TY - RPRT AN - 00603068 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED HIGHWAY STATISTICS AND CHARTS 1989 PY - 1990 SP - 40 p. AB - This publication contains selected statistics and charts showing 1989 information on the following: motor fuel; motor vehicle registrations and revenues; driver licenses; federal taxes and the Highway Trust Fund; highway finance; roadway mileage; vehicle-miles of travel; and various miscellaneous information. Some highlights of the report are as follows: highway use of motor fuel in 1989 totaled 131.9 billion gallons, an increase of 1.4% from 1988; motor-vehicle registrations in the Nation increased from 184,393,674 in 1988 to 187,260,547 in 1989, an increase of 1.6%; the total of 165.6 million licensed drivers in 1989 reflects an increase of 1.3%; highway-user imposts, consisting of motor-fuel taxes, motor-vehicle taxes and fees, and highway tolls, increased by $2.7 billion from 1988 to 1989; total highway expenditures amounted to $71.2 billion in 1989, up $2.6 billion from 1988; for the 50 States and the District of Columbia, highway-user imposts accounted for 78.2% of the $36.9 billion in State highway receipts for 1989; public roads and streets in the United States, as of December 31, 1989, totaled approximately 3.877 million miles, an increase of 0.1% from 1988; highway travel in the United States increased to an estimated 2,107 billion vehicle-miles in 1989, an increase of about 4.0% from 1988; expenditures per mile averaged $27,200 and $8,440 per mile for capital outlay and maintenance, respectively; State highway-user revenue per 1,000 vehicle-miles of travel averaged $16.14 for all States. KW - Driver licenses KW - Expenditures KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registrations KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Taxation KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601476 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BID OPENING REPORT. FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS. CALENDAR YEAR 1989 PY - 1990 SP - 25 p. AB - Published semi-annually, this report summarizes data for Federal-Aid highway construction contracts awarded by the various States in 1989. The data excludes Federal-Aid contracts for work on the Federal-Aid secondary system and work off the Federal-Aid systems. Data for Interstate contracts include both initial construction and resurfacing, rehabilitation, restoration, and reconstruction (I-4R) projects. KW - Bids KW - Contractors KW - Contracts KW - Federal aid KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601453 AU - Melton, W R AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY. STATE OF WASHINGTON PY - 1990 SP - 63 p. AB - This report is in response to the 1990 National Scenic Byways Study of the Federal Highway Administration, which pointed to the need to update the national inventory of scenic highways. Washington State has a 1,918 mile "Scenic and Recreational" highway system, which is referred to as "Scenic Byways" in this report. Because of the time constraints of this study, this report addresses only 635 miles, or one third of the system, in detail in Part B. These 635 miles represent a cross section of the scenic byways found in Washington State. Forms are included on the remaining two-thirds of the system, but not traffic data, land-use, and route narratives as in Part B. Whenever there is a response to a question from the Federal Highway Administration's Scenic Byways Questionnaire, the question is shown in italics followed by the response. KW - Inventory KW - Scenic highways KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490608 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED HIGHWAY STATISTICS AND CHARTS 1988 PY - 1990 SP - 36 p. AB - This publication contains selected statistics and charts showing 1988 information on the following: motor fuel; motor vehicle registrations and revenues; driver licenses; federal taxes and the Highway Trust Fund; highway finance; roadway mileage; vehicle-miles of travel; and various miscellaneous information. Some highlights of the report are as follows: highway use of motor fuel in 1988 totaled 129.9 billion gallons, an increase of 1.9% from 1987; motor-vehicle registrations in the Nation increased from 178,954,599 in 1987 to 184,396,732 in 1988, an increase of 3.0%; the total of 162.9 million licensed drivers in 1988 reflects an increase of 1.1%; highway-user imposts, consisting of motor-fuel taxes, motor-vehicle taxes and fees, and highway tolls, increased by $2.0 billion from 1987 to 1988; total highway expenditures amounted to $68.6 billion in 1988, up $3.4 billion from 1987; for the 50 States and the District of Columbia, highway-user imposts accounted for 79.8% of the $34.3 billion in State highway receipts for 1988; public roads and streets in the United States, as of December 31, 1988, totaled approximately 3.87 million miles, a decrease of 0.1% from 1987; highway travel in the United States increased to an estimated 2,026 billion vehicle-miles in 1988, an increase of about 5.5% from 1987; expenditures per mile averaged $26,970 and $8,160 per mile for capital outlay and maintenance, respectively; State highway-user revenue per 1,000 vehicle-miles of travel averaged $15.81 for all States. KW - Driver licenses KW - Expenditures KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registrations KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Taxation KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494496 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPORT OF THE INVESTIGATION INTO THE COLLAPSE OF THE ROUTE 198 BALTIMORE-WASHINGTON PARKWAY BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12/28 SP - 772 p. AB - On August 31, 1989, falsework supporting the Maryland Route 198 eastbound bridge over the southbound Baltimore-Washington Parkway collapsed during concrete placement. The bridge design and contract administration were being provided by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Eastern Federal Lands Highway Division (Federal Lands Division). The Final Report concludes that in all probability the falsework collapsed because the top screw jacks used by the contractor to construct the falsework were smaller than those required by the approved falsework plans. Other contributing factors were smaller than required cross-bracing; a skewed shoring tower arrangement; excess blocking; an intermingling of components from several manufacturers; and a general lack of longitudinal cross support between the towers. Rust and deterioration could have contributed to the collapse. KW - Blocking KW - Bracing KW - Collapse KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete placing KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Cross bracing KW - Deterioration KW - Failure KW - Falsework KW - Highway bridges KW - Shoring KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496598 AU - Hummer, J E AU - Montgomery, R E AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF LEADING VERSUS LAGGING LEFT TURN SIGNAL PHASING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12/13 SP - 228 p. AB - This research project includes an evaluation of leading vs. lagging left turn signal phasing and all red clearance intervals. This report presents the results of the part of the research involving leading vs. lagging left turn signal sequences. It was found that, in general, lagging sequences at selected types of intersections can provide safety and delay advantages over the (more common in Indiana) leading sequences. Guidelines were developed on the basis of research results for the use of the leading and lagging signal sequences in Indiana. KW - Guidelines KW - Lagging KW - Lagging (Earthwork) KW - Lead-lag phasing KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496597 AU - Hummer, J E AU - Montgomery, R E AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF LEADING VERSUS LAGGING LEFT TURN SIGNAL PHASING. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1989/12/13 SP - 34 p. AB - This research project includes an evaluation of leading vs. lagging left turn signal phasing and all red clearance intervals. This report presents the results of the part of the research involving leading vs. lagging left turn signal sequences. It was found that, in general, lagging sequences at selected types of intersections can provide safety and delay advantages over the (more common in Indiana) leading sequences. Guidelines were developed on the basis of research results for the use of the leading and lagging signal sequences in Indiana. KW - Guidelines KW - Lagging KW - Lagging (Earthwork) KW - Lead-lag phasing KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584282 AU - Gowan, Monica E AU - Western Washington University, Bellingham AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Boulder Creek Flood Potential PY - 1989/12//Final Report SP - 42p AB - This report documents research on the causes, magnitude and frequency of landsliding and debris flooding in the Boulder Creek drainage basin, and the actions the Washington State Department of Transportation can take to mitigate the impacts of these geologic hazards on State Road 542. The research approach was divided into two phases: 1) compilation of precipitation, temperature and streamflow data analyses for eight historic debris floods in Boulder Creek; and 2) investigation of the progression of erosion and sedimentation since mid-century. A terrain evaluation procedure was employed to evaluate the present level of hillslope and channel instability and to determine future landslide hazard. Debris-flood generation is highly dependent on rain-on-snowmelt conditions during moderate- to high-frequency storms. Since the 1940's, an eighteen-fold increase in area of landsliding along a 2.5 mile stretch of the main channel has produced much of the debris for these floods. This dramatic increase in landsliding is a highly-interdependent function of the local geology, hydrology and timber-harvest activities. The probability of a new landslide forming in the next 2 years is 74%, and increases to 97% for the next 5 years. The high risk of future landsliding, combined with profuse sediment storage in the main channel, assures the continued frequency of debris flooding in the vicinity of the Boulder Creek bridge for at least the next 20 years. The capacity of the Boulder Creek bridge is no match for the present-day sediment discharge of Boulder Creek. Strategies for short-term and long-term hazard assessment, as well as hazard-avoidance planning have been designed. Preliminary steps for the development of a flood warning system are provided through a determination of the severity of weather conditions and a comparison with historic flood events. Weighted landslide hazard rankings have been applied to separate reaches of the main channel of Boulder Creek. Several mitigative options ranging from methods of protection to avoidance of the area are outlined; evaluation of the feasibility of a new bridge and/or highway alignment is recommended. Participation in the management of the drainage basin resources is encouraged. Visual communication is a highly effective way to increase awareness of the drainage basin conditions. Two documents auxiliary to this technical report have been prepared for this purpose: "The Atlas of Lower Stream Reaches" and "Photographic Folio of the Boulder Creek Drainage Basin." KW - Boulder Creek (Washington) KW - Debris flows KW - Drainage basins KW - Erosion KW - Floods KW - Hazard mitigation KW - Hazards KW - Landslides KW - Sedimentation KW - Slope stability KW - Warning systems UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/207.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584270 AU - Gowan, Monica E AU - Western Washington University, Bellingham AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Boulder Creek Flood Potential PY - 1989/12//Technical Report SP - 109p AB - This report documents research on the causes, magnitude and frequency of landsliding and debris flooding in the Boulder Creek drainage basin, and the actions the Washington State Department of Transportation can take to mitigate the impacts of these geologic hazards on State Road 542. The research approach was divided into two phases: 1) compilation of precipitation, temperature and streamflow data analyses for eight historic debris floods in Boulder Creek; and 2) investigation of the progression of erosion and sedimentation since mid-century. A terrain evaluation procedure was employed to evaluate the present level of hillslope and channel instability and to determine future landslide hazard. Debris-flood generation is highly dependent on rain-on-snowmelt conditions during moderate- to high-frequency storms. Since the 1940's, an eighteen-fold increase in area of landsliding along a 2.5 mile stretch of the main channel has produced much of the debris for these floods. This dramatic increase in landsliding is a highly-interdependent function of the local geology, hydrology and timber-harvest activities. The probability of a new landslide forming in the next 2 years is 74%, and increases to 97% for the next 5 years. The high risk of future landsliding, combined with profuse sediment storage in the main channel, assures the continued frequency of debris flooding in the vicinity of the Boulder Creek bridge for at least the next 20 years. The capacity of the Boulder Creek bridge is no match for the present-day sediment discharge of Boulder Creek. Strategies for short-term and long-term hazard assessment, as well as hazard-avoidance planning have been designed. Preliminary steps for the development of a flood warning system are provided through a determination of the severity of weather conditions and a comparison with historic flood events. Weighted landslide hazard rankings have been applied to separate reaches of the main channel of Boulder Creek. Several mitigative options ranging from methods of protection to avoidance of the area are outlined; evaluation of the feasibility of a new bridge and/or highway alignment is recommended. Participation in the management of the drainage basin resources is encouraged. Visual communication is a highly effective way to increase awareness of the drainage basin conditions. Two documents auxiliary to this technical report have been prepared for this purpose: "The Atlas of Lower Stream Reaches" and "Photographic Folio of the Boulder Creek Drainage Basin." KW - Boulder Creek (Washington) KW - Debris flows KW - Drainage basins KW - Erosion KW - Floods KW - Hazard mitigation KW - Hazards KW - Landslides KW - Sedimentation KW - Slope stability KW - Warning systems UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/207.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414050 AU - Chollar, B H AU - Tran, K T AU - Zenewitz, J A AU - Kumari, D AU - Boone, J G AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Changes occurring in asphalts in drum dryer and batch (pug mill) mixing operations PY - 1989/12 IS - FHWA/RD-88-195 SP - 101p AB - The study was designed (1) to discover whether steam distillation of asphalt takes place in a drum dryer mixer, (2) to compare changes induced by various laboratory conditioning (aging) techniques versus those occurring in drum dryer mixers, and (3) to identify possible differences in asphalts subjected to drum dryer mixing versus batch (pug mill) mixing. Fifty-five virgin asphalts were subjected to various laboratory conditioning experiments including thin film oven exposure (TFO), rolling thin film oven exposure (RTFO), (small) steam distillation (SSD), forced air distillation (FAD), and rolling forced air distillation (RFAD). Various physical and chemical properties of these conditioned samples were measured. These properties were compared with those of the residues recovered from drum dryer operations for each asphalt. By comparing the laboratory conditioned residues to the recovered residues from the drum dryer operation, similarities of the variously exposed asphalts to asphalt recovered from drum dryer mixers were ascertained. This demonstrated that steam distillation does not take place in drum dryer mixers. Eight matched asphalt pairs, one used in a drum dryer mix and one in a batch (pug mill) mix, were identified among 24 virgin asphalts from Georgia by statistically comparing various physical, thermal, compositional, and molecular size properties of the virgin asphalts. Asphalts were then recovered from the mixes in which each of the eight drum dryer - batch (pug mill) asphalt pairs were used. The recovered asphalts were analysed, and the results show the asphalt residues extracted from drum dryer operations to be slightly harder than those extracted from batch operations (A). KW - Asphalt KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Construction equipment KW - Construction equipment KW - Material properties KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Properties of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413500 AU - Hughes, W E AU - McGee, H W AU - Hussain, S AU - Keegel, J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Field evaluation of edgeline widths PY - 1989/12 IS - FHWA/RD-89-111 SP - 60p AB - This report documents an evaluation of the effectiveness in terms of safety and cost of 8-in (20 cm) wide edgelines on two-lane rural roads compared to 4-in (10 cm) wide edgelines. In order to assess the incremental benefits attributable to the wider lines, a before-versus -after experimental design with a control group was developed. With the assistance of State highway departments in Alabama, Maine, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Ohio, South Dakota, and Texas, over 2,000 miles (3200 km) of two-lane rural roads were restriped with either 8-in (20 cm) edgelines or 4-in (10 cm) wide edgelines. KW - Accident analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Before and after study KW - Crash analysis KW - Delineation KW - Highway safety KW - Road markings KW - Road safety KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413499 AU - Mak, K K AU - Sicking, D L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Rollover caused by concrete safety shaped barrier PY - 1989/12 IS - FHWA/RD-88-219 SP - 139p AB - The objectives of this study are to: (1) identify the root causes of rollover of vehicles in impacts with concrete safety shaped barriers, (2) determine the extent and severity of overturn collisions with concrete safety shaped barriers, and (3) identify potential countermeasures to reduce shaped concrete barrier rollovers. The study approach consisted of critical review of literature, statistical and clinical analysis of four accident data files, and computer simulations. The extent of the rollover problem on concrete safety shaped barriers is found to be less than reported in previous literature. A number of impact conditions were identified from accident studies and confirmed by simulation as potential contributory factors to rollovers. Three alternate shapes were evaluated as potential countermeasures: (1) F-shape, (2) single constant sloped barrier, and (3) vertical wall. Results of the evaluation show that the F-shape barrier offers little performance improvement. The vertical wall barrier offers the greatest reduction in rollover potential, but also with the greatest increase in lateral accelerations. The single constant sloped barrier with an 80-degree slope may provide the best compromise solution. A benefit/cost analysis is needed and recommended to properly compare between the various barrier shapes. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Geometric configurations and shapes KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Guardrails KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Overturning KW - Overturning KW - Safety fence KW - Shape KW - Shape UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01410811 AU - Bowman, B L AU - Hummer, J E AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Examination of truck accidents on urban freeways PY - 1989/12 IS - FHWA-RD-89-201 SP - 101p AB - The objective of this study was to determine the nature and extent of urban freeway accidents involving trucks, over 10,000 lb gross vehicle weight, and their consequences as a function of vehicle type and traffic and roadway characteristics. The study was limited to urban freeways and expressways with large total volumes (minimum 100,000 average daily traffic) and a significant percentage of large truck traffic (minimum 5 per cent). The primary tasks involved a review of the literature, and the analysis of accident and operational data from selected urban freeway sites. A total of 2,221 verified truck accidents were included in the study occurring during 3.75 years on 46.5 miles of freeway. The study determined the characteristics of truck accidents, developed comparisons between truck and passenger vehicle accidents, and estimated the operational and economic consequences of truck accidents. An estimate of the total annual cost of urban freeway accidents was determined to be $634,000 per freeway mile. Applying this estimate to the total 2,497 Interstate and freeway miles, with volumes greater than 100,000 vehicles per day, that exist nationwide results in a nationwide annual cost of 1.6 billion dollars due to truck accidents on urban freeways. KW - Accident analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Urban highways KW - Urban road UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1178609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496563 AU - BEDEWI, N E AU - Frances, M K AU - Carney, J F AU - Ray, M H AU - Sicking, D AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUDIT OF A SMALL SIGN SUPPORT COMPUTER SIMULATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 152 p. AB - The objective of this task is to review, analyze, and report on two computer simulations of a small vehicle impacting frontally into a small, base bending sign support. The theory behind the two simulations is presented in the report titled "Automobile Impacts with Small Signs". The review performed and documented here is a combined effort by Advanced Technology and Research Corporation, Vanderbilt University, and Texas Transportation Institute. Three independent reviews are presented followed by a summary of the overall opinions and combined recommendations. The three independent reviews all agree that additional work is necessary to develop a reliable computer model to be used for designing an advanced bogie test vehicle. KW - Base bending KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Impact tests KW - Recommendations KW - Sign supports KW - Simulation KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738928 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WICK STABILIZATION OF APPROACH FILL FOUNDATION (CARROLL COUNTY) PY - 1989/12 SP - 45 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to document construction procedures and evaluate the effectiveness of wick drains as a foundation stabilization method. This effort was executed by use of field inspections, photologs, and instrumentation to monitor foundation and field response. Instrumentation included a multipoint settlement gage, settlement platforms, and vertical slope inclinometers. This procedure was judged to be successful in that 90% consolidation of the deep foundation occurred within approximately 100 days. Construction procedures were generally satisfactory. KW - Approach lanes KW - Approaches KW - Consolidation KW - Construction management KW - Deep foundations KW - Effectiveness KW - Field performance KW - Fill (Embankment) KW - Fills KW - Foundations KW - Instrumentation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilization KW - Wick drains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603535 AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRIDGE SCOUR SYMPOSIUM, OCTOBER 17-19, 1989, TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER, MCLEAN, VIRGINIA PY - 1989/12 SP - 388 p. AB - These proceedings contain all 21 papers and 7 summaries of discussions on research needs presented at the Bridge Scour Symposium held at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center of the Federal Highway Administration on October 17-19, 1989. The Symposium consists of six sessions on various aspects of this critical problem: scour prediction; scour monitoring; scour modeling; scour protection; special problems; and knowledge gaps and research needs. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Monitoring KW - Problem identification KW - Protection KW - Research KW - Scour UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675359 AU - Post, E R AU - Faller, R K AU - Pfeifer, B G AU - Holloway, J C AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE VEHICLE CRASH TEST ON THE IOWA STEEL TEMPORARY BARRIER RAIL PY - 1989/12 SP - 59 p. AB - One full-scale vehicle crash test was conducted on the Iowa Steel Temporary Barrier Rail. Test I5-1 was conducted with a 5,500 lb (2495 kg) vehicle at 22.5 deg and 60.6 mph (97.5 km/h). The overall test length of the barrier was 200 ft (60.96 m). The barrier was shop fabricated and transported to the test site in 20-ft (6-m) long sections. The cross-section of the barrier consisted of two stacked steel HP 14-73 (A36) shapes with the edges of the flanges placed back to back and held together by welded steel straps spaced 5 ft (1.5 m) on centers. The inside box section between the HP shapes was filled with concrete. The height of the barrier was 29 in. (73.7 cm). The 20 ft (6-m) long sections were bolted together at the test site. The location of the vehicle impact was 100 ft (30.48 m) from the end of the barrier installation. This was also the location where two sections were bolted together. The test was evaluated according to the safety criteria in NCHRP Report 230 and also in the AASHTO guide specifications, performance level 2. The safety performance of the Iowa Steel Temporary Barrier Rail was determined to be satisfactory. KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Temporary barriers KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620644 AU - McManis, K L AU - Folse, M D AU - Elias, J S AU - University of New Orleans AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING PILE BEARING CAPACITY BY SOME MEANS OTHER THAN THE ENGINEERING NEWS FORMULA. FINAL COMPREHENSIVE REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 134 p. AB - A review of the practice used in monitoring pile driving activities within the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD) and elsewhere is reported. The Engineering News Record formula is currently the most commonly reported method used by departments of transportation in the evaluation of pile driving. The performance of several alternate dynamic formulas, the wave equation, and dynamic testing with the pile driving analyzer are evlauated in a comparative study of LADOTD test piles. Development of a comprehensive program that includes dynamic formulas but has the goal of greater reliance on the wave equation, from design through construction, is recommended. Microcomputer software was developed to facilitate field implementation of WEAP87, the Hiley and Engineering News Record formulas. In a test pile study, the pile driving analyzer was found to be reliable in predicting pile capacity, in monitoring the structural integrity of the pile during driving, and in evaluating setup. KW - Dynamic tests KW - Forecasting KW - Microcomputers KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile driving KW - Reliability KW - Software KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_234.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496652 AU - Quinlan, T AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF COMPUTER HARDWARE AND HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE SOFTWARE FOR FIELD TRAFFIC CONTROL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 56 p. AB - In an attempt to reduce traffic congestion sophisticated traffic control systems are required to collect and manipulate a variety of real-time traffic data. This report presents an evaluation of computer hardware and high-level language software used in such traffic control systems. Trade-offs which will help determine the value of designing and implementing an advanced transportation controller are identified. An investigation of Caltrans' future controller needs is presented. Existing advanced controller applications and their associated hardware and software are analyzed. KW - Advanced systems KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Controllers KW - Design KW - Hardware KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496639 AU - Derakhshandeh, M AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MONITORING OF NONDURABLE SHALE FILLS IN SEMI-ARID CLIMATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 56 p. AB - In this research study the performances of three embankments along I-70 in western Colorado were monitored and studied. The embankments were built using the borrow shale material from the adjacent cuts near the roadway. Standard construction procedures were followed with no special shale testing in the field. During this study, the shale samples from all three embankments were tested in the laboratory, and it was found that all three embankments consisted of nondurable shale material. The long-term performance of the above embankments indicates that nondurable shales can successfully be used as embankment fill material in semi-arid climates such as Colorado. Based on the findings of this study, both the jar-slake and the slake-durability tests are highly recommended to identify the shale quality in the field. Based upon the findings of the tests, recommendations could be made to treat the shale as soil-like in thin (8-inch) lifts or as rock-like in thick (2-3 feet) lifts during the embankment construction. KW - Arid land KW - Durability KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations KW - Semiarid land KW - Shale UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610088 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Oka, V G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PRIORITY RANKING SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE REHABILITATION OR REPLACEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 39 p. AB - The main objective of this study was to review a Bridge Priority Ranking System for Bridge Replacement developed by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet Division of Maintenance. The system ranked bridges for improvement (rehabilitation or replacement) based on a benefit/cost ratio. The system was used to rank a large data base consisting of 267 bridges. Analysis of the rankings revealed that the ranking system gave priority to bridges having low improvement costs. Many of those had low traffic volumes and subsequently, they had high costs of improvement per vehicle served. The equation used to compute bridge deficiency points was revised. Several proposed alternate ranking systems were analyzed. Those systems and their analyses are discussed. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Maintenance KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608503 AU - Rahman, M AU - Scofield, L A AU - Wolfe, T AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVING FABRICS FOR REDUCING REFLECTIVE CRACKING. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 62 p. AB - This report documents the installation of three commercially available paving fabrics for the reduction of reflective cracking in asphalt overlays. The fabrics installed were Paveprep, Glassgrid, and Tapecoat. The test section is in Willcox, Arizona, on State Route 186. The Willcox rehabilitation project, RS-274-(8)P, involved milling and replacing 2 in. of asphalt concrete, and placing pavement reinforcing fabric. A total of 600 linear feet of each product was placed over transverse cracks, and an additional 100 to 300 ft of each product were placed over random cracks. Markers were placed on the curbs to help monitor the performance of the fabrics during the next 3 years. Problems which occurred during installation of the fabrics are described. Recommendations include the need for proper binder coat selection when paving fabrics are used in pavement rehabilitation, the need for additional field testing of Paveprep on milled surfaces, and caution regarding the use of Glassgrid on rough surfaces. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Building KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fabrics KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation KW - Test sections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26990/EP8801.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26991/EP8801C.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608464 AU - Suprenant, B AU - Zayed, A AU - Anderson, M AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF MATERIALS FROM PILES IN TAMPA BAY BRIDGES. ADVANCED CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF HARDENED CONCRETE - PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 68 p. AB - This investigation addresses the effects of material properties on the durability of bridge piles in the Tampa Bay area. Four bridges were selected for this study, namely, New and Old Gandy and New and Old Skyway Bridges, due to the similarity in the water salinity. These bridges cover a time span of approximately 20 years. The tools used in this study included wet chemical analysis, microscopy, x-ray diffraction and fluorescence, mechanical and physical testing. It was found that concrete ingredients in both bridges are not different in quantity or quality. Significant differences in physical properties with the older bridges of better quality were attributed to construction practices, specifically, consolidation. It is recommended that future work should address porosity and permeability, in addition to the effects of crystallization of salts, on concrete durability. KW - Chemical analysis KW - Concrete KW - Concrete composition KW - Concrete piles KW - Concrete properties KW - Consolidations KW - Construction management KW - Diffraction KW - Durability KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Mechanical properties KW - Microscopy KW - Permeability KW - Physical properties KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Porosity KW - Research KW - X ray fluorescence KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493592 AU - Ulberg, C AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MODE CHOICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 88 p. AB - The primary objective of this report is to introduce psychological factors into the understanding and modeling of the mode choice process. Substantial evidence shows that traditional models of mode choice, which emphasize time and costs and a rational decision-making process, are inadequate representations of how people make transportation choices. Still, they are the primary methods practitioners use for transportation planning. The challenge is to develop models that can adequately represent qualitative factors and that also can be used for policy analysis and forecasting. Three approaches to modeling mode choice were identified in this study: (1) rational, economic models - traditional models that employ measurements of actual time and cost and assume that people are utility maximizers; (2) models employing attitudinal and perceptual variables - the application of psychological theories and psychometric techniques to quantify factors that are basically qualitative; and (3) activity-based travel analysis - these start with the assumption that transportation choices are merely a means to engage in activities and take into account spatial, household, and other constraints. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. A successful method for modeling and understanding mode choice will borrow from each of these approaches. The report discusses several important issues in extending our understanding of the mode choice process. Those discussions can be condensed into five main themes: (1) perceptions of time and cost are more important than actual time and cost; (2) qualitative variables are important, but they are interrelated and affect perceptions of time and cost; (3) demographic variables are relatively unimportant except as they relate to mode accessibility; (4) values, beliefs and psychological needs enter into the mode choice process; and (5) the formation and breaking of habit is the key to understanding the cognitive processes involved in transportation choices. KW - Accessibility KW - Activity models KW - Attitudes KW - Beliefs KW - Costs KW - Economic factors KW - Habits KW - Mathematical models KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Models KW - Perception KW - Present value KW - Psychological aspects KW - Time KW - Value UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/189.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304689 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603540 JO - Publication of: Geological Survey PB - U.S. Geological Survey AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRIDGE SCOUR SYMPOSIUM, OCTOBER 17-19, 1989, TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER, MCLEAN, VIRGINIA. SESSION V - SPECIAL PROBLEMS PY - 1989/12 SP - p. 323-367 AB - Session V of the Bridge Scour Symposium focused on special problems in the area of bridge scour. The three papers presented at this session discuss the investigation of bridge collapses due to underwater failures, laboratory studies, and the Federal Highway Administration Technical Advisory, respectively. The papers are as follows: The National Transportation Safety Board's Role in the Investigation of Bridge Collapses with Emphasis on Recent Underwater Failures, L.E. Jackson; Laboratory Studies of the Effects of Footings and Pile Groups on Bridge Pier Scour, J.S. Jones; and FHWA Technical Advisory, P.L. Thompson. KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Collapse KW - Conferences KW - Crash investigation KW - Footings KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Problem identification KW - Scour KW - Studies KW - Technical advisory KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Transportation Safety Board UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603665 AU - Prasad, R AU - WALLACE, B AU - Bush, T D AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF A COMPOSITE PRESTRESSED BRIDGE UNIT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 67 p. AB - A 55 ft long prestressed, composite steel girder-concrete slab bridge unit was tested to ultimate load. The unit had previously undergone a series of tests including sustained loading, fatigue loading, and static loading to first yield. The 54 ft, simply supported span was subjected to static loads applied at points 20 ft from the supports. Vertical deflections were measured at the supports and midspan, and horizontal slippage at the slab-girder interface was measured at several locations along the span. Strain gage readings at midspan on the slab surface, slab longitudinal bars, and throughout the depth of the girders were recorded. The bridge unit behaved in a ductile manner, deflecting 18.6 in. before failure occurred. Strain gage readings indicated yielding occurred over nearly the full depth of the girders. Failure was by crushing of the slab at the load application points. The unit supported an applied load 13% greater than the ultimate load predicted using actual material properties. The excess capacity is attributed to strain hardening of the bottom flanges of the girders. Slippage at the slab-girder interface was observed to be small. Existing analysis procedures were found to be adequate for predicting the ultimate capacity of the unit. Load at first yield in a previous test was observed to be lower than predicted. It was determined that the reduction in yield load can be explained by the presence of residual tensile rolling stresses in the bottom flanges of the girders. KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Deflection KW - Failure KW - Highway capacity KW - Load tests KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Prestressing KW - Slippage KW - Static loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349408 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603536 JO - Publication of: Geological Survey PB - U.S. Geological Survey AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRIDGE SCOUR SYMPOSIUM, OCTOBER 17-19, 1989, TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER, MCLEAN, VIRGINIA. SESSION I - SCOUR PREDICTION PY - 1989/12 SP - p. 1-146 AB - Session I of the Bridge Scour Symposium focused on scour prediction. The seven papers presented at this session discuss various methods of predicting bridge scour and compare predicted scouring with field observations. The papers are as follows: Bridge Scour, E.V. Richardson and J.R. Richardson; Bridge Scour Predictions for Extreme Flow Conditions, J.L. Machemehl and A.M. Teeter; Geotechnical Considerations of Scouring Potentials at Low Flows, J.B. Palmerton; Use of Scour Prediction Formulae, J.L. McIntosh; Testing Design Methods for Local Scour at Bridge Piers, L. Posada and C.F. Nordin, Jr.; Evaluation, Modeling, and Mapping of Potential Bridge-Scour, West Tennessee, A. Simon, G.S. Outlaw and R. Thomas; and Acoustic Determination of Bridge Scour, E.D. Hart and D.D. Caulfield. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Equations KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Forecasting KW - Mapping KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Models KW - Scour UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354409 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603537 JO - Publication of: Geological Survey PB - U.S. Geological Survey AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRIDGE SCOUR SYMPOSIUM, OCTOBER 17-19, 1989, TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER, MCLEAN, VIRGINIA. SESSION II - SCOUR MONITORING PY - 1989/12 SP - p. 147-231 AB - Session II of the Bridge Scour Symposium focused on scour monitoring. The six papers presented at this session discuss the various methods for monitoring bridge scour and present the results of field measurements. The papers are as follows: Post-Flood Measurement of a Refilled Scour Hole at the Bulkeley Bridge in Hartford, Connecticut, F.P. Haeni and S.R. Gorin; A Mobile Scour Monitoring System for Use at Bridges, R.E. Southard; Measurement of Bridge Scour, B.W. Melville, R. Ettema and S.C. Jain; A Program to Collect Scour Data on Ephemeral Streams, C.V. Sabol, C.F. Nordin, Jr., and E.V. Richardson; Monitoring Scour at the State Route 32 Bridge Across the Sacramento River at Hamilton City, California, J.C. Blodgett; and Demonstration Project No. 80 - Bridge Inspection Techniques and Equipment, D.A. Decker. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Demonstration projects KW - Equipment KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Methodology KW - Mobile equipment KW - Monitoring KW - Portable equipment KW - Scour UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354410 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603538 JO - Publication of: Geological Survey PB - U.S. Geological Survey AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRIDGE SCOUR SYMPOSIUM, OCTOBER 17-19, 1989, TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER, MCLEAN, VIRGINIA. SESSION III - SCOUR MODELING PY - 1989/12 SP - p. 232-271 AB - Session III of the Bridge Scour Symposium focused on scour modeling. The two papers presented at this session discuss, respectively, the modeling of bridge scour at the New York State Thruway Bridge following its collapse into the floodwater of Schoharie Creek and the BRIdge StreamTube Model for Alluvial River Simulation (BRI-STARS) which is under development by A. Molinas under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). The papers are as follows: Two-Dimensional Flow Modeling of Schoharie Creek at the Thruway Bridge, R.E. Trent; and BRI-STARS Model and Its Applications, A. Molinas and V.C. Santoro. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Flow KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - River beds KW - Scour KW - Simulation KW - Streambeds KW - Two dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354411 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603539 JO - Publication of: Geological Survey PB - U.S. Geological Survey AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRIDGE SCOUR SYMPOSIUM, OCTOBER 17-19, 1989, TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER, MCLEAN, VIRGINIA. SESSION IV - SCOUR PROTECTION PY - 1989/12 SP - p. 272-322 AB - Session IV of the Bridge Scour Symposium focused on scour protection. The three papers presented at this session discuss various methods used to protect against bridge scouring and the results obtained. The papers are as follows: Scour Surveying and Countermeasures in Massachusetts, L. Bedingfield and N.M. Hourani; Sediment Control in Bridge Waterways, A.J. Odgaard and Y. Wang; and Model Study on the Stability of Riprap Placed in Local Scour Holes at Bridge Piers, A.C. Parola, Jr, J.S. Jones and A.C. Miller. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Protection KW - Riprap KW - Scale models KW - Scour KW - Sediment control KW - Sediments KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354412 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603541 JO - Publication of: Geological Survey PB - U.S. Geological Survey AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRIDGE SCOUR SYMPOSIUM, OCTOBER 17-19, 1989, TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER, MCLEAN, VIRGINIA. SESSION VI - KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND RESEARCH NEEDS PY - 1989/12 SP - p. 368-380 AB - Session VI of the Bridge Scour Symposium was a Panel Discussion on the knowledge gaps and research needs in the area of bridge scour. Included here are summaries of the discussion by the six panelists and the moderator. These seven summaries are as follows: Surface-Geophysical Methods--Knowledge Gaps and Needed Research, F.P. Haeni; Bridge Scour Program of the U.S. Geological Survey, E.F. Hubbard; Bridge Scour Knowledge Gaps and Needed Research, J.L. McIntosh; Bridge Scour Modeling: Knowledge Gaps and Needed Research, A. Molinas; Knowledge Gaps and Needed Research, E.V. Richardson; Bridge Scour Knowledge Gaps and Needed Research, P.L. Thompson; and Knowledge Gaps and Needed Research, R.E. Trent. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Research KW - Scour UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601535 AU - Naghavi, B AU - Cruise, J F AU - Ekanayake, S AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION OF FLOOD QUANTILES AT UNGAGED WATERSHEDS IN LOUISIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 80 p. AB - Four popular regional flood frequency methods were compared using Louisiana stream flow series. The state was divided into four homogeneous regions and all undistorted, long-term stream gages were used in the analysis. The GEV, TCEV, regional LP3 and USGS regression methods were applied to this data base and compared in terms of descriptive capabilities. Based upon several factors, the GEV method was selected as the superior method overall. A procedure to apply this method to ungaged watersheds using regression equations and regional non-dimensional flood distribution was then developed. It was found that the procedure performed well when applied to data not used in the calibration of the model. The method is easier to apply and more accurate in terms of descriptive and probably predictive ability than any other feasible method. KW - Accuracy KW - Equations KW - Flood frequency KW - Floods KW - Forecasting KW - Regression analysis KW - Stream gages KW - Watersheds UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_229.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344587 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600638 JO - Publication of: California University, Berkeley PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Naclerio, M T AU - Kruger, P AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODELS FOR SIGNALIZED AND UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS: ADDENDUM PY - 1989/12 SP - 193 p. AB - The Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, has developed Accident Prediction Models for signalized and unsignalized intersections for the State of California's Highway System. These prediction models are based on the Traffic Accident Surveillance and Analysis System (TASAS) as the data base, and a high powered, tree-building statistical tool known as Classification and Regression Trees (CART) for data regression to predict accidents for the approximate 2,500 signalized and 17,000 unsignalized intersections under CALTRANS' jurisdiction. The procedures employed to develop these prediction models are thoroughly discussed in the Final Project Reports of both projects. This document serves as an addendum to these Final Reports and addresses applications of the accident prediction model to traffic safety studies and investigations currently performed by CALTRANS. Applications addressed in this document include: List of Outliers and Input Data Entry Implications; Study of Group Factor Implications for Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections; Statistical Analysis of Prediction Model; Group Factor Tables for Signalized Intersections; Group Factor Tables for Unsignalized Intersections; and Development of User-Friendly Computer Software for Calculation of Expected Accidents (APSI). KW - Applications KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Signalized intersections KW - Software KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trees (Mathematics) KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497350 AU - Kiljan, J AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIVE-INCH ASPHALT OVERLAY REHABILITATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 68 p. AB - This report is a case history study of the performance of a deep (five-inch) asphalt overlay over a portland cement concrete pavement. The study was intended to study the rate of reflective cracking on the overlay. After four years, approximately 25% of transverse joints had reflected through to the pavement surface indicating that all of the underlying transverse joints will have reflected through after 16 years of service. However, the pavement is already scheduled for resurfacing. Due to early rutting, which averaged 0.5 in. in the first three years, five miles of the southbound lanes were milled and resurfaced in 1988. The remaining is continuing to rut and will have to be resurfaced in the next several years. A second study entitled "Rehabilitation of a Rutted Asphalt Pavement" will continue this work and will evaluate the cause of the original rutting as well as evaluating the performance of the first rehabilitation project. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497236 AU - Chang, N Y AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSOLIDATION TESTING USING TRIAXIAL APPARATUS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 93 p. AB - During this research study, a sophisticated automated triaxial apparatus was procured to study the feasibility of using one sample to obtain shear strength and consolidation characteristics of a particular soil. After completion of the test program, it was concluded that the triaxial system was effective in obtaining multiple engineering properties of soils from one sample. These properties included strength, stress versus strain behavior, consolidation characteristics and permeability of a soil. It was also concluded that the triaxial consolidation characteristics are not to be used to predict the in-situ three dimensional consolidation behavior of soils. This is due to the fact that the three dimensional consolidation is very much affected by the stress path and the boundary conditions; but the conventional triaxial consolidation cannot simulate all in-situ loading and boundary conditions. The sophisticated testing system developed during this study is capable of carefully evaluating triaxial consolidation characteristics and shear strength of various soils. Therefore, it is recommended that this equipment be used in all projects requiring shear strength, stress versus strain properties, and consolidation characteristics of soils. KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Deformation curve KW - Permeability KW - Shear strength KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Soil permeability KW - Soils KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial testing machine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496602 AU - Hamilton, C D AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BENCHMARK FOR MAINE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S A588 WEATHERING STEEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 47 p. AB - Utilization of A588 weathering steel has presented problems for many States. With this in mind the Maine Department of Transportation (MeDOT) has conducted its first in-depth study to determine the present condition of its weathering steel. Construction of bridges with A588 steel commenced in 1968. Environmental conditions determine where A588 steel bridges may be located in Maine. Eight-four of the structures are now in existence in Maine. Of these 84 bridges, a group of 9 were selected for in-depth field inspection by MeDOT personnel. Data obtained during this inspection period includes: results from visual observations of the steel (color, texture, flaking, etc.), physical measurements with an ultrasonic thickness gauge and observation of environmental conditions at structure locations. The results from data obtained indicate the policy employed by MeDOT governing the use of A588 steel has been effective. KW - Benchmarks KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Effectiveness KW - Environment KW - Environmental data KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Information organization KW - Inspection KW - Maine KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Metal bridges KW - Policy KW - Steel bridges KW - Thickness KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Vision KW - Weathering steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496660 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Deacon, J A AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED TRUCK MONITORING SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 126 p. AB - The primary objectives of the study are as follows: 1) Develop functional specifications for an integrated truck monitoring system for use in Kentucky; 2) Determine the extent to which KYU numbers (unique identification for large trucks operating in Kentucky) are being displayed as required; 3) Examine the impact of the KYU numbering system on motor carrier operations; and 4) Determine the magnitude of the problems related to trucks using bypass routes to avoid inspection stations. Accomplishments documented in this interim report include the following: 1) Field studies were conducted to determine the frequency of trucks bypassing inspection stations and compliance with the requirement to display a KYU number; 2) A review was made of Kentucky statutes and regulations to summarize requirements expected of trucks, truck operators, and motor carriers; 3) The current system for truck monitoring was described based on information obtained from individuals involved with truck monitoring and regulation; and 4) Estimates were made of the efficiency of collecting weight-distance and truck motor-fuel taxes. KW - Compliance KW - Field studies KW - Fuels KW - Identifying number KW - Inspection avoidance KW - Kentucky KW - Laws KW - Monitoring KW - Motor carriers KW - Taxation KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Weight distance taxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496647 AU - Parikh, J AU - Munjal, S AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 133 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of various types of bridge expansion joints. Five types of joints, namely, 1) Wabo-Maurer expansion joint, 2) Felspan T-40, 3) Felspan T-30, 4) Acma Modular II, and 5) Acme Beta, have been evaluated. The criteria for evaluation was a) durability, b) inservice life, c) leaking, d) cost effectiveness, and e) comparison of degree of difficulty during the installation of joints. Also included in the study is the comparison of performance of the standard compression seal with this new modular system. All of these joints were not found leaking after being in service for 2 to 9 years. They all had some amount of debris accumulated near the curb. As compared to the regular finger joints, the cost of these joints is a little more but they last longer. No damage to the seals due to snow plows or traffic was observed. The overall performance of the joints was very good. Standard compression seals are recommended for small joint movement and light traffic volume. They are susceptible to damage by snow plow and leakage. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridges KW - Building KW - Compression seals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Expansion joints KW - Facilities KW - Field performance KW - Installation KW - Leakage KW - Modular design KW - Modular structures KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496638 AU - Yeh, S-T AU - SU, C-K AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESILIENT PROPERTIES OF COLORADO SOILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 75 p. AB - During the past 30 years, pavement engineers have increasingly used the elastic layered system theory to predict the physical response of pavement structures in order to determine a proper pavement thickness. The 1986 AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures has adopted resilient properties in its pavement design. The committee for this Guide recognized that many state highway agencies do not have the proper equipment to determine the resilient modulus. In the Design Guide, correlation of the resilient modulus with the California bearing ratio and the R-value are given. However, these correlations are general in nature and can be used temporarily and only for certain types of soils. The committee has recommended that states develop their own correlations. During this research study, attempts were made to find a correlation between the resilient modulus and the R-value for Colorado soils. To accomplish this task, an extensive laboratory testing program was conducted and the following correlation was established: resilient modulus equals 3500 plus 125 times the R-value. Based on the results of this study, this correlation was established for Colorado soils. Verification of this correlation by additional tests on high quality subgrade (i.e., A-1-b or better) will be needed. After verification, attempts will be made to incorporate this finding in the current CDOH Pavement Design Procedures. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Foundation soils KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement design KW - R-value KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495674 AU - Hughes, W E AU - McGee, H W AU - Hussain, S AU - Keegel, J AU - Bellomo-McGee, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF EDGELINE WIDTHS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 60 p. AB - This report documents an evaluation of the effectiveness in terms of safety and cost of 8-in. (20 cm) wide edgelines on two-lane rural roads compared to 4-in. (10 cm) wide edgelines. In order to assess the incremental benefits attributable to the wider lines, a before-versus-after experimental design with a control group was developed. With the assistance of State highway departments in Alabama, Maine, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Ohio, South Dakota, and Texas, over 2,000 miles (3200 km) of two-lane rural roads were restriped with either 8-in. (20 cm) edgelines or 4-in. (10 cm) wide edgelines. Using log-linear modeling and conventional statistical analysis techniques, the accident data collected over a 2- to 3-year period before the edgelines were applied were compared with accident data collected over a 1- to 2-year period after the edgelines were applied. Based on the available data, there appears to be little of evidence to suggest that, in general, 8-in. (20 cm) edgelines produce an incremental accident reduction compared to 4-in (10 cm) edgelines on two-lane rural roads with Average Daily Traffic (ADT) volumes between 5,000 and 10,000 vehicles per day. The analysis did reveal that 8-in. (20 cm) edgelines were more effective under certain conditions and that they could be a cost-effective alternative to 4-in. (10 cm) edgelines. Finally, suggestions as to when and where 8-in. (20 cm) edgelines should be applied on two-lane rural roads are presented. KW - Before and after studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Edge lines KW - Effectiveness KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Two lane highways KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493706 AU - Lyon, J W AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLD RECYCLING MATERIALS STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 46 p. AB - The purpose of this research study is to evaluate the feasibility of cold recycling through a limited scope laboratory evaluation. Two reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAPs) were selected; one was approximately 14 years old and the other was approximately 4 years old. Two emulsified asphalt binders, SS-1 and CMS-2 were selected for evaluation. The only acceptable mixture obtained in the laboratory was from the older RAP and the SS-1 emulsion in regards to Marshall Test properties. No acceptable stripping resistance was obtained from the laboratory mixture. Stripping resistance is considered critical for adequate performance of cold recycled materials. As such cold recycling is not recommended at this time for use in Mississippi as based on the limited results of this study. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Binders KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall test KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493593 AU - Woodham, D AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PIPE, SPIROLITE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 24 p. AB - Six high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes were installed as rundowns in the Summer of 1985 on Interstate 70 west of Denver. The HDPE pipes were able to handle the corrosive and abrasive runoff and eliminated the need for heavy equipment during placement on the steep fill slopes. No problems were observed with the use of these pipes during four and one-half years of monitoring. Polyethylene and PVC plastic pipes are currently allowed by the Colorado Department of Highways in all corrosive conditions. These pipes offer additional advantages due to their light weight and hydraulic efficiency. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Construction KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Ethylene resins KW - High density KW - Hydraulics KW - Lightweight materials KW - Monitoring KW - Pipe KW - Polyethylene KW - Runoff UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493600 AU - Koerner, R M AU - Hwu, B-L AU - Koerner (RM), Consulting Engineer AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOCOMPOSITE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS: HIGHWAY EDGE DRAINS AND RETAINING WALL SHEET DRAINS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 115 p. AB - This project has focused on geocomposite drainage systems made from various types and configurations of polymeric drainage cores covered by polymeric geotextile filters. The cores are available in a wide variety of shapes; for example, columns, nubs, cuspations, meshes, dimples, etc. The geotextile filters are bonded directly into the cores. Two major applications areas were addressed in this project. The first application is that of highway edge drains in which the drainage cores are generally 12 in. or 18 in. high and completely surrounded by the geotextile filter. They are placed vertically in the ground immediately adjacent to highway pavement base courses for the purpose of accepting lateral drainage. The second application is that of retaining wall drainage in which the drainage system completely covers the backfilled side of the wall with the geotextile filter attached to the side of the core facing the backfilled soil. Their purpose is to drain the backfill soil thereby relieving hydrostatic pressure against the back of the wall. Each of the two application areas were addressed in an identical manner: a literature review, design calculations (regarding core strength, core flow rate, geotextile permeability, geotextile opening size and geotextile strength), testing of various commercial products and a generic specification. The report is written accordingly. KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Drainage structures KW - Edge drains KW - Filter drains KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Geocomposites KW - Geotextiles KW - Highway drainage KW - Permeability KW - Polymers KW - Retaining walls KW - Reviews KW - Sheet drains KW - Specifications KW - Strength of materials KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493700 AU - Harmelink, D S AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAWED JOINTS IN AC PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 38 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sawing controlled joints into a new asphalt surface. These sawed joints were located over existing transverse cracks which had developed in the old asphalt mat. Because there are no known treatments which prevent the eventual reflection of the existing cracks it was hoped the sawed joint would produce a straight, neat joint in the overlay. After the four year evaluation period it was determined that reflective cracking was not being controlled by the saw cut and in some cases the sawed joint was cause of additional deterioration of the pavement surface. Although this study did not show that providing sawed joints was effective, it was obvious from the field evaluations that sealing reflective cracks is very beneficial to the overall performance of the pavement. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Sawed joints KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493602 AU - PARKER, D AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR OREGON HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 43 p. AB - An extensive program was developed to measure pavement deflection, skid resistance, and rideability throughout Oregon. The data from those "objective" measures were then evaluated for correlations with observed pavement distress and traffic factors. It is concluded that "Dynaflect" deflections and other "objective" measures of pavement performance can best be used on the project level. The mechanized data gathering methods evaluated here have not proven valuable in network level pavement management. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Oregon KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Ride quality KW - Rideability KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493697 AU - Burns, E N AU - Dudek, C L AU - Pendleton, O J AU - Burns (EN) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND SAFETY IMPACTS OF WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 166 p. AB - Research was performed to determine total costs (construction and road user costs) and safety impacts associated with traffic control through work zones on rural four-lane, divided highways using single lane closure (SLC) versus two-lane, two-way traffic operations (TLTWO). An informational guide for use in selecting cost-effective traffic control strategies for proposed construction projects was also prepared. Construction data were collected from 51 construction projects in 11 States, and traffic capacity delay studies were conducted at 25 projects in 10 States. In all, construction projects were studied in 16 different States. A total of seven types of construction projects were analyzed for the two traffic control alternatives. The type of construction was found to be the most important aspect affecting the selection of the most cost-effective traffic control strategy. The average daily traffic for the projects ranged from approximately 10,000 to 30,000. For the projects studied, there were no significant differences in accident rates between the two traffic control alternatives. Guidelines are presented for selection of SLC versus TLTWO, including a simplified procedure to estimate road user costs for SLC and TLTWO traffic control strategies. This final report is the first volume of this two-volume series. The second volume is the informational guide (FHWA-RD-89-210). KW - Average daily traffic KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction projects KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Divided highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway capacity KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Road user costs KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel budgets KW - Two lane highways KW - Two-lane two-way traffic operations KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493601 AU - Roque, R AU - Anderson, D A AU - Robyak, R A AU - Thompson, M J AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND PERFORMANCE OF BITUMINOUS SEAL COATS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 280 p. AB - This report describes a field study that was conducted at Pennsylvania State University's Pavement Durability Facility (test track) and on Route 64 to determine the effect of specific construction, traffic, and materials variables on the performance of bituminous seal coats. Condition of the existing surface (worn or leveled), emulsion application rate, rolling patterns, time between construction operations and opening to traffic, and polymer modification were among the study variables. Traffic was applied to the sections for 1 year, and the performance, skid resistance, visual evaluations, and mean texture depth were documented. Design and construction variables were found to diminish the other study variables. The report includes recommendations for improving the PennDOT design procedure, suggestions regarding quality control, and a tentative model for predicting seal coat life. KW - Design methods KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Emulsions KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Macrotexture KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Quality control KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Seal coats KW - Service life KW - Skid resistance KW - Surveying KW - Traffic loads KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493672 AU - Burns, E N AU - Dudek, C L AU - Pendleton, O J AU - Burns (EN) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND SAFETY IMPACTS OF WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES. VOLUME II: INFORMATIONAL GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 51 p. AB - Research was performed to determine total costs (construction and road user costs) and safety impacts associated with traffic control through work zones on rural four-lane, divided highways using single lane closure (SLC) versus two-lane, two-way traffic operations (TLTWO). An informational guide for use in selecting cost-effective traffic control strategies for proposed construction projects was also prepared. Construction data were collected from 51 construction projects in 11 States, and traffic capacity delay studies were conducted at 25 projects in 10 States. In all, construction projects were studied in 16 different States. A total of seven types of construction projects were analyzed for the two traffic control alternatives. The type of construction was found to be the most important aspect affecting the selection of the most cost-effective traffic control strategy. The average daily traffic for the projects ranged from approximately 10,000 to 30,000. For the projects studied, there were no significant differences in accident rates between the two traffic control alternatives for the sites and volumes studied. Guidelines are presented in this report for selection of the best traffic control alternative between SLC and TLTWO. A simplified procedure to estimate road user costs for SLC and TLTWO traffic control strategies is also included. This guide is Volume II of a two-volume series. Volume I (FHWA-RD-89-209) is the final report. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction projects KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Divided highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway capacity KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Road user costs KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel budgets KW - Two lane highways KW - Two-lane two-way traffic operations KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493594 AU - Hunt, T R AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MIRAMAT EROSION CONTROL FABRIC. PROJECT BRS 0037(2). FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 39 p. AB - Miramat, a plastic erosion control mat, was installed in a roadside irrigation ditch in eastern Colorado. Its effectiveness at preventing erosion and allowing revegetation was evaluated over a two-year period. The mat performed comparably to other plastic erosion-control mats. It effectively provided for revegetation and erosion control. This information will be compared to that of other erosion-control techniques to help choose the most cost-effective methods for future projects. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Ditches KW - Effectiveness KW - Erosion control KW - Mats KW - Mats (Footings) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plastics KW - Revegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491917 AU - Fiuzat, A A AU - Elling, R E AU - Sill, B L AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT IN THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE OF TYPE 5 AND 6 CATCH BASINS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 102 p. AB - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SCDHPT) has experienced structural (breakage) and hydraulic (debris blockage) problems with the Type 5 and 6 storm water catch basins. This study resulted from a 1987 agreement between SCDHPT and Clemson University to examine design alternatives and arrive at a new design which is simpler, has equal or higher flow capacity, and is more resistant to damage caused by heavy vehicles driving over the curb. For several design alternatives structural analysis of the top slabs was performed by numerical modeling, and hydraulic analysis of flow capacities was performed by physical modeling. A suitable structure emerged which satifies the specified constraints. It has a rectangular curbside opening of 3 7/8 in. and was tested in modular lengths of 4, 8, 12, and 16 ft, with a rectangular top slab which withstands an H-20 loading without any pedestals. This report presents the details of the study and the findings. KW - Catch basins KW - Curbs KW - Drainage KW - Mathematical models KW - Scale models KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303970 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492199 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Reagan, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STRATEGIC TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH STUDY FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1989/12 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - p. 85-89 AB - The Federal Highway Administration and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration have signed a contract with the Transportation Research Board to conduct a strategic highway safety research study. The study will focus on all aspects of the driver, vehicle, and roadway systems that affect highway safety. The study will address the following: major highway safety problems, today and tomorrow; what safety initiatives exist for cost effectively reducing deaths and injuries. Research topics will focus on areas in which Federal, State and local governments currently spend their limited resources. Current programs will be examined for effectiveness and then, problem areas will be identified where major capital outlays for intensive research offer the most promise for developing programs that can reduce highway accidents. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307106 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492197 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Williams, W L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION'S RURAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM PY - 1989/12 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - p. 73-76 AB - Thousands of rural communties depend heavily on rural roads and bridges, and their improvement is of utmost national concern. To answer this growing concern, the Rural Technical Assistance Program was established by the Federal Highway Administration. The Technology Transfer Program (T2) for Local Transportation Agencies is the largest of the projects in this Assistance Program. T2 center operations and funding are briefly described in this article. Illustrations of cost saving projects implemented under RTAP are also described. aas its funding KW - Improvements KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Savings KW - Technical assistance KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491745 AU - Scofield, L A AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALT RUBBER AT ADOT. SPECIAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 40 p. AB - This report evaluates ADOT's two decades of experience with asphalt-rubber materials. It discusses the chronological development of asphalt rubber by ADOT and the five principle uses of asphalt rubber. The performance of asphalt-rubber materials are determined from historical records and pavement test sections. The performance of asphalt rubber is evaluated by utilizing historical data from ADOT's pavement management system database and by reviewing eight experimental projects which included 47 test sections. Pavement condition distress surveys were performed on several of these projects to determine the terminal condition of the pavements. Asphalt-rubber materials have been placed on over 700 miles of roadway on the State system. This is approximately 10% of ADOT's highway network. Although regularly used on the Interstate System, the principle use has occurred on State and U.S. Routes. The major application has been in mitigating reflective cracking with over 90% of the applications consisting of SAMs and SAMIs. The average life of a SAM is approximately 5 years on the Interstate and 10 years and 8 years for the State and U.S. Routes, respectively. The coefficient of variation in service life ranges between 30%-40% for all three highway classifications. The average life of a SAMI is approximately 9 years for both the Interstate and State Routes while it is only 3 years on the U.S. Routes. Asphalt rubber has successfully been used as an encapsulating membrane to control pavement distortion due to expansive soils and to reduce reflection cracking in overlays on both rigid and flexible pavements. During the 20 years of asphalt rubber use, ADOT has evolved from using slurry applied asphalt-rubber chip seals to utilizing reacted asphalt rubber as a binder in open and dense graded asphalt concrete. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Binders KW - Defects KW - Encapsulation KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Evaluation KW - Mitigation KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reflection cracking KW - Service life KW - Stress absorbing membrane interlayer KW - Stress absorbing membranes KW - Stresses KW - Test sections KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303814 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492198 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ormsby, W C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODERN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO HIGHWAY MATERIALS PROBLEMS PY - 1989/12 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - p. 77-83 AB - This article describes studies conducted at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in response to general or specific needs identified by the States, the Federal Highway Administration Regions, Divisions, and other governmental agencies. The research programs are designed to solve current or anticipated problems that are affecting or will affect highway operations and maintenance. Examples of research are described in this paper which have resulted from identified materials needs. Thus, epoxy thermoplastics research has successfully produced a more durable, economical and environmentally acceptable lane marking material. Materials for improved bridge deck performance, such as latex modifiers for portland cement concrete and epoxy coated rebars, have been evaluated with emphasis on improved durability and safety, while being environmentally acceptable. Work on pavement materials and tests and specifications is also described. KW - Bridge decks KW - Building materials KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Latex KW - Materials tests KW - Modifiers KW - Research KW - Road marking materials KW - Specifications KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492200 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bednar, J J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE CURVES: FOUR CASE STUDIES PY - 1989/12 VL - 53 IS - 3 SP - p. 90-99 AB - Three accepted measures of pavement performance are discusssed: safety, functional performance, and structural performance. Four case studies are described of states (Arkansas, Iowa, Pennsylvania, and Washington) which have completed studies to develop pavement performance curves (or equations) based on information currently in their data bases. The studies illustrate that there are many ways to define and measure pavement performance. It is noted that the key to effective pavement management is not how performance is determined, but rather the commitment to monitor network performance, in whatever terms have been selected. As the period of time over which pavements are monitored increases, so does the confidence level of predicting future performance based on past experience. This aids greatly in the long-term planning, design, construction, and maintenance of the highway system. KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Performance indicators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492000 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1989 FHWA NATIONALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM (NCP) OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1989/12 SP - 116 p. AB - This executive summary gives an overview of progress of programs being conducted under the Nationally Coordinated Program (NCP) of Highway Research, Development, and Technology during the period from October 1, 1988 through September 30, 1989. This report covers technologies for highway design, construction, and operation including the specific categories of Highway Safety, Traffic Operations, Pavements, Structures, Materials and Operations, Policy and Planning, and Motor Carrier Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Development KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Pavements KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491295 AU - Dash, U AU - Ballew, J W AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLD-LAID LATEX-MODIFIED EMULSION PAVEMENT COURSES (RALUMAC). FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 138 p. AB - The objectives of this report are to present and discuss the construction and performance of Ralumac on four project test locations. Ralumac provides a rapid method of rut repair and a good wearing surface. Compared to ID-2 a cost saving of 30 to 50 percent can be realized by using Ralumac for comparable areas of road surface. It has performed well on a variety of traffic conditions and has provided acceptable skid resistance. It is recommended that (a) the present PennDOT specifications be modified as suggested in the report, (b) a design chart be used as a guide and (c) Ralumac be approved for structurally sound pavements needing improvements to correct rutting or skid problems. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Latex asphalt KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rapid methods KW - Repairing KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Skid resistance KW - Specifications KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491299 AU - Chollar, B H AU - Tran, K T AU - Zenewitz, J A AU - Kumari, D AU - Boone, J G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHANGES OCCURRING IN ASPHALTS IN DRUM DRYER AND BATCH (PUG MILL) MIXING OPERATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 101 p. AB - The study was designed (1) to discover whether steam distillation of asphalt takes place in a drum dryer mixer, (2) to compare changes induced by various laboratory conditioning (aging) techniques versus those occurring in drum dryer mixers, and (3) to identify possible differences in asphalts subjected to drum dryer mixing versus batch (pug mill) mixing. Fifty-five virgin asphalts were subjected to various laboratory conditioning experiments including thin film oven exposure (TFO), rolling thin film oven exposure (RTFO), (small) steam distillation (SSD), forced air distillation (FAD), and rolling forced air distillation (RFAD). Various physical and chemical properties of these conditioned samples were measured. These properties were compared with those of the residues recovered from drum dryer operations for each asphalt. By comparing the laboratory conditioned residues to the recovered residues from the drum dryer operation, similarities of the variously exposed asphalts to asphalt recovered from drum dryer mixers were ascertained. This demonstrated that steam distillation does not take place in drum dryer mixers. Eight matched asphalt pairs, one used in a drum dryer mix and one in a batch (pug mill) mix, were identified among 24 virgin asphalts from Georgia by statistically comparing various physical, thermal, compositional, and molecular size properties of the virgin asphalts. Asphalts were then recovered from the mixes in which each of the eight drum dryer - batch (pug mill) asphalt pairs were used. The recovered asphalts were analyzed, and the results show the asphalt residues extracted from drum dryer operations to be slightly harder than those extracted from batch operations. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt plants KW - Chemical properties KW - Distillation KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Hardness KW - Mixers KW - Oven tests KW - Physical properties KW - Pug mills KW - Rolling thin film KW - Steam KW - Steam distillation KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491292 AU - Babaei, K AU - Walter, J P AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF COLD-MIX RECYCLED ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT IN WASHINGTON. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 67 p. AB - Often upgrading an aged asphalt concrete pavement involves overlaying a cracked pavement with new asphalt concrete. However, usually the substrate cracks reflect through the new overlay under repeated service loading. Full depth cold-mix recycled asphalt concrete is an alternative that eliminates the potential for reflective cracking. Generally, the performance of cold-mix recycled asphalt concrete pavements in the United States supports its use as base course in flexible pavements. The conditions of three Washington experimental "cold-mix" pavements after about 6 years of service varied from fair to good, depending on the level of truck traffic. The wheeltrack rutting of those pavements was not significantly different from rutting that might be expected from conventional flexible pavements under the same conditions. Although the potential for fatigue cracking exists, as it does in conventional flexible pavements, full depth recycling of asphalt concrete eliminates the cause of reflective cracking. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Flexible pavements KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycling KW - Reflection cracking UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/201.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491151 AU - Zwerneman, F J AU - West, A B AU - Lim, K S AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE DAMAGE TO STEEL BRIDGE DIAPHRAGMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 78 p. AB - The cause of diaphragm cracking on an interstate highway bridge was investigated. The investigation consisted of load-testing the bridge, performing a computer-aided analysis of the bridge superstructure and specific components, measuring the chemical and physical properties of the diaphragm steel, and performing fatigue tests on simulated diaphragms. It was determined that the high degree of restraint at the diaphragm-to-girder connection causes individual diaphragms at each transverse location to act as continuous members reaching from one side of the bridge to the other. Differential deflections of longitudinal members induce moments in the diaphragms, resulting in tensile stresses along the bottom of the diaphragms. These tensile stresses are amplified by the presence of a bottom-flange cope at the diaphragm-to-girder connections. High tensile stresses lead to initiation of fatigue cracks in diaphragms at copes. A number of repair techniques were tested. These include attaching an auxiliary flange, smoothing out the cope, reducing restraint in the connection by removing bolts from the connection, and replacing coped diaphragms with uncoped diaphragms. The technique of removing bolts from the connection is recommended for implementation since it is by far the simplest to perform and is effective in extending fatigue life. KW - Bolts KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Diaphragm-to-girder connections KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flange copes KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Removal KW - Repairing KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490575 AU - Bowman, B L AU - Hummer, J E AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF TRUCK ACCIDENTS ON URBAN FREEWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 101 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the nature and extent of urban freeway accidents involving trucks, over 10,000 lb gross vehicle weight, and their consequences as a function of vehicle type and traffic and roadway characteristics. The study was limited to urban freeways and expressways with large total volumes (minimum 100,000 average daily traffic) and a significant percentage of large truck traffic (minimum 5%). The primary tasks involved a review of the literature, and the analysis of accident and operational data from selected urban freeway sites. A total of 2,221 verified truck accidents were included in the study occurring during 3.75 years on 46.5 miles of freeway. The study determined the characteristics of truck accidents, developed comparisons between truck and passenger vehicle accidents, and estimated the operational and economic consequences of truck accidents. An estimate of the total annual cost of urban freeway accidents was determined to be $634,000 per freeway mile. Applying this estimate to the total 2,497 Interstate and freeway miles, with volumes greater than 100,000 vehicles per day, that exist nationwide results in a nationwide annual cost of 1.6 billion dollars due to truck accidents on urban freeways. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crashes KW - Freeways KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Reviews KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490571 AU - Mak, K K AU - Sicking, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROLLOVER CAUSED BY CONCRETE SAFETY SHAPED BARRIER, VOLUME I - TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - v.p. AB - The objectives of this study are to: (1) identify the root causes of rollover of vehicles in impacts with concrete safety shaped barriers, (2) determine the extent and severity of overturn collisions with concrete safety shaped barriers, and (3) identify potential countermeasures to reduce shaped concrete barrier rollovers. The study approach consisted of critical review of literature, statistical and clinical analysis of four accident data files, and computer simulations. The extent of the rollover problem on concrete safety shaped barriers is found to be less than reported in previous literature. A number of impact conditions were identified from accident studies and confirmed by simulation as potential contributory factors to rollovers. Three alternate shapes were evaluated as potential countermeasures: (1) F-shape, (2) single constant sloped barrier, and (3) vertical wall. Results of the evaluation show that the F-shape barrier offers little performance improvement. The vertical wall barrier offers the greatest reduction in rollover potential, but also with the greatest increase in lateral accelerations. The single constant sloped barrier with an 80 degree slope may provide the best compromise solution. A benefit/cost analysis is needed and recommedned to properly compare between the various barrier shapes. This is Volume I of a two-volume final report. The other volume, FHWA-RD-88-220, contains appendixes that are too bulky for inclusion in this technical report. It is only available from the National Technical Information Service. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash severity KW - Median barriers KW - Reviews KW - Rollover crashes KW - Shape KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602610 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL DRIVER'S LICENSE STANDARDS: REQUIREMENTS AND PENALTIES. CURRENT EDITION AS REVISED THROUGH NOVEMBER 20, 1989. 49 CFR PART 383 PY - 1989/11/20 SP - 55 p. AB - This publication contains 49 CFR Part 383, Commercial Driver's License Standards: Requirements and Penalties, as of November 20, 1989. This includes Subparts A through J and an appendix to Subpart G. Other items in this edition are: 49 CFR Section 392.5: Intoxicating beverage; CDL waivers granted; portions of Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act not yet addressed in regulation; and a list of rules applied in preparation of this edition. KW - Commercial driver license KW - Commercial drivers KW - Driver licenses KW - Penalties KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01344046 AU - Christopher, Barry R AU - Gill, Safdar A AU - Giroud, Jean-Pierre AU - Juran, Ilan AU - Mitchell, James K. AU - Schlosser, Francois AU - Dunnicliff, John AU - STS Consultants, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reinforced Soil Structures Volume II. Summary of Research and Systems Information PY - 1989/11//Final Report SP - 167p AB - Volume II was essentially prepared as an Appendix of supporting information for Volume I. This volume contains much of the supporting theory and a summary of the research used to verify the design approach contained in Volume I, as well as general information concerning proprietary reinforced soil systems. The information provided in this volume is not required for design evaluation and as such Volume I can stand alone. The basis for this volume was the NCHRP Report 290, "Reinforcement of Earth Slopes and Embankments" (Mitchell and Ville!, 1987) and the research program performed as part of the contract to develop the design guidelines contained in Volume I. A summary of that research program is contained in the Introduction section of this volume. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Guidelines KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Retaining walls KW - Slopes KW - Soil nailing KW - Soil reinforcement KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35400/35416/FHWA-RD-89-043.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1106497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738927 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STONE COLUMN STABILIZED EMBANKMENT FOUNDATION PY - 1989/11 SP - 107 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to document construction procedures, monitor field performance, and make recommendations as to the effectiveness and future use of the stone column procedure for foundation stabilization. This effort was executed by use of field inspections, photologs, instrumentation to monitor foundation and field response, and laboratory analyses of existing and possible conditions. Instrumentation included earth pressure meters, a multipoint settlement gage, a horizontal slope inclinometer, a settlement platform, and vertical slope inclinometers. Settlement of the foundation after column construction was observed to be approximately 9 in. (23 cm) as compared to the predicted total settlement of 16 in. (41 cm). Initial pressure distribution was affected by the stone columns but long term distribution indicated no relationship to the stone columns. Performance of the stone columns was judged to be satisfactory in that embankment stability was obtained. KW - Columns KW - Construction management KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankment stabilization KW - Embankments KW - Field performance KW - Instrumentation KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stone KW - Stone columns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602723 AU - Stover, V G AU - Chang, D M AU - Chung, C-S AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC FORECASTING FOR PROJECT DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 177 p. AB - The traditional modeling process was developed in response to the need to evaluate future transportation needs in large, rapidly growing urban areas. The process is an excellent tool for evaluation of land-use/transportation alternatives. However, it is generally recognized that such a system level must be refined for project-level applications. A case study showed that the manual procedure followed by the Texas Corridor Analysis Group produced results which were different from the traffic assignments results using the TRANPLAN microcomputer package. A new alternative procedure for performing corridor analysis is proposed. This procedure is illustrated through a case study. A capacity restraint procedure which equalizes the V/C ratio of groups of links which constitute competing routes was developed and tested. The prototype model demonstrated that the V/C ratios of the links in each group converge toward the average V/C for that group. Counted volumes for turning movements were not available. Therefore, the assigned turning movements utilizing the equalized link V/C ratio method were compared to the results using the incremental capacity restraint procedure. The equalized link V/C procedure was judged to produce turning movements which are more realistic than the present capacity restraint method. KW - Capacity restraint KW - Case studies KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616469 AU - Mandel, E AU - Tena-Colunga, J AU - Hankins, K AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE TESTS ON A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENT--PRESENTATION OF DATA. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 64 p. AB - In 1985, approximately one mile of prestressed concrete pavement (PCP) was placed on IH35 north of Waco, Texas. The project was an experimental installation to develop construction techniques for potential use of PCP in an urban installation. The PCP was constructed as an overlay on an existing jointed pavement and placed in a group of sixteen test slabs. Seven of these slabs had a 440-ft joint spacing and nine slabs had a 240-ft joint spacing. There was a need to maximize the benefits of the investment made in the project (construction and design) and use the results of the study in the future development of behavior and design concepts; therefore, the primary objectives of this study were to study the performance of a PCP overlay and calibrate prediction models of the PCP overlay. This report describes in detail the instrumentation techniques used in the collection of the horizontal and vertical displacements, the associated climatic changes, the non-destructive deflection tests and analyses, the background and theory of the analytical models, and the calibration of the models. KW - Analytical models KW - Climate KW - Deflection KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Horizontal displacement KW - Instrumentation KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Mathematical models KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Spacing KW - Urban areas KW - Vertical displacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625031 AU - Tena-Colunga, J A AU - McCullough, B F AU - Burns, N H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF CURLING MOVEMENTS AND CALIBRATION OF PCP PROGRAM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 134 p. AB - The long-term work plan at the initial design phase of the McLennan County prestressed concrete pavement (PCP) overlay consisted of the determination of the variables that are relevant to design, the development of models and design procedures, and the study of the effect of environmental factors on PCP slabs. The present study focuses on the evaluation of the performance of PCP. The existing models for PCPs are discussed. Next, the use of collected data in an experimental field section for comparison against program PSCP1 is made. A new model for the prediction of curling in slabs caused by temperature variations is developed and tested. Program PSCP2 is introduced as the result of the upgrading in the models and calibration of models. Finally, conclusions and recommendations based on the instrumentation program, data analysis, and model are outlined. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete overlays KW - Curling KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Pavement performance KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625032 AU - Mandell, E AU - Tena-Colunga, J AU - Hankins, K AU - Burns, N H AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PERFORMANCE OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 100 p. AB - Concrete pavements are in constant motion due to daily and seasonal thermal cycles. These thermal cycles cause concrete pavement slab ends to undergo both horizontal and vertical movement. This movement is subjected to wheel and gravity loads, and this develops stresses in the concrete. The amount of movement and stress determines the ultimate serviceability of the concrete pavement. Since PCP slabs are relatively long, the longitudinal and vertical movement are significant and must be considered in design. In 1985 approximately one mile of PCP pavement, consisting of a group of sixteen test slabs, was placed to verify the design by collecting and studying the performance data on these test slabs. This report describes in detail the instrumentation techniques used in the collection of the horizontal and vertical displacements, the associated climatic changes, non-destructive deflection tests and analyses, the background and theory of the analytical models, and the calibration of the models. KW - Analytical models KW - Calibration KW - Climate KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Horizontal displacement KW - Instrumentation KW - Mathematical models KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Serviceability KW - Stresses KW - Test sections KW - Thermal effects KW - Thermal stresses KW - Vertical displacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625027 AU - Weissmann, A J AU - Hankins, K AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR A STATEWIDE DIAGNOSTIC SURVEY ON CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 82 p. AB - This report documents the work undertaken in 1987 to develop procedures for a statewide diagnostic survey on continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP), which included the following data: (1) deflections, (2) pavement temperatures, and (3) crack width. These data were used to calibrate a performance prediction model for CRCP in Texas. Since the data needs were quite specific, no appropriate procedure for their collection was found in the literature, and studies were conducted to develop collection procedures for the required data. These studies are documented in this report, and the findings are summarized in Chapter 6 in the form of a manual for field crews. A preliminary analysis made as a basis for planning these studies is also documented. In the study related to crack width, operator ability to repeat and reproduce data for the crack width measuremnets was checked; the minimum number of readings per crack was determined; and a literature survey was taken and documented. The development of a procedure to measure pavement temperature included checking the influences of aggregate type and insulation conditions on temperature estimates, and calibrating models to give temperature and temperature gradient estimates. The phenomenon of heat transfer in solids is briefly discussed, thermocouple principles are explained, and the data acquisition and storage systems are described. A literature survey of Falling Weight Deflectometer measurements is summarized. The concepts underlying the field procedure for measuring deflections are described. The findings described in this document should provide valuable guidance for any agency needing to conduct a similar survey. KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Deflection KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diagnostics KW - Forecasting KW - Guides to the literature KW - Heat transfer KW - Literature reviews KW - Manuals KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Temperature gradients KW - Temperature measurement KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616532 AU - Szalaj, W M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NEW JERSEY BREAKAWAY SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEM. HANDBOOK PY - 1989/11 SP - 45 p. AB - This manual has been designed to provide individuals or organizations interested in roadside safety with the latest information concerning the concept, assembly and maintenance of the New Jersey Breakaway Sign Support System. This system was conceived and designed by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and has been in use in New Jersey since circa 1973. The manual details the assembly of the system as well as provides additional information regarding its function and construction. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - New Jersey KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497235 AU - Davison, R R AU - Bullin, J A AU - Glover, C J AU - Burr, B L AU - Jemison, H B AU - Kyle, ALG AU - Cipione, C A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY, INFRARED AND OTHER TESTS TO CHARACTERIZE ASPHALT CEMENTS AND CORRELATE WITH FIELD PERFORMANCE. VOLUME II. APPENDICES PY - 1989/11 SP - 197 p. AB - Reliable analytical methods using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) were developed to identify the changes that occur in asphalt due to oxidation, aging and solvent hardening. This represents a major breakthrough since the methods appear to accurately reflect the changes in composition and should permit the development of an accurate laboratory aging procedure. These methods have also led to the discovery that existing ASTM procedures for extraction and recovery of asphalt fail in three ways. Highly improved methods have been developed. Numerous tank, hot-mix and roadway samples were collected and analyzed. The results demonstrate a dramatic increase in oxidation and aging with increased pavement voids. Thus, voids need to be as low as possible to slow oxidation and aging to the maximum extent. The increase in carbonyl compounds formed during aging correlated well with voids, viscosity and penetration. The results also indicate that TFOT and RTFOT aging tests do not reproduce the chemical changes which occur in the hot-mix process. A high pressure oxygen apparatus has been designed and constructed to study asphalt aging in the hot-mix process and on the roadway. The results from this study clearly demonstrate that major progress has been made in correlating chemical and physical properties with performance. The analytical methods, extensive analytical results and numerous test sections established around the state will serve as an excellent platform for further work to relate properties to performance and to develop superior asphalts. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Chemical analysis KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Infrared analysis KW - Oxidation KW - Pendulum tests KW - Resource extraction KW - Test procedures KW - Viscosity KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497283 AU - Sennour, M L AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CREEP AND SHRINKAGE PROPERTIES IN CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 132 p. AB - The creep and shrinkage of concrete containing fly ash subjected to different curing conditions were investigated in this research program. One Type-A and two Type-B fly ashes were used at 0, 20, 27.5, and 35% replacement of cement by volume. Test specimens were heat cured at 160 deg F and 100% relative humidity for 12 hours and moist cured under standard moist curing conditions. The tests performed included creep, shrinkage, creep recovery, and strength gain due to sustained loading. The creep tests were begun at early age for a duration of 120 days followed by 14 days of creep recovery tests. The shrinkage tests were conducted for a duration of 135 days under a constant environment of 75 deg F and 40% relative humidity. The strength gain tests were performed on loaded and companion unloaded specimens after the recovery period to determine the sustained load effect on the strength. The test results reveal that creep and shrinkage of concrete are affected by the use of fly ash and curing conditions. Heat curing was found to reduce both creep and shrinkage and also to reduce residual deformation due to sustained loading. Sustained loading was found to increase the strength of conventional and fly ash concrete. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Concrete strength KW - Concrete tests KW - Creep KW - Creep tests KW - Deformation KW - Fly ash KW - Humidity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loads KW - Measurement KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage tests KW - Strength of materials KW - Sustained loading KW - Temperature KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497234 AU - Davison, R R AU - Bullin, J A AU - Glover, C J AU - Burr, B L AU - Jemison, H B AU - Kyle, ALG AU - Cipione, C A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY, INFRARED AND OTHER TESTS TO CHARACTERIZE ASPHALT CEMENTS AND CORRELATE WITH FIELD PERFORMANCE. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 256 p. AB - Reliable analytical methods using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) were developed to identify the changes that occur in asphalt due to oxidation, aging and solvent hardening. This represents a major breakthrough since the methods appear to accurately reflect the changes in composition and should permit the development of an accurate laboratory aging procedure. These methods have also led to the discovery that existing ASTM procedures for extraction and recovery of asphalt fail in three ways. Highly improved methods have been developed. Numerous tank, hot-mix and roadway samples were collected and analyzed. The results demonstrate a dramatic increase in oxidation and aging with increased pavement voids. Thus, voids need to be as low as possible to slow oxidation and aging to the maximum extent. The increase in carbonyl compounds formed during aging correlated well with voids, viscosity and penetration. The results also indicate that TFOT and RTFOT aging tests do not reproduce the chemical changes which occur in the hot-mix process. A high pressure oxygen apparatus has been designed and constructed to study asphalt aging in the hot-mix process and on the roadway. The results from this study clearly demonstrate that major progress has been made in correlating chemical and physical properties with performance. The analytical methods, extensive analytical results and numerous test sections established around the state will serve as an excellent platform for further work to relate properties to performance and to develop superior asphalts. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Chemical analysis KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Infrared analysis KW - Oxidation KW - Pendulum tests KW - Resource extraction KW - Test procedures KW - Viscosity KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497361 AU - Rahim, MABA AU - Picornell, M AU - University of Texas, El Paso AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOISTURE MOVEMENT UNDER THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE. VOLUMES 1 AND 2. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 545 p. AB - One of the measures being tried in Texas to stabilize the development of roughness of pavements on expansive soils is the installation of vertical moisture barriers. The purpose of the barrier is to prevent subsurface water from accessing into the crack fabric within the subgrade soils. Several sites throughout Texas have been already monitored and some conflicting results have been observed. In some cases, the moisture barrier seems to reduce considerably the rate at which roughness develops but, in other cases, the barrier has somewhat increased the rate of roughness development. The main purpose of the study was to assemble a computer program that would predict the behavior of different barrier alternatives. KW - Climate KW - Computer programs KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Moisture barriers KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roughness KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611975 AU - Hulsey, J L AU - Delaney, D K AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CABLE STAYED STATIC LINEAR ANALYSIS FOR THE CAPTAIN WILLIAM MOORE CREEK BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 121 p. AB - A 300-ft cable-stayed bridge, located on the highway between Skagway, Alaska and Carcross, Canada, is used to carry loaded ore trucks that weigh approximately 160,000 lbs and normal light traffic that consists of campers, buses, and automobiles. The bridge is a two-lane structure with a laminated timber deck supported by transverse floor beams spanning two stiffened ASTM A588 steel box girders. The box girders have 20-, 30-, 123-, and 127-ft span lengths. The bridge was instrumented to evaluate the static live-load performance when subjected to a loaded ore truck. Experimental strains and deflections were recorded and compared with a static elastic two-dimensional finite element model. The 2-D model provided satisfactory results with symmetric loads. KW - Alaska KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axle loads KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Deflection KW - Elastic analysis KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Highway bridges KW - Linear elastic analysis KW - Live loads KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_90_08a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496669 AU - Button, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING FABRICS AND ASPHALT OVERLAY PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 43 p. AB - Geotextiles (engineering fabrics) were installed at four locations in Texas to evaluate their potential as cost-effective measures to reduce or delay reflection cracking in asphalt concrete overlays. The overlaid pavements included asphalt concrete, continuously reinforced portland cement concrete, and a freshly cold-milled asphalt concrete. Test pavements were approximately 0.25 mile in length with the fabric installed edge to edge. Nine different types of commercially available geotextiles comprised of nonwoven polypropylene or polyester were tested. One woven experimental product composed of polypropylene and polyester was also tested. Resistance to reflective cracking has been evaluated for up to 10 years. Results, based solely on these test pavements, indicate that geotextiles are not consistently cost-effective methods to address reflective cracking. However, limited evidence indicates geotextiles reduce "pumping" after cracking does occur. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Geotextiles KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyester resins KW - Polypropylene KW - Reflection cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610251 AU - Hulsey, J L AU - Delaney, D K AU - Briggs, R W AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CABLE STAYED BRIDGE STATIC TESTS--AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR THE CAPTAIN WILLIAM MOORE CREEK BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 112 p. AB - A 300-ft fracture-critical bridge--located on the highway between Skagway, Alaska and Carcross, Canada--supports automobiles, campers, buses, and ore trucks during summer months. During the winter months, the bridge is subjected to predominantly ore truck traffic. At the time of the study, the loaded ore trucks weighed approximately 160,000 lbs. The bridge is a two-lane structure with a laminated timber deck supported by transverse floor beams spanning two stiffened ASTM A588 steel box girders. The box girders have 30-, 123-, 127-, and 20-foot span lengths. The bridge was instrumented to evaluate the static live-load performance when subjected to a loaded ore truck. Instrumentation included strain gages on the box girders, pylons, and an upstation column support. In addition, environmental sensors were installed to monitor solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature, and temperature distribution through a box girder. Tests were conducted to monitor static response for two types of loads at predetermined positions. The two loads were preweighed ore trucks and a Snooper truck which was used as a control vehicle. Experimental strain data, girder deflections, and environmental data were recorded and reported. KW - Alaska KW - Axle loads KW - Box girders KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Frigid regions KW - Highway bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Live loads KW - Performance evaluations KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Steel KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_90_08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602726 AU - Crane, L M AU - Hanks, C AU - Burke, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION EXPENDITURES ON EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME LEVELS WITHIN HIGHWAY DISTRICTS PY - 1989/11 SP - 61 p. AB - This study investigates the determinants of total highway construction and maintenance expenditures in the state of Texas, and how these expenditures on transportation infrastructure affect the personal income and employment levels. Pooled time series and cross-sectional time series linear regression models were used to measure economic and political relationships to highway expenditures. Research results indicate that there is a positive relationship between total employment, personal income, expenditures on transportation, and expenditures on transportation lagged. The length of the lags vary among the economic sectors and major industries of the state. There is a difference between the highway districts as to the amount of effect transportation expenditures have on employment and income. The political influences as defined in this study were not significant in determining the level of public funds spent on highway infrastructure. KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Expenditures KW - Highway maintenance KW - Income KW - Politics KW - Regression analysis KW - Road construction KW - Texas KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601418 AU - Roschke, P N AU - Gaddam, VKR AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRAPHICALLY-ORIENTED ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS FOR P-LOADS ON MICROCOMPUTERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 37 p. AB - Computer Program B30 performs finite-element simulation of a linearly elastic continuous beam subjected to fixed and movable loads. Enhancements are made to an existing FORTRAN code using currently available hardware and software. The original code runs on a minicomputer with alphanumeric terminals, while the enhanced version runs on a microcomputer with an improved user interface that includes panel-oriented input and extensive use of graphics. Low level assembly language routines are written to provide functions for manipulating screens, and calls to a commercial software package provide functions for graphical capabilities. The existing code is integrated with the new program as subroutines, but no other modifications are made to facilitate avoidance of new error sources. Panel-oriented input eases the user's burden of creating and editing problems. Graphical representation of input data allows error-checking before execution of the code. In addition to the conventional numerical presentation, output data from analysis is also displayed graphically. A menu structure controls access to various capabilities of the software package. FORTRAN 77 is used as the primary language for new code development. KW - Beams KW - Bridges KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Continuous beams KW - Continuous structures KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Linear elasticity KW - Microcomputers KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601454 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DISTRESS MANUAL. FIRST REVISION PY - 1989/11 SP - 68 p. AB - This manual describes the various distress manifestations in pavements (both flexible and rigid), outlines guidelines for evaluating the severity and extent of those distresses, and proposes a three-level rating system. The causal factors are also discussed. A recommended field survey procedure is included. KW - Causes KW - Condition surveys KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Injury severity KW - Manuals KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Rigid pavements KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601460 AU - Li, Jian AU - Olsen, MJP AU - Little, D N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF CLIMATIC DATA FOR THE PREDICTION OF PERMANENT DEFORMATION IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 86 p. AB - The purpose of the report is to present a method that uses climatic data for the prediction of permanent deformation in asphalt overlays on the top of concrete pavements. Thirty years of detailed climatic data from the Dallas area were collected to calculate the temperature variations in asphalt concrete overlays by a heat transfer computer program. After extensive statistical analysis, a regression model was developed to simulate the temperature fluctuations in asphalt overlays, and a small number of mini-seasonal profiles were obtained to describe the temperature variations for the prediction of permanent deformation by a modified finite-element computer program. The regression model can also be used as a means to find a relationship between temperature variations and traffic patterns. The analysis method can be applied to low temperature thermal cracking prediction and resilience studies, and can be used for any pavement system, meteorological condition, and geographical location. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Climate KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Heat transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Regression analysis KW - Temperature KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600458 AU - Hu, P S AU - Wright, T AU - Miaou, S P AU - Beal, D J AU - David, S C AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Energy TI - ESTIMATING COMMERCIAL TRUCK VMT OF INTERSTATE MOTOR CARRIERS: DATA EVALUATION PY - 1989/11 SP - 176 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to document and evaluate existing data sources and procedures that estimate the VMT (vehicle miles traveled) of commercial vehicles operating in interstate commerce; to recommend and develop the best procedures that will produce reliable and cost-effective estimates to meet Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) policy analysis requirements; and to implement, test, and document the procedures. Six data sources were evaluated for their ability to estimate how many commercial trucks operate in interstate commerce and their VMT by carrier type and by state. The six data sources are: (1) Truck Inventory and Use Survey (TIUS) from the Bureau of the Census; (2) Nationwide Truck Activity and Commodity Survey (NTACS) from the Bureau of the Census; (3) National Truck Trip Information Survey (NTTIS) from the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute; (4) Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) from the Department of Transportation's FHWA; (5) state fuel tax reports from each individual state and the International Fuel Tax Agreement (IFTA); and (6) International Registration Plan (IRP) of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. The following obstacles to synthesizing different data sources were identified: (1) presently incomplete or insufficient information at the state level; (2) data sources that are incompatible in many areas, which limits efforts to bring together the strengths from different sources; and (3) unavailable results from the 1987 TIUS. NTACS has not been implemented, and state fuel tax (or IFTA) and IRP are not readily obtainable. Because none of the currently existing data sources can meet the estimation needs, a useful study in the future would assess the cost-effectiveness of extending one or more data sources (e.g., placing extra burden on the respondents by adding two questions to the TIUS or NTACS) so that estimates can be obtained with a desirable degree of accuracy. KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Estimating KW - Evaluation KW - Interstate commerce KW - Motor carriers KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5826/670.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497239 AU - Dossey, T AU - Weissmann, A J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT DATABASE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 60 p. AB - This report documents the contents and structure of a 14-year database containing a statewide sample of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) data in Texas. Although this report is intended to serve primarily as a user manual for the rigid pavement database maintained by the Center for Transportation Research, and as a progress report for Project 472, it is also offered as a model for any agency considering the development of its own pavement database. KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Databases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497346 AU - McFarland, W F AU - Burke, D AU - Memmott, J AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORTATION EXPENDITURES: A LITERATURE REVIEW. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 51 p. AB - This report presents a literature survey of some of the most pertinent concepts in the field of economic analysis of transportation expenditures and investments. Eight major topical categories are reviewed and summarized. These are: (1) Benefit-Cost Analysis; (2) Internal Rate of Return and Rate of Return Analysis; (3) Discount Rate and Opportunity Cost Analysis; (4) Macroeconomic Model Analysis; (5) Plant Location Decision Making; (6) Land Use Impact Analysis; (7) Input-Output Analysis; and (8) Regional Impact or Multiplier Analysis. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Decision making KW - Discount KW - Economic analysis KW - Expenditures KW - Impacts KW - Investments KW - Land use KW - Macroeconomics KW - Opportunity costs KW - Rate of return KW - Reviews KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497348 AU - Walters, C AU - Poe, C AU - Stokes, R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PLANNING VALUES FOR URBAN FREEWAYS IN LARGE TEXAS CITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 78 p. AB - Using data from automatic traffic recorders (ATR) for the years 1973 to 1988 in the Texas cities of Houston, Dallas, Fort Worth, Austin, and San Antonio, this project has studied the planning parameters K and D used to determine design hour volumes. Truck percentages during peak hours have been studied using data from 24-hour manual count stations from 1984 through 1987. Variables identified and tested for significance in predicting directional K factors (K sub d) included weekday ADT per lane, degree of capacity utilization during the peak hour, employment density near the ATR station, length of peak period, and distance from the CBD. Although correlations were found using individual variables, a multivariable regression and analysis produced a highly unstable model over time. Accordingly, ranges of K sub d for ranges of each variable are provided for use in determining reasonableness of preselected K and D values. Truck percentages found during peak hours are rarely above 4%, except on truck routes or in industrial areas. KW - Austin (Texas) KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Design hourly volume KW - Fort Worth (Texas) KW - Freeways KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Peak periods KW - Regression analysis KW - San Antonio (Texas) KW - Transportation planning KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497347 AU - Buffington, J L AU - Burke, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME IMPACTS OF HIGHWAY EXPENDITURES ON BYPASS, LOOP AND RADIAL HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1989/11 SP - 35 p. AB - This report presents estimates of employment and income impacts of highway expenditures on bypass, loop and radial highway improvements. Six multiple regression models are developed to estimate these impacts. The regression models are of the single linear equation type. Three of the models are solved by the ordinary least squares method using one-year cross-sectional data, and three of the models are solved by the ordinary least squares and pooled methods using four-year combined cross-sectional and time-series data. The "before versus after construction" approach is applied in the last three models. The economic impacts are estimated using the following dependent variables in the respective sets of equations: (1) number of manufacturing employees of an affected city, (2) number of employees of an affected county, and (3) total actual or real wages of an affected county. The research results show that the three economic impact variables are significantly impacted by expenditures on the study highway improvements. The regression models developed from the combination cross-sectional and time-series analysis show these effects more clearly and are more accurate than those developed from the cross-sectional analysis. The results of this research can be used by highway planners in estimating the extent of the employment and income effects of highway expenditures on highway improvements like those studied. KW - Accuracy KW - Before and after studies KW - Bypasses KW - Cities KW - Counties KW - Cross sectional studies KW - Cross sections KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Estimating KW - Expenditures KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Improvements KW - Income KW - Least squares method KW - Loop KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Mathematical models KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Radial highways KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496668 AU - Benson, J D AU - Mullins, J A AU - Stokes, R W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF A MEZZO-LEVEL HOV CARPOOL MODEL FOR TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 72 p. AB - This report presents the results of an evaluation and adaptation of three existing high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane carpool demand estimation models for possible use in Houston and other large Texas cities. The models evaluated in this study were originally developed for the Washington, D.C. region. These models use trip tables, networks and zone structures that are consistent with the regional travel demand modeling process currently in use in Texas. By implementing the HOV carpool models in a structure that is consistent with the regional travel demand modeling process, it is possible to estimate the carpool demand for an HOV facility and to evaluate the effects of the following changes in HOV lane configuration and operating strategies: (1) Effects of additional and/or alternative access points; (2) Effects of extending an HOV lane; and (3) Effects of changing the definition of eligible HOV carpools. The models have produced promising results in test applications in Houston. KW - Carpools KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496590 AU - Machan, G AU - Szymoniak, T AU - Siel, B AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SHALE EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION CRITERIA. EXPERIMENTAL FEATURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 24 p. AB - A 1.5 mile section of the Coos Bay - Roseburg Highway in Oregon was reconstructed in 1983. The project was located in an area where degradable fine-grained siltstone and sandstone would be encountered in the through cuts. After the construction of the adjacent Slater-Mystic Creek section in 1974, it was recognized that significant settlement and stability problems were developing as a result of the use of these degradable rocks in the construction of embankments. The Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) completed a demonstration study described herein to evaluate the use of these materials for embankments and riprap revetment at nine structures. The study concluded that use of visual classification, aided by slake-durability testing, was reliable in the selection of rock-like materials for use in slope revetments. Where rock was determined to be nondurable, it was physically broken down and placed and compacted as soil. The performance of the embankments in the five years following construction has been very good and no appreciable settlement is evident. The rock placed as revetment has performed as anticipated, with about 25% of the material degrading. This is attributable to limitations in sorting the durable and nondurable material during excavation. As a result of this demonstration study, ODOT has implemented a practical and effective embankment specification for selection and treatment of degradable rock materials in highway construction. KW - Durability KW - Embankments KW - Performance evaluations KW - Revetments KW - Riprap KW - Sandstones KW - Siltstones KW - Specifications KW - Visual classifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496670 AU - Snatha, B L AU - Yang, W AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MICROCOMPUTER BASED PROCEDURE FOR LOAD-ZONING DETERMINATION ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 106 p. AB - A computerized procedure, LOADRATE Version 2.0, for the structural evaluation of light pavement structures has been developed by the Texas Transportation Institute. This report describes the improved version of the LOADRATE program, its User's Guide, and its applications with case studies. The LOADRATE program is a nondestructive procedure which uses data obtained from the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) or the Dynaflect to evaluate the pavement condition. The new version of LOADRATE program uses a simple mechanistic procedure to calculate the rut depth for a given number of 18 kip equivalent single axle load passes and vice versa. It is able to handle sandy subgrades by adding a nonlinear "modulus" versus "deviator stress" relationship in the data base for the sandy subgrades. The LOADRATE 2.0 can be used to predict the remaining life of pavement sections, and it also provides estimates for allowable axle loads for test sections. In addition, a capability of making temperature and moisture corrections for the base course modulus is also added to the program. Case studies are provided to demonstrate the use of the LOADRATE procedure for structural evaluation and load-zoning of light pavements. KW - Allowable KW - Axle loads KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Estimates KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Load zoning KW - Loads KW - Low volume roads KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Microcomputers KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Service life KW - Structural analysis KW - Temperature KW - Values in measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496587 AU - Clopper, P E AU - Simons, Li and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC STABILITY OF ARTICULATED CONCRETE BLOCK REVETMENT SYSTEMS DURING OVERTOPPING FLOW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 140 p. AB - Initial investigations of articulated concrete block revetment systems were performed as part of an overall study to examine methods of protecting earth embankments during overtopping flow. The results of the initial study are presented in Report No. FHWA-RD-88-181. The favorable performance of these earlier tests resulted in additional and more detailed investigations which are presented in this report. In this study, the hydraulic characteristics and stability of articulated concrete block revetment systems in high-velocity overtopping flow are examined. Seventeen hydraulic tests were performed on five different revetment systems, including cable and uncabled installations. Eight of the tests were conducted over a rigid concrete test embankment, while the remainder were conducted over an embankment made of highly erosive soil. Hydraulic data were collected both above and below the revetment system, the latter being accomplished through the use of a remote pressure transducer network. Relationships involving pressure, velocity, depth, and slope on the stability and resistance to flow are developed and presented. KW - Concrete blocks KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Floods KW - High velocity flow KW - Hydraulics KW - Overtopping KW - Protection KW - Revetments KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496603 AU - Rand, D W AU - Casey, J AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AN OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 21 p. AB - In 1984 a 400B Road-Rater was purchased by the Maine Department of Transportation. One of the primary intentions for the use of this piece of equipment was to assist in the aid of designing structural overlays. As a result a project was established for the purpose of calibrating or correlating deflection data to the structural strength of roadways. The model used in this study is based upon the Chevron Elastic Theory and is heavily influenced by the Kentucky model. The local information was obtained from carefully selected projects representing 5 different specific types of subgrade. When the deflections were taken, temperature and time were also recorded. Immediately after this test was performed pavement samples were cut and saved for further testing. Field CBR values were then taken on top of the gravel and again on top of the subgrade. Water contents and granular samples of the material were also taken. After the basic model was established, it was refined so that features such as temperature could be added to correct the pavement modulus. Eventually the model was expanded to the extent that the AASHTO Structural Design Equation was included. To verify the model, several recently constructed projects were tested and the deflections data backcalculated to determine the effective pavement thickness. KW - Backcalculation KW - California bearing ratio KW - Deflection KW - Design methods KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496661 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM EVALUATION OF DURABLE LANE DELINEATION MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 16 p. AB - The objective of this report was to summarize the long-term performance of several types of durable lane delineation materials. Polyester paint was determined to be an effective durable lane material with most use of this material being on asphaltic concrete surfaces having an average daily traffic of under 10,000. Extruded thermoplastic was also determined to be an effective durable lane delineation material with its cost limiting its use to higher volume asphaltic concrete surfaces. Either the hydrocarbon or alkyd thermoplastic formulation could be used but the alkyd formulation was observed to maintain a higher reflectivity. While not classified as a durable marking material, water-based paint could be used as an alternative to alkyd traffic paint. The 3M 350 Series Stamark tape was judged as being an effective lane delineation material, but its cost would limit its use to specific areas such as high volume roads having a portland cement concrete surface. KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyester resins KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495735 AU - Rogge, D F AU - Ifft, C AU - Hicks, R G AU - Scholl, L G AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY STUDY OF TEST METHODS FOR POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT IN HOT MIX PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 160 p. AB - Increasing use of asphalt binders modified with elastomeric or plastic modifiers makes the specification of binders a difficult task. Ideally, a generic specification would allow various suppliers and additives to compete based on expected performance differences in the hot mix pavements resulting from the use of these binders. This paper describes research whose objectives were to investigate unique characteristics of polymer modified hot mix and to determine if there are binder tests and properties which could be used to predict mix performance whether the binders used are conventional or modified. Two mix designs incorporating three conventional asphalts and six different modified asphalts were tested during two phases of testing. The objective was to determine what binder tests had promising correlations with important mix properties. Fraass Point and PVN showed the most promise for controlling temperature susceptibility of the hot mix at low temperatures. Penetration at 25 deg C and force ductility areas, particularly "peak area," showed the most promise for predicting strength properties of mixes. The best prediction of fatigue life and permanent deformation as measured by diametral testing resulted from a combination of penetration at 25 deg C and force ductility area values as independent variables in multiple regression analysis. KW - Binders KW - Forecasting KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Properties of materials KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494505 AU - Stuart, K D AU - Kumari, D AU - Tran, K T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECOVERY OF ASPHALT FROM METHYLENE CHLORIDE AND TRICHLOROETHYLENE BY THE ABSON METHOD. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 52 p. AB - The objective of this in-house study was to determine if methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) can be used to recover asphalts using the Abson Method (AASHTO T 170 and ASTM D 1856), and to compare its effects on recovered binder properties to those of trichloroethylene (C2HCl3). Current nationally standardized test procedures (AASHTO and ASTM) do not allow methylene chloride in the Abson Method. Virgin paving grade asphalts and hardened asphalts were used in this evaluation. Hardened asphalts consisted of paving grade asphalts aged by the thin film oven procedure, paving grade asphalts extracted from aged loose mixtures and cores, and coating grade roofing asphalts. The following tests were performed before and after recovering the asphalts from trichloroethylene or methylene chloride: (1) penetration at 25 deg C, (2) viscosity at 60 deg C, (3) viscosity at 135 deg C, (4) high pressure gel permeation chromatography, and (5) infrared spectral analysis. The data indicated that methylene chloride can be used to recover asphalts from mixtures using the Abson Method. Both solvents had some statistically significant effects on some asphalt properties, but neither solvent could clearly be recommended over the other. The properties which were affected indicated hardening or increased molecular structuring. Methylene chloride may be a slightly better solvent because replicate asphalt samples recovered using this solvent provided more consistent data from sample to sample. For practical purposes, such as quality control testing and evaluating aged pavement properties, both solvents appear suitable for recovering asphalts. KW - Abson method KW - Asphalt KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - Infrared analysis KW - Methylene chloride KW - Pendulum tests KW - Recovery KW - Trichloroethylene KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494579 AU - Casavant, K L AU - Lenzi, J C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - PROCEDURE FOR PREDICTING AND ESTIMATING THE IMPACT OF RAIL LINE ABANDONMENTS ON WASHINGTON ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 49 p. AB - This summary report describes four case studies of rail line abandonment in Washington. These case studies were used to test a conceptual approach to predicting the location and magnitude of road damage caused by rail line abandonment. The procedure developed in the study worked well, especially as modified in the report to include District personnel in the analysis of potential road impacts. Proactive use of this procedure is dependent on continual monitoring of potential rail line abandonment candidates. Similar procedures should be developed to predict impacts on energy, environment, safety, and economic development. KW - Abandonment KW - Case studies KW - Defects KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Highway damage KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Railroads UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/206.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494523 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Graves, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING, MONITORING OF CONSTRUCTION, AND INITIAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION: USE OF PONDED FLY ASH IN HIGHWAY ROADBASE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 51 p. AB - This report summarizes findings of laboratory and field trial evaluations of ponded fly ash used as a component in a stabilized aggregate base course. Ponded fly ash is the fine portion of pond ash which is a by-product of a coal burning process and is disposed by sluicing to a disposal pond. Three stabilized aggregate base mixtures containing various proportions of dense graded aggregate, ponded fly ash, and hydrated lime were evaluated in the laboratory relative to maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, and unconfined compressive strength. The mixture that was selected for field trial evaluation had the highest unconfined compressive strength and consisted of 85% dense graded aggregate, 11% ponded fly ash, and 5% hydrated lime. A 750-foot section of a 22-foot wide roadway was constructed in May 1988. Approximately 80 tons of ponded fly ash were utilized in constructing the experimental base. Prior to construction, in-place California Bearing Ratio tests, moisture content determinations and Road Rater deflection tests were performed on the prepared subgrade. The stabilized aggregate base was placed in one 8-inch lift. During construction, relative compaction and moisture content of the base material were monitored by nuclear devices. Post construction evaluations included Road Rater deflection tests and coring to obtain samples for laboratory evaluation. To date, the section containing the stabilized aggregate base is performing very well in comparison to the conventionally paved section. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Compressive strength KW - Construction KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Deflection tests KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Density KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Post-construction KW - Stabilized materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491888 AU - Ford, P B AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF COMMUTING PATTERNS IN TEXAS URBAN AREAS -- VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 114 p. AB - The years from 1950 to 1980 represented a period of extremely rapid growth in Texas. The trends documented in this report illustrate the impact of three main themes on the amount of commuter traffic that was handled by the roadway system in Texas metropolitan areas. The increase in suburban commuting, commuting by private automobiles and the increase in the number of people in the labor force were the three main themes of "Commuting in America," a report prepared by Alan Pisarski for the Eno Foundation for Transportation. This report used that document as a basis for analyzing the commuting patterns in Texas. In general, Texas urban areas also exhibited these trends. Between 1960 and 1980 the population of Texas metropolitan areas increased 63% while employment increased 149%. Similar trends were noted for all three metropolitan area sizes defined in this study. A major cause of the significantly greater increase in employment than in population was the rise in female participation in the labor force from a rate of 36% of working age women in 1960 to 56% in 1980. The increasing availability of automobiles and the movement of employment locations to the suburbs combined to increase private vehicle commuting by 93% from 1960 to 1980, while public transit commuting declined 23%. The dramatic increase in freeway and street traffic volume in Texas cities was accentuated by this increase. KW - Automobiles KW - Business districts KW - Commuting KW - Demographics KW - Employment KW - Females KW - Labor force KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Population KW - Public transit KW - Suburbs KW - Texas KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491889 AU - Ford, P B AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF COMMUTING PATTERNS IN TEXAS URBAN AREAS -- VOLUME II - APPENDIX. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 262 p. AB - The years from 1950 to 1980 represented a period of extremely rapid growth in Texas. The trends documented in this report illustrate the impact of three main themes on the amount of commuter traffic that was handled by the roadway system in Texas metropolitan areas. The increase in suburban commuting, commuting by private automobiles and the increase in the number of people in the labor force were the three main themes of "Commuting in America," a report prepared by Alan Pisarski for the Eno Foundation for Transportation. This report used that document as a basis for analyzing the commuting patterns in Texas. In general, Texas urban areas also exhibited these trends. This volume includes data used in the preparation of this study for each Texas metropolitan area. The data are grouped into three appendices: Appendix A -- Basic Demographic Characteristics; Appendix B -- Commuter Flows and Patterns; and Appendix C -- Commuter Mode and Travel Time. KW - Automobiles KW - Business districts KW - Commuting KW - Demographics KW - Employment KW - Females KW - Labor force KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Population KW - Public transit KW - Suburbs KW - Texas KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491149 AU - Huft, David L AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF THE SOUTH DAKOTA ROAD PROFILER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 162 p. AB - This project was conducted to describe and evaluate the South Dakota Road Profiler for Demonstration Project 72, "Evaluation of Equipment for Measuring Pavement Roughness and Rut Depth". The Road Profiler's profile and rut depth performance were evaluated by comparisons to surveys taken with rod and level and the E.W. Face "Dipstick". For each of ten sites, the Road Profiler's measurements at 25, 40 and 55 miles per hour were compared to the manual surveys. Spectral analysis and the International Roughness Index were used to compare profile data, while plots and averages were used to compare rut depth data. The Road Profiler's profile and rut depth measurements correlated well with Dipstick measurements. Minor sensitivity to pavement texture was observed. No operational difficulties were encountered. KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance evaluations KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490639 AU - Collins, T J AU - JARMAKOWICZ, R J AU - Garlich, M J AU - Collins Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UNDERWATER INSPECTION OF BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 122 p. AB - To ensure public safety and to protect the capital investment in bridges over water, underwater members must be inspected to the extent necessary to determine their structural condition with certainty. Underwater inspections must also include the streambed. In shallow water, underwater inspections may be accomplished visually or tactilely from above the water surface; in deep water, however, inspections will generally require diving or other appropriate techniques to determine conditions. Underwater diving, inspection, and documentation equipment has improved in quality in recent years, and the underwater inspector has a wide range of equipment and techniques available to him. The purpose of this manual is to provide guidelines for underwater bridge inspection; acquaint those responsible for bridge safety with underwater inspection techniques and equipment; and briefly present methods of repair for commonly found defects. It should be of interest to bridge and maintenance engineers, technicians and inspectors. This manual is a stand alone supplement to the Bridge Inspector's Training Manual and was prepared in accordance with its procedures and rating systems. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Diving KW - Equipment KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Scour KW - Streambeds KW - Underwater inspection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607617 AU - Falbel, S M AU - Boston Metropolitan Planning Organization AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF COMMUTING IN GREATER BOSTON PY - 1989/10/26 SP - 67 p. AB - The purpose of this document is to demonstrate the demographic trends of the greater Boston area over the past four decades which underlie the pattern of commuting. The Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) Commuter Source Area used as the basis for this analysis is defined and trends in population, housing and employment in the defined area are examined as clues to the forces which underlie commuting patterns. It is hoped that this document will shed light upon the social and economic forces which shape the Boston region, thereby allowing transportation planners as well as land use planners better to examine policies so as to create the best possible and most efficient use of the available land and infrastructure within the constraints of a tight budget. KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Commuting KW - Demographics KW - Land use planning KW - Policy KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00816466 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 76: AUTOMATED TRAFFIC/TRUCK WEIGHT MONITORING EQUIPMENT (WEIGH-IN-MOTION). WIM/AVC EQUIPMENT REFERENCE BOOKLET PY - 1989/10 SP - 24 p. AB - This booklet provides a brief outline of currently available Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) and Automatic Vehicle Classification (AVC) equipment. It is not a complete reference, but it can provide a starting point for those who are interested in learning more about WIM/AVC equipment. The Office of Highway Information Management within the Federal Highway Administration asked each vendor to respond to a series of questions that were most frequently asked by those interested in purchasing WIM/AVC equipment. Those who responded to the questionnaire have had their equipment included in this booklet. The booklet is divided into two sections. The first section lists WIM equipment that can also classify vehicles, and the second section lists AVC equipment only. The equipment is arranged alphabetically by vendor name. KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Demonstration projects KW - Equipment KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Vendors KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760554 AU - Gupta, P K AU - Van Bramer, T F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLICATIONS OF ADOPTING A "RANGE METHOD" FOR NEW YORK'S MARSHALL MIX DESIGN PY - 1989/10 SP - 26 p. AB - Changes in interpretation of Marshall mix-design data that would simplify the New York Department of Transportation's present method of selecting optimum asphalt content for flexible pavements were investigated. The new procedure is known as the "Range Method". Based on Marshall mix-design data analysis of 170 New York 6F and 7F mixes, it was determined that the difference of optimum asphalt content by the Range and New York methods was statistically insignificant for all but the 7F crushed stone mixes. The Range Method was found to be suitable to specify acceptable production deviations from optimum asphalt contents. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Mix design KW - New York (State) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21166/PB99102477.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738925 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF GEOCOMPOSITE PAVEMENT EDGE DRAINS HYDRAWAY AND AKWADRAIN PY - 1989/10 SP - 56 p. AB - Construction and performance evaluations of Hydraway and Akwadrain edge drains are presented. Construction procedures, laboratory tests, and discharge data are included. KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Edge drains KW - Flow KW - Hydrologic phenomena KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738926 AU - Hughes, R D AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF CORRUGATED POLYETHYLENE ENTRANCE PIPE PY - 1989/10 SP - 37 p. AB - Observations noted during inspections of 57 entrance pipe installations are summarized. Inspections were conducted in 1986 and 1989. It is recommended that corrugated polyethylene pipe be permitted routinely as an alternate to other materials for entrance pipe. KW - Corrugated pipe culverts KW - Ethylene resins KW - Inspection KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyethylene UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738922 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION AND INSPECTION REPORT ON CORRUGATED POLYETHYLENE PIPE, N-12 PY - 1989/10 SP - 14 p. AB - Construction and performance evaluations of N-12 polyethylene pipe are reported. Construction procedures and field observations are included. KW - Construction management KW - Corrugated pipe culverts KW - Ethylene resins KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Inspection KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyethylene UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738924 AU - Graves, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT BASE EVALUATION: KY 55 TAYLOR COUNTY PY - 1989/10 SP - 13 p. AB - This report summarizes the findings of a field investigation of the aggregate underdrain system constructed on KY 55 in Taylor County. A detailed description of the construction of this project is presented in UKTRP Research Report 83-13 (Water Under Pavements). KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Subdrains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625051 AU - Solaimanian, M AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FIELD COMPACTION, DENSITY VARIATIONS, AND FACTORS AFFECTING DENSITY THROUGH 1987 HMAC FIELD CONSTRUCTION DATA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 76 p. AB - This report summarizes density levels and corresponding variations obtained from 57 construction projects throughout the state of Texas. Almost 80% of projects achieved densities higher than 92% based on Rice maximum theoretical specific gravity (Test Method Tex-227-F). Factors affecting density and compaction are analyzed. Poor mixture characteristics and small thicknesses of compacted layers were found to be major causes of low densities. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compaction KW - Construction projects KW - Density KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Pavement layers KW - Specific gravity KW - Thickness KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616488 AU - Mahboub, K AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ASPHALT ADDITIVES ON PROPERTIES OF CLASS A SURFACE MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 30 p. AB - Various modified asphalt mixture systems were selected for laboratory and field testing. These systems included the following asphalt mixtures: Class A mix, as the control mixture; Class N, which is a coarse mixture; polymerized Class A; polyester fiber; polypropylene fiber; and Vestoplast. Laboratory testing included: Marshall stability, resilient modulus, moisture susceptibility, tensile strength, and freeze-thaw. A field trial section was constructed for long-term performance monitoring. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Pavement performance KW - Polyester resins KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Polypropylene KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489984 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES FOR ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 54 p. AB - Mississippi is faced with many problems in constructing and maintaining high skid-resistant roads. Most of the trouble is due to the Mississippi aggregates (gravel) being extremely hard and that they fracture into flat elongated pieces. These aggregates may feel sharp, but they do not provide good skid resistance because their flat sides are usually exposed in the pavement surface. The Interim Report Number MSHD-RD-85-55 dated February 1985, covers SC-1 mixes in their entirety and they should be considered a part of this final report. One objective of this study was the development of laboratory equipment and procedures to establish a relationship between mix designs and field conditions. The Mississippi Polish Machine was modeled after the Georgia Department of Transportation machine but the attempt was unsuccessful. Open graded plant mix seals are used to improve skid resistance and reduce hydroplaning. Since dirt or silt particles easily block the internal pores its use should be restricted to a higher type road with paved shoulders; but, it is not practical to use a short life surface on a high type road. Also there is a greater incidence of stripping of dense graded underlying courses where plant mix seals were used. It has been known for many years that during the late fall and winter months, skid resistance increases and during the late spring and summer months it decreases. Within the seasonal variation cycle there are shorter cycles. Probably the most important of the shorter cycles could be labeled "days since last rain." The results showed there were seasonal variations at each site but the variations were such that they did not correlate so that skid numbers could be predicted for the various type pavements and traffic volumes. The basic problem was that seasonal variations were included as a small part of an ongoing study rather than as a large study itself. For Mississippi climatic conditions it is better not to correct for seasonal variations. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Seal coats KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616581 AU - Zakka, Z A AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGH-RANGE WATER REDUCERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF FRESH AND HARDENED CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 274 p. AB - The evaluation of high-range water reducers on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete under hot and cold weather conditions is described. Four different types of superplasticizers were evaluated: two first generation types and two second generation types. In addition, the effect of superplasticizers on retarding and air-entraining admixtures was investigated. A laboratory testing program consisting of fifteen laboratory mixes and one field mix was used for evaluation of the superplasticizers. The results of the testing program are presented along with recommendations to field engineers. KW - Admixtures KW - Air entraining agents KW - Cold weather KW - Concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Concrete properties KW - Fresh concrete KW - Hardened concrete KW - Hot weather KW - Laboratory tests KW - Physical properties KW - Recommendations KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Super water reducers KW - Superplasticizers KW - Test results KW - Water reducing agents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497237 AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - Farbiarz, J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTION IN CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH: FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 126 p. AB - The main objective of this study was to determine the influences of the constituents of portland cement, aggregates, and mineral admixtures on alkali-silica reaction. The testing program included 3 natural aggregates, 3 Type I and 1 Type IP portland cements, 4 Type A and 5 Type B fly ashes, tap and distilled (low pH) water, and 1 source of silica fume. ASTM C 227 was the primary guideline for the evaluation and comparison of these materials, most of which are available for use in highway projects in the state of Texas. The results of this testing program demonstrated that: (1) Each of the natural aggregates studied can be used safely in concrete without mineral admixtures, if the cement is chosen carefully with respect to alkali content; (2) Each of the cements tested can be used in concrete with any of the aggregates tested, if a suitable mineral admixture is used as a partial replacement for cement in the proper proportion; (3) The silia fume and seven of the nine fly ashes tested reduced expansions considerably when used in proper proportions as partial replacements for cement; and (4) Fineness of Type B fly ash does not affect significantly its effectiveness in reducing alkali-aggregate related mortar bar expansions. KW - Admixtures KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Fly ash KW - Mix design KW - Portland cement KW - Proportion KW - Silica fume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496658 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Courtney, E E AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD INDICATING WASHERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 12 p. AB - Kentucky Transportation Center (KTC) personnel monitored the installation of load indicating washers (LIWs) on the U.S. 60 bridge at Catlettsburg, Kentucky during construction. On completion of the bridge, KTC personnel performed torque measurements on a number of LIW installations. LIWs previously installed on the Thirteenth Street bridge over the Ohio River at Ashland, Kentucky were also inspected. The KTC construction inspections revealed no significant problems in installing LIWs. Workers were able to use them to determine proper bolt assembly installation. They also permitted inspectors to rapidly check for proper bolt tension. As with other bolt tensioning methods, LIWs had to be tested prior to installation. The follow-up torque tests indicated that the LIWs provided consistent bolt tension values. The only potential service problem with LIWs, as discerned on the Thirteenth Street bridge, is related to corrosion. Uncoated LIWs must be hand painted to prevent rusting. KW - Bolts KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Building KW - Corrosion protection KW - Facilities KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Load indicating washers KW - Measurement KW - Tension KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490217 AU - Campbell, B E AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MODIFIERS TO REDUCE RUTTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 26 p. AB - The objective of this research project was to determine the effectiveness of asphaltic concrete modifiers with respect to increased stability of mixes with high quality aggregates and mixes with increased proportions of local sand. A 10,700 foot overlay test section was placed on the southbound outside lane and a 16,165 foot new construction test section was placed in the northbound outside lane of S.R. 300 in Thomas County in which quality aggregates were combined with lower quality local sand. The proportions of local sand in the asphaltic concrete "F" surface mix were 20% and 30% and in the asphaltic concrete "B" layer the proportion of local sand was 25%. Test sections were placed both with and without Chem-Krete CTI-102. The Chem-Krete was added for increased stability at a rate of 2%. This project evaluated the use of both local sand and the liquid additive Chem-Krete in an asphalt mixture. Overall, the use of local sand and Chem-Krete CTI-102 did marginally improve pavement strength. All sections with local sand only, with no Chem-Krete, showed better results than the standard mixes. Sections with Chem-Krete and local sand showed better results than sections with local sand only with the exception of the deflections measured in May, 1988. KW - Additives KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deflection KW - Effectiveness KW - Local materials KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Modifiers KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Sand KW - Strength of materials KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497306 AU - Wagner, J A AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE LEGIBILITY OF SIGN LETTER AND BACKGROUND TYPE COMBINATIONS UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF WEATHER AND VIEWING AND DURABILITY OF REFLECTIVE SHEETING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 108 p. AB - This study investigated the durability of sign face materials through field surveys, the effect of weather conditions (dew, mists, fog, smoke, and rain) on sign performance, the effect of sign angular position on preventing the specular mirror problem, the effect of sign lateral position, the effect of material combinations on legibility and detection distances as measured by small sign elements and through a survey of large guide signs in three Florida cities. A part of the investigation set the level of specific intensity per unit of area marking the end of service life for reflective sheeting and acrylic button reflectors and the level of appearance for nonreflective porcelain enamel backgrounds. Recommendations are made for an updated specification for reflective sheeting, a design policy using certain material combinations for different weather and roadway situations, improved control over screened colors, use of Type II A sheeting, angular mounting of signs, etc. KW - Angular mounting KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Field studies KW - Guide signs KW - Lateral position KW - Legibility KW - Materials KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector buttons KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Service life KW - Specifications KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497287 AU - Moore, R L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL VALUE OF ASPHALT TREATED PERMEABLE BASE AND OPEN GRADED ASPHALT CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 36 p. AB - The results of a California Department of Transportation study to evaluate the structural properties of asphalt treated permeable base (ATPB) and open graded asphalt concrete (OGAC) are presented. Both laboratory and field investigations were used to determine the stiffness of ATPB and OGAC. The field investigation consisted of using Dynaflect deflection measurements before and after placement of an ATPB layer and comparing the percentage change in deflection to a section of pavement without ATPB. The results of these measurements show that the ATPB has a gravel equivalent factor equal to that of a dense graded AC pavement. Laboratory testing included both resilient modulus and R-value. The results from the resilient modulus tests show the modulus to average 141,000 psi for ATPB and 156,000 psi for OGAC. The results from the R-value tests were not used due to the low values obtained which were not consistent with the conclusions from the resilient modulus tests and the Dynaflect deflection measurements. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt treated permeable bases KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Field tests KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Open graded aggregates KW - R-value KW - Stiffness KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496565 AU - Boyce, D E AU - Hochmuth, J J AU - Meneguzzer, C AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFECTIVE 3R ROADSIDE SAFETY POLICY FOR TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 131 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of clear zone widths on accidents and to determine the "break-even" traffic volumes and clear zone widths where accident savings equalled roadside improvement costs. Although sufficient data was not available to determine the statistically significant combined effects of clear zone widths and traffic volumes on accident frequency, some very logical trends were observed which provided the basis for accident prediction models and cost-safety-effective analyses. The cost of clearing the roadside of fixed objects (trees, culvert headwalls and entrances) was generally greater than the present worth of the cost of all collisions involving these objects for most highway segments. For those segments whose accident costs were higher, remedial action should be considered. Generally, these segments have higher ADTs than other segments. In contrast, for all segments examined the cost of flattening the side slopes and removing all fixed objects exceeded the present worth of the savings from the predicted reduction in run-off-road accidents. KW - Accident costs KW - Clear zones KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Fixed object KW - Flattening KW - Forecasting KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Removal KW - Roadside KW - Roadside improvement KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Side slopes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Slopes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Two lane highways KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495738 AU - King, L Ellis AU - Graham, J R AU - University of North Carolina, Charlotte AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS FOR WET NIGHT CONDITIONS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1989/10 SP - 6 p. AB - Traffic pavement markings serve to regulate, to guide, to channelize traffic and to supplement other traffic control devices. Under favorable conditions, traffic markings may provide information to the vehicle driver without diverting his attention from the roadway. However, the visibility of pavement markings may be considerably reduced by wet night driving conditions. This research investigated the visibility of eight pavement marking materials for both wet and dry conditions. Test markings of the materials were placed on three highways and their performance recorded for a period of eighteen months. Field measurements included periodic recording of retroreflectivity and percentage of missing material. The field-tested materials were also subjected to controlled laboratory testing for dry and wet conditions. Subjective evaluations and quantitative evaluations of in-place roadway markings were made in order to determine a minimum marking luminance level for reflective markings. A minimum luminance value was also determined through subjective evaluations and quantitative measurements for controlled and repeatable laboratory conditions. An equation was developed to express the relationship between the field and laboratory luminance subjective evaluations. KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminous intensity KW - Moisture content KW - Night KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Subjective analysis KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Visibility KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495737 AU - King, L Ellis AU - Graham, J R AU - University of North Carolina, Charlotte AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS FOR WET NIGHT CONDITIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 178 p. AB - Traffic pavement markings serve to regulate, to guide, to channelize traffic and to supplement other traffic control devices. Under favorable conditions, traffic markings may provide information to the vehicle driver without diverting his attention from the roadway. However, the visibility of pavement markings may be considerably reduced by wet night driving conditions. This research investigated the visibility of eight pavement marking materials for both wet and dry conditions. Test markings of the materials were placed on three highways and their performance recorded for a period of eighteen months. Field measurements included periodic recording of retroreflectivity and percentage of missing material. The field-tested materials were also subjected to controlled laboratory testing for dry and wet conditions. Subjective evaluations and quantitative evaluations of in-place roadway markings were made in order to determine a minimum marking luminance level for reflective markings. A minimum luminance value was also determined through subjective evaluations and quantitative measurements for controlled and repeatable laboratory conditions. An equation was developed to express the relationship between the field and laboratory luminance subjective evaluations. KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminous intensity KW - Moisture content KW - Night KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Subjective analysis KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Visibility KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494541 AU - JAMES, R W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CAPACITY OF FORM-HANGER ANCHORS IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 44 p. AB - A study of the practice of supporting formwork with cast-in-place and welded form-hanger anchors in precast, prestressed concrete girders was accomplished. The study included identification of the types of anchors available for use in Texas, identification of the existing procedures for selection and installation of such anchors, and laboratory testing of 60 anchors of various types in a full-scale girder. It is concluded that while the anchors tested did generally meet manufacturers' specified strengths, some anchor systems tend to fail in a brittle mode, without exhibiting significant deformation prior to ultimate failure. Furthermore, the strength of the various anchors is usually strongly dependent on edge distance, and specifications do not exist to satisfactorily ensure the safe placement and inspection of such anchors. Guidelines, in the form of a draft specification and interim recommendations are submitted for consideration by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Brittle failures KW - Brittleness KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Failure KW - Form-hanger anchors KW - Formwork KW - Girders KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Recommendations KW - Selecting KW - Specifications KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494540 AU - Hanks, J W AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY CONGESTION IN MAJOR URBAN AREAS 1982 TO 1987. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 104 p. AB - This research report is an update and expansion of "The Impact of Declining Mobility in Major Texas and Other U.S. Cities," Research Report No. 431-1F. This study expanded the number of urban areas studied to 39, to better represent a geographical cross-section of urban areas throughout the country. An assessment of the freeway and major street operating conditions was performed in seven Texas and 32 other urban areas in the continental United States. In addition, the analyses from 1982 to 1986 were updated to include 1987 urban area data. Vehicle-miles of travel and lane-miles of roadway data were collected from a variety of sources to estimate congestion on the freeway/expressway and principal arterial street systems. The values for each system were combined into a roadway congestion index used to rank mobility in each urban area on a relative scale. An analysis of the cost of this congestion was performed using travel delay, increased fuel consumption and increased auto insurance premiums as the economic analysis factors. The economic cost to the urban area, and to the individual resident, was estimated. KW - Arterial highways KW - Automobile insurance KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Expressways KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mileage KW - Mobility KW - Streets KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493598 AU - Hossain, ASMM AU - Scofield, L A AU - Arizona Transportation Research Center AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THREE YEAR EVALUATION OF I-40 CRACK AND SEAT EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 46 p. AB - In 1986, Project I-40-3(31) was rehabilitated using crack and seat techniques and overlaying with a 4-inch HMAC overlay. The crack and seat technique was utilized to prevent reflection cracking in the HMAC overlay caused by joints in the existing JPCP. The 4-inch overlay was provided to improve the ride quality and to increase the structural capacity of the pavement section. The project was designated as experimental due to ADOT's limited experience with crack and seat techniques. To evaluate the effect of crack spacing on overlay performance, three crack patterns were tested; 2 ft by 2 ft, 3 ft by 3 ft, and 4 ft by 6 ft. The majority of the 6.5 mile project was constructed using the 3 ft by 3 ft spacing. Only two test sections, one tenth of a mile long each, were constructed using the other spacings. Visual crack surveys and FWD testing were performed at three locations over a period of three years. Roughness, skid, and cracking were obtained as part of ADOT's annual PMS inventory. The results from the FWD testing were used to backcalculate the layer moduli. Large variations in the effective modulus of the cracked and seated JPCP were obtained using the backcalculation technique. The average moduli typically ranged between 3.3 and 7 million p.s.i. The effective moduli tended to fluctuate over time, but no definite trends were established. Structural layer coefficients determined by AASHTO and NAPA procedures indicated no decrease with time, except for the modified NAPA computed 4 ft by 6 ft coefficient which indicated a slight decrease with time. The crack and seat technique and HMAC overlay strategy were successful in reducing roughness on this section of interstate. The eastbound roughness was reduced 254 inches/mile while the westbound roughness was reduced 165 inches/mile. These strategies were not successful in mitigating reflection cracking. Approximately 55% of the joints/cracking have reflected through. KW - Backcalculation KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Cracking KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement joints KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reflection cracking KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Spacing KW - Structural layer coefficients KW - Surveying KW - Test sections KW - Visual surveys UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26988/EP8604-interim.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491916 AU - Brown, L R AU - Pabst, G S AU - Marcev, J R AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF SILANE TO REDUCE STRIPPING IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 54 p. AB - Previous results have shown that treatment of gravel with a 1/150 dilution of an organofunctional silane in water (Union Carbide Corp., A-174) prior to the addition of asphalt, significantly reduces asphalt loss even in the presence of vigorous microbial activity. In the present study, it has been shown that the amount of moisture in/on gravel prior to treatment with silane does not affect the ability of the silane-treated gravel to retard stripping. Silane-treated gravel may be stored in the field for at least 45 days without losing its effectiveness. The silane-treated gravel retains its ability to resist asphalt loss after exposure to temperatures up to 266 deg C (510 deg F) and possibly up to 360 deg C (680 deg F) for 15 minutes. The use of silane to treat recycled asphalt pavement was shown to be of questionable value under the condition of the test. Immersion of gravel in silane solutions for seconds or a few minutes was shown to be just as effective as immersion for 30-60 minutes. Two microbial cultures capable of utilizing silane were isolated and found to be mesophilic aerobes. No anaerobic or thermophilic microorganisms capable of utilizing silane were found. KW - Aerobic bacteria KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bacteria KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Silane KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490592 AU - Livingston, J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CARBON BLACK ADDITIVE IN ASPHALT. EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT NO. 3, WA-84-04. POST-CONSTRUCTION/ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 25 p. AB - This report describes the construction of an experimental section of asphalt concrete pavement overlay which contained the additive carbon black. A long term evaluation of the overlay seeks to determine if there is a significant difference in performance between it and an adjacent control section of pavement which contains no additive. Preliminary laboratory results indicate that the viscosity/temperature curve for the carbon black asphalt binder has been altered in a way that the temperature susceptibility of the pavement is decreased. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Carbon black KW - Experimental roads KW - Laboratory tests KW - Long term KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Susceptibility KW - Temperature KW - Time duration KW - Viscosity UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/198.