, drainage castings, and gutters. Twenty-seven specific proposals are given for the consideration of highway agencies. To add credibility, a draft report was circulated to the members of the AASHTO Task Force on Hydraulics and Hydrology. Some of the proposals are: minimize cover over pipes, broaden specifications and standards, air entrained concrete, inlet frames with inward protruding flanges, high efficiency grates, eliminate ribs on manhole covers, eliminate adjustable manhole frames, minimize curb drainage, creative uses for slotted vane grates, provide designers with relative costs, reduce the number of standard grates, eliminate metal frames from concrete inlet boxes, standardize design of curbs and gutters, have only six standard curbs and gutters, minimize thickness of gutter pans, eliminate reinforcement in curbs and gutters, specify batter, minimize tight specifications, increase hydraulic capacity of gutters, use curbs to minimize right of way, and avoid oversized drainage inlets. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Curbs KW - Design standards KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Grates KW - Gutters KW - Inlets KW - Manholes KW - Slotted drains KW - State departments of transportation KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601414 AU - Carter, J AU - Kaufman, J J AU - Kaufman (J Jerry) Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY OF BRIDGE DECK MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND PROTECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 60 p. AB - A Value Engineering Study was performed by six State highway agencies (California, Washington, Kentucky, Missouri, Virginia and New Hampshire), covering various aspects of materials and equipment used in the repair of cracking, scaling and spalling of concrete bridge decks. Numerous types of qualified and untested equipment, materials and processes were examined and ranked by the task team. The private sector participated in the study and shared their knowledge and experience with the team. A survey was developed and sent to the six participating states and their neighboring states prior to the start of the three month study, to determine common and unique procedures. Some of the proposals are: provide an on site water source to flush bridge facilities, eliminate bridge deck drains, provide permanent access for inspection, exclude contaminants from reinforcing steel, cathodic protection to prevent corrosion in new construction, modular deck components for deck replacement projects on high-volume bridges, joint pre-final design plan reviews, joint post-construction and follow-up reviews, require certified construction inspectors, contractor pre-qualification should include performance capability and quality/durability evaluations, preventative maintenance considerations, and repair options. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Contractors KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Modular design KW - Modular structures KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Qualifications KW - Repairing KW - Structural design KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616396 AU - CHUNG, S C AU - Stover, V G AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN IMPROVED TRAVEL ASSIGNMENT PROCESS FOR PROJECT-LEVEL ANALYSIS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 225 p. AB - This research investigated a restraint assignment procedure which would provide assignment results that are more directly applicable to project-level planning and design. This assignment process was expected to provide more equalized link volume/capacity ratios for the links on the competing roadways within a project area. A prototype assignment model was developed by modifying an existing computer package for urban transportation planning. The assignment results from the prototype assignment model (equalized link v/c ratio assignment procedure) were evaluated to determine whether and how well the link v/c ratios of the links on the competing routes were actually equalized. In addition the accuracy of the assigned link volumes were evaluated by comparing them to the counted volumes. Also, the assigned turning volumes were compared with the results from the incremental restraint assignment technique. Three networks were used for the evaluation; these were the existing network used in the Tyler urban transportation study, a network in which the link capacities were reduced to make the network "congested," and a congested network in which the project area was coded in greater detail. The research found that for the congested networks, the v/c ratio assignment procedure tended to equalize the v/c ratios for the links on the competing routes within the project area. It produced assigned link volumes which more closely agreed with counted volumes than those from the incremental assignment. Also, the turning volumes produced by this assignment were judged to be more reliable. KW - Accuracy KW - Capacity restraint KW - Equilibrium models KW - Link volume KW - Project-level planning KW - Traffic assignment KW - Transportation planning KW - Turning traffic KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600497 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Mason, J M AU - Glauz, W D AU - KULAKOWSKI, B T AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK CHARACTERISTICS FOR USE IN HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION. VOLUME I: RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 261 p. AB - Highway geometric design and traffic operations are based in part on consideration of vehicle characteristics. However, many of the current highway design and operational criteria are based on passenger car characteristics, even though truck characteristics may be more critical. This report reviews existing data for the truck characteristics that need to be considered in highway design, including truck dimensions, braking distance, driver eye height, acceleration capabilities, speed-maintenance capabilities on grades, turning radius and offtracking characteristics, suspension characteristics, and rollover threshold. The report also includes these truck characteristics. The highway design and operational criteria evaluated include sight distances, vertical curve length, intersection design, critical length of grade, lane width, horizontal curve design, vehicle change intervals at traffic signals, sign placement, and highway capacity. An assessment has been made of the need to change the current highway design and operational criteria to accommodate trucks. The cost effectiveness of proposed changes in design and operational criteria has been evaluated. This volume, Volume I, of the report presents the main findings of the study including recommended changes in highway geometric design and operational criteria to accommodate trucks. Volume II of the report contains appendixes documenting the detailed data collection and analysis activities. KW - Change KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Geometric design KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vertical curvature KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615580 AU - Mohseni, A AU - Darter, M I AU - Hall, J P AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROTOTYPE NETWORK PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE ILLINOIS INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 33 p. AB - The Illinois Interstate highway network is deteriorating at a rapid rate due to its age and heavy truck loadings. Meanwhile, the required funds for rehabilitation exceed the available budget. Illinois DOT administrators and planners are faced with many difficult questions about the consequences of adopting different pavement rehabilitation budgets and policies. To answer these questions, they need information about future rehabilitation needs and pavement conditions for different funding levels and rehabilitation strategies. The Illinois pavement network rehabilitation management program (ILLINET) was developed to provide the capability to aid IDOT administrators and planners. The program generates useful results on a PC in both summary tables and graphics. Performance prediction and cost models are used together with decision trees to generate several feasible strategies for each pavement section in the network. All strategies for all sections are then analyzed together to find answers to a variety of "what if" questions regarding network budget levels and rehabilitation policies. KW - Analysis KW - Budgeting KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Forecasting KW - Illinois KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Prototypes KW - Rehabilitation UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-062.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497374 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVING FABRIC AND ASPHALT STRESS ABSORBING MEMBRANE INTERLAYERS (SAMI). FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 124 p. AB - Geotextile paving fabric and two different asphalt rubber systems will each reduce or delay reflective cracking when used as an interlayer. One asphalt rubber system utilizes vulcanized rubber and the other system utilizes both devulcanized and vulcanized rubber. They are completely different systems with different procedures, temperatures, and methods of reducing viscosity of the hot asphalt rubber mixture. These interlayers are needed the most when using thin overlays. Proper crack sealing is important for the best utilization of interlayers and increased pavement performance. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Crack sealing KW - Cracking KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Geotextiles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reflection cracking KW - Sealing compounds KW - Stress absorbing membrane interlayers KW - Stresses KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615581 AU - Darter, M I AU - Hall, J P AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ILLINOIS PAVEMENT FEEDBACK DATA AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT. CIVIL ENGINEERING SERIES (RESEARCH) PY - 1990/08 SP - 32 p. AB - The Interstate highway system is "the most critical lifeline of the economy in the nation as well as Illinois." The vital transportation facility carries more than 50% of all goods shipped by highway in Illinois. Most of the system was built in the 1960's and 1970's and due to its age and heavy truck traffic, is currently experiencing considerable deterioration and requiring large rehabilitation funding. The Illinois Pavement Feedback Data and Management System (IPFS) was developed to assist administrators, planners and engineers of IDOT in managing the strategic transportation system. The report provides an overview of the capabilities of IPFS. Two major components of IPFS include: (1) A comprehensive Illinois Interstate highway pavement database of over 500 sections; and (2) Procedures for retrieval and analysis of information through direct user queries, menu-driven automated database reports and analysis programs for pavement evaluation and rehabilitation and determining multi-year pavement funding needs. For example, several useful analysis results were obtained using the database including traffic loading trends and the performance of JRCP, CRCP and AC overlays over the past 30 years. Results obtained from the IPFS study provide several valuable tools for use by IDOT personnel in managing the Interstae highway network into the 1990's and beyond. KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Illinois KW - Information retrieval KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-063.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608613 AU - Rasoulian, M AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MICROSILICA ADMIXTURE FOR PRODUCTION OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 42 p. AB - This study consisted of a laboratory evaluation of the effect of microsilica on the physical properties of both plastic and hardened portland cement concrete. Microsilica (silica fume) is a by-product of the industrial manufacture of ferro silicon and other metallic silicones in high-temperature electric arc furnaces. Microsilica is a very fine material, pozzolanic in nature. Due to its physical and chemical characteristics, microsilica when used as an admixture has the potential of enhancing the properties of portland cement concrete. In this study the variable selected for evaluation is the dosage rate of microsilica. Other variables included the microsilica source; the cement factor and the dosage rate of the other admixtures. All experimental and control mixes contained cement and aggregate of the same type and from the same respective source. When utilized, air entraining and high-range water reducer admixtures were also of the same type and from the same respective source. The results of this evaluation indicate that the inclusion of microsilica in a portland cement concrete mix can improve compressive and flexural strengths, increase the modulus of elasticity, improve resistance to scaling and decrease permeability. Physical properties that may be adversely affected by this admixture include freeze/thaw durability and workability. No conclusions could be drawn on the effect of microsilica on set times and length change and abrasion resistance. A reommendation is made to further evaluate microsilica admixtures by and through the utilization of the product on selected project(s). KW - Air entraining agents KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - High strength concrete KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Permeability KW - Scaling KW - Silica fume KW - Silica fume concrete KW - Water reducing agents KW - Workability UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_227.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607531 AU - Zimpfer, W H AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRENGTH GAIN AND CEMENTATION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT BASES. FINAL REPORT. REVISED 2/25/91 PY - 1990/08 SP - 71 p. AB - This report deals with the strength gain of selected carbonate FDOT flexible pavement base materials. The gain in strength after aging of base sections constructed in an Inside environment and Outside environment was measured. Scanning Electron Microscope photos were also taken and examined to determine changes in structure. The materials investigated were: (1) Bank Run Shell; (2) Limerock, and (3) Cemented Coquina. Strength tests were the Clegg Impact Value (CIV) performed on Inside and Outside Sections; and a Rigid Plate Test performed on the Inside Section. There was a small gain in strength for all three carbonate bases after 22 months. Changes in the matrix particles were observed in the SEM Study. The three complementary phases (CIV, Plate Modulus E sub er, and SEM) tend to reinforce each other, indicating a small gain in strength. KW - Aging KW - Bank run shell KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bonding KW - Carbonates KW - Cemented coquina KW - Electron microscopy KW - Environment KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605741 AU - Guo, JCY AU - University of Colorado, Denver AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PEAK RUNOFF PREDICTION METHOD FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS IN COLORADO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 116 p. AB - In this study, a peak runoff regression model was derived using dimensional analysis. The model was calibrated by 63 rainfall/runoff events observed from 30 small rural basins in the State of Colorado. It has been found that basin area, slope, shape factor, precipitation, vegetation, and soil type are important factors. In the developed model, vegetation and soil type are merged into a single coefficient. Although for some combinations of soil type and vegetation, sample data were not enough to adequately calibrate the model, the general trend agrees with common understanding of catchment behavior. A three to five page manual is being developed as an aid to the hydraulic engineers in utilizing this model. KW - Colorado KW - Dimensional analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Rainfall KW - Regression analysis KW - Runoff KW - Rural areas KW - Soil types KW - Vegetation KW - Watersheds KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605601 AU - Chang, D M AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT TECHNIQUES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 62 p. AB - This report compares and evaluates the traffic assignment results from five assignment techniques: all-or-nothing, stochastic multipath, iterative, incremental, and equilibrium. The results of the assigned volumes from the five techniques are compared to ground counts. Various statistical measures are used to evaluate the results. Five different assignments of the existing Tyler, Texas, network were compared to ground counts to detemine if there were differences among the results. Measures of how well the assignment reproduces traffic counts were divided into two groups: macro-level measurements (screenlines, cutlines, and VMT) which are network-wide analyses and micro-level measures which are link-by-link comparisons. No significant difference was found among the five assignment techniques when using macro-level measures. The values for the incremental assignment had the best results compared to ground counts when using micro-level measures. Some of the statistical measures were affected by the introduction of capacity restraint. Otherwise, it was concluded that the incremental and the equilibrium assignments represented a slight improvement from the all-or-nothing and the stochastic multipath assignments. However, the difference in results was not significant enough when using capacity restraint to warrant the extra cost such as link capacity data and computer run time involved in the capacity-restraint assignments. This implies that much of the precision in the assignment procedure using the different techniques may be sacrificed and still produce acceptable assignment results. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Capacity restraint KW - Evaluation KW - Methodology KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605740 AU - Mamlouk, M S AU - Khanal, P P AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF TYPICAL ADOT ASPHALT CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 90 p. AB - A typical Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) asphalt concrete mixture was evaluated based on the Asphalt-Aggregate Mixture Analysis System (AAMAS) procedure (NCHRP Project 9-6(1)). Two sets of ADOT asphalt concrete specimens were prepared using the California kneading compactor and the Marshall hammer. All tests recommended by the AAMAS project were performed. The test results were analyzed using the AAMAS guidelines. It was found that the diametral resilient moduli of the ADOT mixture are within the acceptable range. A typical AASHTO structural layer coefficient is recommended. The rutting potential is low in some cases and moderate in other cases. Recommendations for the evaluation of fatigue cracking and thermal cracking are provided. The potential for moisture damage is high, while the potential for disintegration is marginal. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cracking KW - Disintegration KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture damage KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Test results KW - Thermal fracture KW - Thermal stresses KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603113 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLD PLASTIC AND HOT SPRAY THERMOPLASTIC PAVEMENT MARKINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 55 p. AB - Stamark 5730 cold plastic performed well in appearance and durability. The only problem with reflectivity was the period when the surface beads had become badly worn and the interior beads were not sufficiently exposed. The reflectivity was below minimum. This makes Stamark 5730 unusble except where overhead lighting is provided. Both Stamark 350 and cata-tile have overcome this problem of reflectivity. Airless hot spray thermoplastic provided good appearance and reflectivity. Retention on concrete pavement and on bridge decks was no problem. Durability was not good since the better installations provided only a six year life and the poorer ones even less. Pavement markings should be designed. More long life markings should be used which will improve safety for marking crews and motorists. Cold plastic should be used on concrete pavement and bridge decks. Cold plastic and hot spray thermoplastic should not be used as equal alternates on a bid schedule. KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plastics KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603063 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYMPOSIUM ON EFFECTIVE HIGHWAY ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES, JUNE 12-14, 1990. PROCEEDINGS PY - 1990/08 SP - 255 p. AB - The Symposium on Effective Highway Accident Countermeasures was held in Washington, D.C., on June 12-14, 1990. The Symposium was hosted by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The Symposium's objectives were to identify the most effective and practical short-term (within 2 years) countermeasures to highway accidents and to develop strategies for their implementation. The Symposium focused on five areas of highway safety: improving pedestrian safety, reducing accident severity, improving driver performance and control, improving commercial motor vehicle safety, and identifying and improving highway corridors. This publication summarizes the presentations and workshop reports. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway corridors KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602703 AU - French, C M AU - Middlebrooks, P B AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY USE OF HERBICIDES IN GEORGIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 48 p. AB - Several herbicide treatments were evaluated in six areas of emphasis to develop roadside management programs for improvement of the roadside environment and reduction of mechanical mowing. The program emphasis was in the suppression or control of weeping lovegrass, blackberry, Japanese honeysuckle, herbaceous summer weeds, smutgrass, and Florida paspalum. A determination of arsenic residues from MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) sprayed roadsides was compared with unsprayed roadsides. Analyses of soil samples indicated little or no accumulation of arsenic after several years of the normal spray program. No acceptable treatment was found for control of weeping lovegrass. Results indicate Escort (metsulfuron) may be used for control of blackberry and Japanese honeysuckle. Sequential applications of MSMA were effective for the control of most summer herbaceous weeds. Results indicated Oust (sulfometuron) may be a candidate for control of summer herbaceous weeds, if used at low rates of application. Velpar (hexazinone) was demonstrated as effective for the control of smutgrass. No treatment evaluated was acceptable in the control of Florida paspalum. Studies also determined the effect of herbicide treatments on the roadside turf. KW - Grasses KW - Growth retardants KW - Herbicides KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Plant growth KW - Roadside KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602727 AU - King, P L AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NON-DESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF TIMBER PILES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 19 p. AB - A nondestructive ultrasonic testing device can be used to predict the compressive strength of timber piles in service. The purpose of this study was to verify the wave velocity vs. compressive strength equations developed by the University of Maryland and to evaluate the ultrasonic testing method in routine timber pile inspections. The ultrasonic test method is an adequate inspection procedure for determination of compressive strength when used in conjunction with other test methods. The ultrasonic method will help to identify weak piles and thereby prevent structural failure. The results of ultrasonic testing provide valuable information to those responsible for maintenance of timber supported structures. KW - Compressive strength KW - Equations KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Timber KW - Timber piles KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Wave motion KW - Wave velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601412 AU - Horton, S AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROJECT LEVEL PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - v.p. AB - This study was carried out in several phases, including documentation of current policies and procedures and review of existing state-of-the-art project level pavement management systems from other states and agencies. During the development of Colorado's pavement management system the subsequent study phases were focused on the modification of the flexible and rigid pavement design process, followed by the rehabilitation of pavements and life-cycle cost analyses. All changes were incorporated in the Colorado Department of Highways design manual subsequent to approval by the Federal Highway Administration. Computer programs were developed for the pavement design process, pavement rehabilitation, and life-cycle cost analyses. These programs are currently being Beta tested by the department's designers, and changes will be made upon findings from the users as warranted. KW - Computer programs KW - Development KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601475 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACHIEVING COMPATIBILITY OF STATE AND FEDERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS. A REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1990/08 SP - 59 p. AB - The Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Regulatory Review Panel (Safety Panel) has prepared this report in response to Sections 207, 208, and 209 of the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-554). This report provides the Secretary of Transportation with the results of the Safety Panel's review of safety requirements affecting interstate motor carrier operations. It includes information on the Safety Panel's approach for reviewing State requirements affecting interstate motor carrier operations and the status of the State requirements. It also describes the Safety Panel's recommendation for relying on existing State activities for adopting and enforcing compatible requirements under the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program (MCSAP) and achieving compliance by the few States not participating in MCSAP. The procedures and guidelines to be used to implement the recommendation are also described. KW - Federal government KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Interstate transportation KW - Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 KW - Motor carrier safety assistance program KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Standardization KW - States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31072/FHWA-MC-90-011.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31072/Scan001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600470 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SUBDRAINAGE DESIGN BY MICROCOMPUTER: (DAMP) DRAINAGE ANALYSIS AND MODELING PROGRAMS (VERSION 1.1). FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 118 p. AB - This report presents the user's manual and technical guide for a software program named DAMP (Drainage Analysis and Modeling Programs), designed to perform drainage design for highways by microcomputer. This program includes a comprehensive examination of the drainage factors which affect pavement design and performance. The following modules are included: a) determination of net inflow by surface infiltration, ice lensing, and an evaluation of pavement geometry affecting outflow of water, b) determination of the AASHTO drainage coefficients using base drainage times, and climatic saturation moisture exposure calculations, c) an edge drain analysis of pipe drains, geocomposite fin drains, and granular trenches, d) drainage layer analysis using calculated permeability and thicknesses, and e) filtration analysis using granular material gradations and filter fabric evaluation. These calculation modules have been programmed into a user interactive program which allows the user to use any module independently of the others to perform sensitivity analyses. Context sensitive help is provided and graphical help screens are included where necessary. The program has the ability to perform batch calculations and print results directly to a disk file or a printer. KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Edge drains KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway drainage KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Pavement design KW - Subdrainage KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600504 AU - Stuart, K D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOISTURE DAMAGE IN ASPHALT MIXTURES - A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 125 p. AB - This state-of-the-art report is on the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures used in highway pavements. It addresses the known causes of moisture damage, methods for controlling damage such as antistripping additives, and moisture damage tests. Several current research studies are also given in the report. Moisture damage in asphalt mixtures is a complex mechanism which is not well understood and has many interacting factors. This report is mainly concerned with dense-graded hot asphalt mixtures as most of the literature discusses these types of mixtures. Some information on chip seals and emulsion mixtures is also included. One of the intents of this report is to indicate where data is lacking so that research can be performed in these areas. State-of-the-art reports often give the impression that more is known than is really known. More knowledge is needed in all areas dealing with moisture damage in asphalt pavements. How to develop moisture damage tests so that they relate to pavement performance needs to be addressed. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Causes KW - Chip seals KW - Control KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture damage KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600498 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Mason, J M AU - Glauz, W D AU - KULAKOWSKI, B T AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK CHARACTERISTICS FOR USE IN HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION. VOLUME II: APPENDIXES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 227 p. AB - Highway geometric design and traffic operations are based in part on consideration of vehicle characteristics. However, many of the current highway design and operational criteria are based on passenger car characteristics, even though truck characteristics may be more critical. This report reviews existing data for the truck characteristics that need to be considered in highway design, including truck dimensions, braking distance, driver eye height, acceleration capabilities, speed-maintenance capabilities on grades, turning radius and offtracking characteristics, suspension characteristics, and rollover threshold. The report also includes these truck characteristics. The highway design and operational criteria evaluated include sight distances, vertical curve length, intersection design, critical length of grade, lane width, horizontal curve design, vehicle change intervals at traffic signals, sign placement, and highway capacity. An assessment has been made of the need to change the current highway design and operational criteria to accommodate trucks. The cost effectiveness of proposed changes in design and operational criteria has been evaluated. This volume, Volume II, of the report contains appendixes documenting the detailed data collection and analysis activities. Volume I of the report presents the main findings of the study including recommended changes in highway geometric design and operational criteria to accommodate trucks. KW - Change KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Geometric design KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vertical curvature KW - Width UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34700/34792/FHWA-RD-89-227.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497330 AU - Hilton, M H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE WABOCRETE FMV JOINT SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 23 p. AB - A Wabocrete FMV bridge deck expansion joint system was installed on the Alternate Rte. 58 bridge over the Clinch River in November 1986. The bridge was placed in service in mid-1987. The report concerns an installation and performance evaluation of the joint system. It was found that the Wabocrete FMV joint system offers some installation advantages over preformed joint systems. The blockout area of the bridge deck does not have to be as smooth or as precisely dimensioned since the joint's anchorage system can be leveled prior to placement of the bonding material. Installation and future maintenance problems involving anchor bolts are eliminated since the system relies on bond rather than mechanical anchorages. After over two years of service, the Wabocrete system has performed well. During this period, the joint has accommodated all thermal and structural movements, withstood traffic impacts and remained leakproof. The joint does tend to accumulate debris and should be routinely cleaned. The performance of the joint during the period of the study has not given any reason to suggest that it not be used on new bridge decks similar to the one studied. A longer term evaluation, however, would be necessary for a full recommendation. The use of the Wabocrete FMV, and similar systems, as retrofit on older bridges should be approached with caution. Furthermore, these systems should probably not be used in retrofit situations in conjunction with adjacent asphaltic overlays. KW - Bonded construction joints KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Concrete KW - Construction joints KW - Elastomeric concrete KW - Elastomers KW - Expansion joints KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36806/91-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497371 AU - Hall, J W AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS ON ALBUQUERQUE FREEWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 38 p. AB - This study examined the feasibility of implementing a freeway surveillance and control system on the 35 miles of interstate freeway in Albuquerque. The research initially examines the traffic, accident, and incident characteristics of the existing system. It subsequently describes the effects of a lane blocking incident under conditions that are typical of those found during peak periods on Albuquerque freeways, and examines the effect of potential improvements due to improved response time, traffic diversion, and similar control strategies. The merits and shortcomings of alternative incident detection and traffic control techniques are discussed as they apply to Albuquerque freeways. Based on results of this preliminary study, it is recommended that a real-time freeway control program be implemented in a staged manner on Albuquerque freeways. An initial system should include loop detectors, variable message signs, and closed circuit TV cameras; research should continue along with system implementation. KW - Albuquerque (New Mexico) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Improvements KW - Incidents KW - Management KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497307 AU - Tia, M AU - Bloomquist, D AU - Yang, MCK AU - Soongswang, P AU - MELETIOU, C A AU - Amornsrivilai, P AU - Dobson, E AU - RICHARDSON, D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDY OF MODULUS OF RUPTURE AND PERMEABILITY OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE IN FLORIDA. FINAL REPORT. ABRIDGED VERSION PY - 1990/08 SP - 250 p. AB - An extensive laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various mix parameters and curing conditions on these two properties of structural concretes used in Florida, and the relationship of other concrete strength properties, to these two properties. An efficient laboratory test set-up for performing forty permeability tests simultaneously was developed and used in this study. In addition, concrete samples obtained from six concrete projects in Florida were tested to evaluate the differences between the in-service concrete and the laboratory-cured concrete. The scope of the laboratory study covered three aggregate types (a Florida porous limestone, a river gravel, and an Alabama dense limestone), three cement types (Types I, II and III), three water/cement-ratios (0.45, 0.38 and 0.33), three maximum aggregate sizes (3/8, 3/4 and 1 inch), two pozzolans (fly ash and silica fume) and six curing conditions (steam curing, air curing, curing compound and three moist curing conditions). The results of the study indicated that water/cement-ratio and curing condition are the major factors affecting the properties of concrete. The replacement of cement by 20% Class F fly ash produced about the same modulus of rupture but lower permeability than the control concrete at 28-day and 90-day moist curing. The silica fume concrete reaches its minimum permeability at a silica fume addition of around 10% by weight of cement while the modulus of rupture reaches its maximum at 20% addition. Empirical relationships between different concrete properties were developed and were found to be very close to those in the ACI codes. An optimum mix design, which minimizes permeability, maximizes strengths and is suitable for use in practice, was recommended. A portable field apparatus was developed to measure the water permeability of in-service concrete. The apparatus was tested in the laboratory and in the field and found to be easy to operate and give consistent results which correlate well with the permeability measured in the laboratory. KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Alluvium KW - Cement KW - Cement type KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Curing agents KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Moist curing KW - Permeability KW - Portable equipment KW - River gravel KW - Silica fume KW - Steam curing KW - Testing equipment KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496760 AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DEMONSTRATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING. VOLUME III: EVALUATION OF THE PROTOTYPE EXPERT SYSTEM TRANZ PY - 1990/08 SP - 35 p. AB - The validation and evaluation of an expert system for traffic control in highway work zones (TRANZ) is described. The stages in the evaluation process consisted of the following: revisit the experts, selectively distribute copies of TRANZ with documentation and an evaluation form, perform research on identifying related problems that affect the problem domain of TRANZ, and conduct a formal evaluation workshop. It was found that it is very difficult to develop a system that will accurately handle all possible permutations of a problem. The validation process should establish a range of applicability, which can be continually updated as the system "grows" with experience. All expert systems are seen to require a mechanism for continual support past the prototype demonstration through a team familiar with the problem and the system building technique. KW - Evaluation KW - Expert systems KW - Prototypes KW - Support systems KW - Validation KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38500/38536/91-R9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472587 AU - Smith, K D AU - Mueller, A L AU - Darter, M I AU - Peshkin, D G AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of Jointed Concrete Pavements: Volume II - Evaluation and Modification of Concrete Pavement Design and Analysis Models PY - 1990/07//Interim Report SP - 301p AB - A major national field and analytical study has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavements. Extensive design, construction, traffic, and performance data were obtained from 95 experimental and other concrete pavement sections throughout the country. Field data collected and analyzed included distress, drainage, roughness, present serviceability rating (PSR), deflections, destructive testing (coring and boring), and weigh-in-motion (WIM) on selected sites. This information was compiled into a comprehensive microcomputer database. Projects were evaluated on an individual basis and then compared at a national level to identify performance trends. The performance data were used to evaluate and modify several concrete pavement design procedures and analysis models. This volume investigates the accuracy of several concrete pavement performance models and shows the usefulness of several concrete design and analysis procedures. Based upon the data collected from this and other studies, new prediction models were developed for selected performance indicators. KW - Case studies KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46541/FHWA-RD-89-137.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1239012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01408372 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Meyer, W E AU - Anderson, D A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations, R and D TI - Development of an integrated survey vehicle for measuring pavement surface conditions at highway speed; volumes 1 and 2 PY - 1990/07 IS - FHWA-RD-90-011 & FHW SP - 170p & 278p AB - The objective of this study was to develop an integrated survey vehicle for measuring pavement surface conditions at highway speeds. This was accomplished by determining the requirements and operating characteristics for such a system, preparing a design, and estimating initial and operating costs. Volume 1 contains a review of the data and measurement needs for pavement condition surveys. The equipment available and under development for this purpose are identified with emphasis on measurements at highway speeds. Three potential survey vehicle designs are presented: the first uses off- the-shelf components, the second uses state-of-the-art components, while the third anticipates the addition of equipment still in development. The final design that was selected incorporates all three types of equipment. A complete, detailed design for the vehicle and the test equipment was prepared and each subpart discussed. Volume 2 contains detailed information about the design, costs, specifications, and software associated with the integrated survey vehicle. The system drawings for the vehicle are provided. The name, part number, and cost of each part required to build the vehicle are listed. Estimates are provided for the costs of labor and materials required to manufacture custom components. The estimated cost of the vehicle (arranged by system) is presented. A complete software package was written (based on off-the- shelf software as well as software developed in-house). The in-house software is outlined and source listings are provided. KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Instrumented vehicle KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavements KW - Road surface properties KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1176168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01405183 AU - Klippstein, K H AU - Romito, P A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R & D TI - Variable amplitude load fatigue, task A - literature review; volume 2: constant amplitude fatigue behaviour PY - 1990/07 IS - FHWA/RD-87/060 SP - 192p AB - This volume discusses constant amplitude fatigue behavior related to highway bridges. It describes the development of the present AASHTO fatigue provisions and presents graphs summarizing the fatigue data on which they are based. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge loads KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Material fatigue KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Stress KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1172979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760555 AU - Doody, M E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REINFORCEMENT CORROSION OF MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH STRUCTURES PY - 1990/07 SP - 49 p. AB - This report outlines electrochemical and biological properties of soils that determine the rate and type of corrosion of buried metals. Mechanisms of corrosion are briefly discussed and specifications that consider interaction of the various properties are suggested. The Appendix presents a consultant's opinion, from which the specifications are drawn. A method of ranking corrosivity of materials to be used as backfill is suggested. Although particular reference is made to reinforced earth structures, this information is important to any system where metals are buried in soil. KW - Biology KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive soils KW - Electrochemistry KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Metals KW - Soils KW - Specifications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21143/PB99100406.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624983 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DEFLECTION TEST DATABASE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 29 p. AB - Pavement deflection measurements have been collected on various pavement types by both research and the Pavement Management Branch of the Transportation Cabinet for several years. This report outlines the establishment of a data base of deflection measurements which have been collected. An index program has been developed to search the available data base for pavement sections which meet given criteria. This data base will provide up-to-date information which may be used for both research and pavement management activities. The presence of historical data will assist in evaluating the structural performance of various pavement types. It will also provide additional information for life-cycle-cost analysis of pavements. KW - Databases KW - Deflection KW - Kentucky KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605769 AU - Krammes, R A AU - Tyer, K D AU - Middleton, D R AU - Feldman, S A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ALTERNATIVE TO POST-MOUNTED DELINEATORS AT HORIZONTAL CURVES ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/07 SP - 111 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to evaluate the operational, safety, and cost-effectiveness of retroreflective raised pavement markers (RPMs) supplementing the existing painted centerline as an alternative to existing post-mounted delineators (PMDs) at horizontal curves on rural two-lane highways. The safety and operational evaluations were based upon the collection of nighttime speed and lateral placement data at seven study sites. The operational data analysis focused on those measures of effectiveness that previous research has suggested are correlated to accident rates at horizontal curves. The results of the analysis suggest that new RPMs compare favorably to PMDs. A limited evaluation at one site of RPMs that had been in place 11 months and had lost most of their reflectivity suggests that the RPMs continued to provide near delineation but that their far delineation was at least partially degraded. The cost comparisons were sensitive to the service lives of the two delineation treatments. For RPMs with a 1-year service life, the breakeven service life of PMDs ranges from 4 to 8 years, corresponding to curvature increasing from 1 to 8 degrees. For RPMs with a 2-year service life, the breakeven service life of PMDs ranges from 8 to 18 years. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway delineators KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Post-mounted delineators KW - Raised reflectorized traffic markers KW - Raised road markings KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603210 AU - Zegeer, C AU - Stewart, R AU - Reinfurt, D AU - Council, F AU - Neuman, T AU - Hamilton, E AU - Miller, T AU - Hunter, W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFECTIVE GEOMETRIC IMPROVEMENTS FOR SAFETY UPGRADING OF HORIZONTAL CURVES. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 237 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the horizontal curve features which affect safety and traffic operations and to quantify the effects on accidents of various curve-related improvements. The primary data base developed and analyzed consisted of 10,900 horizontal curves in Washington State. Three existing Federal data bases on curves were also analyzed. These data bases included the cross-section data base of nearly 5,000 mi (8,050 km) of roadway from 7 States, a surrogate data base of vehicle operations on 78 curves in New York State, and 3,277 curve segments from 4 States. Based on statistical analyses and model development, variables found to have a significant effect on accidents include degree of curve, roadway width, curve length, ADT, presence of a spiral, superelevation, and roadside condition. Curve flattening is expected to reduce accidents by up to 80%, depending on the amount of flattening. Widening lanes or shoulders on curves can reduce curve accidents by as much as 33%, while adding spiral transitions on curves was associated with a 5% accident reduction. Improving deficient superelevation can reduce accidents by 10% or more, while the effects of specific roadside improvements were also quantified. An economic analysis was conducted to determine when curve flattening and/or widening are cost effective. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Databases KW - Economic analysis KW - Flattening KW - Geometric design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Improvements KW - Modernization KW - Pavement widening KW - Roadside improvement KW - Safety KW - Spirals KW - Statistical analysis KW - Superelevation KW - Traffic safety KW - Transition curves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647332 AU - Chaluvadi, S V AU - McIlwain, R AU - Miller, R A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECK CATHODIC PROTECTION STRIP SYSTEM WITH LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE OVERLAY. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - v.p. AB - This report covers the construction phase of Cathodic Protection System on S.R. 0028 section 61M of State Route 28, in Millvale Borough, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The report discusses the installation of the Cathodic Protection System, preparation of the deck, construction procedures, costs, specifications, etc. No problems occurred during construction. KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Cathodic protection KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Field performance KW - Installation KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/388774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00645989 AU - Zegeer, C AU - Stewart, R AU - Reinfurt, D AU - Council, F AU - Neuman, T AU - Hamilton, E AU - Miller, T AU - Hunter, W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFEFCTIVE GEOMETRIC IMPROVEMENTS FOR SAFETY UPGRADING OF HORIZONTAL CURVES. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 237 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the horizontal curve features which affect safety and traffic operations and to quantify the effects on accidents of various curve-related improvements. The primary data base developed and analyzed consisted of 10,900 horizontal curves in Washington State. Three existing Federal data bases on curves were also analyzed. These data bases included the cross-section data base of nearly 5,000 mi (8,050 m) of roadway from 7 States, a surrogate data base of vehicle operations on 78 curves in New York State, and 3,277 curve segments from 4 States. Based on statistical analyses and model development, variables found to have a significant effect on accidents include degree of curvature, roadway width, curve length, ADT, presence of a spiral, superelevation, and roadside condition. Curve flattening is expected to reduce accidents by up to 80%, depending on the amount of flattening. Widening lanes or shoulders on curves can reduce curve accidents by as much as 33%, while adding spiral transitions on curves is associated with a 5% accident reduction. Improving deficient superelevation can reduce accidents by 10% or more. The effects of specific roadside improvements are also quantified. An economic analysis was conducted to determine when curve flattening and/or widening are cost effective. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curvature KW - Curve flattening KW - Curve length KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Economic analysis KW - Geometric design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Improvements KW - Length KW - Pavement widening KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Roadside conditions KW - Roadside improvement KW - Safety KW - Spirals KW - Statistical analysis KW - Superelevation KW - Traffic safety KW - Transition curves KW - Washington (State) KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624984 AU - Parikh, J AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPACTION CONTROL OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE USING NUCLEAR DENSITY GAUGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 187 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop a procedure for the use of the thin layer nuclear density gauge by collecting data from the laboratory and field. An analysis of the laboratory data showed that there was no significant difference in the averages of four readings taken at one, two, or four minute counts. Also, it was observed that the influence of the density of the underlying material on the top layer density determination is a function of top layer thickness. Field data were collected during the 1987 and 1988 construction seasons. In 1987, data were collected using the normal, special calibration, and surface void modes. Analysis of the 1987 data showed that the mean of the nuclear densities obtained using the special calibration mode were the same as the mean core densities. Therefore, in 1988 data were collected using the special calibration mode only. A 95% confidence interval for the difference between the core density and nuclear special calibration density was found to be 1 pcf for 46% of the projects, 1.5 for 40% of the projects, and 2 pcf for 14% of the projects. Using a 95% confidence interval, the 1987 data were reasonably close to the 1988 data. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calibration KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Nuclear gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600501 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Meyer, W E AU - Anderson, D A AU - Nittany Engineers & Management Consultants, Inc AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED SURVEY VEHICLE FOR MEASURING PAVEMENT SURFACE CONDITIONS AT HIGHWAY SPEEDS--VOLUME II: TECHNICAL DETAILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 278 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop an integrated survey vehicle for measuring pavement surface conditions at highway speeds. This was accomplished by determining the requirements and operating characteristics for such a system, preparing a design, and estimating initial and operating costs. This volume contains detailed information about the design, costs, specifications, and software associated with the integrated survey vehicle. The system drawings for the vehicle are provided. The name, part number, and cost of each part required to build the vehicle are listed. Estimates are provided for the costs of labor and materials required to manufacture custom components. The estimated cost of the vehicle (arranged by system) is presented. A complete software package was written (based on off-the-shelf software as well as software developed in-house). The in-house software is outlined and source listings are provided. KW - Condition surveys KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600500 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Meyer, W E AU - Anderson, D A AU - Nittany Engineers & Management Consultants, Inc AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED SURVEY VEHICLE FOR MEASURING PAVEMENT SURFACE CONDITIONS AT HIGHWAY SPEEDS--VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 170 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop an integrated survey vehicle for measuring pavement surface conditions at highway speeds. This was accomplished by determining the requirements and operating characteristics for such a system, preparing a design, and estimating initial and operating costs. This volume contains a review of the data and measurement needs for pavement condition surveys. The equipment available and under development for this purpose are identified with emphasis on measurements at highway speeds. Three potential survey vehicle designs are presented: the first uses off-the-shelf components, the second uses state-of-the-art components, while the third anticipates the addition of equipment still in development. The final design that was selected incorporates all three types of equipment. A complete, detailed design for the vehicle and the test equipment was prepared and each subpart discussed. Operating procedures for the survey vehicle are established and given in this report. KW - Condition surveys KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622305 AU - Bishara, A G AU - Consulting Structural Engineer AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORCES AT BEARINGS OF SKEWED BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 366 p. AB - Despite the increasing use of skew bridges in modern highways, no sufficient information exists for estimating the correct reaction forces generated at their bearings. In this research a three-dimensional finite element discretization scheme was developed and used in a parametric study conducted on 36 simply supported composite multi-stringer steel bridges with different span lengths, deck widths and skew angles supported on bolster and rocker bearings. Results from field load tests of two bridges, one skew tangent simply supported bridge and the other two span continuous tangent skew bridge, confirmed the validity of the finite element analysis discretization scheme used. Based on nonlinear regression analysis of the data base generated from the 36 bridges investigated, practical expressions suitable for use with rocker and bolster bearings were developed for evaluating reaction components of medium span simply supported multi-stringer composite steel bridges under dead load increments and maximum live load effects. Use of elastomeric bearings in lieu of bolster and rocker bearings in the 36 bridges investigated, resulted in a slight reduction of vertical reaction components (about 8%) and large reduction of other reaction components: about 75% for R sub x, 50% for R sub y, 40% for M sub x, 75% for M sub y and almost 100% for M sub z. KW - Bearings KW - Bolster and rocker bearings KW - Bridge bearings KW - Elastomeric bearings KW - Elastomers KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Force KW - Regression analysis KW - Skew bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602721 AU - Middleton, D R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESULTS OF SPECIAL-USE TRUCK DATA COLLECTION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (VOLUME III) PY - 1990/07 SP - 57 p. AB - The objective of this study was to collect site-specific information, specifically regarding traffic classification counts and vehicle weights, at or near special-use activity centers. Report 420-3F contains the complete results of these field studies. Commodities examined in the traffic classification counts were: timber, produce, grain, beef cattle, limestone, and sand/gravel. Vehicle weight data were collected using portable weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems. In the weight studies, these same commodities were included with one addition--oilfield activities. The results of these studies are reported herein along with information to relate site-specific information to total district activity and total statewide activity. Reference Section numbers noted throughout the Executive Summary correspond to sections in the full report, Report 420-3F. Traffic counts cited in this document were taken from State Department of Highways and Public Transportation Annual Count Maps. KW - Activity centers KW - Commodities KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Traffic counts KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616470 AU - Solaimanian, M AU - Holmgreen, R J AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE TROXLER MODEL 4640 THIN LIFT NUCLEAR DENSITY GAUGE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 32 p. AB - This report describes the results of a research study to determine the effectiveness of the Troxler Model 4640 Thin Lift Nuclear Density Gauge. The densities obtained from cores and the nuclear density gauge from seven construction projects were compared. The projects were either newly constructed or under construction when the tests were performed. A linear regression technique was used to investigate how well the core densities could be predicted from nuclear densities. Correlation coefficients were determined to indicate the degree of correlation between the core and nuclear densities. Using a statistical analysis technique, the range of the mean difference between core and nuclear measurements was established for specified confidence levels for each project. Analysis of the data indicated that the accuracy of this gauge is material dependent. While relatively acceptable results were obtained with limestone mixtures, the gauge did not perform satisfactorily with mixtures containing siliceous aggregate. KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Core density KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Density KW - Forecasting KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Nuclear gages KW - Performance evaluations KW - Silica stone KW - Siliceous aggregates KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497285 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF REFLECTIVE MARKERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 49 p. AB - The objective of this project was the evaluation of different raised pavement markers (RPMs) and marker adhesives in order to find one or more systems that would provide good performance and long life. The following markers were evaluated: Stimsonite model 88; Ray-O-Lite; Stimsonite model 911; Stimsonite model 947; and Cata-Guide. The following marker adhesives were evaluated: Stimsonite bituminous adhesive; Crafco standard adhesive; Crafco flexible adhesive; and Renco standard adhesive. All markers and adhesives were approved except Stimsonite model 947. Also evaluated in this study was the placement of RPMs in shallow slots cut in the pavement with diamond blades. This did not prove to be cost effective due to the high cost of cutting the slots and the reduction in reflectance effectiveness. KW - Adhesives KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Grinding KW - Performance evaluations KW - Raised reflectorized traffic markers KW - Raised road markings KW - Recessed pavement markers KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Road markings KW - Test results KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611893 AU - Parra, F AU - Townsend, F C AU - McVay, M C AU - Martinez, R E AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF DESIGN METHODS FOR DRILLED SHAFTS (IN FLORIDA LIMESTONE). VOLUME 2 OF 2. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 294 p. AB - The objectives of this research were to improve our understanding and design procedures of drilled shafts socketed in weathered Floridian limestones. A database of 24 instrumented drilled shaft load tests was collected, and various correlations between rock properties and engineering parameters evaluated. Data reduction of instrumentation (sister bars and telltales) was evaluated and a computer program prepared. Six design methodologies for rock socketed shafts were examined for capabilities in predicting capacity and settlement, as well as their required input parameters. The geological aspects of Floridian limestones were summarized. The results of the investigation showed that Florida limestones are quite varied and their properties are usually assessed by RQD, unconfined compression, and SPT N values, with the latter two being used for design. A correlation between unconfined compression and side friction shows some promise. Both telltales and sister bars perform satisfactorily; however, the former requires greater attention to detail and is more affected by temperature than the latter. The rock socket side friction t-z curves are nonlinear, strain hardening, with no post peak strength reduction, and exhibit failure deformations ranging from 0.015 in. to 2.0 in., but generally less than 0.2 in. The majority of drilled shafts designed in Florida rely only upon side resistance of the rock socket and overburden, and conservatively neglect tip resistance. Geologically, 18 different limestone formations exist within Florida. KW - Capacity KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Drilled shafts KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Geology KW - Limestone KW - Load tests KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Unconfined compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496776 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE VARIABILITY OF THE INDIRECT TENSILE STRIPPING TEST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 42 p. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the variability of the Virginia Department of Transportation's (VDOT's) indirect tensile stripping test. Five contractor labs and eight VDOT labs participated in the study. Each lab performed three replicate tests on each of two mixes, one containing hydrated lime and one containing chemical antistripping additive. The standard deviation was 3.5% for within-lab results and 6.1% for between-lab results. Lack of significant correlations between strength and voids total mix indicated that a strength correction procedure for voids is not necessary. Examination of the VDOT specification indicates that contractors need to maintain the average TSR (tensile strength ratio) of the alternative mix containing chemical additive at least two standard deviations above the minimum value to ensure that single tests do not fail. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Specifications KW - Standard deviation KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests KW - Variables UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36804/91-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496775 AU - Nunan, T A AU - Humphrey, D H AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW AND EXPERIMENTATION OF GRAVEL STABILIZATION METHODS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/07 SP - 59 p. AB - Most of the aggregate found in northern Maine is of inferior quality. When used as base material, it breaks down under construction traffic and may continue to break down under repeated traffic loading. This layer has decreased bearing capacity and increased frost susceptibility which leads to rutting and cracking of the pavement surface. Stabilization is a promising way to allow use of this low quality aggregate as base material. The performance of several existing stabilization projects in Maine were evaluated. The base beneath four projects located in northern Maine was examined to determine the extent and possible causes of the aggregate degradation problem. Small scale stabilization tests were conducted to evaluate the applicability of several stabilization methods in stabilizing the poor quality northern Maine aggregate. The laboratory strength and durability tests conducted on stabilized specimens indicated that soil-cement, emulsified asphalt, and calcium chloride may be able to stabilize the northern Maine base material. Soil-cement, emulsified asphalt, and calcium chloride are recommended for a field stabilization trial. KW - Aggregate degradation KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium chloride KW - Calcium chloride stabilization KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Gravel KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611162 AU - Cassidy, M AU - Chan, P AU - Robinson, B AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROPOSED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MAJOR FREEWAY WEAVING SECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 316 p. AB - Weaving occurs when merging traffic streams entering a freeway from an on-ramp cross over diverging traffic streams exiting the freeway via a nearby off-ramp. The intense lane-changing activity which typically occurs in weaving areas can create significant operational problems. Thus, weaving sections often represent bottleneck locations in urban freeway systems. The research documented in this report has sought to develop and calibrate a more reliable technique for evaluating weaving performance. Specifically, a procedure is proposed for the design and analysis of major weaving areas (a subset of all weaving configurations). Such weaving sections are often used at freeway to freeway interchanges. The proposed procedure predicts vehicle flow rates in critical regions within a weaving area as a function of prevailing traffic flow and geometric conditions. Predicted flows are then used to assess the capacity sufficiency and/or level of service of the subject weaving site. Such a methodology represents a more disaggregate approach to evaluating weaving operation than existing evaluation procedures. The proposed model was developed using large amounts of empirical and simulation data. Much of the research effort was directed toward identifying the traffic flow and geometric factors that influence the bahavior of traffic streams operating at weaving locations. Results indicate that traffic behavior in weaving areas can generally be predicted. KW - Analysis KW - Bottlenecks KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Highway capacity KW - Lane changing KW - Level of service KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Weaving sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610092 AU - Mueller, A L AU - Peshkin, D G AU - Smith, K D AU - Darter, M I AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME VI - APPENDIX C - SYNTHESIS OF COMCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN METHODS AND ANALYSIS MODELS AND APPENDIX D - SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS DATA FOR THE EVALUATION OF PREDICTIVE MODELS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 389 p. AB - A major national field and analytical study has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavements. Extensive design, construction, traffic, and performance data were obtained from numerous experimental and other concrete pavement sections throughout the country. Field data collected and analyzed included distress, drainage, roughness, present serviceability rating (PSR), deflections, destructive testing (coring and boring), and weigh-in-motion (WIM) on selected sites. This information was compiled into a comprehensive microcomputer database. Projects were evaluated on an individual basis and then compared at a national level to identify performance trends. The performance data was used to evaluate and modify several concrete pavement design procedures and analysis models. This volume provides a general evaluation of several concrete pavement design and analysis models. This includes RISC, ILLISLAB, JSLAB, H-51, WESLIQUID, WESLAYER, JSC-1, JCP-1, AASHTO, RPS-3, PCA, PMARP, PEARDARP, PREDICT, BERM, CMS, Liu-Lytton, JRCP-4, and California Rigid Design. Sensitivity analyses are included for each section. This volume provides supporting documentation for Volume II. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Destructive testing KW - Drainage KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical tests KW - Models KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roughness KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Serviceability KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608611 AU - Klippstein, K H AU - Romito, P A AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOAD FATIGUE, TASK A - LITERATURE REVIEW. VOLUME II - CONSTANT AMPLITUDE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 192 p. AB - This is a multi-volume series. The other volumes of the series are Volume I (FHWA/RD-87/059) and Volume III (FHWA/RD-87/061). Each volume is self-contained. Some material, such as basic data and references, appear in more than one volume as the researchers felt that such duplication was desirable so that each volume could be read separately, without the reader having to refer to the other volumes. This volume discusses constant amplitude fatigue behavior related to highway bridges. It describes the development of the present AASHTO fatigue provisions and presents graphs summarizing the fatigue data on which they are based. Volume I describes the traffic loadings that affect fatigue behavior and the response of bridges to these loadings. Volume III discusses variable amplitude fatigue behavior and gives graphs summarizing test results that show the effects of various parameters. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - Reviews KW - Specifications KW - Stresses KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608653 AU - Rothrock, T P AU - Info Tech, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATING WORK STATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 6 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to develop a Highway Construction Cost Estimating Workstation (HighEst) that incorporated those methodologies in an automated tool designed to improve estimation productivity, accuracy, central control and reliability, while reducing the cost of preparing estimates. The main objective is to provide cost-based estimation support, but it supports bid-based estimation as well, since developing cost worksheets for every item used by a state is prohibitively difficult and unnecessary as well. KW - Accuracy KW - Automation KW - Bids KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Estimating KW - Productivity KW - Reliability KW - Road construction KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608610 AU - Schilling, C G AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOAD FATIGUE, TASK A - LITERATURE REVIEW. VOLUME I - TRAFFIC LOADING AND BRIDGE RESPONSE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 292 p. AB - This is a multi-volume series. The other volumes of the series are Volume II (FHWA/RD-87/060) and Volume III (FHWA/RD-87/061). Each volume is self-contained. Some material, such as basic data and references, appear in more than one volume as the researchers felt that such duplication was desirable so that each volume could be read separately, without the reader having to refer to the other volumes. This volume describes (a) traffic loadings that affect fatigue behavior, (b) the response of bridges to such loadings, (c) fatigue design and evaluation procedures, and (d) stress spectra for testing. The volume includes extensive field data on traffic loadings and bridge responses. Volume II discusses constant amplitude fatigue behavior and gives graphs summarizing test results for various types of details. Volume III discusses variable amplitude fatigue behavior and gives graphs summarizing test results that show the effects of various parameters. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - Reviews KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605746 AU - Hanks, J W AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY CONGESTION IN MAJOR URBAN AREAS 1982 TO 1988. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 148 p. AB - This research report represents the results of the third year analysis of a six year research effort focused on quantifying urban mobility. The study contains roadway information for 39 urban areas representing a geographic cross-section throughout the country. The data base used for this research contains vehicle travel, urban area information, facility mileage, and vehicle travel per lane-mile information from 1982 to 1988. Various federal, state, and local information sources were used to develop and update the data base with the primary source being the Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System. Vehicle-miles of travel and lane-mile data were used to develop roadway congestion index values for the seven largest Texas and 32 other U.S. urban areas. These index values serve as indicators of the relative mobility level within an urban area. An analysis of the cost of congestion was performed using travel delay, increased fuel consumption and increased auto insurance premiums as the economic analysis factors. Congestion costs were estimated on an urban areawide, per registered vehicle, and per capita basis. KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Insurance KW - Insurance rates KW - Mobility KW - Texas KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - United States KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603532 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRUSH CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 1800-LB PENDULUM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 56 p. AB - The report contains the results of the tests performed to determine the crush characteristics of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) 1800-lb (817.2-kg) pendulum. The pendulum was impacted into a rigid instrumented pole that had force gauges located in it to collect the force/crush characteristics of the crushable honeycomb material. The results of these tests were compared to similar tests in which 1979 Volkswagen Rabbits and the breakaway bogie vehicle were impacted into the rigid pole. Analysis of these data revealed that the crush characteristics of the 1800-lb (817.2-kg) pendulum accurately represent the Volkswagen Rabbit. KW - Characteristics KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Crushing KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory, foil KW - Impact tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Small car KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603676 AU - Appleman, B R AU - Weaver, REF AU - Bruno, J A AU - Steel Structures Painting Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF ALTERNATE COATINGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT (PACE). VOLUME III: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/07 SP - 22 p. AB - This report summarizes the conclusions and recommendations of two previous reports on the SSPC PACE (Performance of Alternate Coatings in the Environment) Program. The PACE Program consists of outdoor test fence evaluations of over 200 coatings systems evaluated over various hand tool, power tool, blast cleaning, and chemical surface preparation methods. The degree of rusting and the extent of scribe undercutting was evaluated on over 5,000 4-in. by 12-in. (100-mm by 300-mm) test panels for up to 10 years. The times of failure were computed based on the above two degradation modes (rusting and scribe undercutting). The technique of failure/survival analysis was conducted of the relative performance of the coatings, cleaning methods, test sites, and film thickness. The project was organized into the following eight branch tests: (A) Alternate inhibitive pigments; (B) Alternative blast cleaning abrasives and degrees of cleaning; (C) Water-borne coatings; (D) Vinyl alternate pigment and vehicles; (E) Alternate blast and non-blast cleaning methods; (F) New experimental coatings; (G) Water-borne epoxies; and (H) Bridge site evaluation. KW - Abrasives KW - Acrylic resins KW - Alkyd resins KW - Alkyds KW - Blast cleaning KW - Cleaning KW - Coatings KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Metal bridges KW - Paint KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pigments KW - Rusting KW - Scribe undercutting KW - Steel bridges KW - Surface preparation KW - Thickness KW - Vinyl paints KW - Water based paints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603529 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TORQUE SENSITIVITY AND OTHER TRANSFORMER BASE TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 49 p. AB - The report contains the results of additional transformer base testing performed during the validation phase of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) bogie vehicle. Included in the report are the results of tests to determine the optimal torque for fastening the transformer base to its foundation, to examine the reaction of the bogie's nose at 40 mi/h (17.88 m/s), and to attempt to reduce force levels on the bogie's structure through an alternative honeycomb configuration. KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Construction KW - Crashes KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory, foil KW - Honeycomb construction KW - Honeycomb structures KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sensitivity KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Torque KW - Transformer base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603533 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT TESTS OF LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS WITH THE 1800-LB PENDULUM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 35 p. AB - The report contains the results of the crash tests performed with the 1800-lb (817.2-kg) pendulum on slip base and anchor base luminaire supports. Also contained in this report are the results of tests performed on a breakaway sweeper plate which was attached to the underside of the pendulum body and should more accurately represent the undercarriage of an automobile. The luminaire supports were tested at a speed of 20 mi/h (8.94 m/s). These devices were previously tested at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) with the breakaway bogie vehicle. The results of the bogie tests are presented in FHWA reports FHWA-RD-88-253 and FHWA-RD-88-258. The anchor base luminaire support has since been modified with a groove to allow the device to break away with a lower stub height. The results of these tests are presented in FHWA-RD-90-056. KW - Anchor bases KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Pendulum tests KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Speed KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603669 AU - Kell, J H AU - Fullerton, I J AU - Mills, M K AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC DETECTOR HANDBOOK. SECOND EDITION PY - 1990/07 SP - 354 p. AB - This handbook is a revised, updated version of the Federal Highway Administration's "Traffic Detector Handbook", originally published as Implementation Package FHWA-IP-85-1. This upgraded version of the Handbook supersedes and replaces the previous edition. It has been restructured, corrected, and revised to update discussions of concepts and equipment to reflect the current state of the art, particularly as it relates to the microprocessor revolution, advances in control technology, and real-world application experience. The overall objective of this Handbook is to provide a single resource and basic reference to aid the practicing engineer and technician in planning, designing, installing, and maintaining detectors. It provides a compendium of existing detector technology to facilitate the understanding of all aspects of detector systems. Best current practices are described with emphasis on proper design, applications, and installation processes and techniques. KW - Applications KW - Building KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Handbooks KW - Installation KW - Loop detectors KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetometers KW - Maintenance KW - Sensors KW - State of the art studies KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Vehicle detectors UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/ip90002/ip90002.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/8000/8700/8787/IP90002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602496 AU - Spence, S AU - Association for Commuter Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL COMMUTER TRANSPORTATION SURVEY. PEOPLE AND PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - v.p. AB - Surveys were mailed to 586 people involved in commuter transportation nationwide. 228 surveys were completed for a 39 percent response rate. The survey was designed to find out who the commuter transportation professionals are, what types of organizations they work for, the scope of services which they provide, financial information about the program and future directions of the field. Initially, the survey asked the respondent to identify the category of organization which they worked for or to return the survey uncompleted if their organization did not fit the given categories. It was divided into six sections: Section I: General Information About Respondent, Section II: Career Information (Respondent only), Section III: Organizational Information, Section IV: Program Information, Section V: Budget Information and Section VI: Program Growth. The report begins with an overview of survey respondents including profiles by organization type and by region. The term "respondent" refers to the person who completed the survey. The term "staff" indicates those people who work in the indicated program. Summary and comparative data is included in this section. Questions have been chosen for analysis according to their value of comparison. A brief explanation accompanies each set of data. The second, third and fourth sections analyze the three categories of: non-profit, private and public organizations individually. These sections deal with the questions which were not examined in the first section. The appendix contains the answers to all the questions on the survey which were analyzed. In a few cases analysis was impossible due to a limited response. KW - Commuting KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Governments KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Nonprofit corporations KW - Organizations KW - Private enterprise KW - Programs KW - Surveys UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6900/6951/NCTSPP.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602734 AU - Sebaaly, P AU - Cunigan, W AU - Chizewick, T AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK WEIGHT DATA PROCESSING, STORAGE, AND REPORTING. IMPLEMENTATION REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 16 p. AB - This is the implementation report for PennDOT Research Project 89-11, "Truck Weight Data Processing, Storage, and Reporting." Specific and detailed recommendations are presented in this report on the following phases of the PennDOT Weigh-In-Motion Program: Calibration of Golden River WIM Systems; Use of WIM Data; and Integration of WIM Program with Existing and Future Information Management Systems. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridges KW - Calibration KW - Computer programs KW - Data storage KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Recommendations KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602733 AU - Sebaaly, P AU - Cunigan, W AU - Chizewick, T AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK WEIGHT DATA PROCESSING, STORAGE, AND REPORTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 140 p. AB - This report documents the findings of the PennDOT Weigh-In-Motion research project, including the evaluation of PennDOT WIM units, the survey of PennDOT needs, analysis of the surveys and recommendations, and the development and testing of the computer programs. Based on an analysis of the responses to the survey questionnaire and an investigation of the existing computer programs provided through FHWA and the PAT, IRD, and Golden River firms, five computer analyses were developed. These are: (1) average truck weight, (2) equivalent single-axle loads, (3) number of trucks by weight range, (4) trucks exceeding standard weight limits, and (5) cumulative fatigue damage on bridge structures. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Information processing KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Surveys KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602735 AU - Weyand, T E AU - Sutton, W F AU - Pittsburgh Mineral & Environmental Technology, Inc AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF ACCEPTABLE/BENEFICIAL REUSES FOR SPENT BRIDGE PAINTING BLAST MATERIAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 120 p. AB - This report documents the results of an investigation to identify potential beneficial reuses for spent bridge painting blast material. Nine samples of the spent material generated at various PennDOT maintenance projects were characterized both physically and chemically. Two coal slag abrasive samples and one copper slag abrasive sample which reported hazardous levels of lead on the EP and TCLP extraction tests were evaluated in possible reuse application. Of the eight potential reuse applications, only structural clay products offered the potential to fully reuse the spent abrasive material without significant material upgrading, while yielding products that demonstrated equivalent or improved performance over those made with standard feed materials. Bricks made with up to 40% spent abrasive material demonstrated improved mechanical performance and equivalent or improved shrinkage and density over the standard. Assuming larger scale testing confirms these results, it is anticipated that such reuse could consume all the spent mineral abrasive materials generated in the State, yielding environmentally stable products of commercial utility, and eliminating landfill disposal of this material. KW - Abrasives KW - Blast cleaning KW - Brick KW - Environmental impacts KW - Recycling KW - Spent blast materials KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600473 AU - Monismith, C L AU - Finn, F N AU - Epps, J A AU - Kermit, M AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT AT THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 52 p. AB - At the local government level considerable effort is underway to implement pavement management systems. This study sponsored by the State of California Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration through the Rural Technical Assistance Program (RTAP), represents an endeavor to assist in this development process. This report describes a survey and evaluation of the experiences of thirteen agencies which have initiated such activities. It summarizes the results of the study and includes a discussion of factors to be considered in the development of a pavement management system (PMS) at the local government level. Under the study, six local government agencies were provided both financial and technical assistance to implement pavement management activities within their organizations. This report provides a summary of these implementation experiences for the six agencies. The results suggest that the development of a "generic" pavement management system would be an extremely desirable undertaking. It is envisioned that this "generic" system suited to the specific organization's requirements might be developed in-house or with the assistance of a consultant. Included in the report is a brief discussion of the form that such a system might take and the stages of its development. KW - Case studies KW - Local government KW - Pavement management systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600503 AU - Matkovic, B AU - Institut "Rudjer Boskovic" AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH IN CEMENTS. VOLUME II: INTERIM REPORT 1987-1988 PY - 1990/07 SP - 26 p. AB - This account of the researchers' latest studies for 1987-88 would probably be best described by the heading, "Hydrated Fly Ash with a Silica Fume and/or Portland Cement Addition, Reactions in Pastes and Mortars." The hydrated fly ash results from the hydration of free-lime-rich (approximately 40 weight percent) fly ash from the GACKO power plant. Also treated are the results of combining 1) hydrated fly ash (70 weight percent) plus silica fume (30 weight percent); 2) and 3) hydrated fly ash (70 weight percent) plus silica fume (20 or 10 weight percent) and portland cement (10 or 20 weight percent), respectively; and 4) hydrated fly ash (70 weight percent) plus portland cement (30 weight percent). Figures 1 through 4 in the report illustrate the relative percentages of ettringite and the carbonate, oxide, hydroxide, and sulfate of calcium plus that of portland cement (where used in a hydration) at the various hydration agings from 0 to 90 days. A short summation of the researchers' previous findings from 1984 to 1987 appears in the early part of the report. KW - Calcium carbonate KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Calcium sulfates KW - Cement KW - Ettringite KW - Fly ash KW - Hydration KW - Mortar KW - Pastes KW - Portland cement KW - Silica fume KW - Strength development KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600502 AU - Matkovic, B AU - Institut "Rudjer Boskovic" AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH IN CEMENTS. VOLUME I: INTERIM REPORT 1986-1987 PY - 1990/07 SP - 66 p. AB - This report is presented in three parts. Part I describes an investigation of approaches for regulating the setting time of belite cement containing C3A and C4AF. Findings in this respect would have considerable economic import. It was found that belite rich cement must have at least twice as much alite as tricalcium aluminate to avoid a flash setting. Part II deals with the development of a phase diagram for the various compositional entities of Ca2SiO4 and Ba2SiO4, (Ca2SiO4-Ba2SiO4), content on the temperature range from 25 to 145 deg C. Part III treats specifically with X-Phase, (Ca1.52Ba0.48SiO4) and T-Phase, (Ca0.69Ba1.31SiO4) which according to their compositions are sandwiched between belite and Ba2SiO4 in the Ca2SiO4-Ba2SiO4 system. Studies of the hydraulic reactivities and strength development of X-Phase and T-Phase are presented. KW - Cement KW - Hydraulic reactivities KW - Materials selection KW - Phase diagrams KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Strength development KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600489 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Hansen, A AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRUSH CHARACTERISTICS OF THE "BREAKAWAY" BOGIE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 80 p. AB - This report contains the results of the tests performed to verify that the crush characteristics of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) "breakaway" bogie vehicle are similar to the characteristics of a 1979 Volkswagen Rabbit when impacting a narrow object at 20 mi/h (3.94 m/s). These tests were performed at the FOIL located in McLean, Virginia. The 1979 Volkswagen Rabbit and the "breakaway" bogie were impacted into a rigid pole that had force gauges located in it to collect the force/crush characteristics of the vehicles. The results of this study are to be used to validate the 1800-lb (817.2-kg) pendulum that is being manufactured for the FOIL. Analysis of the data reveals that the crush characteristics of the "breakaway" bogie accurately represent those of a Volkswagen Rabbit. In addition to the force/crush data, a method to determine acceleration data from high-speed movies is also presented in this report. The method presents a straightforward process that is comparable with electronic transducer data. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accuracy KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Characteristics KW - Crushing KW - Determination KW - High speed movies KW - Impact tests KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497372 AU - Ross, T AU - Verzi, S AU - Shuler, S AU - McKeen, G AU - SCHAEFER, V AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PAVEMENT REHABILITATION EXPERT SYSTEM (PARES) FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 58 p. AB - The objective of this research effort was to develop a computerized expert system that could be used to assist the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department's Planning Bureau and Materials Lab Bureau in the evaluation and development of rehabilitation schemes for flexible pavements. This code is termed PARES (PAvement Rehabilitation Expert System) for preliminary pavement design. The knowledge base of PARES is comprised of 278 rules which reason about 23 different distress types in an effort to select one or more of 21 different rehabilitation strategies. The expert system interacts with other numerical codes, including a module to assess relative costs of the recommended rehabilitation strategies. The system as configured eventually would use information collected from the Department's pavement management system and consolidated database to establish initial rehabilitation schemes (based on current AASHTO design procedures) that would be reasonable and cost effective. Products of the project consist of: (1) an implemented "VAX" computer-based integrated system software package for the preliminary rehabilitation design of flexible pavements, (2) a final report, and (3) a user's manual documenting the software. The system is installed on the State's VAX-cluster. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Expert systems KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Planning KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496713 AU - Griffin, R G AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 125 p. AB - This is a final report for a study to review and evaluate the performance of pavement marking in Colorado. The report covers the performance of materials installed transverse to the road and panel review of several long-line striping projects with higher-type pavement marking. The transverse test deck included numerous brands of both permanent and removable grades of preformed plastic, extruded thermoplastic, epoxy paint, standard alkyd traffic paint, and fast dry alkyd traffic paint. These materials were applied on both asphalt and concrete. Conclusions in this report are: (1) 100% solids epoxy paint is a durable marking material which outlasts numerous applications of standard alkyd traffic paint both on asphalt and concrete; (2) Catalyzed polyester paint seems to be unsuitable for the severe environment of Colorado Mountain interstate highways; (3) Extruded thermoplastic is a durable marking material, maintaining its retroreflectivity throughout its life when applied to asphalt. On the test deck on asphalt, the extruded thermoplastic's performance was equivalent to that of the better preformed plastics. When applied to concrete, however, extruded thermoplastic breaks up and debonds quickly. Epoxy paint is now used statewide on rural interstate lane lines. Thermoplastic is not recommended on concrete pavement. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drying rate KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fast dry paints KW - Paint KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyester resins KW - Preformed plastics KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Test results KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615578 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Hashmi, A M AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT SAVINGS FROM ROADSIDE IMPROVEMENTS ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06/13 SP - 104 p. AB - The objective of the study was to evaluate cost-effectiveness of roadside improvements on two-lane rural highways in Illinois. The accident frequencies on the road segments before the improvements were compared with those afterwards. Accident reductions due to the improvements were estimated and the benefits from these avoided accidents were compared to the improvement costs. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Improvements KW - Roadside KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356638 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01413383 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Coleman, J A TI - Field evaluations of breakaway utility poles PY - 1990/06 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 166-70 KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Frangible joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pole KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181181 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01413382 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Jones, J S TI - Model study of the Hatchie River US 51 Bridge PY - 1990/06 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 160-5 KW - Bridge failure KW - Collapse KW - Erosion KW - Erosion KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01410814 AU - Opiela, K S AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Work zone traffic control delineation for channelization PY - 1990/06 IS - FHWA/RD-90-089 SP - 107p AB - This report describes a study of the delineation requirements for work zone traffic control. The research included a comprehensive review of past studies and current practices, and an examination of current standards. It was concluded that, in spite of the increasing number of different types of channelizing devices, there appears to be no scientific basis for the spacing criteria for the use of devices for channelization purposes in the taper or tangent sections of a work zone. A laboratory-based testing procedure was used to determine the most appropriate spacing configuration. An interactive video system was used to test subject recognition distances of eight different device types spaced at the standard distance, 1.5 times and 2.0 times the standard distance. Over 240 subjects were tested. The results indicated variability between the performance of most channelizing devices across the spacings tested. Field testing was undertaken at six actual work zones. Right and left closures were used to test the various device-spacing configurations under both day and night conditions. Manual and automated methods were used to gather the field data for traffic approaching a work zone. The study area included four points equally spaced over the 2000 ft (600 m) before the work zone and the activity at the start of the taper for the lane closure. The tests were undertaken under the hypothesis that the most effective treatment would minimize the percentage of traffic in the closed lane at the start of taper. Field data were analyzed for 2100 5-minute observation periods. Statistical analysis of the data determined neither type of device (round barrels, oblong barrels, Type II barricades, and cones with reflectorized collars) or device spacing (55, 80, and 110 ft) [16.5, 24.7, 33.0m] had a significant effect on driver lane changing behavior. Recommendations for locating work zones to maximize the sight line on the approach to the taper are presented (A). KW - Behavior KW - Channelization KW - Construction site KW - Delineation KW - Driver behaviour KW - Drivers KW - Highway traffic control KW - Lane closure KW - Lane closure KW - Road markings KW - Traffic channelization KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1178612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01408559 AU - Markow, M J AU - Seguin, E L AU - Ireland, E F AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations, R and D TI - Feasibility study of options for the highway maintenance and operations cost index PY - 1990/06 IS - FHWA/RD-89-195 SP - 136p AB - Highway Maintenance and Operations Cost Index has not been revised since it was developed in 1947. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the procedures now used to prepare the Index, and to consider the feasibility of options regarding the Index: retaining it in its current form, revising or redeveloping it, or discontinuing it. This study included several tasks: a literature review of the theoretical aspects of price index development; a detailed survey of State DOT needs for the Maintenance Index, current uses, relationship to maintenance operations, preferences for change, and assessments of the utility of different options; a detailed review of other construction and maintenance indexes and related cost data; analyses of current Index behavior, and comparisons with several construction indexes; and recommendations regarding the Maintenance Cost Index. Based upon the findings of this study, the recommended option is Index redevelopment according to the following guidelines: (1) a simpler Index built upon a market basket of maintenance labor, equipment, and materials items; (2) clearer instructions on submission of unit cost data, and checks on divergent values; (3) computation of regional as well as national Index values; and (4) periodic checks on the currency of the Index's market basket and weighting functions, with revision or rebasing as needed. KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Database KW - Databases KW - Economics KW - Highways KW - Information management KW - Information management KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance economics KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance management KW - Road costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1176355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01407471 AU - Stuart, K D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Evaluation of the supplemental procedure of the maximum specific gravity test for bituminous paving mixtures PY - 1990/06 IS - FHWA-RD-90-082 SP - 41p AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of performing the supplemental procedure of AASHTO T 209 (or ASTM D 2041) on the per cent air voids, the effective aggregate specific gravity, and the maximum specific gravity of a bituminous paving mixture, using both thoroughly coated aggregates and partially coated aggregates. The supplemental procedure should correct the test data for water absorbed into the aggregate during the test. Although the supplemental procedure can be used when designing mixtures, it is most often used for determining the maximum specific gravities of moisture damaged pavement samples, or cores or specimens where sawing has exposed a significant amount of aggregate. The majority of aggregates used in this study had water absorptions below 2.5 per cent and thus were not highly absorptive. It is recommended that the supplemental procedure not be performed on laboratory mixtures or pavement cores having aggregates with water absorptions below 2.5 per cent. When testing any mixture prepared in the laboratory during the mixture design process, the procedure for determining the maximum specific gravity should only be performed on well coated mixtures so that the supplemental procedure does not have to be used. For highly absorptive aggregates, it is recommended that the test only be performed at high binder contents which provide thick coatings. Only binder contents close to or slightly above the optimal binder content should be used. The maximum specific gravities for the lower binder contents can be calculated using the effective specific gravity of the aggregate. For laboratory mixtures containing highly absorptive aggregates, the supplemental procedure may indicate whether the coating is sufficient (A). KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Density KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1175267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962908 AU - Johnston, D P AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF A REINFORCED EARTH RETAINING WALL INCORPORATING EPOXY-COATED STEEL STRIPS, DEADWOOD, SOUTH DAKOTA PY - 1990/06 SP - 16 p. AB - In 1986 a retaining wall was constructed in Deadwood, South Dakota using the "reinforced earth" design concept. The backfill material used for the wall was gold mine tailings with a high sulfide content prompting the use of epoxy-coated steel strips in the structure because of the high potential for corrosion. Pullout tests on the epoxy-coated strips indicated that there was no significant difference between epoxy-coated and galvanized strips in terms of pullout resistance and residual friction angle. Monitoring of wall movements since construction was completed shows that, although the central section of the wall settled almost one-half foot due to lack of foundation support, the wall is internally stable and suffered only superficial damage. Corrosion monitoring of black and galvanized steel strips placed in the wall reveals a corrosive environment does exist and that the use of epoxy-coating was a wise decision. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deadwood (South Dakota) KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Galvanized metals KW - Gold mine tailings KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Monitoring KW - Pull out test KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Retaining walls KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Steep strips KW - Sulfides KW - Trench backfill UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/660935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00938423 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE REPORT ON CORRUGATED POLYETHYLENE PIPE, N-12 PY - 1990/06 SP - 18 p. AB - This paper documents the installation and performance of N-12 pipe installed during construction of South Forbes Road in Fayette County, KY 54 in Daviess County, US 62 in McCracken County, Nicholasville Road in Fayette County, and US 68/KY 80 in Warren County. The pipe is manufactured by Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc., and is designated as ADS N-12. ADS N-12 is a corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe. The pipe has a corrugated exterior for increased strength and a smooth interior to provide maximum flow capacity. The N-12 pipe requires less equipment and fewer personnel than steel or concrete pipe for installation. From visual observations at all five sites, extreme care should be taken during backfilling around the pipe above the bedding material. On US 62, KY 54, and US 68/KY 80 the pipes were not completely covered with bedding material. Cuts or tears were found inside the N-12 pipe (5 total). It appears that the tears are occurring where the sections of plastic are wrapped together to form the pipe. The rips are probably occurring due to improper backfilling and unequal loading of the pipe wall. On Forbes Road and Nicholasville Road, the pipes were completely covered with one foot of either sand or crushed stone before the excavated material was placed as backfill. This one-foot cover helps protect the pipe against backfill damage. In several installations, it was apparent the ends of the pipes at the couplings were rarely butted completely together. This permits material to be deposited in those areas. Care should also be taken during construction not to damage the plastic pipe during transportation. Due to the fact the N-12 is lightweight, the pipe has a tendency to rise or drift during backfilling. To eliminate this, the contractors bed each side equally to approximately 1/2 to 3/4 of the pipe height before compacting (depends greatly on the backfill material). KW - Backfilling KW - Bedding KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Couplers KW - Cover depth KW - Crushed rock KW - Field studies KW - High density polyethylene KW - Installation KW - Kentucky KW - Performance KW - Sand KW - Tearing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763202 AU - STOUT, D AU - Hinch, J AU - Sawyer, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUARDRAIL TESTING PROGRAM: FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 196 p. AB - A series of crash tests was conducted to evaluate aesthetic guardrails, guardwalls, median barriers and bridge rails that have been designed for use on park roads, parkways and other Federal Lands roads. Following two iterations of redesign, a steel-backed wooden guardrail showed acceptable performance when tested and evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230. The successful system features 10-in. by 12-in. by 7-ft (0.25-m by 0.30-m by 2.1-m) posts. A rough stone masonry guardwall showed acceptable performance when tested and evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230, following a modification consisting of raising the concrete core. An artificial stone median barrier made of precast concrete showed acceptable performance when tested and evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230. The excellent appearance of this artificial stone barrier makes it a very acceptable replacement for natural stone barriers. The use of this barrier could result in a great saving of time, labor and money. A smooth-stone masonry bridge rail showed acceptable performance when tested and evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230. Designs were developed for a removable guardrail system planned to be used in Glacier National Park. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge railings KW - Compliance KW - Federal lands KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - NCHRP Report 230 KW - Parks KW - Parkways KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738932 AU - Southgate, H F AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF EQUIVALENT AXLELOADS USING DATA COLLECTED BY AUTOMATED VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION AND WEIGH-IN-MOTION EQUIPMENT PY - 1990/06 SP - 85 p. AB - The primary objective of this research study was to modify the existing Equivalent Axle Load (EAL) estimation system to include data obtained using the Golden River Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) system and automated vehicle classification equipment. Data are to be collected over a three-year cycle in accordance with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Traffic Monitoring Guide. Having the capability of moving the portable WIM scales to locations other than interstate sites permits the collection and analysis of specific data at sites on other highway functional classifications. Such data permits estimating both accumulated and future EAL requirements for that site. Such data permits estimating EAL requirements for sites on the same highway functional classification for which the annual average daily traffic (AADT) is the only available data. An algorithm was developed to identify heavy/coal trucks weighed by WIM. The algorithm involves a minimum weight for straight-frame trucks, and for semi-trailer coal trucks has the additional parameter of gross weight divided by the spacing between the last axle on the tractor and the first axle on the trailer. The algorithm works because the coal semi-trailer is shorter than a normal semi-trailer. Historical data files have been sorted by highway functional classification to permit calculating EAL requirements on a three-year cycle corresponding to the requirements of the FHWA Traffic Monitoring Guide. The revised computer programs use the same data format contained in historical files. The basic equation for estimating EALs contains the following seven parameters as independent variables: 1) AADT volume, 2) average fraction of trucks in the traffic stream, 3) average fraction of coal trucks in the total truck population, 4) average number of axles per coal truck, 5) average number of axles per non-coal truck, 6) average number of EALs per coal-truck axle, and 7) average number of EALs per non-coal-truck axle. KW - Algorithms KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Axle loads KW - Axles KW - Classification KW - Coal trucks KW - Equations KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Estimating KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Vehicle classification KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738933 AU - Mahboub, K AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOUISA BYPASS EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT PY - 1990/06 SP - 31 p. AB - In an effort to reduce rutting in the new Louisa Bypass in Lawrence County, Kentucky, a large-stone asphaltic base mix (Class K) was used in the base layer. A one-inch (2.54-cm) polymer modified surface wearing course was also used on half of the project. In order to facilitate drainage, a free draining subbase (No. 57's) was placed between the large-stone base and a dense-graded aggregate layer. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Drainage KW - Large stone mixes KW - Pavement design KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Prevention KW - Rutting KW - Stone KW - Subbase materials KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17300/17362/PB2001101126.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625391 AU - Houser, T J AU - Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A HIGH PRESSURE METHOD OF BITUMEN EXTRACTION FROM ASPHALT PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 20 p. AB - A new method of extracting bitumen from asphalt pavement mixtures has been developed which gives bitumen contents essentially the same as those obtained by the currently used method. The preferred solvent is cyclohexane (although cyclopentane may be used) at high temperatures and pressures. The new method uses a non-chlorinated solvent at high temperatures and pressures (but sub-critical) to dissolve and extract asphalt from the mix in a stainless steel extractor vessel. Although the solvent, cyclohexane, is less hazardous to health than trichloroethylene it can be a fire hazard unless reasonable precautions are exercised. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Chemical analysis KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Resource extraction KW - Solvents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620389 AU - Wolde-Tinsae, A M AU - Aggour, M S AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL AND SOIL PROVISIONS FOR APPROACHES TO BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/06 SP - 16 p. AB - Most problems occurring at bridge approaches can be associated with differential settlement between the highway pavement and bridge deck, rotation and/or lateral movement of the abutment, and poor design of structural components. This study compiles the different problems that have been encountered at approaches to bridges and summarizes corrective measures that have been used or recommended. Based on extensive finite element investigations, a comprehensive literature review, and a survey of state highway agencies, the report makes recommendations on approach slabs, drainage systems, approach embankments, and the use of geotextiles. Different approach slab lengths based on fill heights and assuming granular backfill material are recommended. Points regarding the special attention that must be given to controlling and driving water away from critical areas around abutments and beneath the approach pavement, by providing adequate drainage systems are summarized. The use of marginal materials and/or inadequate compaction at approach embankments are also primary causes of approach problems. The report makes recommendations on materials, compaction, and construction for approach embankments. The study reviewed the use of geotextiles a technique that is promising, but requires further study to obtain more information on their in-place behavior. This executive summary briefly outlines major problems at bridge approaches, objectives and scope of the research, and conclusions and recommendations that resulted from the research. The complete final report is available as Report No. FHWA/MD-89/13. KW - Abutments KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Embankments KW - Geotextiles KW - Granular materials KW - Recommendations KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Slabs KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620535 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1990 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1990/06 SP - 65 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State and Provincial driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Provinces of Canada, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver licenses KW - Fees KW - Puerto Rico KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616577 AU - Lambe, P C AU - Riad, A H AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH FOR DESIGN OF CUT SLOPES IN PARTLY WEATHERED ROCK AND SAPROLITE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 453 p. AB - Three active landslides located in western North Carolina were investigated. They are: Balsam Gap II landslide located along US 23/74 in Haywood County; Boone landslide located along US 321 in Watagua County; and Waterville landslide located along I-40 in Haywood County. At the Balsam Gap II and Boone landslides, borings were made to obtain soil samples, install slope indicators and piezometers, and to perform pressurementer tests. Surveys were made to determine the surface topography, and test pits were excavated to inspect the shear surface which was located in the saprolite just below the interface with the overlying colluvium. The Waterville landslide had already been investigated by the NCDOT and LAW Engineering so that only a boring was performed to obtain undisturbed samples for laboratory testing. At NCSU, the undisturbed samples were tested in direct shear, ring shear, and consolidation tests. At the NCDOT laboratory, the undisturbed samples were tested in consolidated undrained triaxial tests. The direct shear tests measured peak friction angles of 32 to 38 degrees and cohesion values of 0.25 to 0.48 ksf. The ring shear tests measured residual friction angles of 21 to 27 degrees and cohesion values of 0.04 to 0.15 ksf. The triaxial results fell between these bounds depending upon the orientation of the weakness surfaces. Back analyses show that at failure the pore pressure ratios vary from 0.2 to 0.49 while piezometers measured zero pore pressure. Rainfall causes pore pressures to rise quickly to the failure values. Laboratory measured permeabilities and observations made in the test pits indicate rainfall infiltration caused a perched water table in the colluvium at the Boone landslide while it caused an artesian condition in the saprolite at the Balsam Gap II landslide. KW - Artesian conditions KW - Backcalculation KW - Boring KW - Colluvium KW - Design KW - Direct shear tests KW - Embankments KW - Groundwater KW - Laboratory tests KW - Landslides KW - Perched water table KW - Permeability KW - Pore pressure KW - Rainfall KW - Ring shear KW - Ring stress KW - Saprolite KW - Shear strength KW - Slope stability KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Water table KW - Weathered rock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616397 AU - Roschke, P N AU - INOUE, M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF BANDED POST-TENSIONING IN A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLAT SLAB. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 134 p. AB - A new class of flat slab concrete bridges employs bidirectional post-tensioning. While longitudinal post-tensioning is uniform, transverse tendons are concentrated in the vicinity of column lines to act as bentcap-like supports. For multispan structures, transverse post-tensioning is limited to a series of narrow banded regions. This report, first in a series, documents displacement, strain, stress, and punch-through shear capacity of a 3/10ths scale model of a column and slab region of a prototype bridge. Concomitant efforts are underway on a large two-span laboratory bridge model, a field study of a full-size bridge, and a numerical simulation package. The current study investigates degree of validity of a design procedure for a column region of a prototype bridge. Construction, instrumentation, testing, and numerical simulation are described for the concrete model slab. A loading schedule enables stress distribution determination for a variety of tendon and load patterns. The number of stressed tendons varies from one to nine. Results of a large number of transducer readings and finite element simulations are presented via fringe plots, tables, and graphs. Finally, the slab is loaded by a specially fabricated load frame and the circular support column so as to impose punch-through shear failure. A brittle failure at 207 kips (923 kN) is followed by reserve capacity at 111 kips (496 kN) which collapsed the slab. Shear formulas recommended by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, American Concrete Institute, and other researchers are compared with experimental failure and reserve capacity loads. KW - Bridges KW - Brittle failures KW - Brittleness KW - Columns KW - Concrete KW - Deformation curve KW - Design methods KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Failure KW - Finite element method KW - Longitudinal tensioning KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Punching shear KW - Puncture resistance KW - Scale models KW - Shear capacity KW - Shear failures KW - Shear properties KW - Shear stress KW - Slabs KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Tensioning KW - Transverse tensioning KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600694 AU - Keane, E G AU - Abbey, L AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REJUVENATION AND SEALING OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 102 p. AB - This research study was undertaken to determine if periodic rejuvenating of asphaltic concrete pavement is a practical method to extend surface life. Five rejuvenating agents were applied -- using a range of application rates -- to both plant mix and chip seal pavements. Extensive field observations were made of the chip seal surfaces. Evaluation of the results indicated that rejuvenation is a viable strategy to extend the life of flexible pavement surfaces during the interval between chip seal coats. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Chip seals KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Rejuvenation KW - Seal coats KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497317 AU - Temple, W H AU - Carpenter, W AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW AASHTO PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE IN LOUISIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 118 p. AB - This study was undertaken to provide the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LA DOTD) with an implementation package to facilitate adoption of the new AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures. The study included evaluation of design parameters for rigid and flexible pavements, including several new parameters such as design reliability, resilient modulus, drainage, and use of tied concrete shoulders and widened lanes. Recommendations were made for design values which best represent Louisiana conditions, materials, and construction procedures. An automated procedure was developed to estimate roadbed resilient modulus by using soils engineering and classification data as an interim design measure. Traffic equivalence factors were updated using Weigh-in-Motion data for selected vehicle types. Layer structural coefficients were updated for flexible design to reflect new materials and construction procedures. A computer program was developed for LA DOTD use which is tailored to its design reporting format and which has storage capabilities for pavement management purposes. The program is designed to calculate layer thicknesses for a variety of available materials to satisfy the flexible design structural number while maintaining a uniform final pavement elevation. Recommendations are provided for a high stability wearing course layer which is designed to resist rutting and early surface failure, and for permeable asphalt base drainage for rigid and flexible pavement designs. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Drainage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Implementation KW - Louisiana KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement widening KW - Recommendations KW - Reliability KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Tied concrete KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Widening pavement UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_218.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615579 AU - Vespa, J W AU - Hall, K T AU - Darter, M I AU - Hall, J P AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF RESURFACING OF JRCP AND CRCP ON THE ILLINOIS INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 46 p. AB - A study was conducted on the survival of asphalt concrete (AC) overlays on the Illinois Interstate highway system. Data were obtained from the Illinois Pavement Feedback Database (IPFS) for 410 AC overlay construction sections placed on continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) and jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP) between 1964 and 1989. The overlays range in thickness from 1.5 to 6.0 in. Both in-service life and 18-kip equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs) carried to rehabilitation of the overlay were analyzed through the use of survival curves. The mean age and accumulated 18-kip ESALs at the time of overlay rehabilitation were estimated for each category of overlay thickness (thin and thick), pavement type (JRCP and CRCP) and PCC durability (with and without "D" cracking). Not quite enough data are yet available for CRCP sections to estimate means reliably. Results showed that each of the factors considered, along with traffic level, had a significant effect on the life of the overlays. The information will be very useful in improving the design of AC overlays in the future. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Axle loads KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Illinois KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Service life KW - Thickness KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-053.pdf UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-061.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497370 AU - Covil, J AU - Sexton, M AU - Stephens, L AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates AU - National Highway Institute TI - NHI COURSE NO. 15127, STATEWIDE HIGHWAY PLANNING PROCEDURES. PARTICIPANT WORKBOOK PY - 1990/06 SP - 665 p. AB - Statewide highway planning procedures and the current state-of-the-practice are documented in this report. The purpose is to provide an instruction manual for the participants in the National Highway Institute (NHI) Course No. 15127, and also, a reference manual that can be used to determine common practices in the eight important areas of statewide planning. These areas are as follows: (1) The Statewide Highway Planning Process; (2) Data Needs and Collection Procedures: Traffic, Classification, Weights, Roadway Inventory, Pavement Distress, HPMS Roughness, and Information Systems; (3) Travel Forecasting Procedures: Autos, Trucks, and ESALs Using Trend, Regression, and Network Approaches; (4) Systems Analysis Procedures: Highway Plans, Population/Land Use Forecasts, Functional Classification, Arterial Preservation, Level of Development Plans, and Cost Allocation; (5) Highway Needs: HPMS Analytical Process, HWYNEEDS, HIAP, Network PMS, Sufficiency Ratings, and Route Analyses; (6) Project Level Analyses: Project Development, Benefit/Cost, Environmental, and South Carolina Prioritization; (7) Pavement Design Related to Truck Travel Forecasts: Truck Impacts, ESAL Forecasting, and Pavement Management; and (8) Management and Legislature Presentations. KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Information organization KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Politics KW - Project analysis KW - Project management KW - Regional planning KW - State of the art studies KW - State planning KW - States KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611914 AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Mousa, R AU - Said, K AU - Jovanis, P P AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - University of California, Davis AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN ILLINOIS: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 156 p. AB - This study had two two principal objectives: First, to identify whether any driver population subgroup is overrepresented in construction zone accidents and second, to evaluate the effect of various traffic control measures in effect during construction on accident rates. The first issue was addressed by matching characteristics of drivers involved in construction accidents contained in a sample of 441 accident reports collected by the Illinois State Police with those involved in overall freeway accidents on the Chicago Area Expressway System. The results indicated that no definite distinctions could be made from the two groups on the basis of driver gender, age group or residence. On average, a higher percentage of male drivers were involved in injury accidents, a confirmation of previous research. The second objective was carried out by classifying construction zone accidents for three major reconstruction projects on I-290 Extension Expressway in the Chicago area by a number of attributes. It was found that the accident rates increased from 3.11 to 7.24 A/MVM during construction, then dropped to 2.41 after construction. Moreover, accidents were more likely to occur (a) near ramps, (b) when construction occurred over the left side of the roadway, and (c) when the road cross-section had 2 directional lanes. KW - Construction sites KW - Crash rates KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Human characteristics KW - Illinois KW - Impacts KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611098 AU - Seamons, L L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE INVOLVING SOUNDWALLS. DRAFT FINAL PY - 1990/06 SP - 67 p. AB - This report presents the results of a before-and-after study of soundwall installations which indicates that the installation of soundwalls did not significantly increase the total accident rate. The study involved comparing the accident experiences among groups of soundwall installations; a group being defined by base or protection type and distance from the edge of the traveled way. Soundwall accidents were also compared with all urban freeway accidents. All available collision reports were read and examined for angle of impact. Fatal collision reports were further examined for causative factors. The final conclusions are that the data in this report does not conflict with Caltrans' newly revised soundwall base type policy and actually lends support. The support is qualified because of the small data samples available for some aspects of the study. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Design KW - Fatalities KW - Freeways KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Noise barriers KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610139 AU - GRAY, J AU - Lavallee, P P AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEGMENT-WIDE ON-LINE CONTROL OF FREEWAYS TO RELIEVE CONGESTION AND IMPROVE PUBLIC SAFETY: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/06 SP - 40 p. AB - This paper is an executive summary for the project entitled "Segment-Wide On-Line Control of Freeways to Relieve Congestion and Improve Public Safety". The project consisted of a number of working papers that examined various areas of freeway on-line control. Working papers are documented in the References section at the end of the report. The three major areas investigated include: monitoring of traffic detection information and incident control strategies; detector diagnostics; and ramp entry control strategies. KW - Computers KW - Freeways KW - Improvements KW - Incidents KW - Monitoring KW - Mtigation KW - On line computers KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610117 AU - Abdulshafi, O AU - Kvammen, B AU - Kaloush, K AU - CTL Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREMATURE FAILURE OF LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK OVERLAYS IN OHIO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 259 p. AB - This study is an investigation of the cause(s) of premature failure of latex modified concrete (LMC) bridge deck overlays in Ohio. Data and materials for 93 bridge decks overlaid with LMC were collected from five Ohio Department of Transportation Districts. Additional materials were collected and evaluations were conducted through monitoring the construction of seven LMC bridge deck overlays. Overall documentation and evaluation of the overlays and materials obtained are discussed; this includes field survey activities, construction monitoring and laboratory testing and analysis. Characteristics of the LMC mixtures and materials are evaluated and compared to acceptable standards. General findings were that most of the problems were due to the underlying old deck which was contaminated with chloride ions, previously undetected due to insufficient testing. Other conclusions are presented separately under construction monitoring, field surveys, and laboratory testing and analysis. KW - Bridge decks KW - Causes KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Failure KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Overlays (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608649 AU - Rissel, M C AU - Taylor, J P AU - Vollmer, R J AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS FOR BRIDGE MAINTENANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - v.p. AB - A manual consisting of 65 bridge maintenance procedures and standards was developed for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation during development of the Department's Bridge Maintenance System. Research to determine the need for, and potential usage of the procedures and standards was conducted through interviewing Department personnel; observing work being performed by Department bridge maintenance crews; a survey of the procedures and standards of other states; and a literature search. A standardized format for the procedures and standards was developed in conjunction with the Department. Individual procedures were developed with coordination and review by the Department. The format provides an activity description; reference to other documents such as standard specifications; methods and procedures; labor, equipment and material requirements; and a productivity standard. Appropriate schematic drawings are included where pertinent. Productivity standards were developed based on available data, work experience of the author and review by Department personnel. A significant difference from usual management systems was intended in that reporting information was to refer only to 65 specific Bridge Maintenance System (BMS) activities. The concept was revised by the Department and the 65 activities were regrouped under 26 activities in the Maintenance and Operations Resource Information System (MORIS). KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance standards KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Productivity KW - Quality of work KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607562 AU - Madden, D A AU - Rand, D W AU - Dunphy, W J AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF FROST DEPTH, THAW PERIODS AND SPRING DEFLECTIONS TO SPRING LOAD RESTRICTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 37 p. AB - This publication is a final report containing results derived from an HP&R, Part II research project designed to find a more objective method of selecting the date to restrict heavy loads from travelling over thawing roadways. A Road Rater, Model 400 B, manufactured by Foundation Mechanics, Inc., and frost gauges built from sketches furnished by the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, comprised the equipment utilized. Climatological data were obtained from U.S. Weather Bureau reporting stations. Thawed and frozen zones were determined using the frost gauges and compared to surface deflections, the area of the deflection bowl, the subgrade modulus and the ratio of the applied force to the deflection of the number 1 sensor, among other things. Although not specifically an original objective of this study, a method previously reported by Washington DOT/FHWA was also considered. The results of these comparisons are discussed in the report. They are presented in both tabular and graphic form in the Appendices. KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deflection KW - Depth KW - Frost KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Load limits KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Spring breakup KW - Tables (Data) KW - Thaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603572 AU - Mullins, J A AU - Benson, J D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL FOR TRAFFIC DIVERSION TO A STRATEGIC ARTERIAL SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 59 p. AB - This report presents the results of an analysis of strategic arterials and their effect on the travel demands of an urban region. The Texas travel demand models were used to macroscopically estimate potential demands for, and the magnitude of any reduction in travel demand on other parts of the regional transportation system due to the implementation of a system of strategic arterials. Two strategic arterial systems, one consisting of 600 miles of strategic arterials and the other composed of 350 miles of strategic arterials, were delineated for the evaluation. In order to gauge any "shifts" in travel demand a base system (without strategic arterials) was analyzed as well. To accommodate what was initially a key parameter in estimating strategic arterial demands, the strategic arterials were tested at two different speed advantages over "normal" arterials. Two different types of assignments were performed with each of the strategic arterial systems in each speed advantage condition. The first set of assignments focused on the potential for travel path diversion resulting from the implementation of a strategic arterial system and a second set of assignments was directed toward travel pattern diversion. The results of these analyses have shown that while speed does play a role in the demand on and diversion of traffic to strategic arterials, the overwhelming controlling factor involves the capacity of the strategic arterials. The travel demand modeling analyses show that demand on strategic arterials matches capacity in areas which are otherwise congested. Analysis results of proposed strategic arterial systems in the Dallas/Fort Worth region are also presented and were found to be comparable to those from the Houston region in terms of the effectiveness of strategic arterial systems in reducing demand on freeway systems. KW - Arterial highways KW - Highway capacity KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603114 AU - Jackson, G W AU - Bowser-Morner Associates, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ACCELERATED LABORATORY TEST TO DETERMINE THE DURABILITY OF PIPE CULVERT MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 46 p. AB - The serviceability of a culvert is, to a great degree, determined by the rate at which erosion and corrosion deteriorate the given material. While corrosion is the result of a chemical reaction on the material's surface, erosion involves a mechanical wearing away of the material. The reports citing factors affecting culvert material deterioration indicate that the two processes often work in concert. Consequently, the environment into which the material is placed into service will determine the type and degree of erosion and corrosion. Interviews with professionals in the area of culvert corrosion along with an extensive literature review of more than 100 articles provided the basis for determining that stream side oxidation potential, solution pH, and abrasion are the primary contributing factors in the deterioration of culvert materials. A test method is proposed that would allow experimental control of these factors. The apparatus to be employed would induce a constant voltage relative to a reference electrode to simulate the oxidation potential of the stream side of the culvert material. The pH and electrolytic composition of the solution would be adjusted to simulate the desired environment. Abrasion would be evaluated at reproducible level(s) to reflect the possible interacting effect on the culvert material's corrosion resistance. Electrical current would be monitored as a measure of corrosion in the culvert material. A properly designed study utilizing this approach should provide for the successful development of an accelerated corrosion test. KW - Abrasions KW - Accelerated tests KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Erosion KW - Interviewing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials KW - Oxidation KW - pH value KW - Pipe culverts KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603209 AU - Hansen, A AU - Hinch, J AU - Santelli, N AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL FEDERAL OUTDOOR IMPACT LABORATORY (FOIL) FACILITIES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: VALIDATION OF THE FOIL PENDULUM UPGRADE PY - 1990/06 SP - 29 p. AB - This report documents the design, development and validation of an upgraded pendulum for the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL). The pendulum, which is designed to simulate the low-speed impact of a small automobile into breakaway luminaire and sign supports, has been upgraded with an 1800-lb (817 kg) mass, a new crushable nose design, special features to reduce pendulum harmonic ringing after impact, a new sweeper plate design, and provision for mounting on board accelerometers. Additional facility modifications developed as a part of this upgrade include a removable rigid foundation for mounting luminaire and sign supports and a new speed trap system. Testing conducted on the new pendulum system confirmed the adequate operation of the new speed trap system and the acceptability of the removable rigid foundation. In addition, the pendulum crush characteristics were shown to be in agreement with the crush characteristics of the bogie vehicle put into service in 1985, and to closely model the crush of the automobile which was used as a basis for the pendulum development. Tests with the new sweeper plate design confirmed its proper performance, though the breakaway force level was 50% higher than the design value. Tests with actual luminaire supports demonstrated that the pendulum could indeed be used to simulate the low-speed impact of a small car into sign and luminaire supports, though there were anomalies in the data from the slip base testing. The new speed trap system and the new sweeper plate were recommended for implementation at the pendulum facility, though the attachment bolts of the sweeper plate should be replaced with lower strength bolts so that the breakaway force level is reduced. The pendulum was recommended for evaluation of anchor base, transformer base, progressive shear, coupling mounted and other breakaway luminaire and sign supports which have already been shown to perform satisfactorily with the bogie vehicle. However, further research was recommended to evaluate the anomalies in the results of the slip base testing (with automobiles and with surrogates like the pendulum and bogie) before the pendulum is used for slip base evaluations. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compact automobiles KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory, foil KW - Impact tests KW - Low speed KW - Modifications KW - Pendulum tests KW - Small car KW - Test facilities KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602804 AU - Swatek, C AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RTAP NATIONAL TELECONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 15, 1989. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 32 p. AB - This report documents the events leading to the November 15, 1989 RTAP National Teleconference, the actual teleconference and the lessons learned from this teleconference. Its purpose is to inform the readers of some of the advantages, as well as some of the problems associated with using teleconferencing as a training media. Recommendations are given to assist those individuals who are planning their own teleconference. KW - Recommendations KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technology transfer KW - Teleconferencing KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601477 AU - Reyes (JA) Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1987 PY - 1990/06 SP - 61 p. AB - This document profiles 1987 accidents reported by interstate commercial carriers of property subject to the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1651-60). It is suspected that accidents involving interstate carriers were significantly underreported; actions are underway to correct this in the future. 27,479 accidents were reported by commercial carriers of property in 1987, 5% more than in 1986. This was the first time that total accidents reported increased since 1984. Accidents were more lethal in 1987 than during any of the preceding four years. Nearly 1 in 10 accidents in 1987 resulted in fatalities; 6 in 10 accidents produced injuries. Reported accidents produced 2,907 fatalities, 28,018 injuries, and property damage estimated at $380,638,715. One out of 4 accidents occurred in just four states: Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. This document contains five chapters: (1) 1987 Overview; (2) The Driver; (3) The Vehicle; (4) The Accident Setting; and (5) The Accident. Within each chapter, data are organized under specific topics. A glossary of terms and a copy of Form MCS 50-T are presented in the Appendix. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Hazardous materials KW - Injuries KW - Interstate commerce KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601534 AU - Scruggs, T E AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SHRINKAGE AND SWELL FACTORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 53 p. AB - Factors for shrinkage and swell are provided to designers for use in compensating for changes in soil and rock volumes when they are excavated from a cut and placed in a fill. These factors are used to estimate earthwork volumes for unclassified excavation, embankments, and borrow and can significantly impact project costs. Construction overruns can occur on projects due to inaccuracies in assumption of these factors. The objectives of this study were to examine areas of the state where shrinkage and swell factors did not correlate with actual earthwork measurements, and determine which parameters may have caused errors in estimating these factors. Guidelines would then be established to better predict shrinkage and swell factors of soil and rock. Current recommended shrinkage factors in several of the districts were found to be low and will need to be increased. No major problems were found with swell factors, but additional sampling in weathered rock will be required to help predict swell factors. KW - Earthwork KW - Errors KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Guidelines KW - Rocks KW - Shrinkage KW - Soil shrinkage KW - Soil swell KW - Soils KW - Swell KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils KW - Weathered rock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600468 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Mueller, A L AU - Stanley, M B AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONTENT DETERMINATION MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 100 p. AB - This report examines the procedures currently being used for evaluating an asphalt concrete mixture and evaluates the suitability of replacing current procedures with newer equipment and procedures. Current test requirements call for the asphalt content and gradation to be dtermined for comparison with specifications to certify the level of quality in the mixture. Newer techniques include the nuclear asphalt content (NAC) gauge, the use of biodegradable solvents, and determination of gradation from cold feed testing. The evaluation of State experience and State special studies, and analysis of raw data collected by various State agencies provided supporting data that show the NAC gauge can be substituted for traditional extraction tests for asphalt content determination, when properly calibrated for each mixture being produced. Several of the new biodegradable solvents, not all, can be substituted directly for traditional solvents to provide the same level of accuracy in asphalt content determination when special procedures are adopted to ensure proper accountability of fines removed during rinsing operations. The use of the biodegradable solvents did not produce a consistently different gradation when the appropriate procedures were used to ensure complete rinsing of the new solvent and accounting for the fines removed during rinsing. It is recommended that the biodegradable solvents be used in conjunction with the NAC gauges to provide a more economical means of evaluating an asphalt concrete mixture. A number of studies examining cold feed determination indicate that the cold feed gradations are as accurate, and no more variable than the determination of gradation from the truck or road. The durability of the aggregate can alter this if it degrades during production, producing a different gradation on the roadway. KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Biodegradability KW - Cold feed testing KW - Nuclear gages KW - Solvents KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600505 AU - Stuart, K D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE SUPPLEMENTAL PROCEDURE OF THE MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 41 p. AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of performing the supplemental procedure of AASHTO T 209 (or ASTM D 2041) on the percent air voids, the effective aggregate specific gravity, and the maximum specific gravity of a bituminous paving mixture, using both thoroughly coated aggregates and partially coated aggregates. The supplemental procedure should correct the test data for water absorbed into the aggregate during the test. Although the supplemental procedure can be used when designing mixtures, it is most often used for determining the maximum specific gravities of moisture damaged pavement samples, or cores or specimens where sawing has exposed a significant amount of aggregate. The majority of aggregates used in this study had water absorptions below 2.5% and thus were not highly absorptive. It is recommended that the supplemental procedure not be peformed on laboratory mixtures or pavement cores having aggregates with water absorptions below 2.5%. When testing any mixture prepared in the laboratory during the mixture design process, the procedure for determining the maximum specific gravity should only be performed on well coated mixtures so that the supplemental procedure does not have to be used. For highly absorptive aggregates, it is recommended that the test only be performed at high binder contents which provide thick coatings. Only binder contents close to or slightly above the optimal binder content should be used. The maximum specific gravities for the lower binder contents can be calculated using the effective specific gravity of the aggregate. For laboratory mixtures containing highly absorptive aggregates, the supplemental procedure may indicate whether the coating is sufficient. KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Binder content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Coatings KW - Measurement KW - Specific gravity KW - Specific gravity tests KW - Supplemental tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600474 AU - RUSSELL, P AU - Paniati, J AU - Olson, P AU - McGee, H AU - Black, K AU - Casner, D AU - Moseley, R AU - Lagergren, E AU - ROBERT, C AU - Young, R AU - Lumia, J AU - Antle, C AU - Attaway, R AU - Schwab, R AU - McCoola, B AU - Eilts, L AU - CUNARD, R AU - Hofstetter, D AU - Liebe, V AU - Hearn, S AU - SMALL, F AU - McComb, D AU - Butula, R AU - Pickford, T AU - Baker, W AU - Lerch, G AU - Walcoff & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORKSHOP ON FIELD INSPECTION AND REHABILITATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, PROCEEDINGS. FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 263 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has begun a number of initiatives to improve signing on the Nation's roadways. These include workshops to obtain input from experts across the country, a review of each State's highway sign replacement and refurbishing program, and a training course. This report documents the proceedings of the workshops, one held in the Western United States and one in the Eastern United States. The workshops opened with a plenary session on Issues, Needs, and the FHWA Research Program, followed by a plenary session on Development of Minimum Requirements. The program continued with a panel discussion on Performance Standard Criteria, followed by a plenary session on Materials Selection. Breakout sessions on freeway signing, non-freeway signing, and motorist services and tourist-oriented signing completed the first day of the workshops. The second day opened with reports of the breakout sessions and continued with a plenary session on Field Assessment Techniques. A plenary session on Maintenance Procedures and Programs followed. The second day ended with breakout sessions on sign replacement methods, using contracting versus in-house and prison industries, and traffic control during sign replacement. The third day opened with reports on the previous day's breakout sessions, followed by a plenary session on Improved Inventory Techniques. The workshops closed with a Look to the Future plenary session. This report details the remarks made by the panelists and the comments and concerns of the participants on each of these issues. KW - Assessments KW - Contract administration KW - Contract maintenance KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment maintenance KW - In-house KW - Inspection KW - Inventory KW - Methodology KW - Prisoners KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Road markings KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600506 AU - Opiela, K S AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Center for Applied Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL DELINEATION FOR CHANNELIZATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 107 p. AB - This report describes a study of the delineation requirements for work zone traffic control. The research included a comprehensive review of past studies and current practices, and an examination of current standards. It was concluded that, in spite of the increasing number of different types of channelizing devices, there appears to be no scientific basis for the spacing criteria for the use of devices for channelization purposes in the taper or tangent sections of a work zone. A laboratory-based testing procedure was used to determine the most appropriate spacing configuration. An interactive video system was used to test subject recognition distances of eight different device types spaced at the standard distance, 1.5 times and 2.0 times the standard distance. Over 240 subjects were tested. The results indicated variability between the performance of most channelizing devices across the spacings tested. Field testing was undertaken at six actual work zones. Right and left closures were used to test the various device-spacing configurations under both day and night conditions. Manual and automated methods were used to gather the field data for traffic approaching a work zone. The study area included four points equally spaced over the 2000 ft (600 m) before the work zone and the activity at the start of the taper for the lane closure. The tests were undertaken under the hypothesis that the most effective treatment would minimize the percentage of traffic in the closed lane at the start of the taper. Field data were analyzed for 2100 5-minute observation periods. Statistical analysis of the data determined neither type of device (round barrels, oblong barrels, Type II barricades, and cones with reflectorized collars) or device spacing (55, 80, and 110 ft) (16.5, 24.7, and 33.0 m) had a significant effect on driver lane changing behavior. Recommendations for locating work zones to maximize the sight line on the approach to the taper are presented. KW - Barrel barriers KW - Barricades KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Behavior KW - Channelization KW - Cones KW - Data analysis KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Human subject testing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lane changing KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Recommendations KW - Spacing KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic control devices KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497286 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMERIZED ASPHALT EMULSION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 32 p. AB - It has been claimed that polymerized asphalt emulsion has outstanding characteristics of elasticity, adhesion, and cohesion which allows its use in seal coats in high speed, high volume roads, such as interstate highways. Another use would be on a lower classification road with sharp turns which prevent the use or greatly shortens the life of a regular chip seal. Styrelf is a styrene-butadiene (vulcanized) binder which was added to the base asphalt. Installations varied from an interstate highway with 12,710 average daily traffic (ADT) and 25% trucks to a rural state highway with 1,570 ADT and 15% trucks. Riffe Petroleum Company's product was used in a single installation. It had an ADT of 4,050 with 10% trucks. Owen-Corning Fiberglass Corporation's product was used in a single installation. It had an ADT of 410 with 12% trucks. Polymerized asphalt emulsion that doesn't have the high early adhesion is an inferior product, since the need for adhesion is greatest when the surface is new and tender. KW - Adhesion KW - Average daily traffic KW - Cohesion KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rural highways KW - Seal coats KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496601 AU - Shook, J F AU - Shook, W L AU - Yapp, T Y AU - ARE Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF EMULSION VARIABILITY ON SEAL COATS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 167 p. AB - This project was conducted because of concern that variabilities in the viscosity of asphalt emulsions as delivered to the job site may be contributing to problems with seal coat performance. The study included a literature survey; an analysis of differences between PennDOT and supplier test results for emulsion viscosity and properties of the asphalt residue; and field studies conducted on eight different seal coat projects in three Pennsylvania counties. The analysis of supplier and PennDOT test results indicated that there are major variations in viscosity test values from different suppliers and within a given plant from individual suppliers; also between viscosity test values reported by some suppliers and test values reported by PennDOT. Field performance data obtained on five seal coat jobs constructed in Pennsylvania in 1987 indicated that better performance may be obtained with emulsions which have higher viscosities, higher percentages of residual asphalt and higher residual asphalt penetration values, within current specification limits. However, the study did not produce evidence that current PennDOT specification limits on emulsion viscosity, asphalt cement content or residual asphalt penetration should be changed. The use of statistical quality control charts were recommended to improve uniformity of production. KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Field performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Seal coats KW - Specifications KW - Statistical quality control KW - Suppliers KW - Test results KW - Variables KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496799 AU - Highlands, K L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IBC MK-7 HIGHWAY BARRIER SYSTEM. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 51 p. AB - This project was constructed by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDot) in York County on SR0083.814. The objective of this research project is to evaluate the performance and costs of the IBC MK-7 Highway Barrier System and compare them to the performance and costs of PennDot standard concrete median barrier. The report describes the construction and initial costs of the barriers. Approximately 4.9 miles of IBC MK-7 Highway Barrier was constucted near the southern end of the project and approximately 2.5 miles of PennDot's standard concrete barrier was constructed near the northern end of the project. There were no significant problems with construction of the barriers. The unit bid cost of the IBC MK-7 Highway Barrier System was almost twice as much as the unit bid cost of PennDot's standard concrete barrier. This report also describes the first serious reported accident on the IBC MK-7 Highway Barrier. The IBC MK-7 Highway Barrier seemed to perform well during the accident. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Median barriers KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496706 AU - Hall, J W AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO IN LIEU OF TOURIST INFORMATION SIGNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 19 p. AB - This report summarizes the research undertaken on a project to assess the feasibility of using low-power roadside radio transmitters to inform travellers of nearby historical and cultural attractions. The study reviewed the technical literature in this general area, which tended to focus on advisory, rather than informational, radio. Nevertheless, the favorable and unfavorable experiences of other highway agencies that have implemented radio systems over the past two decades will be of benefit to the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department. Based on the results of previous studies, this report offers several suggestions for the future evaluation of the legislatively mandated information radio system currently being planned by the Department. KW - Driver information systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway advisory KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Radio KW - Recommendations KW - Tourists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496640 AU - Harmelink, D S AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLD-RECYCLING OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT - U.S. 24. PROJECT CX-04-0024-25. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 62 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the cold-recycling process and to determine the effectiveness of the three types of rejuvenating agents used in the cold-recycle mix. Additionally, two types of covers were used and were compared to determine their ability to seal the cold-recycled pavement. The study has shown cold-recycling to be an effective and valuable method for rehabilitating asphalt pavements and retarding reflective cracking. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Seal coats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310290 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495261 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Hughes, W E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EDGELINE WIDTHS AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1990/06 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 153-159 AB - A study was made to determine whether the more expensive wide edgelines are cost beneficial in terms of reducing edgeline-related accidents. A separate and limited evaluation was also conducted to determine the effects of 4-in and 8-in edgelines on drivers' performance in an uncontrolled environment. Within the curve, the measure of performance was the frequency of encroachment (i.e., tires touching or going over) either the centerline, edgeline, or both. It was found that 8-in edgelines are not cost effective for installation on 2-lane rural roads in those areas where there is frequent heavy snowfall and the use of deicing materials and abrasives tends to deteriorate edgelines, or where pavement widths are less than or equal to 22 feet. They are also not cost-effective where roads have paved shoulders over 6 ft wide. It is noted that 8-in edgelines may be appropriate as a safety improvement when applied at spot locations such as isolated horizontal curves and approaches to narrow bridges. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Edge lines KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Personnel performance KW - Road markings KW - Striping KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic marking KW - Two lane highways KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308876 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495263 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Coleman, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATIONS OF BREAKWAY UTILITY POLES PY - 1990/06 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 166-170 AB - The success of the breakaway concept for sign and luminaire supports led to investigations to see if it could also be used with timber utility poles. After crash testing, it was concluded that the slipbase design was the most suitable in terms of reducing the severity of vehicle impact and withstanding environmental loads. Research conducted at Texas Transportation Institute is described, as well as a multiyear field evaluation of the breakaway utility poles in Kentucky and Massachusetts. The types of data being collected by the states and utility companies in these states are described. It is expected that the tests will prove that vehicle occupants involved in crashes with breakaway utility ples will likely survive the impact, and that the poles will successfully perform in multidirectional hits. The poles also will adequately withstand environmental loads. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Field tests KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308878 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495262 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Jones, J S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL STUDY OF THE HATCHIE RIVER U.S. 51 BRIDGE PY - 1990/06 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 160-165 AB - To determine the cause of the collapse of the spans of the U.S. 51 bridge over the Hatchie River in 1989, a 1:220 scale model of bent 70 (failure of this triggered the collapse) was tested. The tests were designed to determine how the maximum local pier scour may have ocurred after the channel migrated to bent 70, and to obtain videotape shots of the local scour process for use as a visual aid in the public hearing conducted to gather evidence concerning the collapse. The article describes the tests, the scaling ratios, the experiments, and the results. It was found that local pier scour was not the primary element in the collapse, it probably was a contributing factor for a foundation that was already vulnerable once the channel migrated laterally. Local pier scour from the complex foundation was no more than it was from the simpler and smaller squre column by itself. It is recommended that for bridges such as this one which have channel migration and unknown local scour during floods, a convenient instrument be developed to facilitate recording stream bed cross sections just upstream and downstream of the bridge from the bridge deck. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Collapse KW - Failure KW - Instrumentation KW - Scale models KW - Scour KW - Testing KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308877 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495264 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virmani, Y P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF CALCIUM NITRITE ADMIXTURE AS A CORROSION INHIBITOR PY - 1990/06 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 171-182 AB - An outdoor research study was conducted using calcium nitirite as an admixture in salty concrete to inhibit the corrosion of black steel reinforcing rebars in marine and deicing salt environments. The long term results from the use of this admixture to inhibit corrosion in such bars in chloride-contaminated concrete is reported in this article. In a comparison series of test slabs, epoxy-coated rebars were used as another alternative corrosion protection system. During testing of 18 reinforced concrete slabs over 7 years, nondestructive tests were made for corrosion current, half-cell potential, driving, voltage, and resistivity as well as visual survey. It was found that the nondestructive corrosion measurement techniques and the collected data correlate well with the visual survey of the concrete slabs under test. Also, the magnitude of corrosion current flow between the mats in salt-contaminated concrete and salt-free concrete, measured periodically, can be used semiquantitatively to monitor the performance of corrosion protection materials. These and other study findings are discussed. KW - Admixtures KW - Calcium compounds KW - Calcium nitrite KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Marine atmospheres KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Protective coatings KW - Rebars KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Research KW - Seas KW - Slabs KW - Surveying KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582534 AU - Tabatabaee, Nader AU - Sebaaly, Peter AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design, Fabrication, and Operation of the Pavement Crack Monitor Gauge PY - 1990/05//Final Report SP - 37p AB - A mechanical gauge was developed to monitor the movement of crack or joint openings in portland cement concrete structures, in general, and portland cement concrete pavements in particular. Designed to be inexpensive and simple to operate, this gauge is capable of recording maximum, minimum, and instantaneous crack or joint openings. Specific recommendations were made for recording minimum and maximum pavement temperature over the monitoring period. The report was written as a set of guidelines for design, fabrication, installation, and operation of the gauge as well as the temperature measuring device. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Measuring instruments KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement joints KW - Surface temperature UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19889 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413726 AU - Fontana, J J AU - Reams, W AU - Scannell, W AU - Sprinkel, M AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Electrically conductive polymer concrete overlay as secondary anode for cathodic protection PY - 1990/05 IS - FHWA/RD-90-005 SP - 67p AB - This report describes the development of a premixed electrically conductive polymer concrete overlay for use on bridge decks and other concrete members, in conjunction with cathodic protection systems. A field demonstration was performed on a bridge deck (with corroding reinforcing steel) in Pulaski, Virginia where an active cathodic protection system uses the electrically conductive overlay as the secondary anode to uniformly distribute the current across the bridge deck surface. The performance of the overlay cathodic protection system was monitored for 18 months. The data shows that corrosion of the reinforcing steel embedded in the bridge deck was arrested. The overlay is soundly bonded, and there are no indications that the overlay is wearing due to traffic. This report is the conclusion of the research study. Details of the mix design and the installation of the conductive polymer concrete overlay are described in the Interim Report FHWA-RD-88-145 dated January 1989 (A). KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge inspection KW - Cathodic protection KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Materials KW - Materials KW - Metal KW - Metals KW - Overlay KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers KW - Polymer KW - Polymers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01407474 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Russell, E R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Present practices of highway transportation of hazardous materials PY - 1990/05 IS - FHWA/RD-89-013 SP - 263p AB - This report summarizes the state of the art of safe management of hazardous materials transportation by highway. The report includes a review of literature related to hazardous materials transportation safety; a review of the responsibilities and current practices of Federal, State, and local agencies; a critique of current sources of accident, incident, and exposure data; an analysis of existing accident, incident, and exposure data bases; a review of current methodologies for establishing safe routes for hazardous materials transportation; recommendations for improving the current FHWA routing guidelines; and recommendations for future research related to highway transportation of hazardous materials (A). KW - Dangerous goods KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Freight transport KW - Freight transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - Navigation KW - Navigation KW - Risk KW - Risk management KW - Road safety KW - Transport safety KW - Transportation safety KW - Truck KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1175270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01407473 AU - Irick, P E AU - Seeds, S B AU - Myers, M G AU - Moody, E D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Development of performance-related specifications for Portland cement concrete pavement construction PY - 1990/05 IS - FHWA/RD-89-211 SP - 271p AB - The primary product of this study was a demonstration performance -related specification (PRS) system for PCC pavement construction. The system is designed to consider three key factors (ie, PCC strength, slab thickness and initial serviceability) in assessing an as-constructed pavement delivered by a contractor and calculating an appropriate reward (bonus/incentive) or penalty (disincentive). Many pavement performance prediction relationships and PCC property prediction equations were evaluated to develop the performance-related aspects of the new system. In addition, a rather intensive experimental laboratory study of PCC material properties was conducted to develop better multi-factor prediction relationships. The demonstration PRS was developed using a computerized spreadsheet program. It was designed to be parallel to the demonstration PRS system developed under NCHRP Project 10-26A for asphalt concrete pavements. As a result of the study, recommendations were made for further research in several key areas related to PRS systems and field and laboratory studies (A). KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Contract KW - Contracts KW - Material properties KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Road construction KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1175269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01404144 AU - Fleming, G G AU - Rickley, E J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Parallel barrier effectiveness under free-flowing traffic conditions PY - 1990/05 IS - FHWA/RD-92-068 SP - 320p AB - The National Transportation Systems Center, in support of the Federal Highway Administration and seventeen sponsoring state transportation agencies is conducting a National Pooled-Fund Study (NPFS), HP&R 0002-136, "Evaluation of Performance of Experimental Highway Noise Barriers.' The first publication supporting the NPFS, FHWA-RD-90-105, 'Parallel Barrier Effectiveness, Dulles Noise Barrier Project", presented measured results and evaluations of parallel barriers subject to controlled traffic conditions. This document is the second publication supporting the NPFS. It presents the results of a measurement study performed at a highway noise barrier site located along Interstate 495 in Montgomery County, Maryland. The objective of the study was to measure the degradation in acoustic performance of a highway noise barrier due to the close proximity of a parallel barrier on the opposite side of the roadway. The test site selected for measurements consisted of a contiguous arrangement of two parallel reflective noise barriers followed by a single noise barrier. Five-minute, energy-averaged, A-weighted noise levels were computed from data measured simultaneously at identical heights and offset positions behind the single and parallel barrier arrangements. Measured results show barrier insertion loss degradations of .6 to 2.8 dBA, dependent on microphone height and offset distance behind the barrier. In addition, three parallel-barrier prediction programs were used to model the study site (BARRIER, BARRIER-X, and IMAGE-3). A comparison of the measured and predicted results is presented. KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Noise barrier KW - Noise barriers KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1171928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625030 AU - Owusu-Antwi, E B AU - Meyer, A H AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSING LOAD TRANSFER ACROSS JOINTS AND CRACKS IN RIGID PAVEMENTS USING THE FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 86 p. AB - Loss of load transfer across joints and cracks in rigid pavements is a major factor in rigid pavement distress. And because loss of load transfer has a significant influence on performance and, thus, on the life-cycle cost of rigid pavements, it is therefore necessary to detect such defects as early as possible so that the proper rehabilitation measures can be applied. Accordingly, the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation has purchased a number of Falling Weight Deflectometers for use in evaluating pavements in Texas. This study was instituted primarily to develop techniques for assessing the load transfer efficiency of joints and cracks in rigid pavements using the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and to determine the factors influencing load transfer efficiency across such discontinuities. This report describes the evaluation of procedures for assessing the load transfer efficiency of transverse joints and cracks using FWD deflection data collected on a controlled jointed reinforced concrete pavement research facility in a laboratory study. The application of the procedures--on a number of jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP) and continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) test sections on in-service rigid pavements, in order to determine their suitability for implementation in the field--is also discussed. The results presented indicate that the FWD can indeed be used effectively to evaluate the load transfer efficiency of joints and cracks in rigid pavements and that the results from such evaluations can be used to establish maintenance and/or rehabilitation priorities. The procedures developed were also adapted for use in the evaluation of the efficiency for longitudinal joints in rigid pavements, particularly rigid shoulder joints. Again, the results presented show that with the FWD sensor configuration suggested, deflection measurements can be obtained for use in effectively evaluating the joint efficiency of the types of longitudinal joints found in rigid pavements. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Strategic planning KW - Test sections KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616576 AU - Lambe, P C AU - Khosla, N P AU - Jayaratne, N N AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL STABILIZATION IN PAVEMENT STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 192 p. AB - Five soil samples were selected to represent the subgrade soils commonly stabilized by lime or cement in NCDOT highway construction. The five soils are classified by the AASHTO symbols A-4, A-4, A-5, A-6, and A-7-5 and were labelled as samples DOT-1 to DOT-5. Laboratory tests measured the CBR, resilient modulus, and unconfined compressive strength on samples compacted in the laboratory at three different water contents for each soil. The five soils were compacted without any additive to measure the soil properties for unstabilized soil. The five soils were then mixed with 3%, 4%, and 5% lime before compacting and with 8%, 10%, and 12% cement before compacting. The lime stabilized soils showed the greatest improvement when mixed with 4% lime as the resilient modulus for four of the samples increased by 3 to 5 times. The A-7-5 soil only increased by 1.5 times. The resilient modulus for the cement stabilized soils increased more but without an optimum cement level for all five soils. For soils DOT-1 to DOT-4 the resilient modulus increased by a factor of 5 to 7 times when mixed with cement. The measured resilient moduli were used in a layered elastic analysis to infer the structural layer coefficients by using the resilient vertical strain in the subgrade as a criteria. The structural layer coefficients for lime stabilized soils varied from 0.06 to 0.18 for base course resilient moduli of 30,000 to 40,000 psi. The structural layer coefficients for the cement stabilized soils were determined from the unconfined compressive strengths and varied from 0.12 to 0.18. KW - Calcium oxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cement KW - Cement treated soils KW - Compressive strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Structural layer coefficients KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Unconfined compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600486 AU - Fontana, J J AU - Reams, W AU - SCANNELL, W AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Brookhaven National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAY AS SECONDARY ANODE FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 67 p. AB - This report describes the development of a premixed electrically conductive polymer concrete overlay for use on bridge decks and other concrete members, in conjunction with cathodic protection systems. A field demonstration was performed on a bridge deck (with corroding reinforcing steel) in Pulaski, Virginia, where an active cathodic protection system uses the electrically conductive overlay as the secondary anode to uniformly distribute the current across the bridge deck surface. The performance of the overlay cathodic protection system was monitored for 18 months. The data show that corrosion of the reinforcing steel embedded in the bridge deck was arrested. The overlay is soundly bonded, and there are no indications that the overlay is wearing due to traffic. This report is the conclusion of the research study. Details of the mix design and the installation of the conductive polymer concrete overlay are described in the Interim Report, FHWA-RD-88-145, dated January 1989. KW - Anodes KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion KW - Electrically conductive concrete KW - Field tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer concrete KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622304 AU - Hall, K D AU - Elliott, R P AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADHOG.EXE USER'S MANUAL PY - 1990/05 SP - v.p. AB - This report is a user's manual for ROADHOG, a computerized procedure for the structural design of asphalt overlays for flexible pavements. The procedure, developed for the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, uses NDT data from a falling weight deflectometer. It follows the AASHTO structural number approach to flexible pavement design and uses the structural deficiency concept in selecting the overlay thickness. The total required structural number is determined using the design-performance equation contained in the 1986 AASHTO Guide. The subgrade resilient modulus is determined from NDT data using equations developed from ILLIPAVE. The effective structural number of the existing pavement is determined from a procedure developed for ROADHOG involving a relationship between the effective structural number and a quantity "delta D". Delta D is defined as the difference between the surface deflections at the center of loading and at a distance from the center of loading equal to the total pavement thickness. The ROADHOG program is user friendly and runs interactively. It is menu-driven and features on-line help screens. It will run on an an IBM PC, XT, AT, or any 100% compatible system having at least one floppy disk drive and a minimum of 384K of available RAM. KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Effective structural number KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Manuals KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Personal computers KW - Structural number (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616464 AU - Walker, J AU - Alicandri, E AU - Sedney, C AU - Roberts, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-VEHICLE NAVIGATION DEVICES: EFFECTS ON THE SAFETY OF DRIVER PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 104 p. AB - Seven navigational devices were tested in the Federal Highway Administration Highway Driving Simulator (HYSIM) for their effects on safe driving performance. Younger, middle-aged, and older drivers navigated a 26-mi (41.8-km) route through simulated streets of Detroit, Michigan, using one of seven devices. A control group used strip maps. The other six used either an audio or visual device which was of either low, medium, or high complexity. The difficulty of the driving task (workload) was increased in three successive sections by adding crosswinds, another vehicle, gauge-monitoring, and mental arithmetic problems, and by narrowing the lanes. Measures included speed, average and variance of lateral placement, heart rate, and reaction time to gauge changes. Results indicate an interaction of age group and level of difficulty, such that higher levels of difficulty affected older drivers to a greater extent. Device differences suggest that audio devices are somewhat safer than visual devices, and moderate levels of complexity are preferable to higher levels. The complex visual device had the longest reaction times and the slowest speeds in sections where navigation tasks were performed. KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Age groups KW - Aged drivers KW - Audio system KW - Complexity KW - Driver age KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Information display systems KW - Lateral placement KW - Middle-aged persons KW - Navigation KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Route guidance KW - Safety KW - Signal devices KW - Speed KW - Teenage drivers KW - Visual display system KW - Visual display units (Computers) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611968 AU - Daniels, R D AU - ROGERS, B R AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF COATINGS APPLIED OVER CORRODED STRUCTURAL STEEL SURFACES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 41 p. AB - Five coating systems were evaluated for use over corroded structural steel surfaces. The coatings were applied over both clean (non-corroded) steel panels and panels pre-corroded in a salt fog chamber. The coated panels were then exposed for 50 days in the salt fog chamber. Visual observations were made on a daily basis to obtain data on blister size, blister frequency, rust rating, and scribe rating. The coatings tested were: (1) Freecom, Corroseal FOC 54/55, an epoxy one-coat system; (2) DuPont, 25P/Imron, an epoxy base coat with a polyurethane top coat; (3) Praxis, Prax-Ten, a penetrant base coat and a concentrate top coat of metal alkyl sulfonates; (4) Tnemec, series 135/74, an epoxy base coat with a polyurethane top coat; and (5) Black Gold, a hydrocarbon sealer base coat with an aluminum flake top coat in a hydrocarbon and solvent binder. The best performing coating was the one supplied by DuPont. The Tnemec coating also performed well and ranked second. The Praxis coating ranked third. The poorest performing coating was Black Gold. The Corroseal coating performed better than Black Gold on the pre-corroded panels, but disbonded from the clean surfaces before the end of the testing period. KW - Blistering KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Laboratory tests KW - Paint KW - Panels KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Rusting KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495667 AU - Rossman, R H AU - Tufty, H G AU - Nicholas, L AU - Belangie, M AU - Kempter-Rossman International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY OF THE REPAIR OF TRANSVERSE CRACKING IN ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 46 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of a cooperative value engineering study on the repair of transverse cracks in asphalt concrete pavements. The objective of the study was to optimize the expenditure of maintenance funding through an in-depth study of the present methods, materials, and equipment being used, and the development of better methods, materials, and equipment, and work crews, for optimum and safe repair of such cracks. This report contains recommendations and guidelines on crack preparation, materials, equipment, and timing to effect cost-effective repairs to transverse cracks in asphalt pavements. All team members agree that timely, effective crack sealing extends pavement life and reduces future maintenance costs. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Equipment KW - Expenditures KW - Guidelines KW - Materials KW - Methodology KW - Optimization KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Service life KW - Transverse cracking KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610105 AU - Staplin, Loren AU - Lococo, K AU - Sim, J AU - Ketron Division of the Bionetics Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL DESIGN ELEMENTS FOR ACCOMMODATING DRIVERS WITH DIMINISHED CAPACITY. VOLUME II: FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 181 p. AB - A comprehensive review of technical information documented age-related decrements in sensory/perceptual, cognitive, and psychomotor functions likely to affect the use of standard traffic control devices. Analysis of accident data from two States plus older driver focus group discussions identified key driving situations and traffic control elements with which this user group experiences the greatest difficulty. Empirical (laboratory) and analytical studies followed, in each of the functional areas noted above. Results indicated significant problems for older relative to young and middle-aged drivers in the visual detection and recognition of pavement striping/delineation and of the legibility of highway sign legends; in the cognitive response to contingent multielement (sign-plus-signal) left turn control displays, as well as selective attention for specified color/shape categories of highway signing, and decision making with varying guide sign message formats; and in the speed of overriding one just-initiated response with one or more other vehicle control movements. A laboratory evaluation of preliminary countermeasure options also was conducted. Project findings indicated specific facilitative effects for older drivers of redundant upstream posting of the sign element in left turn control displays at intersections, the use of a redundant discrete format for changeable message signs, the use of larger and perceptually-dissimilar signs to convey the most critical message in a multiple/complex overhead traffic sign display, a 30-to-300 percent increase in the brightness of pavement markings, and letter sizes on highway signing that are at least 30% larger than standard practice currently provides. KW - Aged drivers KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brightness KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Color KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Guide signs KW - Laboratory tests KW - Left turns KW - Lettering KW - Letters KW - Motor skills KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Perception KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Road markings KW - Sensory motor coordination KW - Shape KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Size KW - Symbols KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Variable message signs KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603531 AU - HUDSON, S W AU - Finn, F N AU - Treybig, J H AU - Epps, J A AU - Anderson, V AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AC STRIPPING PROBLEMS AND CORRECTIVE TREATMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 182 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to determine the most effective method of introducing lime into asphalt concrete mixtures, to improve the reliability of the laboratory test methods used to identify moisture-susceptible asphalt-aggregate combinations, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the recommended procedures using experimental construction projects from selected highway sections in four States. Two experiments were carried out as part of the research effort: a laboratory study to evaluate moisture susceptibility of different asphalt mixes, and an experiment to evaluate moisture damage of existing pavement sections. Both experiments showed a significant loss of strength after the first freeze-thaw cycle. Even though addition of lime through wet methods resulted in higher strengths than dry methods, the difference was not statistically significant to support a conclusion that wet methods are better than dry methods. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calcium oxide KW - Experimental roads KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture damage KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tensile strength KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603534 AU - Owings, R P AU - Rhomicron, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE IMPACTS WITH SMALL SIGNS. TASK REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 106 p. AB - The report examines the physics of low-speed and high-speed impacts of an atuomobile with a small sign. The vehicle parameters that are important in the impact and post-impact or runout phase are defined. Small signs are classified as either breakaway or ridedown depending on their mode of failure. The emphasis of the report is on small signs with a ridedown type of failure mode. Two models for this type of behavior are defined. The low-speed model addresses both the inertial effects based on the sign and post weight and the importance of the plastic hinge formed in the post at the groundline. The high-speed model is more complex and is implemented in a BASIC computer program called the Vehicle/Sign Impact Model (VSIM). The results of the two models are used to define the important vehicle characteristics for impact conditions. Based on this information, the requirements for a reusable surrogate vehicle (bogie) for use at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) are defined. KW - Automobiles KW - Breakaway supports KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory, foil KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Ridedown KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Simulation KW - Small signs KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603666 AU - Maser, K R AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR BRIDGE DECK ASSESSMENT. PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 119 p. AB - The objective of this Phase II program was to verify and refine the radar and infrared techniques for asphalt-overlaid bridge deck evaluation developed during Phase I. In Phase II, 18 additional decks were surveyed by commercial radar and infrared vendors. The results were analyzed by the MIT project team, and compared to direct observation of deck deterioration after asphalt removal. These comparisons led to the conclusion that radar predictions produced the best correlation with actual deck conditions. A method for predicting percent of deteriorated deck area by combining radar and underside inspection data was shown to fit directly observed deterioration with an R-squared of 0.82 and a standard error of 4.1%. This accuracy far exceeds that of any known method currently in use for bridge deck assessment. A second method for high-speed network-level evaluation of multiple decks (e.g., 20 to 40 per day) using radar alone was shown to fit observed deterioration with an R-squared of 0.71 and a standard error of 5.0%. The two methods produce information which supports a number of maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) objectives. The detailed radar/underside method is most suitable on a "project" level for identification and selection of M&R actions and for specification of quantities for bid documents. Results of this project show that the radar/underside prediction reduced the error in quantity estimation by over 50%, as compared to engineer's estimates. The network radar survey is most suitable for planning and budgeting overall M&R activity, and for prioritizing individual structures for detailed inspection, repair, and/or replacement. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridge decks KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Deterioration KW - Infrared radiation KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Performance evaluations KW - Planning KW - Radar KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Thermographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603208 AU - McCall, B AU - Whited, J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VIDEO IMAGERY SYSTEMS FOR HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS. DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 85. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 27 p. AB - The report describes the state of the art video equipment used and experiences gained from the 6,800 mile field test. The first objective of this project was to determine if laser disc equipment could capture and store usable roadway images while operating in a mobile environment. The second objective was to evaluate methods of using optical disc storage and retrieval features to enhance highway planning and design function. Several highway departments have attempted to use video technology to replace the traditional 16 and 35 mm film format used in photologging. These attempts have met with limited success because of the distortion caused by video technology not being capable of dealing with highway speeds. The distortion has caused many highway signs to be unreadable and, therefore, clients have labeled the technology unusable. Two methods of using optical laser disc storage and retrieval have been successfully demonstrated by Wisconsin and Connecticut Departments of Transportation. Each method provides instantaneous retrieval and linking of images with other information. However, both methods gather the images using 35 mm film techniques. The 35 mm film image is then transferred to laser disc. Eliminating the film conversion to laser disc has potential for saving $4 to $5 per logging mile. In addition to a cost savings, the image would be available immediately as opposed to delays caused by film devveloping and transferring to laser disc. In June and November of 1986 Iowa DOT staff and cooperating equipment suppliers demonstrated the concept of direct image capture. The results from these tests were promising and an FHWA Demonstration program established. Since 1986 technology advancements have been incorporated into the design that further improve the image quality originally demonstrated. KW - Demonstration projects KW - DVDs KW - Equipment KW - Field tests KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Image retrieval KW - Image storage KW - State of the art studies KW - Technological innovations KW - Video technology UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19887 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603205 AU - Aktan, A E AU - Raghavendrachar, M AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND IDENTIFICATION FOR BRIDGE RATING: PILOT PROJECT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 106 p. AB - A nondestructive bridge testing scheme based on a practical impact testing methodology has been described. In this method, acceleration responses at several points on a test bridge due to impact are measured and frequency response functions are computed. Using multi-reference curve-fitting algorithms, modal parameters of the bridge viz., frequencies, damping and mode shapes are determined. The experimental rsults are then used in developing and calibrating a finite-element model of the test bridge, so that its frequencies and mode shapes correspond to those that are experimentally determined. Since the analytical model is calibrated with reference to results of the field tests, this model incorporates the existing state of the test bridge. The reliability of this model to correctly simulate the mechanisms of flexibility as well as the support and continuity conditions and the soil-pile connectivity is verified through static truck-load tests. The calibrated analytical model is then used to determine the rating factor of the test structure. The ability to obtain flexibility of the test bridge directly through processing the experimental data without assuming the mass is also demonstrated. KW - Algorithms KW - Analytical models KW - Finite element method KW - Flexibility KW - Frequency response KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Highway bridges KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Ratings KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602704 AU - King, P L AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ALTERNATE COATINGS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL PROTECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 38 p. AB - The primary purpose of coating a steel structure is to protect it from corrosion, thereby preventing loss of structural strength. In addition to corrosion protection, health and environmental factors must be considered. During the course of this project, several different types of coating systems were evaluated under a variety of application and exposure conditions. The coating systems evaluated included inorganic zinc-epoxy-urethane, organic zinc-vinyl, moisture cured urethane, epoxy mastic, waterborne and alkyd control. These systems were applied under both field and laboratory conditions. Coatings in the field were applied to bridges in service and to surplus steel beams in a coastal environment. In the laboratory, coatings were applied onto test panels at 70 deg F 70% rh and 85 deg F 85% rh. With the exception of a few early failures, most coating systems performed satisfactorily in terms of corrosion protection over a 3 year exposure period. KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field tests KW - Health KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marine atmospheres KW - Paint KW - Performance evaluations KW - Seas KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602724 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Buth, C E AU - Campise, W AU - Kaderka, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AESTHETICALLY PLEASING STEEL PIPE BRIDGE RAIL - TEXAS TYPE T421. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 60 p. AB - Research has developed railings to withstand impact loads from vehicles of ever-increasing size; however aesthetic considerations have been overshadowed by safety and structural requirements. The objective of this research study was to develop aesthetically pleasing, structurally sound railings that can serve as alternative railings in city or urban areas. This report presents a new steel pipe bridge rail--Texas Type T421. This bridge rail is constructed of 5-in.-diameter steel pipe posts with a 5-in.-diameter steel pipe top rail 32 in. high and a 10-in.-diameter steel pipe lower rail. The bridge rail was crash-tested and evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230 for Service Level 2. Two crash tests were required--a 4,500 lb passenger car at 60 mph and 25 deg impact angle and an 1,800 lb passenger car at 60 mph and 20 deg impact angle. In both tests the bridge rail contained and redirected the test vehicle. There were no detached elements or debris to present undue hazard to other traffic. The vehicle remained upright and relatively stable during the collision. The occupant/compartment impact velocities and 10-ms occupant ridedown accelerations were within the limits recommended in NCHRP Report 230. The vehicle trajectory at loss of contact indicates no intrusion into adjacent traffic lanes (exit angles of 5 deg and 7.6 deg). KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge railings KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Performance evaluations KW - Redirection KW - Small car KW - Speed KW - Steel pipe KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601497 AU - Lamkin, J T AU - McAllister, M J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF VIOLATIONS OF THE TEXAS MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION LAWS AND REVENUE LOSSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 98 p. AB - This report documents the finding of a study of the extent of violations of the Texas Motor Vehicle Registration Laws in Texas and the revenue loss to the state due to these violations. Information is presented relative to the extent of the problem in other states and their perspective of revenue losses, enforcement, major violation categories, and registration laws and regulations. A brief summary of Texas laws, including a recent Attorney General's Opinion, is presented. Information was developed from surveys sent to other U.S. states and Canadian Provinces. Violation rates were estimated from surveys conducted at shopping malls and county tax assessors' offices throughout Texas. An array of alternatives are presented to manage the problems associated with the noncompliance of the vehicle registration laws. Revenue loss estimates are reported for several in-violation categories. These include losses due to not registering in a timely manner by Texas residents, failure of new residents to transfer their out-of-state registration, and losses due to fraudulent practices such as theft and registration placed on wrong vehicles. It is estimated that the state loses in excess of $10 million annually due to these violations. KW - Canada KW - Compliance KW - Data collection KW - Laws KW - Losses KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Revenues KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600488 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Russell, E R AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESENT PRACTICES OF HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 263 p. AB - This report summarizes the state of the art of safe management of hazardous materials transportation by highway. The report includes a review of literature related to hazardous materials transportation safety; a review of the responsibilities and current practices of Federal, State, and local agencies; a critique of current sources of accident, incident, and exposure data; an analysis of existing accident, incident, and exposure data bases; a review of current methodologies for establishing safe routes for hazardous materials transportation; recommendations for improving the current FHWA routing guidelines; and recommendations for future research related to highway transportation of hazardous materials. KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Databases KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guidelines KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway transportation KW - Management KW - Methodology KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Routing KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496588 AU - Fleming, G G AU - Rickley, E J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PARALLEL BARRIER EFFECTIVENESS: DULLES NOISE BARRIER PROJECT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 320 p. AB - In an effort to minimize the cost and maximize the effectiveness of highway noise barriers, the Federal Highway Administration and a National Pooled Fund Panel (made up of 14 States) funded a field study program on an experimental highway noise barrier. A test barrier was constructed in 1984 at a site at Dulles International Airport in Chantilly, Virginia. The study, conducted from May 1989 to August 1989 by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Transportation Systems Center, focused on the use of absorptive treatment and tilting as a means of improving the insertion loss (specifically, single event moving point source insertion loss) of two parallel highway noise barriers. Measurements were conducted with both controlled moving point sources (trucks) and an artificial fixed-point source (speaker system). Results show: (1) the addition of absorptive treatment to the roadside face of two vertical, parallel, highway noise barriers eliminated multiple reflections and was found to improve the insertion loss (2 dB to 6 dB); (2) tilting proved to be an effective alternative to absorptive treatment in eliminating the multiple reflections and subsequent degradation in performance of two vertical reflective barriers; (3) additional verification needs to be performed with an artificial fixed-point source before it can be recommended as a viable alternative to actual highway traffic in measuring barrier effectiveness; and (4) although the "BARRIER 2.1" computer program cannot model the Dulles test situation exactly, and actual ground impedance data were not available, the trends in the predicted insertion loss data were in good agreement with the predicted results although lower in absolute level. KW - Absorptive treatment KW - Computer programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Insertion loss KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Noise barriers KW - Parallel noise barriers KW - Performance KW - Reflection KW - Tilting KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496596 AU - Sabol, G V AU - Nordin, C F AU - Richardson, E V AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCOUR AT BRIDGE STRUCTURES AND CHANNEL AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION FIELD MEASUREMENTS. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 AB - A study on bridge scour and bridge related channel instability field measurements was conducted for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). The objectives of the research were to review and evaluate procedures and field techniques for measuring scour at bridge structures and for monitoring channel aggradation, degradation, and lateral migration; and to recommend a program to initiate data collection in Arizona. The ultimate goal of this research is to provide data and procedures to identify bridges that may be susceptible to scour and channel instability problems so that adequate countermeasures can be undertaken to avoid and mitigate bridge scour incidents and to collect data on scour and channel instability processes in Arizona so that appropriate design and construction procedures can be developed and used in Arizona. Pilot programs for bridge scour have been recommended. These include the use of ground penetrating radar, buried miniature transmitters, post-flood reconstitutions, and mobile teams. A phased monitoring program for channel aggradation, degradation, and lateral migration has been recommended. Level 1 monitoring uses readily available data from the bridge inspection program to identify bridges that may be experiencing these longer term channel changes. Subsequent, more rigorous, levels of monitoring are to be used if the Level 1 monitoring indicates the need. Bridge data files are recommended for the compilation and analysis of data and general information. A general implementation plan has been recommended that includes ADOT, USGS, engineering consultants, and university research groups. A technical advisory team should be established, and a special consultant should be retained to assist in defining future scopes-of-work, setting priorities, organizing and implementing the programs, and reviewing program progress. KW - Aggradation KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Degradation KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Inspection KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Radio transmitters KW - Scour UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496593 AU - Mueller, P E AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 37 p. AB - For the past two decades engineers in the United States, and in many parts of the world, have been experimenting and using a new construction material called roller compacted concrete. This material is broadly defined as a lean concrete which is mixed and placed at a no-slump consistency, and then compacted with vibratory rollers. The earliest trials in the United States were made by the U.S. Corps of Engineers in the period 1972-1973. This early work demonstrated the potential for the new material, and within a decade major dams and other water resource projects were being designed and constructed. The use of this material has grown significantly through the 1980's, but the overwhelming volume of construction has been in dams. Pavement applications, particularly in the United States, have been relatively few in number. Based on the use of roller compacted concrete to date, this engineering material has been shown to have several distinct advantages in terms of cost, ease of construction and inherent structural strength. This report considers the results of experimentation using roller compacted concrete as a road building material, and develops an economic and engineering rationale for using this new construction material for pavements in Arizona. It also recommends experimental roadway construction within Arizona's street and highway system. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Experimental roads KW - Roller compacted concrete KW - Roller compacted concrete pavements KW - State of the art studies KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495669 AU - Bruce, B AU - Montana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT STRIPPING TESTS IN MONTANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 88 p. AB - The actual moisture susceptibility of 10 bituminous mixtures placed in the field was compared to the moisture susceptibility that was predicted during the laboratory evaluation of the same mix design. Laboratory mixtures were evaluated using the modified Lottman procedure and the Root-Tunnicliff procedure, in addition to routine moisture susceptibility testing which includes immersion compression testing. After two years, cores were taken from the field projects. The condition of the cores and their present susceptibility to moisture damage were determined by performing modified Lottman and Root-Tunnicliff testing. A feature of the evaluation process was the use of the ACMODAS program to predict the remaining service life of the plant mix cores. The validity of the process of predicting remaining pavement service using Modified Lottman or Root-Tunnicliff testing will not be known until the pavements in the study reach their terminal distress and require repair or rehabilitation. The comparisons of modified Lottman, Root-Tunnicliff and immersion compression testing data of the same mixtures provide some interesting results. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Computer programs KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Immersion compression test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55870/FHWA-TS-90-039.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457990 AU - Ke, Te-Chih AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Physical Durability and Electrical Resistivity of Indiana Bottom Ash: Executive Summary PY - 1990/04/26 SP - 21p AB - This research assessed the long-term performance (durability) and the environmental effect (corrosiveness to adjacent metal structures) of Indiana bottom ashes, based mainly on laboratory investigation. The 5-cycle sodium sulfate soundness tests and the 50-cycle freeze-thaw tests were conducted to examine the physical durability. Four electrochemical characteristics (electrical resistivity, pH, soluble chloride, and soluble sulfate) were used to estimate the corrosion potential of Indiana bottom ashes. Evaluation criteria for durability and corrosiveness of bottom ash, based on appropriate specifications for aggregates and past experiences for soils, were developed. The comparison of test results and the above criteria shows that Indiana bottom ashes are durable but may be corrosive. The bottom ashes with a high corrosion potential should not be utilized in highway construction where metal structures are involved. KW - Bottom ash KW - Corrosive materials KW - Durability KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Electrochemical corrosion KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Indiana KW - Laboratory tests KW - Soundness test UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314183 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454399 AU - Ke, Te-Chih AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Physical Durability and Electrical Resistivity of Indiana Bottom Ash PY - 1990/04/26/Final Report SP - 363p AB - This research assessed the long-term performance (durability) and the environmental effect (corrosiveness to adjacent metal structures) of Indiana bottom ashes, based mainly on laboratory investigation. The 5-cycle sodium sulfate soundness tests and the 50-cycle freeze-thaw tests were conducted to examine the physical durability. Four electrochemical characteristics (electrical resistivity, pH, soluble chloride, and soluble sulfate) were used to estimate the corrosion potential of Indiana bottom ashes. Evaluation criteria for durability and corrosiveness of bottom ash, based on appropriate specifications for aggregates and past experiences for soils, were developed. The comparison of test results and the above criteria shows that Indiana bottom ashes are durable but may be corrosive. The bottom ashes with a high corrosion potential should not be utilized in highway construction where metal structures are involved. KW - Bottom ash KW - Corrosive materials KW - Durability KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Electrochemical processes KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Indiana KW - Laboratory studies UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313433 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01405184 AU - Albrecht, P AU - Rubeiz, C G AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R & D TI - Variable amplitude load fatigue, task A - literature review; volume 3: variable amplitude fatigue behaviour PY - 1990/04 IS - FHWA/RD-87/061 SP - 227p AB - This volume (a) reviews present fatigue design methods, (b) summarizes variable amplitude fatigue data, and (c) discusses the major parameters influencing variable amplitude fatigue behavior. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge loads KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Material fatigue KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Specifications KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1172980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602722 AU - Fambro, D B AU - Bonneson, J A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION GUIDE FOR THE MICROCOMPUTER VERSION OF PASSER III-88. INTERIM REPORT (REVISED) PY - 1990/04 SP - 68 p. AB - This report describes the Applications Guide for the microcomputer version of PASSER III-88, a practical computer program designed to assist transportation engineering professionals in the analysis of pretimed or traffic-responsive, fixed-sequence signalized diamond interchanges. The program can evaluate existing or proposed signalization strategies, determine signalization strategies which minimize the average delay per vehicle, and calculate signal timing plans for interconnecting a series of interchanges along continuous one-way frontage roads. In addition, the program can evaluate the effectiveness of various geometric design alternatives, e.g., lane configurations, U-turn lanes, and channelization. The report describes procedures for applying the program to "real world" diamond interchange operational problems. Procedures for evaluating existing conditions; optimizing phase sequences, green splits, offsets, and cycle lengths; and converting the program's output to controller settings are presented. These procedures provide a consistent approach to diamond interchange analysis. Application of these procedures in conjunction with PASSER III-88 will enable users to evaluate a greater number of alternatives and be more confident in the efficiency of the resultant solution. KW - Computer programs KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Frontage roads KW - Geometric design KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Microcomputers KW - Optimization KW - Performance evaluations KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495739 AU - Gasparini, D AU - BREWER, D AU - Etitum, P AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF STEEL TO STEEL BONDED CONNECTIONS ON BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 266 p. AB - Studies on steel-to-steel bonded connections made with a modified acrylic adhesive are reported. Room temperature fatigue strength and the Mode I energy release rate are measured for the adhesive. Mass uptake vs. time data for bulk adhesive specimens in various temperature and humidity conditions are given. The data are used to infer equilibrium water concentrations and diffusion coefficients for the adhesive. Finite element analyses are done to predict evolutionary water concentration profiles within bondlines. Five year durability data of stressed, steel-to-steel bonded connections on a bridge are reported. Preliminary studies of the effects of metallizing bondlines are presented. The design of steel-to-steel bonded connections is considered. Preliminary adhesive and bond performance specifications, fabrication procedures and design procedures are given. Applications of steel-to-steel bonded connections are suggested. KW - Acrylic resins KW - Adhesives KW - Applications KW - Bonded connections KW - Bonding KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Energy release rates KW - Fabrication KW - Fatigue strength KW - Finite element method KW - Metal bonding KW - Metal working KW - Moisture content KW - Performance KW - Specifications KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608500 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLAN FOR CONTINUING EARTHQUAKE MITIGATION AND RECOMMENDED EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURES FOR WESTERN KENTUCKY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 58 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. In 1987, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet commissioned the Kentucky Transportation Center to analyze and assess the possible effects of an earthquake on highway facilities. Since 1987, over 1,000 miles of priority routes have been recommended for the transportation of goods and services after a major earthquake. This report summarizes the mitigation research that has been conducted. This report also discusses a plan for continuing earthquake mitigation in Kentucky through seminars, discusses bridge retrofitting, and makes recommendations for a post earthquake response. KW - Bridges KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency response KW - Kentucky KW - Mitigation KW - Planning KW - Recommendations KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608612 AU - Mak, K K AU - Campise, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING AND EVALUATION OF SIGN SUPPORT WITH CLUSTER ATTACHMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 43 p. AB - Two full-scale crash tests were conducted on the Louisiana two-post, inclined, slip-base sign assembly with cluster sign attachment. These two tests were performed and evaluated in accordance with guidelines under NCHRP Report 230 and standards established in the 1985 AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals." The sign supports broke away readily in both the low-speed and the high-speed tests through activation of the slip-base breakaway mechanism. The sign panel did slap the rear of the roof of the vehicle and the support posts contacted the rear of the vehicle in the low-speed test, but the impact was very minor with little resulting damage to the vehicle, and there was no penetration of the test object into the passenger compartment. The vehicle sustained minor to moderate damage in the two tests and was stable throughout the collision without exhibiting any tendency of rollover or instability. Neither the vehicle nor the sign installation presented any undue hazard to other traffic after the impact in either test. The occupant impact velocities and ridedown accelerations for both tests were well below the limits recommended in NCHRP Report 230. The Louisiana two-post, inclined, slip-base sign assembly with cluster sign attachment as tested in this study conformed to the evaluation criteria recommended in NCHRP Report 230 and the AASHTO standards. There is no indication that the attachment of sign clusters to the support posts poses any potential adverse effect on the impact performance of the slip-base breakaway design. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sign cluster attachment KW - Sign supports KW - Speed KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Testing UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_230.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608650 AU - Ramirez, T L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RALUMAC AS A WEARING COURSE. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 43 p. AB - The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation is continuing its experimental evaluation of cold-laid latex modified emulsion paving courses better known as micro-surfacing or Ralumac. The objective of this research project is to evaluate Ralumac as a wearing course. Long term pavement performance will be evaluated to determine Ralumac's service life. This report covers the construction of a Ralumac overlay on a concrete filled steel grid bridge deck. The bridge is approximately 1,200 ft in length and spans the Youghiogheny River on S.R. 0048 near Pittsburgh. The Ralumac placement worked well over the concrete filled steel grid deck. The Ralumac filled in the areas where the concrete was missing in the grid decking. The finished Ralumac surface was smooth and provided good skid results (Avg. SN = 50). Material samples showed a low asphalt residue content of the Ralumac overlay. All other aspects of the construction were good. KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Bridge decks KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Construction management KW - Latex KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ralumac KW - Skid resistance KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608502 AU - Doody, M E AU - Merkel, D C AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE SUBSTRUCTURE CONCRETE DETERIORATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 61 p. AB - This report summarizes results of a reconnaissance survey of 45 bridges in New York State Department of Transportation Administrative Regions 1 (Albany), 4 (Rochester), 7 (Watertown), and 9 (Binghamton). They were inspected and reported by age group in 1979-80 under a previous study and discussed in Special Report 73. Visual inspections of the bridges began in the summer of 1988 and were completed in the summer of 1989. Included in this study is an analysis of mean ratings of bridge substructure elements from the Department's inventory of bridges in the same age categories. Ratings for epoxy-coated versus plain reinforcing bars in substructure concrete elements of similar age were compared. No attempt was made to determine causes of the distress observed except by inference. Problems most commonly encountered were closed cracks and spalling in splash zones, and open cracks in elements closer to the deck. Contrary to expectations based on Special Report 73, most substructure elements were found to be in good condition. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Cracking KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Inspection KW - New York (State) KW - Spalling KW - Vision UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21141/PB99100380.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608501 AU - Ouyang, Y AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND RETROFITTING PRIORITIES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES ON EARTHQUAKE PRIORITY ROUTE SYSTEM IN WESTERN KENTUCKY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 160 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Bridges, as the vital links of the priority route system, need to be prevented from sever earthquake damages in order to keep the routes passible after an earthquake has occurred. In this report, seismic rating and seismic analysis were performed for each of 276 bridges on the priority route system. A priority order of retrofitting for the bridges was listed according to their vulnerability to the earthquake. At least 111 bridges need retrofitting based on the results of seismic analyses. The number of bridges needing to be retrofitted was determined for different confidence levels. The methods of estimating span-loss type of bridge collapse due to earthquake induced abutment sliding and evaluating bridge damages related to earthquake induced vibration of pier or bent were developed. ATC analysis was also conducted for each bridge. KW - Bridge substructures KW - Earthquakes KW - Highway bridges KW - Kentucky KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Strategic planning KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603574 AU - Morgan, J R AU - Breaux, L D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GENERIC SMALL SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEM AND VALIDATION OF ACCEPTABLE SUPPORT PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT (REVISED APRIL 1990) PY - 1990/04 SP - 362 p. AB - Small sign systems include everything from stop signs and delineator posts to signs up to about 25 sq ft. In some cases, multiple small sign support systems are used to support much larger signs (40-50 sq ft). This broad class of sign has been and is currently being used along Texas highways. To insure the safety of vehicle occupants, there have been a series of specifications, guidelines, and recommendations which define acceptable vehicle impact performance criteria. Most small sign systems have been tested with vehicles larger than the current standard 1800 lb car. As a result, the first phase of this study was to undertake a series of recertification tests for those systems currently being used in Texas. An analytical model also was developed to aid in the evaluation of data from previous crash tests. Although certification was achieved through crash testing, this analytical model proved to be an accurate predictor of impact performance with the smaller 1800 lb vehicle. The crash tests demonstrated satisfactory impact performance for U-post, triangular slip base, and 2-1/2 in. standard pipe with threaded coupler supports, which are all used extensively in Texas. Other currently used systems were not tested because of prior acceptance by FHWA. The second phase of this study consisted of the development and testing of a generic small sign support system. The resulting generic ground anchor system can be used with any tubular sign post. This system has proven satisfactory in both "strong" and "weak" soils (as defined by NCHRP Report 230) both from the standpoint of driveability and impact performance. KW - Accuracy KW - Analytical models KW - Anchorages KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Forecasting KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Posts KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Small car KW - Small signs KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603673 AU - Janson, B N AU - Rathi, A AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF EXCLUSIVE FACILITIES FOR CARS AND TRUCKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 116 p. AB - This report describes an analysis format to determine the economic feasibility of separating light vehicles from heavy vehicles on a given section of controlled-access highway by designating existing lanes and/or constructing new lanes to be used exclusively by light or heavy vehicles. Based on user inputs describing characteristics of a highway, a computer program calculates the net present values and benefit/cost ratios of alternative exclusive vehicle facility designs. The analysis program can be run in either of two modes called Level 1 and Level 2. Level 1 provides a sketch evaluation of many alternatives for a given highway section with few user inputs, and Level 2 is used to conduct more thorough evaluations of particular alternatives. Based on test analyses, exclusive vehicle facilities appear to be most warranted for congested highways where truck volumes exceed 30% of the vehicle mix. Assuming moderate traffic growth over an analysis period of at least 20 years, adding exclusive lanes for light vehicles via highway widening can have a greater net present value than designating existing lanes for light vehicles or adding mixed-vehicle lanes. However, designating one or two existing lanes of a highway with three or more lanes in each direction exclusively for light vehicles can be a very beneficial low-cost strategy. The analysis format is intended for site specific analyses and not for regional or national network analyses. The scope of the study did not include developing nationwide estimates of exclusive vehicle facility lane miles that might be justified in the decades ahead. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Economic analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Heavy vehicles KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Light vehicles KW - Pavement widening KW - Present value KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - Traffic segregation KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603109 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OLDER DRIVER PILOT PROGRAM. REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1990/04 SP - 36 p. AB - Section 208 of the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987 (Pub. L. 100-17, April 2, 1987) directed the Secretary of Transportation to develop a pilot program of highway safety improvements to enhance the safety and mobility of older drivers. The pilot program was to apply known technology at sites in rural and urban areas and on different types of highways, and to determine daytime and nighttime effectiveness of such technology. The pilot program was to be evaluated and a report submitted to Congress on the results. This report summarizes the results of these pilot projects that could be implemented in the time frame allowed by Congress. The results are presented in the context of the overall older driver picture. KW - Aged drivers KW - Days KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mobility KW - Night KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Rural areas KW - Safety programs KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601499 AU - Scholz, T V AU - Hicks, R G AU - Rogge, D F AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-DEPTH STUDY OF COLD IN-PLACE RECYCLED PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 60 p. AB - Oregon has developed a mix design procedure for cold in-place recycled (CIR) asphalt concrete pavements. The procedure involves estimation of an initial emulsion content based on gradation of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), asphalt content of RAP, and penetration and viscosity of recovered asphalt. When an estimated emulsion content is determined, Marshall-sized specimens are prepared for a range of emulsion contents with the range centered on the estimated emulsion content. Hveem and Marshall stability, resilient modulus, and index of retained modulus (IRM) tests are performed on the specimens and a design emulsion content is selected based upon these results. Because of variations in RAP properties, continual need for field adjustments, and the difficulty of interpreting mix property test results, only the estimation part of this procedure is currently implemented. This paper describes the mix design procedure and presents lab results demonstrating the difficulty of choosing emulsion content based on Hveem and Marshall stability, resilient modulus and IRM. Data comparing design emulsion content with actual emulsion contents used in the field are presented. Selection of water content is discussed. Test results of mix properties monitored over time are presented, demonstrating the curing of the emulsion. Performance data for CIR pavements constructed from 1984 through 1988 are presented as well as initial results of an attempt to use lime during recycling to correct a stripped pavement. Significant findings as a result of this study include the following: 1) Field performance of CIR has been good, with a few exceptions. Proper project selection is extremely important. 2) Estimation procedures for determining emulsion content serve as a good starting point for field operations. Continual monitoring and adjustment of emulsion content is required in the field. 3) It is difficult to relate Hveem and Marshall stability, resilient modulus, fatigue and IRM laboratory testing to field construction conditions for CIR. 4) Mix property test results indicate that the stiffness and fatigue properties of recycled mixtures increase over a period of years. 5) Addition of 1% and 2% lime to RAP from badly stripped pavement produced better IRM results than the RAP without lime. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Emulsions KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field performance KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Recycling KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stiffness KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601310 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TORT LIABILITY RELATED TO HIGHWAYS IN KENTUCKY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 117 p. AB - An objective of this study was to review and analyze claims made against the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet through the Board of Claims. Another objective was to review the current state-of-the-art related to tort liability and highway agencies. This was accomplished by reviewing the literature and contacting other state highway agencies. Using information obtained from these various sources, recommendations were made relating to the establishment of an effective risk management program. Information from Board of Claims cases was obtained for the years 1981 through 1989 and then analyzed. This information included the date of the claim, the county where the action on which the claim was based occurred, the reason for the claim, the amount sought, the decision, and the date of the decision. KW - Highway law KW - Insurance claims KW - Kentucky KW - Liability KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Recommendations KW - Reviews KW - Risk management KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the art studies KW - Tort liability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600494 AU - Hinch, J AU - STOUT, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL FEDERAL OUTDOOR IMPACT LABORATORY (FOIL) FACILITIES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I: PRELIMINARY DESIGN STUDY FOR UPGRADING FOIL TO TEST WITH HEAVIER VEHICLES PY - 1990/04 SP - 93 p. AB - This plan presents the final results of a feasibility study to upgrade the FOIL to test vehicles weighing up to 5400 lb (2455 kg) at speeds up to 65 mi/h (29 m/s). The results indicate several methods are feasible, with two of these selected as the most promising. These are the heavier drop weight with a hole to extend the drop distance and a flywheel drive system. The drop weight concept was selected as the better system. A set of plans for the selected system was developed and is presented along with supporting analysis, a detailed cost estimate and a schedule for construction. Plans are also included for extending the runway and upgrading the pulley locations for conducting impacts at various locations. KW - Construction scheduling KW - Cost estimating KW - Drop weight impactor KW - Estimates KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory, foil KW - Flywheels KW - Impact tests KW - Modernization KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Test facilities KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600481 AU - Driscoll, E D AU - Shelley, P E AU - Strecker, E W AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLLUTANT LOADINGS AND IMPACTS FROM HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF. VOLUME IV: RESEARCH REPORT DATA APPENDIX. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 143 p. AB - This is one of four final documents of an investigation dealing with the characterization of stormwater runoff pollutant loads from highways and the prediction of water quality impacts they cause. Study results are based on monitoring data from 993 individual storm events at 31 highway runoff sites in 11 States. Impact prediction is based on a methodology previously developed and applied to urban runoff and adapted for highway runoff applications. This document provides a tabulated summary of all of the monitored data on storm rainfall, runoff volume, and pollutant concentrations. Data were recorded in spreadsheet format on microcomputer disks. Master copies of these disks have been provided to FHWA in both "Lotus 1-2-3" and "Excel" spreadsheet documents. KW - Drainage KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Runoff KW - Spreadsheets KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600776 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DISADVANTAGED BUSINESS ENTERPRISE (DBE) PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION. PARTICIPANT'S MANUAL PY - 1990/04 SP - v.p. AB - This Manual contains information for Federal and State personnel who are responsible for the administration of the Federal-aid highway Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (DBE) program. The Manual is the primary teaching aid for the DBE Program Administration Training course. Its contents are presented in the following chapters: (1) History; (2) DBE program and goal approval procedures; (3) Certification; (4) Contract administration; (5) Supportive services for DBE's; (6) Complaints/Appeals; (7) Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 23; and (8) Title 13 Code of Federal Regulations Part 121. The Manual serves as an up-to-date compilation of Federal Highway Administration regulations, interpretations, and policy issuances and reflects customary State practices. The material in the Manual does not impose new or additional requirements on the DBE program. KW - Appeals KW - Certification KW - Complaints KW - Contract administration KW - Disadvantaged business enterprises KW - History KW - Manuals KW - Regulations KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600453 AU - McDaniel, R S AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE ROOT-TUNNICLIFF ASPHALT STRIPPING TEST IN INDIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 23 p. AB - Technicians were trained to run the Root-Tunnicliff test of asphalt stripping potential. The test was then run on samples of bituminous base, binder and surface mixtures. The mixes contained gravel, limestone, dolomite and slag aggregates and blends of slag/dolomite and stone/gravel. All mixes were made with AC-20 asphalt cement. The test method was easy to learn and use. Results indicated that most of the materials tested had poor performance, as shown by tensile strength ratios below 0.75. Recommendations are made regarding future use of the test in Indiana. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Dolomite KW - Gravel KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Slag KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tensile strength KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600471 AU - Parker, M R AU - Parker (Martin R) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS OF SAFETY RESEARCH: ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 49 p. AB - The synthesis provides background information on the detrimental effects of adverse environmental conditions on safety and traffic operations. A wide variety of treatments have been used to mitigate safety and operational problems due to atmospheric elements such as rain, fog, snow, ice, dust and other conditions. These treatments and their effectiveness are discussed. A reference list is also provided for readers who wish more detailed information on a particular study. KW - Disasters KW - Dust KW - Effectiveness KW - Fog KW - Highway safety KW - Ice KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mitigation KW - Rain KW - Snow KW - Storms KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic safety KW - Treatment KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600480 AU - Driscoll, E D AU - Shelley, P E AU - Strecker, E W AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLLUTANT LOADINGS AND IMPACTS FROM HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF. VOLUME II: USERS GUIDE FOR INTERACTIVE COMPUTER IMPLEMENTATION OF DESIGN PROCEDURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 23 p. AB - This is one of four final documents of an investigation dealing with the characterization of stormwater runoff pollutant loads from highways and the prediction of water quality impacts they cause. Study results are based on monitoring data from 993 individual storm events at 31 highway runoff sites in 11 States. Impact prediction is based on a methodology previously developed and applied to urban runoff and adapted for highway runoff applications. This document is a users guide for an interactive computer procedure for computing the estimated impacts on water quality of a stream or lake that receives highway runoff. The program provides guidance for evaluating whether or not a water quality problem will result, and the degree of pollution control required to mitigate predicted impacts to acceptable levels. The computer program is based on the methodology presented in the Design Procedures report of this study. KW - Computer programs KW - Drainage KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Interactive computing KW - Mitigation KW - Runoff KW - Traffic mitigation KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600472 AU - Cable, J K AU - Dankbar, R AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PAVEDEX ROAD SURVEY SYSTEM IN IOWA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 118 p. AB - The Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT) evaluated the PAS I Road Survey System from PAVEDEX, Inc., of Spokane, Washington. This system uses video photography to identify and quantify pavement cracking and patching distresses. Comparisons were made to procedures currently used in the State. Interstate highway, county roads and city streets, and two shoulder sections were evaluated. Variables included travel speeds, surface type and texture, and traffic control conditions. Repeatability and distress identification were excellent on rigid pavements. Differences in distress identification and the effect of surface textures in the flexible test sections limited the repeatability and correlation of data to that of the IDOT method. Cost data indicates that PAVEDEX is capable of providing comparable results with improved accuracy at a reasonable cost, but in excess of that experienced currently by the IDOT. PAVEDEX is capable of providing network level pavement condition data at highway speeds and analysis of the data to identify 1/8-inch cracks at approximately 2-3 lane miles per hour with manual evaluation. Photologging capability is also included in the unit. KW - Accuracy KW - Condition surveys KW - Costs KW - Defects KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Photography KW - Photologging KW - Repeatability KW - Rigid pavements KW - Speed KW - Testing equipment KW - Texture KW - Video photography UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19735 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497322 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Virginia Department of Transportation TI - WASHINGTON BYPASS STUDY. FIRST TIER DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT PY - 1990/04 SP - v.p. AB - The Washington Bypass is a proposed interstate-type highway, that would bypass the Washington, D.C. region, provide additional roadway capacity to the region, improve truck and traffic safety, and provide improved facilities for both through-traffic and local traffic. The right-of-way would be sufficiently wide to accommodate rail transit facilities, exclusive bus lanes, or high occupancy vehicles, lanes for carpools and vanpools, in the median, if they are warranted. The proposed action consists of an Eastern Bypass, a Western Bypass or both. This First Tier Draft Environmental Impact Statement is a joint undertaking by the Maryland State Highway Administration and the Virginia Department of Transportation to evaluate the need for and the effects of an Eastern Bypass, a Western Bypass or both. The Washington Bypass study area includes over 5,100 square miles, covering 120 miles from north to south and about 90 miles from east to west. The study area window includes an area that is close enough to Washington, D.C., to divert a sufficient volume of traffic to make a Bypass effective and to avoid significant environmental areas that could be adversely affected, but far enough from the highly developed areas to avoid major disruption. KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland KW - Virginia KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496734 AU - DeNicholas, M AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORENSIC PAVEMENT ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 209 p. AB - This study proposed to use portable weigh-in-motion systems to collect sample truck data throughout the State of Arizona in lieu of standard loadometer testing. The primary purpose of data collection was to provide a large quantity of useful data for input into the pavement design process. It was also anticipated that the data would be helpful to state highway planners. Originally, data were to be collected at thirty sites on the Arizona State Highway System. The sites were selected by knowledgeable Arizona Department of Transportation personnel in order to increase the probability of obtaining a representative sample of truck traffic on Arizona's highways. Portable WIM Devices were evaluated for various applications and that evaluation is contained in this report. KW - Arizona KW - Data collection KW - Pavement design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portable equipment KW - Trucks KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496584 AU - Driscoll, E D AU - Shelley, P E AU - Strecker, E W AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLLUTANT LOADINGS AND IMPACTS FROM HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF. VOLUME I: DESIGN PROCEDURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 68 p. AB - This is one of four final documents of an investigation dealing with the characterization of stormwater runoff pollutant loads from highways, and the prediction of water quality impacts they cause. Study results are based on monitoring data from 993 individual storm events at 31 highway runoff sites in 11 States. Impact prediction is based on a methodology previously developed and applied to urban runoff and adapted for highway runoff applications. This document provides a step-by-step procedure for computing the estimated impacts on water quality of a stream or lake that receives highway runoff. Guidance is provided for evaluating whether or not a water quality problem will result, and the degree of pollution control required to mitigate impacts to acceptable levels. KW - Drainage KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Mitigation KW - Runoff KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496609 AU - Haselkorn, M P AU - Barfield, W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEMS: TOWARDS A USER-BASED MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE PUGET SOUND AREA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 40 p. AB - This report documents new knowledge of Puget Sound freeway commuter behavior and information needs, relevant to the design and development of a motorist information system for the Seattle area. Methodological innovations resulted in a larger, more relevant sample; more complex and varied data; and a finer grain of analysis than previous efforts to survey motorist behavior. Findings are relevant not only to driver information systems in particular, but also to transportation management in general. Commuters were found not to be a single, homogeneous audience for motorist information, but rather to consist of four subgroups, which we labeled: (1) route changers, (2) non-changers, (3) route and time changers, and (4) pre-trip changers. Commuters were more receptive to motorist information delivered at home than to information delivered on the freeway. Most commuters were inflexible about changing transportation mode, but pre-trip changers were somewhat flexible and more likely to change mode than to change route while on the freeway. The most flexible driving decision was the departure time of route and time changers and pre-trip changers, yet the least flexible driving decision was the departure time of route changers and non-changers. Commuters were fairly flexible to on-road route changes, but less flexible than to changing pre-trip routes based on traffic information received prior to departure. Commercial radio was the preferred medium for on-road traffic information, while Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) and Variable Message Signs (VMS) were either not used or not generally perceived as helpful. Whatever the delivery medium, commuters questioned the credibility of motorist information. The report describes how the identification, analysis, and targeting of susceptible driver groups can improve the design of motorist information systems. Recommendations are also presented to improve commuter response to and use of HAR and VMS. KW - Behavior KW - Commuters KW - Data collection KW - Departure time KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway advisory radio KW - Human factors KW - Modal shift KW - Radio KW - Recommendations KW - Reliability KW - Route choice KW - Surveys KW - Transportation system management KW - Variable message signs UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/187.1.pdf UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/187.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496585 AU - Driscoll, E D AU - Shelley, P E AU - Strecker, E W AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLLUTANT LOADINGS AND IMPACTS FROM HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF. VOLUME III: ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 160 p. AB - This is one of four final documents of an investigation dealing with the characterization of stormwater runoff pollutant loads from highways, and the prediction of water quality impacts they cause. Study results are based on monitoring data from 993 individual storm events at 31 highway runoff sites in 11 States. Impact prediction is based on a methodology previously developed and applied to urban runoff and adapted for highway runoff applications. This document describes the procedures used to assemble and analyze the data base and reports the results of these analyses. Included in this document are statistical summaries of the data base, along with a description of procedures to use to predict pollutant discharges from highway sites and the impacts that they will cause to receiving waters. KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Drainage KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Runoff KW - Statistics KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413725 AU - Anderson, D A AU - Christensen, D W AU - Dongre, R AU - Sharma, M G AU - Runt, J AU - Jordhal, P AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Asphalt behavior at low service temperatures PY - 1990/03 IS - FHWA/RD-88-078 SP - 337p AB - A general review of methods for measuring the stiffness properties of asphalt at temperatures below 77 degrees Fahrenheit (25 degrees Celsius) is presented. Methods used traditionally for asphalt cement as well as those used in other technologies, such as polymer science, are reviewed. A method that is simple to conduct, suitable for specification use, and suitable for the entire range of stiffness below room temperature was not identified. Models available for predicting low temperature cracking were reviewed and all were considered as requiring further development. Two models were selected for use in the study: Program TC-1 and Lytton's fracture mechanics model. The fracture mechanics model requires considerable work to make it operational, but it shows the most promise; TC-1 provides reasonable answers for most asphalts. Correlations between various parameters related at low temperature cracking indicated that direct measurements such as Fraass brittle point, asphalt stiffness, mix stiffness and strength and DMA data correlate best with cracking potential. A bending beam test for the direct measurement of the low temperature stiffness of asphalt cement is proposed along with the protocol for a field verification trial (A). KW - Asphalt KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cracking KW - Cracking KW - Material properties KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Properties of materials KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Temperature KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413720 AU - Young, G K AU - Walker, S AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research and Development TI - Cost-effective roadway drainage design using economic analysis PY - 1990/03 IS - FHWA/RD-88-126 SP - 55p AB - A practical method for determining the road surface drainage system design with the theoretic Lowest Total Economic Cost (LTEC) is developed. The LTEC design determines the design rain which, when used in a rational-based design context, will yield the most economic choices of gutters, inlets, and laterals considering both construction costs and risk costs. The data needed to find the LTEC design rain are: the number of rains per year, the design gutter flow, duration of average rainfall, runoff coefficient, drainage area, inlet and lateral costs, capital recovery factor, and a traffic loss coefficient. A nomograph and data selection guidance are provided as design aids. Three case studies are presented in an appendix. The method, based on minimizing traffic delay costs, applies to freeways, arterials, and major collectors; local streets with low traffic may be excluded (A). KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Case studies KW - Case study KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Economics KW - Economics KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Pavement KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01408002 AU - Hauer, E AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R and D TI - Empirical Bayes approach to the estimation of "unsafety": the multivariate method PY - 1990/03 IS - FHWA-RD-90-006 SP - 62p AB - There are two kinds of clues to the unsafety of an entity: its traits (such as traffic, geometry, age or gender) and its historical accident record. The essence of the Empirical Bayes (EB) approach to the estimation of unsafety is that it uses both clues. How this is accomplished is described. To estimate the unsafety of an entity using the EB approach, information is needed about the mean and the variance of the unsafety of similar entities which form its reference population. The Method of Sample Moments has been used for this purpose in the past. It suffers from three shortcomings. First, to yield usable estimates a very large reference population is required. Second, the choice of reference population is to some extent arbitrary. Third, entities in the chosen reference population usually cannot match the traits of the entity the unsafety of which is estimated. To alleviate these shortcomings the Multivariate Method for estimating the mean and variance of unsafety in reference populations is offered. Its logical foundations are described and its soundness is demonstrated. The use of the Multivariate Method makes the EB approach to unsafety estimation applicable to a wider range of circumstances, it makes the decision about what entities to include in the reference population less arbitrary and it yields better estimates of unsafety. The applications of the EB and Multivariate Methods to tasks of identifying deviant entities and estimating the effect of interventions on unsafety are discussed and illustrated by numerical examples (A). KW - Accident black spot KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Level crossing KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1175798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073544 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - stillwater-Houlton environmental impact statement and section 4(f) evaluations, state trunk highway 36 PY - 1990/03//Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v), Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00936893 AU - Rusnak, J S AU - Scholl, L G AU - Oregon State Highway Division AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES CONSTRUCTION-REPORT: SERB GUARDRAIL IN-SERVICE EVALUATION S. ASHLAND TO CALIFORNIA STATE LINE PY - 1990/03 SP - 18 p. AB - This report covers the installation of two Self-Restoring Barrier (SERB) guardrails on Interstate-5 south of Ashland Oregon. The SERB design was developed to reduce repair cost and increase safety when compared to conventional barriers. This is accomplished by a design that allows the rail to deflect up and back on impact. This allows the vehicle to be redirected smoothly and minimizes rail damage. The installations were performed by contract and all work was inspected by Oregon Department of Transportation personnel. The contractor did not have any major problems with the installation but found the SERB rail to be heavy and cumbersome to work with. Ongoing evaluation will determine the cost-effectiveness and safety of the design. Part of the cost issue is concerned with the ease and cost of repair. As a preliminary evaluation, it appears that the internal splice design will make the rail difficult to repair. The manufacturer (SYRO Steel) recommends that future installations use a "lap-splice" design to improve the SERB's repairability. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Guardrails KW - Oregon KW - Repairing KW - Safety KW - Self-Restoring Barrier KW - Splicing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00816467 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 76: AUTOMATED TRAFFIC/TRUCK WEIGHT MONITORING EQUIPMENT (WEIGH-IN-MOTION). AN OVERVIEW OF ISSUES AND USES PY - 1990/03 SP - 52 p. AB - This booklet provides a brief overview of the history of the development and use of weigh-in-motion (WIM) and automatic vehicle classification (AVC) equipment. It is not a complete reference, but it can provide a starting point for those who are interested in learning more about WIM/AVC equipment. The report traces the need for vehicle and weight data from the 19th century, focuses on the use of static scales for collection of truck data during the 1930s, considers the use of strain gages after World War II and continues with the development of the technologies that now are common in the WIM/AVC market. This booklet is divided into eight sections. The first section is an introduction to the material, the second section discusses Demonstration Project No. 76 in general, the third section provides a history of the technology, the fourth section discusses the major issues needing weight and vehicle classification data, the fifth section discusses the evolution of the Federal Highway Administration Truck Weight Study, the sixth section provides a discussion of WIM characteristics including advantages and disadvantages, the seventh section covers WIM operational characteristics, and the eighth section discusses State experiences. KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Demonstration projects KW - Equipment KW - History KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738929 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Havens, J H AU - Courtney, E E AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD INSPECTIONS OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE BRIDGE PAINTS PY - 1990/03 SP - 22 p. AB - Paint inspections were performed on 19 steel bridges. Those structures employed various high-performance sacrificial and barrier paints. Those paints were used singly and in combination. The surface preparation varied for some of those paint systems. The inspections included four girder bridges that had original paint and 15 others, mostly trusses that were repainted. Kentucky Transportation Center personnel also monitored several bridges during repainting operations. The inspections revealed that the original paint was in excellent condition. Most of the coatings on the repainted bridges were performing well. Some of those bridges have some spot corrosion. Only one of those bridges showed signs of widespread coating failure. The high-performance coatings were performing well. Most of the corrosion and paint deterioration observed is believed to be related to inadequate surface preparation. Paint inspection provided by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is good. KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Field performance KW - High performance KW - Inspection KW - Metal bridges KW - Paint KW - Performance KW - Steel bridges KW - Surface preparation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17300/17320/PB2001100766.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738930 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WICK DRAIN STABILIZATION OF APPROACH FILL FOUNDATION (BULLITT COUNTY) PY - 1990/03 SP - 26 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to document construction procedures and evaluate the effectiveness of prefabricated wick drains for dewatering and stabilizing an approach fill foundation. Construction was observed and photologged. Foundation pore pressure was monitored with pneumatic piezometers. Settlement of the entire structure was monitored by use of control points on the retaining wall and pavement. Construction procedures were acceptable. Wick drains have functioned as expected and the approach fill has been stable for approximately four years since construction. KW - Approach lanes KW - Approaches KW - Consolidation KW - Construction management KW - Deep foundations KW - Dewatering KW - Effectiveness KW - Fill (Embankment) KW - Fills KW - Foundations KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Pore pressure KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilization KW - Wick drains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738931 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Graves, R C AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF PREMATURE CRACKING ON THE NATIONAL TURNPIKE, JEFFERSON COUNTY PY - 1990/03 SP - 68 p. AB - This report discusses the investigation of the premature cracking that occurred on the National Turnpike, Jefferson County (1989). A detailed distress survey was performed evaluating each slab throughout the project site. Falling Weight Deflectometer testing was performed on every third slab. In addition subgrade samples were taken, along with the installation of three water monitoring wells. Laboratory tests were conducted on the subgrade samples. Damage that occurred near the curb inlets and manholes is probably due to insufficient compaction. The remaining damage is most likely related to the combined effects of a very soft subgrade, high water tables, and traffic loads that are applied to the saturated or near-saturated subgrade. Because complete reconstruction of this project is economically unfeasible, an intense maintenance program is recommended. KW - Compaction KW - Condition surveys KW - Crash causes KW - Defects KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Laboratory tests KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Percent saturation KW - Recommendations KW - Sampling KW - Soft soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Water table UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17300/17321/PB2001100767.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622323 AU - Naramore, S A AU - Feng, F Y AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TESTS OF LARGE DIAMETER DRILLED SHAFTS. PART I - LATERAL LOADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 96 p. AB - Field tests of large diameter drilled shafts under lateral loads were conducted on the Century Freeway, I-105 site. The project objectives were to evaluate the feasibility and cost of using 8-ft-diameter shafts, and to determine the lateral load capacity. These shafts are currently designed using the computer program COM624 to predict shaft behavior. COM624 utilizes soil response curves that have been developed using theoretical models and field test data on laterally loaded piles that are 4 ft or less in diameter. After successfully installing drilled shafts, a pair of 4 ft and a pair of 8 ft shafts were tested under lateral loads. Shaft behavior was predicted using COM624 utilizing site specific data and material test data. Comparison of predicted with experimental results show that field test deflections were larger than those predicted under the maximum test loading but that they were better correlated if variation of shaft flexural rigidity is taken into account. Experimental maximum moments were higher than those predicted. The point of zero deflection on deflection versus depth curves was nearly the same for predicted and experimental values. At loads of typical design level, moment and deflection were adequately predicted using COM624. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Diameter KW - Drilled shafts KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Flexural rigidity KW - Flexural strength KW - Forecasting KW - Lateral loads KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - P-Y curves KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625090 AU - Burns, S F AU - Hadley, W O AU - Mutchler, J W AU - Smith, S M AU - Siddiqui, A AU - Hernandez, M AU - Louisiana Tech University, Ruston AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE PREVENTION OF SLOPE FAILURES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/03 SP - 18 p. AB - A total of 242 embankments were examined along a 122-mile transect of I-10 and I-20 highways in Louisiana. A total of 99 slope failures had occurred 8-15 years after construction (mean volume = 15,105 cu ft). Most of the failures occurred on slopes greater than 16 deg. Over 70% of the failures were found in modern alluvium parent material as compared to loess, sandy alluvium and Prairie Terrace alluvium. It is believed that the high amount of smectite in these soils created most of the failures when the slope moisture content rose. A predictive model for the first 15 years after construction was developed. A high-rise slope has an 85-90% chance of failure and is constructed of soil with: 47% clay content, a plasticity index (PI) 29%, a liquid limit (LL) 54%, and net smectite 33%. Low-risk slopes have a chance of less than 5% of failure and are constructed of soils with: 32% clay, 16% PI, 36% LL, and net smectite 18%. Determination of the risk category can be done easily in the laboratory using Atterberg limits. Control of slope stability depends upon control of expansive clays in the high- and intermediate-risk slope soils. It is recommended to lime stabilize these soils or use a new slope design. A map of the distribution of these soils in Louisiana is included. Four different design nomographs based on a stability model of the slopes is presented for soils in the high- and intermediate-risk categories. Depending upon the availability of space and economy, the designs include constant slope configuration, broken-back design, and soil-stabilized layers below the above two. KW - Alluvium KW - Atterberg limits KW - Calcium oxide KW - Clay KW - Clay minerals KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Embankments KW - Expansive clays KW - Hazards KW - Liquid limits KW - Louisiana KW - Maps KW - Moisture content KW - Nomographs KW - Plasticity index KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Slope failure KW - Slope stability KW - Smectite KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625755 AU - Burns, S F AU - Hadley, W O AU - Mutchler, J W AU - Smith, S M AU - Siddiqui, A AU - Hernandez, M AU - Louisiana Tech University, Ruston AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE PREVENTION OF SLOPE FAILURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 231 p. AB - A total of 242 embankments were examined along a 122-mile transect of I-10 and I-20 highways in Louisiana. A total of 99 slope failures had occurred 8-15 years after construction (mean volume = 15,105 cu ft). Most of the failures occurred on slopes greater than 16 deg. Over 70% of the failures were found in modern alluvium parent material as compared to loess, sandy alluvium and Prairie Terrace alluvium. It is believed that the high amount of smectite in these soils created most of the failures when the slope moisture content rose. A predictive model for the first 15 years after construction was developed. A high-rise slope has an 85-90% chance of failure and is constructed of soil with: 47% clay content, a plasticity index (PI) 29%, a liquid limit (LL) 54%, and net smectite 33%. Low-risk slopes have a chance of less than 5% of failure and are constructed of soils with: 32% clay, 16% PI, 36% LL, and net smectite 18%. Determination of the risk category can be done easily in the laboratory using Atterberg limits. Control of slope stability depends upon control of expansive clays in the high- and intermediate-risk slope soils. It is recommended to lime stabilize these soils or use a new slope design. A map of the distribution of these soils in Louisiana is included. Four different design nomographs based on a stability model of the slopes is presented for soils in the high- and intermediate-risk categories. Depending upon the availability of space and economy, the designs include constant slope configuration, broken-back design, and soil-stabilized layers below the above two. KW - Alluvium KW - Atterberg limits KW - Calcium oxide KW - Clay KW - Clay minerals KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Embankments KW - Expansive clays KW - Hazards KW - Liquid limits KW - Louisiana KW - Maps KW - Moisture content KW - Nomographs KW - Plasticity index KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Slope failure KW - Slope stability KW - Smectite KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_210.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495679 AU - Smith, K D AU - Peshkin, D G AU - Darter, M I AU - Mueller, A L AU - Carpenter, S H AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME V - APPENDIX B - DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES PY - 1990/03 SP - 159 p. AB - A major national field and analytical study has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavements. Extensive design, construction, traffic, and performance data were obtained from numerous experimental and other concrete pavement sections throughout the country. Field data collected and analyzed included distress, drainage, roughness, present serviceability rating (PSR), deflection, destructive testing (coring and boring), and weigh-in-motion (WIM) on selected sites. This information was compiled into a comprehensive microcomputer database. Projects were evaluated on an individual basis and then compared at a national level to identify performance trends. The performance data were used to evaluate and modify several concrete pavement design procedures and analysis models. This volume provides documentation of the data collection and analysis procedures used in the study. The field data collection activities, including deflection testing and coring/boring, are discussed, as are the weigh-in-motion (WIM) data collection procedures. Traffic computations and backcalculation methodologies are presented, along with the basis for the drainage analysis. A database description is followed by an annotated bibliography of pertinent publications. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Dowel bars KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Drainage KW - Joint sealers KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Road shoulders KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Slabs KW - Spacing KW - Subdrainage KW - Thickness KW - Tied concrete KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495677 AU - Smith, K D AU - Peshkin, D G AU - Darter, M I AU - Mueller, A L AU - Carpenter, S H AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME I - EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN FEATURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 200 p. AB - A major national field and analytical study has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavements. Extensive design, construction, traffic, and performance data were obtained from numerous experimental and other concrete pavement sections throughout the country. Field data collected and analyzed included distress, drainage, roughness, present serviceability rating (PSR), deflection, destructive testing (coring and boring), and weigh-in-motion (WIM) on selected sites. This information was compiled into a comprehensive microcomputer database. Projects were evaluated on an individual basis and then compared at a national level to identify performance trends. The performance data were used to evaluate and modify several concrete pavement design procedures and analysis models. This volume provides a brief introduction to the data collection activities and presents a description and performance evaluation of the 95 pavement sections included in the study. Documentation is presented on the effects of the following design features on concrete pavement performance: slab thickness, base type, joint spacing, reinforcement, joint orientation, load transfer, dowel bar coatings, longitudinal joint design, joint sealant, tied shoulders, and subdrainage. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Dowel bars KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Drainage KW - Joint sealers KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Road shoulders KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Slabs KW - Spacing KW - Subdrainage KW - Thickness KW - Tied concrete KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495678 AU - Smith, K D AU - Peshkin, D G AU - Darter, M I AU - Mueller, A L AU - Carpenter, S H AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME IV - APPENDIX A - PROJECT SUMMARY REPORTS AND SUMMARY TABLES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 280 p. AB - A major national field and analytical study has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavements. Extensive design, construction, traffic, and performance data were obtained from numerous experimental and other concrete pavement sections throughout the country. Field data collected and analyzed included distress, drainage, roughness, present serviceability rating (PSR), deflection, destructive testing (coring and boring), and weigh-in-motion (WIM) on selected sites. This information was compiled into a comprehensive microcomputer database. Projects were evaluated on an individual basis and then compared at a national level to identify performance trends. The performance data were used to evaluate and modify several concrete pavement design procedures and analysis models. This volume provides detailed summary reports documenting the design, construction and performance of the 95 pavement sections included in the study. Also presented are summary tables which compile the design and performance data from every section into a convenient tabular format. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Dowel bars KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Drainage KW - Joint sealers KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Road shoulders KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Slabs KW - Spacing KW - Subdrainage KW - Thickness KW - Tied concrete KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610089 AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN KENTUCKY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 105 p. AB - Pavement Management is becoming increasingly more important in an era of limited budgets and aging pavement structures. State Highway Agencies are attempting to manage the pavements under their jurisdiction more carefully and economically. All pavement management systems (PMSs) include all or some of the following items as input: (1) pavement distress, (2) serviceability or rideability, (3) inventory of the system, (4) structural adequacy, (5) traffic volumes and loadings, and (6) some form of performance history. This report documents Kentucky's present PMS. In addition, the duties and goals of the Pavement Management Branch are catalogged and described. Methods for rating pavements are described. The allocation of funds and how this allocation is calculated are described. Methods of determining estimates for rehabilitation needs are also described. A description of the organization and flow of information in the PMS is given in detail. Comparisons are made between Kentucky's PMS and the elements of a PMS to be required by the Federal Highway Administration in 1993. Kentucky's PMS is well advanced and most of the elements in the Federal Guidelines are already in place or are in some stage of development. Life-cycle costs analysis procedures need to be developed and adopted. Greater use of the present data bases is encouraged. KW - Defects KW - Fund allocations KW - Inventory KW - Kentucky KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Ride quality KW - Rideability KW - Serviceability KW - Structural adequacy KW - Structural analysis KW - Traffic loads KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493698 AU - Phillips, R G AU - Tyrell, A B AU - Bryden, J E AU - Fortuniewicz, J S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CABLE GUIDERAIL BREAKAWAY TERMINAL ENDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 71 p. AB - Twelve full-scale crash tests were performed at the Department's Highway Safety Test Center to evaluate performance of modifications to the existing cable guiderail breakaway-terminal end. A recent test at Southwest Research Institute using an 1800-lb sedan revealed that in the existing design, cables did not release when a departing vehicle impacted just upstream of the anchor. Three modified anchorage systems were evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230 criteria, with the final design resulting in acceptable performance. KW - Breakaway terminal ends KW - Cables KW - Crashes KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Modifications KW - Performance evaluations KW - Structural design KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605602 AU - Mehta, K C AU - Ritchie, D L AU - Oler, W AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WIND DRAG COEFFICIENTS FOR OCTAGONAL CYLINDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 50 p. AB - Highway signs, luminaires, and traffic signal structures are exposed to wind loads throughout their lives. The design of the cross section, and thus the amount of material and method of fabrication, very often is controlled by wind loads. Improved definitions of wind loads using drag coefficients make luminaires not only more economical but also more reliable. The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation sponsored a research project at Texas Tech University to determine drag coefficients for octagonal shaped luminaire supports. The research used the tow tank of the Mechanical Engineering Department at Texas Tech University for the experimental work. The experimental technique was verified using published data for circular cylinders. One of the innovations in the project was the use of actual industry manufactured luminaire poles as test specimens. These specimens matched the surface roughness and the geometric parameters of field poles. Drag coefficient values obtained in this project are about 25% higher than the ones currently specified in the AASHTO standard. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Coefficients KW - Cross sections KW - Design KW - Drag KW - Luminaires KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Sign supports KW - Signal support (Structural) KW - Signals KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Wind KW - Wind load UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605665 AU - Diringer, K T AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGGREGATES AND SKID RESISTANCE. SKID RESISTANCE STUDY - FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 62 p. AB - The goal of this study was to correlate the results of a laboratory test procedure measuring aggregate polish resistance with skid resistance in bituminous pavements. This correlation would be instrumental in identifying skid-resistant aggregates, and would create the potential for assuring lifelong skid-resistant bituminous pavements. This study was conducted in two phases. The first estimated the empirical relationship between aggregate microtexture and cumulative polishing using a modification of ASTM D-3319 and ASTM E-303. An exponential model was developed which realistically approximates the minimum polish value observed with the theoretical asymptote of the polishing rate curve. The magnitude of this asymptote, PV, correlated well with New Jersey's skid resistance experience with specific aggregate types and was subsequently used in the study's second phase. In the second portion of this study, a more detailed relationship between PV and long-term minimum skid resistance was sought. Experiments were conducted to evaluate polish values of aggregates and skid resistance of bituminous pavements composed of these aggregates, and to collect environmental data on selected skid test sites over a period of one year. This information was used to normalize the skid resistance of a bituminous pavement in terms of the aggregate's polish value and cyclical environmental factors. Additional research is required to check and refine the models developed. This report concludes with a detailed description of the work to be accomplished in order to finalize this analysis and implement a statistical specification for the prequalification of surface course aggregates based on polish resistance. KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Microtexture KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603251 AU - Barnhart, V T AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF "GLASGRID" BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT REINFORCEMENT MESH AND A BITUMINOUS SEPARATION COURSE WITH AND WITHOUT LATEX. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 24 p. AB - This project was initiated in 1988 to evaluate the use of "Glasgrid" as a high-strength grid reinforcement mesh for bituminous pavements, and in 1989 it was expanded to include an evaluation of the use of a Modified Bituminous Base Course as a separation course for reducing reflective cracking in a bituminous overlay of an existing pavement. This report provides details of the project construction. Problems that occurred during the placement of the Glasgrid reinforcement mesh and during the placement of the bituminous separation courses (one with latex and one without) are discussed. KW - Bituminous bases KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction problems KW - Glasgrid KW - Latex KW - Reflection cracking KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600447 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT TESTS OF SHAKESPEARE LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS, MODEL AH 35 PY - 1990/03 SP - 41 p. AB - The report contains the results of crash tests performed on the Shakespeare Company, Model AH 35 fiberglass pole with an aluminum anchor base. The luminaire supports were tested at speeds of 20 mi/h (8.94 m/s) and 60 mi/h (26.8 m/s). The device was tested at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) with the breakaway bogie vehicle. The device was previously tested under the Luminaire Support Capability Test Program with the results reported in FHWA-RD-88-258. The anchor base was modified with a groove to allow the device to break away with a lower stub height. KW - Aluminum KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Fiberglass KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600465 AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Barenberg, E J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED PAVEMENTS: PUNCHOUTS AND OTHER DISTRESSES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DESIGN. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 405 p. AB - Causes for distress in continuously reinforced concrete pavements were determined. Primary types of distress leading to reduction in service were punchouts and crack spalling. Causes for both the punchout and spalling distresses were determined to be loss of load transfer across the cracks. Loss of load transfer over time was correlated with the crack opening and loss of uniform support due to erosion and pumping of the subbase. Crack opening was correlated with crack spacing. A design procedure is proposed based on the capability of the system to transfer load across the cracks. The design procedure is dependent on crack spacing. Consequently, it is necessary to be able to predict crack spacing before the design procedure can be applied. While crack spacing can be controlled to some extent by the amount of reinforcing steel used and steel placing, the dominant factor in crack spacing appears to be climatic conditions at the time of construction. To develop a reliable design procedure for continuously reinforced pavements, it will be necessary to provide a controlled crack spacing. KW - Climate KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crack spacing KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Design methods KW - Forecasting KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Punchouts KW - Spacing KW - Spalling UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-059.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600777 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERWEIGHT VEHICLES--PERMITS AND PENALTIES. AN INVENTORY OF STATE PRACTICES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1988 PY - 1990/03 SP - v.p. AB - This is a report to the United States Congress from the Secretary of Transportation pursuant to Section 123 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978. It summarizes Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) findings regarding each State's annual certification that truck size and weight laws are being enforced. Inventories of weight violations and use of special permits to exceed weight limits are presented. State truck weight laws enacted during the period from October 1987 through September 1988 are assessed in terms of their conformity to Federal laws. Finally, the report summarizes truck size and weight issues and discusses means for their resolution. KW - Certification KW - Inventory KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Penalties KW - Permits KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - States KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Violations KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600452 AU - Dickinson, L L AU - Blachly, A T AU - George, A J AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT STRIPPING TESTS IN OREGON. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 81 p. AB - As part of the continuing effort to establish a standard for evaluating moisture susceptibility of asphalt concrete design mixes, the study evaluated and compared four test methods by testing 15 diverse dense-graded mix designs during Oregon's 1988 construction season. The Index of Retained Strength (IRS), AASHTO T-165, and the Index of Retained Modulus of Resiliency (IRMR), OSHD TM-315, were the existing Oregon Department of Transportation tests compared with the Root-Tunnicliff, NCHRP 274, and the Modified Lottman, AASHTO T-283. None of the four tests predicted the same degree of asphalt stripping across the range of asphalt and aggregate tested. Based on the results of the study, the IRS test method continues to be considered a valid and useful stripping test. The IRMR test appears to have the greatest potential for future improvement. As a result of the test findings, there still is a need for test equipment and procedure improvements to increase the accuracy and precision of the procedures and to improve the correlation between stripping tests. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Evaluation KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496610 AU - Nihan, N AU - Jacobson, L N AU - Bender, J D AU - Davis, G AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTOR DATA VALIDITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 80 p. AB - The purposes of the research were to develop a data error detection algorithm and to recommend an improved database that will flag the errors detected by the new algorithm for the WSDOT's electronic surveillance system located at the Traffic Systems Management Center in Seattle. The algorithm compares 20-second volumes and 20-second volume/occupancy ratios with threshold values to determine the reliability of detector data. The algorithm will operate on the central computer system for the electronic surveillance data. Tests of the algorithm proved it to be very successful at detecting data errors caused by short pulses (hanging off) from detectors, chattering detectors, and intermittent malfunctions of detectors. The algorithm did not detect errors caused by long pulses (hanging on) from detectors. The false alarm rate was very low (12 false alarms out of 3,510 observations). The research team surveyed existing and potential users of the data collected by the electronic surveillance system. On the basis of the user responses, the research team developed a technique to flag erroneous data in the existing system, recommended flagging procedures for the new computer system being designed, and recommended a database configuration that will meet the needs of WSDOT and outside users. KW - Algorithms KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic systems KW - Errors KW - Fault location KW - Freeway operations KW - Loop detectors KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic surveillance UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/208.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496562 AU - Alicandri, E AU - Walker, J AU - Sedney, C A AU - Roberts, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY SERIES ON OFFICE OF TRAFFIC OPERATIONS-SELECTED SIGNING ISSUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 68 p. AB - This report details a series of concurrently conducted laboratory studies of the effectiveness of various standard and/or proposed traffic control devices. In comparisons of bicycle symbol designs, lane shift symbol designs, and road closed barricade designs, no model emerged as superior in terms of driver response. Location of a flashing arrow panel relative to the lane channelization split on a three-lane highway, tested in a driving simulator, had no effect on subject behavior; however, presence of tubes extending from the center lane closure delayed subjects crossing from left to center lanes, and resulted in improved lane placement. A one-way design which retains the directional cue when the text is obscured proved equal to the current standard, and may be an improvement under conditions of reduced visibility. The specific arrangement of the elements (i.e., route number, cardinal direction, and directional arrow) of the route shield guide sign appears to affect the speed with which drivers comprehend this information; subjects responded more rapidly to a design with a vertical arrangement of elements separated by horizontal lines, than to the standard route shield. Three of seven motorcycle warning designs (a word sign, and two symbol designs) performed equally in a preliminary evaluation, thus providing a basis for further research. KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Barricades KW - Direction signs KW - Directional sign KW - Effectiveness KW - Flashing arrow panels KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Guide signs KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Symbols KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs KW - Tubing KW - Warning signals KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496586 AU - Young, G K AU - WALKER, S AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVE ROADWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN USING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. PHASE II FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 55 p. AB - A practical method for determining the road surface drainage system design with the theoretic Lowest Total Economic Cost (LTEC) is developed. The LTEC design determines the design rain which, when used in a rational-based design context, will yield the most economic choices of gutters, inlets, and laterals considering both construction costs and risk costs. The data needed to find the LTEC design rain are: the number of rains per year, the design gutter flow, duration of average rainfall, runoff coefficient, drainage area, inlet and lateral costs, capital recovery factor, and a traffic loss coefficient. A nomograph and data selection guidance are provided as design aids. Three case studies are presented in an appendix. The method, based on minimizing traffic delay costs, applies to freeways, arterials, and major collectors; local streets with low traffic may be excluded. KW - Case studies KW - Coefficients KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic efficiency KW - Hazards KW - Highway drainage KW - Least overall cost KW - Lowest total economic costs, ltec KW - Nomographs KW - Rainfall KW - Risk assessment KW - Runoff KW - Storm sewers KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496564 AU - Hauer, E AU - University of Toronto AU - Transport Canada AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EMPIRICAL BAYES APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF "UNSAFETY": THE MULTIVARIATE METHOD. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 69 p. AB - There are two kinds of clues to the unsafety of an entity: its traits (such as traffic, geometry, age or gender) and its historical accident record. The essence of the Empirical Bayes (EB) approach to the estimation of unsafety is that it uses both clues. How this is accomplished is described. To estimate the unsafety of an entity using the EB approach, information is needed about the mean and the variance of the unsafety of similar entities which form its reference population. The Method of Sample Moments has been used for this purpose in the past. It suffers from three shortcomings. First, to yield usable estimates a very large reference population is required. Second, the choice of reference population is to some extent artibrary. Third, entities in the chosen reference population usually cannot match the traits of the entity the unsafety of which is estimated. To alleviate these shortcomings the Multivariate Method for estimating the mean and variance of unsafety in reference populations is offered. Its logical foundations are described and its soundness is demonstrated. The use of the Multivariage Method makes the EB approach to unsafety estmation applicable to a wider range of circumstances, it makes the decision about what entities to include in the reference population less arbitrary, and it yields better estimates of unsafety. The applications of the EB and Multivariate Methods to tasks of identifying deviant entities and estimating the effect of interventions on unsafety are discussed and illustrated by numerical examples. KW - Empirical Bayes method KW - Estimating KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Unsafety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496643 AU - Hughes, C S AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL MIXES TO MINIMIZE RUTTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 47 p. AB - This report describes the materials and construction details involved in the design and placement of four experimental mixes on I-95 (Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike) in 1985 and follows the performance for 48 months. The mixes were designed to resist rutting and to provide several years of service before failing from fatigue or the intrusion of water. The results indicate that the gradation chosen is more important in minimizing rutting than are the asphalt cement-additive combinations used. However, some strength tests point to the value of using an AC-30 asphalt cement as opposed to an AC-20 asphalt cement. Controlling traffic for a sufficient time to allow the pavement to cool to a temperature at which traffic will not prolong the compaction process is critical. The minor rutting that has occurred was attributed primarily to consolidation. Ruts on one test section that averaged almost 1/4 in. apparently resulted from a low voids in mineral aggregate of the mix used on that section. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt content KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Rut KW - Rut depth KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting KW - Test sections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36797/90-R21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496637 AU - Harmelink, D S AU - Hunt, T R AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRETREATMENT OF AGGREGATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 21 p. AB - It is thought that the coated aggregates of recycled pavements help to improve the material properties of the new mixes in which they are used. For this report, marginal and low quality virgin aggregate was precoated with seven different treatments to simulate the beneficial effects of recycled pavements. The laboratory test results varied. Two of the treatments improved all three of the material properties monitored. These treatments were retested with different aggregate. Improvements in material properties were again observed. These improvements, however, did not seem great enough to justify the added cost. Other more traditional methods of improving pavement quality are recommended. Since pretreatment of aggregates was not found to be cost effective, it is recommended that the current CDOH procedures of selecting better aggregates, adding anti-stripping additives, or adding hydrated lime be continued. The information in this report may be more useful if a better method of remixing the treated aggregate can be established. KW - Aggregates KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Improvements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Surface treating KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496644 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER-IMPREGNATED BRIDGE SLABS -- PERFORMANCE OVER 10 YEARS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 19 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study to evaluate the performance over a 10-year period of slabs that were impregnated to a depth of about 1 in. with a monomer that was subsequently polymerized (shallow polymer impregnation). The slabs were used to widen a bridge. The report contains data obtained from evaluations done after 3, 5, 7, and 10 years in service. The study indicates that, based on rapid permeability tests done on cores removed from the slabs, rate of corrosion measurements made on the top mat of reinforcement in the slabs, and chloride ion content determinations done on samples removed from the slabs, shallow polymer impregnation can provide greater long-term protection against the infiltration of chloride ions and the consequent corrosion of reinforcement than conventional bridge deck concrete that is not impregnated. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Corrosion tests KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Polymer impregnation KW - Polymers KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Testing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36799/90-R22.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496645 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF AIR VOID CONTENT MEASUREMENTS IN FRESH VERSUS HARDENED CONCRETES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 32 p. AB - This study compares the air content of freshly mixed and hardened concretes. At the fresh stage, pressure meters (Types A and B) and a volumetric meter were used to determine the air content. At the hardened stage, the air content was calculated using the linear traverse method described in ASTM C 457, which is a microscopical procedure. The unit weight and compressive strength of the concretes were also determined. The results show that, at the ranges commonly used in the construction of pavements and bridges, the air content of fresh concrete measured by pressure meters and that determined by the microscopical method for essentially the same concrete after hardening are, for practical purposes, the same. The air content obtained by a volumetric meter as normally run in the field is generally lower than that obtained for the same hardened concretes by the microscopical method. The unit weight and compressive strength correlate well with the air content. It was also shown that adding water to concrete can significantly increase the air content, as well as the slump. Thus, a higher air content in hardened concretes than that indicated by initial measurements with a pressure meter is likely to be present if water is added during placement. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete hardening KW - Fresh concrete KW - Hardened concrete KW - Slump test KW - Unit weight KW - Weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36802/90-R23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495670 AU - Anderson, D A AU - Christensen, D W AU - Dongre, R AU - Sharma, M G AU - Runt, J AU - Jordhal, P AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT BEHAVIOR AT LOW SERVICE TEMPERATURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 337 p. AB - A general review of methods for measuring the stiffness properties of asphalt at temperatures below 77 deg F (25 deg C) is presented. Methods used traditionally for asphalt cement as well as those used in other technologies, such as polymer science, are reviewed. A method that is simple to conduct, suitable for specification use, and suitable for the entire range of stiffness below room temperature was not identified. Models available for predicting low temperature cracking were reviewed and all were considered as requiring further development. Two models were selected for use in the study: Program TC-1 and Lytton's fracture mechanics model. The fracture mechanics model requires considerable work to make it operational, but it shows the most promise; TC-1 provides reasonable answers for most asphalts. Correlations between various parameters related at low temperature cracking indicated that direct measurements such as Fraass brittle point, asphalt stiffness, mix stiffness and strength and DMA data correlate best with cracking potential. A bending beam test for the direct measurement of the low temperature stiffness of asphalt cement is proposed along with the protocol for a field verification trial. KW - Asphalt KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Low temperature KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495740 AU - Koltun, G F AU - Roberts, J W AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING FLOOD-PEAK DISCHARGES OF RURAL, UNREGULATED STREAMS IN OHIO. FINAL REPORT ON AN INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF FLOODS FROM SMALL NORTHWESTERN, STRIP-MINED, AND FORESTED DRAINAGE BASINS IN OHIO PY - 1990/03 SP - 74 p. AB - Multiple-regression equations are presented for estimating flood-peak discharges having recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years at ungaged sites on rural, unregulated streams in Ohio. The average standard errors of prediction for the equations range from 33.4% to 41.4%. Peak-discharge estimates determined by log-Pearson Type III analyses using data collected through the 1987 water year are reported for 275 streamflow-gaging stations. Ordinary least-squares multiple-regression techniques were used to divide the State into three regions and to identify a set of basin characteristics that help explain station-to-station variation in the log-Pearson estimates. Contributing drainage area, main-channel slope, and storage area were identified as suitable explanatory variables. Generalized least-squares procedures, which include historical flow data and account for differences in the variance of flows at different gaging stations, spatial correlation among gaging station records, and variable lengths of station record, were used to estimate the regression parameters. Weighted peak-discharge estimates computed as a function of the log-Pearson Type III and regression estimates are reported for each station. A method is provided to adjust regression estimates for ungaged sites by use of weighted and regression estimates for a gaged site located on the same stream. Limitations and shortcomings cited in an earlier report on the magnitude and frequency of floods in Ohio are addressed in this study. Geographic bias is no longer evident for the Maumee River basin of northwestern Ohio. No bias is found to be associated with the forested-area characteristic for the range used in the regression analysis (0.0 to 99.0%), nor is this characteristic significant in explaining peak discharges. Surface-mined area likewise is not significant in explaining peak discharges, and the regression equations are not biased when applied to basins having approximately 30% or less surface-mined area. Analyses of residuals indicate that the equations tend to overestimate flood-peak discharges for basins having approximately 30% or more surface-mined area. KW - Drainage basins KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Forests KW - Least squares method KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Ohio KW - Peak discharge KW - Rural areas KW - Streams KW - Strip mining KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494959 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT TESTS OF SHAKESPEARE LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS, MODEL AS 35. TEST REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 42 p. AB - The report contains the results of crash tests performed on the Shakespeare Company model AS 35 fiberglass pole with an aluminum anchor base. The luminaire supports were tested at speeds of 20 mi/h (8.94 m/s) and 60 mi/h (26.8 m/s). The device was tested at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory with the breakaway bogie vehicle. The anchor base was modified with a groove to allow the device to break away with a lower stub height. KW - Aluminum KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Fiberglass KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494504 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS ON CONCRETE DURABILITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 23 p. AB - The primary objective was to investigate influence of cement factor, percent air, maximum coarse aggregate size, and percent of total aggregate as sand on the performance of concrete subjected to freeze-and-thaw cycling. An important secondary objective was to document air-void system characteristics of hardened concrete with these same design factors. Data in this report includes durability and expansion of freeze-and-thaw beams, air-void system characteristics, flexural strength, and compressive strength in conjunction with concrete design factors and fresh concrete characteristics. Resistance to freeze-and-thaw increased as maximum size of coarse aggregate decreased. Neither compressive strength nor flexural strength changed with maximum size of coarse aggregate. Based on the results of this study, a desirable concrete pavement mix design using D-crack prone coarse aggregate of the materials tested would be: 1/2 maximum size coarse aggregate, 38 percent of aggregate as sand, 6.5 sacks of cement per cubic yard, 6.0 plus or minus 1.5 percent air by volume, and 2 1/2 inch maximum slump. KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Cement content KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Durability KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Hardened concrete KW - Mix design KW - Polymer concrete KW - Sand KW - Slump test UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP84-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494501 AU - Rutherford, G S AU - Schroeder, M AU - Jacobson, L N AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARTERIAL CONTROL AND INTEGRATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 60 p. AB - This report documents the Washington State Department of Transportation's examination of the potential application of adaptive signal control and integrated traffic control systems in the Seattle Metropolitan area. The research project had two sets of objectives, one for advanced, or adaptive, signal control systems and one for control system integration. The primary objectives for the advanced signal control portion of the project were to (1) investigate adaptive signal control systems, such as SCOOT, SCAT, and OPAC, (2) evaluate the UTCS 1.5 generation signal system, (3) determine applicability of, and interest in, advanced signal systems in the Puget Sound Region, and (4) provide coordination with local agencies on research efforts in arterial traffic management. The primary objectives for the control system integration portion of the project were to (1) determine regional needs and interest in integrating control systems, and (2) provide coordination with local agencies on research efforts in integrated control systems. The researchers reviewed previous work in adaptive signal control and evaluated the Bellevue UTCS 1.5 signal system to determine the applicability of adaptive control in the Seattle area. Then they developed a framework for investigating integrated control system needs and met with jurisdictions throughout the Seattle Metropolitan area to discuss adaptive signal control and control system integration. Finally, they formulated conclusions and recommendations to help achieve improved coordination and integration of neighboring control systems. The UTCS 1.5 signal system has improved traffic flow on Bellevue's arterial network (volumes increased 17% with no significant changes in travel time), and the new system is easier to operate than the old UTCS 1.0 system. Of the adaptive control strategies investigated, UTCS 1.5 and OPAC show the most promise for implementation in the Seattle Metropolitan area. WSDOT should investigate the possibility of OPAC demonstration or test sites in the Seattle area. Local jurisdictions are interested in improved coordination and some degree of system integration. KW - Adaptive control KW - Arterial highways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Improvements KW - Integrated systems KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signals UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/188.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493705 AU - Picozzi, O E AU - Frank, A C AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CASE STUDIES OF TWO NON-OVERLAY CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 50 p. AB - Impressed-current cathodic protection systems were installed on two steel-reinforced concrete bridge decks. Primary anodes for both were composites of platinum-niobium wire and conductive polymer grout, bonded into sawed slots in the concrete surface. Secondary anodes were conductive carbon strands and conductive polymer grout bonded into sawed slots. The first installation experienced frequent power-supply malfunctions and significant grout loss. The power supply was replaced, and after 1 1/2 years of service, 10% of the anode matrix was repaired. Surface distress, including concrete delamination and additional grout loss, continued through 3 1/2 years of service. It was then decided to terminate the system, and repair the deck with a conventional high-density concrete overlay. The second installation was four times larger in surface area, and was bid using individual construction items rather than the lump-sum bidding used for the first bridge. Unit cost in this instance was $7.08 per sq ft -- a savings of $2.83 per sq ft. After 2 years, some anode-grout distress and concrete delamination have been experienced, but on a smaller scale. The mechanism of anode-grout distress is examined and differences in construction practices are discussed. KW - Anodes KW - Bridge decks KW - Case studies KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Construction management KW - Corrosion protection KW - Distress KW - Grout KW - Performance evaluations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21164/PB99102451.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493607 AU - Marks, V J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF FLY ASH IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 21 p. AB - In 1982 the Iowa DOT allowed a successful bidder the option of submitting materials and proportions using fly ash to produce a portland cement concrete (PCC) paving mixture to meet a specified compressive strength. The contractor, Irving F. Jensen, received approval for the use of a concrete mixture utilizing 500 lbs. of portland cement and 88 lbs. of fly ash as a replacement of 88 lbs. of portland cement. The PCC mixture was utilized on the Muscatine County US 61 relocation bypass paved as project F-61-4(32)--20-70. A Class "C" fly ash obtained from the Chillicothe electric generating plant approximately 100 miles away was used in the project. This use of fly ash in lieu of portland cement resulted in a cost savings of $64,500 and an energy savings of approximately 16 billion BTU. The compressive strength of this PCC mixture option was very comparable to concrete mixtures produced without the use of fly ash. The pavement has been performing very well. The substitution of fly ash for 15% of the cement has been allowed as a contractor's option since 1984. Due to the cost savings, it has been used in almost all Iowa PCC paving since that time. KW - Compressive strength KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304703 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492117 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Brown, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PRORUT SYSTEM PY - 1990/03 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 118-122 AB - The development and evaluations are described of PRORUT, an inertial profiling system which can be used to measure and record various roadway characteristics, including the longituudinal profiles, rutting, and roughness levels of the two wheel tracks. Laser sensors and accelerometers are used to obtain the profile measurements in each wheel track. An IBM personal computer controls system operation and processes the data. The system was then evaluated by the states (Georgia, Pennsylvania, Indiana), and the results are reported. The field tests demonstrated that PRORUT provided useful pavement profile information and that its output could be correlated to several response-type measurement systems. KW - Evaluation KW - Personal computers KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Wheel path UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307033 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492116 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Melhem, H G AU - Wentworth, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FASTBRID: AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE FATIGUE PY - 1990/03 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 109-117 AB - An integrated engineering training aid for bridge inspection and remedial actions, a prototype expert system is being developed called FASTBRID (Fatigue Assessment of Steel BRIDges). The development is in 2 stages: development of a microcomputer-based prototype expert system; and validation of the finished system in preparation for wide distribution. The first stage has been completed. The expert system/training aid will serve as an advisory/consultant to the practitioners and as an interactive trainer to the less experienced in the area of bridge fatigue. The completed system will be combined with an interative videodisc-based training course on bridge fatigue inspection and corrective actions. The system will help detect and solve fatigue-related problems in steel bridges. The architecture of the system is described, as well as its use and future extension. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Expert systems KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Inspection KW - Inspectors KW - Maintenance KW - Microcomputers KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307032 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492119 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pietrucha, M T AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Opiela, K S AU - Crigler, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORIST COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARD TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES PY - 1990/03 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 131-138 AB - Research is reported that analyzed motorist noncompliance with traffic control devices, and focused on 3 questions: is there a compliance problem; and if there is such a problem, how critical is it and how can it be addressed? The research included a review of past studies of compliance, motorist interviews, observations of motorist behavior, discussions with professionals in engineering, enforcement, and administration, as well as countermeasure identification and testing. The study found that motorist noncompliance does take place but could not say if it was a serious problem. The frequency of conflicts from noncompliance was very low. This was attributed to drivers assessing risk correctly and acting prudently. It was not possible to determine whether noncompliance poses a more serious problem in nontypical situations. Recommendations are provided for traffic engineering practitioners to use to maintain a safe and efficient roadway network. The recommendations address traffic control needs from a multidisciplined approach involving engineering, enforcement, and education. KW - Behavior KW - Compliance KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307035 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492118 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McGogney, C H AU - Duwaldi, S R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF A FRACTURED STEEL PLATE GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1990/03 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - p. 123-130 AB - The laboratory study is described of samples of a cracked steel girder bridge from Cleveland, Ohio. The study was conducted at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. Extensive examination was made of the fractured surfaces and analyses of the mechnanical and chemical properties to determine the source and causes of crack initiation. The results of the micro and macro examinations are presented and discussed. They revealed that there was a lack of penetration in the welded area that extended for the length of a repair weld. These and other observations are noted. The study demonstrated that weld repairs may do more harm than good, especially if they are field repairs. All weld repairs require close scrutiny, and recommendations are made regarding such repairs. KW - Bridges KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - Laboratory studies KW - Plate girders KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457364 AU - Garrigus, Andrew AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Blackford County, Indiana PY - 1990/02/15 SP - 74p AB - This report entitled "Engineering Soils Map of Blackford County, Indiana," completes a portion of the long-term project concerned with the development of county engineering soils maps of the 92 counties in the state of Indiana. This is the 86th report of the series. The soils mapping of Blackford County was done primarily by the analysis of landforms and associated parent materials as portrayed on stereoscopic aerial photographs. Extensive additional information on the soils was obtained from the soil survey and publications of the Soil Conservation Service, USDA. Test data from roadway and bridge projects was supplied by IDOT. Generalized soil profiles for the landform/parent material areas mapped are shown on the engineering soils map. A print of the engineering soils map of Blackford County is included at the end of the report. KW - Aerial photography KW - Blackford County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313435 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457337 AU - Huang, Wei-Hsing AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Use of Bottom Ash in Highway Embankments, Subgrades, and Subbases : Executive Summary PY - 1990/02/15/Executive Summary SP - 26p AB - This research assessed those properties of power plant bottom ash likely to affect its use as highway fill or pavement material, based on laboratory investigation conducted on eleven Indiana bottom ashes. Laboratory tests included: chemical analysis, mineralogical study, microscopic examination of ash particles, specific gravity, grain size distribution, sulfate soundness, Los Angeles abrasion, permeability, shear strength, moisture-density relations, degradation under compaction, compressibility, and California bearing ratio. The various test values and properties were compared to those of representative granular soils or appropriate specifications. These comparisons provide information necessary for judging the suitability of bottom ash in Indiana highway construction. The potential environmental effects of bottom ash utilization were evaluated by performing leaching tests outlined in the EP toxicity test and an Indiana leaching method. Chemical analysis of the leachates showed that bottom ash is nonhazardous, and its effects on the quality of ground water is minimal. KW - Bottom ash KW - Embankments KW - Indiana KW - Leachate KW - Leaching KW - Road materials KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Wastes UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314180 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412636 AU - Cochran, D L AU - Genda, D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 123 PY - 1990/02/15 SP - 52p AB - Fourteen speed monitoring stations were used for the 1989 Traffic Speed Report calculations. These stations are divided into four categories which include: four rural interstate locations, four rural four-lane locations, four rural two-lane locations and two urban interstate locations. These 14 stations are the same as the primary and secondary control stations monitored since 1975 in Indiana. Prior to 1975, only the 12 rural stations were monitored. The locations of the 12 rural stations are essentially the same since 1970 except for stations 4L-32 (formerly number 6 on US 52) and 2L-54 (formerly number 11 on US 31), which changed in 1975. The speed limit at all the stations is 55 mph, except the rural interstate locations, which were re-posted for 65 mph beginning June 1, 1987. In addition, legislation was passed on April 1, 1988 to limit trucks with a gross weight of 13 tons, to 55 mph on Indiana rural interstates. New legislation was passed by the Indiana Legislature, on April 1, 1989, which increased the allowable speed limit for trucks with a gross weight of 13 tons to 60 mph, on rural interstate highways in Indiana. KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Road type KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Speed control KW - Types of roads KW - Urban highways KW - Urban road KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle type UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314181 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584038 AU - Rutherford, G Scott AU - Schroeder, Margaret AU - Jacobson, Leslie N AU - Hallenbeck, Mark E AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Bellevue UTCS 1.5 Signal Control System PY - 1990/02//Final Working Paper SP - 58p AB - The research project had two sets of objectives, one for advanced, or adaptive, signal control systems and one for control system integration. The primary objectives for the advanced signal control portion of the project were to (1) investigate adaptive signal control systems, such as SCOOT, SCAT, and OPAC; (2) evaluate the UTCS 1.5 generation signal systems; (3) determine the applicability of, and interest in, advanced signal systems in the Puget Sound Region; and (4) provide coordination with local agencies on research efforts in arterial traffic management. The primary objectives for the control system integration portion of the project were to (1) determine regional needs and interest in integrating control systems, and (2) provide coordination with local agencies on research efforts in integrated control systems. The researchers reviewed previous work in adaptive signal control and evaluated the Bellevue UTCS 1.5 signal system (no previous, documented evaluation of such a system was found in the literature search) to determine the applicability of adaptive control in the Seattle area. Then they developed a framework for investigating integrated control system needs and met with jurisdictions throughout the Seattle Metropolitan area to discuss adaptive signal control and control system integration. The Bellevue UTCS 1.5 signal system has improved traffic flow on Bellevue's arterial network (volumes increased 17 percent with no significant changes in travel time), and the new system is easier to operate than the old system. Of the adaptive control strategies investigated, UTCS 1.5 and OPAC show the most promise for implementation in the Seattle Metropolitan area. WSDOT should investigate the possibility of OPAC demonstration or test sites in the Seattle area. Local jurisdictions are interested in improved coordination and some degree of system integration. The WSDOT should keep local jurisdictions involved in and informed of the upcoming freeway and arterial control system integration project. The corridor traffic management teams that will be established should take up the issue of control system integration. KW - Adaptive traffic control systems KW - Arterial highways KW - Bellevue (Washington) KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Integrated corridor management KW - Integrated systems KW - Integrated traffic control KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/188.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412637 AU - Cochran, D L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Speed trends on Indiana rural interstate highways PY - 1990/02 IS - JHRP-90/2 SP - 60p AB - This report includes calendar years 1983 through 1989, and is the second speed survey made exclusively of rural interstate data. All data were retrieved from locations that have been exempted from the 55 MPH Speed Compliance Certification Program. The results of this study show that all vehicles on all Indiana rural interstate highways, had an average speed of 65.6 mph in 1989. This is 1.6 mph higher than the 1988 average speed of 64.0 mph, and 1.7 mph higher than the average speed of 63.9 mph during the 1987 calendar year. In addition, comparing Statewide speed versus vehicle length during 1989 indicates that the average speed of cars was 66.6 mph. This survey also shows that short trucks (21-45 feet) had an average speed of 64.4 mph, and long trucks (46-99 feet) had an average speed of 63.3 mph. The final Statewide results also indicate that 85 percent of all types of vehicles on all rural interstate highways are traveling at, or less than 73.9 mph. The charts, Figure 2 and Figure 3, graphically illustrate the speeds Statewide for all locations, and the percent greater than speed respectively. Table 5 summarizes an analysis of speed versus vehicle length Statewide during 1989, while Figure 5 graphically represents those results. Appendix A contains summarized statistics for each individual monitoring station from 1983 through 1989, while the Tables and Figures in Appendix B compare all stations. The Tables and Figures in Appendix C summarize the speed by length data at two stations that were used for comparing speed by length changes in 1989 from 1988. Summary Tables and Figures relative to speed versus length during 1989 can be found in Appendix D. Calculations for final Statewide statistics are located in Appendix E. KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Interstate KW - Interstate transportation KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Speed control UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313436 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00981635 AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS OF WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES PY - 1990/02 SP - 50 p. AB - Full-scale vehicle crash tests evaluated performance of typical work zone traffic control devices. Modified test procedures and evaluation criteria from NCHRP Report 230 were used in 108 tests, providing significant insight into impact performance. Plastic drums used as channelizing devices, cones, tubes, and vertical panels performed well in most tests, presenting no hazards in terms of passenger compartment intrusion, interference with vehicle control, or threat to workers and other traffic from impact debris. Various nonstandard forms of ballast placed on top of or inside channelizing devices detracted from performance and sometimes posed a severe threat to test vehicle occupants, workers, and other traffic. Similarly, impact debris formed in several tests on Types I and III barricades and portable signs and supports posed a threat and were often thrown long distances through work zones. Warning lights attached to traffic control devices were also thrown free in a number of tests and appeared to threaten workers and other traffic. KW - Barricades KW - Construction KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portable equipment KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/743080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628806 AU - Powers, A C AU - KREGER, M E AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHEAR STRENGTH OF PRETENSIONED CONCRETE GIRDERS IN NEGATIVE MOMENT REGIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 140 p. AB - This report presents the results of an experimental study performed to evaluate the suitability of current AASHTO/ACI design provisions for shear as applied to thin-web pretensioned I-girders subject to shear and negative-moment bending. Eight tests were performed on four pretensioned beams with varying tendon profiles and amounts of shear reinforcement. Behavior was measured and observed to collect information on cracking loads, inclination and size of diagonal cracks, failure modes and loads, steel strains, and end slip of prestressing strands. Observed behavior was compared to predicted behavior based on the 1983 AASHTO Specifications for Highway Bridges and the 1983 ACI Building Code. In addition, the application of strut-and-tie models to thin-web, pretensioned I-beams was examined. Four variations of a basic strut-and-tie model were evaluated. Based on observed web-crushing failures, a strut-width definition for non-parallel diagonal struts was proposed in conjunction with a concrete efficiency factor definition for thin webs. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - American Concrete Institute KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - End slip KW - Failure KW - Failure mode KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - I beams KW - Loads KW - Negative moment bending KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Shear strength KW - Specifications KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural design KW - Structural models KW - Strut and tie method KW - Struts KW - Testing KW - Thin-web pretensioned i-girders KW - Tie bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625105 AU - McEwen, E E AU - Agrawal, V AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY PLATES IN BRIDGE BEARING SYSTEMS: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 138 p. AB - An experimental investigation of the behavior of highway bridge masonry bearing plates was conducted. Two 12 in. cubic concrete blocks and two 15 in. cubic concrete blocks were instrumented with internal strain gages. Steel bearing plates of varying thickness and area were loaded within the elastic region of the concrete to study the effect of plate thickness and the ratios of plate area to block area and loaded area to plate area on the magnitude of stresses in the concrete. The concrete stresses varied parabolically beneath the bearing plates. Maximum stresses reached almost four times the nominal uniform stress, without apparent distress to the concrete, indicating the confining effect of the concrete. Flexural stresses in the steel plates were quite low due to relatively low bearing stresses outside the loaded plate area. At the conclusion of the elastic tests the concrete blocks were loaded to failure. A finite element model gave results in good agreement with the experimental values. KW - Bearing piles KW - Bending stress KW - Bridge bearings KW - Failure analysis KW - Finite element method KW - Flexure KW - Highway bridges KW - Masonry bearing plates KW - Masonry construction KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Steel plates KW - Stresses KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616540 AU - Kinchen, R AU - Hallenbeck, M AU - Rutherford, G S AU - Jacobson, L N AU - O'Brien, A AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOV COMPLIANCE MONITORING AND THE EVALUATION OF THE HERO HOTLINE PROGRAM. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 186 p. AB - This report discusses the development of recommended and alternative systems for monitoring the use of HOV lanes and compliance with HOV occupancy regulations in the Seattle metropolitan area. The report includes a state-of-the-art review of techniques for monitoring HOV lane use and the results of tests of the most promising of these techniques. In addition, the report presents a review of the existing HERO (HOV violation reporting hotline) program, including the results of a 500-person telephone survey on the public's awareness of and attitude toward the HERO program and HOV facilities in general. Finally, the report describes software written to ease the storage of HERO data and improve the reporting of HERO statistics. KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Compliance KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Monitoring KW - Public opinion KW - Reserved lanes KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Software KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys KW - Traffic lanes KW - Violation reporting hotline KW - Violations UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/205.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610106 AU - Michalopoulos, P AU - Johnston, S E AU - Wolf, B A AU - Fundakowski, R A AU - Fitch, R C AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WIDE AREA DETECTION SYSTEM (WADS): IMAGE RECOGNITION ALGORITHMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 139 p. AB - Vehicle detection through machine vision is one of the most promising advanced technologies available today for dealing with the problem of urban traffic congestion. In this project an existing Wide Area Detection System (WADS) was improved for performing detection under all weather, traffic, and artifact conditions (e.g., shadows, reflections, lightning, etc.). As a result of this and other related research efforts by the same team, a real-time (instead of the initially envisioned off-line) multispot breadboard WADS system was developed, installed, tested, and demonstrated in several real-life situations. The system can simultaneously detect traffic at multiple points within the field of the camera's view and emulates loop detectors. The test results to this point suggest high accuracy levels, comparable to loop detectors, while speed measurement appears to be more accurate than loops. Live demonstrations and off-line presentations generated the enthusiasm and support of practicing engineers and public officials. They also suggest that the WADS system developed in this project is the most advanced one available today. Despite this, further work remains to be done prior to production. This includes extensive field testing and validation as well as implementation of applications possibly through demonstration projects. This report describes the WADS algorithm development and testing and makes recommendations for field implementation of the technology. KW - Accuracy KW - Algorithms KW - Field tests KW - Image processing KW - Machine vision KW - Mitigation KW - Perception KW - Recognition KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608608 AU - Abdulshafi, O AU - Kvammen, B AU - Dunham, H AU - CTL Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST PROCEDURES FOR DRIVE POSTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 101 p. AB - Single drive posts are used by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) for the mounting of traffic signs. The current specifications used for the testing of these posts requires that they be considered as simply-supported, horizontal beams. Actual field failures of these posts indicate that both torsion and bending of a cantilever beam is more representative of the forces which are acting to induce fatigue and eventually failure. This study was initiated in recognition of the need for development of a test method for drive posts which would simulate actual field loading conditions. This study is also to provide appropriate specifications and modified laboratory testing procedures in the selection of drive posts. The proposed testing procedure takes into consideration the 1988 AASHTO design criteria for drive posts. KW - Bending KW - Failure KW - Laboratory tests KW - Posts KW - Sign supports KW - Specifications KW - Steel KW - Test procedures KW - Torsion KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608609 AU - Abdulshafi, O AU - Kvammen, B AU - Dunham, H AU - CTL Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST PROCEDURES FOR DRIVE POSTS. FINAL REPORT APPENDICES PY - 1990/02 SP - 412 p. AB - Single drive posts are used by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) for the mounting of traffic signs. The current specifications used for the testing of these posts requires that they be considered as simply-supported, horizontal beams. Actual field failures of these posts indicate that both torsion and bending of a cantilever beam is more representative of the forces which are acting to induce fatigue and eventually failure. This study was initiated in recognition of the need for development of a test method for drive posts which would simulate actual field loading conditions. This study is also to provide appropriate specifications and modified laboratory testing procedures in the selection of drive posts. The proposed testing procedure takes into consideration the 1988 AASHTO design criteria for drive posts. This volume contains the appendices to the final report. KW - Bending KW - Failure KW - Laboratory tests KW - Posts KW - Sign supports KW - Specifications KW - Steel KW - Test procedures KW - Torsion KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496599 AU - Corley, W L AU - Smith, A E AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WILDFLOWER PLANT SPECIES AND ESTABLISHMENT PROCEDURES FOR GEORGIA ROAD SITES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 26 p. AB - During the past three years, 80 wildflower species have been evaluated over the state for adaptability, performance and color in mixes for various situations in roadside beautification with low maintenance. Establishment methods have been determined for 35 adapted species. Plant performance and bloom seasons of each species have been utilized in formulating two adapted mixes; one for utilitarian roadside use in highly visible areas and a second for urban setting color. Both mixes contain species for color during the initial growing season and persistence of the mix during subsequent years. Management strategies of fertility levels, weed control, and mowing effects are planned for further research areas to determine maximum performance and persistence of wildflower plant materials. KW - Beautification KW - Color KW - Evaluation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Georgia KW - Highway beautification KW - Highways KW - Landscape design KW - Low maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Wildflowers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496636 AU - Campi, J S AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDERAIL DELINEATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 84 p. AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the need to delineate guiderail and to evaluate the performance of different types of guiderail delineation. The effects of soil and dirt accumulation on guiderail delineators was measured in an effort to select the most suitable device for this purpose. The installation procedures for each type of guiderail delineation evaluated are discussed. Two surveys were conducted as part of this study. One survey documents how drivers characterize guiderail delineation. The second survey lists a nationwide summary of state practices in delineating guiderail. This study has determined that a flexible panel and metal bracket system is the most appropriate device for delineating W-beam guiderail with regard to durability, resistance to soiling, and ease of installation. KW - Accumulation KW - Building KW - Data collection KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Dirt KW - Drivers KW - Durability KW - Facilities KW - Guardrails KW - Highway delineators KW - Installation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Soils KW - States KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495668 AU - Migletz, M AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY RESTORATION DURING SNOW REMOVAL - GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 109 p. AB - Significant manpower and financial resources are expended annually by State, County, and Municipal governments on snow and ice control programs. This research addressed the hazards associated with nonfunctioning highway safety features that occur with snow removal operations during both emergency and post-snowstorm cleanup, and how these hazards can be remedied. A review of available literature and a limited analysis of winter accident data revealed 17 snow-related safety hazards. These were given a priority ranking and grouped into four categories: most serious, serious, important, and special. Most serious hazards include superelevated and sharp curves; bridge parapets, rails, and curbed areas; plows and other snow removal equipment; and intersections and interchanges. Hazards ranked serious are addressed after most serious hazards. Serious hazards include guardrails; snow plow equipment; stalled and abandoned vehicles; narrow medians, shoulders, and gore areas; and safety-shaped barriers. Important hazards receive attention during post-snowstorm cleanup operations, but no immediate attention except where an obvious problem exists. Important hazards include drains, culverts, and channels; snow or ice windrows; shallow cut areas; at-grade railroad crossings; pavement obstructions; obscured highway signs; and impact attenuators. Truck escape ramps are a special hazard in mountainous areas. Remedies to the hazards presented were confined to practices, procedures, equipment, and manpower resources available to State highway agencies. The most important recommendation from the study is that the order of cleanup during emergency snow removal operations and post-snowstorm removal operations should follow a priority ranking based on the hazards that exist. KW - Hazards KW - Ratings KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495671 AU - Overman, T R AU - Hanson, N W AU - Rabbat, B G AU - Morgan, B J AU - Zwiers, R I AU - SHIU, K N AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING EXISTING LONG-TERM STRESSES IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES. VOLUME III: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/02 SP - 19 p. AB - Various stress measurement techniques were evaluated in this study. The evaluation included a state-of-the-art review of existing techniques and analytical studies of these techniques. Based on analytical results, the flat-jack direct stress measurement technique was evaluated in laboratory and field tests. Based on these tests, a manual of instruction was written to describe the equipment and procedures required to obtain reliable direct stress measurement. This is the Executive Summary which summarizes the findings of this research project. KW - Bridges KW - Field tests KW - Flat jacks KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lifting equipment KW - Long term KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Prestressed concrete KW - State of the art studies KW - Stresses KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494500 AU - McGeehan, D D AU - Samuel, L H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES FOR PRIORITIZING ROAD IMPROVEMENTS UNDER THE STATEWIDE HIGHWAY PLAN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 38 p. AB - The road improvement prioritizing system currently utilized by the Virginia Department of Transportation is similar to the method utilized by many states: it is a sufficiency rating system that evaluates proposed projects on the basis of points assigned for a number of variables. Although this type of system is commonly used, it has several limitations, including its lack of sensitivity to individual variables, the difficulty in assigning and interpreting a point total based on multiple heterogeneous variables, and the rigidity of the system after the point structure is established. In this report, an alternative method is introduced that consists of sorting projects in sequential ranking steps based on ranges of individual variables. The proposed method is simpler, more flexible, and requires less data manipulation than the present rating system. Individual variables have greater impact on the prioritizing process, and the resulting prioritizing ratings correlate well with results obtained from the previous rating method. KW - Construction projects KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Planning KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36810/90-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494580 AU - Kinchen, R AU - Hallenbeck, M AU - Rutherford, G S AU - Jacobson, L N AU - O'Brien, A AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOV COMPLIANCE MONITORING AND THE EVALUATION OF THE HERO HOTLINE PROGRAM. FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 55 p. AB - This report discusses the development of recommended and alternative systems for monitoring the use of HOV lanes and compliance with HOV occupancy regulations in the Seattle metropolitan area. The report includes a state-of-the-art review of techniques for monitoring HOV lane use and the results of tests of the most promising of these techniques. In addition, the report presents a review of the existing HERO (HOV violation reporting hotline) program, including the results of a 500-person telephone survey on the public's awareness of and attitude toward the HERO program and HOV facilities in general. Finally, the report describes software written to ease the storage of HERO data and improve the reporting of HERO statistics. KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Compliance KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Monitoring KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Reserved lanes KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Software KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - Traffic lanes KW - Utilization KW - Violations UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/205.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493596 AU - Lattin, D J AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENTRE AND TREND ATTENUATOR FIELD INSTALLATIONS. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 61 p. AB - Arizona's canal network is extensive and necessitates the existence of many short bridges on the highway network. The necessity for maintaining access to adjacent canal roads dictates that any barrier installation intended to shield errant vehicles from the bridge rail hazard must fit within the limited space between the bridge end and the canal road. The available space for such an installation is often less than 35 feet. Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. (EASI) has developed two similar attenuating end terminals, the SENTRE system and the TREND system, for use in such limited space applications. EASI has demonstrated that both their TREND and SENTRE systems meet the dynamic performance requirements set forth in NCHRP 230. The conclusion that these systems conform to dynamic performance specifications is based on full scale crash testing. The length of time, however, that these devices have been formally monitored on highways is not sufficient for validating the adequacy of in-service performance. The objective of this research effort is to evaluate the in-service performance of the TREND and SENTRE attenuator systems when installed on appropriate ADOT projects. Two construction projects, both involving canal bridge rail modification, were selected for test installations. This research effort embraces two separate experimental projects, and hence two experimental project numbers. The SENTRE system was installed and reported to the FHWA as Experimental Project Number AZ-8802 and the TREND system was installed and reported to the FHWA as Experimental Project Number AZ-8803. At the time that the TREND and SENTRE projects were constructed, both systems were classified as Experimental by the FHWA. Although the SENTRE attenuator has since been upgraded to Operational status, both installations will continue to be evaluated for the full two year evaluation period specified in the original workplan. Upon completion of the evaluation period a Final Report will be prepared which contains all in-service performance data. KW - Attenuators KW - Bridge railings KW - Crash cushions KW - Field performance KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Transition zones UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26992/EP8802-8803-Construction.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491887 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 116 p. AB - This report recommends a priority program of 16 research and development needs that, if carried out, could result in a significant reduction in the $1.2 billion annual cost of highway construction engineering. The methodology used to generate the needs statements, place them in priority order, and formulate the program is explained. The total list of 72 needs statements generated, a literature review, bibliography, research in progress, and comparison with a similar study conducted in 1979 are included. KW - Bibliographies KW - Construction engineering KW - Construction management KW - Development KW - Ratings KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Reviews KW - Road construction KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303953 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01464877 TI - Technology Transfer of Transportation Research Products and Ideas for Caltrans and the FHWA Division Office AB - This project is proposed to provide funding for out of state travel to support the development of marketing and technology transfer activities between state departments of transportation (DOTs), other public agencies, industry associations, national or regional associations and the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) along with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) California Division Office (Division) technical staff. KW - California Department of Transportation KW - Conferences KW - Financing KW - Project management KW - Research projects KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technology transfer KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1233110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584266 AU - Boselly, S Edward AU - Matrix Management Group AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Weather Forecasting Strategies for City and County Road Maintenance Operations PY - 1990/01//Final Report SP - 51p AB - This report describes the impacts of weather on roadway maintenance activities, with a focus on cities and counties, as obtained from interviews with road maintenance supervisors. The report further describes weather information technologies currently being used or investigated for use to reduce the impact of weather on maintenance activities and to reduce the costs of those activities. Recommendations presented include: implementing road weather information systems through interjurisdictional and interagency cooperation through the development of a regional staff weather advisory function; instituting a multi-agency weather "interest group"; documenting the societal benefits and costs of snow and ice control maintenance; developing guidelines for contracting for road weather information systems; and testing the utility to road maintenance organizations of a weather radar at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Highway maintenance KW - Road weather information systems KW - Seattle-Tacoma International Airport KW - Snow and ice control KW - Washington (State) KW - Weather forecasting KW - Weather radar KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/212.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414239 AU - Stein, S M AU - Kilgore, R T AU - Jones, J S AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Lab report for the Acosta Bridge scour study PY - 1990/01 IS - FHWA/RD-89-114 SP - 89p AB - The purpose of this study is to investigate the relative effects that a proposed commuter bridge spanning the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida, will have on scour at two existing bridges. This was accomplished through physical modeling of the study area performed at the Federal Highway Administration's Hydraulics Laboratory. Wooden scale models of bridge piers were placed in a sand-filled sump within a flume. Many different configurations of bridge piers were placed in the flume, and the resulting scour holes were measured and compared. Other, nonsite-specific scour issues were also investigated. Experiments were run which tested the influence that pile spacings have on scour. Scour resulting from equivalent width piers versus pile groups was also investigated. Finally, riprap tests were performed for comparison with empirical formulas for establishing stability (A). KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Erosion KW - Erosion KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00766195 AU - Hime, W G AU - Buttke, B K AU - Synnott, J C AU - Popovics, S AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program AU - National Research Council TI - INSTANTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO IN FRESH CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 259 p. AB - This report presents the results of the application of analytical instrumentation and procedures to the rapid determination of the water-to-cement ratio of fresh concrete. Attempts were made to develop a single probe that could be inserted into the fresh concrete and uniquely provide its water-to-cement ratio. This involved the use of specific ion electrodes capable of measuring the concentration of ions dissolved from the cement by the concrete mix water. Because of poisoning of the electrode and occasional unexplained variances, this approach was abandoned. The work, however, suggests that such an approach may prove fruitful as instrumentation improves. Procedures for the separate determinations of water and cement were, however, pursued successfully and found capable of providing data for calculation of the water-to-cement ratio within 10 minutes--substantially faster than any other procedure that has attained any general acceptance. The determined water-to-cement ratio is accurate, for laboratory batches within 0.03 units, which meets the criterion for this program. Water is determined by a microwave technique employing a special ashing block assembly that allowed a determination of total water in one minute. The water determined includes that from aggregate absorption, but the sample is chosen to minimize aggregate absorption to a level that can generally be ignored. A second method involving use of a bromide specific ion electrode does not require a power source, and its use could improve the Kelly-Vail procedure often used for water content determinations. This method primarily provides a net water content. Cement is determined by a specially developed colorimetric procedure for soluble silica. KW - Aggregates KW - Analytical chemistry KW - Anions KW - Cations KW - Cement content KW - Chromatography KW - Colorimetry KW - Electrodes KW - Fresh concrete KW - Hydration KW - Ions KW - Measuring instruments KW - Measuring methods KW - Microwave devices KW - Moisture content KW - Mortar KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Ratios KW - Silica KW - Water in concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675361 AU - Faller, R K AU - Ataullah, S AU - Pfeifer, B G AU - Holloway, J C AU - Post, E R AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE 5,400 LB VEHICLE CRASH TEST ON THE IOWA W-BEAM APPROACH GUARDRAIL TO THE CONCRETE SAFETY SHAPE BRIDGE RAIL PY - 1990/01 SP - 75 p. AB - One full-scale vehicle crash test was conducted on the Iowa W-Beam Approach Guardrail Transition Section to the Concrete Safety Shape Bridge Rail. Test I6-1 was conducted with a 5,420 lb (2459 kg) vehicle at 20.0 deg and 61.45 mph (98.9 km/h). The overall test length of the installation was 64 ft 6 3/4 in. (19.68 m). The installation consisted of four major components: (1) concrete safety shape, bridge rail end-section, (2) the W-beam approach guardrail section, (3) the W-beam breakaway end anchorage, and (4) the W-beam terminal connector. The concrete end-section was 7 ft (2.1 m) long and 2 ft 8 in. (0.81 m) high. A 6-in. (0.15-m) concrete curb was constructed 13 ft (3.96 m) beyond the end of the concrete end-section. The W-beam approach guardrail section consisted of 62 ft 6 in. (19.05 m) of 12 gauge standard W-beam. The top of the W-beam was installed at a mounting height of 27 in. (0.69 m). The W-beam was supported by 13 timber posts. The design consisted of three 10-in. by 10-in. (0.254 m by 0.254 m) posts, eight 8-in. by 8-in. (0.203 m by 0.203 m) posts, and two 6-in. by 8-in. (0.152 m by 0.203 m) posts. The post spacing between post 1 through 7 and 7 through 13 was 3 ft 1 1/2 in. (0.95 m) and 6 ft 3 in. (1.91 m), respectively. The point of impact was 15 ft (4.57 m) upstream from the end of the concrete end-section between posts 5 and 6. The test was evaluated according to the safety criteria in NCHRP Report 230 and also in the AASHTO guide specifications. The safety performance of the Iowa W-Beam Approach Guardrail Transition Section was determined to be satisfactory. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Bridge railings KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Connectors KW - Crashes KW - Fasteners KW - Guardrail transition sections KW - Guardrails KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675360 AU - Preifer, B G AU - Holloway, J C AU - Faller, R K AU - Post, E R AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE 18,000 LB VEHICLE CRASH TEST ON THE IOWA RETROFIT CONCRETE BARRIER RAIL PY - 1990/01 SP - 78 p. AB - Two full-scale vehicle crash tests were conducted on the Iowa Retrofit Concrete Barrier Rail. Test I4-1 was conducted with a 17,814 lb (8080 kg) test vehicle at 15.6 deg and 44.8 mph (72.1 km/h). Test I4-2 was conducted with the same vehicle, after the damage was repaired, at 15.1 deg and 49.9 mph (80.3 km/h). The point of impact for both tests was located 22.5 ft (6.9 m) from the upstream end of the retrofit barrier. The total length of the installation was 100 ft (30.48 m). It consisted of 86 ft (26.2 m) of standard retrofit concrete barrier rail section and 7 ft (2.1 m) of concrete endwall section on each end of the standard retrofit section. Two construction joints were located 35 ft (10.7 m) inward from both ends of the installation. The tests were evaluated according to the safety criteria in the AASHTO guide specifications, performance level 2. The safety performance of the Iowa Retrofit Concrete Barrier Rail was determined to be satisfactory. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Retrofitting KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625101 AU - Boyce, D AU - Meneguzzer, C AU - Rouphail, N AU - Sen, A AU - Lauritzen, T AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN USER-OPTIMAL ROUTE CHOICE MODEL WITH ASYMMETRIC COST FUNCTIONS INCORPORATING INTERSECTION-RELATED TRAVEL TIMES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 143 p. AB - This report describes a traffic assignment model which is innovative in two respects as compared with models conventionally used in practice. First, each turning movement in the street intersections of the network is represented by a travel time-flow relationship; conventional models represent only approach travel times and flows, although turning movements may be accounted for. Second, the travel times for each turning movement are determined as a function of all flows in the intersection as well as the appropriate cycle time and green splits for those flows. Such cost functions are termed asymmetric because of their mathematical properties. In conventional models, each link's travel time depends only on that link's flow. This model is implemented and solved for a small street network for St. Charles, Illinois. To the authors' knowledge, it is the first implementation of such a model with realistic link functions and a real network. The report describes how the link travel time-flow functions were estimated statistically from simulated intersection operations. Then, the experience with the solving model computationally is documented. A lengthy discussion of future research directions concludes the report. KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Mathematical models KW - Research KW - Route choice KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625034 AU - Marcus, C T AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUXILIARY TURNING LANES AT URBAN INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 108 p. AB - The capacity of an intersection is affected significantly by the relative proportion of straight-through and turning vehicles in each approaching lane. In many situations--particularly at signalized intersections--traffic throughput on an approach can be increased by adding auxiliary lanes to accommodate only turning vehicles. Techniques for designing left-turn and right-turn lanes at intersections and evaluating the related traffic performance are needed. Guidelines for determining the number and length of left-turn lanes needed at signalized intersections have been developed. The guidelines are implemented primarily through a microcomputer program called "Left-Turning Movement Analysis Program" (LTMAP). This program provides the engineer/user with an interactive means for entering descriptive data concerning intersection turn-lane configuration, traffic volumes, vehicle classes, traffic behavior parameters, and signal timing. A range of descriptive quantitative information about expected queue lengths, likely signal-cycle failures, volume-to-capacity statistics, and various delay estimates is produced immediately by the program. Different intersection operational situations can be compared quickly and easily in this way. Equivalence factors for converting right-turn traffic volumes to equivalent straight-through volumes at stop-sign controlled intersections are presented, and guides for determining the length of right-turn bays at a signalized intersection are shown graphically. These tools aid the engineer in designing and analyzing auxiliary-lane treatments required for various intersection conditions. KW - Auxiliary lanes KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersections KW - Left turn lanes KW - Length KW - Microcomputers KW - Queuing KW - Right turn lanes KW - Signalized intersections KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Turning lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618046 AU - Laguros, J G AU - Zaman, M M AU - Mahmood, I U AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CAUSES OF EXCESSIVE SETTLEMENTS OF PAVEMENTS BEHIND BRIDGE ABUTMENTS AND THEIR REMEDIES; PHASE II: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/01 SP - 20 p. AB - To evaluate the causes of bridge approach settlement a survey of 758 bridge approaches in seventy-seven counties of Oklahoma was conducted. In this survey, data related to the following items were collected: (i) bridge, abutment, approach, and slope protection structure; (ii) embankment material. Information related to the construction and maintenance for these approaches was collected by interviewing Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) personnel and searching records maintained at ODOT. The analyses of data show that the settlement problem is extensive in Oklahoma, namely, 83% of the approaches surveyed experienced settlement. It was observed that on the basis of long term performance rigid and flexible approaches are similar, but on a short term basis, rigid approaches experience lower differential settlement. Pile supported abutments as compared to stub type and high embankments with no drainage for the fills appear to be conductive to larger settlements. In general, skewed approaches have a higher settlement than nonskewed approaches. Regression techniques were used to develop an empirical relationship between the approach settlement and the causative parameters such as age of the approach, embankment height, traffic volume, and skewness of the approach. As a preliminary work for the next phase of the study, soil samples were collected from two sites. Comprehensive laboratory testing was conducted on these samples with the purpose of determining their site-specific embankment and foundation soil characteristics which may be used in a settlement prediction model. KW - Age KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge approaches KW - Causes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Embankments KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Foundation soils KW - Height KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Properties of materials KW - Regression analysis KW - Sampling KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Skewed structures KW - Skewness KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615644 AU - Cook, J P AU - Weisgerber, F E AU - Minkarah, I A AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A RATIONAL APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT JOINT AND CRACK SEALING MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 223 p. AB - This study included interviews, field evaluations, measurements of gap motions, laboratory testing and stress analysis relating to highway pavement crack and joint seals. Both asphalt and concrete pavements were included. This report provides extensive comparative data on the behavior of a wide variety of sealant materials and seal configurations. Successful sealing practices, such as using the "saw and seal" technique for asphalt overlays, and widespread problems, such as maintaining an effective bond to concrete, have been documented fully. The primary results, conclusions and recommendations are summarized in three sets of guidelines provided in Appendices. These are guidelines for: a) predicting the potential of materials for use as sealants; b) selecting seal materials and configurations; and c) evaluating sealants in place. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Configuration KW - Cracking KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Highway pavement KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Pavements KW - Sealing compounds KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Selecting KW - Shape KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620628 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Deacon, J A AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALLOCATION OF HIGHWAY COSTS AND REVENUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 149 p. AB - This highway cost and revenue allocation study is the fourth of a recent Kentucky series begun in 1982. Experience gained with each study has resulted in subsequent refinements that have enlarged the data base, enhanced the accuracy, and simplified the study process. One of the long-term aims is to develop an easy-to-use process for continuously monitoring effects of changes in traffic patterns, in finance and tax policy, and in highway expenditures. The primary objective of the current study was to determine the 1989 levels of revenue contribution and cost responsibility for each of several classes of Kentucky highway users. As was the case in the two most recent prior studies, incremental cost assignment has been replaced with various highway use measures including vehicle-miles of travel, axle-miles, passenger-car-equivalent-miles, and equivalent-single-axle-load-miles. The analysis indicates that cost responsibility is borne most heavily by passenger cars and motorcycles (45.7%). Heavy trucks, those with gross weights of 60,000 pounds or more, were responsible for 23.2% of the cost. Pickups and other vehicles registered in the 6,000-pound category were responsible for 20.2% of the cost. Cost responsibility of all other user groups totaled 10.9%. Revenue collected from passenger cars and motorcycles fell approximately 2% short of their cost responsibility; heavy trucks contributed approximately 12% more than their responsibility. Without a temporary surcharge of 1.15 cents per mile on heavy truck operations, the revenue and cost responsibility would have been very nearly balanced for cars and light trucks, pickups and heavy trucks would have contributed slightly more revenue that their cost responsibilities, and medium trucks would have failed to meet their responsibility. KW - Automobiles KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Finance KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway user costs KW - Highways KW - Light trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Motorcycles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Revenues KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495673 AU - Fancher, P S AU - Mathew, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS TRUCK CONFIGURATIONS. VOLUME III: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 92 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to examine changes to size and weight limits in order to determine their effects on the designs and configurations of heavy vehicles, the performance capabilities of the resulting vehicles, and the ensuing safety implications thereof. The summary report provides results and findings from an analytical investigation of the influences of size and weight limits on trucks. In an analytical sense, pavement loading rules and bridge formulas are the inputs to the analyses and vehicle performances are the outputs. Ultimately, the work shows the manner in which size and weight rules influence the safety-related performance of vehicles designed to increase productivity. By treating a number of projected size and weight scenarios, the study has developed a basis for generalizing to sets of principles that can be used in evaluating the possible safety consequences of changes in size and weight regulations. KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495338 AU - American Public Works Association AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - STATE AND LOCAL HIGHWAY TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES PY - 1990/01 SP - 233 p. AB - This directory brings together training resource data as reported from technology transfer centers, state highway agencies, professional organizations, universities and the Federal Highway Administration. It gives specific information on available training resources on bridges, drainage, engineering, equipment, management, other resources, road surface, roadside, safety, subgrade, traffic control and winter. KW - Bridges KW - Directories KW - Drainage KW - Engineering KW - Equipment KW - Management KW - Natural resources KW - Roadside KW - Rural technical assistance program KW - Safety KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic control KW - Training KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495672 AU - Fancher, P S AU - Mathew, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS TRUCK CONFIGURATIONS. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 269 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to examine changes to size and weight limits in order to determine their effects on the designs and configurations of heavy vehicles, the performance capabilities of the resulting vehicles, and the ensuing safety implications thereof. The technical report provides results and findings from an analytical investigation of the influences of size and weight limits on trucks. In an analytical sense, pavement loading rules and bridge formulas are the inputs to the analyses and vehicle performances are the outputs. Ultimately, the work shows the manner in which size and weight rules influence the safety-related performance of vehicles designed to increase productivity. By treating a number of projected size and weight scenarios, the study has developed a basis for generalizing to sets of principles that can be used in evaluating the possible safety consequences of changes in size and weight regulations. KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608504 AU - Radwan, A E AU - Mushtaq, H AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HAZARDOUS MATERIAL INCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 71 p. AB - This research effort developed a standardized reporting form for accidents or incidents involving hazardous materials. A pilot study was conducted to test the form and a computerized database was developed to handle the data. DBASE III Plus software was used for this purpose and all program adjustments and operational procedures are documented in the report. Widespread use of such standardized reporting and data storage techniques should greatly enhance the analytical capability of agencies involved in routing decisions for hazardous materials transport or in planning response capability to hazmat accidents or incidents. KW - Crashes KW - Data storage KW - Databases KW - Decision making KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Hazardous materials KW - Incidents KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Planning KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Routing KW - Software KW - Standardization KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494502 AU - Horner, R R AU - Guedry, J AU - Kortenhof, M H AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITE EROSION AND POLLUTION CONTROL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 64 p. AB - A comprehensive two-phase effort was conducted to improve the cost-effectiveness of erosion and pollution control at highway construction sites. This report covers both phases of the research. The initial work included laboratory model-scale testing of sedimentation pond designs and field monitoring of ponds to establish their effectiveness in pollutant removal. The laboratory models demonstrated that the following design features in concert maximize actual water residence time to promote sedimentation: (1) length/width ratio of 5:1; (2) series arrangement of two chambers rather than a single pond of equivalent size and shape; and (3) using a perforated riser outlet. To verify these results in a full-scale application, a sedimentation pond was designed according to the laboratory findings, constructed in a highway right-of-way, and monitored for pollution control performance. Another sedimentation pond without these design features was tested for comparison. A second pond based on the laboratory results was tested later. Monitoring consisted of flow measurement and water runoff composite sampling at pond inlets and outlets. Samples were analyzed for solids, metals, phosphorus, and organic content. Costs were also established for these ponds. Results demonstrated that the ponds designed according to the laboratory findings were both more efficient in pollutant removals and less costly (per unit area served) than the pond to which they were compared. The later phase of the work concentrated most on testing the ability of various mulches, blankets, and chemical products to prevent erosion on test slopes, as well as on the ability of silt fencing to contain erosion from such slopes. Runoff samples were collected at the bottoms of the slopes and analyzed as in the pond studies, and costs were again established. Overall, wood fiber mulch accompanied by grass seeding was the most cost-effective slope covering. This report is issued in conjunction with an erosion and pollution control manual, which is designed to implement the findings in highway construction practice. KW - Blanket KW - Chemicals KW - Construction sites KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Erosion control KW - Field tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Model tests KW - Monitoring KW - Mulches KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pollutants KW - Ponding KW - Ponds KW - Removal KW - Runoff KW - Sedimentation KW - Seeding KW - Silt fence UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/200.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494503 AU - Horner, R R AU - Guedry, J AU - Kortenhof, M H AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITE EROSION AND POLLUTION CONTROL MANUAL. IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL PY - 1990/01 SP - 60 p. AB - The size and length of highway construction projects have always created a relatively large potential to cause soil erosion problems. In recent years, regulations and public interest have stimulated awareness of these problems and efforts to address them. New techniques and products have been developed to reduce erosion at its source or interrupt the transport of eroded soil. However, these developments have not heretofore been systematically and comprehensively tested and compared to one another in effectiveness. The Washington State Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration funded research to perform such tests in order to improve the cost-effectiveness of highway construction site erosion and pollution control. The research involved literature review, experimentation at the laboratory and field scales, and compilation of cost data. This manual was produced to implement the results of this research. The manual presents criteria and guidelines relative to a number of slope covering techniques, silt barriers, sedimentation ponds, and construction management techniques. These criteria and guidelines cover method selection (based on applicability and relative cost-effectiveness), design, installation, and maintenance. KW - Blanket KW - Building KW - Chemicals KW - Construction sites KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Erosion control KW - Facilities KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Model tests KW - Monitoring KW - Mulches KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pollutants KW - Ponding KW - Ponds KW - Removal KW - Runoff KW - Sedimentation KW - Seeding KW - Silt fence UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/200.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605662 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL INFORMATION CATALOG PY - 1990/01 SP - 40 p. AB - This booklet is intended as a single information resource for currently available Technology Transfer products on the subjects of traffic control and safety in highway construction and maintenance zones. It should be of value to state and local highway engineers who are responsible for planning, managing, implementing and inspecting traffic control devices in work and maintenance zones, as well as to individuals who are in need of, or provide, continuing training on all aspects of work-zone traffic management. For each product listed, the address and telephone number of contact agencies are provided along with a brief description and the terms for acquisition. Some of the products can be obtained without charge, some can be obtained at processing cost, some can be borrowed, and others can be purchased at nominal fees. Products are listed in the following order: Standards and Guides; Handbooks and Manuals; Training Courses; Video and Slide-Tape Presentations; Implementation Packages; Technology Sharing Reports; and Research Reports and Technical Papers. KW - Catalogs KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - Reports KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Videotapes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603546 AU - Modur, S AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF A LEFT-TURN MEDIAN DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 42 p. AB - At least six different median design combinations can be utilized to serve the traffic demands of suburban streets and highways. These range from raised to flush medians with or without left-turn bays, continuous left-turn lanes, or no left-turn geometric treatment. Virtually all of these are commonly used by the aggregate of geometric designers in the United States; however, there is less than complete agreement regarding the conditions under which each is most appropriate. This research study developed guidelines for median design based upon dual considerations of accident experience and operational considerations. Operational criteria address two, sometimes conflicting, design objectives which are maximization of flow and minimization of traffic delay. Key variables employed in the criteria include the magnitudes of straight through and left-turn traffic demands, types of development adjacent to the street section, and operating speeds. The quality of traffic service provided by a street or highway is usually heavily influenced by the performance and number of intersections along the section. Streets that have intermittent curb cuts or driveways and a traffic demand for left-turns into these driveways might be viewed as having pseudo intersections at all locations where left-turns are permitted across the median into driveways. Median designs were found to have a strong impact upon the operations of most real and pseudo intersections and therefore, upon most street sections. KW - Bays KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Driveways KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Intersections KW - Left turn bays KW - Left turn lanes KW - Left turns KW - Maximization KW - Medians KW - Minimization KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600446 AU - Brown, C AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN ON-BOARD DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 23 p. AB - The report contains the results of a test performed to evaluate an on-board data acquisition system in a crash test environment. The test was performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located in McLean, Virginia. The data acquisition system was manufactured by DSP Technologies, Incorporated. Data collected by the on-board system was compared to data collected by the current FOIL system. The on-board data acquisition system posed no physical barriers for use at the FOIL. The data from the on-board data acquisition system compared well with the data collected by the current FOIL system. KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Impact tests KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Performance evaluations KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600695 AU - Walker, R S AU - Kuo, C AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT CRACK DETECTION WITH LASERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 79 p. AB - This report provides the final details on Research Study 8-18-88-1141. The research was initiated to investigate the capability of using lasers for crack detection in pavements. If such a capability could be developed it would be used to aid in obtaining and evaluating pavement distress and cracking information for the State's pavement management procedures, or PES. The research effort has involved three stages. The first two stages were to determine the crack detection capabilities of the laser probes, used on the Surface Dynamics Profilometer (SDP). The SDP is owned by the State and used for road profile measurements. After experiments indicated that these probes could be used for such detection, a system was developed to further study this capability and to determine how it could be used to implement an automated high speed crack identification system. The results of the first two stages, and a complete description of the research effort is provided in Research Report 1141-1, "The Use of Lasers for Pavement Crack Detection." The third stage has been the development of a system which could be used for implementation of such a system so it's usefulness for PES data collection activities can be determined. This research report describes the final research effort. KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Lasers KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Surface dynamics profilometer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600774 AU - Allen, H S AU - Turgeon, C M AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF "PLUS RIDE (TRADEMARK)" (A RUBBER MODIFIED PLANT MIXED BITUMINOUS SURFACE MIXTURE). FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 40 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate a rubber modified plant-mixed bituminous surface mixture. This mixture was produced using the patented process called "Plus Ride (Trademark)". "Plus Ride (Trademark)" is advertised as having unique deicing properties, being durable and having the ability to reduce reflective and thermal cracking. The data collected from test sections provide the following findings to date: (1) Mix design procedures have not been developed to the point where optimum percent asphalt cement can be determined; (2) The rubber modified mixture is more susceptible than conventional mixtures to compaction problems when adverse weather or equipment problems occur; (3) Both the rubber modified and conventional sections exhibit acceptable friction numbers, with the rubber modified mixture having slightly lower friction numbers; (4) The rubber modified mixture is slightly rougher when compared to the conventional mixture based on ridemeter measurements; (5) Deflection data indicate that the amount of surface deflection in the rubber modified asphalt wearing course is not significantly different than the conventional wearing mixture when tested with the Falling Weight Deflectometer; (6) There is no significant difference in tire noise level on the surface of conventional and rubber modified mixtures; (7) The rubber modified mixture does not eliminate or significantly retard transverse reflective cracks; (8) No significant deicing benefits have been observed on the rubber modified test section; and (9) One test section ravelled severely and was removed, while the second test section, although its surface is somewhat more ragged than the control mixture, is performing equal to the control mixture. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Compaction KW - Deflection KW - Deicing KW - Friction KW - Mix design KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Reflection cracking KW - Roughness KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Sound level KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497329 AU - Price, D A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL GRAVEL SHOULDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 39 p. AB - When the costs of highway construction began to accelerate in the late 70's due to higher energy costs and inflationary pressures, an effort was put forth in the Colorado Department of Highways to find ways to implement savings in highway construction and maintenance. One of the suggestions for cost savings was the use of gravel shoulders in place of paved shoulders. There were three major concerns with this suggestion: 1) maintenance costs on gravel shoulders, 2) safety, and 3) premature failure at the edge of pavement between the gravel shoulder and roadway. Two sites were constructed for evaluation of these concerns. One was constructed in the Denver area on S. Kipling St. The other was located on SH-40 west of the town of Granby. The two sites were chosen because of the large difference in their Average Daily Traffic. The sites were evaluated for maintenance costs, safety, and overall condition for several years. The conclusion from this study was that gravel shoulders need to be implemented on a project by project basis looking at each project's Design Hourly Volume for possible implementation. Evaluations revealed that gravel shoulders work well on low volume roadways. However, as Average Daily Traffic rises maintenance requirements become greater and overall cost savings of the gravel shoulder is reduced as well as safety. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design hourly volume KW - Dropoffs (Pavements) KW - Failure KW - Gravel roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement/shoulder drop-off KW - Road shoulders KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497233 AU - Daiga, V L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYESTER FIBER-REINFORCED ID-2 WEARING COURSE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 47 p. AB - This report covers the performance of a polyester fiber-reinforced ID-2 wearing course used on a project in Pennsylvania. The modification of ID-2 wearing material with polyester fibers was easily accomplished in a standard batch plant. The mix was reinforced with "BoniFibers B", 1/4-in.-long polyester fibers, and was placed and compacted with standard paving equipment on a section of LR 34-670 in Cumberland County. Another section of LR 34 was overlayed with standard ID-2 wearing and used as a control. The purpose of the project was to determine if the fiber-reinforced wearing course would retard the development of reflective cracks, and to define when cost effective applications are likely. KW - Asphalt KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fiber reinforced asphalt KW - Fiber reinforced materials KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyester resins KW - Reflection cracking KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496595 AU - Mamlouk, M S AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE-PAVEMENT INTERACTION. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 45 p. AB - In this study the literature related to vehicle-pavement interaction has been reviewed including the materials related to the on-going NCHRP Project 1-25(1). The vehicle characteristics that affect the pavement performance have been summarized such as the inertia of heavy trucks, suspension types, tandem axle spacing, tire types and tire pressure. Models used to analyze vehicles, pavements and vehicle-pavement interaction have been reviewed. The effect of vehicle-pavement interaction on weigh-in-motion data has been briefly discussed. A summary, comments, implications and potential use of recent research have been presented. The interaction between vehicle characteristics and pavement performance is a complex subject which involves the effect of dynamic forces generated by vehicle suspension, vehicle mass, pavement roughness, vehicle speed and tires. A large research effort is still needed to provide better understanding of the relation between vehicle loads and pavement performance in an effort to rationalize the pavement design process. KW - Dynamics KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement performance KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Rolling contact KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496605 AU - Mannering, F AU - Jones, B AU - Garrison, D H AU - Sebranke, B AU - JANSSEN, L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GENERATION AND ASSESSMENT OF INCIDENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. VOLUME I: MANAGEMENT, SURVEILLANCE, CONTROL, AND EVALUATION OF FREEWAY INCIDENTS--A REVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE PY - 1990/01 SP - 45 p. AB - This four-volume technical report describes a study of freeway incidents and incident management strategies in the Seattle area. The study statistically analyzed the frequency and duration of freeway incidents on sections of I-5 and SR 520 in Seattle. In addition, a traffic simulation model was operationalized to assess the traffic related impacts of incidents. The findings show that Seattle-area incident management currently responds well to inclement weather and special events (e.g., major sporting games) but has problems with severe accidents. The ongoing operationalization of accident investigation sites and incident equipment storage sites can be expected to improve severe accident management, but response personnel training and the addition of more dedicated tow truck service are also needed. Finally, the study shows that, from a traffic impact perspective, the section of I-5 in downtown Seattle is in need of the most incident management attention. KW - Crashes KW - Duration KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Impact studies KW - Incidents KW - Management KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Special events KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time duration KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Weather UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/204.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496607 AU - Mannering, F AU - Jones, B AU - Garrison, D H AU - Sebranke, B AU - JANSSEN, L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GENERATION AND ASSESSMENT OF INCIDENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. VOLUME III: SEATTLE-AREA INCIDENT IMPACT ANALYSIS--MICROCOMPUTER TRAFFIC SIMULATION RESULTS PY - 1990/01 SP - 145 p. AB - This four-volume technical report describes a study of freeway incidents and incident management strategies in the Seattle area. The study statistically analyzed the frequency and duration of freeway incidents on sections of I-5 and SR 520 in Seattle. In addition, a traffic simulation model was operationalized to assess the traffic related impacts of incidents. The findings show that Seattle-area incident management currently responds well to inclement weather and special events (e.g., major sporting games) but has problems with severe accidents. The ongoing operationalization of accident investigation sites and incident equipment storage sites can be expected to improve severe accident management, but response personnel training and the addition of more dedicated tow truck service are also needed. Finally, the study shows that, from a traffic impact perspective, the section of I-5 in downtown Seattle is in need of the most incident management attention. KW - Crashes KW - Duration KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Impact studies KW - Incidents KW - Management KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Special events KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time duration KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Weather UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/204.4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496589 AU - Maag, R G AU - Fager, G A AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOT AND COLD RECYCLING OF K-96, SCOTT COUNTY, KANSAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 23 p. AB - A study was undertaken between 1979 and 1989 to construct and compare both hot and cold recycling. Five different test sections were completed in September 1979 and monitored for rutting and cracking for approximately 9 years. At the end of 9 years the project had developed some rutting in the cold recycle sections and roughness in other areas, so a maintenance overlay was applied to all of the sections. This maintenance action terminated the monitoring period. A cost analysis was attempted, but prices may be inflated due to force accounts. The life expectancy was estimated on two of the test sections. The report concluded that hot and cold recycle (with no additive) are cost effective when compared to a normal overlay; very little additive may be necessary in cold recycle; cold recycling should be done in very warm temperatures; and a 2.5-in. hot mix overlay of the cold recycle section was necessary to obtain a nine-year design life. KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling KW - Roughness KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Service life KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496604 AU - Mannering, F AU - Jones, B AU - Garrison, D H AU - Sebranke, B AU - JANSSEN, L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GENERATION AND ASSESSMENT OF INCIDENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 25 p. AB - This summary report describes a study of freeway incidents and incident management strategies in the Seattle area. The study statistically analyzed the frequency and duration of freeway incidents on sections of I-5 and SR 520 in Seattle. In addition, a traffic simulation model was operationalized to assess the traffic related impacts of incidents. The findings show that Seattle-area incident management currently responds well to inclement weather and special events (e.g., major sporting games) but has problems with severe accidents. The ongoing operationalization of accident investigation sites and incident equipment storage sites can be expected to improve severe accident management, but response personnel training and the addition of more dedicated tow truck service are also needed. Finally, the study shows that, from a traffic impact perspective, the section of I-5 in downtown Seattle is in need of the most incident management attention. KW - Crashes KW - Duration KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Impact studies KW - Incidents KW - Management KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Special events KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time duration KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Weather UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/204.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496592 AU - Abdelghani, A A AU - Anderson, A C AU - KHOURY, G A AU - Chang, S N AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATE OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL IN THE ENVIRONMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 120 p. AB - The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development uses ethylene glycol (EG) as a deicing agent on bridges. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of EG on workers and the environment after spraying. The objectives of the project were to: (1) determine the level of exposure of workers spraying EG on bridges; (2) monitor the level of EG in the atmosphere above sprayed bridges; (3) determine the aqueous concentrations of EG due to runoff of the chemical from sprayed bridges to the aquatic environment; and (4) determine the effect of EG in the aquatic environment including sorption capacity to soil, acute toxicity to bluegill sunfish, crawfish, and microorganisms, bioaccumulation in crawfish, and biodegradation by soil microorganisms. Some conclusions include: (1) Air samples collected above sprayed bridges contained far less EG than the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' recommended values; (2) EG concentrations in sediment and water collected from areas under sprayed bridges were below detection limits. EG did not adsorb to soils in laboratory sorption studies; (3) Common soil microorganisms readily degraded EG; (4) Acute toxicity values for crawfish, bluegill sunfish and soil microorganisms were far above the expected environmental concentration resulting from normal applications; (5) In a bioaccumulation study, crawfish did not concentrate EG to levels above the water concentration. The amount of EG taken up in crawfish edible tissues does not pose acute health effects to humans; and (6) In a depuration study crawfish were able to completely eliminate the accumulated EG within 5 to 6 days. Recommendations: (1) Care should be taken in handling EG. For example, (a) all applicators should stay inside the cab of the spray rig and windows should be kept closed, (b) gloves should be worn during handling of EG, (c) one should stand upwind of the prevailing wind direction when mixing EG to avoid aerosol inhalation, and (d) spills and direct application of EG to water should be avoided. (2) Acute studies on juvenile crawfish and other aquatic species could be done to determine potential acute effects on more sensitive stages of the organisms. KW - Accumulation KW - Air pollution KW - Aquatic life KW - Biodeterioration KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Ethylene glycol KW - Materials management KW - Occupational safety KW - Toxicity KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496594 AU - Upchurch, J AU - Rahman, M AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL IMPACTS OF RAISING THE SPEED LIMIT TO 65 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 52 p. AB - Arizona's experience with the 65 mph speed limit is presented in terms of driver behavior and accident experience. The speed limit on Arizona's rural Interstate was raised to 65 mph on April 15, 1987. Driver behavior is presented in terms of the speeds which motorists actually drive on the rural Interstate. Before and after data are presented from the last quarter of 1983 through the first quarter of 1988. Vehicle speeds increased by only about 3 mph or less during the four quarters following the speed limit increase. A five year history of Interstate accident data -- 1983 through Spring 1988 -- is presented which provides a before and after comparison. Total accidents, fatal accidents, and injury accidents information is presented. Accident rate information is presented to account for the effect of increasing vehicle miles of travel. Accident data on the urban Interstate are presented for comparison purposes. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Arizona KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496608 AU - Mannering, F AU - Jones, B AU - Garrison, D H AU - Sebranke, B AU - JANSSEN, L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GENERATION AND ASSESSMENT OF INCIDENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. VOLUME IV: SEATTLE-AREA INCIDENT MANAGEMENT--ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1990/01 SP - 25 p. AB - This four-volume technical report describes a study of freeway incidents and incident management strategies in the Seattle area. The study statistically analyzed the frequency and duration of freeway incidents on sections of I-5 and SR 520 in Seattle. In addition, a traffic simulation model was operationalized to assess the traffic related impacts of incidents. The findings show that Seattle-area incident management currently responds well to inclement weather and special events (e.g., major sporting games) but has problems with severe accidents. The ongoing operationalization of accident investigation sites and incident equipment storage sites can be expected to improve severe accident management, but response personnel training and the addition of more dedicated tow truck service are also needed. Finally, the study shows that, from a traffic impact perspective, the section of I-5 in downtown Seattle is in need of the most incident management attention. KW - Crashes KW - Duration KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Impact studies KW - Incidents KW - Management KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Special events KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time duration KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Weather UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/204.5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496606 AU - Mannering, F AU - Jones, B AU - Garrison, D H AU - Sebranke, B AU - JANSSEN, L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GENERATION AND ASSESSMENT OF INCIDENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. VOLUME II: ANALYSIS OF FREEWAY INCIDENTS IN THE SEATTLE AREA PY - 1990/01 SP - 85 p. AB - This four-volume technical report describes a study of freeway incidents and incident management strategies in the Seattle area. The study statistically analyzed the frequency and duration of freeway incidents on sections of I-5 and SR 520 in Seattle. In addition, a traffic simulation model was operationalized to assess the traffic related impacts of incidents. The findings show that Seattle-area incident management currently responds well to inclement weather and special events (e.g., major sporting games) but has problems with severe accidents. The ongoing operationalization of accident investigation sites and incident equipment storage sites can be expected to improve severe accident management, but response personnel training and the addition of more dedicated tow truck service are also needed. Finally, the study shows that, from a traffic impact perspective, the section of I-5 in downtown Seattle is in need of the most incident management attention. KW - Crashes KW - Duration KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Impact studies KW - Incidents KW - Management KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Special events KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time duration KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Weather UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/204.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495734 AU - Scholl, L G AU - Negrete, R C AU - Brooks, E W AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THIN PAVEMENT SURFACE TREATMENTS. INTERIM REPORT #2 PY - 1990/01 SP - 168 p. AB - This is the second report to result from the subject study. It represents the first major effort to evaluate the available data on "thin pavement surface treatments" in Oregon and to define "cost effectiveness" for this purpose. The 87 projects studied here were constructed in 1984, 1985, and 1986. This report includes pavement condition data collected annually through 1989. Three different "cost-effectiveness indices" are defined and used to compare similar types of treatments. The Longevity Cost Index (LCI) is based on the median service life, price, and traffic loading of each treatment type. After more of the treatments fail, this index is expected to be the most meaningful of the three. It is applied here in a preliminary effort to compare the cost-effectiveness of two types of chip seals. The two other indices, based on changes in pavement condition, are also explored for comparing the treatments. As a supplemental effort, this report addresses the question, "Which treatment is the most appropriate in a given situation?". To accomplish this, an outline of selection criteria for various treatments is presented. This is based on experience in Oregon and the available literature. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Chip seals KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling KW - Surface treating KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495736 AU - Attaway, R W AU - Adeleke-Sheidun, P O AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 233 p. AB - This report covers a wide range of issues dealing with pavement markings. These include: reflectivity levels and visibility requirements, test deck evaluations, in-service testing, pre-mixed versus plain traffic paint performance, water base paints, and durable marking materials. Reflectivity levels and visibility requirements were analyzed using panels of untrained observers who were driven through predetermined sections of pavement markings at night and asked to rate the performance of those markings on a five point scale. These ratings were then compared to reflectivity readings taken on these same sections of pavement markings using a Mirolux 12 retroreflectometer. Test deck evaluations looked at the performance of both pavement marking tapes and traffic paints. A total of 13 tapes and 15 different traffic paints were installed. Evaluations included permanent and temporary removable tapes; pre-mixed versus plain paints, water base, and other durable traffic paints. In-service testing evaluated the performance of epoxy, large glass beads, water based paints, durable pavement marking tape, performance specified markings, and other experimental marking materials. KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Glass beads KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reflectivity KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Testing KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Traffic paint KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493597 AU - Liu, J-J AU - Scofield, L A AU - Arizona Transportation Research Center AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCT EVALUATION PROGRAM ANNUAL REPORT - 1989. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 78 p. AB - This report describes ADOT's product evaluation activities for the 1989 calendar year. ADOT utilized a product evaluation advisory committee consisting of personnel from all four Districts, the Utility Section, the Materials Section, and the Research Section. The advisory committee convenes every three months to recommend which products should be incorporated into experimental projects. The ATRC (Arizona Transportation Research Center) is responsible for the administration of the committee activities and the development and evaluation of experimental sections. Sixty-nine vendors requested packets in 1989. Of these, twenty-six submitted responses to the ATRC and nine were submitted to the advisory committee for consideration. A total of fifteen products were reviewed by the advisory committee (six from previous year). Three were recommended for inclusion in a test section and four were recommended for project specific evaluation. Four products were incorporated in test sections during 1989. The number of vendors requesting packets has increased sixty percent from 1988. However, the number of proposals submitted has remained relatively unchanged from 1988. The number of products in field test sections has continuously increased since 1984. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Committees KW - Decision making KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Policy KW - Products KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493599 AU - Yen, B T AU - Huang, T AU - L-Y, Laim AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL FOR INSPECTING BRIDGES FOR FATIGUE DAMAGE CONDITIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 174 p. AB - This report is intended to supplement existing inspection and evaluation manuals and provide engineers with basic information and guidelines for inspecting bridges for fatigue damage. A comprehensive description of the AASHTO fatigue categories of structural details is given in Chapter 2. In Chapters 3 to 6, color photographs and line drawings illustrate the locations and situations which are susceptible to fatigue cracking. Guidelines are provided on where to look and what to look for when inspecting bridges for fatigue damage. Chapters 7 and 8 provide procedures for the estimation of fatigue life and for the evalution of bridge structure against risk of fatigue failure. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cracking KW - Estimating KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - Inspection KW - Location KW - Manuals KW - Photographs KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493590 AU - Adam, J F AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BALADI INDIRECT TENSILE APPARATUS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 29 p. AB - Dr. Gilbert Y. Baladi of Michigan State University has developed a new device intended for reliable determination of asphalt concrete mechanical properties such as Poisson's ratio, resilient modulus, and indirect tensile strength. The device is the result of an effort to improve upon procedures and equipment currently available for evaluation of mechanical properties. A duplicate of this device was fabricated in the Iowa Department of Transportation, Materials Lab Machine Shop in 1989. This report details the results of an evaluation of the effectiveness of the device in testing Marshall specimens for indirect tensile strength as compared to results obtained with standard equipment described in AASHTO T-283. Conclusions of the report are: (1) Results obtained with the Baladi device average 6 to 8 percent higher than those obtained with the standard device; (2) The standard device exhibited a slightly greater degree of precision than did the Baladi device; (3) The Baladi device is easier and quicker to use than the standard apparatus; and (4) It may be possible to estimate indirect tensile strength from the stability/flow ratio by dividing by factors of 1.8 and 1.5 for 50 blow and 75 blow mixes respectively. KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Mechanical properties KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reliability KW - Tension tests KW - Testing equipment UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19948 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493701 AU - Orokunle, D S AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REMOVAL OF HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATES BY SOIL REMEDIATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 17 p. AB - This report deals with the various methodologies to remove complex hydrocarbons from soils. There are different physical and chemical characteristics that contol the behavior of petroleum products in a soil system. The report contains advantages, disadvantages and the cost effectiveness of each methodology. KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Methodology KW - Removal KW - Soil remediation KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491885 AU - SCHIFFER, D M AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WETLANDS FOR STORMWATER TREATMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 69 p. AB - Results of a study of the effects of highway runoff on the chemical quality of water and bed sediments of a cypress wetland and a freshwater marsh in central Florida indicate that detention of the runoff prior to release into the wetland reduces concentrations of automobile-related chemicals in the water and bed sediments in the wetland. Detention of highway runoff for the cypress wetland occurs in a 68 by 139 foot detention pond, and in a 12 by 25 foot trash retainer for the freshwater marsh. The analysis of the chemical data for water and bed sediments indicates that many of the observed differences in chemistry are due to the difference in detention facilities. Results from this study indicate that detention structures, larger than the trash retainer at the freshwater marsh, may cause sufficient sorption and settling of substances contained in highway runoff to minimize the transport and deposition of some undesirable chemicals into wetlands. KW - Catch basins KW - Chemicals KW - Detention basins KW - Drainage KW - Florida KW - Marshes KW - Runoff KW - Sediments KW - Water quality KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491910 AU - SCHIFFER, D M AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON GROUNDWATER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 85 p. AB - Water quality of the surficial aquifer system was evaluated at one exfiltration pipe, two ponds (detention and retention), and two swales in central Florida, representing three runoff detention methods, to detect any effects from infiltrating highway runoff. Concentration of major ions, metals, and nutrients were measured in groundwater and bottom sediments from 1984 through 1986. Significant differences for most variables were indicated among groundwater quality data pooled by detention method. Nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were highest in groundwater near swales and the exfiltration pipe, and Kjeldahl nitrogen was highest near ponds. Chromium, copper, and lead concentrations in groundwater were frequently below detection levels at all study areas, and no significant differences among detention methods were detected for any metal concentration with the exception of iron. High iron concentrations in groundwater near the detention pond and one swale most likely were naturally occurring and unrelated to highway runoff. Results of the study indicate that natural processes occurring in soils attenuate inorganic constituents in runoff prior to reaching the receiving groundwater. However, organic compounds detected in sediments at the retention pond indicate a potential problem that may eventually affect the quality of the receiving groundwater. KW - Catch basins KW - Detention basins KW - Drainage KW - Exfiltration pipes KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater effects KW - Inorganic compounds KW - Ions KW - Management KW - Metals KW - Nutrient content KW - Organic compounds KW - Retention ponds KW - Runoff KW - Swales KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491142 AU - Allison, R E AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLUSRIDE (REGISTERED TRADEMARK) ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT. FINAL EVALUATION REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 5 p. AB - The performance of an experimental installation of PlusRide (registered trademark) ACP as a bridge deck overlay is summarized in this report. Visual inspections, friction tests, noise readings, and rut depth measurements were taken on both the PlusRide (registered trademark) and a rubberized ACP control section. No evidence of better frictional properties, noise reduction or increased service life could be attributed to the PlusRide (registered trademark) in comparison with the rubberized ACP control section. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bridge decks KW - Friction tests KW - Inspection KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Service life KW - Sound level KW - Vision UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/130.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580497 AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of an International Barrier Corporation Barrier PY - 1990///Final Report SP - 11p AB - In 1986, the Iowa Department of Transportation installed 700 feet of International Barrier Corporation (IBC) barrier between the 1-235 eastbound off ramp and the adjacent eastbound loop on ramp at 8th Street in West Des Moines. It is a 3 foot 6 inch high sand-filled galvanized sheet metal barrier. The bid price on this project was $130 per lineal foot. It was evaluated annually for four years. During this time, there have been no severe accidents where vehicles hit the barrier. There are scrapes and dents indicating minor accidents. The barrier has performed very well and required no maintenance. Due to its initial cost, the IBC barrier is not as cost-effective as portland cement concrete barrier rails. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Performance KW - Sand KW - Sheet metal KW - West Des Moines (Iowa) UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17084 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580490 AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Glasgrid Fabric to Control Reflective Cracking PY - 1990///Final Report SP - 19p AB - The major problem with durability of asphalt cement concrete (ACC) overlays to rehabilitate jointed portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement comes from reflective cracking. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of Glasgrid in regard to preventing reflection cracking. Glasgrid is a glass fiber mesh with 1/2 inch by 1 inch openings. Each strand is composed of many small glass fibers. After the grid is formed, it is coated with a polymer modified asphalt cement. In 1986, four experimental Glasgrid test sections were incorporated into Polk County project IR-35-2(191)67--12-77 on Interstate 35 from IA 5 to the west I-80 interchange on the west edge of Des Moines. Single and double layers of Glasgrid were placed over transverse cracks and joints of the existing PCC pavement. The Glasgrid was placed on the PCC pavement for one section and between lifts of the ACC resurfacing on the other three sections. The four Glasgrid sections were compared to two sections without Glasgrid for four years. The sections were reviewed annually to determine how many cracks or joints had reflected through the resurfacing. Glasgrid placed on the PCC pavement was more effective at preventing reflection cracking than Glasgrid between lifts of AC resurfacing. In general, Glasgrid yielded a small reduction or retardation in the amount of reflection cracking, but not sufficient to justify additional expense for the use of Glasgrid. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - GlasGrid KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Polk County (Iowa) KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Reflection cracking KW - Test sections UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17086 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414245 AU - Smith, K D AU - Peshkin, D G AU - Darter, M I AU - Mueller, A L AU - Carpenter, S H AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations, R and D TI - Performance of jointed concrete pavements; volumes 1 to 6 PY - 1990 IS - FHWA/RD-89-136 & FHW SP - 200p + 243p + 145p + 280p + 159p + 329p AB - A major national field and analytical study has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavements. Extensive design, construction, traffic, and performance data were obtained from numerous experimental and other concrete pavement sections throughout the country. Field data collected and analyzed included distress, drainage, roughness, present serviceability rating (PSR), deflection, destructive testing (coring and boring), and weigh-in-motion (WIM) on selected sites. This information was compiled into a comprehensive microcomputer database. Projects were evaluated on an individual basis and then compared at a national level to identify performance trends. The performance data was used to evaluate and modify several concrete pavement design procedures and analysis models. This volume provides a brief introduction to the data collection activities and presents a description and performance evaluation of the 95 pavement sections included in the study. Documentation is presented on the effects of the following design features on concrete pavement performance: slab thickness, base type, joint spacing, reinforcement, joint orientation, load transfer, dowel bar coatings, longitudinal joint design, joint sealant, tied shoulders, and subdrainage (A). KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality KW - Thickness KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01405426 AU - National Highway Institute TI - Guide to safety features for local roads and streets PY - 1990 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Delineation KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Guardrails KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Pole KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Road maintenance KW - Road markings KW - Road safety KW - Road shoulders KW - Road surface properties KW - Safety fence KW - Shoulder KW - Street KW - Streets KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility distance KW - Visibility distance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1173222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398834 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Highway Safety TI - Maintenance of small traffic signs: a guide for street and highway maintenance personnel PY - 1990 IS - FHWA/RT-90-002 SP - 37p KW - Construction management KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance method KW - Pole KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Replacement KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161155 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-101, Cloverdale bypass construction north of Hiatt Road to Preston Overhead, Sonoma County : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922139 ER - TY - SER AN - 01106016 JO - VTRC ; AU - Cottrell, Benjamin H AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council TI - Review of paved shoulders PY - 1990 SP - iii, 37 p. ; KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Design KW - Economic impacts KW - Paved shoulders KW - Roads UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/90-tar7.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37400/37469/90-TAR7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062308 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 'F' St bridge replacement, Palouse EA/FONSI PY - 1990///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061993 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-91 improvement, Brigham City to Wellsville, Box Elder County / Cache County : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061992 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-509 improvement or rerouting, east-west corridor, I-705 to East 11th St and Marine View Drive, Tacoma : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061991 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Uniontown bypass, US-40 and US-119 link, SR-6040, section A04, Hopwood to Chadville, Fayette County : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061984 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East Unit access road and US-12 relocation, LaPorte/Porter counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061983 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - South Lawrence trafficway construction, Kansas Turnpike to K-10, Lawrence : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Appendix to the draft supplement to the final[1995], Final supplement to the finalapp[1999], Final supplement to the final[2000] KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061981 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-125 construction on new alignment, Fletcher Parkway to proposed SR-52, El Cajon/San Diego/La Mesa/Santee : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061977 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - West 11th St-Garfield St, Florence-Eugene Hwy, 6th-7th Ave couplet extension, Eugene : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final (1997) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061976 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-121 construction on new alignment, I-20 to proposed US-67, Tarrant/Johnson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061938 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Topsham and Brunswick bypass, I-95 in Topsham to Route 1 in Brunswick : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final; 4(f) evaluation B1; Air quality analysis B2 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061937 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East 71st St South proposed reconstruction from South Lewis Ave to South Memorial Drive, Tulsa : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061930 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Northern Wake Expressway from NC-55 near Morrisville to US-64 near Knightdale, Wake and Durham counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Exhibits B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061928 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Kahekili Hwy widening and interchange, Honolulu : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061922 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-25/49th Ave interchange closure and I-25/58th Ave interchange upgrading, Denver County / Adams County : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061920 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30, Lower Columbia River Hwy widening, Columbia City to Warren, Columbia County : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061913 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 115 on new alignment, Route 94 to I-70, St.Charles County : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061912 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ohio River bridge construction, Marysville, KY to Aberdeen, OH : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061899 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 237 freeway upgrade, east of Mathilda Ave to I-880, Santa Clara County : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061882 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Washington, DC bypass construction, I-95 in Va to I-70 and US-50 in MD (MD,VA,DC) : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061867 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - George P. Coleman Bridge York River crossing study, York/Gloucester counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061835 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-45 bypass route around New London, Outagamie County : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061809 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-27, Central Bridge replacement, Newport, KY to Cincinnati, OH : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061791 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-426, Elgin O'Hare highway improvement : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Supplement to the draft, Final, Systems analysis report B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061752 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improvement of US-18 and US-218, Floyd County, EA PY - 1990///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061686 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-75 to SR-371 and I-20 to SR-316 connectors, proposed : environmental impact statement PY - 1990///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00782281 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division TI - COMPLETION OF THE REHABILITATION OF THE 19-MILE FEDERAL SECTION OF THE B-W PARKWAY IS ON THE WAY! PY - 1990 SP - 8 p. AB - This pamphlet addresses the construction on the Baltimore-Washington (B-W) parkway in Maryland, scheduled to take place between the summer of 1999 and 2002. It presents maps and explanations the construction, detailing the detours to take while construction is in progress and explaining all the new features of the completed road. Some of the improvements include new ramps, new signs, smoother pavement, wider shoulders, and additional turn lanes. KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Baltimore Washington Parkway KW - Detours KW - Highways KW - Pavement performance KW - Ramps KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Road construction KW - Road shoulders KW - Routes KW - Signs KW - Turning lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636166 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00772071 AU - Berkum, Eric C van AU - Mede, Peter H C van der AU - Bureau Goudappel en Coffeng AU - DRIVE (Program : European Communities) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DYNAMIC BEHAVIORAL MODEL FOR ROUTE, MODE AND DEPARTURE TIME CHOICE PY - 1990 SP - p. 119-127 AB - The use of road transport informatics (RTI) is a more recent development aiming to optimize the utilization of existing facilities in the transportation system. One way to predict effects of RTI is to model individual travel behavior and to incorporate information explicitly as a model component. This paper presents the outline of a dynamic, behavioral model in which effects of different kinds of information on travel behavior are incorporated. The three essential choices in travel behavior the model is concerned with are mode, route and departure time choices. All are crucial to the trip making behavior of individuals. U1 - Planning and Transport Research and Computation (International) Co. Meeting (18th : 1990 : University of Sussex). Seminar G. Traffic management and road safety KW - Route choice KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492723 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00772072 AU - Stephens, B W AU - Bureau Goudappel en Coffeng AU - DRIVE (Program : European Communities) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR PRESENTING TRIP NAVIGATIONAL INFORMATION TO MOTORISTS PY - 1990 SP - p. 129-141 AB - This paper reports on the results of a series of experiments created to develop guidance for designing different navigation and orientation systems. Within the experiments, two types of variables were identified for defining a set of candidate navigational systems. Such systems were characterized by presentation mode (maps, lists, and auditory displays) and by whether preparation was made for trips or information was presented "on-line". U1 - Planning and Transport Research and Computation (International) Co. Meeting (18th : 1990 : University of Sussex). Seminar G. Traffic management and road safety KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Route guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492724 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772805 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Research Report PB - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Garner, Joseph E AU - Lee, Clyde E AU - Huang, Liren AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFRARED SENSORS FOR COUNTING, CLASSIFYING, AND WEIGHING VEHICLES PY - 1990 SP - vii, 51 p. AB - Five field tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of using commercially-available infrared light-beam sensors for counting classifying, and weighing vehicles. KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Infrared detectors KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/493242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771880 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS: A SMART CHOICE (VIDEORECORDING) PY - 1990 AB - This 12 1/2 minute videorecording describes: the need for ivhs technologies, the four components of ivhs (adis, atms, avcs, cvo) current efforts to develop ivhs in the U.S. and in foreign countries and the need for Public/private partnerships. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Route guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491434 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772320 JO - The Private carrier. Vol. 27, no. 12 PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Underwood, Steven E AU - Chen, Kan AU - Ervin, R D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS, PREDICTING THEIR FUTURES PY - 1990 SP - p. 30-38 AB - This article describes the IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems) Program at the University of Michigan and its focus on predictions on the development of IVHS technologies. Included are discussions of IVHS Delphi forecasts, projections of IVHS categories, and a comparison of the projections. KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492926 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772322 JO - The Private carrier. Vol. 27, no. 12 PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - LANDIS, RICHARD P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT HIGHWAYS : OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS PY - 1990 SP - p. 26, 28 AB - The author discusses the importance of IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems) technologies in providing congestion avoidance and safety enhancement. Voices concern for the lack of willingness to allocate necessary funding for IVHS programs. Stresses the need for a joint venture of support from both private sector and the government. Briefly discusses applications of IVHS technologies which would benefit commercial vehicle operations. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772464 AU - Llunenfeld, H AU - Alexander, G J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Positive Guidance Applications, Inc TI - USER'S GUIDE TO POSITIVE GUIDANCE. 3RD EDITION. PY - 1990 SP - 95 p. AB - This document presents the Federal Highway Administration's guide to the application of positive guidance (provision of appropriate information to drivers in order to avoid making driving errors). It covers information display methods and presents a short section on navigation information presentation aids KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489067 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772110 JO - IVHS Technical Report PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Underwood, Steven E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION OF SENSORS FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE- HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1990 SP - iii, 47 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to review and classify the emerging technological developments as they pertain to sensors used in traffic detection and collision warning. The focus of the presentation is on those sensors that are at the forefront of technological developments related to intelligent vehicle systems (IVHS) rather than on current standard practice. Extensive discussion is given to developments in in- vehicle radar sensors and image-based traffic detection in the last 10 years. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772453 AU - Walker, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-VEHICLE NAVIGATION DEVICES : EFFECTS ON SAFETY AND DRIVER PERFORMANCE : FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990 SP - vii, 97 p. AB - Seven generic in-vehicle navigation devices were tested in the Federal Highway Administration Highway Driving Simulator (HYSIM) to determine their effects on the safety of drivers' performance. The performance of younger, middle-aged and older drivers was analyzed. Study findings indicate that (1) audio devices were somewhat safer to use than visual devices, and (2) moderate display complexity was generally preferable to higher display complexity, and (3) higher levels of complexity affected performance of older drivers to a greater extent than younger or middle aged drivers. KW - Automobile driving KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Human factors KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716872 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1986. TITLE XII, PUBLIC LAW 99-570 PY - 1990 SP - 20 p. AB - This publication contains the text of Public Law 99-570--Oct. 27, 1986, known as Title XII--Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986. There are nineteen sections, beginning with Section 12001 - Short Title, and concluding with Section 12019 - Definitions. KW - Commercial motor vehicle safety act 1986 KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712966 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ADVANCED COURSE IN PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1990 SP - v.p. AB - The newly revised AASHTO Guidelines for Pavement Management Systems were published in July 1990. They contain information designed to help top management to understand the objectives, benefits, technology and resource requirements related to the development or enhancement of a pavement management system (PMS). They contain information useful to personnel assigned to the development and enhancement of such systems; however, in order to keep the guidelines within designated page limitations, it was not possible to develop or describe, in detail, all of the technical or institutional issues. The Advanced Course, for which this publication has been prepared, is an effort to expand on the information in the Guidelines for those who are likely to be assigned PMS responsibilities. The Advanced Course has six primary objectives: (1) Provide an introduction to the 1990 AASHTO Guidelines for Pavement Management Systems; (2) Review latest technology available for use in developing, implementing and maintaining a PMS; (3) Review resources required to develop, implement, and maintain a PMS; (4) Describe the products available from a PMS and information requirements for a PMS; (5) Present building blocks of a PMS; and (6) Summarize important institutional issues. The publication is organized in the following chapters: (1) Overview; (2) Data Collection; (3) Database; (4) GIS and GPS; (5) Single-Year Prioritization; (6) Performance Prediction; (7) Multi-Year Prioritization; (8) Research Needs; (9) Optimization; (10) Institutional Issues; and (11) Management Checklist. KW - Pavement management systems KW - Training KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450463 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636507 AU - TenEyck, T AU - Pietropola, A AU - Basile, R AU - Sarno, G AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN PENNSYLVANIA PY - 1990 SP - 31p AB - The national attention of the transportation industry has once again focused on decision support systems in general and executive management information systems (EMIS) and geographic information systems (GIS) in specific. The use of a GIS could allow state agencies to vastly improve their traditional missions of data collection, research, analysis, and information delivery at reducted cost while providing an opportunity to expand their scope of operations in a cost effective manner. Pennsylvania's efforts in the development of a geographic information system is the ccnetral subject of this paper. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Geographic information systems KW - Pennsylvania KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382218 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636510 AU - DiRosa, D AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR GIS DATA SHARING PY - 1990 SP - 14p AB - Presents an overview of two software tools designed at LSU to improve the accessibility of GIS data in an environment containing multiple GIS hardware and software systems. An Archive Management System is described which uses existing Database Management System technology to keep track of on-line and off-line data. The system provides users with an English-like query language that is independent of the particular DMBS used to implement the data catalog. Also described is a programming language specifically tailored for writing GIS data reformatting programs. The language consists of extensions to the standard C programming language, and the Reformat Compiler translates the source code into standardized C-language reformatting programs. Both software tools are portable, extensible and GIS-independent. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Computer programming languages KW - Data management KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing KW - Louisiana KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382221 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636511 AU - Hollingshead, M A AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GETTING THERE FROM HERE - A PRIMER ON TOPOLOGY FOR TRANSPORTATION PY - 1990 SP - 13p AB - The advent of GIS technology has spawned applications for transportation in which topological modeling plays a key role. Civil engineers and other transportation specialists have an intuitive feel for the concepts of topology, but few have had the opportunity for a more detailed exposure to the subject. This paper examines the intriguing background of topology as a discipline, and looks at its application to the problems encountered in managing the transportation infrastructure. Examples from the evolution of computer modeling for topology are reviewed, from simple models for specific network analysis situations, to a contemporary and sophisticated general purpose model prepared for solution of a variety of transportation problems. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Computer models KW - Geographic information systems KW - Infrastructure KW - Mathematical models KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382222 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636503 AU - Smith, E H AU - Smart, J AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS. CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1990 SP - 17p AB - The New Brunswick Surveys and Mapping Committee and Energy, Mines and Resources Canada recently sponsored b project to investigate the current "state of the art" with respect to DTM capabilities, data collection techniques, machine resource requirements, and potential applications. Data was collected for 50 LRIS 1:10,000 map sheets (2 NTS coverage areas) in New Brunswick. A number of DTM software products were then used on different hardware platforms to measure resource consumption (CPU, disk storage) for generic DTM functions such as TIN creation, contour generation, terrain profiling, and slope/aspect map creation. Two specific applications - floodplain mapping and watershed delineation - were also investigated, using one of the DTM packages. Major conclusions and recommended areas for further research are given. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Canada KW - Digital computers KW - Digital simulation KW - Flood plains KW - Mathematical models KW - Resource development KW - Slopes KW - Terrain KW - Terrain models KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382214 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636505 AU - Chin, S-M AU - Peterson, B AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GIS APPLICATIONS FOR NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION DATA PY - 1990 SP - 16p AB - This paper gives a general description of the PC ARC/INFO and TransCAD GISs and the NHPN, HPMS, NBI, and NPC databases. Detailed lists of elements included in the selected geographic information systems' databases are presented in this paper so that potential users can assess the usefulness of these systems to their own applications. Sample plots generated by the selected GISs based on the above-mentioned databases are also presented. TransCAD is a geographic information system used for planning, managing, and analyzing the characteristics and performance of transportation systems and facilities. PC ARC/INFO is a software system that bring sophisticated geographic information, analysis, and mapping capabilities to personal computers. NHPN, the National Highway Planning Network is a geographically-based analytic network of major highways in the continental U.S. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway planning KW - Mapping KW - Software KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382216 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636512 AU - Hoyle, D B AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USING THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) FOR DEVELOPING A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) IN MINNESOTA PY - 1990 SP - 11p AB - For the past 5 years, the Minnesota Department of Transportation has used the Global Positioning System (GPS) to establish mapping control for a statewide Geographic Information System (GIS). Innovative cost sharing methods were used to accomplish geodetic surveys in a timely and cost effective manner. Monumented mapping surveys were found to be most effective when set in station pairs at calculated distances. This study also discusses the necessary elements of a successful GPS contract. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Geodetic surveying KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Mapping KW - Minnesota KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382223 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636508 AU - Allen, A AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - UTILIZING GIS CONCEPTS IN ROADWAY PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PY - 1990 SP - 3p AB - GIS software relates a spatial database with a text database. The spatial database consists of single points, polylines, and polygons (closed polylines). An index is encoded with each point in the spatial database, relating it to the text database. To create an instance of the spatial database (i.e. a map), a region of the database is isolated and points and polylines are extracted. The index for each point is used to look up symbol definitions in a symbol table. Then symbols, both single and linear, are applied to replace the points and polylines. Only those points and polylines that are visually desirable are extracted to create an instance of the database. The Colorado Department of Highways (CDOH) is using this concept for development of roadway project sets of plans. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Colorado KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway planning KW - Linear KW - Point demerit systems KW - Points UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382219 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636509 AU - Nyerges, T L AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SOFTWARE FUNCTIONALITY IN A GIS FOR TRANSPORTATION: DEVELOPMENT OF A STATE-ROUTE, DIGITAL HIGHWAY NETWORK FOR WASHINGTON STATE USING TIGER/LINE FILES PY - 1990 SP - 22p AB - This paper describes a transportation application of TIGER/Line files in Washington State. Functions having a potential use in a geographic information system for transportation modeling are presented. In particular, the functions to develop a state-route highway network from TIGER/Line files are identified. Steps in the database development process are outlined. Strategies for coupling transportation modeling software to a GIS are discussed. Directions for future research on the subject are provided. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Databases KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - State highways KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382220 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636504 AU - Guthrie, M F AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CREATION OF A DIGITAL CONTROL SECTION ATLAS AT THE MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1990 SP - 16p AB - Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) maintains many inventories of data. When the data pertain to roadways and have locational references, the most common method of referring to location is by Control Section and Milepoint (CS-MP). A Control Section (CS) refers to exactly one stretch of roadway within a county. The Control Section designator is a five-digit number consisting of a two-digit county number (from an alphabetic county list), and a three-digit sequence number. The process of labelling coordinate-based road segments with CS-MP is the essential step in creating a Digital Control Section Atlas (DCSA). The DCSA has been used apart from the GIS Demonstration Projects to assign coordinates to railroad crossings which the Department must inspect regularly. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Geographic information systems KW - Inventory KW - Location theory KW - Michigan KW - Road inventory KW - Roads KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382215 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636506 AU - Gebhardt, C AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE GIS PROCESS AND APPLICATION IN OHIO PY - 1990 SP - 14p AB - The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) started developing a Graphical Information System (GIS) in 1980. The system was designed to locate graphically, accidents to the nearest one hundredth of a mile on the State, County, Township and Municipal jurisdictions. The system used the Road Inventory and Skid Inventory information to calculate accident rates and to identify potentially hazardous roadway conditions. This paper describes the variety of applications for the ODOT system. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - County roads KW - Crash locations KW - Geographic information systems KW - Inventory KW - Ohio KW - Road inventory KW - Roads KW - State highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382217 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636513 AU - Travis, L E AU - Vonderohe, A P AU - Smith, R L AU - Berg, W D AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESEARCH ON ADAPTATION OF GIS FOR TRANSPORTATION: THE SERVER-NET MODEL PY - 1990 SP - 23p AB - Proposed research on the adaptation of geographic information systems for transportation (GIS-T) is described. Recognizing both the considerable potential of GIS-T and some barriers to its most effective use, the proposed research would develop a design and implementation plan based upon past experience, current efforts, and projections of future technological developments. Data collection, which would provide the basis for description of an idealized GIS-T framework, is described. The authors' current thinking concerning the framework, final design, and implementation plan is presented. A tentative outline for a management guide is included and potential applications of GIS-T are discussed. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Data collection KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382224 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635190 AU - LaMacchia, R A AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE TIGER FILE AND TRANSPORTATION ISSUES PY - 1990 SP - 11p AB - In 1981 the U.S. Bureau of the Census set a goal to automate the full range of cartographic and geographic processes in time to serve the data collection, tabulation, and dissemination needs of the 1990 decennial census of the U.S. The Geography Division designed and built, with the assistance of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) data base to meet this goal. The Census Bureau will make available several nationwide graphic products from this data base. These products include digital cartographic data base extract files as well as the more traditional map products. These extract files will make available to those involved in redistricting at the state or local level a consistent set of digital nationwide networks and linkages to census data. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIs) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Census KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mapping KW - Maps and mapping KW - Topographical factors KW - Topography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378903 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636500 AU - Siderelis, K C AU - Johnson, T R AU - Tribble, T N AU - Dildine, G S AU - Padgett, T J AU - Shuller, E R AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USING GIS FOR MULTI-AGENCY PLANNING AND REVIEW OF TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS PY - 1990 SP - 10p AB - This paper describes a cooperative project underway in North Carolina between the Department of Transportation, the Department of Cultural Resources, and the Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources. The joint project involves utilization of GIS technology to facilitate accomplishment of the State's ambitious Transportation Improvement Program while minimizing the impacts on the natural and cultural resources. It is anticipated that this effort will be the basis for future cooperative GIS projects between the participating agencies and will also serve as a model for joint GIS activities throughout state government. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Geographic information systems KW - North Carolina KW - State departments of transportation KW - State government KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382211 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636502 AU - Gottlieb, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GIS AND PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT: SYSTEMS DESIGN ISSUES PY - 1990 SP - 13p AB - This paper discusses the issues involved in designing a pavement management system which can be integrated into a GIS environment. These include the layout and on-line creation of pavement polygons, database design considerations, and the development of linkages between relational databases and map files. Other significant issues encountered in designing a comprehensive pavement management system are also addressed, including: the strengths and weaknesses of standard numeric indexes in prediction and strategy selection, choosing appropriate economic analysis rules to optimize asset life and user benefit, and the development of methods used to analyze the effects of alternative rehabilitation strategies. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mapping KW - Pavement management systems KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382213 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636499 AU - Simkowitz, H J AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TIGER IN ACTION: MAKING EFFECTIVE USE OF THE CENSUS BUREAU'S TIGER FILES PY - 1990 SP - 14p AB - The Bureau of the Census, in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, has created a computerized database containing nearly every street in the U.S. along with the entire census geography (e.g., census block and tract boundaries). This new system is called TIGER, which stands for Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing. The Census Bureau is using TIGER to create the paper maps that the census enumerators carry into the field when taking the census. TIGER/Line files, an extract of TIGER, are now available for all counties in the U.S. This paper provides all the information needed to put TIGER/Line to work in any transportation organization. It covers the origins of TIGER, the various versions that have and will be released, how to convert the raw TIGER files into a base map, how to enhance TIGER, how to use other Census Bureau data with TIGER, and examples of applying TIGER to transportation. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Census KW - Counties KW - Data management KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geographical information systems KW - Information processing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382210 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636501 AU - Dueker, K J AU - Vrana, R AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PY - 1990 SP - 9p AB - Geographic Information System (GIS) concepts and technology can be applied in urban public transportation organizations to improve mapping and other applications that require integration of geographic data. A digital street map, particularly TIGER, is a valuable database for integrating geographic data. GIS, in conjunction with Automatic Vehicle Location technology, will aid management in visualizing transit fleet operations. A consistent underlying geographic database is needed to meet visualization requirements of various users. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Digital mapping KW - Fleet management KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mapping KW - Public transit KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382212 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635189 AU - George, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF GIS SYSTEMS: "BEYOND BLUNDERDOME" PY - 1990 SP - 14p AB - Because of the lack of standards in the Computer Graphics Industry and because vendors make contradictory claims, a newcomer in Geographic Information System (GIS) will find the marketplace very confusing. This paper provides a step-by-step procedure about how to gather information and become knowledgeable about GIS and its applications. It also describes how to evaluate and select a GIS System successfully. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378902 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635185 AU - LOUKES, D K AU - Nandlall, N AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPING A LAND INFORMATION NETWORK FOR NEW BRUNSWICK: IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1990 SP - 24p AB - A report published by the University of New Brunswick in November, 1987, proposed the establishment of a land information network (LandNet) to facilitate the sharing of this resource (geographic databases). The provincial Surveys and Mapping Committee subsequently accepted the recommendations contained within this report, and in February, 1989, commissioned a further study to: (1) update its recommendations in light of recent land management initiatives both within New Brunswick and abroad; and (2) prepare a detailed implementation framework and action plan for a provincial land information network based upon distributed geographic databases. This paper present the results of this project to date. Included are a number of recommendations for pilot projects which will test the concepts in more detail. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Canada KW - Geographic information systems KW - Land KW - Land surveying KW - Mapping KW - Networks KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378898 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635187 AU - Spear, B D AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STADSS: INTEGRATING GIS AND TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS FUNCTINS INTO A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM PY - 1990 SP - 12p AB - Strategic Transportation Analysis Decision Support System (STADSS) is an integrated system of: (1) transportation networks and other geographic databases; (2) GIS, transportation analysis, and graphics display software; and (3) host computers and peripheral hardware; designed to provide Military Traffic Management Command, Washington, D.C. (MTMC) with improved transportation analysis capabilities for surface transportation systems in the continental U.S. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Ground transportation KW - Highway traffic control KW - Software KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378900 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635186 AU - Freund, D M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USES OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HIGHWAY RESEARCH PY - 1990 SP - 9p AB - Geographic information systems are a valuable tool for the researcher because of their ability to provide a coherent and consistent reference for data acquisition and storage, as well as a visual framework for information retrieval and analysis. Geographic information systems provide both conceptual and tangible links to data acquisiton and display tools. This paper explores uses for geographic information systems and related hardware and software tools for highway research applications. It discusses data links and layers and examines them within the context of complex integrations between the highway network and the world around it. Tools for the acquisition, description, and display of research data is discussed. A possible near-future scenario of a GIS-based data collection and analysis is presented. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Data storage KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highways KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378899 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635188 AU - Lewis, S M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE USE OF GIS IN THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION'S OFFICE OF POLICY DEVELOPMENT PY - 1990 SP - 10p AB - The Office of Policy Development (HPP-1) was the first office within the FHWA to make use of GIS. HPP-1 began working on a national highway database in the mide 1980s and has had a fully operational GIS since early 1988. At the FHWA, the database of most importance is the National Highway Network database. It has been developed over the last several years, primarily through contracts with GEOPLEX Corporation and Oak Ridge National Laboratories (ORNL). The database is a geographically based analytic network of the major highways in the continental U.S. The foundation of the database is 1:2,000,000 scale United States Geological Survey (USGS) maps. Attributes for each link in the network include the FHWA functional classification, Federal-aid administrative classification, sign route number(s), length, median type, access control type, number of lanes, pavement type, and flags for designated truck routes and designated Strategic Highway Corridor Network (STRAHNET) links. U1 - Proceedings of the 1990 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway AdministrationSan Antonio, Texas StartDate:19900314 EndDate:19900316 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Engineering Exchange Program and Federal Highway Administration KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway statistics KW - Highways KW - Mapping KW - Networks KW - Statistics KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623651 AU - Shrouds, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION PLANNING REQUIREMENTS OF THE FEDERAL CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS (CAAAS) OF 1990: A HIGHWAY PERSPECTIVE PY - 1990 SP - 16 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to provide a highway perspective on, and an overview of, the key transportation planning requirements in the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAAs) of 1990 that will confront transportation planners. The paper is organized as follows: Introduction; Transportation Planning Provisions of the CAAAs of 1990 (Planning Procedures, Reasonable Further Progress, Transportation Control Measures, Miscellaneous Guidance, and Transportation System Impacts on Clean Air); Conformity (Conformity of Transportation Plans and Programs, Conformity of Transportation Projects, Interim Conformity Procedures, and Conformity Regulations); Highway Funding Sanctions; and Summary. KW - Air quality management KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Clean air act amendments 1990 KW - Conformity KW - Government funding KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Requirement KW - Sanctions KW - Specifications KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605661 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - W-BEAM GUARDRAIL REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE. A GUIDE FOR STREET AND HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL PY - 1990 SP - 36 p. AB - This document was prepared under the Rural Transportation Assistance Program Project 70 by the Technology Transfer Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, and disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation. It is a guide for the repair and maintenance of W-beam guardrail. There are ten sections covering the following topics: guardrail safety, site review, estimating parts and materials for rail on wood post, estimating parts and materials for rail on steel post, equipment and tools, manpower, repair sequence guidelines, traffic control, records of repairs, and maintenance tips. KW - Guardrails KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Labor market KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Materials management KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Repairing KW - Safety KW - Site preparation KW - Tools KW - Traffic control KW - W beams UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/90001/90001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603067 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1989 PY - 1990 SP - 202 p. AB - This publication was prepared by the Office of Highway Information Management, FHWA. The 45th of an annual series, it presents the 1989 analyzed statistics of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, State highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways; and 1988 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government. A brief description is given in the text accompanying each section. KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - State aid KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349122 ER -