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490452 AU - Khisty, C J AU - Anderson, R Q AU - Granberg, R L AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT IN THE SPOKANE AREA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 40 p. AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has embarked on a Freeway and Arterial Management Effort (FAME). This effort includes the collection of data, assessment of incident-related impacts, and the generation of incident management strategies across the state. This report focuses its attention on the effectiveness of existing incident management strategies applicable to the Spokane I-90 urban section, from the Four Lakes Interchange (Exit 270) on the west to the Idaho State Line on the east, covering a length of 30 miles. With direction and assistance from a technical advisory committee data and information were gathered and analyzed to include roadway and accident characteristics of this urban section of I-90 and existing incident detection, response, servicing, and coordination practiced by several agencies serving the area. From this analysis, sections of I-90 that had a high potential for incidents were identified. As a result of this research, several useful products were developed, such as maps showing existing interchanges, detour routing for potential freeway closures, etc. Based on this preliminary analysis and evaluation it was evident that it would be necessary to carry this research forward to enhance the existing incident management methods practiced in the Spokane area. Five specific actions are recommended: (i) structure the database and, if necessary, identify and complete any missing data needed; (ii) prepare an incident management manual capable of being updated on a regular basis; (iii) form an incident management team; (iv) format the data/information for use in a knowledge-based expert system (KBES); and (v) adopt a KBES for Spokane. KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Effectiveness KW - Expert systems KW - Freeways KW - High risk locations KW - Incidents KW - Management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/197.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490591 AU - Horner, R R AU - Raedeke, K J AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDE FOR WETLAND MITIGATION PROJECT MONITORING. MONITORING GUIDE--OPERATIONAL DRAFT PY - 1989/10 SP - 265 p. AB - This document was prepared to guide the monitoring of wetland mitigation projects developed by the Washington State Department of Transportation. Monitoring is necessary to assess the development of wetland characteristics and functions and to determine whether the objectives of the mitigation project are met or, if not, how they might be met with remedial action. The guide is organized in two parts. Part 1 identifies two types of monitoring that might be pursued: (1) Assessing the Achievement of Functional Objectives, and (2) Diagnostic Procedures. The first type is intended to evaluate a project's success, while the second type represents activities that might be carried out in planning a project or analyzing problems that occur in a completed project. Part 1 directs the user of the guide to a set of tasks in Part 2 tailored to the specific functional objectives being evaluated or problems being diagnosed. These monitoring tasks are arranged in five groups: (1) Mapping and Hydrologic Tasks, (2) Water Quality Tasks, (3) Soil and Sediment Tasks, (4) Primary Producer Monitoring Tasks, and (5) Consumer Monitoring Tasks. Each task description provides background material and lists all equipment, supplies, and procedural steps needed to obtain and interpret data. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Road construction KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Wetlands UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/195.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489635 AU - Hunt, J E AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT RESTORATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 58 p. AB - Techniques and procedures have been developed to prolong the life of portland cement concrete pavements which are structurally sound but have relatively small areas of deterioration and limited problems at joints and cracks. Several of these techniques and procedures were demonstrated and discussed at a seminar on May 9, 1984, on a concrete pavement section of US 322 (SR 322) near Hershey, Pennsylvania. These techniques included: (1) full-depth slab replacement; (2) spall repair; (3) subsealing; (4) diamond grinding; (5) joint rehabilitation/resealing; and (6) restoration of load transfer at cracks. This report contains the results of a four year performance evaluation. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Grinding KW - Joint KW - Joint resealing KW - Joint sealing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance practices KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Replacing KW - Restoration KW - Slabs KW - Spalling KW - Subsealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457966 AU - Diamond, Sidney AU - Sheng, Qizhong AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laboratory Investigations on Latex-Modified Concrete: Executive Summary PY - 1989/09/07 SP - 22p AB - Laboratory investigations were carried out (a) to determine the effects of fly ash on the properties of latex modified concrete used for bridge deck overlays, and (b) to explore modified formulations incorporating superplasticizers, silica fume, and combinations of these with reduced latex content (for economy). It was found that incorporating either Class F and Class C fly ashes at 15% and 25% levels produced no deleterious effects, and provided positive benefits in the form of much reduced chloride permeability and the possibility of better bonding to existing concrete. Exploratory investigations of the effects of naphthalene sulfonate superplasticizer on latex modified concretes resulted in highly favorable indications. Major increases were recorded in both compressive and flexural strengths (the latter to over 2,000 psi at 180 days), and the chloride permeability was reduced by a factor of 2. It was found that reducing the latex content in half (for economy) resulted in retaining the compressive strength and chloride permeability improvements but not the increased flexural strength. Incorporating 10% silica fume with the superplasticizer treatment produced no significant increase in strength but reduced chloride permeability to extremely low values. Combining silica fume and superplasticizer with reduced latex content yielded very high compressive strengths (to over 10,000 psi at 28 days) and retained the very low chloride permeability, but degraded the flexural strength significantly. A method was developed for imaging the latex network by scanning electron microscopy. Extensive studies of the pore structures of latex modified cement pastes of various kinds were also carried out. KW - Admixtures KW - Bridge decks KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory studies KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Properties of materials KW - Silica fume KW - Superplasticizers UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314175 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601492 AU - Diamond, S AU - Sheng, Q AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS ON LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09/07 SP - 231 p. AB - Laboratory investigations were carried out (a) to determine the effects of fly ash on the properties of latex modified concrete used for bridge deck overlays, and (b) to explore modified formulations incorporating superplasticizers, silica fume, and combinations of these with reduced latex content (for economy). It was found that incorporating either Class F or Class C fly ashes at 15% and 25% levels produced no deleterious effects, and provided positive benefits in the form of much reduced chloride permeability and the possibility of better bonding to existing concrete. Exploratory investigations of the effects of naphthalene sulfonate superplasticizer on latex modified concretes resulted in highly favorable indications. Major increases were recorded in both compressive and flexural strengths (the latter to over 2,000 psi at 180 days), and the chloride permeability was reduced by a factor of 2. It was found that reducing the latex content in half (for economy) resulted in retaining the compressive strength and chloride permeability improvements but not the increased flexural strength. Incorporating 10% silica fume with the superplasticizer treatment produced no significant increase in strength but reduced chloride permeability to extremely low values. Combining silica fume and superplasticizer with reduced latex content yielded very high compressive strengths (to over 10,000 psi at 28 days) and retained the very low chloride permeability, but degraded the flexural strength significantly. A method was developed for imaging the latex network by scanning electron microscopy. Extensive studies of the pore structures of latex modified cement pastes of various kinds were also carried out. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Bonding KW - Chlorides KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete overlays KW - Electron microscopy KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex content KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Permeability KW - Pore size distribution KW - Silica fume KW - Superplasticizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491932 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAMP METERING STATUS IN NORTH AMERICA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 22 p. AB - This publication provides an initial resource for those wishing to explore the feasibility of ramp metering in their areas. The report is divided into three sections. The first presents a sample of ramp metering applications in several cities and describes the benefits that have been reported. The second section addresses various factors that should be considered and some of the capabilities and limitation of ramp metering. In the third section, guidelines for the implementation of ramp metering are identified. An overview of the status of ramp metering in North America and a bibliography are also included. KW - Benefits KW - Bibliographies KW - Case studies KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Ramp metering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622396 AU - Plecnik, J M AU - Ahmad, S H AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSFER OF COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY TO DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES PY - 1989/09 SP - 243 p. AB - This report presents a summary of an extensive research study on the adaptation of current composites technology to highway bridges. In addition to analytical studies, experimental research was performed on cable applications including prestressed concrete, cable stayed and suspension bridges. The primary conclusions from this research study include the following: a) Based on current and future projected material costs, glass fibers and polyester matrices appear to be most feasible materials for introduction of composites into the various bridge components; b) Stiffness rather than strength is the governing criteria for most structural bridge elements; c) For bridge applications, composites offer significant advantages of lightweight, corrosion resistance, high strength and modular construction; d) Composites possess several disadvantages including higher initial cost, lack of understanding of composites by the design engineers and a lack of material properties for bridge type loading conditions such as fatigue, creep and environmental factors; and e) Of all the structural bridge components, the deck and cables appear to be the most promising elements for the introduction of composite materials into highway bridge structures. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cables KW - Composite materials KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Costs KW - Glass fibers KW - High strength materials KW - Highway bridges KW - Lightweight materials KW - Modular structures KW - Polyester resins KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Properties of materials KW - Stiffness KW - Suspension bridges KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620386 AU - Roschke, P N AU - Wang, B AU - Sun, M Y AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRAPHICALLY-ORIENTED ANALYSIS OF BENT CAPS WITH MOVABLE LOADS ON MICROCOMPUTERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 50 p. AB - Bent Cap (CAP18) is a specialized beam-column program modified for use with AASHTO lane loading rules. It performs finite-element simulation of a linearly elastic beam-column subjected to fixed and movable loads. When Bent Cap is used for design, the following assumptions are built into the solution: (1) all supports are knife edged (pin connected), (2) no axial loads are present, (3) live loadings are varied in accordance with AASHTO rules, and (4) deck slab for slab and stringer construction is hinged over interior stringers. Enhancements are made to the existing FORTRAN code using a user-oriented method of analysis particularly suited to highway bridge bent caps. The original code runs on a minicomputer with alphanumeric terminals, while the enhanced version runs on a microcomputer with an improved user interface that includes panel-oriented input and extensive use of graphics. Low level assembly language routines are written to provide functions for manipulating screens, while calls to a commercial software package provide functions for graphical capabilities. The existing code is integrated with the new program as a subroutine, but no other modifications are made to facilitate avoidance of new error sources. Panel-oriented input eases the user's burden of creating and editing problems. Graphical representation of input data allows error checking before execution of the code. In addition to the conventional numerical presentation, output data from analysis are also displayed graphically. A menu structure controls access to various capabilities of the software package. FORTRAN 77 is used as the primary language for new code development. KW - Beams KW - Bents KW - Columns KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Elastic analysis KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway bridges KW - Linear elastic analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608463 AU - Suprenant, B A AU - Papadopolous, G AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATING FLY ASH CONTENT OF PORTLAND-POZZOLAN INTERGROUND CEMENT. ADVANCED CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF HARDENED CONCRETE - PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 91 p. AB - The objective of this study is to evaluate methods of determining the fly ash content of portland-pozzolan interground cement. Samples of industrial interground portland-pozzolan were obtained for this study. These samples were then used to evaluate the fly ash content by (1) x-ray diffraction; (2) selective dissolution; and chemical analysis by (3) energy dispersive scanning electron microscopy and (4) x-ray fluorescence. Selective dissolution is a promising method for quick check tests, and chemical analysis by x-ray fluorescence is the best quantitative test. The main conclusion is, when using x-ray fluorescence, the amount of the fly ash in the blended cement can be determined when the oxides of silica, aluminum, and iron are known for the fly ash and clinker, as well as for the blended cement. KW - Aluminum oxide KW - Chemical analysis KW - Clinkers KW - Diffraction KW - Dissolution KW - Electron microscopy KW - Fly ash KW - Iron oxides KW - Portland pozzolan cement KW - Scanning electron microscopy KW - Selective dissolution KW - Silica KW - X ray fluorescence KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607550 AU - Reckard, M AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF GEOTEXTILES. REVIEW OF PERFORMANCE IN ALASKAN ROADS. FINAL REPORT (REVISED FEBRUARY 1991) PY - 1989/09 SP - 55 p. AB - The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities installed over four million square yards of geotextiles in road embankments between 1978 and 1989. The report describes the results of a project to study the effectiveness of these installations at improving road performance. Northern Region design staff initiated the project because they were concerned with the adequacy of design theory and saw a need for field verification under Alaskan conditions. Work included research of project records, field installation location and inspection, mapping of pavement cracks and patches, determination of thermal crack spacing, survey and excavations of installations, and interviews with construction and maintenance personnel. The report concludes that while designers correctly identified problem areas of roadways for treatment, the geotextile installations have generally been ineffective in reducing long-term roadway distress. Most installations have incorporated one or two layers of relatively low-strength fabric; site-specific designs using more and stronger materials are likely to be of more benefit. A lack of adequate control sections and the short life to date of most installations made the evaluation difficult. Continued observation of some sites, especially some more recent ones built with more scientific controls and design methods, is recommended. KW - Alaska KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Defects KW - Effectiveness KW - Embankments KW - Frigid regions KW - Geotextiles KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_90_04.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11557/792_ak.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605743 AU - PEZO, R F AU - Marshek, K M AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK TIRE PAVEMENT CONTACT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE BIAS GOODYEAR 18-22.5, THE RADIAL MICHELIN 275/80R/24.5, THE RADIAL MICHELIN 255/70R/22.5, AND THE RADIAL GOODYEAR 11R24.5 TIRES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 56 p. AB - This report presents the results of an experimental investigation into the contact areas and tire contact pressure distributions produced by statically loaded truck tires. For this report, the bias Goodyear 18-22.5 LR-H tire, the radial Michelin 275/80R/24.5 LR-G tire, the radial Michelin 255/70R/22.5 LR-G tire, and the radial Goodyear 11R24.5 LR-G tire were tested. The testing consisted of making contact pressure and contact area prints at the interface between the tire and a steel plate at different wheel loads and tire inflation pressures. The pressure prints were produced using Fuji prescale film. The Fuji prescale film produces color variations, when pressure is applied to it, in such a way that darker pigmentation is produced in zones of higher pressure. The variations in color intensities of the Fuji film prints are related to contact pressure values produced for the film color calibration curve. Then, by digitizing the images and using computer software developed exclusively for this project, the tire contact pressure distributions were determined. The proportions of contact area covered by the various pressure ranges were computed and compared in order to observe the patterns and to estimate the significance of high contact pressures. The contact area prints were made by applying ink to the tire and pressing the tire over a white paper that covered the steel plate. The ink prints have only one color and were used for calculating the tire-plate contact areas. Also, the side tire movements were measured for the tires during testing to allow other researchers to relate subsequent theoretical studies to the experimental results. This report also proposes mathematical models for (1) estimating the tire contact area based on the relative area value (ratio of wheel load over inflation pressure) and (2) estimating the tire vertical stiffness based on the tire contact area. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Contact area KW - Contact pressure KW - Estimating KW - Inflation KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement performance KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rolling contact KW - Stiffness KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Vertical stiffness KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605664 AU - California Department of General Services AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIFORNIA TELECOMMUTING PILOT PROJECT. FINAL REPORT. SHARED OFFICE SPACE STUDY PY - 1989/09 SP - n.p. AB - A two-year (January 1988-1990) pilot telecommuting program was conducted by the State of California, Department of General Services (DGS) with several other participating agencies. Among the objectives of the pilot was to develop and test ways of equitably sharing office space, thus, conserving and reducing space demands. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) supplemented the pilot funding ($40,000) to begin the study of possibilities for reducing the amount of office space used by telecommuters. It was designated the "Shared Office Space (SOS) Study". This is a summary of that study. Early in the implementation stage of the pilot it became clear that some telecommuters were using less office space; a few have given up their central office spaces entirely. The purpose of the special study was to investigate and test various low-cost options for reducing the amount of office space used by telecommuters without damaging the telecommuters' sense of belonging to their work groups. To this end, the prime contractor, JALA Associates, Inc., enlisted the aid of a design team from Sanchez/Kamps to explore various SOS options. KW - California KW - Office buildings KW - Sharing KW - Space KW - Telecommunications KW - Workplace layout UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490216 AU - Kandahl, K AU - Brown, E R AU - CROSS, S AU - Auburn University AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR HOT MIX RECYCLING IN GEORGIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 123 p. AB - The objectives of this project were to develop guidelines for hot mix recycling including: a) selecting candidate pavements for hot recycling; b) sampling plan for preliminary investigation; c) procedures for evaluating RAP properties; d) mix design procedures; and e) quality control and construction procedures. Five existing GDOT RAP stockpiles were sampled to evaluate the properties and potential use in recycled mixtures. Material from one of the stockpiles was used to prepare recycled mixtures using different curing times and mixing temperatures. Indirect tensile and resilient modulus testing was performed on these samples to determine how well the new softer asphalt mixes with the old asphalt. The study yielded a recommended mix design procedure based upon the procedure currently being used by GDOT, an example recycling specification, and written guidelines for the use of recycling. The tests run on the recycled mixtures prepared using different curing times and mixing temperatures did not show a large increase in strength with increased curing time. KW - Concrete curing KW - Construction management KW - Guidelines KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Mix design KW - Mixing KW - Mixing temperature KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Specifications KW - Stockpiling KW - Temperature KW - Tension tests KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489632 AU - Scholz, T AU - Hicks, R G AU - SCHOLL, L AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPEATABILITY OF TESTING PROCEDURES FOR RESILIENT MODULUS AND FATIGUE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 47 p. AB - Extensive use of diametral resilient modulus and fatigue testing is made by the Oregon State Highway Division to evaluate asphaltic concrete materials. Test results on similar materials (e.g., adjacent field cores), however, often indicate a poor level of repeatability. In this study, laboratory fabricated briquettes were tested to evaluate the repeatability of the diametral modulus test at two laboratories - Oregon State Highway Division (OSHD) and Oregon State University (OSU) - and the repeatability of the fatigue test at a single laboratory (OSU). Modulus tests at the OSHD laboratory were conducted at one temperature and three strain levels while modulus tests at the OSU laboratory were conducted at two temperatures and the same three strain levels. Fatigue testing at the OSU laboratory was conducted at two temperatures and at one initial strain level. As a result of the test program involved in this study, the significant findings include: (1) modulus tests are highly repeatable within each laboratory; (2) modulus tests under similar test conditions could not be satisfactorily reproduced (at the 5% significance level) between laboratories; and (3) depending on test conditions, fatigue tests had a very low to high level of repeatability. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Fatigue tests KW - Laboratories KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Repeatability KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Testing temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488533 AU - Cook, J H AU - Patterson, J H AU - Crawley, A B AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL USE OF EVAZOTE JOINT MATERIAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 47 p. AB - This report on the performance of Evazote joint material is a final report of a Category 2 state study. Evazote joint material is discussed, and merits and shortcomings noted in evaluations are listed. This material is designed to be used in expansion joints in roadways, bridges, sidewalks, roofs and walls, as well as other areas requiring a waterproof filler. Evazote material has been placed in joints on three bridges and in a number of expansion joints in prestressed concrete pavement. KW - Bridges KW - Expansion joints KW - Joint sealers KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sidewalks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488672 AU - Anderson, D A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLING AND REHABILITATING LOW-VOLUME ROADS--PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 127 p. AB - Approximately 25,000 miles of the roadway system maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation are classified as low-volume collector or access roads. In many instances the condition of these roadways can no longer be significantly improved by routine maintenance, and thus major rehabilitation is warranted. The existing surface and base course materials on these roadways represent an investment by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. The development of a reliable and predictable procedure to utilize this existing roadway material to the best advantage would be valuable in extending the mileage that can be rehabilitated with existing resources. Cold-recycling is a potentially cost-effective procedure for reconstructing these low-volume roads. Two roadways were cold-recycled in place during 1985-1986 using emulsion and cement/fly ash stabilization. The mixture design, construction operations and performance of these roads were monitored as part of this project. After 4 years, the cement/fly ash roadway performed in a satisfactory manner and was the most cost effective of the two recycling procedures. The emulsion stabilization showed signs of early deterioration, but this was largely the result of site conditions and was not necessarily indicative of the performance of emulsion stabilized cold-recycled pavements. Questions still remain regarding the cost effectiveness of in-place cold-recycling, but, from a construction standpoint, it is a viable technique. KW - Cement KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Construction management KW - Construction operations KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Emulsions KW - Fly ash KW - Low volume roads KW - Mix design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600697 AU - Reese, R AU - Predoehl, N H AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MODIFIED ASPHALT BINDERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 51 p. AB - This research effort by the Office of Transportation Materials and Research involves the evaluation of modified asphalt binders in test sections at three test sites. Two sites are located in hot climates and the third site is located in a cold climate. The objectives of this study are to: 1) Obtain modified asphalt binders and evaluate the aging rate and improvements in temperature susceptibility; 2) screen the modified binders using the California Tilt-Oven Durability (CATOD) Test (a procedure which simulates the effect of two years' hardening of standard asphalt in hot desert climate) for field trial use; 3) determine whether the modified binders are durable (resist property changes with aging) by trial in a hot climate and resist thermal cracking by trial in a cold climate; 4) recalibrate the CATOD procedure for modified binders if necessary. Four different polymer modified asphalt binders were used on two hot climate (at Ocotillo and Needles) test sections and one cold climate (Crestview) test section. After two years at Ocotillo and one year at Needles, the binders have age hardened approximately as predicted by the CATOD Test in that the control binder at Ocotillo has reached a 10 penetration while the polymer modified binder has virtually no hardening. No cracking or other distress is evident at any of the sites at this time. Future annual evaluations will be performed. KW - Age hardening KW - Binders KW - Cold weather KW - Durability KW - Hot weather KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Susceptibility KW - Temperature KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488534 AU - Crawley, A B AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF FIBRETEX GEOTEXTILE FABRIC FOR SUBGRADE STABILIZATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 35 p. AB - A 250-foot long section of roadway subgrade was stabilized with FIBRETEX geotextile fabric in lieu of a 6-inch thick chemical stabilization with lime and fly ash. Both test and control sections were established on similar subgrade soils. Hot bituminous pavement was placed directly atop the fabric. No problems were experienced during construction. This report describes the construction of test and control sections and the performance of these sections for the 5-year period following construction. Performance evaluations were based on Dynaflect deflections, wheel path rutting and a distress survey. After five years, both test and control sections are in excellent condition. KW - Construction KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Geotextiles KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Wheel path UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497349 AU - Woodham, D AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IBC MEDIAN BARRIER DEMONSTRATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 31 p. AB - A test section of approximately 2300 ft of IBC Mark VII median barrier was monitored for a period of three years. Construction of the barrier was covered in a previously published report. In a limited number of documented accidents, the IBC median barrier performed well, however, repair costs have been excessive in the two repairs completed to date. The limited number of accidents occurring in the test sections prevents any conclusions as to the relative safety performance of the IBC median barrier compared with the W-beam or New Jersey type concrete barrier. It is recommended that unless the costs of IBC Mark VII barrier go down substantially, this barrier not be adopted as a standard median barrier for use in Colorado. The IBC barrier may prove to have additional safety performance that could warrant its use in high-hazard locations, but proof of this will need to be documented on a larger scale before further installations would be recommended. KW - Median barriers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495666 AU - Cumberledge, G AU - Arellano, J L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PRORUT SYSTEM IN PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 101 p. AB - The purpose of the report is to evaluate the usefulness of the ProRut to Highway Departments and to compare the ProRut against other systems used to measure roughness and rut depth. Other systems used in the evaluation include Mays Meter, Portable Universal Roughness Device (PURD), Rod & Level, PSU General Motors modified Profilometer, and the K.J. Law Profilometer. The repeatability of testing with the ProRut is good both by days (tests done on same day) and over time (different days). Testing done one year after the initial testing indicates good repeatability over extended periods of time. The ProRut has the potential to be a valuable addition to any highway department pavement management system for production testing. One key factor is having computer equipment in the office compatible with that in the ProRut to provide more testing per 3M tape. Without the compatible equipment, however, the ProRut is still applicable for research and calibration testing. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance evaluations KW - Profilometers KW - Repeatability KW - Roughness KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495675 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Pruitt, S AU - Kippen, T AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE AND SIGN SUPPORTS - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 32 p. AB - A series of eight full-scale crash tests was conducted on five luminaire and sign supports. The test articles were embedded in S-1 soil as per NCHRP No. 230 recommendations. The test vehicles used for all eight impact tests were 1979 Volkswagen Rabbits with the test mass adjusted to be in the range of 1800 plus or minus 50 lb. A triaxial accelerometer was placed near the vehicle center gravity (c.g.) to record the vehicle decelerations. Each test event was covered with one real-time and three to four high-speed movie cameras. The data acquired from the tests were processed as per NCHRP No. 230 procedure. The results were evaluated against the dynamic performance requirements specified in the most recent AASHTO and NCHRP No. 230 documents. The detailed test and evaluation results and the test reports are presented in this final report. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - High speed photography KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations KW - Photography KW - Sign supports KW - Test results KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495665 AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON RESILIENT MODULUS TESTING PY - 1989/09 SP - 728 p. AB - These proceedings are the results of a 3 day resilient modulus testing workshop. The objective of the workshop was to address the significance of utilizing and evaluating the resilient moduli of highway materials. At the workshop, 25 presentations were made on the various aspects of test techniques and systems used to evaluate resilient modulus. Workshop discussions also included the importance of this property to characterize highway materials as used in the mechanistic approach to pavement design and the 1986 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) "Guide for Design of Pavement Structures." KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Design KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Materials tests KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement design KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495676 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Pruitt, S AU - Kippen, T AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE AND SIGN SUPPORTS - TECHNICAL VOLUME. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 244 p. AB - A series of eight full-scale crash tests was conducted on five luminaire and sign supports. The test articles were embedded in S-1 soil as per NCHRP No. 230 recommendations. The test vehicles used for all eight impact tests were 1979 Volkswagen Rabbits with the test mass adjusted to be in the range of 1800 plus or minus 50 lb. A triaxial accelerometer was placed near the vehicle center gravity (c.g.) to record the vehicle decelerations. Each test event was covered with one real-time and three to four high-speed movie cameras. The data acquired from the tests were processed as per NCHRP No. 230 procedure. The results were evaluated against the dynamic performance requirements specified in the most recent AASHTO and NCHRP No. 230 documents. The detailed test and evaluation results and the test reports are presented in this final report. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - High speed photography KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations KW - Photography KW - Sign supports KW - Test results KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494521 AU - Hendriks, R W AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC NOISE ATTENUATION AS A FUNCTION OF GROUND AND VEGETATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - v.p. AB - This interim report presents final results on traffic noise attenuation due to shielding by existing vegetation along highways ("vegetative barriers"), and preliminary findings on excess attenuation by various ground covers. Simultaneous noise measurements at various distances were made in shielded and unshielded regions of three vegetative barrier sites bordering freeways. The sites included: 1) oleander, 2) combination of oleander and redwoods, and 3) pine trees, as part of existing landscaping. Observed noise reductions by the vegetation ranged from 0 to 2.7 dBA, and averaged 0.9 dBA. This was not considered significant from a human perception standpoint. The excess attenuation portion of this project is partially completed. At this time, energy-averaged noise levels and maximum noise levels have been measured simultaneously by ten microphones at distances ranging from 25 to 400 ft and heights of 2.5 to 20 ft. The method of analysis is described and preliminary results indicate that the site parameter alpha, as used in the FHWA Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Model (FHWA-RD-77-108), is much higher than 0.5 used in the model for acoustically absorptive sites. KW - Attenuation KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Ground cover KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - Trees KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494538 AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACTS OF CARPOOL UTILIZATION ON THE KATY FREEWAY TRANSITWAY 42-MONTH "AFTER" EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 74 p. AB - A major commitment has been made in the Houston area to develop physically separated transitways in the medians of freeways. The lanes are reserved for high-occupancy vehicles. Phase 1 of the first completed transitway opened on the Katy Freeway (I-10) in October 1984. Initially, only buses and authorized vanpools were permitted on the transitway. To increase potential utilization of this facility, authorized 4+ carpools began using the transitway on a test basis in April 1985. In November 1985, 3+ carpools were authorized to use the transitway. In August 1986, the authorization requirements were dropped and the transitway was opened to 2+ carpools. This research study, funded jointly by the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, was initiated in order to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effects of permitting carpools to utilize the transitway. This report documents data collected in October 1988, 3.5 years after carpool utilization of the transitway began. This report compares the 1988 data to similar data collected before carpool utilization was permitted (March 1985) and after carpool utilization was permitted (April 1986, October 1987). These comparisons address numerous concerns and provide an indication of the effectiveness of allowing carpools on the transitway. KW - Before and after studies KW - Carpools KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Impact studies KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493591 AU - SHULER, T S AU - New Mexico Engineering Research Institute AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF POLYMER MODIFIED CHIP SEALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 84 p. AB - Chip seal coats are used extensively by most state highway departments as a maintenance tool. Although use in the past has been restricted to low traffic volume facilities, more agencies are investigating use of chip seals on other parts of networks including high traffic pavements. This use has prompted more interest in higher quality chip seal materials and practices not only for high traffic facilities, but low volume pavements as well. Polymer modified asphalt emulsions and cements have become very popular in many states for chip seal construction. Benefits of these binders prompt high use because of apparent good initial chip retention. Although many agencies believe these modified binders are performing as well or better than conventional binders, no data has been collected to assess the cost-effectiveness of these more expensive binders. In addition, it is desired to determine whether use of these modified binders on all types of pavements is justified. The purpose of this study was to construct a full-scale test pavement using binders consisting of two sources of polymer modified high-float asphalt emulsion and one control high-float emulsion. Aggregates used varied from clean, high quality materials to marginally dirty materials. All materials were placed at rates appropriate for the existing pavement surface conditions and aggregate properties. Emulsions were applied from two pressure distributors equipped with standard and variable rate nozzles such that effect of lower emulsion application rates in the wheel paths could be observed. Field and laboratory Vialit tests were conducted during the experiment and suggestions are presented for imprvoement to the recommended procedure for obtaining repeatable test results. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Chip seals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Experimental roads KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymer asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491912 AU - Stokes, R W AU - Luedtke, P AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING, DESIGNING AND OPERATING TRANSIT-RELATED STREET IMPROVEMENTS: SURVEY OF CURRENT PRACTICE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 92 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of a national survey of state DOTs and local transit agencies concerning current practice in the planning, design and operation of transit-related street improvements. The summary of current practices is divided into four subsections: 1) Bus service planning guidelines; 2) Bus facility design guidelines; 3) Bus service operating considerations; and 4) Light rail transit (LRT) services. The results of the study indicate that basic practices do not differ substantially between the agencies surveyed, though differences were found in the level of detail contained in the various guidelines. The survey results also suggest that the need for improved coordination and cooperation between transit and highway agencies is a major concern of local transit service providers. Subsequent phases of this study will focus on developing transit-related guidelines which can be incorporated into the state's roadway planning and design manuals. KW - Bus services KW - Bus transit KW - Cooperation KW - Coordination KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Interagency relations KW - Light rail transit KW - Operating strategies KW - Planning KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys KW - Transit operating agencies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303965 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491136 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Trapani, R AU - Scheffey, C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD EQUIVALENCY: ISSUES FOR FURTHER RESEARCH PY - 1989/09 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - p. 39-45 AB - A 3-day Load Equivalency Workshop was organized by the Federal Highway Administration to facilitatie the effort to develop an improved system for determining load equivalency factors (LEF), and to develop a new approach to assess truck-pavement interaction. The participants identified the following key issues for future research: influence of road profiles on the dynamic forces imposed on the pavement; role of road simulators; inconsistencies in the results of tire research; integration of vehicle, tire and pavement dynamic models; need for a uniform definition of pavement response; and the need for distinct load equivalency models for different user classes. Each of these issues is discussed in this paper. KW - Curbs KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Rolled curb KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306522 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491138 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chollar, B H AU - Zenewitz, J A AU - Boone, J G AU - Tran, K T AU - Anderson, D T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHANGES OCCURRING IN ASPHALTS DURING DRUM-DRYER AND BATCH MIXING OPERATIONS PY - 1989/09 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - p. 49-57 AB - The Federal Highway Administration's study to identify the changes in asphalts as it is mixed with aggregate during drum-dryer and batch mixing operations is reported. The details of the study are described and the results are tabulated and discussed. It was found that steam distillation of asphalts is not occurring in drum-dryer operations. The revolving forced air distillation- (RFAD), thin film oven- (TFO), and rolling thin film oven (RTFO)-condiditoned asphalts appear to have the most properties similar to those of the recovered asphalts than those of the asphalts from steam distillation. These and other conclusions drawn from the tests are discussed. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Distillation KW - Drum dryers KW - Dryer drum process KW - Mixing plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306524 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491135 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oliver, M B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR AUDIBLE PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS PY - 1989/09 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - p. 33-38 AB - A study is reported which examined existing audible signal sites and surveyed visualy impaired individuals and their advocate organizations, traffic engineers, audible signal manufacturers, and relevant specialists (audiologists) to determine, among other issues, how 2 questions are being answered: at what intersections should audible pedestrian signals be installed? and to what uniform standards or criteria should the devices conform? Criteria for installing such signals are listed and discussed. The wide variety in devices and procedures are summarized. It is noted that audible pedestrian signals are feasible, but only at certain complex or confusing intersections frequented by visually impaired persons. Such areas include public transit stops, shopping centers, and medical and educational facilities. The devices are not meant to be a substitute for a visually impaired person's orientation and mobility skills, but rather an aid to them. KW - Audible warning devices KW - Building KW - Criteria KW - Crosswalks KW - Facilities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Installation KW - Signalized intersections KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306521 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491137 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lane, S N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ABSORPTIVE SOUND BARRIER SAMPLES IN FREEZE/THAW ENVIRONMENTS PY - 1989/09 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - p. 46-48 AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the resistance of absorptive sound barriers to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Testing was performed on two absorptive sound barrier samples of porous concrete on one side of the panel and normal concrete on the other. Embedded only in the surface of the porous concrete were 1-in smooth aggregate pieces. The two concretes differed in such properties as strength, mix proportions, and density. The details of the tests and results are presented. It was found that the resistance of the porous concrete specimens to freeze/thaw conditions was poor and resulted in considerable loss of section. Such porous concrete samples were determined to be unsuitable as absorptive sound barriers in situations where they will be subjected to repeated freeze/thaw cycles. KW - Concrete KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Noise barriers KW - Porous materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490593 AU - Fleming, D F AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF SPAWNING RUN DELAY ON SPAWNING MIGRATION OF ARCTIC GRAYLING. A THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE PY - 1989/09 SP - 88 p. AB - The effects of delays on the spawning run of Arctic grayling in Fish Creek, a tributary of the Jack River, near Cantwell, Alaska, were examined. Tagged grayling were delayed for 3, 6, or 12 days, and then released; control fish were released within 12 hours of capture. During the delays, a high proportion of females became ripe; most males were ripe before the delays and remained ripe over a longer period than females. Delayed and control fish were monitored by the recapture of tagged fish in upstream traps. Females released in a "running-ripe" condition migrated at higher rates, but failed to reach upstream areas in similar proportions as those of "less ripe" females. Reduction in distances traveled by grayling as a result of longer delays may lead to the use of non-preferred spawning habitats, underuse of spawning areas upstream, and decreases in recruitment. It is recommended that spawning delays for Arctic grayling not exceed 3 days. KW - Culverts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fishes KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Migration KW - Traffic delays UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/ak_rd_90_03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490581 AU - Firestine, M AU - Hughes, W AU - Natelson, N AU - Walcoff & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATING LARGER TRUCKS ON ROADS WITH RESTRICTIVE GEOMETRY: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 18 p. AB - Changes in the 1982 Surface Transportation Assistance Act (STAA) allowing wider and longer trucks on the National Network have raised questions about highway safety. The Federal Highway Administration sponsored a study by Goodell-Grivas, Incorporated, that investigated the performance of trucks of various lengths and widths on roads with restrictive geometry. The report summarized here highlights the main findings of that study for transportation officials and practicing engineers. Field studies at both urban and rural sites indicated that truck drivers compensate for the reduced operating capabilities of larger trucks. Despite driver skill, however, trucks on urban roads encroached into other lanes on streets with widths less than 12 ft. Intersections with less than 60-ft corner radii caused some problems for most truck types, especially those wider than 102 in. Prohibiting large trucks from turning onto narrow urban streets, employing turn movement templates in roadway design, adjusting signal and/or left-turn lane lengths, and manufacturing 48-ft semitrailers with axles forward only may minimize these and other problems. On rural roads, lanes wider than 12 or 13 ft allowed oncoming vehicles to move further right to avoid trucks, and shoulders wider than 4 ft allowed oncoming vehicles a greater margin of safety. At sharp curves (7 to 15 degrees), opposing vehicles slowed down significantly and made other undesirable changes to pass large trucks. Consideration should be given to reducing the sharpness of curves greater than 7 degrees and to allowing large trucks only on two-lane rural roads with lanes at least 12 ft wide and shoulders greater than 4 ft. This summary report was based on the following study: "The Operation of Larger Trucks on Roads with Restrictive Geometry Volume I: Final Report: FHWA/RD-86/157." KW - Encroachments KW - Field studies KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Lateral placement KW - Length KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural areas KW - Shoulder usage KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Trucks KW - Turning radius KW - Urban areas KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490578 AU - Firestine, M AU - Hughes, W AU - Demaree, R V AU - Walcoff & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW METHODS FOR DETERMINING REQUIREMENTS FOR TRUCK-CLIMBING LANES. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 37 p. AB - To facilitate traffic flow and to improve highway safety on upgrades, highway design engineers have constructed hill-climbing lanes. A recent FHWA-sponsored study found that current guidelines may be leading designers to overdesign highways, adding and maintaining unnecessary hill-climbing lanes. The report summarized here highlights four major findings of the earlier FHWA study: (1) current design guidelines are conservative for single-unit trucks and tractor-semitrailers and current critical lengths of grade are thus shorter than these two truck types would warrant; (2) single-unit trucks with trailers and doubles do not perform nearly as well as single-unit trucks and tractor-semitrailers, which may indicate that the performance of the latter two types of trucks match current guidelines; (3) critical length of grade should be based on the weight-to-available power ratio of current truck mix, rather than on assumptions about the performance of a 300-lb/hp truck which was typical in 1965; and (4) highway designers need more comprehensive methods for deciding when hill-climbing lanes are warranted. This report also presents tools developed in the study for designing hill-climbing lanes. This report was based on the following study: "Methods for Predicting Truck Speed Loss on Grades - Final Technical Report: FHWA/RD-86-059." KW - Climbing lanes KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Trucks KW - Upgrade KW - Upgrades (Roads) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490580 AU - Firestine, M AU - McGee, H AU - Toeg, P AU - Walcoff & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING TRUCK SAFETY AT INTERCHANGES. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 36 p. AB - This report offers highway engineers guidance in designing interchanges so as to reduce the likelihood of truck accidents on highway interchanges. This report summarizes research showing that the interaction between truck dynamics and interchange geometry can contribute to rollovers, jackknifes, and other loss-of-control accidents. The research was conducted by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) and supported by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Engineers can apply corrective actions to six specific ramp design features that were found to contribute to truck accidents: poor transitions to superelevation, abrupt changes in compound curves, short deceleration lanes preceding tight-radius exits, curbs placed on the outside of ramp curves, lowered friction levels on high speed ramps, and substantial downgrades leading to tight ramp curves. Countermeasures for these design problems include incorporating a greater safety margin into formulations for side friction factors, reviewing and modifying posted speed limits, improving curve condition and downgrade signs at interchanges, increasing deceleration lane length, overlaying curbs with wedges of pavement or eliminating curbs altogether, resurfacing ramps with high-friction overlays, and redesigning sites where accidents are common. This summary report was based on the following study: "Impact of Specific Geometric Features on Truck Operations and Safety at Interchanges: FHWA/RD-86/057." KW - Countermeasures KW - Curbs KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Deceleration lanes KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Friction KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Jackknifing KW - Ramps KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Superelevation KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490582 AU - Johnson, W C AU - Appleman, B R AU - KTA-TATOR, INC. AU - Steel Structures Painting Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROTECTION OF IN-SERVICE STEEL BRIDGES FROM CORROSION, VOLUME II: GUIDE PY - 1989/09 SP - 130 p. AB - A guide for maintaining corrosion protection on steel highway bridges has been developed. The guide is intended to assist highway bridge officials in planning and decision making in regard to designing a steel surface protection system for existing structures. The guide is Volume II of a three volume set which includes as Volume I, a report on evaluations of the guide in case histories by highway departments in office and field. Volume III includes a glossary, bibliography, and other appendices. The guide defines the steps necessary for systematically planning and implementing a program to maintain protection from corrosion of steel highway bridges. The guide is structured with a series of forms which may be used in gathering data which is then accessible for evaluation and review. The forms facilitate recordkeeping and lead to decision making. This volume is the second in the series. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Corrosion protection KW - Decision making KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Maintenance KW - Metal bridges KW - Planning KW - Recordkeeping KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490579 AU - Firestine, M AU - McGee, H AU - Cunningham, D AU - Walcoff & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDUCING RUNAWAY TRUCK ACCIDENTS THROUGH WEIGHT-BASED ADVISORY SPEEDS. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 22 p. AB - Current developments in truck design may worsen the problem of runaway trucks. Trucks are becoming heavier, and the design of more aerodynamic cabs and the use of radial and smaller-diameter tires may increase the potential for brake failure on downgrades. This report gives State transportation officials an overview of the Grade Severity Rating System, a program to reduce runaway truck accidents through the use of weight-specific-speed (WSS) signs. The report contains adequate information for State transportation officials to decide whether they want to implement GSRS-WSS and also tells potential users where to get the additional information needed for actual implementation. The report summarizes the five steps required to implement WSS signing. The first step determines the magnitude of the runaway truck problem in a given State and identifies potential WSS sites. The second step analyzes the sites selected to determine percent and length of downgrade and truck braking length--the variables that determine brake temperature and hence safe speeds for different truck weight classes. In step three, analysts enter percent of grade and grade length or truck braking length into a computer program that yields advisory speeds for various truck weight classes. Step four converts the computer program output into the information that will actually be posted on WSS signs. Step five is actual installation of signs before and preferably along the downgrades selected for WSS. The report is based on the following studies: Feasibility of a Grade Severity Rating System, FHWA/RD-79/116, The Development and Evaluation of a Prototype Grade Severity Rating System, FHWA/RD-81/185, Field Test of the Grade Severity Rating System (GSRS), FHWA/RD-86/011, and Grade Severity Rating System (GSRS)--Users Manual, FHWA-IP-88-015. KW - Advisory speed signs KW - Brakes KW - Crashes KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Grade severity rating KW - Highway grades KW - Implementation KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Safety KW - Speed signs KW - Temperature KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight KW - Weight specific speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490656 AU - Ksaibati, K AU - Kercher, K AU - Gulen, S AU - White, T AU - Hooker, G AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PRORUT SYSTEM IN INDIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 71 p. AB - Purdue University and the Indiana Department of Transportation evaluated the performance of a profile and rut depth (PRORUT) device developed by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Several pavement sections with different characteristics were included in the evaluation. Accurate profiles were determined with manual surveying techniques. Subsequently, the PRORUT device was operated over the same pavement sections and an analysis was made to find the variance of the results. It was found that there was a close agreement between the PRORUT profiles and the road and level profiles in all cases except for a chip and seal section. Improvements were suggested to enhance the PRORUT operation. KW - Accuracy KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance evaluations KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488749 AU - West, H H AU - McClure, R M AU - Gannon, E J AU - Riad, H L AU - Siverling, B E AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A NONLINEAR DETERIORATION MODEL FOR THE ESTIMATION OF BRIDGE DESIGN LIFE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 150 p. AB - A comprehensive literature review was conducted, and a questionnaire was circulated, on the subjects of bridge deterioration and bridge life. Several relevant studies were identified, and selected methods were applied to Pennsylvania data. In general, the findings of the investigators were confirmed in the context of the Pennsylvania data. However, these studies were deficient in two significant ways: first, deterioration was assumed to occur linearly with time; second, no systematic effort was made to incorporate the effects of rehabilitation. A nonlinear deterioration model was developed that expresses condition rating as a function of age using an exponential decay function coupled with a rehabilitation "spike" to provide the sudden increase in rating that accompanies bridge rehabilitation. Several variations of the basic model were considered with the coefficients for each model determined through a nonlinear regression analysis. The model was applied to substructures, superstructures, and decks of steel girder-type, prestressed concrete, and reinforced concrete bridges. For each component of each bridge type, three separate ADT ranges were considered. The resulting deterioration models were assessed, limited conclusions were drawn regarding their applicability, and selected versions were applied to the problem of predicting bridge life. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge life KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Deterioration KW - Forecasting KW - Girder bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear equations KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Regression analysis KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414052 AU - Sebaaly, P AU - Tabatabaee, N AU - Scullion, T AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Research and Development TI - Instrumentation for flexible pavements PY - 1989/08 IS - FHWA/RD-89-084 SP - 166p AB - This report documents the findings of the literature search on instrumentation used in flexible pavements. The search covered areas such as strain, stress, deflection, temperature, moisture, load location, load magnitude, performance models, and backcalculation techniques. Each group of instrumentation was evaluated in terms of the design feasibility, cost, availability, and field performance (A). KW - Back calculation KW - Backcalculation KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement properties KW - Physical properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413529 AU - Bonaquist, R AU - Surdahl, R AU - Mogawer, W AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Pavement testing facility - effects of tire pressure on flexible pavement response and performance PY - 1989/08 IS - FHWA/RD-89-123 SP - 102p AB - The effects of tire pressure on flexible pavement response and performance were evaluated using data from the first phase of research at the Federal Highway Administration's Pavement Testing Facility. The Accelerated Loading Facility testing machine was used to simulate traffic loading. The evaluation consisted of three components. First, deflections and strains for various combinations of load and tire pressure were measured and compared. Second, rutting and cracking for two test sections trafficked with the same load but different tire pressures were evaluated. Finally, changes in the pavement materials resulting from traffic were compared for the two sections trafficked with different tire pressures. These three evaluations showed tire pressure to be a second order effect. The effect of tire pressure on flexible pavement response and performance was less significant than the effects of load and temperature. During the response experiment, when load and temperature were constant, the effects of tire pressure could be observed. However, in the performance and materials evaluations, the effects of increased tire pressure were masked by differences in temperature (A). KW - Accelerated loading facilities KW - Accelerated loading facility (ALF) KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Tyre KW - Tyre pressure KW - Vehicle pavement interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412924 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Crowley, K W AU - Dauber, G W AU - Seguin, E L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations Research and Development TI - Trade off between delineation and lighting on freeway interchanges PY - 1989/08 IS - FHWA/RD-88-223 SP - 107p AB - The objective was to determine whether, with improved delineation, performance at partially lighted interchanges can approach performance under full lighting, particularly in rain. Two field studies were conducted. The first was to determine whether transient visual adaptation (TVA) influences detection on partially lighted interchanges and could interact with lighting. It was shown that TVA occurs under partial lighting and influences detection up to 600 feet from the last luminaire. The second field study was to determine the effect of lighting, weather, and improved delineation on driver performance. Data were obtained on two exits in dry and wet weather under full lighting with baseline delineation. Data were then obtained under partial lighting, with baseline and three improved delineation systems. Partial lighting at one exit was with one luminaire, at the other with three luminaires. Findings support the contention that full lighting is superior to partial lighting in ramp speed-related measures. Analysis of delineation effects on ramp and spot speeds and on speed distributions showed few differences under dry conditions. In rain, effects were stronger but were neither large enough nor consistent enough to recommend improved delineation over the baseline system. Nonstatistical comparison of the results from the two sites provided evidence that three-luminaire partial lighting was superior to single-luminaire. Performance on ramp segments downstream of the last luminaire suggested TVA influenced results (A). KW - Delineation KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Interchange KW - Interchanges KW - Pavement marking KW - Road markings KW - Street lighting KW - Street lighting KW - Vision KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625102 AU - Boyce, D E AU - Chen, H K AU - Rouphail, N AU - Sen, A AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUBREGIONAL ROUTE CHOICE MODELS WITH LINK TRAVEL TIMES REFLECTING INTERSECTION FLOWS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 201 p. AB - In the route choice models evaluated in this report, the intersection traffic signals and the corresponding approach service levels are adjusted in relation to the predicted approach flows. An equilibrium between traffic signal settings that minimize total network travel time and route choices that are optimal from each user's point of view is sought. This problem is formulated as a bilevel nonlinear programming problem and termed the Traffic-Responsive Signal Control (TRSC) scheme. The TRSC scheme considers the effect of signal controls on traffic flows in the traffic assignment submodels. Alternative problem formulations and available solution algorithms are briefly reviewed. Eight models based on two traffic signal timing policies, two different treatments of two-way stop intersection, and two different weights for turning movements are thus formulated. Among them four models are illustrated and compared. The iterative optimization and assignment (IOA) solution algorithm is implemented to solve a large-scale real network: the Chicago Area Transportation Study North Shore regional network. This network contains 413 zones, 8408 nodes and 26,719 links, of which a study area consisting of 271 zones, 1059 nodes, and 2898 links is of primary interest. All the discussions are restricted to the study area unless otherwise stated. This study area may be the largest network that has been tested for any type of TRSC scheme up to now. It is observed that the solutions for the four models stabilize after six iterations of the TRSC scheme. The difference between the delay minimization and the equal degree of saturation traffic signal timing policies is not significant. For simplicity, the equal degree of saturation traffic signal timing policy may be safely used to approximate the delay minimization traffic signal timing policy. The treatment of two-way stop intersections by a simplified 1985 HCM method does not make much difference in the objective values as well. The model's performance and benefit that could be obtained from TRSC scheme are extensively described by eight network performance measures and comparative studies. KW - Algorithms KW - Bilevel programming KW - Chicago Area Transportation Study KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Level of service KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear programming KW - Optimization KW - Regional networks KW - Route choice KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Two way stop intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625028 AU - Weissmann, A J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE PREDICTION MODELS FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 78 p. AB - This report documents the final results of a long-term performance study of CRC pavement sections in Texas. An existing distress-index that describes CRCP deterioration as a function of punchouts and patches was used in conjunction with a CRCP data base spanning over 14 years and over 751 test sections statewide to develop three types of performance prediction models. The models were calibrated using Survival Analysis, a statistical technique still unexplored in the analysis of pavement performance, that is adequate for estimating the reliability of a design or a device. This approach is theoretically sound, and it gave accurate results. The models permit the remaining life of a test section to be estimated from visual condition survey data. During the calibration process, the significance of several variables affecting pavement performance was tested. Among these variables were the elastic modulus of the Portland cement concrete and the modulus of reaction on top of the subbase, obtained by backcalculation from deflection data. This backcalculation is generally done by inverse application of layered theory, performed by one of the many computer programs available in the literature for this type of calculation. There seems to be no consensus as to which program yields the best results. In addition, for rigid pavements, the backcalculation can also be done by inverse application of plate theory. The backcalculation phase of this study was used to compare results obtained with layered and plate theory. A significant discrepancy was found, and the possible causes were analyzed. It is felt that the most important contributions of this study are in the redefinition of the problem of pavement performance models and in the innovative and theoretically sound technique applied to develop the models. The complementary analyses of the problems of restricted inference spaces for and of error propagation in pavement performance studies are also very important, because they draw attention to a crucial limitation of most pavement performance models that is often overlooked. It is hoped that the models can be useful for CRCP management and that the findings of this study can contribute to a better understanding of CRCP deterioration. It is felt that the data collection procedures and the data base developed in this study can be useful for many other research studies. It is strongly recommended that future attempts at calibrating a pavement performance with this reliability be made with the statistical approach used in this study. KW - Backcalculation KW - Calibration KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Forecasting KW - Layered theories KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Plate theories KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618096 AU - Elliott, R P AU - Ford, M C AU - Ghanim, M AU - Tu, Y F AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT GRADATION VARIATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - v.p. AB - Six asphalt concrete mixes were tested to examine the effect of variations in aggregate gradations. The properties investigated were creep behavior as a measure of rutting potential, split tensile strength as an indicator of fatigue resistance, and the Marshall mix parameters. Each mix was tested with five gradation variations that were selected to represent the maximum variations typically encountered on a paving project. The job mix formula (JMF) gradation served as the control. Two other gradations represented the extreme fine (FINE) and coarse (COARSE) deviations from the JMF. The remaining two gradations crossed from one extreme (e.g., coarse) on the largest aggregate size to the other extreme (e.g., fine) on the smallest (#200 sieve) size. These were called the COARSE-FINE and FINE-COARSE gradations. The greatest effect to mix properties was observed with the COARSE-FINE and FINE-COARSE gradations that caused a change in the shape of the gradation curves. This suggests that, in addition to the individual sieve size tolerance limits normally included in asphalt construction specifications, consideration should be given to including a control on the shape of the gradation curve. Also included in the study are relative life analyses that can be used as the basis for the development of pay adjustment schedules for Quality Assurance specifications and for mix that does not quite comply with the tolerance limits under traditional specifications. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Creep KW - Marshall properties KW - Quality assurance KW - Relative life analyses KW - Tensile strength UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%208801.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488582 AU - Tadros, M K AU - Benak, J V AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON BOX CULVERTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 232 p. AB - This report contains the results of field investigation of a functional, twin-cell, cast-in-place reinforced concrete box culvert in Sarpy County, Nebraska. Measurements were taken of soil pressures, concrete and steel strains, culvert deflection, and soil settlement. The effects of soil fill up to 12 feet high as well as AASHTO H-15 standard truck load were recorded. The vibrating wire technology was utilized extensively for pressure and strain measurements in order to obtain reliable long-term data for a period of 500 days. The details of construction, instrumentation and analysis of the culvert are given in this report. Generally, measured soil pressures due to soil loading confirm earlier analytical investigations that AASHTO-specified values may be too low, especially on side walls. Live load dispersion through soil was found to correlate reasonably well with theory and with the simple provisions of AASHTO. However, the repoert points out two factors not currently included in AASHTO which may further help distribute the effect of concentrated wheel loads: effect of rigid roadway pavement and effect of the "two-way" action of the culvert top slab itself. As a byproduct of this investigation, a consistent cracking pattern in the wing walls had been observed in the test culvert and in others. This indicated the need for provision of a smoother transition between the barrel and the wing walls. Specific recommendations are given in the report. KW - Box culverts KW - Earth pressure KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Instrumentation KW - Load transfer KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Strain measurement KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Vibrating wire KW - Vibrating wire transducers KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497282 AU - Tikalsky, P J AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON THE SULFATE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 346 p. AB - The durability of concrete is determined by its ability to endure the physical and environmental surroundings without losing the functional properties and structural integrity of the original design. Concrete containing fly ash can be proportioned to meet the durability requirements of a wide range of applications, such as concrete for mass structures, pavements, structural members, and high strength applications. One area where the long term performance of concrete containing fly ash is not clearly understood is in sulfate environments. The sulfate attack mechanism in concrete containing fly ash has been related in recent years to the mineralogical and chemical composition of the cementitious and pozzolanic material. This study investigated the interrelationship between the physical, mineralogical and chemical characteristics of portland cement, fly ash, and their proportions, and the sulfate resistance of concrete containing fly ash. Eighteen fly ashes and five portland cements have been studied at four levels of volumetric replacement of fly ash for portland cement. Other variables studied were workability, air content, curing conditions, and permeability. The fly ashes were characterized by performing chemical, physical and mineralogical analyses. Over 700 specimens were submerged in a 10% sodium sulfate solution. The specimens were measured for expansion, mass change, and cracking. The study has revealed a strong correlation between the glassy composition of fly ash and the sulfate resistance of concrete. KW - Air content KW - Chemical analysis KW - Concrete KW - Concrete composition KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete tests KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mineralogy KW - Permeability KW - Physical properties KW - Portland cement KW - Pozzolan KW - Sulfate resistance KW - Sulfates KW - Workability UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26600/26631/PB90267097.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497320 AU - Hsieh, C K AU - Qin, C AU - Ryder, E E AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER MODELING FOR PREDICTION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION INSIDE CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 146 p. AB - Computer models are developed for predicting temperature in concrete pavements and rainwater infiltration into soil and subgrades due to weather changes. The models use an implicit finite-difference scheme which employs spatial factorization to implement the solution as an alternating-direction-implicit sequence. In conjunction with delta formulation, the developed method is able to combine analytical simplicity with numerical efficiency. Computer programs are developed for these models. A user manual has also been prepared to show how to use these programs. In order to facilitate situations when weather data and material properties are unavailable for computer input, Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) data bases are searched and those for Tallahassee, Orlando, and Miami, Florida, are collected and transferred to floppy disks. Physical properties for soil and concrete are also reviewed and those relevant to modeling are compiled in the report. The softwares consist of one source disk and twelve data disks. The source disk is dedicated not only to compute the temperature and water-pressure-head fields but also to make isotherm and isobar plots. The twelve data disks are for the storage of the TMY data. The developed softwares are independent of the hardwares used. Any IBM PC or its compatible with or without a graphic printer can be employed. The computer programs have undergone a series of tests for sunny, overcast, and rainy conditions. The overcast and rain are shown to have a significant effect in lowering the concrete temperature. The modeled temperature results compare favorably with the test results provided by the Florida DOT. The water-pressure-head modeling is also tested. To complete the modeling, the numerical solutions have been tested for stability and convergence. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete properties KW - Finite differences KW - Forecasting KW - Infiltration KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Physical properties KW - Rainfall KW - Software KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608603 AU - Perfater, M A AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CORRIDOR PRESERVATION: A SYNTHESIS OF PRACTICE PY - 1989/08 SP - 29 p. AB - This report examines the general concept of planning for and protecting land designated to serve as new highway corridors in developing areas. It generally presents a review of the state of the practice by describing several methods for protecting potential highway corridors, some of which may be implemented immediately and some of which would require legislative or regulatory changes at either the federal, state, or local level. The report also presents a prospectus for future activities at the federal level regarding corridor preservation. KW - Development KW - Federal government KW - Highway corridors KW - Local government KW - Planning KW - Preservation KW - Protection KW - Real estate development KW - State government KW - State of the art studies UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/perfat.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/perfat.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36771/90-TA1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605744 AU - Weissmann, A J AU - Hankins, K AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STATEWIDE DIAGNOSTIC SURVEY OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 36 p. AB - This report documents a diagnostic survey undertaken in 1988 to collect the following data on a statewide sample of continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP): (1) deflections, (2) pavement temperatures, (3) crack widths, and (4) rut depths (in some test sections). The data will be used to backcalculate pavement properties necessary to calibrate a performance prediction model for CRCP in Texas. The development of procedures for data collection is documented in a previous report. This report documents the field work and the preparations for it. These preparations consisted of (1) checking operator repeatability and reproducibility for the crack width measurements, (2) verifying reproducibility and accuracy of the devices in measuring temperature at the pavement surface, (3) casting temperature blocks, also called portable slabs, to take to the field, and (4) checking the accuracy and reproducibility of the thermocouples that were put into the portable slabs. The field work, with emphasis on the practical conditions encountered in the field, is described, and data collected are presented. It is expected that the documentation of the experience gained with the preparations for and collection of the diagnostic data will not only serve to report the progress of the project but will also be valuable guidance for any agency needing to undertake a similar survey. KW - Accuracy KW - Backcalculation KW - Calibration KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Repeatability KW - Reproducibility KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Temperature KW - Temperature measuring instruments KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Thermocouples KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603566 AU - Herbsman, Z AU - Ellis, R D AU - Gomes, F AU - Tootle, G AU - Jorge, J AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTERIZED SCHEDULING APPLICATION IN CONSTRUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 127 p. AB - This research evaluates the use of computers in the construction operations of the Florida Department of Transportation. The current FDOT schedule procedures are examined and their application to computerized procedures are evaluated in this research. The paper discusses the hardware that is needed, as well as software. Evaluation of leading software packages that can be used in the construction operations was included in the research. Finally, a list of recommendations for future use is presented as well as the training procedures needed to implement the conclusions of this research. KW - Construction scheduling KW - Hardware KW - Information processing KW - Recommendations KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491145 AU - Bullard, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF SURVEY DATA FROM THE KATY, NORTH, NORTHWEST AND GULF TRANSITWAYS, APRIL 1985 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1988. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 131 p. AB - In order to improve mobility within the Houston metropolitan area, the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation have joined together to implement an extensive system of transitways in the medians of the city's existing freeway system. These lanes are reserved for the exclusive use of high-occupancy vehicles. At present, carpools are permitted to use three of the four transitways in operation. Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) is currently monitoring the impacts associated with the implementation and operation of these facilities. In addition, TTI is also engaged in an assessment of public attitudes concerning the transitways. This assessment is being accomplished through the periodic distribution of survey questionnaires to both transitway users and nonusers. This report presents the results of transitway user and nonuser surveys performed in the Katy, North, Northwest and Gulf Transitway corridors. In addition to obtaining socio-economic, demographic and travel information, the surveys were designed to: 1) determine perceptions of transitway utilization; 2) identify why individuals have chosen their present travel mode; and 3) assess commuter attitudes and impacts pertaining to the transitways. This report covers the time period from April 1985 through November 1988. KW - Attitudes KW - Carpools KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Nonusers KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Users UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490594 AU - Sebaaly, P AU - TABATABAEE, N AU - Scullion, T AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 166 p. AB - This report documents the findings of the literature search on instrumentation used in flexible pavements. The search covered areas such as strain, stress, deflection, temperature, moisture, load location, load magnitude, performance models, and backcalculation techniques. Each group of instrumentation was evaluated in terms of the design feasibility, cost, availability, and field performance. KW - Availability KW - Axle loads KW - Backcalculation KW - Costs KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Field performance KW - Flexible pavements KW - Instrumentation KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Models KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurement KW - Sensors KW - Strain measurement KW - Supply KW - Temperature measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489985 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Crowley, K W AU - Dauber, G W AU - Seguin, E L AU - IFR Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRADE-OFF BETWEEN DELINEATION AND LIGHTING ON FREEWAY INTERCHANGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 107 p. AB - The objective was to determine whether, with improved delineation, performance at partially lighted interchanges can approach performance under full lighting, particularly in rain. Two field studies were conducted. The first was to determine whether transient visual adaptation (TVA) influences detection on partially lighted interchanges and could interact with lighting. It was shown that TVA occurs under partial lighting and influences detection up to 600 feet from the last luminaire. The second field study was to determine the effect of lighting, weather, and improved delineation on driver performance. Data were obtained on two exits in dry and wet weather under full lighting with baseline delineation. Data were then obtained under partial lighting, with baseline and three improved delineation systems. Partial lighting at one exit was with one luminaire, at the other with three luminaires. Findings support the contention that full lighting is superior to partial lighting in ramp speed-related measures. Analysis of delineation effects on ramp and spot speeds and on speed distributions showed few differences under dry conditions. In rain, effects were stronger but were neither large enough nor consistent enough to recommend improved delineation over the baseline system. Nonstatistical comparison of the results from the two sites provided evidence that three-luminaire partial lighting was superior to single-luminaire. Performance on ramp segments downstream of the last luminaire suggested TVA influenced results. KW - Dark adaptation KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Field studies KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway lighting KW - Freeways KW - Highway delineators KW - Interchanges KW - Lighting KW - Luminaires KW - Luminous intensity KW - Moisture content KW - Partial lighting KW - Personnel performance KW - Rain KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Road markings KW - Speed distribution KW - Storms KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic marking KW - Transient visual adaptation KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489631 AU - KULAKOWSKI, B T AU - Wambold, J C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR THE CALIBRATION OF PROFILOGRAPHS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 206 p. AB - A review of current information concerning the methods and equipment for measuring the roughness of new pavements revealed that most States use rideability criteria to determine the quality of newly laid pavement, with the California profilograph as the dominant type of equipment employed. Bump specifications, which have been used throughout the highway construction industry for many years, are useful in controlling individual vertical deviations of pavement profile, but provide no information on the overall roughness over a longer distance. A full-scale testing program investigated the basic roughness characteristics of new pavements, represented by power spectral density functions which were then used to generate average-profile data. Road roughness measuring devices, including the California, Rainhart, and Ames profilographs, profilometer, and Mays meter, were evaluated on the basis of frequency response, precision, repeatability, reliability, and ease of operation. Researchers sought to determine whether correlations can be established between the profilographs and other roughness measuring devices. Computer simulation of a profilograph, in which the effect of varied design parameters on profilograph performance was investigated, yielded the formulation of an optimal profilograph design as a general optimization problem. KW - Accuracy KW - Calibration KW - Density KW - Measuring instruments KW - Optimization KW - Power spectra KW - Profilographs KW - Profilometers KW - Reliability KW - Repeatability KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Simulation KW - Spectrum analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489634 AU - Caylor, L AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY TO DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF UNTREATED RAP MATERIALS FOR USE AS A BASE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 25 p. AB - The Georgia Department of Transportation has sizable stockpiles of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). Some of this material is unsuitable for use in hot recycled mix. One possible use for this material other than in recycled hot mix would be as a base material. The objective of this project is to compare the performance of untreated RAP material to conventional graded aggregate base (GAB). Performance was compared by looking at the compactibility and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of RAP versus conventional GAB. The untreated RAP did not compact well when compared to GAB. The RAP only compacted from 92 to 94 percent of maximum density. The RAP base also yielded CBR values that were only a fraction of the CBR values for GAB from nearby quarries. KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - California bearing ratio KW - Compactibility KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488532 AU - Mattock, A H AU - Babaei, K AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC RODS AS PRESTRESSING TENDONS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 55 p. AB - This study is concerned with the possibility of utilizing fiber reinforced plastic rods as prestressing tendons, in place of traditional steel tendons, in elements of prestressed concrete bridges exposed to corrosive environments. A survey was made of available information on the behavior characteristics of fiber reinforced plastic tension elements, and in particular those of glass fiber reinforced (GFR) tension elements. Also, an analytical study was made of the flexural behavior of concrete elements prestressed by GFR tendons. Based on the analytical study and on the survey of available information, an assessment is made of the impact on the design of prestressed concrete members if GFR tendons are used. Some preliminary design recommendations are made, together with proposals for research needed before GFR prestressing tendons should be used in practice. Four GFR tendons with Con-Tech Systems anchorages were tested, the primary variable being the embedded length of the GFR rods in the anchorages. All the tendons failed by the rods pulling out of the anchorages. For embedded lengths of 385 mm (15.2 in.) or greater, the failure loads were about 90% of the advertised tendon strength of 220 ksi, or about 100% of the guaranteed tensile strength of 197 ksi (60 kN/rod). KW - Anchorages KW - Anchoring KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive environments KW - Design KW - Embedment KW - Failure KW - Fiber reinforced materials KW - Glass fibers KW - Plastic rods KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressing KW - Recommendations KW - Tendons KW - Tensile strength KW - Testing UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/186.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497240 AU - Mandel, E D AU - Burns, N H AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENT: INSTRUMENTATION, IN-SITU BEHAVIOR, AND ANALYSIS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 58 p. AB - The long-term work plan at the initial design phase of the McLennan County prestressed concrete pavement (PCP) overlay consisted of the determination of variables that are relevant to design, the development of models and design procedures, and the study of the effect of environmental factors on PCP slabs. The present study focuses on the evaluation of the performance of PCP, with specific observation of horizontal slab displacements caused by changes in temperature. The behavior of the PCP is characterized by the presentation of a field data analysis. The instrumentation of the PCP slabs is described, graphs of measured displacements of the slabs for daily temperature cycles are presented, and a regression analysis of the slab movements is performed. In addition, a model that predicts both displacements and stresses is presented. The model is calibrated to the field data and is used to analyze stress concentrations in the slabs. Finally, conclusions and recommendations based on the instrumentation program, data analysis, and model are outlined. KW - Data analysis KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Horizontal displacement KW - Instrumentation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Regression analysis KW - Slabs KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496812 AU - Harichandran, R S AU - Baladi, G Y AU - Yeh, M-S AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICH-PAVE USER'S MANUAL (DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DESIGN OF PAVEMENT SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF LAYERS OF BOUND AND UNBOUND MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT) PY - 1989/08 SP - 26 p. AB - This is the User's Manual for MICH-PAVE, a nonlinear finite element program developed for use on personal computers to aid in the routine design and analysis of flexible pavement structures. Three major achievements have been accomplished in this research. First, a new concept of utilizing a flexible boundary in pavement analysis has been introduced, and its characteristics fully investigated. Second, an extremely "user-friendly" nonlinear finite element program for pavement analysis and design has been implemented on personal computers. Third, two empirical equations to predict fatigue life and rut depth have been developed for use with nonlinear finite element analysis. In the MICH-PAVE program, the pavement is represented by an axisymmetric finite element model, and the resilient modulus model together with the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is used to characterize the nonlinear material response of granular and cohesive soils. Extrapolation and interpolation techniques have been used to improve stresses and strains at layer boundaries. Results from a variety of analyses have been compared with exact solutions (when available), and with the results from existing computer programs. Extensive sensitivity analyses have also been performed to explore the capabilities and limitations of the program. KW - Computer programs KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Finite element method KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Manuals KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Pavement design KW - Personal computers KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Sensitivity analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496664 AU - Bertrand, C B AU - Harrison, R AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE AUTO-READ VERSION OF THE FACE DIPSTICK. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 40 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration has produced a Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual as a guideline for the individual states. The Field Manual includes an Appendix J which describes the proper calibration and reporting procedures for pavement roughness monitoring. The individual states are required to calibrate all roughness instumentation and to report that roughness in terms of the International Roughness Index (IRI). This report details an evaluation effort sponsored by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation Maintenance and Operations Division, Pavement Management Section. This evaluation concentrates on the field performance of the auto-read version of the Face Dipstick. This instrument is one of the Class I profiling devices identified in the Appendix J mandate. All of the lower classification of roughness monitoring instruments used by the states must be calibrated against a Class I device. The Dipstick was chosen by the Texas SDHPT because it was believed that the device would be a cost-effective and reliable substitute for the Rod and Level survey. Rod and Level and the TRRL Beam are the other two Class I profiling devices specified by Appendix J. The evaluation effort describes concerns regarding the operation of the auto-read version of the Dipstick and the manufacturer's responses to those concerns. The field test sites utilized in the comparisons are described. The conclusions reached upon completion of the Dipstick evaluation are included. The manual-read version of the Dipstick was also included. The manual-read version of the Dipstick was also evaluated as to whether or not it would be a cost-effective Class I profiling instrument. Finally, recommendations for the Dipstick's future use based on its field performance are described. KW - Dipstick auto-read road profilers KW - Field performance KW - Instrumentation KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Profilometers KW - Recommendations KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496811 AU - Harichandran, R S AU - Baladi, G Y AU - Yeh, M-S AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DESIGN OF PAVEMENT SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF LAYERS OF BOUND AND UNBOUND MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 180 p. AB - A nonlinear finite element program (MICH-PAVE) has been developed for use on personal computers to aid in the routine design and analysis of flexible pavement structures. Three major achievements have been accomplished in this research. First, a new concept of utilizing a flexible boundary in pavement analysis has been introduced, and its characteristics fully investigated. Second, an extremely "user-friendly" nonlinear finite element program for pavement analysis and design has been implemented on personal computers. Third, two empirical equations to predict fatigue life and rut depth have been developed for use with nonlinear finite element analysis. In the MICH-PAVE program, the pavement is represented by an axisymmetric finite element model, and the resilient modulus model together with the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is used to characterize the nonlinear material response of granular and cohesive soils. Extrapolation and interpolation techniques have been used to improve stresses and strains at layer boundaries. Results from a variety of analyses have been compared with exact solutions (when available), and with the results from existing computer programs. Extensive sensitivity analyses have also been performed to explore the capabilities and limitations of the program. KW - Computer programs KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Finite element method KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Pavement design KW - Personal computers KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Sensitivity analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496635 AU - Marsella, M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO (HAR) IN A CONSTRUCTION ZONE ON I-80, MORRIS COUNTY, N.J. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 103 p. AB - Between early May and mid-November, 1985, a highway advisory radio system (HAR) installed on a construction site on I-80 in Morris County, N.J., was evaluated for effectiveness and reliability. To test effectiveness traffic and driver interview data were collected for HAR ON and HAR OFF conditions. The interviews were obtained from drivers of passenger cars and other light vehicles just after they left the construction zone. Interviewers read a list of prepared questions and recorded the answers (yes or no). When tabulated, these answers yielded the percentages of drivers who had seen the warning signs, tuned in to HAR, understood the message, etc. Reliability was determined by keeping a log of type and frequency of malfunctions, and broadcast field strength readings at various locations in the broadcast area. The results of the study showed that 1) Visibility of warning signs was greatly increased by highlighting the signs with arrowboards; 2) Although 78% of the drivers saw the highlighted signs, only 40% of them tried to tune in to HAR; 3) There is no indication that HAR was effective either as a traffic control or a safety device; 4) The particular equipment used was considered unreliable in that all major components failed at least once, and some as many as four times. KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway advisory KW - Interviewing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Radio KW - Reliability KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495742 AU - Hansen, E C AU - Johannesen, R AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF WATER PUMPING BENEATH CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLABS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 207 p. AB - Water pumping beneath concrete pavement slabs is considered to be a major cause of concrete pavement failure. The objectives of this work were to determine typical water pressures and velocities during pumping in the laboratory and the field and to determine the effects of pressure, velocity, thermal movement, and dynamic loading on erosion beneath the concrete slab. The location of the water pumping is between the bottom of the concrete pavement slab and the subbase. Laboratory tests indicated that high pressures beneath the second slab and suction pressures beneath the first slab induced water velocities opposite to the direction of vehicle motion. Field tests on I-10 in Florida revealed pressure differences as high as 10 psi which produced velocities up to 1 m/s in a direction opposite to vehicle motion. Water pumping was more severe at the corner of the second slab and under upward thermal curling. It was determined that water movement was not sufficient to cause subbase erosion. The daily expansion-contraction cycle was shown to be able to produce loose material at the rate of 35.5 gm/sq ft/1095 cycles which was estimated to produce 0.5 mm of faulting per year. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dynamic loads KW - Erosion KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Thermal effects KW - Thermal stresses KW - Water pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491886 AU - Edwards, W F AU - Green, R L AU - Gilfert, J C AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF A DYNAMIC DEFLECTION SYSTEM FOR RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN OHIO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 161 p. AB - Since 1984, the Ohio Department of Transportation has used Dynaflect deflection measurements to design asphalt concrete overlays on all four-lane pavements programmed for rehabilitation. Slight variations in these deflections on rigid pavement can result in substantial differences in overlay thickness when calculated with a two-layer elastic procedure. In this research, a Dynatest Falling Weight Deflectometer was correlated with the Dynaflect on three flexible and three rigid pavements. Various analysis procedures were used with these data to calculate layer moduli and overlay thicknesses. While differences occurred from pavement to pavement, deflections obtained with the Dynaflect and FWD correlated quite well on the average, pavement nonlinearity was not as significant as was anticipated, and the current ODOT procedure for designing overlay thicknesses appears to be reasonable. Based upon the results of this study, Ohio will continue to use Dynaflect deflection measurements for designing overlays in the near future and search will continue with the FWD to locate underlying pavement voids and quantify pavement nonlinearity. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deflection KW - Design methods KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491915 AU - Lai, J S AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LABORATORY RUTTING RESISTANCE TESTING METHOD FOR ASPHALT MIXES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 93 p. AB - A loaded wheel testing machine (LWT machine) was used successfully in the previous studies to evaluate the rutting characteristics of asphalt mixes. The objective of this study was to modify and improve the machine and the sample preparation method and to develop a testing procedure for using this machine. The improvements and modifications made to the LWT machine include the development of an environmental chamber attached to the machine for maintaining a constant elevated temperature for the test sample during the rutting test and the development of a preheating box for preconditioning the test sample to the prescribed elevated temperature. The temperature of the beam samples can be heated and maintained up to 125 deg F at plus or minus 1 deg F variation. Other modifications and improvements were made for the control and operation of the testing machine. Another major effort was to develop a beam sample preparation method by static compression using a universal testing machine. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Sample preparation KW - Samples KW - Temperature control KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491293 AU - Price, R L AU - Paff, S W AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESOURCE MANUAL: MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PENNDOT BUREAU OF MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 95 p. AB - The proper management of hazardous and environmentally sensitive materials in Pennsylvania is governed by a large, complex, and ever changing set of both Federal and State requirements. This complicated set of regulations and their constantly evolving nature pose a continuing and growing problem for government agencies like the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) which must take steps to ensure that its employees maintain an accurate understanding of all regulatory requirements applying to the materials it uses. This manual has been prepared to provide PennDOT employees with a ready source of practical information covering regulatory requirements and procedures for proper management of hazardous and environmentally sensitive materials used in county maintenance and yard operations. Information is provided on: the advantages of waste reduction and how to get started on a waste reduction program; requirements regarding the purchase, storage, use and transportation of hazardous materials; regulatory requirements for hazardous waste management; definition of a residual waste, and how residual wastes should be handled; typical sources of wastewater and regulation governing it's discharge; Preparedness, Prevention & Contingency (PPC) Planning; specific guidance for management of particular materials at PennDOT operations; and sources for more information. KW - Hazardous materials KW - Maintenance practices KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Regulations KW - Residual wastes KW - State departments of transportation KW - Waste management KW - Wastes KW - Wastewater UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491294 AU - Price, R L AU - Paff, S W AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDANCE MANUAL: MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PENNDOT BUREAU OF MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 264 p. AB - The proper management of hazardous and environmentally sensitive materials in Pennsylvania is governed by a large, complex, and ever changing set of both Federal and State requirements. This complicated set of regulations and their constantly evolving nature pose a continuing and growing problem for government agencies like the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) which must take steps to ensure that its employees maintain an accurate understanding of all regulatory requirements applying to the materials it uses. This manual has been prepared to provide PennDOT employees with a ready source of practical information covering regulatory requirements and procedures for proper management of hazardous and environmentally sensitive materials used in county maintenance and yard operations. Information is provided on: the advantages of waste reduction and how to get started on a waste reduction program; requirements regarding the purchase, storage, use and transportation of hazardous materials; regulatory requirements for hazardous waste management; definition of a residual waste, and how residual wastes should be handled; typical sources of wastewater and regulation governing it's discharge; Preparedness, Prevention & Contingency (PPC) Planning; specific guidance for management of particular materials at PennDOT operations; and sources for more information. KW - Hazardous materials KW - Maintenance practices KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Regulations KW - Residual wastes KW - State departments of transportation KW - Waste management KW - Wastes KW - Wastewater UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490577 AU - Heath, J A AU - Parmalee, R A AU - Alfred Benesch & Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING INSPECTION MANUALS FOR SEGMENTAL CONCRETE BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 98 p. AB - This report presents guidelines for the development of inspection manuals for segmental concrete bridges to be used by States as a comprehensive guide in formulating their own inspection manuals for individual segmental concrete bridges that have been or will be constructed. In addition, the special requirements for cable-stayed segmental concrete bridges are also discussed. The report presents a suggested format and typical content to be included in a model inspection manual for the individual segmental concrete bridges. An extensive list of references is included in the report. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Segmental construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490557 AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE OCCUPANCY DETERMINATORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 133 p. AB - By using extensive and detailed counts and surveys of vehicle occupancy, conducted in Phoenix, this research project was intended to determine which factors have the greatest influence on vehicle occupancy and which conclusions about vehicle occupancy could be transferred from one metropolitan area to another. Trip purpose was determined to be the most significant factor affecting vehicle occupancy. With the exception of having a private vehicle available for making the trip in question, all other factors, including household income and trip distance were deemed to be far less important determinators of vehicle occupancy. As the percentages of trips by purpose vary greatly by time of day, vehicle occupancy rates were also shown to vary greatly by time of day. The lowest vehicle occupancy rates were associated with home-work-based trips. Given that home-work-based trips represent a larger proportion of trips during AM and PM peak hours, vehicle occupancies for those hours are lower than during off peak hours. (Extensive data about vehicle occupancy rates are provided in this report.) The 1988 daily regional vehicle occupancy rate of 1.33 derived for the Phoenix metropolitan area is very similar to the rates counted in Phoenix in previous years and to rates derived in other metropolitan areas. The conclusions about vehicle occupancy and the vehicle occupancy rates derived from this research are judged applicable in other metropolitan areas having Phoenix's development patterns, auto ownership rates and demographic characteristics. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak KW - Phoenix (Arizona) KW - Trip purpose KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490558 AU - De Nicholas, M AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SLOW SPEED WEIGH-IN-MOTION STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 58 p. AB - This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the Weighwrite slow-speed weigh-in-motion (SWIM) system installed at the eastbound Ehrenberg port of entry on Interstate 10. Tests were planned to closely coincide with those performed by Castle Rock Consultants in 1988. System accuracy was assessed by means of a dynamic to static comparison. One hundred vehicles were selected for the random vehicle tests from truck traffic passing through the port. In addition, two test vehicles were measured repeatedly. Attempts were also made to assess the impact of altering the height of the SWIM scale's approach and exit. Results indicate that the SWIM system is not performing well enough to meet current scale certification requirements in Arizona. This suggests that criteria which are used to certify static scales may be too stringent for SWIM applications. KW - Accuracy KW - Certification KW - Performance evaluations KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490576 AU - Bowman, B L AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRADE SEVERITY RATING SYSTEM (GSRS) - USERS MANUAL PY - 1989/08 SP - 113 p. AB - The purpose of the grade severity rating system (GSRS) is to reduce the probability of large truck runaways on severe downgrades. It is based on a mathematical model that uses gross truck weight and physical characteristic of the downgrade to predict the temperature of the truck's system brakes. The brake temperature estimates are used to determine maximum safe descent speeds for different categories of truck weight. The maximum safe descent speed information is presented to the truck drivers by weight specific speed (WSS) signs installed at the downgrade site. This users manual presents the procedural steps and analysis activities required to select appropriate downgrades, determine the safe downgrade speeds and install the WSS signs. Determination of the safe downgrade speeds is accomplished by the use of the GSRS computer program, developed as a part of this project. This program, developed for use on IBM PCs and compatibles, has applications in addition to determining safe truck downgrade speeds. These additional applications include determining grade severity, establishing downhill truck speed limits, establishing the need for and location of truck escape ramps and analyzing truck accidents. KW - Brakes KW - Computer programs KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Escape lanes KW - Grade severity rating KW - Highway grades KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight KW - Weight specific speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490572 AU - Bonaquist, R AU - Surdahl, R AU - Mogawer, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT TESTING FACILITY--EFFECTS OF TIRE PRESSURE ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RESPONSE AND PERFORMANCE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 102 p. AB - The effects of tire pressure on flexible pavement response and performance were evaluated using data from the first phase of research at the Federal Highway Administration's Pavement Testing Facility. The Accelerated Loading Facility testing machine was used to simulate traffic loading. The evaluation consisted of three components. First, deflections and strains for various combinations of load and tire pressure were measured and compared. Second, rutting and cracking for two test sections trafficked with the same load but different tire pressures were evaluated. Finally, changes in the pavement materials resulting from traffic were compared for the two sections trafficked with different tire pressures. These three evaluations showed tire pressure to be a second order effect. The effect of tire pressure on flexible pavement response and performance was less significant than the effects of load and temperature. During the response experiment, when load and temperature were constant, the effects of tire pressure could be observed. However, in the performance and materials evaluations, the effects of increased tire pressure were masked by differences in temperature. KW - Accelerated loading facilities KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inflation KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Temperature KW - Test facilities KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35400/35415/FHWA-RD-89-123.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488585 AU - Mason, J M AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Slack, K L AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MUNICIPAL SAFETY LIAISON--LOCAL ROAD AND STREET SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 57 p. AB - This report describes the development of a 1 1/2 day short course on establishing a local road and street safety improvement program for local municipalities in Pennsylvania. It also describes the accomplishments of on-site presentations conducted at several local agencies. The course materials address road and street safety programming, safety improvement considerations, elements of a comprehensive local safety program, identification and implementation of feasible countermeasures, economic evaluation of alternative actions, and risk management techniques to reduce roadway tort liability. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway safety KW - Liability KW - Local government KW - Risk management KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Tort liability KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488304 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ANTISTRIPPING ADDITIVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 23 p. AB - Several chemical antistripping additives were used in field installations and compared to a similar installation using hydrated lime. The performance of the installations was monitored periodically, and material that was sampled during construction was tested in the laboratory. The cores of mixes with less visual stripping showed a gradual increase in strength and stiffness with time, whereas mixes with considerable stripping showed little, if any, increasse. Two additives influenced the viscosity of the asphalt significantly, thereby requiring the lowering of the required mixing and compaction temperatures. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Test sections KW - Viscosity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36774/90-R4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488303 AU - PAVLOVICH, R D AU - SHULER, T S AU - McKeen, R G AU - Eliassi, M AU - New Mexico Engineering Research Center AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENT RUTTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 39 p. AB - Field studies in New Mexico indicate that trucks are presently operating with tire inflation pressures that average approximately 105 psi with approximately 25 percent operating at 115 psi. Modifications to the VESYS-3A computer program were made by FHWA for NMERI, to accept higher wheel load and tire pressures. The program was then used to predict rut depths produced by aircraft loads with wheel loads of approximately 30 kips and inflation pressures of up to approximately 355 psi. While computer code modifications were successful, it does not appear that the codes can be used directly for rut predictions for aircraft, since these modifications are not widely available. Furthermore, additional issues important with regard to aircraft wheel configurations and loads were not investigated. This portion of the study does suggest, however, that back calculations based on rut measurements may produce information necessary to estimate materials characteristics necessary for routine use of the program. Modified Shell creep models were considered as an alternate to determine materials characteristics necessary to predict rut damage due to new higher pressure truck tires. Shear models are suggested as possible methods to provide insight to rutting due to higher tire pressures and to design mixtures capable of supporting these loads. KW - Aircraft KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Inflation KW - Mathematical models KW - Rut KW - Rut depth KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486204 AU - Ramirez, T L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAYS - FLEXOGRID. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 30 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of FLEXOGRID, a modified epoxy resin, to a concrete bridge deck. The FLEXOGRID is designed to impart a thin, fast curing, water impermeable protective overlay to the deck. The FLEXOGRID is 1/4 in. thick consisting of 2 applications of an epoxy broadcasted with a hard aggregate. The FLEXOGRID was easy to apply after the bridge deck delaminations were repaired and the entire deck was shotblasted. Only minor application problems occurred which can be corrected for futrue applications. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Construction management KW - Epoxy resins KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer concrete KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495741 AU - Wright, C A AU - Cunagin, W D AU - Florida A&M University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCEMENT TO FDOT TRUCK WEIGHING PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07/20 SP - 50 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study to identify, evaluate, test, and aid in the incorporation of selected recently developed and emerging technologies and strategies for automating truck weighing and monitoring in Florida. These included the conversion of existing permanent automatic traffic counting sites to integrated traffic counting, vehicle classification, and truck weighing locations. Technologies and strategies were identified through a literature survey and product search. These were then investigated through an assessment procedure. A pilot test plan was developed to evaluate the innovative technologies and strategies identified. These included prototype versions of piezoelectric film-based weigh-in-motion (WIM) transducers. KW - Cables KW - Film KW - Monitoring KW - Piezoelectric cables KW - Piezoelectric film KW - Piezoelectric materials KW - Technological innovations KW - Trucks KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486070 AU - Edgar, T V AU - Puckett, J A AU - D'Spain, R D AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF GEOTEXTILES ON LATERAL PRESSURE AND DEFORMATION IN HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07/10 SP - v.p. AB - A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the behavior of a single lift of a geotextile reinforced fill with both a voided and nonvoided face. The testing indicated that only a small deformation (less than 1 in.) is required to produce a 90% reduction in lateral stress. Secondly, a free standing geotextile face develops a configuration which remains stable through repeated loadings. Additional testing indicated that the cardboard is able to sustain construction loads and would deform on wetting. Based on these findings, construction started on the Ozone Bridge, located on Interstate 80 approximately 30 miles east of Cheyenne, Wyoming. Three geotextile reinforced embankments having different abutment face treatments were built while a fourth embankment was left without reinforcement. In one embankment, the geotextile was placed against the wall. In another, two in. of corrugated cardboard were first placed against the wall and then the geotextile was wrapped against the cardboard. After the embankment fill was completed, the cardboard was saturated and collapsed, creaating the void. In the third embankment, plywood forms provided an initial six in. void that closed when the forms were removed. The embankments were instrumented with settlement and inclinometer tubes and two walls had vertical and horizontal pressure cells. Measurements have been taken periodically while the bridge has been in service. The major findings of the study were: 1) The embankment constructed with the cardboard forms showed lower lateral earth pressures (near zero) than the embankment constructed with the geotextile directly against the abutment; 2) The lateral fill pressures were the greatest at the corbel and were lower at depth; 3) Larger movements were measured along the side of the embankment than at the abutment face; 4) The unreinforced embankment had significantly more movement than the reinforced embankments, either with or without the void space; and 5) Differential settlements under all the slabs indicate the need for heavily reinforced concrete approach slabs. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Deformation KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Geotextiles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral pressure KW - Measurement KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469368 AU - Pumphrey, Norman D AU - White, Thomas D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of Asphaltic Concrete Overlay Design Procedure for Rigid Pavements in Indiana: Executive Summary PY - 1989/07/07/Executive Summary SP - 15p AB - An overlay study was conducted of thirty jointed reinforced concrete pavements (JRCP) and thirteen continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP). These pavements were selected from the Indiana primary highway system based on an experimental design for levels of major factors affected pavement performance. An analysis was made of pavement deflection; condition; serviceability; materials; thicknesses; truck traffic; latest overlay thickness; age; climate zone and subgrade type, density and moisture content. Initially, a rational analysis was planned using a back calculated material properties as suggested in the 1986 AASHTO Design Guide. However, this approach was not successful and alternate analysis procedures were utilized. The performance of asphalt overlays of concrete pavement proved to be complex. Fortunately, analysis of the database built using experimental design techniques helped to explain this complex performance. Based on the performance data several performance regimes were characterized. For example, increased overlay thickness for jointed concrete pavements on stiff foundations was characterized by a relation using a PCI subset of cracking distresses. A statistical analysis was performed on the CRCP pavement data, and an overlay model was developed. However, because of the limited range of thickness, truck, traffic, etc., the equations should be used only as a guide for determining overlay thickness. Two statistical models were developed for the JRCP sections. This first is a structural model, to be used for thin to medium-thick (6” to 9”) Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements with thin asphalt concrete (AC) overlays. The second is a functional model, to be used with thick (>9”) PCC pavements or an PCC pavements with thick (>5”) AC overlays. A procedure has been formulated for determining which of these equations is applicable for particular AC/PCC thickness combinations. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Indiana KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Rigid pavements UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314613 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457982 AU - Johnson, Gregory L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Greene County, Indiana PY - 1989/07/07/Final Report SP - 146p AB - This report completes a portion of a long-term project concerned with the development of engineering soils maps of the 92 counties in the State of Indiana. The soils mapping of Greene County was done primarily by the analysis of landforms and associated parent materials as portrayed on stereoscopic aerial photographs. Additional information on soils was obtained from publications of the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Test data from roadway and bridge projects was obtained from the Indiana Department of Highways. Generalized soil profiles for the landforms mapped are presented on the engineering soils map, a copy of which is included at the end of the report. The text of the report supplements the engineering soils map and includes a general description of the study areas, a discussion of the bedrock and glacial geology, descriptions of the landform-parent material areas, and a discussion of the engineering considerations associated with the soils found in each region. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Greene County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314612 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601487 AU - Pumphrey, N D AU - White, T D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS IN INDIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07/07 SP - 515 p. AB - An overlay study was conducted of 30 jointed reinforced concrete pavements (JRCP) and 13 continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP). These pavements were selected from the Indiana primary highway system based on an experimental design for levels of major factors affecting pavement performance. An analysis was made of pavement deflection; condition; serviceability; materials; thicknesses; truck traffic; latest overlay thickness; age; climate zone and subgrade type, density and moisture content. Initially, a rational analysis was planned using the backcalculated material properties as suggested in the 1986 AASHTO Design Guide. However, this approach was not successful and alternate analysis procedures were utilized. The performance of asphalt overlays of concrete pavement proved to be complex. Fortunately, analysis of the data base built using experimental design techniques helped to explain this complex performance. Based on the performance data several performance regimes were characterized. For example, increased overlay thickness for jointed concrete pavements on stiff foundations was characterized by a relation using a PCI subset of cracking distresses. A statistical analysis was performed on the CRCP pavement data, and an overlay model was developed. However, because of the limited range in thickness, truck traffic, etc., the equation should be used only as a guide for determining overlay thickness. Two statistical models were developed for the JRCP sections. The first is a structural model, to be used for thin to medium thick (6 in. to 9 in.) PCC pavements with thin AC overlays. The second is a functional model, to be used with thick (greater than 9 in.) PCC pavements or any PCC pavements with thick (greater than 5 in.) AC overlays. A procedure has been formulated for determining which of these equations is applicable for particular AC/PCC thickness combinations. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Equations KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Statistical analysis KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457973 AU - Hancher, Donn E AU - White, Thomas D AU - Iseley, D Thomas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Construction Specifications for Highway Projects Requiring Horizontal Earth Boring and/or Pipe Jacking Techniques PY - 1989/07//Final Report SP - 307p AB - On the basis of a preliminary evaluation, it was determined that a high degree of variation in specifications for horizontal earth boring, pipe jacking, and utility tunneling projects exists across the United States. It was also recognized that many designers and highway department representatives were not familiar with current methods, materials, and equipment being utilized. This report is a result of in-depth research into the development of specifications for the rapidly evolving area of trenchless excavation construction. A summary description of the various methods, equipment, and materials commonly utilized in the United States is provided. The design principles and practices for various conditions and materials are presented. Recommended guidelines and specifications have been developed and are presented in this report. KW - Boring KW - Pipe jacking KW - Specifications KW - Trenchless technology KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314166 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457964 AU - Hancher, Donn Edward AU - White, Thomas D AU - Iseley, David Thomas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Construction Specifications for Highway Projects Requiring Horizontal Earth Boring and/or Pipe Jacking Techniques: Executive Summary PY - 1989/07 SP - 27p AB - On the basis of a preliminary evaluation, it was determined that a high degree of variation in specifications for horizontal earth boring, pipe jacking, and utility tunneling projects exists across the United States. It was also recognized that many designers and highway department representatives were not familiar with current methods, materials, and equipment being utilized. This report is a result of in-depth research into the development of specifications for the rapidly evolving area of trenchless excavation construction. A summary description of the various methods, equipment, and materials commonly utilized in the United States is provided. The design principles and practices for various conditions and materials are presented. Recommended guidelines and specifications have been developed and are presented in this report. KW - Boring KW - Pipe jacking KW - Specifications KW - Trenchless technology KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314167 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412470 AU - Novokshchenov, V AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Salt penetration and corrosion in prestressed concrete members PY - 1989/07 IS - FHWA/RD-88-269 SP - 212p AB - A study was made of the condition of prestressed concrete PS/C bridge elements located in adverse, potentially corrosive environments. A total of five bridges were subjected to detailed surveys. Additional structures were surveyed visually and given limited investigation. Bridges were located both in northern climates subjected to application of roadway deicing salts and in southern areas subjected to marine spray. Results indicated that, in northern areas, primary cause of deterioration of PS/C members is due to penetration of solutions containing deicing salts through concrete cover and through anchorage zones. Improperly designed and maintained joints and drainage systems are the primary pathways for the salt ingress. In southern areas primary cause of deterioration is marine salts sprayed directly onto substructural elements by wave action. Recommendations concerning procedures, parameters and threshold values for detection of corrosive environments and assessing the condition of prestressing steel in bridge components are included (A). KW - Beam KW - Beams KW - Bridge inspection KW - Chloride KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Metal KW - Metals KW - Penetration KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Salt KW - Salts KW - Soil penetration test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412443 AU - Reiter, M J AU - Voigt, G F AU - Darter, M I AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Rehabilitation of concrete pavements; volume 4: appendixes techniques PY - 1989/07 IS - FHWA/RD-88-074 SP - 111p AB - Extensive field, laboratory and analytical studies were conducted into the evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete pavements. Field studies included over 350 rehabilitated pavement sections throughout the US, and the construction of two field experiments. A laboratory study was conducted on anchoring dowels in full-depth repairs. Analyses of field and laboratory data identified performance characteristics, improved design and construction procedures, and provided deterioration models for rehabilitated pavements. A concrete pavement advisory system was developed to assist engineers in project level evaluation and rehabilitation. Volume IV contains a description of the data collection procedures, original pavement and rehabilitation design factors, extent of the database, description of database variables, and documentation of the laboratory dowel anchoring experiment (A). KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Database KW - Databases KW - Maintenance method KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412442 AU - Hall, K T AU - Connor, J M AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Darter, M I AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Rehabilitation of concrete pavements; volume 3: concrete pavement evaluation and rehabilitation system PY - 1989/07 IS - FHWA/RD-88-073 SP - 427p AB - Extensive field, laboratory and analytical studies were conducted into the evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete pavements. Field studies included over 350 rehabilitated pavement sections throughout the US, and the construction of two field experiments. A laboratory study was conducted on anchoring dowels in full-depth repairs. Analyses of field and laboratory data identified performance characteristics, improved design and construction procedures, and provided deterioration models for rehabilitated pavements. A concrete pavement advisory system was developed to assist engineers in project level evaluation and rehabilitation. Volume III presents a comprehensive concrete pavement evaluation and rehabilitation advisory system for jointed plain, jointed reinforced and continuously reinforced concrete pavements (A). KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Maintenance method KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412441 AU - Voigt, G F AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Darter, M I AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Rehabilitation of concrete pavements; volume 2: overlay rehabilitation techniques PY - 1989/07 IS - FHWA/RD-88-072 SP - 188p AB - Extensive field, laboratory and analytical studies were conducted into the evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete pavements. Field studies included over 350 rehabilitated pavement sections throughout the US, and the construction of two field experiments. A laboratory study was conducted on anchoring dowels in full-depth repairs. Analyses of field and laboratory data identified performance characteristics, improved design and construction procedures, and provided deterioration models for rehabilitated pavements. A concrete pavement advisory system was developed to assist engineers in project level evaluation and rehabilitation. The overlay techniques in Volume II include bonded concrete, unbonded concrete and crack and seat with an asphalt concrete overlay (A). KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Maintenance method KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Overlay KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412440 AU - Snyder, M B AU - Reiter, M J AU - Hall, K T AU - Darter, M I AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Rehabilitation of concrete pavements; volume 1: repair rehabilitation techniques PY - 1989/07 IS - FHWA/RD-88-071 SP - 249p AB - Extensive field, laboratory and analytical studies were conducted into the evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete pavements. Field studies included over 350 rehabilitated pavement sections throughout the US and the construction of two field experiments. A laboratory study was conducted on anchoring dowels in full-depth repairs. Analyses of field and laboratory data identified performance characteristics, improved design and construction procedures, and provided deterioration models for rehabilitated pavements. A concrete pavement advisory system was developed to assist engineers in project level evaluation and rehabilitation. The repair techniques in Volume 1 include full-depth repair, partial-depth repair, load transfer restoration, edge support and diamond grinding (A). KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Maintenance method KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485259 AU - Noel, E C AU - Sabra, Ziad A AU - Dudek, C L AU - Daniel Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORK ZONE PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION PY - 1989/07 SP - 57 p. AB - This report is a synthesis of research findings and current practices in controlling and protecting pedestrian traffic in work zones. The information presented here is based on a review of research reports and work zone manuals from a selection of state and city highway agencies, discussions with highway officials, and field observations of projects involving road work and building construction and maintenance. The report presents an assessment of the state-of-the-practice and makes recommendations for further research and future revisions of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Interviewing KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11539/89035.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738910 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR US 79, US 41A, US 641 AND THE TRACE IN NORTHERN TENNESSEE PY - 1989/07 SP - 73 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Northern Tennessee is also located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Northern Tennessee that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 79, US 41A, the Trace and US 641, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633272 AU - McCuen, R H AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION OF HYDROLOGIC MODELS FOR MARYLAND. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 85 p. AB - The objective of the study was to calibrate and verify a unit hydrograph (UH) model for use in Maryland, with the model based on the hydrologic concepts that underlie the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) methods. Since the SCS has calibrated the peak rate factor (K) of the SCS UH for the Eastern Shore, the K was selected as the calibration parameter. Data from 198 watersheds in Maryland and Delaware were found to increase from southeast to northwest within the State. Three regions of similar peak rate factors were established (502 for the western region of Maryland, 445 for the central region, and 122 for the eastern region). These regions were found to follow physiographic and hydrologic trends in Maryland. While there was considerable watershed-to-watershed scatter in the computed K values, the scatter was typical of that found in other regionalization hydrographs. Hydrographs based on the calibrated peak rate factors were convolved with rainfall excess to predict runoff hydrographs, which were then compared with the measured runoff. Verification was assessed on the basis of the time to peak and magnitude of the peak discharge. Errors in the magnitude of the peak discharge and the time to peak of the predicted runoff hydrograph appear to be unbiased. The unit hydrograph for all three regions resulted in very reasonable agreement between the predicted and computed direct runoff hydrographs, indicating that both the unit hydrograph model and the calibrated peak rate factors are suitable for use in Maryland. A "NOTICE TO READERS" accompanying this report indicates that the Maryland State Highway Administration has reviewed this report and feels that the effort necessary to reliably calibrate hydrologic models for Maryland is far beyond the scope of this project. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calibration KW - Hydrologic models KW - Hydrologic phenomena KW - Maryland KW - Peak discharge KW - Peak rate factors KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Unit hydrographs KW - Watersheds KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489986 AU - Aggour, M S AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSPECTION OF BRIDGE TIMBER PILING. OPERATIONS AND ANALYSIS MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 46 p. AB - A non-destructive method for determining the in-place strength of bridge timber piling above and below water, developed under the Maryland Highway Planning and Research Program, is presented. It is an ultrasonic wave propagation method in which the in-place strength (load carrying capacity) of a timber pile is correlated to the pile's wave velocity normal to the grain, and to its in-place unit weight. This manual covers the information an inspector needs for field testing, as well as the information needed by engineers in the office for analysis and data interpretation. The manual includes a description of the equipment and instructions for its use. The kinds of data to be collected as well as data collection procedures are covered. This is followed by instructions for data analysis, accompanied by all figures needed for data interpretation. To ensure quality of performance, the factors that contribute to the repeatability and consistency of the results are presented. Factors that might cause inaccuracies in the results are also highlighted. The conditions under which the method can be used, its limitations, as well as any potential problems involving its use are also presented. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Repeatability KW - Testing equipment KW - Timber KW - Timber piles KW - Ultrasonics KW - Underwater construction KW - Underwater structures KW - Unit weight KW - Wave motion KW - Wave velocity KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497345 AU - Hansen, R W AU - Bertrand, C AU - Marshek, K M AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK TIRE PAVEMENT CONTACT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS FOR SUPER SINGLE 18-22.5 AND SMOOTH 11R24.5 TIRES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 88 p. AB - Within the last 50 years truck sizes, allowable wheel loads, and tire inflation pressures have increased. In order to establish pavements capable of sustaining the increased loading, the actual loading mechanisms and their magnitudes had to be identified. To identify the magnitudes, static testing was performed at The University of Texas at Austin on a specially manufactured Armstrong 11R24.5 LR-G smooth tread tire and also on a commercially available Goodyear 18-2.5 LR-H wide-base, newly-recapped super single tire. Contact pressure distributions were obtained for the 11R24.5 radial tires at inflation 90 and 105 psi and loaded to 5,000, 6,000, and 7,000 pounds. The 18-22.5 recap bias tire was inflated to 85 and 100 psi and tested at wheel loads of 8,000, 10,000, and 12,000 pounds. The pressure data acquisition system used to obtain the tire contact pressures consisted of three main components: a load frame (powered by a manual hydraulic system) for mounting and loading the test tires, Fuji pressure sensitive film to record pressure distributions, and a film analysis package using the Adage 3006 Graphics system to process the pressure distribution data. The contact pressure data were presented as numerical pressure distribution maps and also illustrated as two-dimensional spectral graphics and three-dimensional surface plots. The experiments indicated that for the 11R24.5 tire and the 18-22.5 tire, increased wheel loads at constant inflation pressures generally resulted in more uniform contact pressures throughout the contact area. The same increased wheel loads were also accommodated by a lengthening of the contact area. On the other hand, increased inflation pressures at constant wheel loads resulted in a reduction of contact area and increased contact pressures in the contact patch's central region. Low inflation pressures tended to cause the wheel load to be distributed more heavily to the contact patch's central area for the radial tire and more heavily to the sidewall contact area for the bias tire. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Contact area KW - Contact pressure KW - Inflation KW - Magnitude KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Static tests KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496649 AU - Sternberg, Y M AU - Kistler, E W AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SITE SELECTION, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MONITORING OF A PROTOTYPE SWMIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 185 p. AB - Current stormwater management (SWM) policies concentrate on controlling the negative effects of increased runoff rates, volumes, and channel erosion through the use of detention basins. The stormwater management infiltration structure (SWMIS) has been examined as an alternative SWM technique to maintain the quality of runoff, as well as to augment the groundwater reserves by means of artificial recharge. Recent studies on the SWMIS have focused on the development of methods of analysis and experimental research. While these studies have been beneficial in the advancement of research of the SWMIS, they were primarily based on laboratory test and lack verification under actual field conditions. The purpose of this study was to verify the results of previous studies using actual field data. Several potential sites for a prototype SWMIS were located based on a standardized site selection method. The infiltration characteristics of the subsoil media was evaluated based on a modified analysis of the falling head test. Additionally, the optimum filter was designed based on the maximum expected infiltration rate of the subsoil. The prototype SWMIS was designed based on currently accepted design guidelines. A site plan was developed and accepted by SHA for both potential sites. It was hoped that the prototype SWMIS would be constructed on one of these two sites and monitored during storm events for a period of two years. However, the physical limitations of the potential sites made this goal infeasible. Thus, the validity of the proposed guidelines for the design and construction of a SWMIS and the viability of the SWMIS as an alternative SWM technique cannot be evaluated. KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Groundwater KW - Guidelines KW - Infiltration structures KW - Prototypes KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Recharge KW - Runoff KW - Storm water management KW - Storms KW - Water control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489633 AU - Price, D A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TAPERED EDGE ASPHALT SHOULDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 32 p. AB - Vertical or near-vertical pavement edges often result in severe erosion at the pavement edge resulting in an unsafe pavement edge drop-off. The present Colorado Department of Highway's typical section has a vertical drop at the shoulder edge as a result of uniform width pavement lifts. This report describes possible problems with this design and submits suggestions on using a tapered asphalt edge to eliminate them. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Dropoffs (Pavements) KW - Edges KW - Erosion KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement/shoulder drop-off KW - Safety KW - Tapered edges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488753 AU - Voigt, G F AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Darter, M I AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME II - OVERLAY REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES PY - 1989/07 SP - 188 p. AB - Extensive field, laboratory and analytical studies were conducted into the evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete pavements. Field studies included over 350 rehabilitated pavement sections throughout the U.S., and the construction of two field experiments. A laboratory study was conducted on anchoring dowels in full-depth repairs. Analyses of field and laboratory data identified performance characteristics, improved design and construction procedures, and provided deterioration models for rehabilitated pavements. A concrete pavement advisory system was developed to assist engineers in project level evaluation and rehabilitation. The repair techniques in Volume I include full-depth repair, partial-depth repair, load transfer restoration, edge support and diamond grinding. Overlay techniques in this volume, Volume II, include bonded concrete, unbonded concrete and crack and seat with an asphalt concrete overlay. Volume III presents a comprehensive concrete pavement evaluation and rehabilitation advisory system for jointed plain, jointed reinforced and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. Volume IV contains a description of the data collection procedures, original pavement and rehabilitation design factors, extent of the database, description of database variables, and documentation of the laboratory dowel anchoring experiment. KW - Anchoring KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bonding KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Cracking KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Edges KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Grinding KW - Laboratory studies KW - Load transfer KW - Maintenance practices KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Partial depth repair KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Repairing KW - Restoration KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600463 AU - Dwiggins, M E AU - Darter, M I AU - Hall, J P AU - Flowers, C C AU - DuBose, J B AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE ILLINOIS INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 18 p. AB - The Illinois Interstate highway system was mostly constructed between 1957 and 1980 and consists primarily of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) and jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP). Extensive pavement design, traffic and performance data were obtained from 3228 one-directional miles of Interstate highway. Truck traffic has increased tremendously since 1957. The mean yearly 18-kip ESAL (one-direction, outer lane) application rate averages over all pavements has increased from about 300,000 to 1,200,000 over this time period. The annual compound growth rate of accumulated ESAL has been over 8%, far more than expected. Survival curves showing the percent of construction sections overlaid as a function of age and ESALs were developed for each pavement type and design. The average life span until 50% of the sections were rehabilitated was 21 years, after carrying about triple their design ESALs over that time period. The thickness of CRCP had a major effect on the number of ESALs carried. Durability cracking (D cracking) of PCC aggregates severely affects CRCP performance, shortening the average life by five years or more. The average life of JRCP was not shortened significantly by D cracking (although a few sections developed severe D cracking which shortened their life considerably). The average 8 in. CRCP carried about the same 18-kip ESAL as the average 10 in. JRCP, however, non D cracked 8 in. CRCP carried more ESALs than 10 in. JRCP. KW - Axle loads KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Illinois KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-052.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488755 AU - Reiter, M J AU - Voigt, G F AU - Darter, M I AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME IV - APPENDIXES PY - 1989/07 SP - 111 p. AB - Extensive field, laboratory and analytical studies were conducted into the evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete pavements. Field studies included over 350 rehabilitated pavement sections throughout the U.S., and the construction of two field experiments. A laboratory study was conducted on anchoring dowels in full-depth repairs. Analyses of field and laboratory data identified performance characteristics, improved design and construction procedures, and provided deterioration models for rehabilitated pavements. A concrete pavement advisory system was developed to assist engineers in project level evaluation and rehabilitation. The repair techniques in Volume I include full-depth repair, partial-depth repair, load transfer restoration, edge support and diamond grinding. Overlay techniques in Volume II include bonded concrete, unbonded concrete and crack and seat with an asphalt concrete overlay. Volume III presents a comprehensive concrete pavement evaluation and rehabilitation advisory system for jointed plain, jointed reinforced and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. This volume, Volume IV, contains a description of the data collection procedures, original pavement and rehabilitation design factors, extent of the database, description of database variables, and documentation of the laboratory dowel anchoring experiment. KW - Anchoring KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bonding KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Cracking KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Edges KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Grinding KW - Laboratory studies KW - Load transfer KW - Maintenance practices KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Partial depth repair KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Repairing KW - Restoration KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488752 AU - Snyder, M B AU - Reiter, M J AU - Hall, K T AU - Darter, M I AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME I - REPAIR REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES PY - 1989/07 SP - 249 p. AB - Extensive field, laboratory and analytical studies were conducted into the evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete pavements. Field studies included over 350 rehabilitated pavement sections throughout the U.S., and the construction of two field experiments. A laboratory study was conducted on anchoring dowels in full-depth repairs. Analyses of field and laboratory data identified performance characteristics, improved design and construction procedures, and provided deterioration models for rehabilitated pavements. A concrete pavement advisory system was developed to assist engineers in project level evaluation and rehabilitation. The repair techniques in this volume, Volume I, include full-depth repair, partial-depth repair, load transfer restoration, edge support and diamond grinding. Overlay techniques in Volume II include bonded concrete, unbonded concrete and crack and seat with an asphalt concrete overlay. Volume III presents a comprehensive concrete pavement evaluation and rehabilitation advisory system for jointed plain, jointed reinforced and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. Volume IV contains a description of the data collection procedures, original pavement and rehabilitation design factors, extent of the database, description of database variables, and documentation of the laboratory dowel anchoring experiment. KW - Anchoring KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bonding KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Cracking KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Edges KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Grinding KW - Laboratory studies KW - Load transfer KW - Maintenance practices KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Partial depth repair KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Repairing KW - Restoration KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488754 AU - Hall, K T AU - Connor, J M AU - Darter, M I AU - Carpenter, S H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME III - CONCRETE PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND REHABILITATION SYSTEM PY - 1989/07 SP - 427 p. AB - Extensive field, laboratory and analytical studies were conducted into the evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete pavements. Field studies included over 350 rehabilitated pavement sections throughout the U.S., and the construction of two field experiments. A laboratory study was conducted on anchoring dowels in full-depth repairs. Analyses of field and laboratory data identified performance characteristics, improved design and construction procedures, and provided deterioration models for rehabilitated pavements. A concrete pavement advisory system was developed to assist engineers in project level evaluation and rehabilitation. The repair techniques in Volume I include full-depth repair, partial-depth repair, load transfer restoration, edge support and diamond grinding. Overlay techniques in Volume II include bonded concrete, unbonded concrete and crack and seat with an asphalt concrete overlay. This volume, Volume III, presents a comprehensive concrete pavement evaluation and rehabilitation advisory system for jointed plain, jointed reinforced and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. Volume IV contains a description of the data collection procedures, original pavement and rehabilitation design factors, extent of the database, description of database variables, and documentation of the laboratory dowel anchoring experiment. KW - Anchoring KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bonding KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Cracking KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Edges KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Grinding KW - Laboratory studies KW - Load transfer KW - Maintenance practices KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Partial depth repair KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Repairing KW - Restoration KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496560 AU - Ranck, F AU - National Safety Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WALK ALERT NATIONAL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAM 1989 PROGRAM GUIDE. USER MANUAL PY - 1989/07 SP - 167 p. AB - A national program on pedestrian safety has been developed which includes engineering, educational, and law enforcement components. The Program Guide id a User Manual for individuals responsible for setting up a comprehensive pedestrian safety program at the local level. Characteristics of pedestrian accidents are discussed. A procedure for setting up a program is presented. Media materials are included. A resource guide is also provided. KW - Characteristics KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety programs KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496634 AU - Younger, C L AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECK PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 70 p. AB - The combined results of two studies designed to determine the cost-effectiveness of several alternate bridge deck protective systems are presented. A total of 15 installations were evaluated including nine waterproofing membranes (with bituminous overlays), three latex modified concrete overlays, one low-slump/high-density concrete overlay and two penetrating sealers (one system). The time-in-service of these installations ranges from about 4 to 14 years. The study findings indicate that all of the systems, wtih the exception of the concrete sealer, are viable restoration methods that can be used to extend the life of a lightly to moderately deteriorated deck an estimated 10 to 15 years. The performance of the sealer was unsatisfactory since it did not provide the expected protection against water and chloride intrusion. Life-cycle costing techniques were used to determine the economic benefit to the Department when employing either of the systems to delay complete deck replacement for varying periods of time. Recommendations for future use of these systems and cathodic protection, a potentially viable alternate, are presented. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Densification KW - Economic benefits KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Recommendations KW - Restoration KW - Sealing compounds KW - Slump test KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496567 AU - Juran, I AU - Ider, H M AU - Acar, Y B AU - Guermazi, A AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOIL IMPROVEMENT/REINFORCEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 276 p. AB - The rapid industrialization and urbanization of Louisiana results in an ever growing effort to improve and expand the local and interstate highway systems. The increasing costs of rights-of-way and the necessity to construct embankments on marginal sites with poor foundation soils has created a critical need for a feasibility evaluation of technically attractive and cost-effective soil improvement/reinforcement techniques for highway embankment construction. This study has primarily for objective the evaluation of a variety of soil improvement techniques which have emerged and been used to improve the stability of the embankment slopes, increase the bearing capacity of poor foundation soil, minimize differential settlements and reduce construction time. The available techniques have been broadly classified into two categories based upon the resisting mode of the inclusion: (1) Compression and/or shear resisting elements, including: (a) stone and cemented compacted sand columns, (b) dynamically compacted large granular columns, (c) in-situ lime-stabilized columns, and (d) jet grouted/compaction grouted inclusions; and (2) Tension resisting elements including geotextiles and geogrids. A thorough review of the current state of design and practice of these new geotechnologies has been conducted to develop preliminary selection criteria and design guidelines for potential use in typical sites of poor foundation soils in Louisiana. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Calcium oxide KW - Columns KW - Compaction KW - Dynamic compaction KW - Embankments KW - Foundation soils KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Granular columns KW - Improvements KW - Jet grouting KW - Lime stabilized columns KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Sand columns KW - Slope stability KW - Soil bearing capacity KW - Soils KW - State of the art studies KW - Stone KW - Stone columns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496561 AU - Ranck, F AU - National Safety Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WALK ALERT - NATIONAL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 106 p. AB - Engineering, law enforcement, and educational countermeasures to pedestrian traffic crashes have been identified through research and field testing. In order to implement these countermeasures as part of comprehensive traffic safety programs of communities nationwide, a study was undertaken which: (1) Identified adequate existing pedestrian safety educational materials and programs; (2) Developed a comprehensive set of materials including new materials to fill identified gaps in existing adequate materials and developed a community level program guide for the use of proven engineering, law enforcement and public educational techniques at the community level; (3) Developed a cooperative effort of the National Safety Council, FHWA, NHTSA and over 100 service and community groups to conduct safety programs at the community level to reduce the incidence of pedestrian traffic crashes; (4) Developed a State level network in 10 States to provide guidance and funding of community level pedestrian safety programs; (5) Pilot tested the program and its materials and implemented the program in the Commonwealth of Virginia; and (6) Initiated, organized, and implemented ongoing WALK ALERT programs in 10 States and a major city. KW - Cities KW - Countermeasures KW - Education KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Implementation KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety programs KW - States KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493603 AU - Goodings, D J AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF POORLY DRAINING BACKFILL ON GEOTEXTILES FOR EARTH REINFORCEMENT OF VERTICAL SOIL SLOPES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 63 p. AB - Sixty models of geotextile reinforced and unreinforced vertical walls were constructed and tested to catastrophic failure on the geotechnical centrifuge to examine failure mechanisms of reinforced soil retaining walls built of cohesive soils. All walls were built on rigid foundations. Forty-three models were constructed using Speswhite kaolin to examine the influence of wall reinforcement geometry on wall stability and seventeen were constructed from six other soils to examine the influences of soil type. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Geotextiles can be used to clear advantage to construct reinforced cohesive soil retaining walls. In these tests reinforcement increased equivalent full scale wall height at failure to three times that of an unreinforced vertical cut in partially saturated kaolin. (2) The failure modes observed depended on the soil and the reinforcement configuration. In plastic Speswhite kaolin, failures in reinforced walls were characterized by a vertical tension crack intersecting an incluned failure plane emerging above the toe of the wall. All such failures occurred by reinforcement breakage and never by reinforcement pullout, regardless of reinforcement length. In less plastic reinforced cohesive soil walls, vertical tension cracks also opened but failure occurred by overturning. (3) Two dimensional limit equilibrium analysis was used with success to explain behavior of walls failing by sliding. It was unsuccessful and unconservative when applied to walls failing by overturning. KW - Backfill soils KW - Centrifuges KW - Cohesive soils KW - Cracking KW - Failure KW - Geotextiles KW - Kaolin KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Overturning KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Retaining walls KW - Sliding KW - Tension KW - Tension cracks KW - Testing KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490544 AU - Erinle, O AU - Chandrasekharan, S AU - Basu, S AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INPREP: INTERACTIVE PLOTTING AND REPORTING MANUAL PY - 1989/07 SP - 63 p. AB - The INteractive Plotting and REporting Program (INPREP) has been developed to make the old PREP post-processing program easier for the researcher to use. INPREP is a menu-driven program that allows the user to produce time history plots and generate output reports for Federal Highway Administration computer simulation programs. The report serves as a stand-alone manual for the INPREP program and as an addendum to the old PREP manual. KW - Computer programs KW - Interactive computing KW - Manuals KW - Plotting KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Traffic safety KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490546 AU - Chou, C C AU - Hancock, K AU - Basu, S AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NARD: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ROADSIDE DESIGN, VERSION 2.0. VOLUME 1. USERS MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 275 p. AB - NARD 2.0 is a finite element code with the capability of simulating vehicle dynamics and maneuvering and vehicle crashes with roadside objects. The vehicle is modeled as a three-dimensional lumped parameter articulated body consisting of multiple units. The barrier is modeled as a three-dimensional object represented by displacement finite elements. Large deflections and rotations are accommodated in the program through nonlinear material behavior. The vehicle/barrier interaction is modeled by geometrically determining the interference between the two surfaces. The volume is the users manual for NARD 2.0. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Interaction KW - Maneuverability KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Numerical analysis KW - Roadside KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490548 AU - Basu, S AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NARD: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ROADSIDE DESIGN, VERSION 2.0. VOLUME 3. ENGINEERING MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 87 p. AB - NARD 2.0 is a finite element code with the capability of simulating vehicle dynamics and maneuvering and vehicle crashes with roadside objects. The vehicle is modeled as a three-dimensional lumped parameter articulated body consisting of multiple units. The barrier is modeled as a three-dimensional object represented by displacement finite elements. Large deflections and rotations are accommodated in the program through nonlinear material behavior. The vehicle/barrier interaction is modeled by geometrically determining the interference between the two surfaces. The volume is the engineering manual for NARD 2.0. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Interaction KW - Maneuverability KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Numerical analysis KW - Roadside KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490585 AU - Ungerer, R P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DECISION MODELS FOR WINTER HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 74 p. AB - Winter maintenance is a fact of life for states subjected annually to snow-and-ice conditions. Such decision are usually made intuitively -- this worked before, so do it again -- without fully knowing how good these decisions actually are. This report presents mathematical models to allow maintenance managers to see the consequences of their decisions. It is intended to show how these methods can aid management, not replace the decision-making process. Specific areas addressed include formulating maintenance strategies subject to resource constraints, statewide snowplow allocation, and salt-truck routing for spot-icing situations. The models draw from established techniques of operations research, including multiple objective decision-making, linear and dynamic programming, Monte Carlo simulation, and heuristic formulations. Examples are given using fabricated data to help explain uncertainties. KW - Decision making KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Operations research KW - Snow and ice control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490543 AU - McHale, G AU - Haghighi, A AU - Basu, S AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRAFIN-GRAFIX INTERACTIVE PROGRAM PY - 1989/07 SP - 161 p. AB - The GRAFIX INteractive (GRAFIN) program has been developed to make the old GRAFIX post-processing program easier for the researcher to use. The GRAFIN program allows the user to display graphic output from Federal Highway Administration computer simulation programs. The program queries the user for appropriate vehicle, barrier, and terrain information and gathers and manages all necessary files for graphic output production. The GRAFIN program is structured as two main parts: a front-end portion to manage program files, and a modified version of the old GRAFIX program. The report serves as a stand-alone manual for the GRAFIN program and an addendum to the old GRAFIX manual. KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Interactive graphics KW - Manuals KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490545 AU - Chou, C C AU - Hancock, K AU - McHale, G AU - Basu, S AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUARD VERSION 3.1 USERS AND PROGRAMMERS MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 469 p. AB - The report serves as a users and programmers manual to the GUARD computer program. GUARD is a finite element computer code used to simulate the interaction of a vehicle with a roadside device (i.e., guardrail) and the road surface itself. GUARD is capable of simulating a number of roadside devices and a number of different vehicle characteristics. The vehicle is modeled as a three-dimensional lumped parameter body while the barrier (roadside device) is modeled as a three-dimensional object represented by displacement finite elements. The vehicle/barrier interaction is modeled by geometrically determining the interference between the two surfaces. KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Guardrails KW - Interaction KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490574 AU - Hancock, K L AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF THE GUARD/NARD COMPUTER PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 68 p. AB - Improvements and modifications were made to the existing computer programs GUARD 3.0, NARD, GRAFIX and PREP. These consisted of improving the terrain model in GUARD 3.0 and NARD, improving the input and output formats for GUARD 3.0 and NARD, and modifying GRAFIX and PREP to make them interactive. This report outlines the changes made to these programs. KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Improvements KW - Interactive computing KW - Numerical analysis KW - Roadside KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490547 AU - Chou, C C AU - Hancock, K AU - Basu, S AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NARD: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ROADSIDE DESIGN, VERSION 2.0. VOLUME 2. PROGRAMMERS MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 285 p. AB - NARD 2.0 is a finite element code with the capability of simulating vehicle dynamics and maneuvering and vehicle crashes with roadside objects. The vehicle is modeled as a three-dimensional lumped parameter articulated body consisting of multiple units. The barrier is modeled as a three-dimensional object represented by displacement finite elements. Large deflections and rotations are accommodated in the program through nonlinear material behavior. The vehicle/barrier interaction is modeled by geometrically determining the interference between the two surfaces. The volume is the programming manual for NARD 2.0. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Interaction KW - Maneuverability KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Numerical analysis KW - Roadside KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490586 AU - Lippert, D L AU - Schutzbach, A M AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRACK CONTROL OF POZZOLANIC BASES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 36 p. AB - Illinois Department of Transportation policies permit four types of stabilized base courses for flexible pavements: bituminous, cement, cement fly ash, and lime fly ash aggregate mixtures (BAM, CAM, CFAM, and LFAM, respectively). Collectively, CFAM and LFAM base courses are known as pozzolanic aggregate mixtures (PAM). At one time, LFAM base courses were popular in the metropolitan areas due to their low cost. As a result, several projects in these areas were built using LFAM as a base course material. The LFAM base course gains its strength through chemical reactions very similar to those characterizing Portland cement concrete. During this process, moisture is depleted, the mixture shrinks, and cracks occur. These cracks inevitably reflect through the bituminous surface. To combat this problem, Illinois borrowed a technique used by Portland cement concrete pavers. Joints were cut in the newly placed LFAM base course to control the location of the cracks and, hence, the reflective cracks. Several joint designs and joint spacings were evaluated. This paper describes the designs, summarizes their costs, and evaluates their effectiveness. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Joint KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Lime fly ash KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pozzolan KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488640 AU - Koerner, R M AU - Wayne, M H AU - Geosynthetic Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOTEXTILE SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 90 p. AB - This document has been developed after review of 46 of the 52 (50 States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico) State Agencies who responded to our request for their most recent specifications on geotextiles and related geosynthetic materials. The original requests were sent March 16, 1987, with followup requests in April of 1988. From the excellent and cooperative response we feel that a representative sample has indeed been realized. After an introduction, the report focuses on required property values, general details, individual State specification comparisons and conclusions. This main body of the report is purposely made quite brief. The report continues with a sample generic geotextile specification. It is quite detailed and includes all features which we feel necessary for proper use of geotextiles in highway applications. The sample specification does not recommend numeric product values in the "property requirements" section. This is purposely left to the individual State agency, or other specifying group, since numeric values are both geographic dependent and site specific. Such values also reflect the philosophy of the specifying agency; ranging from extreme conservatism in required properties to extreme concern over costs. KW - Data collection KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotextiles KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488535 AU - Novokshchenov, V AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SALT PENETRATION AND CORROSION IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE MEMBERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 212 p. AB - A study was made of the condition of prestressed concrete PS/C bridge elements located in adverse, potentially corrosive environments. A total of five bridges were subjected to detailed surveys. Additional structures were surveyed visually and given limited investigation. Bridges were located both in northern climates subjected to application of roadway deicing salts and in southern areas subjected to marine spray. Results indicated that, in northern areas, primary cause of deterioration of PS/C members is due to penetration of solutions containing deicing salts through concrete cover and through anchorage zones. Improperly designed and maintained joints and drainage systems are the primary pathways for the salt ingress. In southern areas primary cause of deterioration is marine salts sprayed directly onto substructural elements by wave action. Recommendations concerning procedures, parameters and threshold values for detection of corrosive environments and assessing the condition of prestressing steel in bridge components are included. KW - Causes KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive environments KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Deterioration KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Marine atmospheres KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Recommendations KW - Seas KW - Wave action KW - Wave motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488620 AU - Turgeon, C M AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF VERGLIMIT (A DE-ICING ADDITIVE IN PLANT MIXED BITUMINOUS SURFACE). FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 25 p. AB - The proprietary product Verglimit claims to decrease the amount of materials and man-hours needed for snow and ice control while maintaining adequate safety levels. Verglimit consists of calcium chloride flakes encapsulated in linseed oil which are blended into the plant-mixed bituminous wearing surface. The manufacturer claims that exposed CaCl will attract moisture and form a solution which prohibits adhesion of snow and ice to the pavement. A Verglimit test section was constructed on U.S. Route 8 near Taylors Falls, Minnesota. The applied mix appeared to be tender and some compaction difficulties were experienced. Manufacturer's recommendations were closely followed and no other unexpected difficulties occurred. Evaluation of the test section consisted of deicing observations as well as other pavement performance characterizations. Portions of the Verglimit overlay experienced shoving and were milled and replaced. Significant deicing benefits were not obserced. No future Verglimit sections are planned. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Deicing KW - Effectiveness KW - Failure KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Snow and ice control KW - Test sections KW - Verglimit (Deicing chemical) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488673 AU - Briaud, J-L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PRESSUREMETER TEST FOR HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 156 p. AB - The design applications of the preboring pressuremeter (PBPMT) test include: shallow foundations under vertical loads, deep foundations under vertical and horizontal loads, ground anchors, cantilever drilled shaft walls and anchored bulkheads, pavements, ground improvement and compaction control. The PBPMT test is of little use in slope stability analysis and in conventional active and passive earth pressure problems although there is potential for future development in the earth pressure problem area. KW - Anchors KW - Bulkheads KW - Compaction KW - Deep foundations KW - Drilled shafts KW - Field tests KW - Foundations KW - Horizontal loads KW - Insitu methods KW - Loads KW - Pavements KW - Pressure gages KW - Shallow foundations KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488306 AU - Puckett, J A AU - Naiknavare, R D AU - Lohrer, J D AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECK UTILIZING ONTARIO BRIDGE DECK DESIGN METHOD. VOLUME 2: INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING OF TWO REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1989/07 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the results of the instrumentation and testing of two lightly reinforced concrete bridge decks. Chapter 1 summarizes the major findings. Chapter 2 gives a description of the bridges' location and engineering design followed by a brief description of the material properties and construction methods. The instrumentation objectives, layout, and design are described in Chapter 3. This discussion is focused on the detailed aspects of the strain gaging, bar placements, data acquisition, and reduction, including calibration procedures. The test loads are described in Chapter 4. Static, moving, and interstate load tests were performed. Each offers a slightly different perspective on the response of the reinforcement behavior. The test vehicle, load positioning, and load monitoring are described. Chapter 5 includes the results of the load tests such as the reinforcement stresses for the static and moving loads. Results include influence surfaces for the static tests and position diagrams for the moving load tests. The data from both sets of test are summarized and the major findings are given. KW - Bridge decks KW - Canada KW - Concrete KW - Design methods KW - Instrumentation KW - Lightly reinforced decks KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488307 AU - Puckett, J A AU - Naiknavare, R D AU - Lohrer, J D AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECK UTILIZING ONTARIO BRIDGE DECK DESIGN METHOD. VOLUME 3: OHBDC STATIC DATA, AASHTO STATIC DATA, OHBDC MOVING LOAD DATA, AASHTO MOVING LOAD DATA PY - 1989/07 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the data from static load tests and moving load tests of lightly reinforced concrete bridge decks. This volume is a supplement to volumes 1 and 2. Volume 1 contains a review of experimental and analytical research in lightly reinforced bridge decks; Volume 2 discusses their instrumentation and testing. KW - Bridge decks KW - Canada KW - Concrete KW - Data KW - Design methods KW - Lightly reinforced decks KW - Live loads KW - Static tests KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488305 AU - Puckett, J A AU - Naiknavare, R D AU - Lohrer, J D AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECK UTILIZING ONTARIO BRIDGE DECK DESIGN METHOD. VOLUME 1: REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESEARCH IN LIGHTLY REINFORCED BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1989/07 SP - v.p. AB - This report reviews and summarizes the research on lightly reinforced concrete bridge decks. The research includes all the important behavioral characteristics such as the arching action, the punching shear failure mode, the serviceability behavior, fatigue testing, prototype testing, and long term performance of decks in service. The relevant research is divided into three groups: 1) works related to the arching action in concrete slabs; 2) research undertaken by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation for bridge deck slabs in the development of the current Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code (OHBDC) 1983; and 3) research undertaken in the U.S. to investigate the lightly reinforced bridge deck design. KW - Arching action KW - Bridge decks KW - Canada KW - Concrete KW - Design methods KW - Lightly reinforced decks KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486209 AU - Hawkins, G AU - Mounce, J AU - Albert, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MOTORIST INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSITWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 143 p. AB - Barrier separated high-occupancy vehicle lanes, or transitways, have been found to be an effective way to reduce peak period congestion by providing priority treatment for high-occupancy vehicles. The Texas Transportation Institute performed a study to identify the user information needs of this type of facility, and how those needs could best be met. Driver expectancy requires that motorist information for a transitway be provided in the same manner used on other types of roadways. The results of this study indicate that the unique characteristic of transitways require special treatment in order to meet these motorist information needs. The study proposes guidelines for the use of traffic control devices on transitways, which include distinctive markings for transitway signs, more effective use of lane-use control signals, and specialized regulatory signing. The diamond symbol should be shown with all transitway signing, and signs should be located directly over the facility, whenever possible. The proposed guidelines for the use of traffic control devices on transitways conform to the standards for the use of traffic control devices on freeways, as contained in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. KW - Diamond pattern KW - Driver information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Lane use control signals KW - Location KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Priority treatment KW - Regulatory signs KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic direction KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486151 AU - Colan, O R AU - Colan, E AU - Merryman, R AU - Knotts, T A AU - Colan (O.R.) Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGHT OF WAY PROCEDURE METHODS IMPROVEMENTS. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 235 p. AB - The objective of this study was to find a way and procedure to increase productivity of right of way acquisition and related activities in an environment where work load is increasing and staff manpower is decreasing. This included studying existing acquisition procedures in Arizona, then examining the relevant procedures of other state, federal and local officials in maximizing productivity and avoiding unnecessary actions wasting productive person hours. The Arizona Department of Transportation desired a knowledgeable, independent review of it's rules, regulations and legislation related to right of way to see how these can be revised to improve efficient land acquisition for highways. KW - Appraisals KW - Arizona KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Labor negotiations KW - Land appraisal KW - Laws KW - Personnel KW - Productivity KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Regulations KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - State of the art studies KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486206 AU - Swanson, H AU - Woodham, D AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF ROAD OILS BY MAINTENANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 50 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine which materials are most effective for each maintenance activity and, thereby, reduce the total number of road oils purchased and handled. Observations and evaluations of more than 240 test sections over a three-year period in all maintenance sections of the state have provided results which satisfy the objective. AC oils performed best for hot mix. Emulsions or MC oils can be used for cold mix. Emulsions have proven to be the best oils for all types of seal coats. Asphalt crack fillers containing large amounts of polymerized rubber and meeting ASTM D 3405 or D 1190 are best; however, filling cracks with any oil is beneficial. RC-800 Rubberized is a good compromise between cost and quality. KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Cracking KW - Emulsions KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Oils KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Road oils KW - Seal coats KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619174 AU - Hartt, W H AU - Sundaresan, R AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF CHLORIDES, CARBONATION AND SURFACE FILMS ON CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE. FIRST YEAR REPORT PY - 1989/06/30 SP - 53 p. AB - As the initial year of a two year project, an experimental program has been performed to investigate the influence of a calcium hydroxide surface film upon corrosion properties of steel in simulated cement pore water solutions. These films were formed by exposure of steel to saturated Ca(OH)2 solutions containing undissolved (solid) crystals of this same material, and their influence upon subsequent corrosion properties and passivity has been characterized. It was concluded that the films can stabilize passivity by providing a source of hydroxide ions (an alkaline reserve) under conditions which otherwise promote loss of passivity and corrosion according to oxygen availability. Based upon the experiments it appears that benefit could be derived by utilizing higher alkali cements in FDOT construction since this would provide an alkaline reserve and because Florida aggregates are not susceptible to alkali reaction. KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Carbonation KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Surface film KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601315 AU - Stratton, W AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRUGATED METAL PIPE CULVERT PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06/19 SP - 16 p. AB - Culvert examinations were conducted in ten counties across the state of Kansas. A total of 103 corrugated metal pipes (CMPs) and a smaller number of concrete crossroad pipes were examined. Of the 103 CMPs, 36% were rusty, with 24.3% heavily rusted or otherwise seriously compromised. Only one CMP had damage adequate to be classified as failed. The only problems noted on the reinforced concrete boxes (RCBs) and pipes (CPs) were caused by faulty installation or improper grades. No CP or RCB failures were found at the limited number of locations observed. However, District engineers indicated that erosion caused displacement of CP end sections was a significant problem. It was concluded that, within the next 10 to 15 years, over 50% of the CMPs examined will be rust perforated and some of them possibly collapsed. Although without proof, the rust was probably caused by some form of strong acidic drainage which etched the zinc film away from the pipe surface. There is an abundance of agricultural chemicals available which may react with this galvanized layer, and these chemicals are probably used on adjacent or nearby farm land. Silting and poor drainage at some locations may have contributed to the early severe rusting of the CMPs. Even under ideal installation and maintenance conditions, an estimated 11% of the pipes would still show rusting. It is recommended that an increased emphasis on the design, installation and maintenance of crossroad structures should be promoted. Also, a method of maintenance repair, i.e., slip liners or invert paving, should be developed and implemented to extend the life of the severely rusted CMPs. KW - Acidic drainage KW - Box culverts KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Failure KW - Metal pipe KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Reinforced concrete pipe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416124 AU - Heinrichs, K W AU - Liu, M J AU - Darter, M I AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Ioannides, A M AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Rigid pavement analysis and design PY - 1989/06 IS - FHWA/RD-88-068 SP - 375p AB - This study was conducted to characterize and compare currently available rigid pavement analysis models and design methods and to develop new rigid pavement designs to be evaluated in full scale experimental projects in an actual highway environment. The analysis models considered include: ILLI-SLAB, JSLAB, WESLIQID, WESLAYER, JCS-1, H51, CRCP-2, and RISC. The design methods include: 1985 AASHTO Guide, Zero Maintenance JCP-1, California DOT, PCA, RPS-3 Texas SDHPT, ARBP-CRSI and Illinois DOT. The capabilities, limitations, and assumptions of each of these models and methods are discussed in detail to assess their adequacy to assist in the design and analysis of rigid pavements. Based upon the results obtained, several models and methods are recommended for use in the development of new rigid pavement designs. A set of rigid pavement designs, featuring trapezoidal cross sections, widened truck lanes, permeable drainage layer, longitudinal drainage pipe, precoated dowels, shorter joint spacing (for JRCP) and tied PCC shoulders was developed for field testing through experimental projects in the various climatic zones of the United States. A project description form (PDF) is provided for the interested State agencies. Guidelines were developed for joint load transfer design and joint spacing. Predictive models for doweled and nondoweled joints were developed (A). KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural analysis KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1183922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01407472 AU - Musser, S C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - CANDE-89 user manual PY - 1989/06 IS - FHWA/RD-89-169 SP - 236p AB - This primarily edited work is a compilation and enhancement of previous CANDE user and program manuals, related technical reports, journal articles, and unpublished contributions from consultants and other CANDE end users. Its content is focused upon the needs of practicing design engineers who desire to make use of this technology but who may not have extensive backgrounds in finite element analysis or computer programming. It also documents new features of the program added under this contract. A major feature added to this version is personal computer compatibility. Also included is a new arch mesh generator, improvements to the nonlinear convergence routines, the Selig extension of the Duncan soil model, and a number of program bug fixes (A). KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Culvert KW - Culverts KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Soil KW - Soils KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1175268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738905 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR CARLISLE COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 23 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Carlisle County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Carlisle County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, KY 121 and US 62, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Carlisle County (Kentucky) KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738907 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR FULTON COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 37 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Fulton County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Fulton County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 45, KY 94, KY 125, and KY 166, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Fulton County (Kentucky) KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738909 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR MARSHALL COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 71 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Marshall County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Marshall County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 68, US 68/KY 80, US 62, US 62/US 641, KY 58/KY 80, KY 80, US 641, KY 408, and KY 94, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Marshall County (Kentucky) KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738894 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR CHRISTIAN COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 42 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Christian County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Christian County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 68/KY 80, US 41, US 41A, and KY 91, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Christian County (Kentucky) KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738901 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR CALLOWAY COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 42 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Calloway County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Calloway County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, KY 94, US 641, and KY 121, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Calloway County (Kentucky) KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738908 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR MCCRACKEN COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 34 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. McCracken County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in McCracken County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 60, US 68, and US 62, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mccracken County (Kentucky) KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738897 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR HOPKINS COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 40 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Hopkins County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Hopkins County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 41, US 41A, US 62, KY 109, and KY 1751, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Hopkins County (Kentucky) KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738898 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR LIVINGSTON COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 32 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Livingston County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Livingston County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 62/US 641 and US 60, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Livingston county (Kentucky) KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738904 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR GRAVES COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 60 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Graves County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Graves County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, KY 94, KY 121, KY 58/KY 80, US 45/KY 58, US 45, and KY 58, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Graves County (Kentucky) KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738906 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR HICKMAN COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 24 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Hickman County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Hickman County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, KY 58, KY 94, and US 45, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Hickman County (Kentucky) KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738900 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR CALDWELL COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 38 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Caldwell County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Caldwell County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, KY 91, KY 672, US 641 and US 62 have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Caldwell County (Kentucky) KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738902 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR TRIGG COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 28 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Trigg County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Trigg County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 68/KY 80 and the Trace, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Trigg County (Kentucky) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738899 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR LYON COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 25 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Lyon County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Lyon County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 62/US 641 and US 62 have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Lyon County (Kentucky) KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738903 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR CRITTENDEN COUNTY PY - 1989/06 SP - 26 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Crittenden County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Crittenden County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 60 and US 641, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Crittenden County (Kentucky) KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616393 AU - Szalaj, W M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF WIDTH ON EDGELINE LIFE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 34 p. AB - The objective of this investigation was to determine the increase in the useful life of painted edgelines as a result of increasing line width. The investigation was conducted in two phases, each lasting about a year. In the first phase, test sites were striped with only the standard 4-in. wide edgelines as a control measure to document line wear characteristics and to identify locations exhibiting unusual line wear and paint peeling and cracking conditions. In Phase II, each of the selected test sites were restriped with sections of 4-in. (for control), 6-in. and 8-in. wide edgelines. Retro-reflectance data collected did not demonstrate any increase in the useful life of either the 6-in. or the 8-in. wide edgelines. KW - Durability KW - Edge lines KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Traffic paint KW - Wear KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488066 AU - Li, R-M AU - MacArthur, R AU - Cotton, G AU - Simons, Li & Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIZING RIPRAP FOR THE PROTECTION OF APPROACH EMBANKMENTS AND SPUR DIKES AND LIMITING THE DEPTH OF SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS AND ABUTMENTS. VOLUME I: LITERATURE REVIEW & ARIZONA CASE HISTORIES PY - 1989/06 SP - 131 p. AB - This report presents a review of published literature on riprap design technology and examines Arizona case histories of riprap performance. The literature review grouped the factors affecting riprap design into hierarchical categories relative to scale. The four factors identified include: riprap properties, site characteristics, hydraulic and sediment transport conditions, and river response. Eleven case histories from documentation supplied by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (SCS) are examined. The review of Arizona case histories is intended to provide the basis for understanding the dominant river processes associated with riprap protection measures. The literature review and case histories indicate a set of design requirements to be considered when designing riprap revetment. Volume II presents the design procedure. KW - Bank protection KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Case studies KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Hydraulics KW - Performance KW - Revetments KW - Riprap KW - Rivers KW - Scour KW - Sediments KW - Spur dikes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488067 AU - Li, R-M AU - MacArthur, R AU - Cotton, G AU - Simons, Li & Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIZING RIPRAP FOR THE PROTECTION OF APPROACH EMBANKMENTS AND SPUR DIKES AND LIMITING THE DEPTH OF SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS AND ABUTMENTS. VOLUME II: DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1989/06 SP - 87 p. AB - This report presents methodologies currently available for sizing riprap protection measures. The five riprap performance areas identified in this report are: riprap quality, riprap-layer characteristics, hydraulic requirements, site conditions, and river conditions. Localized design considerations include: the protection of approach embankments, spur dikes, scour at bridge piers and abutments, river bends, and grade control structures. Limitations of the methods and their application to conditions observed in Arizona are evaluated and an interim design procedure is recommended. Volume I contains a literature review and Arizona case histories. KW - Bank protection KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Case studies KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Hydraulics KW - Performance KW - Revetments KW - Riprap KW - Rivers KW - Scour KW - Sediments KW - Spur dikes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497231 AU - Zia, P AU - Schemmel, J J AU - Tallman, T E AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 330 p. AB - Parametric studies were conducted to determine the structural efficiency and cost effectiveness of using high strength concrete for highway bridge construction. Included in this investigation were prestressed concrete hollow core slabs, prestressed concrete girders, and reinforced concrete piers. For the hollow core slabs, the concrete compressive strength varied from 5,000 psi to 14,000 psi. For the girders and piers, concrete strengths varying from 6,000 psi to 12,000 psi were considered. The current AASHTO design procedures for flexural and compression members were used for high strength concrete except that the modulus of elasticity and the rupture modulus of the concrete were computed according to the recommendations of ACI Committee 363. High strength concrete appeared to be economically feasible and practical, especially for the purposes of increasing the span range of the current hollow core slab bridges. A concrete strength of 8,000 psi was most advantageous. The standard AASHTO and PCI girder sections showed a 30% increase in their maximum spans when the concrete strength was increased from 6,000 to 12,000 psi. For the box beams, as much as 20% increase was obtained. In general, a concrete strength of 10,000 psi appeared to be most desirable for these girder and beam sections. The study of the pier sections indicated clearly the economic benefits of high strength concrete. The cost of carrying a specific level of axial load decreased with increasing concrete strength. KW - Bridge piers KW - Compressive strength KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design methods KW - Girders KW - High strength concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Hollow slab KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486060 AU - Li, R-M AU - Cotton, G K AU - Zeller, M E AU - Simons, D B AU - Deschamps, P Q AU - Simons, Li & Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF IN-STREAM MINING ON CHANNEL STABILITY. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT. PY - 1989/06 SP - 211 p. AB - This report presents a comprehensive treatment of the technical and non-technical issues related to the impacts of in-stream sand and gravel mining upon the stability of river systems in Arizona. All major categories are addressed, including such areas as: regulatory practices, structural hazards, economic value, social and environmental factors, statewide classification of streams, review of methodologies, mitigation meassures, engineering parameters, long-term procedures, short-term procedures, river response simulation procedure, case histories, justification for regulation, implementation plan, and recommendations for further monitoring and data collection. The physical processes associated with sand and gravel mining and the impacts of sand and gravel mining on the streams, rivers, and riverine structures are documented. The concepts, theory, and experience of the team have been incorporated in this report in the form of written material and mathematical models. Methods have been formulated and presented for evaluating both short-term and long-term response of sand and gravel mining on river behavior, bridges, and associated river control structures. The necessity for sand and gravel mining, the impacts of sand and gravel mining, regulatory procedures adopted by other states, the short- and long-term interests of the sand and gravel mining industry, and recognition of the fact that the sand and gravel mining industry is vital to the well-being of the State of Arizona all contribute to the justification for regulation. The final section of the study deals with the strategy and formulation of legislative action that could be implemented to better control sand and gravel mining in the State of Arizona. KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Channel stability KW - Channel stabilization KW - Economics KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hazards KW - Legal action KW - Long term KW - Mathematical models KW - Mining KW - Mitigation KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Rivers KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486059 AU - Li, R-M AU - Cotton, G K AU - Zeller, M E AU - Simons, D B AU - Deschamps, P Q AU - Simons, Li & Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF IN-STREAM MINING ON CHANNEL STABILITY. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. PY - 1989/06 SP - 26 p. AB - This report consists of the Executive Summary of Volume II, Final Report, addressing the impacts of in-stream sand and gravel mining upon the stability of river systems in Arizona. The Executive Summary is a condensed version of the Final Report and includes discussion relative to all major categories such as: regulatory practices, structural hazards, economic value, social and environmental factors, statewide classification of streams, review of methodologies, mitigation measures, engineering parameters, long-term procedures, short-term procedures, river response simulation procedure, case histories, justification for regulation, implementation plan, and recommendations for further monitoring and data collection. KW - Case studies KW - Channel stability KW - Channel stabilization KW - Economics KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hazards KW - Mining KW - Mitigation KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Rivers KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486061 AU - Li, R-M AU - Cotton, G K AU - Zeller, M E AU - Simons, D B AU - Deschamps, P Q AU - Simons, Li & Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF IN-STREAM MINING ON CHANNEL STABILITY. VOLUME III. APPENDICES PY - 1989/06 SP - 477 p. AB - This report contains the Appendices to Volume II, Final Report, addressing the impacts of in-stream sand and gravel mining upon the stability of river systems in Arizona. The information contained in the Appendices provides further documentation in support of the major chapters of the final report. Topics addressed in the appendices include: summary of response to sand and gravel mining questionnaires, summary of gravel mining and sediment transport studies on major Arizona rivers, review of litigation related to in-stream mining, long-term procedure technical appendix, documentation of computer program for short-term Channel Response due to In-Stream Mining (CRISM), documentation of computer program HEC-2SR for single-event river response simulation, topographic dataset, bed-material gradation dataset, hydrologic dataset, and mining activity dataset. KW - Case studies KW - Channel stability KW - Channel stabilization KW - Computer programs KW - Data KW - Economics KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hazards KW - Legal action KW - Litigation KW - Long term KW - Mining KW - Mitigation KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Rivers KW - Sediment transport KW - Sedimentation KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611963 AU - ALLEN, D AU - Roghani, H AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABILITY OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 57 p. AB - This study was initiated with the general objective of quantifying some of the parameters that govern the stability and rutting characteristics of asphalt-bound materials. Aggregate type and gradation, loading magnitudes and patterns, asphalt types and viscosity are known to affect the stability of an asphalt mixture. The study was conducted in three phases. The first phase was a study of the effects of large stone gradations on the rutting and fatigue characteristics of an asphalt base mixture. The second phase was an in-depth study of the mastic portion (smaller than 3/8-in.) of an asphalt mixture. The third phase was a laboratory analysis of field cores obtained from in-service pavements, and rutting measurements on a number of in-service pavements. It can be concluded that large stone base mixtures are less susceptible to rutting than base mixture with finer gradations. Also, large stone base mixture having a polymer modified asphalt cement appeared to have less rutting potential (based on laboratory rutting tests) than an equivalent mixture without a modified asphalt cement. Mastic mixtures that contain manufactured limestone sands have less rutting potential than mixtures that contain natural sands. It is recommended that the percentage of natural sands be limited in the mastic portion of a mixture. From this study, there appears to be no correlation between Marshall stabilty and resilient modulus when testing field cores. It is concluded that the Marshall test is not a good indicator of rutting behavior or resilient strength. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Fine aggregates KW - Laboratory tests KW - Large stone asphalt mixtures KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Mastic asphalt KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Natural sand fine aggregate KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Sand KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607532 AU - Kofoed, N AU - Bloomquist, D AU - Townsend, F C AU - McVay, M C AU - Gill, J J AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING CAPACITY AND DEFORMATION OF PILE GROUPS. VOLUME 4: A CENTRIFUGAL STUDY OF AXIALLY LOADED MODEL PILES AND PILE GROUPS IN REID-BEDFORD SAND. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 245 p. AB - To obtain a better understanding of single pile and pile group behavior, 50 model pile and pile group tests were conducted in the centrifuge. The main objectives of this study were to provide load-deformation responses of single and group piles in sand and to determine the depth of influence below the pile tip for the model piles tested. Furthermore, two different methods of pile installation were tested to determine the influence on the load-deformation response of the models, and some preliminary tests were conducted using a miniature cone penetrometer. It was found that the depth of influence for single piles increases from 14 to 30 pile diameters, as the relative density increases from 30% to 75%. Based on tests conducted on two different model pile sizes, the depth of influence appears to be a function of pile diameter and soil density. The ultimate capacity of a modelled 10 in. diameter, 20 ft long steel pipe pile showed a strong dependency on the relative density of the test sand. The capacity increased threefold for an increase in relative density from 40% to 65%. The pile group efficiency was found to be less than one for a relative density greater than 40%. The method of pile installation, pushed incrementally or driven, does not seem to have any influence on the load-deformation response of the single model piles. Insufficient data were obtained to judge installation effects of pile groups. The load distribution between tip load and side friction of the piles appeared to be independent of soil density. KW - Building KW - Centrifuges KW - Deformation KW - Density KW - Diameter KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Load tests KW - Model tests KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Sand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491144 AU - Travis AU - McLean AU - Kane AU - Gehlke AU - Basketfield AU - Gieck AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDROLOGY, HYDRAULICS AND FISH PASSAGE PERFORMANCE OF ARCTIC GRAYLING (THYMALLUS ARCTICUS) AT FISH CREEK, DENALI HIGHWAY NEAR CANTWELL, ALASKA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 180 p. AB - A two year study of fish passage through the Fish Creek culvert, located at Mile 132.2 of the Denali Highway, was carried out by an interdisciplinary task force. The purposes of this study were: monitor the interaction of the spawning Arctic grayling (Thymallus Arcticus) and the existing culvert, and document variables of watershed hydrology (primarily runoff) and hydraulic behavior of the culvert that may impact fish passage. In summary, Arctic grayling encountered minimal difficulty in passing upstream through the culvert. The major areas of difficulty for the fish were entering the slightly perched culvert and exiting where nonuniform flow rates of movement through the culvert barrel varied from less than a minute to over 80 minutes. Generally, larger fish moved through more rapidly than smaller fish. All fish stayed as close to the boundary of the culvert as possible, and they oriented themselves normal to this boundary; meaning that they were not always swimming in a vertical position. KW - Culverts KW - Fish ladders KW - Fish passage KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Hydrology KW - Runoff UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_89_03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603105 AU - Vega, D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK PROTECTION SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 76 p. AB - This report concludes a study of three bridge deck protective systems which were utilized on a bridge deck constructed over the Brazos River on SH 67 south of Graham, Texas. As noted in the Interim Report of July, 1986, the protective systems applied were as follows: (1) Calcium nitrate was applied to a single test span as a concrete additive to inhibit steel reinforcement corrosion through pH adjustment of concrete (with non epoxy "plain" reinforcement), (2) High molecular weight (HMW) methacrylate was applied as a surface dressing on two test spans as a means of restricting Cl ion penetration through membrane action (with epoxy coated reinforcement and with plain reinforcement), and (3) Linseed oil surface dressing was also applied for the purpose of restricting Cl ion penetration through membrane action (with epoxy coated reinforcement and with plain reinforcement). For reasons detailed within this report, current flow readings from corrosometer probes were not attainable, and removal (core drilling) of any test bars was determined to be premature. Also, surface friction with respect to each protective system is addressed. The report summary identifies future work to be conducted and documented in this regard. KW - Bridge decks KW - Calcium KW - Calcium nitrate KW - Corrosion protection KW - Friction KW - Linseed oil KW - Methacrylate KW - Nitrates KW - Seal coats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490454 AU - Hall, J W AU - Pendleton, O J AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN V/C RATIOS AND ACCIDENT RATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 25 p. AB - This project sought to establish if there is a relationship between accident rates and volume to capacity ratios on rural highways. The data base for this study consisted of traffic volume data from 44 permanent count stations and traffic accident data in the vicinity of these stations. The study found that the highest accident rates occurred at nighttime during hours with the lowest traffic volumes. As volumes increased, up to V/C ratios of approximately 0.2, accident rates tended to decrease. The major component of the hourly variation was found to be the much higher single vehicle accident rates at night. The sites studied in this project did not have sufficiently high traffic volumes to permit an examination of the full range of V/C ratios. Preliminary studies of several urban intersections and sections of urban freeways suggest that accident rates may begin to increase when the V/C ratios exceed 0.7. The study found that V/C ratios may be a useful safety analysis tool, especially at higher volume levels. KW - Crash rates KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway safety KW - Night KW - Ratios KW - Rural highways KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489637 AU - Copelan, J E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREVENTION OF WRONG-WAY ACCIDENTS ON FREEWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 95 p. AB - Senate bill 233 (Davis 1987) required a current study on the wrong-way problem on freeways. This report discusses solutions developed over the years to prevent wrong-way driving by Caltrans, results of recent camera surveillance studies and the current annual wrong-way monitoring program. To determine if other states had developed any new solutions to the problem, traffic engineers from all the states were surveyed. The recommendations to prevent wrong-way accidents are in the areas of sign maintenance, annual accident monitoring using a check-list process, ramp and intersection design, and reducing drunk drivers. It also recommends the purchase of new still camera, video, or movie camera and detector equipment, and continuing the pavement light experiment in San Diego. KW - Airport-type red pavement lights KW - Cameras KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Drunk driving KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeway signs KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Monitoring KW - Prevention KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Video imaging detectors KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489628 AU - Duffy, D AU - Hatzell, H AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SLOPE EROSION CONTROL FOR URBAN FREEWAYS IN ARID CLIMATES. VOLUME I - FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 414 p. AB - The character and extent of slope erosion damage to urban freeways in the Metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona area were examined. The costs associated with this damage were determined and a reporting program developed to track future erosion damage. A review of existing erosion knowledge and soils within the study area was conducted. As a result of this review a comprehensive testing program was developed to predict the erosion potential of freeway slopes. This existing program incorporates both raindrop impact and overland flow induced stresses on slope surfaces. The effectiveness of vegetation in retarding erosion was also evaluated and found to be marginally effective in arid climates. Erosion resistance of slope soils was found, in part, to be a function of maximum particle size and the amount of particles larger than 0.18 in. Using particle size, slope, and resistance to weathering a surface protection scheme was developed that utilized rock fragments. This rock surface acts as an intensely armored surface to protect underlying soils that is effective on slopes as steep as 26 degrees. Maximum particle sizes of up to 1.5 in. with a shape factor larger than 2 were found to provide satisfactory protection. Volume II contains the design manual. KW - Arid climate soils KW - Arid land KW - Arid region KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Erosion control KW - Freeways KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Loss and damage KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Raindrop effect KW - Rocks KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601448 AU - Gill, J J AU - Townsend, F C AU - Kofoed, N AU - Bloomquist, D AU - McVay, M C AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING CAPACITY AND DEFORMATION OF PILE GROUPS. VOLUME 3: DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A DEVICE CAPABLE OF PLACING MODEL PILES BY DRIVING AND PUSHING IN THE CENTRIFUGE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 209 p. AB - The scaling laws pertinent to driving model pile groups in the centrifuge were developed. Construction details of a model pile placement device capable of driving individual piles and which can model the energy input of any single acting pile driver are presented. The placement device can also push individual and group piles through the application of up to 1.5 million scale pounds. Static load tests can be conducted with the device. All computer software necessary for the driving, pushing, and load testing of model piles is outlined. A test series was conducted at 69.8 and 86.0 g's involving the pushing of individual, group of four, and group of five model piles. All model tests were conducted on dry granular soil with the relative density varying between 45% and 70%. All models were load tested with several being subjected to tensile pullout tests. Individual model piles were driven permitting a comparison between the load-bearing capacity of driven and pushed models. Driven individual model piles were found to have lower initial loading moduli but similar ultimate capacity to those of the pushed models. Differences are attributed to disturbance of the model during placement of load cell on the model butt prior to load testing. Bearing capacity of the model pile tips was not altered by scale effects; however, skin friction on the sidewalls decreased exponentially as test g level was increased. The model group piles demonstrated an efficiency of 1.17 with a group efficiency of 1.0 being considered conservative for group models placed in granular soils. KW - Centrifuges KW - Granular soils KW - Load tests KW - Model tests KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pull out test KW - Scale models KW - Software KW - Static loading KW - Static loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489601 AU - Congress, N AU - Walcoff & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORUM ON WEATHERING STEEL FOR HIGHWAY STRUCTURES: SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 197 p. AB - On July 12-13, 1988 the Office of Research, Development and Technology of the Federal Highway Administration hosted a forum on Weathering Steel for Highway Structures. This conference took place at the Ramada Hotel in Alexandria, Virginia. The major objectives of this forum were to examine the state of the art in weathering steel use and maintenance, to develop rules for its use in new construction, and for maintenance of existing structures. The forum brought together 131 participants representing Federal and State governments and industry. The forum was organized into four main sessions, including a panel discussion and several individual presentations. The report summarizes the forum. KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Economic analysis KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - State of the art studies KW - Steel structures KW - Utilization KW - Weathering steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489629 AU - Duffy, D AU - Hatzell, H AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SLOPE EROSION CONTROL FOR URBAN FREEWAYS IN ARID CLIMATES. VOLUME II - DESIGN MANUAL PY - 1989/06 SP - 44 p. AB - The purpose of this design manual is to provide a concise reference to assist in the design of slope erosion protection in arid climates. This document is based on methods developed during a two year research progream conducted in the Metropolitan Phoenix area. The research report, entitled "Slope Erosion Control for Urban Freeways in Arid Climates, Volume I," contains a detailed description of the methodology. The use of rock fragments, resistant to weathering, and with shape factors larger than 2 to resist slope erosion is a practical technique in arid climate where the use of grasses is difficult. Slopes as steep as 26 degrees can be protected with rock fragments against design storms that deliver precipitation intensities on the order of 1.8 in. per 30 minutes. KW - Arid climate soils KW - Arid land KW - Arid region KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Erosion control KW - Freeways KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Loss and damage KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Raindrop effect KW - Rocks KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488531 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Behaein, V AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY TO DEVELOP A BASE OF DATA FOR JOINT REPAIR TECHNIQUES. USER'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 46 p. AB - This study was initiated to identify and collect the data elements required to identify various joint repair techniques and then develop a computerized data base to store the data. As a result the user will be able to: (1) identify exact locations of each repair technique; (2) list all repair techniques that were done on any given year/county/route and log mile; and (3) perform joint condition rating and enter into the system. This user's manual describes how to operate the joint repair program. KW - Computer programs KW - Data storage KW - Databases KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Performance evaluations KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488577 AU - Babaei, K AU - Hawkins, N M AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DURABLE ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS FOR BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 75 p. AB - Many anchorage systems of bridge expansion joints in the medium movement range have failed within a relatively short period of time after their installation. The embedded anchor devices have become loose under traffic impact and have caused deterioration of the adjacent concrete deck. After the performance of various domestic and foreign designs were assessed, factors affecting the anchorage system performance and failure were identified. Accordingly, improvements in the anchorage system components, which are built in conjunction with the anchor devices, were recommended to reduce the intensity of traffic impact loads transmitted to the anchor devices. Subsequently, an analytical procedure was developed to quantify the intensity of the dynamic traffic loads transmitted to anchor devices and to design anchor devices to resist those loads. KW - Anchorages KW - Concrete bridges KW - Design KW - Expansion joints KW - Failure KW - Improvements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic loads UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/181.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600466 AU - Bohman, L R AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS FOR STREAMS IN SOUTH CAROLINA: VOLUME 1. SIMULATION OF FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS FOR RURAL WATERSHEDS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 60 p. AB - A typical (average) flood hydrograph corresponding to a peak discharge of specific recurrence interval can be simulated for ungaged rural basins having drainage areas less than 500 sq mi in South Carolina. Three dimensionless hydrographs were developed on the basis of data collected during 188 storm events at 49 stations representing a wide range of drainage area sizes and basin conditions. The design peak discharge and a volume-adjusted average basin lagtime are required to apply the technique. The standard errors of estimate for simulated hydrograph widths at 50% and 75%, respectively, of observed stormflow were plus or minus 14.1% and plus or minus 18.3% for basins in the Blue Ridge physiographic province, plus or minus 29.2% and plus or minus 36.2% for basins in the Piedmont province, and plus or minus 17.8% and plus or minus 22.8% for basins in the Upper and Lower Coastal Plain subprovinces. Multiple regression analyses were used to develop equations for estimating average basin lagtime. At the 95% confidence level, drainage area was determined to be the only significant explanatory variable needed to estimate the average lagtime for basins in each physiographic province. The standard error of estimate of regression relations developed for estimating lagtimes for the Blue Ridge and Piedmont provinces, and the Upper Coastal Plain and Lower Coastal Plain subprovinces were plus or minus 7.3%, plus or minus 25.6%, plus or minus 34.3%, and plus or minus 25.6%, respectively. A regression equation that provides runoff volume in inches also was developed. This equation is the basis of an adjustment to average basin lagtime, which is required to simulate flood hydrographs by use of the dimensionless hydrographs. KW - Equations KW - Flood hydrographs KW - Lagtime KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Peak discharge KW - Runoff KW - Rural areas KW - Simulation KW - South Carolina KW - Streams KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600700 AU - Syro Steel Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CANDE-89 (CULVERT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN COMPUTER PROGRAM) USER MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 236 p. AB - This primarily edited work is a compilation and enhancement of previous CANDE user and program manuals, related technical reports, journal articles, and unpublished contributions from consultants and other CANDE end users. Its content is focused upon the needs of practicing design engineers who desire to make use of this technology but who may not have extensive backgrounds in finite element analysis or computer programming. It also documents new features of the program added under this contract. A major feature added to this version is personal computer compatibility. Also included is a new arch mesh generator, improvements to the nonlinear convergence routines, the Selig extension of the Duncan soil model, and a number of program bug fixes. KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Manuals KW - Personal computers KW - Soil structure interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488574 AU - Pomanti, C AU - Wilson, T AU - Peat, Marwick, Main and Company AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE INFRASTRUCTURE. SPECIFICATION REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 76 p. AB - The Arizona Department of Transportation monitors the construction of Transportation related facilities throughout Arizona. As part of that process, materials are sampled and tested to insure compliance with specifications. Presently, the information is stored in hard copy and summary information transmitted in hard copy form. This system is time consuming, cumbersome, redundant and can lead to errors. The main disadvantage is that the information collected is not easily available to affected users. The report presents general specifications for automating the construciton materials testing and quality assurance function. KW - Automation KW - Building materials KW - Compliance KW - Quality assurance KW - Sampling KW - Specifications KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600736 AU - Paul, H R AU - Doucet, R J AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPRINKLE TREATMENT EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT CONSTRUCTION AND THREE YEAR EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 61 p. AB - This report documents the construction of a Sprinkle Treatment field trial on a high speed/high volume roadway (55 mph/8520 ADT) and presents the performance data obtained for three years after construction. Normal plant and roadway production rates were maintained during the construction of the 3.1 mile Sprinkle Treatment section. Sprinkle chip spreading was accomplished with a Bristowes Mk V Chip spreader which remained immediately behind the paver throughout laydown operations. The precoated chips were uniformly placed at rates of 7 lb/sq yd and 10 lb/sq yd. The only problem occurring during construction was related to the densification of the wearing course mix. Less than the 95% specification requirement was achieved. Performance evaluations were conducted on an annual basis which included Pavement Condition Ratings, structural evaluation, skid resistance, critical hydroplaning speeds, and aggregate retention. In addition, roadway cores were obtained to determine densification due to traffic, roadway gradation and binder content and properties of the asphalt cement including viscosity, penetration and ductility. The study demonstrated that both Sprinkle Treatment sections were performing as well as an asphaltic concrete friction course utilized as a control section. KW - Aggregate retention KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Binder content KW - Condition surveys KW - Construction KW - Densification KW - Ductility KW - Field tests KW - Hydroplaning KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Skid resistance KW - Sprinkle treatment KW - Structural analysis KW - Surface treating KW - Viscosity UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_219.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488578 AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WEIGH-IN-MOTION NEEDS AND POTENTIAL DATA COLLECTION PLANS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 38 p. AB - This report outlines the Washington State Department of Transportation's truck weight data needs and the potential plans that might be used to meet those needs. It summarizes the requirements of HELP, SHRP, the "Traffic Monitoring Guide," and special state needs, and recommends alternative plans for purchasing and deploying weigh-in-motion equipment within the state. KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Heavy Vehicle Electronic License Plate Program KW - Information organization KW - Monitoring KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Washington (State) KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/182.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600464 AU - Darter, M I AU - Salsilli, R A AU - Dwiggins, M E AU - FITCH, T AU - LUNDBERG, A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC LOADINGS ON INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS IN ILLINOIS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 38 p. AB - An analysis of heavy traffic loadings on the Illinois Interstate Highway system was conducted. Volumes and weights of single and multiple unit trucks were determined and converted to cumulated 18-kip equivalent single axle loads (ESALs) for every construction section over the period 1956 to 1986. Results show that the Interstate highway pavements have been subjected to far greater traffic loadings than they were designed for. Annual 18-kip ESALs (one-direction outer traffic lane), which averaged about 300,000 in the late 1950s and early 1960s, have grown to 1,200,000 in 1986. The growth rate of cumulative 18-kip ESALs for the average pavement section has been over 8% compounded annually over the past 20 years and shows no sign of slowing down. The traffic data have been input into the Illinois Pavement Feedback Database for use by agency personnel. It is recommended that improved estimating procedures be developed for 18-kip ESALs to be used for future pavement design and rehabilitation purposes. KW - Axle loads KW - Databases KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Illinois KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic loads KW - Trucks UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-054.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488064 AU - Pomanti, C AU - Wilson, T AU - Peat, Marwick, Main and Company AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE INFRASTRUCTURE. SPECIFICATION REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 76 p. AB - The Arizona Department of Transportation monitors the construction of transportation-related facilities throughout Arizona. As part of that process, materials are sampled and tested to insure compliance with specifications. Presently, the information is stored in hard copy and summary information transmitted in hard copy form. This system is time consuming, cumbersome, redundant and can lead to errors. The main disadvantage is that the information collected is not easily available to affected users. The report presents general specifications for automating the construction materials testing and quality assurance function. KW - Automation KW - Building materials KW - Data storage KW - Hardware KW - Materials management KW - Quality assurance KW - Software KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496659 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WARRANTS AND GUIDELINES FOR INSTALLATION OF GUARDRAIL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 114 p. AB - Kentucky, as most other states, has in the past relied on the AASHTO "Barrier Guide" for guidance in the installation of guardrail. Additional information related to barrier selection and installation was recently published in the form of the AASHTO "Roadside Design Guide." However, considerable judgement is required for application of this information and it was determined that significant benefit could be derived from development of guidelines representative of conditions in Kentucky. Significant results from this study are as follows: (1) Results from a previous survey of guardrail standards and guidelines were summarized and it was found that only a few states suggested use of reduced guardrail standards. (2) Warranting guidelines for clear zones and embnakments based on Kentucky accident severities and costs were developed from a computer program included as part of the "Roadside Design Guide." (3) For low service level roads, several operational barrier systems were recommended for consideration when the W-beam, blocked-out guardrail is found to be impractical due to geometric terrain, or cost constraints. (4) A procedure was developed to identify and prioritize highway sections in need of guardrail based on determining locations with critical numbers and rates of run-off road accidents, conducting a field survey to tabulate hazard-index points, and performing a cost-effectiveness analysis. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Design standards KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrail warrants KW - Guardrails KW - Guidelines KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486056 AU - Nyerges, T L AU - Cihon, R F AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED COLLISION DIAGRAM PRODUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 60 p. AB - Collision diagrams are graphic representations of intersections, ramps, or sections of roadway that provide detailed information about accidents at a specific location. The main purpose of collision diagrams is to serve as depictions of accident patterns, and they are used to evaluate specific sites for possible causes of accidents. Currently, the Washington State Department of Transportation manually constructs these diagrams. However, this study found collision diagrams could be produced with automated technology without changing the data structure of WSDOT's accident data files. This study examined literature and existing software that other transportation agencies or vendors use to construct collision diagrams. This examination determined that computer generated diagrams created with that software lack graphic detail of individual intersections, are limited to a specific data structure, and are limited to two or three generic intersection depictions. Several alternative means to construct enhanced diagrams were examined, including artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, to find a way to offer a more robust assortment of graphics. A prototype system for producing automated collision diagrams was developed. This Washington Automated Collision Diagramming System (WACDS) has the following advantages over previous systems: (1) WACDS integrates the technologies of computer-aided drafting (CAD) and database management to provide improved graphic detail and ease of utility; (2) WACDS uses WSDOT's current accident file data stuctures; (3) WACDS is modular and can be modified, expanded, or shared without major software revision. The report discusses a strategy for fully implementing WACDS at WSDOT, in addition to a schedule for implementation. KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Automation KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Crash diagrams KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Drafting KW - Implementation KW - Production KW - Prototypes KW - Software UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/180.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493671 AU - Pant, P D AU - Park, Y AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STEADY BURNING LIGHTS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN HIGHWAY WORK ZONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 91 p. AB - This study has examined the effectiveness of Type C steady burn lights on drums marked with high intensity (Type G) reflective sheeting in tangent sections of highway construction work zones. The study was performed on three rural four-lane divided highways including a freeway where highway lightings were not present. Curved sections of highways were excluded from the study, as were transition or tapered sections. The study was based on an examination of one hundred and thirty-two (132) driver subjects who were asked to drive an instrumented car in the work zones during daytime, at nighttime when steady burn lights were present on drums, and at nighttime when lights were absent. The subjects' ages varied between 16 and 75 years. The measures of effectiveness included speed, lateral placement, acceleration noise, weaving, traffic conflict, and driver preference. Right and left lane closures were separately examined. The lights were evaluated under dry, rainy, and foggy weather conditions. The study showed that steady burn lights on drums marked with high intensity reflective sheeting have little effect, if any, on driver behavior in tangent sections of rural divided highways. The study recommended that the use of steady burn lights on drums marked with high intensity reflective sheeting in tangent sections of construction work zones in rural divided highways including interstate freeways be discontinued. KW - Behavior KW - Days KW - Divided highways KW - Drivers KW - Drums KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Fog KW - Four lane highways KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Lighting equipment KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moisture content KW - Night KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Rural highways KW - Steady burn lights KW - Wet conditions KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491930 AU - Jones, D W AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIFORNIA'S FREEWAY ERA IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1989/06 SP - 335 p. AB - Freeways have been built in virtually every American city, but the earliest and boldest plans for urban freeways were made in California and Los Angeles particularly. During the postwar years, California set the pace and the standard for metropolitan highway development in the U.S. The goal of this report is to re-examine the history of California's freeway era. It examines how California's commitment to freeway development was reached and how well it has weathered the test of time. Included are the following chapters: (1) The California Innovation; (2) The Antecedents of California's Freeway Plans; (3) A Plan That Fit; (4) Rapid Transit for a Horizontal Metropolis; (5) The Great Depression and the Waning of the Streetcar Era; (6) The Depression, The New Deal, and Road Money; (7) Commitments Are Reached; (8) From Parkway Transit to Thruway Traffic; (9) In Los Angeles, Freeways for Mass Transportation; (10) San Francisco Repudiates Its Freeway Plan; (11) Retrenchment; and (12) Vehicular Overload. KW - California KW - Freeways KW - History UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491298 AU - Walker, R S AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROFILOGRAPH CORRELATION WITH PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX - ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 53 p. AB - A number of States are beginning to use roughness measurements from the California and Rainhart profilographs for construction control of rigid pavements. A recent Texas study, Research Study 8-10-87-56, provided correlations between Present Serviceability Index (PSI) as obtained from profile measured by the Surface Dynamics Profilometer (SDP), and profile index (PI) obtained between these profilographs for rigid pavements. The PI was computed using the 0.1 and 0.2 inch blanking bands, which are the ones most commonly used for computing PI. This current report provides details on similar study which investigates correlations of PSI with Rainhart and California profilograph PI measurements for asphalt pavements and concrete pavements with asphalt overlays. Two-tenths mile sections in six different areas of Texas were measured with these devices for the study. Additionally, as in the first study, the 0.1 and 0.2 blanking bands were used to compute the PI. In addition to the correlations with PSI, correlations are also provided between each profilograph with one another. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Correlation analysis KW - Profilographs KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490539 AU - Elnahal, M K AU - Albrecht, P AU - Cayes, L R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN A TWO-SPAN CONTINUOUS BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 285 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Iron and Steel Institute are jointly conducting a research study in FHWA's structures laboratory entitled "Structural Modeling for Autostress by Loading through a Precast Deck." The bridge under investigation is a two-span continuous three steel girder 0.4 scale model 113 ft (34.44 m) long. The deck, consisting of transversely pretensioned panels, posttensioned longitudinally, is composite with the steel girders. The report focuses on determining the elastic influence surfaces and wheel load distribution coefficients for reactions and moments. In general the experimentally determined parameters compared well with calculations by a finite element analysis. The experimentally determined parameters did not compare nearly as well with calculations using AASHTO methods or methods developed by others. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Girder bridges KW - Load transfer KW - Posttensioning KW - Precast concrete KW - Pretensioning KW - Scale models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490570 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Henry, J J AU - Antle, C E AU - KULAKOWSKI, B T AU - Meyer, W E AU - Stocker, A J AU - Button, J W AU - Anderson, D A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT FRICTION MEASUREMENT NORMALIZED FOR OPERATIONAL, SEASONAL, AND WEATHER EFFECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 215 p. AB - This report describes the validation of models previously developed to normalize pavement friction measurements to standard environmental and operational conditions. In addition, recommendations are reported to improve the techniques and equipment for pavement friction measurement. Two models were examined for normalization of weather-related and seasonal variation of pavement friction. Their performance was found to be comparable, but the generalized prediction model is more readily applied than the mechanistic model, which requires knowledge of the percent normalized gradient of the pavements to be adjusted. The suggested procedure for normalization requires that three pavements of each class in a homogeneous climate be tested once per month during the testing season. The data then can be used to develop the coefficients in the models to adjust single measurements of all other pavements to standard conditions. Two recommendations are made for improving pavement friction measurement equipment and techniques. The first suggests the use of current equipment with both smooth-treaded and ribbed standard test tires. The second requires modification to the equipment but provides for simpler instrumentation in that it is possible to eliminate the force transducer. This system uses the acceleration of the test tire during the spinup after being locked as the indication of pavement friction. KW - Equipment KW - Friction KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Models KW - Normalizing KW - Pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Validation KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490598 AU - Meeter, D A AU - Linn, M AU - Linn, K AU - Florida State University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR RAIL-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING ACCIDENTS IN FLORIDA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 70 p. AB - This report describes the estimation of a model for predicting rail-highway accident rates in Florida. Of 4,267 crossings with data from 1982 onwards, 4,231 were matched with their accident history for the years 1982, 1983, 1986, and 1987. Potential variables evaluated were trains per day, maximum train speed, number of tracks, crossbucks, stop signs, flashing lights, gates, number of parallel roads, required stopping sight distance, minimum clear quadrant stopping distance, number of lanes, posted highway speed, and average daily traffic. Stepwise logistic multiple regression was used for estimation. Accident rate is predicted as a function of exposure (essentially, 1 plus trains per day times average daily traffic), maximum train speed, posted highway speed, presence of stop signs, and presence of flashing lights. KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Florida KW - Forecasting KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Operating speed KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad trains KW - Speed KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic speed KW - Train operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490000 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS INVOLVING VEHICLES PARKED ON SHOULDERS OF LIMITED ACCESS HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 19 p. AB - This study was conducted to quantify the extent of the problem of accidents involving vehicles on shoulders of limited access highways. Accident data for a three-year period (1985-1987) were collected along with a survey of vehicles stopped on the shoulder on interstates and parkways. While the percentage of all accidents on interstates and parkways involving a vehicle on the shoulder is small (1.8%), the percentage of fatal accidents involving a vehicle on the shoulder is significant (11.1%). The accident data revealed that the majority of shoulder vehicles had stopped for an emergency stop as opposed to a leisure stop with a large number involving an abandoned vehicle. The most common reason for stopping was a mechanical failure. Tractor-trailers were overrepresented in shoulder accidents. An unusually high percentage occurred in the time period of midnight to 6 a.m. The major contributing factors were alcohol involvement and the driver on the mainline falling asleep. Two types of observational surveys were taken. One survey represented what a driver would observe while driving from one point to another on an interstate or parkway. It indicated that a driver would pass (in his direction of travel) an average of about one vehicle on the shoulder every eight miles on an interstate and every 17 miles on a parkway. The second survey was conducted in a circular route such that almost all stops would be observed. The highest percentage of stops were over one hour in length. KW - Abandoned vehicles KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergencies KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Mechanical failure KW - Parked vehicles KW - Parking KW - Parkways KW - Road shoulders KW - Surveys KW - Time KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488728 AU - Marble (AD) & Company AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - S. R. 2023, SECTION 001 - ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. PLAN OF STUDY PY - 1989/06 SP - 13 p. AB - The purpose of this Plan of Study is to define in detail the scope of the environmental and engineering tasks required for the Environmental Assessment for a roadway to be located about a mile west of Mount Carmel, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. This document describes the anticipated level of environmental studies that will be undertaken to fulfill the requirements of the various applicable State and Federal environmental laws. This includes the National Environmental Policy Act, the National Historic Preservation Act, and Pennsylvania Act 120. It is also intended to provide a common basis for early coordination between the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and Federal, State, and local agencies and organizations, elected officials, and the public in general. KW - Appalachian Mountains KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Historic preservation KW - New road KW - Pennsylvania KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488302 AU - McPherson, R B AU - New Mexico State University, Las Cruces AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REHABILITATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 45 p. AB - This is the fourth, and final, report in a series on reinforced concrete bridge decks resulting from a three-year study conducted for the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department (NMSH&TD). This fourth report deals primarily with the deck condition survey and its use in the selection of a bridge deck rehabilitation method. Background materials, contained in the previous three reports, is summarized. This includes information on protective systems to mitigate deck deterioration; the feasibility of a bridge deck management system for use in establishing rehabilitation priorities; and results of a chloride ponding test on concrete core samples from selected NMSH&TD bridge decks to investigate the effectiveness of various protective systems. Conclusions based on the results of the three-year study are presented and two related studies are proposed. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486184 AU - Gramling, W L AU - Morian, D A AU - Siegel, T C AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE CURVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 53 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to determine an appropriate performance curve, or curves, for Pennsylvania's pavements. To accomplish this, the Long Term Pavement Monitoring (LTPM) Program collected pavement condition data for 22 sites in Pennsylvania. These sites were constructed of reinforced cement concrete over the past 28 years. The data consisted of pavement history, deflection, skid, roughness, and traffic information. Curves representing general trends in pavement performance were generated by comparing Present Serviceability condition with cumulative traffic, and years of performance. A comparison was then made to the performance of existing pavements which were not included in the 22 LTPM sites, to confirm the generated performance curves to be representative of Pennsylvania pavements. Overall, the LTPM Program was successful in developing general trends in pavement performance for Pennsylvania Pavements. Evaluation of the traffic and roughness data revealed pavement deterioration due to an increase in total traffic loadings. The evaluation of comparison sites confirmed the applicability of the LTPM results to the Pennsylvania pavements in general. KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - History KW - Long term KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Roughness KW - Service life KW - Serviceability KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Time duration KW - Traffic loads KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486064 AU - Meier, W R AU - Elnicky, E J AU - Schuster, B R AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINE AGGREGATE SHAPE AND SURFACE TEXTURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 103 p. AB - Aggregate shape and surface texture of fine aggregate for three different aggregate sources and four levels of degree of crushing were studied by seven different test procedures. Asphalt concrete mixtures using these aggregates were tested for deformation under load by five different tests. Efforts were made to correlate the fine aggregate test measurements to the asphalt concrete deformation properties. The results from three of the fine aggregate tests were correlated with Hveem stability for the best relationships that were developed. KW - Aggregate shape KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregates by shape and surface texture KW - Aggregates by source KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crushing KW - Deformation KW - Fine aggregates KW - Hveem stability KW - Rugosity KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486068 AU - Glegg, SAL AU - Yoon, J R AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF NOISE SOURCE HEIGHT OF VEHICLES ON FLORIDA ROADS AND HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 299 p. AB - This report describes the measurement of the equivalent noise source height on highway vehicles. Part I describes the measurement method, Part II its appliction to highway vehicles, and Part III tabulates all the measurements which were taken. In Part I the equivalent point source position is defined for an arbitrary distribution of acoustic sources over a reflecting plane. A measurement method is then proposed which minimizes the effect of horizontal source mislocation and ground impedance. This method is then verified experimentally and shown to accurately measure sources up to 2.5 m above the ground in the frequency range 200-2500 Hz. Part II describes measurements on moving highway vehicles. The results give the equivalent source height as a function of frequency for different classes of vehicle. The measured source height on heavy trucks is found to be approximately 1.2 m, medium trucks approximately 0.7 m and automobiles approximately 0.6 m. Part III tabulates all the measurements which were taken. KW - Accuracy KW - Automobiles KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Height KW - Measurement KW - Medium trucks KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486150 AU - Rajan, S D AU - Zaniewski, John P AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINTS AND JOINT GUARD ANGLES. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 65 p. AB - This report is a state-of-the-art report on Bridge Expansion Joints and Joint Guard Angles. The report is divided into five Chapters and an Appendix. Chapter 1 is an overview of problems with the bridge expansion joints. Classification, advantages and disadvantages of expansion joints are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 is devoted to current practices in Arizona in terms of types of joints. In Chapter 4, practices in the United States are summarized using the information supplied by different state highway agencies. The research findings and general practices are analyzed for further discussions. The last chapter contains findings, recommendations, and short-term and long-term research topics with emphasis on design and construction of new joints, maintenance requirements, and possible retrofitting of old and damaged joints. An Appendix is included to give more details on ADOT's design and specification standards. KW - Arizona KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Expansion joints KW - Joint guard angles KW - Maintenance KW - Retrofitting KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486149 AU - Lundgren, H R AU - Case, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MONOTUBE SIGN SUPPORT STRUCTURE. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 49 p. AB - The existing design criteria and other relevant publications for bridge type sign structures are evaluated and critiqued. Static and dynamic stresses and deformations are investigated for two common types of monotube construction. Both along-wind and cross-wind behavior are investigated. Several levels of improved design procedure are formulated in the report that more appropriately articulate the design requirements than the existing specifications. The implementation of the recommendations contained in this report make possible the utilization of more economical sign structures than are considered acceptable under the existing specification. KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design methods KW - Economics KW - Monotube construction KW - Recommendations KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Stresses KW - Tubing KW - Tunneling KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486186 AU - Heinrichs, K W AU - Liu, M J AU - Darter, M I AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Ioannides, A M AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PAVEMENT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN. FINAL REPORT. PHASE I PY - 1989/06 SP - 375 p. AB - This study was conducted to characterize and compare currently available rigid pavement analysis models and design methods and to develop new rigid pavement designs to be evaluated in full-scale experimental projects in an actual highway environment. The analysis models considered include: ILLI-SLAB, JSLAB, WESLIQID, WESLAYER, JCS-1, H51, CRCP-2, and RISC. The design methods include: 1985 AASHTO Guide, Zero-Maintenance JCP-1, California DOT, PCA, RPS-3 Texas SDHPT, ARBP-CRSI and Illinois DOT. The capabilities, limitations, and assumptions of each of these models and methods are discussed in detail to assess their adequacy to assist in the design and analysis of rigid pavements. Based upon the results obtained, several models and methods are recommended for use in the development of new rigid pavement designs. A set of rigid pavement designs, featuring trapezoidal cross sections, widened truck lanes, permeable drainage layer, longitudinal drainage pipe, precoated dowels, shorter joint spacing (for JRCP) and tied PCC shoulders was developed for field testing through experimental projects in the various climatic zones of the United States. A project description form (PDF) is provided for the interested State agencies. Guidelines were developed for joint load transfer design and joint spacing. Predictive models for doweled and nondoweled joints were developed. KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Evaluation KW - Finite element method KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Spacing KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485731 AU - Temple, W H AU - Cumbaa, S L AU - Boleware, D A AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIFE CYCLE, COST, AND LOADING CHARACTERISTICS OF AASHO DESIGNED RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN LOUISIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 50 p. AB - This report represents a study undertaken to determine the life cycle, load characteristics, and associated costs of a representative sample of the oldest rigid and flexible pavements designed in Louisiana (1963-1967) using the AASHO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures. Project selection resulted in a sampling of two classes of roads designed and constructed during this period--Interstate route jointed concrete pavements and secondary route asphaltic concrete pavements. An index, termed the Load Rate Index, was developed to compare actual and designed rate of equivalent single-axle loading (EAL) at any point in the life of a pavement. The total EAL accumulated versus designed EAL were also compared. The typical jointed concrete pavement (Interstate route) had not reached end of life by its 20th year (1989), having carried its design EAL. The effect of factors of safety used in the original design were removed for this analysis by relating design EAL to actual section thickness. The typical flexible pavement (secondary route) in the sample reached end of life at 14 years. The performance of these pavements is characteristic of cracking and settlement within the cement treated bases. Total project costs (construction plus maintenance) prior to end of life were expressed in terms of cost per mile, per EAL ($/EAL - mile) to represent pavement value or return on investment for each route class. It is concluded that expressions of pavement value to be incorporated into Louisiana's Pavement Management System should include the rate and quantity of designed load actually carried prior to end of life. KW - Axle loads KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Design load KW - Flexible pavements KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Settlement (Structures) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_214.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297554 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00485151 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Krylowski, T AU - Buckle, I G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF SEISMIC DESIGN AND RETROFIT PROCEDURES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1989/06 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-5 AB - This is a summary of recent advances in earthquake bridge design which takes into account the performance of substructures under high lateral loads. Efforts by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to provide training in the latest design and retrofit procedures are also described. It is noted that for earthquake design, the critical bridge elements are the substructure and foundations, and their connections to the superstructure. The past performance of bridges is reviewed, substructure and superstructure damage that can be caused by earthquakes is noted, and current seismic design philosophy is briefly discussed. Work to evaluate the seismic design and retrofit of highway structures include the following: development of a state-of-the-art, nationally accepted seismic design specification; development of comprehensive, practical guidelines for seismic retrofitting of bridges; and development of a user-firendly microcomputer program for seismic analysis of bridges. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Microcomputers KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Specifications KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00485154 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Aougab, H AU - Schwartz, C W AU - Wentworth, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERT SYSTEM FOR PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT PY - 1989/06 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - p. 17-23 AB - The need is noted for improved pavement maintenance and rehabilitation systems that can function with incomplete and/or poor quality data. Expert systems can deal with knowledge manipulation, and is divided into a generalized solution strategy component (inference engine) and the knowledge base. Other subsystems usually included in such systems are the knowledge acquisiton subsystem, the explanation subsystem, and the user interface. Expert systems applications in pavement maintenance management are listed and described. The details are described of PAMEX, an expert system for maintenance management of flexible pavements. The system builds on the pavement condition indicators devised by Jugo and the decision tree knowledge formulation which he created. The indicators combined information obtained from ride quality, structural condition, and functional performance surveys. These were then used to develop and refine a sequence of decision trees for evaluating pavement performance, identifying pavement problems and their probable causes, and recommending appropriate corrective measures. Validation and system enhancements are also described. KW - Evaluation KW - Expert systems KW - Management information systems KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Riding qualities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00485153 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Halkyard, T S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION AND WEATHERING STEEL BRIDGES PY - 1989/06 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-16 AB - A forum to consider the pros and cons of weathering steel is reported. Design consderations covered at the forum included expansion joints, design details, and environment. Maintenance considerations covered inlcuded water flushing, and cleaning and painting of steel. It was noted that weathering steel is an important construction material which, with proper use, has its place in the bridge construction industry. It was pointed out that engineers must be educated as to the proper use of weathering steel. Further research is needed in providing guidance on tunnel condition, and to determine threshold levels for adverse effects due to airborne chlorides. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Metal bridges KW - Research KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - Weathering steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00485152 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Morales, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GETTING STARTED - SELECTING AND USING COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC MODELS PY - 1989/06 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-11 AB - The various aspects of traffic modeling are discussed, and considerations involved in the use of computer models to simulate and optimize traffic flow are described. Some currently available models are also described. Important considerations in selecting traffic models are pointed out. The respective uses of simulation and optimization models are noted. Application and level of detail, ducumentation and user support, data requirements, data coding, and credibility and utility of results are discussed. The most widsely used programs for signal timing optimization are listed. Software that allows the engineer to evaluate proposed operational improvements before implementation are also listed and discussed. KW - Computer programs KW - Evaluation KW - Highway operations KW - Optimization KW - Selecting KW - Simulation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491922 AU - Hartt, W H AU - Chen, T Y AU - Narayanan, P K AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATHODIC PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING OF STEEL TENDONS IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1989/05/31 SP - 55 p. AB - Corrosion of prestressing steel in concrete has become a major technological problem with regard to both highway and building structures. While cathodic protection is now recognized as an appropriate technique for mitigating corrosion of steel in concrete, the possibility of environmental cracking (hydrogen embrittlement) in the case of prestressing tendon has limited its use. This report presents results of a program where hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of both notched and smooth prestressing wire was evaluated in a simulated concrete pore water solution by the constant extension rate testing (CERT) technique. Variables investigated were 1) the magnitude of cathodic polarization, 2) pH and chloride ion concentration and 3) time of cathodic precharging. It was concluded that cathodic polarization (item 1 above) is the most influential factor with the other variables exerting a more modest role. In this regard, a potential of -0.900 volts, SCE, has been identified as a polarization threshold below which tendon fracture load is significantly reduced. Because of this potential threshold it is concluded that conventional, constant current cathodic protection systems should not be utilized for prestressed concrete systems unless accompanied by a lower limit potential interrupt. For some of the test conditions investigated, a fracture load reduction of about 10% accompanied wire failure in tests at potentials positive to the -0.900v threshold. In view of the fact that tendons are stressed in service to approximately 70% of ultimate, this modest fracture load reduction could result in failure of a limited number of tendons even when cathodic protection is in the proper range. KW - Cathodic protection KW - Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Steel KW - Steel tendons KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584268 AU - Tsiatas, George AU - Fragaszy, Richard AU - Ho, Carlton AU - Kornher, Karen AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design Response Spectra for Washington State Bridges PY - 1989/05//Final Report SP - 38p AB - This report presents site-dependent design response spectra which account for the effects of the soils and earthquakes that occur in Washington State. A base spectrum and soil amplification spectra are developed that are correlated with a mapped severity coefficient. The base spectrum is selected with consideration given to the special characteristics of the subduction zone earthquakes likely to occur in this area. The computer program SHAKE is used to develop the soil amplification spectra. Soil profiles from 123 boring logs from actual bridge sites in Washington are used in this research. The results are intended to replace corresponding sections of the currently used AASHTO guidelines. KW - Bridge design KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Response spectra KW - Soil profiles KW - Soils KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/233.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457979 AU - Chang, Luh M AU - Garner, Peter Scott AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Investigation of Surface Coatings on Exposed Concrete PY - 1989/05//Final Report SP - 249p AB - The deterioration of concrete structures is accelerated when damaging chemical substances are allowed to penetrate the concrete and cause corrosion of the reinforcing steel. In recent years, attempts to eliminate this problem have been made through the application of surface coatings/sealers to the concrete. However, the current practice of coating seems a somewhat complicated process requiring sandblasting prior to sealing, followed by another sandblasting in preparation for coating. In addition, the advent of these surface treatments has not been accompanied by a simple means of assessing their performance in terms of both permeability and resistance to weathering. The objective of this study, which was funded by the Indiana Department of Highways, was to evaluate generic types of sealer/coating systems and ascertain which are suitable for use on non-wearing concrete surfaces in the State of Indiana. This was accomplished by studying the effectiveness of different surface sealers/ coatings when applied on concrete and subjected to different laboratory experiments. The effectiveness was established by determining if these materials could minimize or prevent the intrusion of chloride-concentrated water into the concrete while maintaining structural and aesthetic integrity. The results of this project show that a wide variety of generic types of chemicals are being used to seal concrete structures. However, the performance of these numerous materials in minimizing the absorption of saltwater into concrete was found to be highly variable. Many of the chemicals were quite ineffective in reducing the water and chloride absorption characteristics during simple saltwater soaking tests. The same was true for the rapid chloride permeability testing. There was also observed a large performance variation within a given generic type of chemical, such as within the epoxies, the urethanes, the silanes, etc. Although significant variations in performance exist, there are certain chemical formulations of materials that exhibit excellent performance. The specific chemical formulations and performance records for these materials are identified in the report. Two test procedures are suggested for use by chemical manufacturers, highway agencies, and testing laboratories to evaluate the performance of sealers/coatings. Even though certain sealer materials can significantly reduce the intrusion of chloride into concrete, the use of properly consolidated and cured low water/cement ratio concrete, and adequate cover over the embedded reinforcing steel is still needed for long-term protection in severe environments. KW - Absorption KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Formulations KW - Indiana KW - Laboratory studies KW - Seal coats UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314163 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416145 AU - Stein, A C AU - Parseghian, Z AU - Allen, R W AU - Wolf, C E AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety Traffic Operations TI - Overhead guide sign visibility factors; volume 1: final report PY - 1989/05 IS - FHWA/RD-88-196 SP - 34p AB - The project discussed in this report concerned the night use of overhead guide signs, including button and reflectorized copy and all practical combinations of reflectorized and opaque backgrounds. This project was a follow up effort to the literature review by Gordon. Gordon's review found areas requiring further investigation, including the comparison of nonilluminated nonretroreflectorized signs with both illuminated nonretroreflectorized and retroreflectorized signs. The current project included the investigation of current signing practices throughout the country, development of a set of in use luminance values for current overhead guide sign materials, development of life cycle costs for current signing materials and practices, and determination of driver response characteristics for these overhead guide sign systems. These goals were met through review of the literature, field testing, and static and dynamic laboratory testing. While the results of the tests are presented, no attempt has been made to draw conclusions from these data (A). KW - Conspicuity KW - Luminance KW - Luminance KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Overhead traffic sign KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectivity KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1183943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416128 AU - Solomon, D AU - Beason, L AU - Blake, D AU - Campbell, B J AU - Hayward, J AU - Owings, R AU - Deacon, J A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Safety Design Division TI - Highway safety research, development, and technology transfer program PY - 1989/05 IS - FHWA/RD-89-80 SP - 72p AB - In 1988, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated a study to define a future highway safety research, development, and technology transfer (RD&T2) program. The authors met on two occasions to present their views, and an effort was made to consolidate the thinking of the group into a consensus report. The consensus report presented here discusses a broad research, development, and technology transfer program that points the way toward reducing fatalities, injuries, and accident costs by 25 per cent. The estimated cost of the RD&T2 program is $150,000,000 annually. Two of the participants presented minority views that are included in the report (A). KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road safety KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1183926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414051 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations AU - Farradyne Systems, Inc. TI - Evaluation of the optimized policies for adaptive control strategy PY - 1989/05 IS - FHWA/RD-89-135 SP - 130p AB - The OPAC strategy is an on-line traffic signal control algorithm designed to optimize the performance of traffic signals at isolated intersections using delay as the performance criterion. OPAC-RT is a traffic signal control system which implements the OPAC strategy in real time. The system uses traffic data collected from detectors located well upstream (400 to 600 ft) of the stop bar on all approaches to an intersection. Optimum signal timing is determined using minimum and maximum green constraints and does not require a fixed cycle length. This report describes three field tests of the on-line OPAC strategy. The results indicate that OPAC performs better than well timed actuated signals, particularly at greater demand levels (A). KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Policy KW - Policy KW - Signal timing KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Vehicle detector KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412639 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Hansen, A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Validation of a surrogate vehicle for certification testing of transformer base luminaire supports PY - 1989/05 IS - FHWA/RD-87-034 SP - 110p AB - This report contains the results of tests performed to validate the FHWA FOIL bogie vehicle as a surrogate for testing transformer base luminaire supports. The tests were performed at the FOIL located in McLean, Virginia. Vehicle tests using 1979 Volkswagen Rabbits were compared with tests using the FHWA FOIL bogie. The comparisons included in this report are used to show that the FOIL bogie is validated as a surrogate vehicle for testing transformer base sign and luminaire supports (A). KW - Crash test KW - Impact tests KW - Lighting column KW - Lighting columns KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Structural testing KW - Structural tests KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485688 AU - Pyskadlo, R M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF POLYMER-COATED AND BITUMINOUS-COATED-AND-PAVED CORRUGATED STEEL PIPE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 22 p. AB - This project was initiated to compare polymer-coated and ashpalt-paved-polymer-coated corrugated steel pipe with asphalt-coated-and-paved pipe. Beth-Cu-Loy PC, Beth-Cu-Loy PC asphalt-paved, and U.S.S. Nexon and U.S.S. Nexon asphalt-paved in 10-ft lengths were coupled with either asphalt-coated-and-paved or fully-paved control pipes. Ten test sites were installed--six cross-culverts and four storm sewers. For up to 7 years, in nonaggressive sites, changes occurring in the plain polymer and asphalt-paved-polymers were minor and did not influence protective capabilities of the coatings. KW - Abrasion resistant coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Culvert materials KW - Culverts KW - Metal pipe KW - Polymers KW - Protective coatings KW - Storm sewers KW - Structural materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738917 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Sharpe, G W AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 59: THE USE OF FLY ASH IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION, FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY PY - 1989/05 SP - 47 p. AB - This report summarizes preliminary site investigations, design criteria and procedures, construction criteria and procedures, and results of initial and final evaluations of an experimental road base utilizing lime kiln dust, fly ash and aggregate. Observed performance has been satisfactory. Compressive strength evaluations indicate exceptional early strength and continued strength gain of the pozzolanic base. Backcalculation of specific elastic layer moduli indicate that the modulus of the pozzolanic base material is most likely within a range of 500,000 to 1,000,000 psi. Based upon observations to date, treated bases enhance overall pavement performance and their use should be continued. It is quite probable that pavement life may be extended at reduced costs. KW - Backcalculation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium oxide KW - Compressive strength KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Dust KW - Fly ash KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Layer moduli KW - Modulus KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pozzolanic action KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738916 AU - Southgate, H F AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEIGHTS MEASURED BY PERMANENT TRUCK SCALES AND GOLDEN RIVER WEIGH-IN-MOTION SCALES PY - 1989/05 SP - 82 p. AB - The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet's Division of Planning purchased a Golden River Weigh-In-Motion system. The first assignment was to determine the optimum calibration setting for operating each weigh mat. The second assignment was to determine the sensitivity of the weigh data. The third assignment was to develop appropriate relationships to adjust the dynamic data to equivalent static data. A series of correlation efforts established the appropriate calibration factor for each weigh mat. Then the mats were installed at a site on I 64 in Shelby County and data were collected for over 1,600 trucks. From these data, it became evident that equations to adjust dynamic loads to equivalent static loads should be developed for individual axle locations on the truck rather than the gross weight as recommended by the manufacturer. The primary reason was that the steering axle's dynamic load was approximately 70% of the static axle load. The discrepancy is due to the torque transmitted from the engine to the drive axles which partially lifts the steering axle off the pavement. Therefore, equations were developed for: (1) steering axle; (2) single drive axle; (3) single axle on trailer; (4) drive tandem axles; (5) trailer tandem axles; (6) drive tridem axles; and (7) trailer tridem axles. Observations of truck dynamics combined with literature review indicated that dynamic axle loads are affected by: (1) engine torque; (2) temperature of rigid pavements; (3) location of axle on truck; (4) pavement roughness rather than pavement type; and (5) suspension system between truck frame and axles. KW - Axle loads KW - Calibration KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Dynamic loads KW - Engine operation KW - Equations KW - Information processing KW - Permanent truck scales KW - Roughness KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Static loads KW - Surface temperature KW - Suspension systems KW - Torque KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion scales KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738888 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR BUTLER COUNTY PY - 1989/05 SP - 23 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Butler County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the route that has been investigated and recommended as being the route in Butler County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended route, US 231, has been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Butler County (Kentucky) KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738890 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR BALLARD COUNTY PY - 1989/05 SP - 32 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Ballard County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Ballard County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 60 and KY 121, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Ballard County (Kentucky) KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738892 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR DAVIESS COUNTY PY - 1989/05 SP - 26 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Daviess County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Daviess County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 231, KY 56, KY 1554, and Audubon Parkway, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Daviess County (Kentucky) KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738895 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR TODD COUNTY PY - 1989/05 SP - 24 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Todd County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Todd County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 68/KY 80 and US 79, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Todd County (Kentucky) KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738896 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR WEBSTER COUNTY PY - 1989/05 SP - 25 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Webster County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Webster County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, KY 109 and US 41, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Webster County (Kentucky) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738891 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR HENDERSON COUNTY PY - 1989/05 SP - 39 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Henderson County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Henderson County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 60, US 41, KY 351, KY 416, and Audubon Parkway, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Henderson County (Kentucky) KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738893 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR LOGAN COUNTY PY - 1989/05 SP - 39 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Logan County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Logan County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 431, US 68/KY 80, and US 79, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Logan County (Kentucky) KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738889 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR UNION COUNTY PY - 1989/05 SP - 32 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Union County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Union County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 60, KY 130, and KY 109, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Union County (Kentucky) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738887 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR MUHLENBERG COUNTY PY - 1989/05 SP - 28 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Muhlenberg County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Muhlenberg County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 431 and KY 176, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all the potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Muhlenberg County (Kentucky) KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485261 AU - Noel, E C AU - Sabra, Ziad A AU - Dudek, C L AU - Daniel Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORK ZONE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYNTHESIS: USE OF RUMBLE STRIPS IN WORK ZONES PY - 1989/05 SP - 55 p. AB - This report is a synthesis of research findings and current practices in the design, selection and application of rumble strips at work zones. The information is based on a review of research reports and work zone manuals from a selection of state and local highway agencies, discussions with highway officials, and field observations of selected highway construction projects. The report presents an assessment of the state-of-the-practice and makes recommendations for further research and future revisions of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. KW - Audible delineators KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Interviewing KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Manuals KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Rumble strips KW - State of the art studies KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/89037/89037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485609 AU - Adiv, A AU - Ervin, R D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF FEATURES PROPOSED FOR IMPROVING TRUCK SAFETY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 95 p. AB - This study addresses three of the action plans recommended by the Michigan Interagency Truck Committee to improve truck safety in Michigan. The three topics analyzed here are: (1) Improved Truck Identification; (2) Mandatory Use of On-Board Recorders (OBR's); and (3) Maximum 22 in. Height of Rear Bumpers for Trucks and Trailers. The study summarizes and integrates the existing knowledge on each of the three topics. The sources of information used by the reseaerch team include: literature review, interviews of trucking companies and associations, interviews of instrument manufacturers and users, and discussions and study of research materials developed by enforcement agencies at the federal level (FHWA and NHTSA). The study recommended: (1) mandating federal rule on truck identification for all Michigan-based exempt carriers and initiating an experimental program for a State-based toll-free number; (2) not to mandate use of OBR's in Michigan; and (3) mandating the 22 in. guard for all Michigan-based trucks above 10,000 lbs GVWR, following the general form of NHTSA's proposed rule, and paying particular attention to the three types of exempt vehicles - low chassis, wheel-back, and utility trucks. KW - Data recorders KW - Flight recorders KW - Highway safety KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Michigan KW - On-board recorders KW - Rear bumper height KW - Recommendations KW - Tachographs KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610093 AU - Barton, J R AU - Teller, C M AU - Suhler, S A AU - Texas Research Institute Austin, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN, DEVELOP AND FABRICATE A PROTOTYPE NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION AND MONITORING SYSTEM FOR STRUCTURAL CABLES AND STRANDS OF SUSPENSION BRIDGES. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 133 p. AB - This report describes the development of a prototype magnetic perturbation NDE system for inspecting and monitoring structural cables and strands of suspension bridges. Although this method had been applied successfully to a variety of NDE problems, including small diameter cables, the application to larger diameter cables was an extremely difficult endeavor. A limited parametric laboratory investigation was conducted using a rudimentary system consisting of a 200-lb (91 kg) electromagnet with an attached Hall probe to measure the magnetic perturbations as a simulated cable was scanned. The first specimen consisted of 370 steel rods (0.25-in. (6.4-mm) diameter by 20-ft (6.1-m) long) enclosed by a 6.0-in. (15.2-cm) I.D. by 0.28-in. (7.1-mm) wall thickness steel pipe 20-ft (6.1-m) long that supported the rods and also simulated the 0.2-in. (5.1-mm) diameter soft steel spiral protective wrap used on some main cables. Magnetic anomalies in the steel pipe obscured flaw signals except for very large flaws. After many changes in the experimental arrangement which included replacing the steel pipe with an aluminum pipe, detection of a 0.27% cross-sectional area flaw at a depth of 1.9 in. (4.8 cm) was achieved. Subsequently, a prototype Magnetic Perturbation Cable (MPC) NDE system was constructed and field demonstrations were successfully conducted on the 6.3-in. (16-cm) diameter Luling Bridge stay cables (12-15 December 1988). Approximately 420 data scans (each 100 in. (2.5 m) long) were recorded. Comprehensive analyses disclosed the possibility that grouting was so thin in several regions on top of a cable that segments of wires were moved by the magnetic attractive forces at each poleface. The MPC incorporates the high sensitivity, excellent resolution, long-term stability, etc., of the magnetic perturbation method with modern microprocessor control, digital communication, computer archival storage, digital signal analyses routines, etc., into an integrated, state-of-the-art, automated NDE system that now makes it possible to apply modern quantitative structural lifetime assurance strategies to suspension bridge cables. KW - Automation KW - Bridge cables KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Field tests KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Magnetic perturbation KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Prototypes KW - Strands KW - Suspension bridges KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491890 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Buth, C E AU - Campise, W L AU - Kaderka, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TEST OF TEXAS T202 BRIDGE RAIL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 48 p. AB - The Texas Type T202 concrete bridge rail is an extremely popular bridge rail in the state of Texas. The T202 rail consists of a concrete beam element 10 in. (25.4 cm) wide by 14 in. (35.6 cm) deep, mounted 27 in. (68.6 cm) high on concrete posts located 10 ft (3 m) apart, center-to-center spacing. The concrete posts are 7 in. (19 cm) thick by 5 ft (1.5 m) long concrete walls with 5 ft (1.5 m) openings between them. The beam element provides flexibility thus minimizing the need for frequent joints to control cracking. Thus, the T202 rail can be placed in long continuous lengths (up to 200 ft or more), giving good structural continuity and strength. In 1979 the Modified T202 bridge rail (the T202 with an aluminum rail on top), was successfully crash tested with an 1,800 lb Honda at 59.4 mph (95.6 km/hr) and a 15 degree angle. The aluminum rail on top never contacted the Honda and thus had no influence on the test results. In order to qualify the T202 bridge rail for use on federal aid highways, it had to be crash tested with a 4,500 lb (2,045 kg) car at 60 mph (96.6 km/hr) and a 25 degree angle. This report briefly summarizes the results of the Honda test conducted in 1979 and also presents the results of the 4,500 lb (2,045 kg) car at 60 mph (96.6 km/hr) and a 25 degree angle. The bridge rail contained and smoothly redirected the test vehicle. This test and the Honda test met all the safety evaluation criteria of NCHRP Report 230. KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Redirection KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491147 AU - Ullman, G L AU - Krammes, R A AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR MAJOR FREEWAY CONSTRUCTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 116 p. AB - This report summarizes the corridor traffic management experiences at completed and ongoing construction projects nationwide. A corridor traffic management plan for a major freeway construction project has three components: (1) the traffic control plan for the construction zone, (2) impact mitigation actions on alternative routes and modes in the corridor, and (3) the public information program. The various strategies and techniques that have been used as part of each component are identified. Data regarding the costs and effectiveness are presented where available. This document will assist highway agencies when developing corridor traffic management plans for major construction projects in the future. KW - Construction projects KW - Corridors KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Impacts KW - Information dissemination KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mitigation KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Transportation system management KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603248 AU - Mills, D R AU - Keller, T J AU - Pasapane, B E AU - Delaware Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF GROUND PENETRATING RADAR AND INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND BRIDGE DECKS IN DELAWARE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 60 p. AB - This report describes the performance of Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Infrared Thermography (IR) technologies as applied to testing and inspection of concrete pavement and bridge decks in Delaware. Concrete pavement and bridge deck "truthing" cores revealed that generally the GPR and IR were effective in detecting voids, crack and joint deterioration, delaminations, etc. The sensitivity of the GPR equipment in determining void depth needs to be improved. The sensitivity of the IR equipment in distinguishing between delaminations and debonds needs to be improved also. The Donohue units' location component (distance footage meter) showed discrepancies when compared to the same distances measured with a Delaware DOT computerized unit. Inspection time, cost and information gathered were compared with and without the Donohue equipment. Based on the relatively infrequent pavement and bridge deck inspection requests the Delaware DOT does not recommend GPR and/or IR be incorporated into our regular inspection system at this time. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Debonding KW - Delamination KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Deterioration KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Infrared radiation KW - Inspection KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Testing KW - Thermographs KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600445 AU - Woods, D L AU - Rollins, J B AU - Crane, L M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR USING WIDE-PAVED SHOULDERS ON LOW-VOLUME TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS BASED ON BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 51 p. AB - The study considers the relative benefit/cost for the provision of wide-paved shoulders on rural two-lane highways. Cost elements considered were accidents, pavement edge maintenance, paved shoulder surface maintenance, and travel time. It is concluded that wide-paved shoulders (6-10 feet wide) are cost beneficial for Average Annual Daily Traffic above 1500 vehicles per day. This value corresponds very well with the 2000 vehicles per day reported n the Transportation Research Board Special Report 214, 1987. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crashes KW - Guidelines KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Paved shoulders KW - Rural highways KW - Travel time KW - Two lane highways KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488579 AU - Deer, R AU - Mansfield, C E AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INLAID TRAFFIC LANE LINES: I-90, EDGEWICK ROAD TO HYAK. POST CONSTRUCTION/ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 30 p. AB - Three types of stripping materials installed in recessed grooves are evaluated for reflectivity and durability. Initial performance evaluations have two of the materials showing very little wear and providing good daytime delineation but marginal nighttime delineation. The other material is showing considerable damage in the form of cracking and spalling and is providing good nighttime delineation but only marginal daytime delineation due to the loss of material. KW - Days KW - Durability KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Night KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recessed traffic markings KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Spalling KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Visibility KW - Wear UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/184.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298876 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600637 JO - Publication of: California University, Berkeley PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Lau, MY-K AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 298 p. AB - An intuitive methodology of developing injury, property-damage only (PDO) and fatal accident models for unsignalized intersections based on the Traffic Accident Surveillance and Analysis System (TASAS) in California is illustrated. A fairly new grouping and classifying technique called Classification and Regression Trees (CART) was used as a building block for developing prediction models. The proposed methodology includes a 3-level prediction procedure with a "tree" structure for easy interpretation and applications. It includes an adjustment procedure for different reporting levels of PDO accidents in different police jurisdictions. It also describes some applications of accident prediction models and some areas where future automation of the TASAS system could be made. An integrated traffic accident system for prediction, surveillance, improvement, evaluation, and monitoring studies is discussed. Techniques discussed for such a system include computer intensive tree building methods, knowledge-based expert systems, randomization experiments. Macroscopic-type models for injury, and PDO accidents per year were derived, and the following factors were found to be significant: traffic intensity, proportion of cross street traffic, intersection type, control type, number of lanes, and left-turn arrangements, traffic flow arrangements, and environmental locations. Relevant factors for fatal accidents are traffic intensity, percentage of cross street traffic, and design speed. Based on the results, it is also apparent that the models derived from the proposed methodology and TASAS provide more intuition and flexibility than the existing models used in California. KW - Crashes KW - Expert systems KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Trees (Mathematics) KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488581 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Hansen, A AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALIDATION OF A SURROGATE VEHICLE FOR CERTIFICATION TESTING OF TRANSFORMER BASE LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 110 p. AB - This report contains the results of tests performed to validate the FHWA FOIL bogie vehicle as a surrogate for testing transformer base luminaire supports. The tests were performed at the FOIL located in McLean, Virginia. Vehicle tests using 1979 Volkswagen Rabbits were compared with tests using the FHWA FOIL bogie. The comparisons included in this report are used to show that the FOIL bogie is validated as a surrogate vehicle for testing transformer base sign and luminaire supports. KW - Automobiles KW - Breakaway supports KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Luminaires KW - Sign supports KW - Structural supports KW - Substitutes KW - Supports KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600441 AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Barenberg, E J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BACKGROUND FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANISTIC BASED DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES (INTERIM) 1985-89 PY - 1989/05 SP - 252 p. AB - Background information needed for the development of a mechanistic based design procedure for jointed concrete pavements was developed and reviewed. Mechanistic models available to analyze jointed pavement systems were reviewed and evaluated. Responses of pavement systems to load and climatic factors were evaluated, and correlated to performance of pavements in service. Based on these correlations, a fatigue based thickness design procedure was proposed to determine the thickness of jointed concrete pavements. Instrumented pavement sections were constructed and tested in both southern and northern Illinois to validate the mathematical models used in the proposed design procedure. KW - Climate KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Jointed pavements KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Validation UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-056.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488639 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Hansen, A AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALIDATION OF A SURROGATE VEHICLE FOR CERTIFICATION TESTING OF COUPLING-MOUNTED LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 82 p. AB - This report contains the results of tests performed to validate the FHWA FOIL bogie vehicle as a surrogate for testing coupling-mounted sign and luminaire supports. The tests were performed at the FOIL located in McLean, Virginia. Vehicle tests using 1979 Volkswagen Rabbits were compared with tests using the FHWA FOIL bogie. The comparisons included in this report are used to show that the FOIL bogie is validated as a surrogate vehicle for testing coupling-mounted luminaire supports. KW - Automobiles KW - Breakaway supports KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Couplers KW - Luminaires KW - Sign supports KW - Structural supports KW - Substitutes KW - Supports KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486058 AU - Sen, R AU - Hodge, D AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF STIFFNESS PARAMETERS OF VOIDED CONCRETE SLAB BRIDGES. VOLUME 2: STRENGTH DESIGN OF LONGITUDINALLY AND TRANSVERSELY POSTTENSIONED SLAB BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 108 p. AB - This study investigates the ultimate strength of longitudinally and transversely prestressed, continuous, curved, voided slab bridges. The ultimate capacities in pure bending and pure torsion are first examined followed by an investigation into the interaction between bending, shear and torsion at failure. An approximate one dimensional analysis is developed to determine the ultimate bending capacity of longitudinally and transversely prestressed sections. The effect of transverse prestress is incorporated by using biaxial stress strain relations in a strain compatibility analysis. Parametric studies are conducted to determine the influence of the magnitude of the transverse prestress on the ultimate flexure capacity. The ultimate torsion strength is determined from skew bending theory, currently used by the ACI Code for designing reinforced concrete members. The contribution of the concrete to the ultimate torsion resistance of voided sections is determined from that of the solid section by using modification factors proposed in the literature. The effect of torsion on the ultimate bending and shear capacity is incorporated through the use of two new interaction relations developed from an assessment of published test data. The validity of these relations is established by comparing theoretical collapse loads with observed values. The application of the proposed rules is demonstrated by an illustrative example. KW - Bending KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Curved slabs KW - Interaction KW - Longitudinal KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressing KW - Shear strength KW - Slabs KW - Torsion KW - Transverse KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486057 AU - Oline, L AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF STIFFNESS PARAMETERS OF VOIDED CONCRETE SLAB BRIDGES. VOLUME 1: THREE DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF POSTTENSIONED VOIDED SLAB BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 107 p. AB - This study investigates the finite element computer aided structural model development and analysis for longitudinally and transversely posttensioned, voided concrete slab bridges. Straight and curved, two span, continuous models are developed and analyzed. Comparison of the results of the two span straight continuous computer model to some experimental results from Canada is illustrated. This comparison was used to determine the viability of the computer modeling procedure. A prototype curved slab is also modeled and analyzed. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Curved slabs KW - Finite element method KW - Longitudinal KW - Mathematical models KW - Posttensioning KW - Prototypes KW - Slabs KW - Three dimensional KW - Transverse UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485692 AU - Noble, D F AU - Boles, C F AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF BRIDGES DURING FLOODS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 37 p. AB - The models used to predict the depth of scour that might occur in a river when a bridge is constructed across it were based on laboratory data. Within the decade of the 1980s, the Federal Highway Administration encouraged the states to collect field data on flooding and its effect on bridges. These data were used to verify the models for those conditions and geographic areas for which the data were applicable. High water during floods is the test of such models. Thus, after the severe flood in November 1985, as much information as possible was collected and compiled about the flood waters, the geology of the site, the configuraton of the river and its flood plain, the bridge, and the damage done by the flood at four sites. Some of the data were used to calculate hydraulic parameters, and depths of scour; and the sediments collected were processed to determine their engineering properties. At least a year after the calculations were made, the Federal Highway Administration issued a technical advisory on scour at bridges which contained recommendations that would have changed the results had they been available when those calculations were made. It was recognized that the information collected in Virginia was limited in scope relative to the tremendous variability in characteristics and conditions that exist for rivers throughout the United States. Thus, in order to cooperate in a regional to national effort, this information was transmitted to the Hydraulics Section of the Federal Highway Administration where it was used to verify and modify the predictive models. KW - Bridges KW - Depth KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Floods KW - Forecasting KW - Hydraulics KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Scour KW - Sediments UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36767/89-R23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485258 AU - Noel, E C AU - Sabra, Ziad A AU - Dudek, C L AU - Daniel Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF FLASHING ARROW PANELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 74 p. AB - This report is a synthesis of research findings and current practices in the selection and application of arrow panels in work zones. The information presented here is based on a review of research reports and work zone manuals from a selection of state and city highway agencies, discussions with highway officials, and field observations of selected highway construction projects. The report presents an assessment of the state-of-the-practice and makes recommendations for further research and specification inclusions in the future revisions of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Flashing arrow panels KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Interviewing KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Manuals KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Warning signals KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/89034/89034.pdf UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/89034/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485260 AU - Noel, E C AU - Sabra, Ziad A AU - Dudek, C L AU - Daniel Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIEDOWN METHODS FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SAFETY SHAPED BARRIERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 67 p. AB - This report is a synthesis of research findings and current practices regarding the design and application of systems for anchoring (tieing down) portable concrete safety shaped barriers (CSSBs) to highway pavements. The presented information is based on a literature review, field observation and discussions with highway officials in a selection of states. The report presents design graphics on a number of methods for controlling sliding, tilting and overturning of portable CSSBs, identifies areas for research, and makes recommendations regarding practices and information that should be included in the AASHTO Roadside Design Guide. KW - Anchoring KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Interviewing KW - Median barriers KW - Portable equipment KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/89036/89036.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485268 AU - WHITING, D AU - Dziedzic, W AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESISTANCE TO CHLORIDE INFILTRATION OF SUPERPLASTICIZED CONCRETE AS COMPARED WITH CURRENTLY USED CONCRETE OVERLAY SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 86 p. AB - A study of the chloride permeability of rigid concrete bridge deck overlays was conducted during the 1987 construction season. A total of thirteen latex-modified concrete (LMC) overlays, ten superplasticized dense concrete (SDC) overlays, and two condensed silica fume concrete (CSFC) overlays, were investigated. Concretes were tested using both the rapid chloride permeability test and 90-day chloride ponding. Results of this study indicate the CSFC is the most impermeable of the three materials tested to chloride ions. Following CSFC, in order of increasing permeability, are LMC and SDC. Although all materials show a decrease in permeability with age, chloride ions slowly penetrate these materials and can build up to substantial levels over long periods of time. For newly constructed overlays, there was a good correlation between results of the rapid chloride permeability and 90-day ponding tets. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete overlays KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Permeability KW - Silica fume KW - Silica fume concrete KW - Sodium chloride KW - Superplasticizers KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485257 AU - Noel, E C AU - Sabra, Ziad A AU - Dudek, C L AU - Daniel Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BARRIER DELINEATION TREATMENTS USED IN WORK ZONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 43 p. AB - This report is a synthesis of research findings on current practices in the delineation of portable concrete safety-shaped barriers (CSSBs) in work zones. The information is based on a review of research reports and work zone manuals from a selection of state and city highway agencies, discussions with highway officials, and field observations of selected highway construction projects. The report presents an assessment of the state-of-the-practice and makes recommendations for further research and future revisions of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Delineation KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Highway delineators KW - Interviewing KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Manuals KW - Median barriers KW - Portable equipment KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491296 AU - Roschke, P N AU - Aftab, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRAPHICALLY-ORIENTED LINEAR ANALYSIS OF PLANE FRAMES SUBJECTED TO COMPLEX LOADINGS ON MICROCOMPUTERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 41 p. AB - Computer program FRAME11 performs a linear elastic analysis of plane frames subjected to complex loading conditions. Enhancements are made to an existing FORTRAN code using currently available hardware and software. The original code runs on a minicomputer with alphanumeric terminals, while the enhanced version runs on a microcomputer with an improved user interface that includes panel-oriented input and extensive use of graphics. Low level assembly language routines are written to provide functions for manipulating screens, and calls to a commercial software package provide functions for graphical capabilities. The existing code is integrated with the new program as subroutines, but no other modifications are made to facilitate avoidance of new error sources. Panel-oriented input eases the user's burden of creating and editing problems. Graphical representation of input data allows error-checking before execution of the code. In addition to the conventional numerical presentation, output data from analysis is also displayed graphically. A menu structure controls access to various capabilities of the software package. FORTRAN 77 is used as the primary language for new code development. KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Elastic analysis KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Frames KW - Interactive graphics KW - Linear elastic analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491297 AU - Roschke, P N AU - Aftab, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRAPHICALLY-ORIENTED NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY LOADED PLANE FRAMES ON MICROCOMPUTERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 52 p. AB - Computer program FRAME51 performs a nonlinear analysis of statically loaded plane frames using a discrete element model. Enhancements are made to an existing FORTRAN code using currently available hardware and software. The original code runs on a minicomputer with alphanumeric terminals, while the enhanced version runs on a microcomputer with an improved user interface that includes panel-oriented input and extensive use of graphics. Low level assembly language routines are written to provide functions for manipulating screens, and calls to a commercial software package provide functions for graphical capabilities. The existing code is integrated with the new program as subroutines, but no other modifications are made to facilitate avoidance of new error sources. Panel-oriented input eases the user's burden of creating and editing problems. Graphical representation of input data allows error-checking before execution of the code. In addition to the conventional numerical presentation, output data from analysis is also displayed graphically. A menu structure controls access to various capabilities of the software package. FORTRAN 77 is used as the primary language for new code development. KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Frames KW - Interactive graphics KW - Microcomputers KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490587 AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Barenberg, E J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPOSED MECHANISTIC BASED DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 77 p. AB - Proposed mechanistic based design procedure for jointed concrete pavements was developed. Design is based on the prevention of transverse cracks, which is the predominant type of structural failure in jointed concrete pavements. A fatigue based criteria was developed to take into account the strength of the concrete, number of applied ESALs, joint spacing, subgrade support, temperature gradients through the slab, shoulder type and subbase thickness and material type. Dowelled transverse joints can be at intervals between 15 and 45 feet. If dowelled joints are spaced greater than 20 foot intervals, intermediate hinge joints are assumed for the design. Shoulder types can be either bituminous surfaced, concrete (tied or untied) or extended lane pavements with bituminous or concrete outside the extended lane. Computerized design procedures for use with PC computers were developed as well as design nomographs. KW - Computer aided design KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Nomographs KW - Pavement design KW - Personal computers KW - Prevention KW - Road shoulders KW - Spacing KW - Transverse cracking KW - Transverse joints UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-051.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490573 AU - Farradyne Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE OPTIMIZED POLICIES FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL STRATEGY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 130 p. AB - The OPAC strategy is an on-line traffic signal control algorithm designed to optimize the performance of traffic signals at isolated intersections using delay as the performance criterion. OPAC-RT is a traffic signal control system which implements the OPAC strategy in real time. The system uses traffic data collected from detectors located well upstream (400 to 600 ft) of the stop bar on all approaches to an intersection. Optimum signal timing is determined using minimum and maximum green constraints and does not require a fixed cycle length. This report describes three field tests of the on-line OPAC strategy. The results indicate that OPAC performs better than well timed actuated signals, particularly at greater demand levels. KW - Algorithms KW - Field tests KW - Isolated intersections KW - Isolated signalized intersections KW - Optimization KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Signalization KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489599 AU - Beason, W L AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Campise, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF HEAVY VEHICLE IMPACT FORCES AND INERTIA PROPERTIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 239 p. AB - The research presented in the report designed and constructed an instrumented wall which is capable of measuring the impact forces associated with heavy vehicle impacts. The design of the instrumented wall was based on an earlier wall developed to measure the impact forces associated with lighter vehicles. The wall consists of four concrete segments which are supported on low friction teflon pads and instrumented with load cells and accelerometers. The instrumented wall was used to measure the impact forces associated with a variety of vehicles including a full-size automobile, two pickups, two Chevrolet Suburbans, an intercity bus, a single-unit truck, and three tractor-trailer rigs. In addition to the direct measurement of the impact forces associated with the various vehicles, an approximate technique was developed which allows the impact force to be estimated using the results of onboard vehicle accelerometers. Results from the approximate analysis compare favorably with the results from the instrumented wall. KW - Accelerometers KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact tests KW - Instrumented walls KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Research KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489598 AU - Solomon, D AU - Beason, L AU - Blake, D AU - Campbell, B J AU - Hayward, J AU - Boyd (Harrison) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAM: FINAL CONSENSUS PAPER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 75 p. AB - In 1988, the Federal Highway Administration initiated a study to define a future highway safety research, development, and technology transfer program. The consensus report presented here discusses a broad program that points the way toward reducing fatalities, injuries, and accident costs by 25%. The estimated cost of the program is $150,000,000 annually. Two of the participants presented minority views that are included in the report. KW - Cost estimating KW - Development KW - Estimates KW - Highway safety KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488641 AU - Disbro, J E AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF CHLORINATED-RUBBER TRAFFIC PAINT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 33 p. AB - Based on promising performance in earlier tests, 90,000 gal of chlorinated-rubber (CR) traffic paint were installed by Region 4 (Rochester) striping crews in 1987. This material appeared to offer 12-month durability, unlike the Department's standard modified alkyd (MA) traffic paint. This report documents performance of nearly 300 miles of test lines installed by Regions 1 (Albany) and 4, compared to matching sections of MA traffic paint. The only area of concern during installation was the longer no-track time of CR paint, requiring increased traffic protection measures to protect wet lines from vehicles. It would appear that CR is capable of providing year-round delineation under typical conditions, on most New York roadways currently requiring traffic paint. However, it may require a second restriping of some lines to achieve this goal and continued observation of CR paint performance is necessary to identify those combinations of traffic, roadway, and climatic conditions under which CR is not capable of providing 12-month durability. KW - Chlorinated rubber KW - Drying rate KW - Durability KW - Performance evaluations KW - Striping materials KW - Traffic paint UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21139/PB99100364.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486066 AU - Davis, D W AU - Barkin, R AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR WATER SURFACE PROFILE COMPUTATIONS (PAS) - USER'S MANUAL. HYDRAULIC COMPUTER PROGRAM HY-11. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 78 p. AB - The Preliminary Analysis System for Water Surface Profile Computations (PAS) - User's Manual describes and illustrates the use of a microcomputer program to assist in stream geometry data development for water surface profile computations. The program implements the findings of the research project "Accuracy of Computed Water Surface Profiles," (Hydrologic Engineering Center, 1986) and incorporates features for preliminary hydraulic computations based on limited data. KW - Accuracy KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programs KW - Geometry KW - Hydraulics KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Rivers KW - Streams KW - Water surface profiles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486273 AU - Carello, R A AU - Parks, D M AU - Apostolos, J A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT, TESTING AND FIELD APPLICATION OF METALLIZED CATHODIC PROTECTION COATINGS ON REINFORCED CONCRETE SUBSTRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 122 p. AB - This report presents laboratory and field studies relating to the technology, materials and instrumentation used to develop and test a cathodic protection system for reinforced concrete substructures (vertical surfaces). Laboratory evaluations of fifteen conductive paints and metallized coatings were performed to determine the coating bond strength, resistivity, weatherability, and consumption rate during cathodic protection current delivery. Instant-off and polarization shift surveys were also conducted. The application and results of 6.1 years of laboratory and field testing, which included 3.6 years of monitoring an impressed current cathodic protection system using metallized zinc and Sprababbitt A as the distribution anodes, are documented. The system was applied to two reinforced concrete columns of a bridge substructure in a marine environment in the San Francisco Bay. The sustem has been operating since August 1983. A sample specification for applying metallized zinc to cathodically protected reinforced concrete substructures is also included. KW - Bridge substructures KW - Cathodic protection KW - Columns KW - Development KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marine atmospheres KW - Paint KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Seas KW - Specifications KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486101 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - McGhee, K K AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT PATCHING TECHNIQUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 99 p. AB - This final report presents the results of a study undertaken to improve in concrete pavement patching techniques. Activities included an evaluation of the suitability of the impact hammer and maturity calculations for determining when a patch is ready to receive traffic, the determination of the compressive strength of typical patches at the time they are first subjected to traffic, the collection of installation data on selected patches, and subsequent monitoring of the performance of the patches over a 33- to 81-month period. The resarch is valuable to the Department because it shows that (1) with proper calibration, the impact hammer can be used to provide an indication of the compressive strength of a patch, (2) with the development of appropriate regression models, maturity calculations can be used to provide an indication of the compressive strength of a patch, (3) patches subjected to traffic at an age of 6 to 9 hours showed the most deterioration, (4) patches with a temperature matched cured strength greater than 4,500 psi when opened to traffic showed the least deterioration, and (5) all patch types evaluated performed satisfactorily over the study period with the exception of some faulting and early deterioration of some full-width, full-depth, Type I patches without load transfer devices that were less than or equal to 3 ft long. A longer evaluation period is needed to better assess the relative performance of the patch types. KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Impact hammers KW - Maturity KW - Monitoring KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Temperature matched curing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36770/89-R22.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485334 AU - Stein, A C AU - PARSEGHIAN, Z AU - Allen, R W AU - Wolf, C E AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERHEAD GUIDE SIGN VISIBILITY FACTORS, VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 34 p. AB - The project discussed in this report concerned the night use of overhead guide signs, including button and reflectorized copy and all practical combinations of reflectorized and opaque backgrounds. This project was a follow-up effort to the literature review by Gordon. Gordon's review found areas requiring further investigation, including the comparison of nonilluminated-nonretroreflectorized signs with both illuminated-nonretroreflectorized and retroreflectorized signs. The current project included the investigation of current signing practices throughout the country, development of a set of in-use luminance values for current overhead guide sign materials, development of life cycle costs for current signing materials and practices, and determination of driver response characteristics for these overhead guide sign systems. These goals were met through review of the literature, field testing, and static and dynamic laboratory testing. While the results of the tests are presented, no attempt has been made to draw conclusions from these data. KW - Backgrounds KW - Buttons KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Guide signs KW - Laboratory tests KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Luminous intensity KW - Night KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Reaction time KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Test results KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485598 AU - Shute, J W AU - Hicks, R G AU - Wilson, J E AU - Scholl, L G AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTISTRIPPING ADDITIVES. VOLUME I PY - 1989/05 SP - 84 p. AB - Volume I of this report summarizes the findings on the extent of stripping in 32 Oregon DOT projects and discusses the significant findings from a literature review. Of the 32 projects, 10 had not used an asphalt or aggregate antistripping additive, 19 contained lime-treated aggregate, and 3 contained asphalt treated with an amine-type antistripping additive. These projects range in age from 1 to 9 years. The percent of aggregate coated with asphalt, which was used to determine if a project was stripping, was established from breaking and visually evaluating core samples taken from each project site. Using the criteria that a coating less than 85% classified a project as stripping, the following results were obtained: 7 of the 10 projects without an additive, 5 of the 19 lime-treated aggregate projects, and 2 of the 3 amine-treated asphalt projects were identified as stripping. The conclusion is that lime treatment of aggregate has proven effective in reducing the moisture susceptibility of an asphalt mixture. In addition, a review of mix design test values for the index of retained strength (IRS) (AASHTO T-165) and resilient modulus (M sub r) test indicates the IRS test does not reliably predict moisture susceptible mixtures. The M sub r test did provide a better indication of moisture susceptible mixtures. This assessment is based on a limited amount of data and is not statistically based; therefore, the results may change with further information. Volume II presents the complete literature review. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calcium oxide KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Susceptibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485339 AU - Cohen, S L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT MODELS FOR ROUTING DRIVERS WITH IN-VEHICLE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 13 p. AB - This report describes the requirements that a traffic assignment model must satisfy in order to be used as a part of an in-vehicle guidance system. In such a system, the model would be used to develop optimal routes for each driver. Routing instructions would then be conveyed to the driver through the medium of an in-vehicle guidance system. Two generic traffic assignment models, the equilibrium and incremental models, are described and their application of the optimal routing problem is described. It is indicated that further research is needed in several areas if these models are to be used for a real-time routing system. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - In-vehicle guidance system KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Optimization KW - Routing KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485336 AU - RJO Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLE SPEED LIMIT SYSTEM COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 40 p. AB - The variable speed limit (VSL) system is designed to display both the maximum and minimum speed boundaries based on measured traffic and environmental conditions. In addition, short driver information messages can be displayed to warn of downstream conditions. The VSL can be installed to operate independently (Isolated), in a series of stations (Linked), as a component of a larger management system (Integrated), and in the future as part of an "In-Vehicle" component to provide all types of driver information (In-Vehicle). This analysis compares the four types of VSL systems to the existing "fixed" speed limit system which can display only one speed for all conditions. The costs of the VSL equipment include its installation and maintenance, the costs of accidents include accident-induced delay costs, and time costs include time to traverse the section. A number of assumptions are made relating to projected accident rates, traverse time costs, and drivers' responses to the system. The model, using Lotus 1-2-3, calculates the costs and benefits for the set of roadway, traffic, and weather conditions entered by the user. Four scenarios were run, one for each of the VSL types using actual site information. The benefit-cost ratios computed were 37 to 1 for the isolated system, 22 to 1 for the linked system, 55 to 1 for the integrated system, and 53 to 1 for the in-vehicle. These ratios are very sensitive to the assumptions made where actual data were not available. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Driver information systems KW - In-vehicle advisory KW - Route guidance KW - Speed limits KW - Variable message signs KW - Variable speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485599 AU - Shute, J W AU - Hicks, R G AU - Wilson, J E AU - Scholl, L G AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTISTRIPPING ADDITIVES. VOLUME II PY - 1989/05 SP - 54 p. AB - Volume I of this report summarizes the findings on the extent of stripping in 32 Oregon DOT projects and discusses the significant findings from a literature review. Of the 32 projects, 10 had not used an asphalt or aggregate antistripping additive, 19 contained lime-treated aggregate, and 3 contained asphalt treated with an amine-type antistripping additive. These projects range in age from 1 to 9 years. The percent of aggregate coated with asphalt, which was used to determine if a project was stripping, was established from breaking and visually evaluating core samples taken from each project site. Using the criteria that a coating less than 85% classified a project as stripping, the following results were obtained: 7 of the 10 projects without an additive, 5 of the 19 lime-treated aggregate projects, and 2 of the 3 amine-treated asphalt projects were identified as stripping. The conclusion is that lime treatment of aggregate has proven effective in reducing the moisture susceptibility of an asphalt mixture. In addition, a review of mix design test values for the index of retained strength (IRS) (AASHTO T-165) and resilient modulus (M sub r) test indicates the IRS test does not reliably predict moisture susceptible mixtures. The M sub r test did provide a better indication of moisture susceptible mixtures. This assessment is based on a limited amount of data and is not statistically based; therefore, the results may change with further information. Volume II presents the complete literature review. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calcium oxide KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Susceptibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01415837 AU - Pietrucha, M T AU - Opiela, K S AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Crigler, K L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Motorists compliance with standard traffic control devices PY - 1989/04 IS - FHWA/RD-89-103 SP - 148p AB - This report describes a study of motorist compliance with standard traffic control devices. The research included a comprehensive review of past studies, contacts with traffic, law enforcement, and department of motor vehicles personnel, and an assessment of the viability of other information sources for identifying and quantifying motorist noncompliance. It was concluded that while there is considerable concern about motorist noncompliance, little data existed to determine the frequency of occurrence or consequences of the problem. To determine the reasons for noncompliance, motorists were interviewed. The interviews included both typical motorists and those having high violation rates. It was found that compliance is generally a function of perceived reasonableness of the traffic controls. Field studies to observe motorist behavior were conducted to establish the extent of noncompliance. Six noncompliance problems were selected and data were gathered at over 900 sites in four States. The results indicate that, although noncompliance is not uncommon (eg, not making a full stop at a STOP sign), the occurrence of conflicts resulting from the noncompliance was insignificant. Potential countermeasures for increasing compliance were identified with the assistance of a panel of highway safety experts. Before/ after field studies were conducted to evaluate several of the potential countermeasures that involved engineering changes. Limited changes in compliance were observed. KW - Behavior KW - Compliance KW - Compliance KW - Crimes KW - Driver behaviour KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Offence KW - Road safety KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1183635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413874 AU - Lee, J K AU - Froehlich, D C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Structures Division TI - Two-dimensional finite-element hydraulic modeling of bridge crossings: research report PY - 1989/04 IS - FHWA/RD-88-146 SP - 290p AB - This report presents the results of a 6-year project, conducted by the US Geological Survey in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), to develop an accurate, efficient, easy-to-use finite-element surface-water flow model (FESWMS-2DH) for use in analyzing backwater and flow distribution at highway crossings of rivers and flood plains. When lateral variations in water-surface elevation and flow distribution are significant, a two-dimensional approach has advantages over a one-dimensional approach. The finite-element method is ideally suited to modeling two-dimensional flow over complex topography with spatially variable roughness and allows the user great flexibility in defining flow boundaries, channels, and embankments. A large number of alternative flow-equation formulations, interpolation and weighting functions, and schemes for solving the large systems of algebraic equations that arise in applying the finite-element method were tested during the project. Features added to FESWMS-2DH include weir flow (roadway overtopping), culvert flow, linear variation of Manning's n with depth, simple and accurate handling of lateral boundaries, automatic network generation and refinement, and extensive error checking. Sections of the report are devoted to the application of FESWMS-2DH to data from the Geological Survey's Flood Plain Simulation Facility, the use and calibration of FESWMS-2DH, and the use of the model by the highway industry (A). KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Flooding KW - Floods KW - Geology KW - Geology KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Hydrology KW - Hydrology KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00816468 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TOLL FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES: BRIDGES-ROADS-TUNNELS-FERRIES. APRIL 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - 20 p. AB - This report presents selected data on highway toll facilities in the United States that are in operation, under construction, or financed as of January 1, 1989. The data include information such as the name, financing or operating authority, location and termini, feature crossed, length, and road system for toll bridges, roads, tunnels, and ferries that connect highways. For toll facilities located on the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, the Interstate route numbers are included. A functional system code has also been included for toll bridges, roads, and tunnels. Also provided is a list of those projects under serious consideration as toll facilities, awaiting completion of financing arrangement, or proposed as new toll facilities that are being studied for financial and operational feasibility. KW - Tables (Data) KW - Toll bridges KW - Toll ferries KW - Toll roads KW - Toll tunnels KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26976/013519.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490455 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POST DELINEATOR MECHANICAL FATIGUE EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 134 p. AB - The mechanical fatigue performance to sinusoidal horizontal oscillations (at natural frequency of the post delineator test specimen, 16 in. free length) was investigated for four types of post delineators. One was an X-shaped post made of a polycarbonate material, two were fiberglass reinforced thermoplastic posts (T-shape and C-shape) and one was a round polyethylene tube. Three post delineator test specimens were tested for new post, post put into the ground and driven over once with the rear tire of a slow driving tractor, post driven over twice (in same direction) and post driven over three times. The results indicate that the X-shaped polycarbonate material post breaks off after a relatively low number of cycles (less than 150,000), while the two fiberglass reinforced posts survive 5 million cycles and show moderate damage (cracks), but still not excessive static horizontal deflection when subjected to a 1.5 kg horizontal pull force. The round polyethylene post also survives 5 million cycles and shows on some test specimens some cracks on the portion of the tube which is inside the holding fixture. For all four post types tested there appears to be a rather small detrimental effect in terms of the number of times a post was slowly driven over and its subsequent fatigue performance. Based upon the test results it is recommended to test 16 in. free length post delineators test specimens (at least 3 specimens per type of post) and subject them to a minimum of 5 million cycles. If all three specimens survive the 5 million cycles (not broken) and their horizontal static deflection (1.5 kg) is less than 2.5 in. (16 in. free length) the post type has passed the mechanical fatigue test. KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Ethylene resins KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fiberglass KW - Fiberglass reinforcement KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Highway delineators KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polycarbonates KW - Polyethylene KW - Shape KW - Test results KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738919 AU - Graves, C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT FAILURES: I-71, OLDHAM-HENRY COUNTIES, EACIR 71-1(64)22 PY - 1989/04 SP - 5 p. AB - Breaking and seating has been used extensively to rehabilitate portland cement concrete pavements. In areas where specific vertical tolerances must be maintained, several methods have been used -- tapering of the asphaltic overlay, removal of the portland cement concrete and replacement by full depth asphaltic concrete, or milling of the existing pavement and reducing the asphaltic concrete overlay. Research Report UKTRP-87-26, "Breaking and Seating of Rigid Pavements," was prepared as a final report for three studies and as an interim report for Federal Aid Research Task No. 28 and two other studies. This report serves to finalize Federal Aid Research Task No. 28. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738915 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHRINKAGE COMPENSATING DECK CONCRETE -- A FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 17 p. AB - This report summarizes performance monitoring activities and evaluation in conjunction with the experimental use of shrinkage compensating bridge deck concrete (Class S). Two bridges of similar design but constructed using Class AA concrete were monitored for comparison purposes. Due to the absence of significant shrinkage cracking on the comparison bridge decks and the presence of minor shrinkage cracking on the Class S bridge deck, no conclusions were apparent at this time. Further study may quantify the reduction of shrinkage cracking due to the use of shrinkage compensating concrete in bridge decks. KW - Bridge decks KW - Expansive concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738918 AU - Graves, C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT EVALUATION: US-31W HARDIN COUNTY, KENTUCKY, PROJECT F-21-1(3) PY - 1989/04 SP - 4 p. AB - Breaking and seating has been extensively utilized to rehabilitate portland cement concrete pavements. Relationships have been developed to determine effective fragment size based on effective modulus of the broken portland cement concrete. Based on this relationship, the effective size of broken segments is on the order of 30-90 in. (76-228 cm) in the inside lane and 6-15 in. (15-38 cm) in the outside lane. Research Report UKTRP-87-26, "Breaking and Seating of Rigid Pavements," was prepared as a final report for three studies and as an interim report for Federal Aid Research Task No. 27 and two other studies. This report serves to finalize Federal Aid Research Task No. 27. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738886 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR WARREN COUNTY PY - 1989/04 SP - 24 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Warren County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Warren County that should be maintained in a passable condition. The recommended routes, US 231 and US 68/KY 80, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Warren County (Kentucky) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738885 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR OHIO COUNTY PY - 1989/04 SP - 38 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. Ohio County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being the routes in Ohio County that should be maintained in passable condition. The recommended routes, KY 136 and US 231, have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergency routes KW - Emergency transportation KW - Maps KW - Mitigation KW - Ohio County (Kentucky) KW - Routes KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Seismology KW - Strip maps KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616313 AU - Ilves, G J AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REEVALUATION OF THE METHODS FOR CALCULATION OF LOAD EQUIVALENCY AND DAMAGE RATIOS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 134 p. AB - The effect of heavy trucks on the performance of pavements located in northern Ohio was evaluated to develop and implement more realistic damage factors caused by heavily loaded trucks. Detailed traffic measurements were made twice a year for two years using weigh-in-motion equipment. Distress measurements consisting of cracking, faulting, Mays roughness, and PSI for rigid pavements and cracking, rutting, Mays roughness, and PSI for flexible and composite pavements, were made at the same time. Cores were also extracted from each project and subjected to laboratory testing. Dynaflect deflections were taken four times during the monitoring period. The analysis showed that for rigid pavements heavy axle loads contribute more toward cracking and faulting development than to PSI loss whereas rutting is most influenced by heavy axle loads (followed by PSI and cracking, in that order) for flexible and composite pavements. KW - Axle loads KW - Composite pavements KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Faulting KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Load equivalence factors KW - Load factor KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Roughness KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616471 AU - Solaimanian, M AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF METHODS OF DETERMINING THE THEORETICAL MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVING MIXTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 44 p. AB - A comparative study was performed to compare the maximum theoretical specific gravities of asphalt-aggregate paving mixtures obtained using several methods. The study included experimental work and analysis of the resulting data. The agreement between results obtained using the Texas C-14 method and the Rice method were excellent. Results obtained by backcalculating theoretical maximum densities from a single Rice test were also found to be satisfactory. Theoretical approach based on bulk specific gravity of aggregate is not recommended because of significantly low theoretical maximum specific gravities and high relative densities. The C-14 method results in lower design asphalt content than the Rice method if the latter is not corrected for water absorption. This case occurs if the design asphalt content is selected at 97% relative density for both methods. However, the design asphalt contents from the two methods will be much closer if the asphalt content is selected at 97% relative density based on the C-14 method, and 96% based on the Rice method. KW - Absorption KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Backcalculation KW - Methodology KW - Specific gravity KW - Specific gravity, theoretical KW - Water absorption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615577 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POST DELINEATOR MECHANICAL FATIGUE EVALUATION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1989/04 SP - 6 p. AB - The mechanical fatigue performance to sinusoidal horizontal oscillations (at natural frequency of the post delineator test specimen, 16 in. free length) was investigated for four types of post delineators. One was an X-shaped post made of a polycarbonate material, two were fiberglass reinforced thermoplastic posts (T-shape and C-shape) and one was a round polyethylene tube. Three post delineator test specimens were tested for new post, post put into the ground and driven over once with the rear tire of a slow driving tractor, post driven over twice (in same direction) and post driven over three times. The results indicate that the X-shaped polycarbonate material post breaks off after a relatively low number of cycles (less than 150,000), while the two fiberglass reinforced posts survive 5 million cycles and show moderate damage (cracks), but still not excessive static horizontal deflection when subjected to a 1.5 kg horizontal pull force. The round polyethylene post also survives 5 million cycles and shows on some test specimens some cracks on the portion of the tube which is inside the holding fixture. KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Ethylene resins KW - Fatigue tests KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Highway delineators KW - Polycarbonates KW - Polyethylene KW - Test results KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611967 AU - Tyagi, A K AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS IN OKLAHOMA STREAMS. FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 30 p. AB - This study consisted of a hydrographic survey and determined maximum scour around the piers at eighteen selected bridges on the Cimarron, Arkansas, and Caney Rivers. The survey was performed soon after the 50- to 100-year-frequency flood in October, 1986. It was determined from the survey that maximum scour varied from 0.60 to 18 ft with depth of flow ranging between 0.75 to 25 ft. The October, 1986 flood of the Cimarron River resulted in severe scour around piers of eight overflow structures of the I-35 bridge. A major portion of the flood passed through these structures, resulting in a high velocity of flow. After the flood receded, the maximum depth of scour ranged from 10 to 30 ft. At U.S. 75 on the Caney River, a hydraulic analysis of water surface profiles using WSPRO program was determined for 50-, 100-year, and the 1986 flood because of the old bridge and new bridge. Because design criteria for scour depths at piers are based mostly on laboratory work and because some bridges designed according to these criteria have failed, it is recommended that this study be extended to collect field data on the maximum scour at selected bridges over a four-year period. Field data will be collected four times a year for various high and low flow conditions. Labortory and field data are to be analyzed and used to produce design criteria so that damages to bridge piers are minimized. Further laboratory and field data will be generated for different river-bed soils (sand, silt and clay) and for varying hydraulic conditions. KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Clay KW - Depth KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Floods KW - Hydrographic surveying KW - Hydrographic surveys KW - Oklahoma KW - Overflows KW - River beds KW - Sand KW - Scour KW - Silts KW - Streambeds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485423 AU - Keller, E J AU - Middlebrooks, P B AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHANNEL PROTECTION CRITERIA UPDATE PY - 1989/04 SP - v.p. AB - A literature search and roadway channel field investigation was conducted to update the Department's present design method for selecting flexible lining channel protection. The Department's current method is a chart which selects a particular flexible lining materia l from channel design criteria inputs of velocity and erosion index. In the search for a better channel protection selection method, it was found that the FHWA Hydraulic Engineering Circular 15 (HEC 15) update contained the most potential for improving the Department's present design method. A computer program version of the HEC 15 flexible lining design method written by Dennis L. Richards, former Hydraulic Engineer from FHWA, was modified by the author and is recommended to update the Department's present method for selecting flexible lining channel protection. KW - Channel linings KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible linings KW - Linings KW - Prevention KW - Scour KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608621 AU - HOPKINS, J AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOTEXTILE SELECTION AND INSTALLATION MANUAL FOR RURAL UNPAVED ROADS PY - 1989/04 SP - 74 p. AB - This report is to serve as a guide for local officials in selecting and installing geotextiles on rural unpaved roads. Various techniques are presented to address most of the common conditions and situations present on rural roads. KW - Building KW - Construction management KW - Facilities KW - Geotextiles KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Installation KW - Manuals KW - Rural highways KW - Selecting KW - Unpaved roads UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rt_89_05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497352 AU - Jackura, K A AU - Chang, G H AU - Castanon, D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WELDED WIRE RETAINING WALL (EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRUCTION). FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 66 p. AB - This report presents the results of a seven year evaluation of Welded Wire Walls at three locations in California - State Route 20 in Lake County, State Route 299 in Trinity County, and State Route 2 in Los Angeles County. The walls were constructed using various backfill materials, and with different foundation conditions. The Lake County wall is founded on silty clays. The wall has performed well with only minor bulging at the face. However, the soil reinforced unit has settled and rotated as the foundation materials consolidated differentially. This has produced large cracks in the roadway surface which have required extensive maintenance. The rate of rotation appears to have slowed in the last three years of this study. The walls at Trinity County and Los Angeles County are founded on granular material (rock at Trinity) and have shown almost no movement. The reinforcing mats at both the Lake County and Trinity County walls had strain gages attached at three levels throughout the wall height. These installations show stresses in excess of theoretical design stresses at the tops of both walls and below theoretical levels in the lowest layers. An analysis based on yield strengths of the steel reinforcement shows that the stresses measured are well within the tensile strength of the steel. Relevant portions of a concurrent study to determine the corrosion rates of soil reinforcement systems constructed along California highways are summarized and presented. Due to the bidding process used, no cost evaluation was performed. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion rate KW - Granular materials KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retaining walls KW - Rotation KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Silty clays KW - Strain gages KW - Stresses KW - Welded wire fabrics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497356 AU - Lee, J K AU - Froehlich, D C AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TWO-DIMENSIONAL FINITE-ELEMENT HYDRAULIC MODELING OF BRIDGE CROSSINGS: RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 290 p. AB - This report presents the results of a 6-year project, conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, to develop an accurate, efficient, easy-to-use finite-element surface-water flow model (FESWMS-2DH) for use in analyzing backwater and flow distribution at highway crossings of rivers and flood plains. When lateral variations in water-surface elevation and flow distribution are significant, a two-dimensional approach has advantages over a one-dimensional approach. The finite-element method (Galekin's method) is ideally suited to modeling two-dimensional flow over complex topography with spatially variable roughness and allows the user great flexibility in defining flow boundaries, channels, and embankments. A large number of alternative flow-equation formulations, interpolation and weighting functions, and schemes for solving the large systems of algebraic equations that arise in applying the finite-element method were tested during the project. Features added to FESWMS-2DH include weir flow (roadway overtopping), culvert flow, linear variation of Manning's n (roughness coefficient) with depth, simple and accurate handling of lateral boundaries, automatic network generation and refinement, and extensive error checking. Sections of the report are devoted to the application of FESWMS-2DH to data from the Geological Survey's Flood Plain Simulation Facility, the use and calibration of FESWMS-2DH, and the use of the model by the highway industry. KW - Backwaters KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Equations KW - Finite element method KW - Flood plains KW - Flow KW - Galerkin's method KW - Highway bridges KW - Hydraulics KW - Manning requirements KW - Stream crossings KW - Streams KW - Surface waters KW - Two dimensional KW - Water areas KW - Weirs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497238 AU - Won, M AU - Hankins, K AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A TWENTY-FOUR YEAR PERFORMANCE REVIEW OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT SECTIONS MADE WITH SILICEOUS AND LIGHTWEIGHT COARSE AGGREGATES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 50 p. AB - Two small sections of the north and south frontage roads of Interstate Loop 610 around Houston were built in 1964 as experimental CRCP sections to study the effects of differences in percent steel, preformed crack spacing, and type of aggregate. The performance of these sections was monitored by performing several surveys during the year after construction. Then data were collected in 1974 and again in 1984. In addition, a small amount of data was collected in 1988. This report includes an empirical study made to address questions on the effect of the design variables on the long-term performance of CRCP. An attempt is also made to compare observed performance indicators with theoretical expectations, with a view to gaining insights that will be helpful in refining the theoretical model. This study indicated that the pavement sections built using lightweight aggregate concrete have relatively less surface distress than the standard-aggregate sections. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crack spacing KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Long term KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Spacing KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497357 AU - Froehlich, D C AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINITE ELEMENT SURFACE-WATER MODELING SYSTEM: TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN A HORIZONTAL PLANE. USERS MANUAL PY - 1989/04 SP - 285 p. AB - The Finite Element Surface-Water Modeling System: Two-Dimensinal Flow in a Horizontal Plane (FESWMS-2DH) is a modular set of computer programs that simulate surface-water flow that is essentially two-dimensional in a horizontal plane. The modeling system was developed to analyze primarily flow at highway bridge crossings where complicated hydraulic conditions exist. However, FESWMS-2DH can be used to model many different steady and unsteady flow conditions. The core of FESWMS-2DH consists of three distinct but related programs: DINMOD, the data input module; FLOMOD, the depth-averaged flow solution module; and ANOMOD, the analysis of output module. DINMOD prepares a finite element network for use by other FESWMS-2DH programs. FLOMOD solves the vertically integrated conservation of momentum equations and the conservation of mass (continuity) equation to obtain depth-averaged velocities and water depth at points in a finite element network. ANOMOD generates plots and reports of computed values that simplify interpretation of simulation results. This manual provides users of FESWMS-2DH the information needed to use the modeling system effectively. The manual describes the logical structure of the modeling system, input data requirements, the output that is produced, and the means of interpreting the results. KW - Backwaters KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Equations KW - Finite element method KW - Flood plains KW - Flow KW - Highway bridges KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Manuals KW - Stream crossings KW - Streams KW - Structural design KW - Surface waters KW - Two dimensional KW - Water areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488583 AU - Ardani, A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FROST HEAVE CONTROL WITH BURIED INSULATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 51 p. AB - To investigate the effectiveness of extruded insulation panels in the mitigation of frost heave problems, two sites were selected: SH 40 at Rabbit Ears Pass with an elevation of 9,000 feet and I 70 east of Eisenhower Tunnel at an elevation of 10,000 feet. Temperature probes were installed in both sites in the control and the insulated sections. Hourly temperature variations were monitored and recorded by a micrologger and a tape recorder. The probes under the insulated area showed a warmer temperature (by approximately 7 deg) and much less fluctuations than the probes installed in the control sections. The results of this study have demonstrated that insulation panels, if installed properly, can be a cost effective alternative to sub-excavation and backfilling. All the information in Report No. CDOH-DTD-R-87-10 is included in this report. However, the "Surface Evaluation" section has been revised to include the physical investigation of insulation panels after 3 years of service. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Insulating materials KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mitigation KW - Temperature measurement KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488530 AU - Tatum, K AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED ASPHALT RECOVERY PROCESS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 27 p. AB - The asphalt recovery process currently in use is not very repeatable. The objective of this study was to develop an asphalt recovery method that is repeatable, accurate, and relatively quick. It is of primary importance that the recovery method minimize changes in an asphalt sample's physical and chemical properties during the recovery process. The Georgia Department of Transportation currently dissolves asphalt from bituminous mixtures into the solvent by manual agitation. Aggregate removal is achieved through the use of a vacuum extractor. This study utilized an ultrasonic bath to dissolve the asphalt into solution and sieving to remove the aggregate. High pressure liquid chromatography was used to monitor changes in chemical composition effected by the recovery process. Helium, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases were used as the medium to purge the system to help remove the solvent from the asphalt sample. Nitrogen gas gave somewhat better results than the other two gases. KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt cement KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Chemical composition KW - Helium KW - Liquid chromatography KW - Nitrogen KW - Productivity KW - Recovery KW - Repeatability KW - Sieves KW - Time savings KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488102 AU - STOUT, D AU - Hinch, J AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC BARRIERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 184 p. AB - A series of crash tests was conducted to evaluate several types of guardrails and bridge rails. Two bridge rail designs were tested and showed acceptable performance when evaluated in accordance with NCHRP 230. A three-cable guardrail was modified, and an end terminal was redesigned to obtain good performance. The guardrail safely redirected a large and small vehicle traveling at 60 mi/h and impacting at 25 and 20 degrees, respectively. The terminal design was tested for snagging by directly impacting the downstream end. Although the device released, the vehicle rolled over. A new PL3 median barrier was designed and tested in accordance with the new AASHTO bridge rail test criteria. A 50,000-lb tractor-trailer impacted the median barrier at 50 mi/h and 15 degrees. The truck was redirected and contained, but rolled over producing undesirable occupant compartment intrusion. An 18,000-lb truck test was conducted on the modified three beam median barrier. The results indicated good performance. KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Redirection KW - Rollover crashes KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298598 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486335 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - van Wijk, I R AU - Stoelhorst, I D AU - SMITS, F AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES WITH CEMENT CONCRETE APPLIED TO COMBATTING RUTTING AND RIPPLING IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 151-157 AB - In the Netherlands asphaltic roads are far more common than concrete road surfaces. As a result ruts and ripple formation on waiting lanes at intersections occur very frequently. This means that regular repair work has to be carried out at certain intervals, depending on the prevailing traffic load. Often the induction straps for the electronic traffic control have to be replaced too. The need to maintain these road sections places a significant and recurrent financial burden on road managing authorities. Moreover, repair techniques of this type often cause serious traffic disruption due to the excessively large volume of traffic presently using Duutch roads. A more permanent solution is replacing the affected area with a concrete surface. The advantages of an extended service life must be weighed against the considerable time required for the concrete to harden. However, it is unacceptable for a traffic lane to be out of order for a lenghty period. At present two contractors are offering two new techniques which reduce the construction time to such an extent that it seems possible now to install cement concrete road surfaces between two consecutive rush hour peaks. One of these techniques uses doweled prefabricated slabs which are connected to each other. The second technique is based on the use of a high-quality concrete that hardens quickly and that is given a vacuum treatment after it has been applied. As little experience exists with these techniques two test sections were built. This paper describes the construction of these two test sections and deals with the results. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Rapid methods KW - Rapid set concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Slabs KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303010 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486337 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Coudriet, D L AU - Luhr, D R AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT REHABILITATION. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 171-182 AB - In this paper, an overview of pavement economics is presented, followed by an analysis of the factors that affect the economic analysis, particularly as they relate to network level analysis and economic life. Also, the importance of proper economic comparisons relative to the decision making process is presented, with information on project cost sensitivity. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economic analysis KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Sensitivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303012 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486352 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Kohn, S D AU - Gemayel, C A AU - Alexander, D R AU - Tons, E AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A THICKNESS DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR STABILIZED LAYERS UNDER RIGID AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 385-404 AB - This paper presents the development of a design procedure for the determination of the thickness of a cement treated base (CTB) under a rigid pavement system. The procedure is based on an equivalent interior stress criteria. Allowance is made for the determination of the allowable pass level on the CTB material. A computer program was developed in conjunction with the study. The procedures were developed using the stress results from an elastic layer analysis in the form of the BISAR program. The method was structured around the existing Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) design procedures and is completely compatible with the current design procedures. From a design point of view the benefit to this analysis procedure is that the designer is allowed to utilize the materials properties of the CTB. In areas where CTB is a common construction material or for large projects, the reductions in concrete thickness and replacement with a higher quality CTB may provide an opportunity for economic savings. Also, the designer is provided with information regarding the allowable pass level on the CTB material. This information is not presently provided in any conventional design method. KW - Airport runways KW - Aprons KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Economics KW - Pavement design KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303027 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486354 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Bush, A J AU - Brown, R W AU - Bailey, C E AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION PROCEDURE FOR RIGID AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 419-429 AB - A method is presented for rigid pavement evaluation using the elastic layer theory with Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) data to assess the structural capacity of heavily loaded airfield pavements. Also presented are methods to: (1) determine the number of tests required; (2) consider load transfer at joints; (3) reduce data to a manageable amount for analysis; (4) backcalculate layer moduli; and (5) determine allowable aircraft loads. The Air Force is now committed to the elastic-layered method of pavement analysis. Rigid and flexible pavement design manuals based on this method are scheduled for publication, and an evaluation guide for determining pavement capacity with the FWD is currently being developed. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft loads KW - Airport runways KW - Aprons KW - Backcalculation KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Elastic layered method KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Layer moduli KW - Live loads KW - Load transfer KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Modulus KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Structural analysis KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303029 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486369 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Kellersmann, G H AU - SMITS, F AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENT WITH POROUS CONCRETE TOP LAYER ON J.C.P. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 615-623 AB - After laboratory tests and two small-scale experiments in the Netherlands it can be concluded that the results give support to the statement that porous concrete toplayers are a realistic concept. One trial section revealed that a mixture with 8 to 11 mm aggregate was more difficult to process than a mixture with 4 to 8 mm aggregate. However, the drainage effect of the 8 to 11 mm mixture was better than that of the 4 to 8 mm mixture, as expected. Conclusions from a second trial section, modified following previous results, showed improved behaviour during processing of the mixtures, but again the surface texture did not show the desired smoothness. Noise measurements revealed that coarse and semi-coarse porous concretes, as rough as they were in the experimental sections, cause an increase of the rolling sound in the lower frequencies and a decrease in the higher frequencies. The breaking point is different per vehicle and dependent on the driving speed. Thus the result in dB(A) can be an increase or decrease in rolling sound. After both experimental sections had been milled there was a considerable decrease in noise. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Milling KW - Netherlands KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Porous pavements KW - Roughness KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303044 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486371 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Bock, B T AU - Okamoto, P A AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DOWEL PLACEMENT USING A DOWEL BAR INSERTER. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 641-649 AB - This paper presents the results of several field investigations to evaluate the effectiveness of automatic dowel bar inserter equipment to properly place dowel bars in rigid pavements. Results of three studies using the ground penetrating radar technique to measure dowel bar misalignment are summarized. Two investigations were sponsored by the Demonstration Projects Division of the Federal Highway Administration. The third radar survey was sponsored by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Madison, Wisconsin. A commercially available radar system capable of locating steel embedded in concrete was used. The system produces a real time graphic recording and that indicates the horizontal position and relative depth of the embedded steel. Cores were obtained to calibrate the graphic recordings and to obtain the actual embedded depth of the steel bars. In two of the three studies dowel bar alignment using the radar technique was measured along a section where a Guntert and Zimmerman dowel bar inserter was used and where dowels were placed in wire basket assemblies. Overall, the dowel bar inserter performed well compared to the basket assembly construction. Dowel depth, misalignment (vertical and horizontal), and longitudinal displacement are generally comparable. KW - Alignment KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dowel bar inserter equipment KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Effectiveness KW - Equipment KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Longitudinal displacement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Paving KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303046 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486324 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Wimsatt, A J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUBBASE FRICTION EFFECTS ON CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 3-22 AB - This paper presents findings of a study researching the frictional effects of stabilized and unstabilized subbases. The paper first discusses the concepts of subbase friction, including defining that it consists of three components - an adhesion, or gluing, component between the concrete pavement and the subbase; a bearing component that is influenced by the surface texture of the subbase; and a shearing component which is induced by the movement of the slab across the subbase. The paper then covers the results of a literature search on the topic of subbase friction, which found, among other facts, that the frictional effects of stabilized subbases have not been adequately pursued until this study, and that, according to one report, the frictional effects of cement stabilized subbases are very large, on the order of 28 psi and higher. Then, experiments on several subbases, in the form of push off tests, are discussed, followed by a presentation of the results and implications from the experiments. The paper concludes with a discussion of how subbase friction could affect design of concrete pavements. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Definitions KW - Experiments KW - Friction KW - Pavement design KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302999 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486326 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - McCullough, F AU - Saraf, C L AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATES ON THE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF CRCP IN TEXAS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 45-52 AB - This paper describes a study which was conducted to investigate the effect of coarse aggregate types on the performance of continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) built in Texas. The study covers the selection of the coarse aggregate types for study, measurement of properties for mechanistic models, and design of CRCP. crushed limestone (LS) and siliceous river gravel (SRG) were selected for this study. Cement concrete mixes containing LS and SRG aggregates were prepared in the laboratory and tested for the following mechanistic material properties: 1) modulus of elasticity; 2) tensile strength by indirect method; 3) thermal coefficient of expansion; and 4) drying shrinkage. A factorial was designed to use statistical models that predicted the material property of interest in terms of pertinent factors. This factorial included the following factors: coarse aggregate type; moisture condition; curing temperature; and curing time. Statistical analysis was performed to estimate the effect of these factors on the measured properties, and a regression model was developed for each mix property measured in the laboratory. These models are presented in this paper. Four typical Texas seasons were selected for placing new concrete pavements in the field and performance was estimated for each placement season. Following this, 3,072 runs were made to obtain the estimates of performance of 128 hypothetical pavement sections with LS and SRG and placed during four different seasons. These models are also presented in this paper. Design charts were developed as a result of this analysis to predict a significant difference in steel requirement between pavements built with LS and SRG aggregate. Thus, the variation in concrete mix properties due to the use of these two aggregate types was translated into different steel requirements for a given pavement design. KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crushed limestone KW - Design charts KW - Drying KW - Drying shrinkage KW - Factor analysis KW - Field tests KW - Gravelly soils KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Requirement KW - Rivers KW - Seasons KW - Shrinkage KW - Silica stone KW - Siliceous river gravel KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength KW - Test sections KW - Thermal expansion KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303001 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486331 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Zoller, T AU - Williams, J AU - Frentress, D AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT REHABILITATION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT: MINNESOTA REPAIR STANDARDS REHABILITATE TWIN CITIES FREEWAYS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 111-115 AB - Over the last eight years, the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MN/DOT) has contracted in excess of 100 miles per year of concrete pavement rehabilitation projects in addition to repairs done by in-house maintenance forces. These projects used various repair strategies, including full depth repairs, partial depth repairs, surface texture planing, joint sealing and installation of sub-surface drainage. Prior to the construction season of 1982, standard repair detail designs and construction practices varied from district to district, causing problems in bidding and construction. During the winter of 1981-82, construction and design problems were discussed and remedies were recommended. During the winter of 1982-83, repair techniques and problems were discussed, repair types were categorized, and construction procedures, bid items and plans were standardized. This paper presents the priorities established by the MN/DOT for concrete pavement repair, the three MN/DOT repair types, and projects which utilized concrete pavement repair techniques on major metro freeways. KW - Classification KW - Concrete pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Minnesota KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303006 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486333 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Kilareski, W P AU - OZBEKI, T E AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FULL-DEPTH PCC PATCHES FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 125-135 AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the most efficient dowel bar spacing and dowel bar size for the design of full-depth patches for jointed PCC pavements. The major highway pavements selected for this study were subjected to heavy axle loads of 34 kips for rear tandem axles, 30 kips for front tandem axles, and 8 kips for the steering axle of a typical truck with a length of approximately 60 feet. This study evaluated the loading scheme in which the tire loads were located at the slab corner and along the edge of the concrete pavement. Stresses and deflections were calculated with the finite element program JSLAB. The findings are reported in this paper along with the following conclusions: (1) A full-depth PCC pavement patch with six or seven dowel bars will experience excessive bearing stresses--consequently, this particular design should not be used; and (2) Load transfer devices for full-depth PCC pavement patches should have no fewer than eight dowel bars of a minimum 1 1/4 in. diameter. KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Finite element method KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Patching KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Size KW - Spacing KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303008 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486356 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Dwiggins, M E AU - Darter, M I AU - Hall, J P AU - DuBose, J B AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE ILLINOIS INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 447-453 AB - The Illinois Interstate highway system consists primarily of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) and jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP). These pavements were constructed mostly between 1957 and 1980. Extensive pavement design, traffic and performance data were obtained from 3400 one-directional miles of Interstate highway. The average Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs) application rate has increased by an annual compounded growth rate of 7%, far more than expected. Survival curves showing the percent of total length overlaid as a function of age and ESALs were developed for each pavement type and design. The average life span until 50% of the sections were rehabilitated was 23 years, after carrying about triple the design ESALs over that time period. Durability cracking ("D" cracking) of PCC aggregates severely affects CRCP performance, shortening the average life by five years or more. The average life of JRCP was shortened only by about one year by "D" cracking. Overall, 8 in. CRCP performed equally as well as 10 in. JRCP, however, non "D" cracked 8 in. CRCP performed better than 10 in. JRCP. Overall, even though there have been a variety of specific design, materials and construction problems, the Illinois CRCP and JRCP have performed very well in carrying far more than their design traffic. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axle loads KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Design load KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Illinois KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303031 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486358 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Strauss, P J AU - Mitchell, M F AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PERFORMANCE OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS AS AFFECTED BY FACTORS OTHER THAN TRAFFIC INDUCED STRESS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 467-472 AB - Design and construction techniques as developed overseas have been used in Southern Africa on Portland cement concrete pavements with little variation based on local experience. This paper describes the methodology by which Portland cement jointed unreinforced pavements are being evaluated with the aim of improving local design and construction techniques. Indications are that failures found on the pavements can primarily be attributed to inadequate construction techniques and control. Although the pavements are performing very well (only 11% of the road system has cracked outside the joints), it is felt that an improvement in performance is possible if subgrades are compacted properly to reduce settlement, non-erodible subbases are constructed, load transfer at joints is enhanced by using low shrinking concrete, joints are kept properly sealed and Portland cement paved shoulders are used. KW - Compaction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Design methods KW - Expansive concrete KW - Improvements KW - Joint KW - Joint sealing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303033 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486365 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Peshkin, D G AU - Mueller, A L AU - Smith, K D AU - Darter, M I AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ELEVEN-YEAR EVALUATION OF ARIZONA'S PRESTRESSED PAVEMENT. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 561-575 AB - As part of a number of experimental projects built on S.R. 360 (Superstition Freeway) in Phoenix, Arizona, a post-tensioned PCC pavement was designed and constructed in 1977 in both the esatbound and westbound lanes. Within the experimental prestressed section, several secondary factors were evaluated, including single vs. double sheets of polyethyleve between the base and slab, and slab lengths varying from 207 ft to 500 ft. In 1988, the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) contracted for an evaluation of the design and rehabilitation of concrete pavements in the Phoenix area. In March and April 1988, a project team evaluated and tested the prestressed pavement. A field survey was conducted at night under lane closure, as this was the only time that ADOT permits closing of the highway. This survey included a visual distress summary, including mapping of all distresses, and a roughness survey with a Mays Meter. Deflections were taken with a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) at intervals of every 100 ft in the wheel path and center slab. Deflections were measured across the anchor slabs at the slab corner and in the wheel path. In all, over 6000 ft of this pavement was surveyed in the eastbound direction. The results of that evaluation, and general observations concerning prestressed pavements, are presented in this paper. KW - Arizona KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Ethylene resins KW - Experimental roads KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyethylene KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303040 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486367 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Jofre, C AU - Josa, A AU - FERNANDEZ, R AU - Kraemer, C AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RCC PAVEMENTS IN SPAIN. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 587-599 AB - This paper deals with the design, construction and performance of roller compacted concrete (RCC) pavements in Spain. The first known applications of RCC pavements in Spain took place around 1970. They were mainly pavements subjected to light traffic, located on housing developments, urban streets and rural roads. A broad experience with RCC pavements has also been gained since 1984 in main highways and freeways, including new roads, strengthening stretches, rehabilitation and widening schemes. From the experience acquired conclusions have been reached regarding different aspects of this technology: design standards, materials, mix manufacture, construction and control procedures during the work. In the paper those aspects of the design, construction and performance of RCC pavements that concern the Spanish experience are described. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Design standards KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Roller compacted concrete pavements KW - Spain KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303042 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486328 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Okamoto, P A AU - Packard, R G AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF HIGH TIRE PRESSURES ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 61-74 AB - In recent years, serious pavement damage on major highways throughout the United States and Canada has been attributed to the increased use of trucks equipped with radial tires and high tire pressures. For asphalt pavements, comprehensive research programs are being launched by several agencies to study these effects and to develop improved mixes and materials. The purpose of this study conducted by the Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc., for the Portland Cement Association, is to determine for concrete pavements, how high tire pressures affect pavement response, service life, and performance characteristics. Field testing at six separate sites in the States of Wisconsin and Pennsylvania were conducted to determine the effects of higher pressure. The pavement sections were loaded by single axle and tandem axle load trucks with incremental tire pressures ranging from 80 up to 120 psi. Pavement strains and deflections due to moving loads were measured for trucks placed at different positions on the pavement. Based on field test data and theoretical data developed using the computer program JSLAB, there is no significant effect on concrete pavement reponse due to increased tire pressure. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Inflation KW - Live loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Service life KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Theory KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303003 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486329 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MECHANISTIC BASED DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 75-97 AB - A procedure for mechanistic based design of jointed concrete pavements is presented. This includes both jointed plain (JPCP) and jointed reinforced (JRCP) pavements. The procedure was developed specifically for pavements in Illinois, but certain adaptations can be made to the procedure to include all environmental regions of the country. The basic design procedure is developed around the prevention of transverse cracking due to fatigue. Fatigue damage is calculated as a function of the shoulder type, traffic distribution, environmental factors and axle load. Material properties, joint spacing, and design reliability are also design inputs. Three shoulder types--bituminous, PCC tied shoulders, and extended width traffic lanes--are included in the design procedure. The basic failure criteria used in the design procedure is the number of slabs with transverse cracks. Since the joint system was modified to prevent the random cracking of the slabs with long joint spacing, any cracking of the slabs is considered to decrease the overall pavement condition. The procedure allows the design engineer to specify the percent of slabs with transverse cracks which constitutes failure. Pavements with a lower level of traffic, can tolerate a higher percentage of cracked slabs than pavements with high level of traffic. The analysis model used in the procedure is the finite element model, ILLI-SLAB. Since the model will permit the analysis of two layers either bonded or unbonded, the subbase is considered to be a part of the pavement system rather than a part of the support. Using this approach, the effect of stabilized subbases on the stress and deflections in the pavement system can be evaluated directly. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Temperature gradients KW - Traffic loads KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303004 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486343 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Huang, Y H AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THICKNESS DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS BY PROBABILISTIC METHOD. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 251-265 AB - The purpose of this paper is to present a probabilistic finite element method for the practical design of concrete pavements based on the fatigue principle. Although the probabilistic concept has been applied to the AASHTO empirical equation in the 1986 design guide and in the VESYS computer program for the analysis of flexible pavements, the procedure has not been incorporated, to the authors' knowledge, in any of the mechanistic computerized methods for the design of concrete pavements. It is shown that the use of probabilistic procedure results in a more realistic and reasonable design. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Finite element method KW - Pavement design KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303018 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486346 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Zhang, G AU - Zhu, Z AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF CHINA'S HIGHWAY CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 293-299 AB - This paper presents the application of reliability concepts to China's current highway concrete pavement design procedure. The fatigue life of slab is assumed to follow two-parameter Weibull distribution and theoretical reliability formula is derived by using "interference theory". First-order approximation method is used to obtain the mean and variance of fatigue life from the means and variances of design parameters. Reliabilities are calculated at various traffic levels, variability levels, and slab thicknesses. Sensitivity analysis upon the results shows that pavement design reliability is significantly influenced by factors such as traffic, concrete modulus of rupture, slab thickness, and level of material variability. A probabilistic design procedure is developed by introducing a reliability factor in the present design process. KW - China KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Pavement design KW - Reliability KW - Sensitivity analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303021 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486347 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Schmidt, M AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIENCES AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CONCRETE ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 301-310 AB - In the Federal Republic of Germany concrete pavements are mainly used on highways with very heavy traffic, for airports, and for industrial floors. The traffic load is characterized by a maximum permissible axle-load of 11 Mp and highway sections with up to about 8,000 trucks of more than 2.8 Mp total weight per lane per day. In addition, the climatic conditions are severe with frequent rainfall, air temperatures between +32 deg C in the summer and -25 deg C in the winter, frequent frost-thaw-cycles and large quantities of anti-freeze salt used on the roads. There is no general speed limit, speeds of more than 200 km/h are frequently found. In order to withstand such loads for the planned service life of about 30 years a solid and therefore quite expensive concrete pavement construction is necessary. The most important requirements to be met are: an adequate thickness of the slabs; a continuous load transfer at the joints; an adequate protection of the structure against surface and ground water; and a road base with a sufficiently high and evenly distributed load-carrying capacity. This paper provides information on the structural design of concrete pavements in the Federal Republic of Germany, based on the above mentioned requirements. Included also is information on experiences with concrete pavements bonded to hydraulically bound base courses, alternative designs, the adding of traffic lanes, surface texture design for noise reduction, and questions still to be answered. KW - Axle loads KW - Concrete pavements KW - Germany KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Pavement design KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Structural design KW - Texture KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303022 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486360 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Mueller, P E AU - Scofield, L A AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPANDED EVALUATION OF ARIZONA'S TEN MILE CONCRETE TEST ROADWAY. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 491-504 AB - This paper describes the performance of the Superstition Freeway (State Route 360) located near Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A. The construction of this Freeway marked the beginning of a new era in the design philosophies of the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) with regard to portland cement concrete pavements. It was the start of what became a ten-mile corridor of experimental test sections. The corridor consisted of seven sections constructed in one and two mile projects as part of the develoment of the Superstition Freeway. The experimental sections consist of: Full-Depth Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP); JPCP Over Cement Treated Base (CTB); JPCP Over Lean Concrete Base (LCB); and Prestressed Concrete Pavement Over LCB. These pavements have sustained 35% - 50% of their design loadings to date. Performance evaluations based primarily on roughness and skid characteristics are presented along with fault, deflection, and maintenance data. Limited comparisons are made between these sections and the earlier I-17/I-10 JPCP designs. A statistical analysis of ADOT's pavement management inventory data was performed to develop linear models for both roughness and skid properties. The roughness models represent the expected roughness over the twenty year design life. The models representing skid properties could only be developed for the years in which field data were collected. KW - Arizona KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Full-depth concrete pavements KW - Lean concrete bases KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303035 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486361 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Gomez, J AU - Scholer, C F AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE STRENGTH OF ROLLER COMPACTED CONCRETE. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 505-518 AB - Although the experiences on the performance of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) under heavy traffic and severe environmental conditions have been satisfactory, there are still some questions about the structural strength and fatigue characteristics of RCC. Laboratory information on durability of RCC helps to predict field performance. This paper presents laboratory results on attempts to improve the durability of RCC by air entraining a cement mortor prior to the addition of coarse aggregate. Also, some strength correlations are presented to give a more complete view of the RCC properties. KW - Air entraining cement KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Fatigue strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement design KW - Roller compacted concrete KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303036 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486378 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Ray, M AU - CHRISTORY, J P AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMBATTING CONCRETE PAVEMENT SLAB PUMPING: STATE OF THE ART AND RECOMMENDATIONS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 725-733 AB - A PIARC document entitled "Combatting Concrete Pavement Slab Pumping - State of the Art" was distributed on the occasion of the XVIIIth World Road Congress in Brussels in September of 1987. This paper presents the most characteristic aspects of this synthesis based upon the definition of a general framework for recommendations corresponding to a consensus of different researchers and practitioners, accompanied by procedures or methods for adapting these general rules to the specific context of each country or agency. This approach provides designers with a common language. This paper also provides a current illustration of slight changes in practices with regard to constructional arrangements able to meet under acceptable economic conditions the general principles laid down to combat pumping. The paper looks successively into the questions of drainage, erodability, and optimization between drainage, use of low-erodability materials and waterproofing of pavements. For each subject, the language or the area covered is specified, the actual recommendations are set forth, and it is shown how the principle has been formulated within the framework of a classification of materials and designs. Optimization leads to a coherent set of choices concerning type of load transfer, subbase and shoulder material erodability class, drainage system, and sealing or non-sealing of joints. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Erodability KW - Joint sealing KW - Load transfer KW - Optimization KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Recommendations KW - State of the art studies KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303053 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486379 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - NISHIZAWA, T AU - Fukuda, T AU - Matsuno, S AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REFINED MODEL OF DOWELED JOINTS FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENT USING FEM ANALYSIS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 735-745 AB - Mechanical behavior of concrete slabs near joints should be considered in the thickness design of concrete pavements. Thus, it is necessary to develop joint models for FEM (Finite Element Method) analysis which represent the mechanism of load transfer across the joint. In this study, the mechanism of load transfer across the joint was divided into two functions: (a) aggregate interlocking and (b) dowel action and bending action of the dowel bar. Then, a refined joint model was developed, which included these two functions. Numerical calculations were conducted using the model and the results were compared with the experimental data. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Finite element method KW - Interlocking aggregates KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement design KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486301 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS STUDY. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS PY - 1989/04 SP - v.p. AB - The last report to Congress on rail-highway crossing safety was in 1971-72. Since then, several actions and changes have occurred. These are discussed in the Executive Summary which is included in this report. This discussion is followed by 8 chapters. Chapter 1 first outlines the legislative requirements of the report and discusses the consultations that took place in carrying out the study. It then offers an overview of the history of the rail-highway crossing, from the beginning of the railroads to the current situation. Chapter 2 examines the rail-highway crossing today. Among the issues discussed are the basic railroad and highway networks, the characteristics of rail-highway crossings, and the accidents occurring at crossings. In addition, highlights of rail-highway crossing research conducted since 1972 are presented. Chapter 3 looks at the responsibilities of varying levels of government and the railroads at the crossing, and what the different responsible entities are doing to ensure that today's crossing is safe. Included are discussions of funds expended for crossing improvements and the division of improvement and maintenance costs between Federal, State, and local governments, and railroads. Chapter 4 looks at crossing safety in terms of warning systems, the correlation of crossing conditions with accidents, the effectiveness of devices, and alternative solutions (including addressing needs on a corridor basis). Chapter 5 examines how the roadway user's behavior plays a significant role in crossing safety. Chapter 6 reviews other impacts of the crossing, such as its impact on highway mobility, the community, and special systems, as well as other areas related to crossings. Chapter 7 estimates the financial needs necessary for a safe and efficient physical environment at crossings. Needs estimates include the initial and continuing costs of effectively maintaining the current systems and assessments of potential benefits and costs of major safety improvements in terms of national goals. The final chapter summarizes the findings of this study on each of nine identified issues, as well as other issues identified during the course of the study. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Estimates KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Financial requirements KW - Financing KW - History KW - Impact studies KW - Improvements KW - Local government KW - Maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - Safety KW - State government KW - User behavior KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299845 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486325 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Smith, K D AU - Peshkin, D G AU - Darter, M I AU - Mueller, A L AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF DESIGN FEATURES ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 23-44 AB - A major national field study has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavement. Such variables as slab thickness, base type, joint spacing, transverse load transfer, shoulder type, and drainage were studied. These represent critical areas which current pavement design procedures do not satisfactorily address. Eight experimental rigid pavement sections representing the four main climatic zones were selected for inclusion in the study. A wide range of design variables were included to provide an indication of their relative impact on pavement performance. Visual condition surveys, roughness, drainage surveys, NDT deflection testing, and coring/boring testing were performed on every section to provide a complete indication of the performance of the pavement and its relevant properties and characteristics. Preliminary findings on the effect of the design features on pavement performance are presented in this paper. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Drainage KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Test results KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303000 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486332 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - CHRISTORY, J P AU - Corboeuf, A AU - Nissoux, J L AU - Verhee, F AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESTORATION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS: OVERVIEW OF PRACTICES AND ASSESSMENT IN FRANCE. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 117-124 AB - This paper presents information from a new circular being prepared in France on the skid resistance of new wearing courses. The circular offers a good framework for orientations and objectives in the future for the restoration of pavements using powerful mechanical processes. Information is also presented on pavement evaluation systems (SCRIM and Rugolaser), route analysis methods (pavement monitoring, safety based on surface properties, etc.), and restoration techniques being used in France (surface dressings, sawn grooving, and surface peening). KW - Concrete pavements KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - France KW - Methodology KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Peening KW - Restoration KW - Seal coats KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303007 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486339 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Ibukiyama, S AU - Kokubun, S AU - ISHIKAWA, K AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTRODUCTION OF RECENT THIN BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAY CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF THOSE PERFORMANCES IN JAPAN. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 193-203 AB - This paper presents a recent example of the application of thin bonded concrete overlay (TBCO) onto jointed portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) and continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) in Japan and reports on the results obtained. Conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) Some tests were performed to secure the bond of TBCO. In these tests, there was no obvious difference in crack occurrence. The method that should be selected differs according to what is economical and practical. (2) The cracks occurring on TBCO are tiny at the present phase (0.6 mm or less) and have no influence on serviceability. (3) As a preventive repair method, the use of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is effective. In particular, replacement is more effective in locations suffering from severe damage. (4) When TBCO is applied to CRCP, many existing cracks did not reflect onto the TBCO, since SFRC, which is resistant to cracks, was used. (5) In developed regions in Japan, old roads naturally require repair work under various restrictions. In such circumstances, TBCO is one of the most promising methods. KW - Adhesion KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Economics KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Japan KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Reflection cracking KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Testing KW - Thin bonded concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303014 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486350 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Anderson, M AU - Drnevich, V P AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A TRUE DYNAMIC METHOD FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF RIGID PAVEMENTS WITH OVERLAYS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 361-374 AB - A new method for the dynamic evaluation of rigid pavements with overlays is presented. The method uses a vibratory nondestructive testing device (Road Rater 2008), a dynamic signal analyzer (HP3562A), and a microcomputer (MS-DOS compatible). A microcomputer FORTRAN program, GREEN-MA, has been written which uses Green's functions to calculate dynamic structural responses of layered systems subjected to harmonic loads. A backcalculation algorithm, COMDEF, has been modified to include the dynamic deflections calculated by GREEN-MA. Dynamic theory allows the use of more data from a single test than would normally be utilized. When analyzing data from a nondestructive testing device, the typical data include the force and peak deflection measurements. By monitoring the sensor outputs with a dynamic signal analyzer, the data set can easily be increased to include the phase shifts between sensors. Use of phase data allows the determination of a "real time" deflection basin which represents a "photograph" of the deflection basin at a given instant. Many authors have written about the need for true dynamic analysis of nondestructive test data. The major reason for continued use of quasistatic theory in backcalculation has been the large amounts of computer time required to generate true dynamic comparison solutions. A database approach is used by the COMDEF program to speed the calculation of comparison solutions, so that true dynamic backcalculation can be achieved quickly and accurately. KW - Airport runways KW - Algorithms KW - Aprons KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamic signal analyzers KW - Green's function KW - Microcomputers KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road raters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303025 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486357 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - McCullough, B F AU - Won, M AU - Hankins, K AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE STUDY OF RIGID PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 455-465 AB - This paper reports the performance of two types of concrete pavements throughout their complete life cycles. The pavements were constructed in Houston and have received a relatively large amount of traffic volume and loads. The two pavement types are a Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP) and a Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP). The jointed pavement was a part of the Gulf Freeway constructed in 1947 and rehabilitated in 1985, after 38 years of service. The continuously reinforced pavement was constructed on IH610 Loop frontage roads in 1964 and is still in service after 24 years. Both pavements were considered to have experimental features at the time of construction. The jointed pavement was constructed with both the flexible subbase and the embankment soil being "wrapped" in an asphalt membrane. The continuously reinforced pavement contained several experimental sections in which the coarse aggregate type, the percent steel, and the preformed crack spacing was varied. The paper describes the study given to each experimental feature and suggests design and construction aspects which were developed from the analysis. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Experimental roads KW - Long term KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303032 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486364 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Larsen, T J AU - ARMAGHANI, J M AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLORIDA ECONOCRETE TEST ROAD: A 10-YEAR PROGRESS REPORT. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 547-560 AB - The Florida Econocrete Test Road was designed and constructed in response to the energy crisis of the 1970's. In addition to using econocrete bases with 3-in. concrete pavements, several experimental features were included. Among those were the principle of elastic joints applied to the pavement-base interface, the CRCP, and to specially designed dowels. Thin unbonded reinforced pavements were also included. Common variables were joint spacings of 15 ft. and 20 ft., and skewed as well as transverse joints. The 10 year performance study was based on structural response in load-deflection tests and performance rating using the Mays Meter. All concrete sections were compared to a standard concrete pavement section as then built by the Florida Department of Transportation. The experimental sections generally performed equivalent or better than the concrete reference section. The study also included asphalt pavements placed on econocrete base structures. These sections were compared to an asphalt reference section as presently built by the Department. Again, the experimental sections fared well when compared to the reference section. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Econocrete KW - Elastic joints KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Florida KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Skewed joints KW - Skewed structures KW - Spacing KW - Test sections KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303039 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486375 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Wu, S-S AU - Hearne, T M AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT WITH ECONOCRETE BASE. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 683-695 AB - A three-lane, 16 mile section of I-85 in Randolph and Davidson Counties, North Carolina, was opened to traffic in 1984. The spring following the opening of this section of highway, reddish-brown stains were visible on the concrete shoulders. Water was determined to be flowing under the slabs and blowing out through weak points along the joints. The data collected in an attempt to understand this phenomenon included: horizontal and vertical movements of the slabs, static and dynamic pavement deflections, temperature gradients of the pavement system, location of dowels in the slabs, concrete and soil material properties, and field observations to identify water movement. Possible causes of the problems were identified and methods to minimize damage to the pavement were recommended as a result of this study. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete properties KW - Deflection KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Econocrete KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Flow KW - Location KW - Motion KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Physical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Recommendations KW - Slab movement KW - Slabs KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Stains KW - Streamflow KW - Temperature gradients KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486323 AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - 756 p. AB - These Proceedings list the various technical sessions and contain preprints of 56 papers accepted for publication or presentation at the Conference held on April 18-20, 1989, in West Lafayette, Indiana. Virtually all phases of highway and airport pavement evaluation, design, construction and rehabilitation were discussed. Technical sessions were conducted on design theories and performance, rehabilitation, pavement evaluation and overlays, pavement design and economic analysis, design and rehabilitation of airfields, evaluation and testing, recycling and construction, and joints, bases and drainage. Nineteen of the technical papers are from various foreign countries or organizations which made this a truly international conference. There were a large number of sponsors and supportng agencies. Representatives of these agencies participated in selecting papers for presentation oand publication in the proceedings and assisted in the planning and conduct on the conference. KW - Airport runways KW - Aprons KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Drainage KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economic analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Highway pavement KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297784 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486336 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Sato, K AU - Hachiya, Y AU - Inukai, H AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF LIFT-UP METHOD FOR REHABILITATION OF SETTLED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 159-169 AB - A new lift-up method for prestressed concrete (PC) pavements has been developed as a rehabilitation method for adjusting the unevenness of pavements, when they have unacceptable settlement and differential settlement in particular. The procedure of the newly developed lift-up method is as follows. Installation fittings for jacks and reaction beds are provided only at the settled area of the pavements when lift-up work becomes necessary. Hydraulic jacks are attached to the installation fittings and the PC slabs are lifted up. The lift-up operation is conducted by automatic control of the jack stroke lengths and finally, the gap created between the PC slabs and the base courses is grouted. It is confirmed from the results of the lift-up tests in test pavements that PC slabs can be lifted up rapidly, precisely and safely by using this newly developed lift-up method. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Grouting KW - Hydraulic jacks KW - Lift-up method KW - Methodology KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Roughness KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303011 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486338 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Charonnat, Y AU - Chauchot, J AU - SAINTON, A AU - Verhee, F AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CEMENT CONCRETE OVERLAYS ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN FRANCE. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 185-191 AB - Between 1973 and 1976, experimental sites were constructed, using cement concrete overlays on flexible pavements in France. The laying was carried out by a slip form paver. After more than ten years of use, a series of condition tests was carried out to evaluate the state of the pavements and to sum up the maintenance works during this period. The structural condition of the pavement was found to be excellent. Three kinds of maintenance work were carried out: sealing of longitudinal cracks; repair of subsidence of the supporting soil on very short sections; and joint resealing and restoration of surface roughness. The design of the overlay course is discussed in this paper, along with the preparation of the jobsite and the carrying out of the work. The following conclusions were drawn: The use of ready mix concrete and concrete truck mixers is only suitable for concrete laying at a slow output; the articulated table concept is very well suited to bends; and the ground under the spreader's caterpillar tracks must have a good bearing capacity. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Flexible pavements KW - France KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Slip form paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303013 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486353 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Rollings, R S AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS RIGID AIRFIELD DESIGN PROCEDURES. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 405-418 AB - In 1979 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers introduced an airfield design manual that included design procedures for plain, reinforced, continuously reinforced, steel fiber reinforced, and prestressed concrete airfield pavements. In the intervening ten years additional work has led to changes in some of these procedures and to preparation of two updated design manuals published in 1988. This paper reviews the basis for these changes. Some of the topics covered include revised fatigue relationships for plain and steel fiber reinforced concrete pavements, acceptance of layered elastic design procedures as an alternative to Westergaard procedures, changes to thickness design for continuously reinforced concrete pavements, and revisions to the jointing criteria for steel fiber reinforced concrete pavements. Some work that has not progressed to the point to allow its inclusion in the 1988 manuals and the current status of changes to prestressed and overlay pavement design are presented. KW - Airport runways KW - Aprons KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Elastic layered method KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303028 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486355 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Sato, R AU - Hachiya, Y AU - Kawakami, A AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DESIGN METHOD FOR CONTROL OF CRACKING IN CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 431-443 AB - This paper contains a detailed description of the crack controlling method for continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). A longitudinal crack originating from the transverse cracks is considered as a failure criteria in CRCP. As the possibility of this cracking depends on the load transfer efficiency at the transverse crack, crack control, namely controlling both crack width and crack spacing, is considered a keystone in designing CRCP. This study consists of the following steps. First, new formulas for calculating stress in the reinforcement have been derived. By using those, crack spacing and crack width can be estimated with accuracy. Then, full scale test pavements have been constructed and the behaviour of the pavements has been monitored continuously from the construction. Finally, the validity of those formulas has been verified by various data obtained in the test pavement. By using the new formulas, it is confirmed that the position of the reinforcement adopted in this test pavement is supported to be theoretically reasonable. KW - Accuracy KW - Airport runways KW - Aprons KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Control KW - Design methods KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Spacing KW - Test sections KW - Transverse cracking KW - Verification KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303030 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486368 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Harrison, R AU - Bertrand, C AU - Hudson, W R AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURING THE SMOOTHNESS OF NEWLY CONSTRUCTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT FOR ACCEPTANCE SPECIFICATIONS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 601-614 AB - A smooth highway surface is recognized as an important characteristic for achieving good service life and user comfort. A 10-foot straight edge was the traditional instrument used by contractors and owners to check surface deviations until the Profilograph was developed in California in the 1960s, and utilized as a means of evaluating pavement smoothness. In the last decade many highway engineers have noted a decline in initial pavement smoothness and, as a result, other state agencies have incorporated versions of the Profilograph into their acceptance standards. This led AASHTO in 1984 to conduct a survey into smoothness specifications and to recommend a draft guide specification. The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation engaged the Center for Transportation Research (CTR) at the University of Texas to evaluate this specification with a variety of roughness devices. The paper presents a brief historical background and reports the key results of an AASHTO survey to ascertain states' practices. A modification to the AASHTO guide specification is then discussed, and implications of the bonus and penalty categories discussed. A high resolution profiling device, the Dipstick, which can be used to quantify pavement surface data, has been tested with other roughness devices and the results are presented. Finally, a California-type Profilograph was employed on newly constructed reinforced concrete to test the proposed specification prior to its trial adoption. Problems with the Profilograph were identified which could make the proposed standards difficult to implement. CTR staff believe that a combination of Profilograph and Dipstick instruments, together with a modification to the categories within the Texas draft specification, would result in a more equitable and enforceable standard. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dipstick KW - Enforcement KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Profilographs KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303043 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486370 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Van Matre, F R AU - Schutzbach, A M AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ILLINOIS' EXPERIENCE WITH A RECYCLED CONCRETE INLAY. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 625-639 AB - This paper describes a research project which evaluated the feasibility of recycling a deteriorated concrete pavement. A cracked and badly faulted 24-foot wide jointed reinforced concrete pavement was selected for the study. Originally constructed in 1964, the pavement cross-section consisted of 10 in. of concrete over 6 in. of aggregate subbase. A 27-ft-wide inlay was constructed to take advantage of the bituminous shoulders that had been reconstructed in 1978. The two northbound lanes of the four lane project were constructed in 1986, and the two southbound lanes completed in 1987. The construction sequence consisted of removing the inner 1 1/2 ft of each shoulder, breaking the pavement with a diesel pile driver, crushing the broken concrete, cement stabilizing the aggregate subbase in-place to a depth of 7 in., and constructing a new 10-in. continuously reinforced concrete pavement. The recycled concrete mix contained both coarse and fine crushed concrete. Small amounts of natural sand and fly ash were added for workability. The crushed concrete met standard quality requirements with the exception of the sodium sulfate soundness test. The mix properties of the recycled concrete were comparable to those of a conventional concrete mix. The Illinois Department of Transportation is monitoring the long-term performance of the pavement. The feasibility of the recycling process and the cost savings potentially associated with such a process indicate that recycling deteriorated concrete pavements is yet another viable rehabilitative technique. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Long term KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycling KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303045 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486372 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Charonnat, Y AU - Lefebvre, J-P AU - SAINTON, A AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMISATION OF NON-SKID CHARACTERISTICS IN CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 651-659 AB - A study of micro-roughness and macro-roughness generated in a concrete surface revealed the following: the micro-roughness is most efficient at low speeds; the micro-roughness is jointly achieved by the effects of the mortar and the micro-roughness of the fine gravel; at 120 km/h the macro-roughness is mostly felt by the drainage effect; the angularity of the grains have a positive effect on the roughness; and the general wear on a green concrete pavement is usually between 0.3 and 0.7 mm per year. These findings enabled the proposal of two methods for optimising the non-skid properties of concrete pavements: moulding of deep grooving; and increase of the resistance to wear of the surface. The first method was no longer investigated after 1976 when longitudinal grooving was abandoned in France. The second method was accomplished by the use of studding and stripping, both of which are described in this paper. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Optimization KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Skid resistance KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Studs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486067 AU - Pulver, W A AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A HAND HELD MICROCOMPUTER AS A DATA COLLECTION DEVICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 30 p. AB - This publication is a final report containing results and conclusions derived from the evaluation of a hand-held microcomputer as a field data collection device. The implementation of automated data collection can abbreviate or eliminate time consuming and error prone procedures that occur in manual data collection. The 208K RAM Husky Hunter was chosen as the portable microcomputer for this evaluation due to its physical durability and its programmable versatility. The Hunter was used for three large volume data collection activities to demonstrate its adaptability to various procedures and conditions. Factors examined included the programming, data collecting and data transferring capabilities of the Hunter. The results of this evaluation verify the implementation of automated data collection will stream-line and increase the efficiency of many data collection activities. KW - 208K ram husky hunter KW - Accuracy KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Microcomputers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portable equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297633 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486340 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Verhoeven, K AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIN OVERLAYS OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE AND CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE: STATE OF THE ART IN BELGIUM. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 205-219 AB - Resurfacing of existing roads with cement concrete has been in use in Belgium for the last 10 years. With renewed interest in steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), created by better incorporation possibilities and subsequent lower fiber content, new uses in thin resurfacings (less than 15 cm) were considered. Together with SFRC, alternatives were examined such as thin continuously reinforced concrete (TCRCP) with a thickness between 12 and 16 cm. Since 1982, experimental sections of thin overlays have been constructed in Belgium; eight are made of SFRC and four are of thin continuously reinforced concrete (TCRC). In spite of the fact that most of the presented test sections are still relatively young, this report attempts to formulate some interim conclusions that should lead to practical guidelines for their use. KW - Belgium KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Guidelines KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Test sections KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Thin bonded concrete KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303015 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486342 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Ioannides, A M AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Lary, J A AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERPRETATION OF FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER RESULTS USING PRINCIPLES OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 231-247 AB - This paper discusses a rigorous, theoretically sound and efficient backcalculation procedure, applicable to two-layer, rigid pavement systems. A number of practical illustrative examples demonstrate that the method presented simplifies considerably the effort required in interpreting nondestructive testing data. A unique feature of this approach is that in addition to yielding the required backcalculated parameters, it also allows an evaluation of the degree to which the in situ system behaves as idealized by theory, and provides an indication of possible equipment shortcomings. The method is extremely powerful and versatile, and may be extended to include other loading conditions, as well as multi-layer systems (flexible pavements). When the backcalculation is performed on a personal computer, execution time per deflection basin is trivial (about 1 sec). Application of the procedure to actual field data from recent projects has confirmed that it yields very realistic, consistent and reliable results. KW - Backcalculation KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Dimensional analysis KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement design KW - Personal computers KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303017 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486349 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Voigt, G F AU - Knutson, M J AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND SELECTION OF THE PREFERRED 4R STRATEGY. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 331-357 AB - Provisions of the Federal-Aid Highway Act expanded the definition of construction to include: resurfacing, restoration and rehabilitation, the original three R's. In 1981 the Highway Act was passed which added reconstruction, the fourth R. In practice, the four R's are easily defined: Resurfacing, Restoration, Recycling and Reconstruction. Rehabilitation has been removed from the definition as found in the congressional act, because in reality it is a term which encompasses both resurfacing and restoration. Recycling, which was not present, has been added so as not to neglect the reuse of existing materials. There are four basic types of data which are necessary in developing designs for almost all 4R options: design data; traffic data; environmental data; and distress/condition data. This paper discusses each of these types of data, as well as the key questions which must be answered when initiating a 4R project, the alternatives available for each of the 4R's, other non-pavement factors to be considered (e.g., right-of-way, environmental concerns, high-accident locations, etc.), developing 4R strategies, choosing the preferred 4R strategy, and life-cycle cost analysis. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data needs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Information organization KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Reconstruction KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Restoration KW - Resurfacing KW - Selecting KW - Strategy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486351 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Greer, W C AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STRENGTH TESTS AND ACCEPTANCE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 375-383 AB - One of the most troublesome phases of a concrete pavement construction project can be the determination of whether the strength of the concrete meets the project specifications. This determination can be complicated by the fact that the flexural strength test is often the test specified for acceptance and there is often little or no understanding of the procedures and precision of the flexural strength test. The quick placement of large volumes of concrete for pavement construction projects means that a million dollars or more worth of concrete can be "on the ground" before the first acceptance test is ever performed. If questions arise regarding the validity of the acceptance tests, then a good understanding of the variations inherent in the flexural strength test are necessary for a proper evaluation of the acceptability of the concrete. The results of analyses to determine the statistical parameters for flexural strength test results for more than one million cubic yards of concrete pavement constructed at the Atlanta International Airport are presented in this paper. Parameters for within-test statistical variations are presented so that the quality of the testing agency personnel can be evaluated. Parameters for the between-test statistical variations are presented so that the quality of production by the contractor can be evaluated. The results of the analyses indicate that the within-test variations can approach the between-test variations and this greatly contributes to the confusion and misunderstandings. The analyses also show that two flexural strength test results from the same batch of concrete can be expected to vary by as much as 100 psi and not be considered suspect 95% of the time. The difference between the average flexural strengths of each of two batches of the same concrete mix in the laboratory can differ by as much as 75 psi and not be considered suspect 95% of the time. Procedures for adjusting the actual flexural strength test results upward based on additional thickness over the design thickness or downward based on deficient thickness from the design thickness are given. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Airport runways KW - Aprons KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete strength KW - Flexural strength KW - Pavement design KW - Specifications KW - Statistical quality control KW - Strength of materials KW - Test results KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303026 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486374 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - POBLETE, M AU - Valenzuela, R AU - Clasing, E AU - Salgado, J AU - GUTIERREZ, P AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAULTING EVOLUTION IN UNDOWELED PCC PAVEMENTS WITH SLABS CURLED UPWARDS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 671-681 AB - The evolution of faultings in the Chilean in-service undoweled jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCP), after 3 1/2 years of measurements, is presented. A systematic buildup of faultings was observed in Winter in all new pavements up to 10 years old, followed by a decrease during the dry seasons, which is attributed to an accumulation of sandy fines under the approach slab edges, rather than to erosion under the leave edges. In general, the magnitude of the faultings in Chile's PCC paved network, is of slight to moderate severity (less than 4 mm); while imperceptible (less than 2 mm) in old pavements built on granular subbases. In new pavements, rigid cement treated bases seem to have been of no benefit by opening a slab-base interface under the uplifted edges, thus creating one basic condition for pumping. Influence of thermal conditions (joint openings) and rainfall (infiltrated water) seem to counteract themselves throughout the country, making no territorial difference as regards to faulting development. Faulting evolution is presented as a function of pavement age, in absence of traffic data which was not available. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Chile KW - Concrete pavements KW - Faulting KW - Heat KW - Injury severity KW - Pavement design KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Rainfall KW - Severity KW - Temperature KW - Thermal conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303049 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486376 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Owusu-Antwi, E B AU - Meyer, A H AU - Hudson, W R AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF LOAD TRANSFER ACROSS JOINTS AND CRACKS IN RIGID PAVEMENTS USING THE FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 697-708 AB - Loss of load transfer across joints and cracks in rigid pavements is one of the major factors responsible for concrete pavement distress. This loss of load transfer has a significant influence on performance and thus on life cycle cost considerations of rigid pavements. It is therefore necessary to detect such defects in rigid pavements in their early stage so that the proper rehabilitation measures can be applied. For rigid pavement evaluation in order to determine the existence of such defects and the rehabilitation procedures necessary, the Texas SDHPT has recently purchased a number of Falling Weight Deflectometers (FWD) for use on the concrete pavements in the state. This study was primarily instituted to develop techniques for the analysis of FWD deflection data for the assessment of load transfer across joints and cracks of rigid pavements. This paper describes the evaluation of procedures for the assessment of load transfer at transverse joints and cracks developed in previous studies, using FWD data collected on a controlled jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP) laboratory test facility and a number of test sections on in-service pavements for their implementation in the field. These procedures are also applicable to the evaluation of longitudinal joints in rigid pavements, particularly rigid shoulder joints. The results of the analysis presented indicate that the FWD can be used effectively to assess load transfer across joints and cracks in rigid pavement. In some cases, however, more sensitive deflection sensors are necessary to detect the changes in load transfer at joints and cracks of concrete pavements in the field which, although of small magnitude, may be enough to result in significant distress at these discontinuities, with a consequent reduction in performance. KW - Cracking KW - Data analysis KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Test facilities KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303051 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486327 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Shi, X AU - Yao, Z AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT PROCEDURE FOR CONTAINER TERMINALS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 53-59 AB - This paper presents the development of a concrete pavement design procedure for container terminals under an overall consideration of the operational conditions and the functional requirements of container handling areas. Two different design criteria are adopted for areas with different usage or loading conditions. Stress analysis was based upon a solution for a free-edged rectangular thick plate on a Winkler foundation, taking into account the transverse shear deformation and the edge effect, and a comprehensive computer program was developed to produce simplfied design charts and tables for stress calculations. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Container terminals KW - Design KW - Design charts KW - Design criteria KW - Design methods KW - Pavement design KW - Structural analysis KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303002 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486330 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Cable, J K AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED PAVEMENT DESIGN THROUGH PAVEMENT INSTRUMENTATION. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 99-107 AB - Past methods of pavement design have relied heavily on the use of empirical data and laboratory testing to develop the materials and thickness required for an estimated number of loadings. The technology has advanced to the point where instrumentation can be used to measure the effect of the existing traffic flow on the pavement under various climatic conditions. This project is part of an FHWA Demonstration project and an Iowa Highway Research Board project on pavement instrumentation. The paper describes the instrumentation that has been developed to monitor the traffic effect on a section of I-80 in Southwestern Iowa. The instrumentation includes the use of piezo electric cables to trigger the data collection and monitor the weight, speed, lateral location and lane placement of the vehicles passing over the data collection site. Data collection equipment includes concrete deflection, concrete and dowel bar strain, and temperature of the pavement and subgrade. A special application of nuclear gages is being used to measure the moisture and density of the material under the pavement at the joints and midslab location. Examples of the results are shown. The site is equipped with telephone lines and computer capability to allow remote sensing of the results at an office location at the Iowa State University. Site planning and installation problems and solutions are discussed in this report. The successes and failures of the installation portion of the project are discussed. This type of location allows the designer and planner to monitor traffic and pavement performance remotely without interference or identification by the traffic to improve the knowledge of pavement/traffic/environment interaction. KW - Building KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Instrumentation KW - Monitoring KW - Nuclear gages KW - Nuclear tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Remote sensing KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303005 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486344 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Chou, Y T AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR ROADS AND STREETS ELASTIC LAYERED METHOD. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 267-278 AB - The current design procedure of rigid pavements for military roads, streets, walks, and open storage areas is reviewed. The two computer programs used in the current and the elastic layered method are described. The development of the procedure using the elastic layered method and the discrepancies between the two procedures are presented. A design example is given illustrating the procedure for designing rigid pavement for military roads and streets. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Elastic layered method KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Military facilities KW - Military roads KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303019 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486345 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Kelleher, K AU - Larson, R M AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DESIGN OF PLAIN DOWELED JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 279-292 AB - The main obtectives of this report are to summarize the findings of past reports, to communicate the experiences of the various States and foreign countries, and to emphasize the need for dowels as a positive method of load transfer on most, if not all, medium and heavy truck traffic routes with plain jointed concrete pavements. Of the three basic types of concrete pavements--jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP-doweled or undoweled), jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP), and continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP), this report will concentrate on the transverse joint design for JPCP. However, much of the information would apply to doweled joints in JRCP also. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement design KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303020 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486362 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Armstrong, J P AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED STRENGTH TESTS FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 519-530 AB - This paper presents the results of a laboratory based effort to evaluate potential methods of obtaining flexural strength for pavement quality control within 24 hr by accelerated test methods. Current Corps of Engineers pavement design procedures are based on and specify 28- and 90-day flexural strengths for roads and airfields, respectively. Quality control of pavement strengths use correlated 7- and 14-day flexural strengths to identify strength problems as early as possible, but compliance with specifications still depends on the 28- and 90-day strengths. These lengthy test times are not adequate to identify pavement strength problems, particularly with today's rapid construction techniques. A literature review indicates that accelerated test methods employing elevated curing temperatures are available for evaluating compressive strength (ASTM C 684), but comparable procedures for the more sensitive flexural strength have not been published or accepted. Some success has been achieved in predicting long-term flexural strength by the use of the boiling method (ASTM C 684, Procedure B). More recent work indicates that a warm water curing method (ASTM C 684, Procedure A) is safer, may be more reliable, and causes less deleterious effects to the specimen. Therefore it was pursued in this study. To determine the most effective one day measure of concrete quality, accelerated (24 hr in an elevated temperature water bath) and 14-day flexural, splitting tensile, and compressive strengths were compared to 28- and 90-day flexural strengths. Three concrete mixtures were prepared by varying water cement ratios to provide a wide strength range. Ten batches of each mixture were cast into beams and cylinders for testing. A total of 1,061 specimens were fabricated and tested. Based upon the coefficient of determination (R sq) for regression equations, the warm water method provides reliability (R sq equals 0.894 to 0.945) equal to if not greater than the 14-day tests (R sq equals 0.785 to 0.920) in predicting 28- and 90-day flexural strength. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Admixtures KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Flexural strength KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement design KW - Quality control KW - Reliability KW - Tensile strength KW - Test results KW - Warm water curing method KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303037 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486363 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Chou, C J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LONG-TERM MONITORING SYSTEM FOR TEXAS CRC PAVEMENT NETWORK UTILIZING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 531-545 AB - The primary objective of this research was to develop an experimental design for the network level condition survey in order to develop a long-term monitoring system for Texas continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavement. This paper provides an example for developing the experimental design and an analysis methodology, and for presenting the results of a preliminary analysis. In addition to the experimental design, other major contributions include developing the distess index and decision criteria index for determining the current pavement distress condition and the time when a pavement has reached its terminal condition. The distress index was developed using discriminant analysis of the condition survey data for 1974 to 1984. It is a weighted combination of several major distress manifestations occurring in a pavement section. For major rehabilitation, a pavement is classified as a candidate for overlay if its distress index is smaller than zero. Once the current pavement distress condition can be expressed as a single number, i.e., as a Zeta score, its future condition can be predicted from the relationship between the Zeta score and some independent variables considered to have an influence on pavement deterioration. However, this relationship cannot be obtained unless sufficient distress information is available from a well-planned condition survey conducted periodically for years. The approach adopted in this study for determining the relationship was to monitor existing in-service roads. A factorial experiment permitting maximum use of data collected on a limited number of study test sections was designed. Several independent variables were selected as the experimental factors, based on the study of the AASHTO equations, field data analysis, and mechanistic models. The experimental factors possess control levels which cover a wide range of conditions existing in Texas. The distress condition for each of 425 test sections was calculated using the distress index equation. It was found that most design experimental factors or their interactions have significant influence on the Zeta score and pavement mean crack spacing. KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Distress index KW - Experimental design KW - Long term KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Test sections KW - Texas KW - Time duration KW - Zeta score UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303038 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486377 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - CHRISTORY, J P AU - Nissoux, J L AU - Orsat, P AU - Verhee, F AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD TRANSFER RESTORATION AT JOINTS. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 709-724 AB - For several years, French engineers have been developing devices for load transfer restoration at joints to reduce pavement pumping. This paper describes the repair system which consists of metal connectors. The connectors are in the form of steel cylinders in two half-shells linked together by a steel pin sliding in a horizontal plane. The connectors are sealed by gluing in holes drilled vertically astride the joint between slabs. Special equipment is being developed for a rapid restoration to reduce traffic interruption and repair costs. Measurements carried out in situ show that the connector carries loads from one slab to the other efficiently and with an excellent resistance to fatigue and corrosion. The relative displacement between the two adjacent slabs is substantially reduced, and pumping effects are stopped. With the equipment being developed it is expected that one kilometer of one lane of a highway will be repaired in a day. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Development KW - Equipment KW - Fasteners KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Metal connectors KW - Metals KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rapid methods KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Restoration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303052 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486334 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Hall, K T AU - Darter, M I AU - Snyder, M B AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Forster, S W AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT REHABILITATION. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 137-149 AB - This paper summarizes the results of extensive field, laboratory, and analytical studies conducted into the evaluation and rehabilitation of concrete pavements. The field studies included 349 concrete pavement rehabilitation projects throughout the United States, the construction of a large load transfer restoration experiment on I-10 in Florida, and a full-depth repair experiment on I-74 in Illinois. A major laboratory study was conducted to investigate anchoring of dowels into existing concrete slabs for full-depth repair load transfer. The rehabilitation techniques studied were diamond grinding, full-depth repair, partial-depth repair, load transfer restoration, edge support restoration, bonded concrete overlay, unbonded concrete overlay and crack and seat/AC overlay. Detailed condition data, traffic data, design and construction data and climate data were collected for each project. Analyses of the field and laboratory data were conducted to identify significant factors influencing the performance of rehabilitated concrete pavements, and to develop predictive models for distresses observed on rehabilitated concrete pavements, including faulting, cracking joint deterioration, rutting, and reflection cracking. These models may be used to predict the performance of rehabilitated concrete pavements under various traffic, design, and climate conditions. The major findings and predictive models obtained from this study were incorporated into a computer system for evaluation and rehabilitation of jointed plain, jointed reinforced, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. This practical, user-friendly system developed for use on a personal computer is intended to assist engineers in project evaluation and selection of cost-effective rehabilitation techniques. KW - Anchoring KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Cracking KW - Data analysis KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Field tests KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Grinding KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load transfer KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Partial depth repair KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Personal computers KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Restoration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303009 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486341 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Lundy, J R AU - McCullough, B F AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DELAMINATION IN BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAYS OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED PAVEMENT. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 221-229 AB - The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) has placed over 25 lane miles of bonded concrete overlay (BCO) in the Houston area. Following the successful construction of a 1,000 foot test section in 1983, the SDHPT overlaid approximately 3.2 miles of an eight lane freeway. Debonding of some areas was reported within one year of completion. After debonding was discovered early in 1987, a study was initiated to determine the location, extent and cause of the delaminations. Furthermore, the investigation was to determine if debonding was a progressive phenomenon. Several techniques were used to characterize the extent of debonding. For the conditions in Houston, manual sounding of the overlay followed by video tape recording of the pavement yielded the most practical and economic survey results. The use of ground penetrating radar to locate delaminated area was found to be inappropriate for the conditions presented in Houston. When assessing the developmnt of delamination with time, operator variance in sounding and seasonal effects have a pronounced influence on the evaluation. The survey results showed the use of portland cement grout as a bonding agent reduces the chance of debonding under conditions present in Houston. Also, the use of steel fiber reinforcement with siliceous river gravel or crushed limestone aggregate with welded wire fabric reduces the likelihood of delamination when compared to siliceous river gravel and welded wire fabric. KW - Cement grouts KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Crushed limestone KW - Debonding KW - Delamination KW - Gravelly soils KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rivers KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Silica stone KW - Siliceous river gravel KW - Sounding KW - Test sections KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486348 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Wimsatt, A J AU - Brown, J L AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCORPORATION OF THE 1986 AASHTO GUIDE INTO THE CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN GUIDELINES OF THE TEXAS SDHPT. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 311-329 AB - This paper first covers the design parameters being adopted by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) from the 1986 AASHTO Guide. Examples of pavement designs for two classifications are then discussed as follows: (I) Urban and rural freeway expansions, including mainlanes and frontage roads, and unbonded portland cement concrete overlays; and (II) Highway intersections and arterial street improvements, which involve thick, plain, jointed concrete pavements with no load transfer devices placed directly on the subgrade. Finally, pavement designs generated by the Departmental designers during the 1980's are reviewed and compared with designs that would have been generated by the new guidelines from the 1986 AASHTO Guide. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Arterial highways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Intersections KW - Pavement design KW - Revisions KW - Rural highways KW - Streets KW - Texas KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303023 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486359 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - KAZMIEROWSKI, T J AU - WRONG, G A AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIX YEARS EXPERIENCE WITH EXPERIMENTAL CONCRETE PAVEMENT SECTIONS IN ONTARIO. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 473-489 AB - In 1982, four experimental sections of rigid pavement were constructed on Highway 3, southeast of Windsor to assess the comparative performance and overall serviceability of various pavement, drainage, and shoulder designs plus 2 types of surface textures. Recent innovative developments in concrete pavement design methodology, material specification, construction techniques, and pavement drainage systems prompted Ontario's Ministry of Transportation to construct these alternative test pavements. A summary of the design and construction details, plus the performance results of an ongoing monitoring program are documented in this paper. The performance of the pavement sections is described in terms of load transfer and pavement edge deflections based on FWD testing, Pavement Condition Ratings, roughness, skid resistance, joint movement and a crack survey. Observations of noise levels, traffic volumes, and surface texture are discussed. Conclusions based on six years of performance results indicate the superior performance of the free draining base materials. In addition, some anomalous behaviour based on pavement cracking and roughness suggest additional areas of process control are warranted. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Deflection KW - Drainage KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental roads KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Skid resistance KW - Sound level KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303034 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486366 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Chase, G W AU - Lane, J AU - Smith, G AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAST TRACK PAVING: MEETING THE NEED FOR EARLY USE OF PAVEMENT. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 579-585 AB - Fast Track is the name that has been given to a technique that permits Portland cement concrete pavements to be opened to traffic in a day or less. The method has been developed and used in the state of Iowa to minimize the time that a roadway is denied to traffic because of the placement of new pavement. Through the proper selection of cement type, mix design and curing conditions, it has been possible to achieve beam flexural strengths in excess of 400 psi in 12 hours. The Iowa Department of Transportation considers 350 psi the minimum flexural strength necessary to open a pavement to traffic. The Fast Track paving technique was first used on several demonstration projects in 1986. In 1987, the technique was used for nine additional projects where there was a need to open the roadway to traffic as soon as possible or to facilitate subsequent paving operations. This paper discusses the development effort, mix design, construction techniques, and pavement performance for several projects. Fast Track paving offers an attractive solution to private owners and governments who cannot allow a roadway to be closed to traffic for a significant period of time. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Demonstration projects KW - Flexural strength KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Timing saving methods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303041 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00486373 JO - Publication of: Purdue University PB - Purdue University AU - Mathis, D M AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERMEABLE BASE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. PROCEEDINGS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 18-20, 1989 PY - 1989/04 SP - p. 663-670 AB - This paper presents the state-of-the-practice in pavement drainage (i.e., permeable bases) for new or reconstructed asphalt concrete and Portland cement concrete pavements. Rather than using impermeable dense-graded materials many States are now using open-graded or "permeable" bases to allow infiltrated moisture to rapidly drain through the base and out from beneath the pavement structure. Because of the relative unfamiliarity with permeable base pavement structures and with the varying designs in use, this paper provides a summary of permeable base pavement systems being used in the United States. Also included is a review of current permeable base construction practices. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement design KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485604 AU - Swiat, W J AU - Bushman, J B AU - Corpro Companies, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS IN CATHODIC PROTECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 205 p. AB - The performance of seven cathodic protection systems installed on two mild steel reinforced concrete bridges was assessed. One bridge is located in a marine environment and the other is located in a northern climatic region. Critical review of embedded silver/silver chloride reference cells and macrocell rebar probes was made. Constant voltage and constant current control for cathodic protection systems were monitored and results are described. Test procedures and actual field data to establish cathodic protection criteria for bridge structures are discussed. The effectiveness of an improved coke-asphalt cathodic protection system for bridge decks was laboratory tested and discussed. KW - Cathodic protection KW - Coke-asphalt KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485757 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1989 ANNUAL REPORT ON HIGHWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS PY - 1989/04 SP - 47 p. AB - This report was prepared in accordance with Sections 130 and 152 of Title 23 of the United States Code. It is based upon data submitted by the States and Territories, information obtained from within the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and other sources as noted. The report examines the progress made by the States and Territories in implementing the Rail-Highway Crossings and Hazard Elimination programs. The report also examines the effectiveness of highway safety improvements in reducing the number and severity of motor vehicle accidents. In addition, the report presents current motor vehicle accident data and trends. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Fund allocations KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485332 AU - McGrath, T J AU - Tigue, D B AU - Rund, R E AU - Heger, T G AU - Simpson Gumpertz and Heger, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PIPECAR USER AND PROGRAMMER MANUAL, VERSION 1.0. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 264 p. AB - This Manual presents an overview, user instructions and technical backup for the computer program PIPECAR. PIPECAR is a program for the structural analysis and design of circular and horizontal reinforced concrete pipes. It has been written to run on IBM or IBM compatible microcomputers. The input routines are user friendly; only minimal experience with computers is required prior to use. PIPECAR completes structural analyses for loads due to pipe weight, soil weight, internal gravity fluid weight, live loads and internal pressures up to 50 ft of head. Loads may be applied via the radial load system (commonly called the Olander analysis), the unifrom load system (commonly called the Paris coefficients) or the manual load system, which is a modified uniform system. Forces resulting from each load condition may be printed out separately. Structural design is in accordance with AASHTO Section 17.4. Design criteria include ultimate flexure, radial and diagonal tension, and service load crack control. Most variables can be controlled by the user. Knowledge of structural design codes for culverts is required. The quantity of output is controlled by the user. All output is formatted for 8.5 in. by 11 in. paper. User instructions include descriptions of all input variables and design examples. The programmer manual includes listings of all technical subroutines. KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Pipe culverts KW - Reinforced concrete pipe KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485435 AU - Perfater, M A AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXAMINATION OF ALTERNATIVES TO VIRGINIA'S CONDEMNATION PROCEDURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 46 p. AB - The study examined the condemnation process in the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) by collecting information from attorneys, appraisers, judges, VDOT managers and staff, and other condemnors both within and outside Virginia. Of particular interest were alternatives that exist to the present procedure for selecting the condemnation tribunal and a determination of whether such alternatives hold promise for overcoming difficulties that may be associated with the existing system. A number of initiatives are identified that, if implemented, may result in improvements in Virginia's condemnation process. They include increasing the use of contract appraisers, especially in highly controversial cases; additional training for staff appraisers and negotiators; review of past cases in which awards were excessive; greater use of pretrial discovery; and, consideration of an alternative to the current methods for composing and selecting condemnation tribunal. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Appraisals KW - Condemnation procedures KW - Eminent domain KW - Guidelines KW - Loss and damage KW - Market value KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Virginia UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/exam.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38500/38535/89-R19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485331 AU - McGrath, T J AU - Tigue, D B AU - Rund, R E AU - Heger, T G AU - Simpson Gumpertz and Heger, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BOXCAR USER AND PROGRAMMER MANUAL, VERSION 1.0. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 239 p. AB - This Manual presents an overview, user instructions and technical backup for the computer program BOXCAR. BOXCAR is a program for the structural analysis and design of reinforced concrete box sections. It has been written to run on IBM or IBM compatible microcomputers. The input routines are user friendly; only minimal experience with computers is required prior to use. Most parameters can be controlled by the user. Knowledge of structural design codes for culverts is required. BOXCAR completes structural analysis for loads due to box weight, soil weight, internal gravity fluid weight, live loads and user specified surcharge loads. Forces resulting from each load condition may be printed out separately. Structural design is in accordance with AASHTO. Design criteria include ultimate flexure, diagonal tension, service load crack control, and service load fatigue. The quantity of output is controlled by the user. All output is formatted for 8.5 by 11 inch paper. User instructions include descriptions of all input variables and design examples. The programmer manual includes listings of all technical subroutines. KW - Box culverts KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485267 AU - Hughes, C S AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE USE OF RUBBER-TIRE ROLLERS ON ASPHALT CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 17 p. AB - The addition of a rubber-tire roller was required on two projects on maintenance schedules and on two construction projects in 1988. The rubber-tire roller was used as an addition of the conventional rollers on one-half of each project. The rubber-tire roller was required to have a minimum of 80 psi ground contact pressure (GCP). Used in the intermediate roller position, it applied three passes to the pavement. On two of the projects, the addition of the rubber-tire roller improved the pavement properties compared to those on the conventionally rolled section. On one project, the conventionally rolled section had better pavement properties, and on one project there were no differences. The results of this study and one conducted in 1987 indicate that the addition of a rubber-tire roller improved the pavement properties on more than half of projects tested. Based on this rate of improvement, it is recommended that a rubber-tire roller operating in the intermediate roller position with a minimum GCP of 80 psi and applying three passes be required on all modified mixes; i.e., those in which the optimum asphalt content is based on a 75-blow Marshall compactive effort. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compaction KW - Ground contact pressure KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Paving KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rubber tired rollers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36761/89-R26.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485327 AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS WITH A THREE-INCH COVER DEPTH: A TEN-YEAR PERFORMANCE REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 27 p. AB - The condition of 15 normal-density-concrete bridge decks built in 1975-76 under a requirement for 3 in. of cover over otherwise unprotected top-mat steel reinforcement was examined after 9 to 10 years of service. Even though corrosion-threshold quantities of chloride were estimated to have accumulated at the level of 39 percent of all top mat steel, and half-cell potentials more negative than -0.35 v were measured on seven of the study spans, no delaminations or spalls were detected. These data are consistent with the prediction, based on other studies, that otherwise unprotected decks with at least 2.2 in. of cover (as these decks have) should experience a damage-free life of at least 16 years and a mean service life of at least 37 years in New York State environments. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion KW - Cover depth KW - Delamination KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Service life KW - Sodium chloride KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483849 AU - Pietrucha, M T AU - Opiela, K S AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Crigler, K L AU - Center for Applied Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORIST COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARD TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 154 p. AB - This report describes a study of motorist compliance with standard traffic control devices. The research included a comprehensive review of past studies, contacts with traffic, law enforcement, and department of motor vehicles personnel, and an assessment of the viability of other information sources for identifying and quantifying motorist noncompliance. It was concluded that while there is considerable concern about motorist noncompliance, little data existed to determine the frequency of occurence or consequences of the problem. To determine the reasons for noncompliance, motorists were interviewed. The interviews included both typical motorists and those having high violation rates. It was found that compliance is generally a function of perceived reasonableness of the traffic controls. Field studies to observe motorist behavior were conducted to establish the extent of noncompliance. Six noncompliance problems were selected and data were gathered at over 900 sites in four States. The results indicate that, although noncompliance is not uncommon (e.g., not making a full stop at a STOP sign), the occurrence of conflicts resulting from the noncompliance was insignificant. Potential countermeasures for increasing compliance were identified with the assistance of a panel of highway safety experts. Before/after field studies were conducted to evaluate several of the potential countermeasures that involved engineering changes. Limited changes in compliance were observed. KW - Before and after studies KW - Compliance KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Interviewing KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483851 AU - Bunnell, L AU - Sy, C C AU - Anderson, D I AU - Loza, G AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT APPLICATION OF THE NEW DATA BASE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 40 p. AB - A Pavement Management Applications Data Base was developed to provide information to supplement the decision-making process of pavement managers. The data base offers four types of reports as follows: General Condition Listings; Select Comparison Listings; Deficiency Listings; and Pavement Safety Information Listing. The output from this data base can be used to obtain general knowledge of pavement condition, the relative safety of a highway and how the two may be related. KW - Databases KW - Decision making KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485597 AU - Bains, H AU - Sagues, A AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY OF CONDUCTIVE POLYMER FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REBARS IN CONCRETE PILING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03/31 SP - 88 p. AB - Four electrically conductive, EPDM-based synthetic rubber materials have been evaluated as candidate materials for anodes in cathodic protection of reinforcing steel in concrete. The materials were tested by impressing anodic current densities in accelerated laboratory tests using a sodium chloride solution. The effects of current density, exposure time and organic contamination on polarization, apparent resistivity, mechanical strength, ductility and physical dimensions were evaluated. In the absence of organic contaminants, the tests showed that the materials with the lowest EPDM content experienced the fastest degradation. Damage in one of those materials proceeded as a uniform penetration front, creating a brittle external zone of low conductivity when dry. Service life projections for the two materials with the lower EPDM content, based on effective loss of conductive material, are from 5 to 17 years (for flat anodes, 1/10 inch thick, delivering 2 uA/sq cm on one side only). The higher-EPDM materials showed noticeable (but moderate) derating of only the tensile strength. A limited test sequence showed that periodic, direct contact with lubricating oil and diesel fuel caused severe swelling and degradation of the electric properties of all four materials. Diesel fuel was the most damaging. Detailed tests should be conducted to ensure adequate resistance to residual amonts of organic contaminants such as those encountered in actual service. KW - Anodes KW - Cathodic protection KW - Contaminants KW - Degradation KW - Diesel fuels KW - Durability KW - Ethylene propylene diene monomer KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Organic contaminants KW - Organic materials KW - Service life KW - Synthetic rubber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489639 AU - Weed, R M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL SPECIFICATION DEVELOPMENT. SECOND EDITION. PY - 1989/03/24 SP - 330 p. AB - This report, which combines material from more than a dozen recent Transportation Research Board (TRB) papers with a substantial amount of new material, provides guidance in all phases of statistical specification development. Written at a level that assumes the reader has a familiarity with basic quality assurance principles and terminology, it develops several original concepts in detail. An interactive computer program for the development and analysis of statistical acceptance procedures is described. Also included is the Fortran coding for several subroutines useful for computer simulation and a variety of other statistical applications. Finally, the implementation of a statistical specification for portland cement concrete based on many of these principles is described. KW - Acceptance KW - Computer programs KW - Development KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Interactive computing KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality assurance KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Statistical quality control KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482449 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF PORT IMPORT/EXPORT REPORTING SERVICE (PIERS) DATA TO REVEAL POTENTIALLY OVERWEIGHT CONTAINER MOVEMENTS ON AMERICA'S HIGHWAYS PY - 1989/03/20 SP - 17 p. AB - The rapid growth of containerized freight transportation in recent years has resulted in increasing numbers of maritime shipping containers being transported over America's highways. When these containers are loaded with cargoes at weights which cause the highway vehicles transporting them to exceed Federal, State, or local vehicle weight limits, there is increased damage to highway pavements and bridges, the potential for impaired vehicles performance resulting in safety problems, and citations being issued to the driver of the overweight vehicle. For the past few months, the Federal Highway Administration has been analyzing data obtained from the Journal of Commerce PIERS (Port Import/Export Reporting Service) master file to determine the number of international maritime container shipments that could cause highway transport vehicles to violate vehicle weight limits under the Federal Bridge Formula due to the containers' excessive weights. This paper summarizes the framework and results of the PIERS data analysis. KW - Axle loads KW - Containerization KW - Data analysis KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Load limits KW - Maritime industry KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Port operations KW - Shipbuilding KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Truck bridge damage KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Violations KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457946 AU - DeWitt, Timothy H AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Franklin County, Indiana PY - 1989/03/01/Final Report SP - 103p AB - This report completes a portion of a long-term project concerned with the development of engineering soils maps of the 92 counties in the State of Indiana. The soils mapping of Franklin County was done primarily by the analysis of landforms and associated parent materials as portrayed on stereoscopic aerial photographs. Additional information on soils was obtained from publications of the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Test data from roadway and bridge projects was obtained from the Indiana Department of Highways. Generalized soil profiles for the landforms mapped are presented on the engineering soils map, a copy of which is included at the end of the report. The text of the report supplements the engineering soils map and includes a general descripton of the study areas, descriptions of the landform-parent material areas, and a discussion of the engineering considerations associated with the soils and bedrock found in the county. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Franklin County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314611 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601490 AU - Sinha, K C AU - SAHA, S K AU - Fwa, T F AU - Tee, A-B AU - Michael, H L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1988 UPDATE OF THE INDIANA HIGHWAY COST-ALLOCATION STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03/01 SP - 71 p. AB - This draft final report presents the findings of the 1988 update of the highway cost-allocation study in Indiana. The update study was based primarily on the methodology used in the 1983-84 study. The findings indicated that a significant imbalance still exists between cost responsibility and revenue contribution by different vehicle classes. The study results also showed a significant imbalance of cost responsibility among vehicle subgroups within a particular class. As a whole, the subsidization of heavy commercial vehicles by passenger cars and lightweight single unit trucks, revealed in the 1983-84 cost allocation study, is thus still continued, even though the revenue/cost ratio for combination trucks was somewhat better in 1988 than what it was in 1983. KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Highways KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481046 AU - Cochran, D L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED TRENDS ON INDIANA RURAL INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS: TRAFFIC RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1989/03/01 SP - 60p AB - This report is a comparison and analysis of speed monitoring sessions made exclusively on Rural Interstate highways in Indiana for calendar years 1983 through 1988. The report addresses some of the changes that have occurred due to passage of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1987, specifically the change in speed limit posting from 55 mph to 65 mph on Rural Interstate highways in Indiana, in accordance with Section 174 of the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Act of 1987. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Indiana KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Monitoring KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314161 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416127 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations AU - RJO Enterprises, Inc. Command and Communications System Group TI - Variable speed limit system cost benefit analysis PY - 1989/03 IS - FHWA/RD-89-004 SP - 40p AB - The variable speed limit (VSL) system is designed to display both the maximum and minimum speed boundaries based on measured traffic and environmental conditions. In addition, short driver information messages can be displayed to warn of down stream conditions. The VSL can be installed to operate independently (Isolated), in a series of stations (Linked), as a component of a larger management system (Integrated), and in the future as part of an "In Vehicle" component to provide all types of driver information (In Vehicle). This analysis compares the four types of VSL systems to the existing "fixed" speed limit system which can display only one speed for all conditions. The costs of the VSL equipment include its installation and maintenance, the costs of accidents include accident induced delay costs, and time costs include time to traverse the section. A number of assumptions are made relating to projected accident rates, traverse time costs, and drivers' responses to the system. The model, using Lotus 1-2-3, calculates the costs and benefits for the set of roadway, traffic, and weather conditions entered by the user. Four scenarios were run, one for each of the VSL types using actual site information. The benefit cost ratios computed were 37 to 1 for the isolated system, 22 to 1 for the linked system, 55 to 1 for the integrated system, and 53 to 1 for the in vehicle. These ratios are very sensitive to the assumptions made where actual data were not available (A). KW - Accident costs KW - Accident rate KW - Area traffic control KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Driver information KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway traffic control KW - Speed control KW - Speed control KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic management KW - Travel time KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1183925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416125 AU - Vorburger, T F AU - Robinson, D C AU - Fick, S E AU - Flynn, D R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Calibration of road roughness measuring equipment. Volumes 1 and 2 PY - 1989/03 IS - FHWA/RD-89-077; FHWA SP - 92p + 32p AB - An extensive series of measurements was made of the performance of a particular model of an inertial road profiling system (IRPS), including evaluation of the noncontact height sensors, the accelerometers used to establish the inertial reference frame, the distance encoder, the associated instrumentation, and the software used to convert the raw data into road elevation profiles. A field program was carried out which included rod and level surveys of several roads which were also profiled using the IRPS. The IRPS was also equipped with a commercial response type road roughness measurement (RTRRM) system, with accelerometers to measure the vertical vibration of both the axle and the body of the vehicle, and with a linear potentiometer to measure the relative displacement between the axle and the body of the vehicle. Separate laboratory measurements were made to characterize the performance of the commercial RTRRM. Data collected with the RTRRM and with the auxiliary accelerometers and the linear potentiometer were compared with single number ratings of road roughness as computed from the profiles measured using the IRPS. This report documents the measurements and analyses that were carried out in order to enable rational development of the calibration and testing procedures that are given in the companion report, FHWA-RD-89-078, Calibration of Road Roughness Measuring Equipment, Volume II: Calibration Procedures. KW - Calibration KW - Calibration KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Roughness KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1183923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416122 AU - Brown, S A AU - Clyde, E S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of riprap revetment. Revised edition PY - 1989/03 IS - 11(Rev) SP - 156p AB - This revised version of Hydraulic Engineering Circular No 11 (HEC-11), represents major revisions to the earlier (1967) edition of HEC-11. Recent research findings and revised design procedures have been incorporated. The manual has been expanded into a comprehensive design publication. The revised manual includes discussions on recognizing erosion potential, erosion mechanisms and riprap failure modes, riprap types including rock riprap, rubble riprap, gabions, preformed blocks, grouted rock, and paved linings. Design concepts included are: design discharge, flow types, channel geometry, flow resistance, extent of protection, and toe depth. Detailed design guidelines are presented for rock riprap, and design procedures are summarized in charts and examples. Design guidance is also presented for wire enclosed rock (gabions), precast concrete blocks, and concrete paved linings (A). KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Embankment KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Erosion KW - Materials KW - Materials KW - Slope stability KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1183920 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01415084 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ajluni, K K TI - Rollover potential of vehicles on embankments, sideslopes and other roadside features PY - 1989/03 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - 107-13 KW - Accident analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Embankment KW - Embankments KW - Motor vehicle dynamics KW - Overturning KW - Overturning KW - Stability analysis KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738914 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTION-ZONE PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS PY - 1989/03 SP - 16 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to evaluate available foil-back and removable tapes as well as one new construction-zone raised pavement marker and to recommend materials that should be included on approved lists for use by the Kentucky Department of Highways. Tapes were placed on transverse test sections and the reflectivity, durability, and appearance were observed. Tapes to be included on the approved lists for foil-back and removable tapes were recommended. Tapes manufactured by 3M, Flex-O-Lite, and Swarolite were included on the list of acceptable foil-back tapes. Recommended removable tapes were the 3M and Cataphote removable tapes. The Astro Optics construction-zone marker was added to the approved list for construction-zone raised pavement markers. Data were presented for various permanent tapes to aid in the selection of this material. KW - Aesthetics KW - Durability KW - Performance evaluations KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Recommendations KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489630 AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORT OF ENTRY WEIGH-IN-MOTION FEASIBILITY STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 88 p. AB - This research effort analyzes the feasibility of using slow speed Weigh-in-Motion (SWIM) equipment for enforcement applications in Arizona. The technical performance of one SWIM System was assessed at the Ehrenberg Port of Entry on the Arizona/California state line. The effects of variation in platform smoothness and profile on scale accuracy were assessed. Legal and institutional issues were also addressed and recommendations for implementation and further research were presented. KW - Accuracy KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Institutional issues KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616542 AU - Middleton, D R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESULTS OF SPECIAL-USE TRUCK DATA COLLECTION. VOLUME II - APPENDICES PY - 1989/03 SP - 241 p. AB - The principal objectives of the study were to determine the following characteristics about special-use truck traffic: traffic patterns, vehicle axle distributions, axle load distributions, and radius of influence. The commodity movements which are considered in the study are: timber, produce, grain, beef cattle, limestone, and sand/gravel. Oil and gas exploration activities were the initial special-use concerns. Study 299 which addressed the effects of oilfield development on Texas roadways preceded the 420 study. Projects 299 and 420 identified the industries of timber, surface mining, agriculture, and oil and gas field exloration as those which contribute to pavement distress in a significant way. Also, these activities generate vehicles which are often dissimilar to truck traffic in general. The report includes the results of an intensive data gathering effort aimed at site-special trip generation characteristics and vehicular weight characteristics at special-use traffic generators. KW - Activity centers KW - Axle configurations KW - Axle loads KW - Axles KW - Commodities KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Special purpose KW - Traffic counts KW - Trip generation KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616541 AU - Middleton, D R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESULTS OF SPECIAL-USE TRUCK DATA COLLECTION. VOLUME I - FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 630 p. AB - The principal objectives of the study were to determine the following characteristics about special-use truck traffic: traffic patterns, vehicle axle distributions, axle load distributions, and radius of influence. The commodity movements which are considered in the study are: timber, produce, grain, beef cattle, limestone, and sand/gravel. Oil and gas exploration activities were the initial special-use concerns. Study 299 which addressed the effects of oilfield development on Texas roadways preceded the 420 study. Projects 299 and 420 identified the industries of timber, surface mining, agriculture, and oil and gas field exloration as those which contribute to pavement distress in a significant way. Also, these activities generate vehicles which are often dissimilar to truck traffic in general. The report includes the results of an intensive data gathering effort aimed at site-special trip generation characteristics and vehicular weight characteristics at special-use traffic generators. KW - Activity centers KW - Axle configurations KW - Axle loads KW - Axles KW - Commodities KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Special purpose KW - Traffic counts KW - Trip generation KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496566 AU - Mumayiz, S A AU - Michaels, R M AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF WEIGH-IN-MOTION OPERATION IN ILLINOIS - PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 153 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to address the Department's concern about (1) making weigh-in-motion (WIM) equipment operate satisfactorily upon installation and (2) enhancing data consistency as compared to static-weigh operations. In order to address these concerns current Department practice with portable WIM was reviewed and evaluated. Data previously collected by the Department with both portable and permanent equipment was analytically evaluated as was the steering axle weights in static versus dynamic situations. Finally, an evaluation was made of data collected with portable WIM during calibration, testing and operation. KW - Data KW - Evaluation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portable equipment KW - Reliability KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496657 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Courtney, E E AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODULAR EXPANSION JOINTS AND DECK DRAINS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 28 p. AB - Inspections were conducted on bridge modular expansion joints and deck drains to assess their performance. 44 modular expansion joints were inspected including 38 Wabo-Mauer and 16 Acme joints. 23 elastomeric dams were also inspected for comparative purposes including 21 Transflex dams and 2 Fel-Span units. The joints were rated using a quantitative subjective rating system developed by PennDOT. Both the modular expansion joints and the newer expansion dams were performing satisfactorily. Both types of joints leaked and experienced a number of minor hardware problems. Some of the joints may warrant repairs to restore their complete function. Deck drains and drain outlet piping systems were inspected. The deck drains inspected included those having square and rectangular inlets, pipe drains, and scuppers (edge drains). All types of deck drains appear susceptible to clogging. Large scuppers performed well. Also, simple straight drop pipes were less clog prone than complex piping systems. Recommendations are provided to minimize clogging problems. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Clogging KW - Drains KW - Edge drains KW - Expansion joints KW - Inspection KW - Minimization KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ratings KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491141 AU - Cook, R A AU - Doerr, G T AU - Klingner, R E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN GUIDE FOR STEEL-TO-CONCRETE CONNECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 72 p. AB - This report synthesizes the results of Reports 1126-1, 1126-2, and 1126-3 in the form of a strength-based design guide for steel-to-concrete connections involving short anchor bolts. Both single- and multiple-anchor behavior are addressed. This Design Guide identifies the basic elements of any structural connection to concrete, specifies the desired behavior for each element, and describes the design procedures to be followed to produce that desired behavior. The Design Guide addresses the baseplate, the anchor itself, and the embedment of the anchor in the surrounding concrete. The Design Guide is intended to apply to cast-in-place anchors, grouted anchors, torque-controlled expansion anchors, undercut anchors, and adhesive anchors. The Design Guide is oriented primarily towards anchors that are ductile in that their failure is governed by yield and fracture of the anchor steel. However, sections of the guide deal with the design of non-ductile anchors. The Design Guide does not specify nominal or allowable load values for individual anchor types. However, it does describe in detail procedures which are recommended for use by the Highway Department, by testing laboratories, or by the manufacturers themselves to arrive at such values. It also describes in detail procedures which are recommended for use by the Highway Department in evaluating the installation of anchor bolts. KW - Anchor bolts KW - Anchoring KW - Anchors KW - Base plates KW - Design KW - Embedment KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Loads KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Steel-to-concrete connections KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603213 AU - Scholl, L G AU - Laylor, H M AU - Rusnak, J S AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIN LAYER ASPHALTIC CONCRETE DENSITY MEASUREMENTS USING NUCLEAR GAGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 32 p. AB - A Troxler 4640 thin layer nuclear gage was evaluated under field conditions to determine if it would provide improved accuracy of density measurements on asphalt overlays of 1-3/4 and 2 inches in thickness. Statistical analysis shows slightly improved accuracy resulting from the use of the Troxler 4640 gage compared to conventional gages. Other apparent benefits of this gage (data storage capabilities and digital readout of actual densities) are not true advantages because they are now available in gages which operate like the conventional gage tested here. One major disadvantage is that the gage lacks the versatility of conventional gages. The Troxler 4640 or similar gages are not recommended for widespread use. Further statistical analysis shows that density as measured in the laboratory using cores is significantly higher than density measured by either of the two types of nuclear gages. The difference can be removed by developing an adjustment factor from core densities on every project. The amount of this difference varies from project to project (varying from 1.7 to 3.2 pcf for the conventional gage in backscatter mode). The three different operating modes of the conventional gage were also evaluated and compared. As a result of this comparison, continued use of the backscatter mode with sand for seating is recommended. KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Measurement KW - Nuclear gages KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489651 AU - Doerr, G T AU - Klingner, R E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADHESIVE ANCHORS: BEHAVIOR AND SPACING REQUIREMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 86 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of retrofit adhesive anchors in concrete, and to develop a rational design procedure for these anchors. The study involved 105 tensile tests on the following types of 5/8-inch adhesive anchors: fully bonded single anchors; partially bonded single anchors (debonded over their upper 2 in.); fully bonded anchor pairs; and other miscellaneous tests. Fully bonded single anchors failed by fracture of the anchor steel, or by formation of a shallow concrete cone (with an average depth between 1 and 2 in.), accompanied by pullout of the adhesive; partially bonded single anchors either by fracture of the anchor steel, or by pullout of an adhesive core, without cone formation. Fully bonded paired anchors failed similarly to fully bonded single anchors. At close spacings, the concrete cones may overlap, producing a unified concrete cone for the anchor pair. Fully bonded adhesive anchors not exhibiting steel failure formed a concrete cone with an average depth between 1 and 2 in. When the upper 2 in. of embedment were debonded, the concrete cone did not form, and failure was by bond. The capacity of a partially bonded anchor is approximately that of a fully bonded anchor in a hole of the same depth. The bond stress distribution for an adhesive anchor can be found using an elastic solution. The maximum bond stress can be found by tests on partially bonded anchors. Reductions in the capacity of closely spaced anchors are linked to the formation of overlapping concrete cones. Because fully bonded adhesive anchors form a cone with an average depth of 1 to 2 in., anchors must be within about 4 in. of one another to have overlapping cones. Close spacing has little effect on the capacity of fully bonded adhesive anchors. For the anchors tested, spacings as small as 4 in. produced ultimate loads averaging 95% as high as those expected for two single anchors. Detailed design recommendations for adhesive anchors can be found in the Design Guide produced as Report 1126-4F of this project. KW - Adhesives KW - Anchors KW - Behavior KW - Concrete KW - Design methods KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fully bonded KW - Partially bonded KW - Pull out test KW - Pullout KW - Retrofitting KW - Spacing KW - Steel KW - Tensile test KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488751 AU - Cook, R A AU - Klingner, R E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF DUCTILE MULTIPLE-ANCHOR STEEL-TO-CONCRETE CONNECTIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 214 p. AB - The connection of steel members to concrete is a common structural feature, with applications in both highway and building construction. A typical steel-to-concrete connection includes the following: a steel attachment consisting of a baseplate welded to the attached member; the anchors that actually do the connecting; and an embedment of the anchors into the concrete. The behavior and design of these connections is not well defined by existing design standards. Steel-to-concrete connections can be divided into two categories: connections whose strength is controlled by the strength of the anchor steel; and connections whose strength is controlled by the strength of the embedment. Based on experimental research conducted at the University of Texas at Austin, the behavior and design of steel-to-concrete connections whose strength is controlled by the strength of the anchor steel is addressed. An analytial model for calculating the strength of these connections is presented. The model is developed from experimental results and is based on limit design theory. Experimental results are reported for 44 friction tests and 46 ultimate-load tests of multiple-anchor steel-to-concrete connections loaded monotonically by various combinations of moment and shear. Test specimens included steel attachments with rigid and flexible baseplates, connected to concrete with threaded cast-in-place or retrofit (undercut and adhesive) anchors. The results of this sutdy are incorporated into a "Design Guide for Steel-to-Concrete Connections." KW - Anchors KW - Behavior KW - Breaking loads KW - Design KW - Experimental data KW - Friction tests KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Mathematical models KW - Steel-to-concrete connections KW - Strength of materials KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488591 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Buth, C E AU - Campise, W AU - Kaderka, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AESTHETICALLY PLEASING CONCRETE BEAM AND POSTS BRIDGE RAIL - TEXAS TYPE T411. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 62 p. AB - Research has developed railing to withstand impact loads from vehicles of ever-increasing size; however aesthetic considerations have been overshadowed by safety and structural requirements. The objective of this research study was to develop aesthetically pleasing, structurally sound railings that can serve as alternative railings in city or urban areas. This report presents a new open type concrete bridge rail--Texas Type T411. This bridge rail is constructed of reinforced concrete 32 in. high by 12 in. thick and contains 8 in. wide by 18 in. high openings at 18 in. center-to-center longitudinal spacing. The bridge rail was crash tested and evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230 for Service Level 2. Two crash tests were required--a 4,500 lb passenger car at 60 mph and 25 deg impact angle and an 1,800 lb passenger car at 60 mph and 20 deg impact angle. In both tests the bridge rail contained and redirected the test vehicle. There were no detached elements or debris to present undue hazard to other traffic. The vehicle remained upright and relatively stable during the collision. The occupant/compartment impact velocities and 10-ms occupant ridedown accelerations were within the limits specified in NCHRP Report 230. The vehicle trajectory at loss of contact indicates no intrusion into adjacent traffic lanes (exit angles of 0 deg and 5.9 deg). This test also met the safety evaluation guidelines proposed in the new "AASHTO Guide Specification for Bridge Railings." KW - Aesthetics KW - Automobiles KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488580 AU - Allison, R E AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RUBBER ASPHALT BINDER "STRESS ABSORBING MEMBRANE INTERLAYER". FINAL EVALUATION REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 6 p. AB - Experimental installations of rubber-asphalt binder stress absorbing membrane interlayers were evaluated for their ability to delay or prevent reflective alligator cracking. The final results are inconclusive in that after 10 years of service life neither the control sections paved without an interlayer or the remainder of the projects paved with the interlayer have shown any reflective alligator cracking. It is suspected that the thickness of the overlay in combination with the sound structure of the underlying pavement has masked any of the benefits of the interlayer. KW - Alligator cracking KW - Alligatoring KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Experimental roads KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Stress absorbing membrane interlayers KW - Stresses KW - Thickness UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/185.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486053 AU - Bonneson, J A AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A NATIONAL SURVEY OF SINGLE-POINT URBAN INTERCHANGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 62 p. AB - Current trends in the design of diamond interchanges include several new configurations which are well suited to certain topographical and traffic demand constraints. Of these new types, it appears that the single-point urban interchange (SPUI) has generated the most interest. This interim report summarizes the research conducted during the first year of a three-year study. Specifically, the first year's research activity has focused on a field survey and evaluation of six SPUIs located in five states. The data collected during this field study were used to assess both the design and the operation of SPUIs. In this regard, selected design, operational, safety, structural, and economic issues have been presented and discussed in this report. Subsequent project reports will focus on an examination of SPUI capacity and delay based on analytic traffic models and field data. As a result of the survey and evaluation process, it appears that the SPUI is a viable alternative to other diamond interchange configurations in certain situations. It is adaptable to locations where right-of-way is limited and appears to operate efficiently under traditional NEMA 8-phase control. On the other hand, it does not appear to be well-suited to continuous frontage road situations because of capacity restrictions that result from an additional signal phase. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Field studies KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Performance evaluations KW - Safety KW - Single point urban interchanges KW - Structural design KW - Urban areas KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486318 AU - Yu, S L AU - Wu, Yin AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MICROCOMPUTER MODEL FOR SIMULATING PRESSURIZED FLOW IN A STORM SEWER SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 55 p. AB - A review was made of several computer programs capable of simulating sewer flows under surcharge or pressurezed flow conditions. A modified version of the EXTRAN module of the SWMM model, called PFSM, was developed and attached to the FHWA Pooled Fund PFP-HYDRA package. The microcomputer-based PFSM can be used to compute flow rate, velocity, and gradeline elevations under surcharge conditions. It will also determine the location and duration of the surcharge. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programs KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Location KW - Microcomputers KW - Pressure KW - Pressure flow KW - Storm sewers KW - Surcharge KW - Velocity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36744/89-R5.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38500/38521/89-R21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485337 AU - Vorburger, T F AU - ROBINSON, D C AU - Fick, S E AU - Flynn, D R AU - National Institute of Standards and Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION OF ROAD ROUGHNESS MEASURING EQUIPMENT. VOLUME I: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 92 p. AB - An extensive series of measurements was made of the performance of a particular model of an inertial road profiling system (IRPS), including evaluation of the noncontact height sensors, the accelerometers used to establish the inertial reference frame, the distance encoder, the associated instrumentation, and the software used to convert the raw data into road elevation profiles. A field program was carried out which included rod-and-level surveys of several roads which were also profiled using the IRPS. The IRPS was also equipped with a commercial response-type road roughness measurement (RTRRM) system, with accelerometers to measure the vertical vibration of both the axle and the body of the vehicle, and with a linear potentiometer to measure the relative displacement between the axle and the body of the vehicle. Separate laboratory measurements were made to characterize the performance of the commercial RTRRM. Data collected with the RTRRM and with the auxiliary accelerometers and the linear potentiometer were compared with single-number ratings of road roughness as computed from the profiles measured using the IRPS. This report documents the measurements and analyses that were carried out in order to enable rational development of the calibration and testing procedures that are given in the companion report, FHWA-RD-89-078, Calibration of Road Roughness Measuring Equipment, Volume II: Calibration Procedures. KW - Accelerometers KW - Calibration KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance evaluations KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Sensors KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485338 AU - Vorburger, T F AU - ROBINSON, D C AU - Fick, S E AU - Flynn, D R AU - National Institute of Standards and Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION OF ROAD ROUGHNESS MEASURING EQUIPMENT. VOLUME II: CALIBRATION PROCEDURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 32 p. AB - A separate report, FHWA-RD-89-077, Calibration of Road Roughness Measuring Equipment, Volume I: Experimental Investigation, documents an extensive series of measurements of the performance of a commercial inertial road profiling system (IRPS) and a commercial response-type road roughness measurement (RTRRM) system. Based upon the results of these measurements and upon an analysis of the operation of such equipment, calibration and testing guides, given in the present report, were developed to assist users in assessment of IRPS and RTRRM functionality and operating performance. KW - Accelerometers KW - Calibration KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance evaluations KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Sensors KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483846 AU - Janssen, D AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PCC MIX DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 55 p. AB - Properties of portland cement concrete (PCC) mixes, including workability, strength, durability, and abrasion resistance, are discussed along with the specific mix factors that affect each property. The mix design process is then discussed and the effect of each ingredient on PCC properties is explained. Chemical and mineral admixtures are included. The adequacy and limitations of the WSDOT mix design procedure are addressed. Recommendations for special considerations such as long transit times, high early strengths, and qualification of aggregates by non-standard methods are presented. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Concrete strength KW - Durability KW - Mix design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Strength of materials KW - Workability UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/176.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493669 AU - Shah, G N AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GENERAL CONDITION SURVEY OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT ON I-95. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 35 p. AB - The general condition of the continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) on I-95 between the Baltimore Beltway (I-695) and the Capital Beltway (I-495) was monitored for five years, 1981 through 1985. The study included visual ratings of the pavement condition and roughness, friction, and deflection measurements. The pavement performed satisfactorily during the study period indicating that the design is adequate for this type of construction. The terminal joints constructed with wide flange beams (12WF58) failed because the top flanges fatigued and broke from traffic impact load. Traffic volume has increased substantially since the opening of the roadway (1971). KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - Friction KW - Measurement KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Surveying KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493627 AU - Tolliver, D D AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACTS OF GRAIN SUBTERMINALS ON RURAL HIGHWAYS. VOLUME I PY - 1989/03 SP - 50 p. AB - The development of subterminal-satellite elevator systems has altered the traditional pattern of grain traffic in many rural areas of North Dakota and the Upper Great Plains. The impacts of these changes on the rural highway network have not previously been researched. The purpose of this dissertation is twofold: (1) to quantify the impacts of subterminal development on pavement life-cycles and future highway financial needs, and (2) to develop a set of procedures which can be used elsewhere in the state or region to analyze similar problems in the future. This report, Volume I, is a condensed version of the RTAP Devils Lake Highway Impact Study. The purpose of the report is to present a synopsis of the methods and data employed and to highlight the findings. KW - Costs KW - Grain KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Rural highways KW - Service life KW - Subterminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493628 AU - Tolliver, D D AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACTS OF GRAIN SUBTERMINALS ON RURAL HIGHWAYS. VOLUME II PY - 1989/03 SP - 386 p. AB - The development of subterminal-satellite elevator systems has altered the traditional pattern of grain traffic in many rural areas of North Dakota and the Upper Great Plains. The impacts of these changes on the rural highway network have not previously been researched. The purpose of this dissertation is twofold: (1) to quantify the impacts of subterminal development on pavement life-cycles and future highway financial needs, and (2) to develop a set of procedures which can be used elsewhere in the state or region to analyze similar problems in the future. This report, Volume II, contains five chapters. Chapter 1 sets forth the objectives of the report and provides a working definition of the problem. Chapter 2 outlines the research design and delineates the scope of the project. Chapter 3 builds the theoretical groundwork for modeling subterminal highway impacts. Chapter 4 describes the process of subterminal impact analysis in detail, and documents the procedures and data collection techniques which were used in the Devils Lake case study. Chapter 5 presents the results of the case study and summarizes the major findings of the investigation. KW - Costs KW - Grain KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Rural highways KW - Service life KW - Subterminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491146 AU - Button, J W AU - Perdomo, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF RUTTING IN ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 71 p. AB - Pavement cores were collected from rutting asphalt concrete pavements less than 2 years after last overlay. Tests were performed in an attempt to determine the cause(s) of rutting. Findings revealed common causes such as excessive asphalt, fine-grained aggregate and natural, rounded aggregate particles. A laboratory test program was designed and initiated to quantify the contribution to rutting in asphalt concrete mixtures when increasing amounts of natural (uncrushed) aggregate particles are added. The objective is to generate supporting data and prepare specifications for maximum quantity of certain natural sands, minimum top-size aggregate and minimum voids in mineral aggregate in paving mixtures to be placed on high traffic volume roadways. Results to date have shown that susceptibility to plastic deformation increases dramatically when natural particles replace crushed particles in a given aggregate gradation. KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Causes KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Plastic deformation KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Specifications KW - Uncrushed aggregate KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490588 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NUCLEAR ASPHALT CONTENT GAUGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 77 p. AB - This study evaluated the accuracy and precision of the Troxler, Model 3241-C, and CPN, Model AC-2, Nuclear Asphalt Content Gauges. To achieve precisions at plus or minus 0.15% 95% of the time, it was necessary to establish special procedures for making test samples, controlling environment, and calibration. Both gauges provided acceptable results utilizing a 3-point calibration. Their use in the field would be acceptable when the proper procedures are followed. KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt content KW - Calibration KW - Nuclear gages KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP88-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486062 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES FOR MCLEAN COUNTY PY - 1989/03 SP - 25 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone in Western Kentucky. McLean County, Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the route that has been investigated and recommended as being the route in McLean County that should be maintained in passable condition. The recommended route, KY 136, has been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are logged by their location on strip maps contained in Appendix A and a detailed listing of all potentially critical features is given in Appendix B. KW - Bridges KW - Dams KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Embankments KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Kentucky KW - Mapping KW - Mitigation KW - Pipelines KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Surveying KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485266 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEMPORARY ASPHALT MEDIANS FOR TWO-LANE, TWO-WAY OPERATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 29 p. AB - A typical temporary asphalt median for two-lane, two-way operation is 12 to 18 in. wide, 4 in. high, is painted with yellow reflectorized paint, and has orange tubular markers with reflectorized white collars mounted at a spacing of about 50 ft. This highly visible median is a cost-effective alternative to portable concrete median barriers which separate opposing traffic streams during reconstruction. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the performance of temporary asphalt concrete barriers and, if appropriate, to develop guidelines for the use of temporary asphalt medians. Use of the temporary asphalt median was evaluated at one site. The median was installed and removed at least twice as fast as concrete barriers, thereby reducing the time traffic is exposed to such activities by at least 50%. There was no difference in the cost per linear foot of the median and concrete barrier because of a relatively high contract cost for the median compared to median costs in other states. However, use of the median will save a minimum of $40,000 ($80,000 on this project) by eliminating the use of impact attenuators at the concrete barrier end sections. It is expected that the costs will decrease as more medians are used. In fact, the cost per linear foot of the median was 40% lower on the second project in Virginia using the median. There is no evidence to suggest that the temporary asphalt median directly contributed to any accidents. However, it does appear that the presence of an intersection within two-lane, two-way operation may have been a factor in some accidents. The median performed well. Guidelines were developed for the use of the median. KW - Asphalt KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Guidelines KW - Intersections KW - Medians KW - Performance evaluations KW - Temporary asphalt medians KW - Utilization KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36760/89-R24.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485330 AU - Bowman, B L AU - FRUIN, J J AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK ON PLANNING, DESIGN, AND MAINTENANCE OF PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES PY - 1989/03 SP - 262 p. AB - Pedestrian safety and accessibility has long been a concern to Federal, State, and local agencies. The result has been a wide diversity of published reports, recommended practices and changes in accessibility standards for the planning, design and maintenance of pedestrian facilities. Much of this information is out of date, too technical or detailed and occasionally too confusing to provide the necessary assistance for traffic engineering professionals and planners to provide adequate pedestrian facilities. This handbook consolidates the current state-of-the-art pertaining to pedestrian facilities. It is designed to provide up-to-date information on pedestrian facilities in one document to serve the needs of planners and engineers in the majority of cases. In those instances where additional in-depth information is required, the handbook serves to identify the relevant publications from which the information can be obtained. KW - Accessibility KW - Design KW - Handbooks KW - Maintenance KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian malls KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Planning KW - State of the art studies KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485601 AU - BARRETT, R AU - Bowen, T AU - HIGGINS, J AU - Pfeiffer, T AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Colorado School of Mines AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCKFALL MODELING AND ATTENUATOR TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 141 p. AB - Two rockfall attenuator designs were constructed and tested in a valley near Rifle, Colorado. The first device was based on railroad ties hanging from a cable and the second device used "used tires" mounted on rims and stacked over pipes which were hung from a cable. Both of these devices were designed, not to stop the rocks, but to slow them down to a point where they would not be a hazard. The devices were tested rolling rocks, weighing between 500 and 6000 pounds, down the slope. Video tape analysis determined that the velocity of the rock impacted the devices at 30 to 75 feet per second. The performance of the device varied depending upon the velocity and the bounce height of each rock as it impacted the device. The device was able to stop some of the smaller slower rocks and was damaged by the larger faster rocks. The tests provided needed data for further design of such rockfall attenuators and validation of the rockfall model developed by the Colorado School of Mines and the department. This rockfall computer program, which simulates rocks tumbling down a slope, predicts the statistical distribution of speed and bounce height, and can be used for locating and designing rock fall barriers. The model takes into account the slope profile, rebound and friction characteristics of the slope, and spinning energy of the rocks. Both spherically and disk shaped rock can be simulated. At each impact, the slope angle is randomly varied from the nominal value input by the user within the limit set by the maximum probable variation in the slope. The model is recommended as a tool for engineers responsible for mitigating rockfall hazards. KW - Attenuators KW - Computer programs KW - Crash cushions KW - Design KW - Friction KW - Performance evaluations KW - Profiles KW - Rockfalls KW - Slopes KW - Testing KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485730 AU - Dougan, C E AU - Carney, J F AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF CRASH TESTS PERFORMED ON THE NARROW CONNECTICUT IMPACT ATTENUATION SYSTEM (NCIAS) PY - 1989/03 SP - 37 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of full-scale crash tests performed on a crash cushion designed for use at narrow (approx. 2 ft) hazardous sites. Tests were performed in accordance with the requirements of NCHRP Report 230. Design changes based on the test results are outlined. A final system configuration is developed and recommended. KW - Construction sites KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Impact tests KW - Narrow objects KW - Performance evaluations KW - Steel KW - Steel tubes KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Tubing KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485735 AU - Disbro, J E AU - Frame, M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC FLOW THEORY AND CHAOTIC BEHAVIOR PY - 1989/03 SP - 33 p. AB - Many commonly occurring natural systems are modeled with mathematical expressions and exhibit a certain stability. The inherent stability of these equations allows them to serve as the basis for engineering predictions. More complex models, such as those for modeling traffic flow, lack stability and thus require considerable care when used as a basis for predictions. In 1960, Gazis, Herman, and Rothery introduced their generalized car-follow (or GHR) equation for modeling traffic flow. Experience has shown that this equation may not be continuous for the entire range of input parameters. The discontinuous behavior and nonlinearity of the equation suggest chaotic solutions for certain ranges of input parameters. Understanding the chaotic tendencies of this equation allows engineers to improve the reliability of models and predictions based on those models. This paper describes chaotic behavior and briefly discusses the methodology of the algorithm used to detect its presence in the GHR equation. It also discusses two systems modeled with the GHR equation and their associated chaotic properties. KW - Algorithms KW - Chaos KW - Discontinuity KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Reliability KW - Traffic flow theory UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21165/PB99102469.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485422 AU - Davis, T D AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF TEMPORARY DAY-NIGHT VISIBLE RAISED PAVEMENT MARKER ADEQUACY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 38 p. AB - Compared to paint, day-night/wet-night visible raised pavement markers improve construction zone traffic performance significantly. However, there is a need to find temporary marker and adhesive systems that are easy to install, durable under construction zone traffic and easy to remove when no longer needed. After initial screening, six marker types were tested further for visibility and durability. The manufacturer's adhesives were used in this phase. It was found that an adequate day-night/wet-night visible temporary marker should meet the following visibility related requirements: a streamlined profile; a cube corner or multiple glass lens reflector; and a balance between the reflector and casing area exposed to the driver on the face of the marker. In the next phase, hot melt adhesives were investigated as an enhancement over the existing butyl with primer and high pressure system. Selected hot melts (1) were easy to use, (2) set hard in a few minutes, (3) required no surface preparation, primer or pressure, (4) proved as durable or more durable than the butyl system, and (5) permitted easy removal with shovels when no longer needed. KW - Adhesives KW - Building KW - Days KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Hot melts KW - Installation KW - Moisture content KW - Night KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Removal KW - Temporary KW - Visibility KW - Wet conditions KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483862 AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRD NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WEIGH-IN-MOTION PROCEEDINGS. APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS, ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA, OCTOBER 17-21, 1988 PY - 1989/03 SP - 402 p. AB - The Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) contain the following papers: Applications and Future Directions, R. Morgan; An Evaluation of Currently Available WIM Systems, J.H. Wyman; Factors that Affect the Accuracy of WIM Systems, C.E. Lee; WIM System Accuracy, W.D. Cunagin; Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Standardization: Stimulation, Development & More Stimulation, L.E. Hart; Colorado's Applications of Weigh-In-Motion Data for Highway Planning, T. Talmadge; Dynamic Forces Versus Static Weights--Highway Design, H.F. Southgate; Pavement Management and the Pavement Policy, W.A. Nostrand, Jr.; Demonstration Project No. 76, W.A. Nostrand, Jr.; Applications of Weigh-In-Motion in SHRP's Long Term Pavement Performance Study, N. Hawks; Pennsylvania's Use of Weigh-In-Motion in its Weight Enforcement Program, F.R. Juba; Georgia's Experience with Weigh-In-Motion as a Screening Device, J. Williams; Legal Aspects of Overweight Assessments in Georgia, J. Williams; Use of Civil Procedures as a Tool in Weight Enforcement, J. Bilcik; Traffic Data Collection Procedures, North Dakota Highway Department, D.E. Jacobson; The Bridge Weighing System and the Traffic Monitoring Guide, The North Carolina Experience, E.R. Shuller; Wisconsin Revised Truck Weight Study, P.P. Stein; Network and Project Data Collection, W.E. Barrows; Network and Project Data Collection, K.E. Longenecker; Remarks on the Feasibility of a National Heavy Vehicle Monitoring System, L. Grenzeback; Pavement Management Workshop, Data Analysis and Use, D. McElhaney; Tennessee Weigh-In-Motion, B.H. Brothers; Importance of Trucks in Pavement Management, B. Juhasz, J. Gruver, R. Petzold and R. Backlund; Use of Weigh-In-Motion Data for Pavement Design, A Preliminary Examination of ESAL Calcualtion Using WIM Data, M.E. Hallenbeck and T.C. Kuo; Insights From Weighing-In-Motion - Adjustment of Short Term WIM Data to AADT, Dynamic Weights of Tandem Axles, and Overestimation of ESAL Factors, C. Dahlin; An Overview of ESAS Estimation and Forecasting for Pavement Design, B. Aunet; ...continued on TRIS ACCESSION Number 483863. KW - Accuracy KW - Applications KW - Calibration KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Inspection stations KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Standardization KW - Weigh and inspection stations KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weigh stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483700 AU - Brown, S A AU - Clyde, E S AU - Sutron Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF RIPRAP REVETMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 169 p. AB - This revised version of Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 11 (HEC-11), represents major revisions to the earllier (1967) edition of HEC-11. Recent research findings and revised design procedures have been incorporated. The manual has been expanded into a comprehensive design publication. The revised manual includes discussions on recognizing erosion potential, erosion mechanisms and riprap failure modes, riprap types including rock riprap, rubble riprap, gabions, preformed blocks, grouted rock, and paved linings. Design concepts included are: design discharge, flow types, channel geometry, flow resistance, extent of protection, and toe depth. Detailed design guidelines are presented for rock riprap, and design procedures are summarized in charts and examples. Design guidance is also presented for wire-enclosed rock (gabions), precast concrete blocks, and concrete paved linings. KW - Bank protection KW - Design KW - Erosion KW - Gabions KW - Grouted rock KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Paved linings KW - Precast concrete KW - Revetments KW - Riprap KW - Rocks KW - Rubble UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483863 AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRD NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WEIGH-IN-MOTION PROCEEDINGS. APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS, ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA, OCTOBER 17-21, 1988 (CONTINUED FROM TRIS ACCESSION NUMBER 483862) PY - 1989/03 SP - 402 p. AB - Continued from TRIS ACCESSION Number 483862... Summarization of Workshop on Weight Enforcement--Planning, Operations, and Weigh and Inspection Station Design, J.F. Grimm; Remarks on WIM as an Enforcement Tool, J.R. Bailey; Designing Weight and Inspection Station, A.F. Corbin; New Strategies for Statewide Programs (Virginia's Perspective), R.M. Ketner, III; Planning for Enforcement Operations, M. Wiley; Weigh and Inspection Station Design St. Croix Weigh Scale Lakeland, MN, C.D. Karl; The Metamorphosis of Weight Enforcement Strategies in Oregon, M. Krukar and K. Evert; The Automation of the Woodburn Southbound Port-of-Entry on Interstate 5, M. Krukar and K. Evert; Remarks on the Feasibility of a National Heavy Vehicle Monitoring System, J.R. Stowers; Traffic Impacts of Establishing Permanent Weigh Stations, C. Dahlin; Bridge Weigh-In-Motion System as an Enforcement Tool, D.A. Bochenek; Minnesota's Relevant Evidence Law, P.J. Gibson; Tricks of the Trade, G.J. Novenski; Site Specific Load Models for Bridge Rating, W.D. Liu, C.A. Cornell and R.A. Imbsen; Calibration of Weigh-In-Motion Systems, J.M. Zuieback, J.D. Bailey and G.D. Wonacott; WIM: The California Experience, J. Van Berkel, Jr.; Evaluation of a Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Device at the Pavement Testing Facility, D.M. Freund and R.F. Bonaquist; and Future Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Technologies, P. Davies. KW - Accuracy KW - Applications KW - Calibration KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Inspection stations KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Standardization KW - Weigh and inspection stations KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weigh stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292853 ER -