TY - RPRT AN - 01161125 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-132 improvement, D St to Las Flores Ave, Modesto : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161124 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-71 relocation, I-40 to Fayetteville, Crawford County / Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161123 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - D St extension from Myrtle St-Soto Road to 2nd St, Hayward : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161122 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-24 Logansport bypass, Cass/Miami counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Aerial photos B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161121 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-31 improvement, proposed US-31 freeway to north of Scottville, Mason County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161120 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-44 upgrading, CR-581 to US-41, Inverness : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161119 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-15 Beltview Interchange construction, Helena : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161118 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-285 upgrading, Tinytown Junction-Foxton Road, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Final, Comments B1 KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161117 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-26 from Eldersburg to Randallstown, Baltimore/Carroll counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161116 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hennepin Ave Mississippi River bridge replacement, Minneapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161115 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Raspberry Road reconstruction, Anchorage : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161114 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Yerba Buena and Sylvandale Ave connection, San Jose : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134131 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-44 relocation, Plymouth County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01119934 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation AU - George Mason University TI - Alternatives for funding transportation in Northern Virginia PY - 1986 SP - 4 v.: AB - V.1. Executive summary -- v.2. Phase I and II final report -- v.3. Appendix -- v. 4. Decision support system users' manual. KW - Finance KW - Northern Virginia KW - Roads KW - Transportation KW - Transportation policy KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105993 AU - Woodham, David B AU - Griffin, Richard G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Colorado Division of Transportation Planning TI - Reduced freeway lighting PY - 1986 SP - iv, 17 leaves KW - Lighting KW - Mercury vapor lamps KW - Roads KW - Sodium vapor lamps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865607 ER - TY - SER AN - 01105986 JO - VHTRC ; AU - Anday, M C AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - A proposal for the establishment of a Virginia transportation technology transfer center PY - 1986 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) KW - Information management KW - Information services KW - Research KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research organizations KW - Technology KW - Transportation KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/86-p1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37400/37461/86-P1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105876 AU - Shively, J Dale AU - Thomas, Mel H AU - Constanzer, Peter P AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation TI - An instream investigation of highway runoff impacts on water quality PY - 1986 SP - viii, 108 leaves KW - Environmental impacts KW - Roads KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Virginia KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061770 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cedar River bridge replacement, Black Hawk County, EA-FONSI PY - 1986///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061769 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-61 improvement, Des Moines County / Lee County, EA-FONSI PY - 1986///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061768 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-68, Russellville bypass, US-68 west to US-68 east, Logan County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061766 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95 completion program, Philadelphia central waterfront : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061765 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-27 from Alabama state line to SR-156 : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061764 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Greenhill Road from Dike Road to Hackett Road bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061763 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cornell road project, east of NW 242nd to 185th Ave, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061762 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Great Seneca Hwy from Middlebrook Road to SR-28 : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061761 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NJ-147 from US-9 to New Jersey Ave : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061760 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East Huntington Bridge extension to US-60, Cabell County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061759 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bozeman arterials improvements, North 19th Ave to Oak St, Kagy Blvd, Bozeman : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061757 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NJ-92 from US-206 to NJ-33, Mercer/Middlesex/Somerset counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061756 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40, I-75 and interchanges improvements, Knoxville : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061755 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Woonsocket Industrial Hwy-Route 99, Lincoln-North Smithfield-Woonsocket-Cumberland : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft supplement to the final(2v), Final supplement to the final(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Rhode Island UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061754 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-34, replacement of Burlington Bridge over Mississippi River, Des Moines County, IA/Henderson County, IL, FONSI PY - 1986///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061753 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Connector hwy (proposed) from SR-6 to I-65, serving Saturn Corporation plant, Maury/Williamson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061751 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-412 construction, US-51 from Normal to Oglesby, McLean/Woodford/Marshall/La Salle counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Exhibits and figures for final EIS B1; Exhibits and figures for draft EIS B2; Technical report on air quality B3; 106-case report and mitigation plan for the Minonk Prairie Multiple Resource Area B4 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061744 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-422 relocation, Cuyahoga/Geauga counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061743 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Circumferential hwy construction, Chittenden County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061742 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-280 hwy construction, Mills River to I-26, Henderson/Buncombe counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061740 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Industrial Hwy transportation improvements, Route 291, LR-542, Chester, Delaware County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061736 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 185th Ave project, Rock Creek Blvd to Tualatin Valley Hwy, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061735 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tualatin Valley Hwy, 21st Ave to East Main St, Hillsboro : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061734 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pacific Hwy east, Union-Grand Viaduct to SE River Road, McLoughlin Blvd/US-99E widening : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061733 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - County Route 522 realignment, US-1 to US-130, South Brunswick Township, Middlesex County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061732 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - West Valley Hwy construction, 9000 South to 2100 South, Salt Lake County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061730 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-10, Eden Isles interchange construction, St.Tammany Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Air quality analysis B1; Noise study report B2; Cultural resources survey of the Eden Isles East Tract B3 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061729 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Makai Blvd concept (proposed), Middle St to Pier 18, Honolulu : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Final, Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061728 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-96BL improvement, Cloverland Drive to Mt. Hope Road, Ingham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061727 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-395 from Lake Tahoe Junction north to Arrowhead Drive, Carson City : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061726 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lynch road extension, Vanderburgh/Warrick counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061724 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 1 reconstruction, SR-67, Coconino County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061723 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-101, Oregon Coast Hwy, Alsea River (Waldport) Bridge replacement, Lincoln County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061722 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-386 (proposed), Davidson/Sumner counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061720 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Devil's Slide, SR-1 from Half Moon Bay Airport to Linda Mar Blvd, Pacifica : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final(3v), Draft supplement to the final[1995], Final supplement to the final, Draft supplement to the final2[1999], Final supplement to the final2(2v) (2002) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061719 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-101, Palix River Bridge replacement, Pacific County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061716 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 11 corridor improvements, Salem to Waterford : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061711 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1003 section A00, Bayfront-port access road construction, Erie : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061709 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Beltway 8, section III, US-59 to I-10, Harris County : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061708 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - McIntire Road extension, Charlottesville : environmental impact statement PY - 1986///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00948952 AU - KINNISON, R R AU - WATER RESOURCES CENTER DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXPANDED MONTANA ASPHALT QUALITY STUDY. PY - 1986 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Temperature KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/601898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460246 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TAXES AND FEES: HOW THEY ARE COLLECTED AND DISTRIBUTED, 1986 PY - 1986 SP - 88 p. AB - Tables are presented of information (obtained from state authorities and the laws of the various states) on state laws that provide for the taxation of motor fuel, motor vehicles, motor carriers and licensed drivers, and the distribution of these taxes and fees. Tables are also included that show the use of other state taxes for highways and the involvement of federal agencies and federal funds in highway activities. Motor fuel data includes information on state gallonage tax rates on gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas and gasohol, and sales taxes on motor fuel. Data is provided on state licenses and fees imposed on wholesalers, retailers, and users of motor fuel. The fee schedule for the inspection of liquid fuels is given, as well as the provisions for fines, penalties, and interest for motor fuel tax violations. The legal provisions governing the disposition of state motor fuel tax receipts is detailed. The distribution and use of revenues deposited in common funds are also reported. The fee schedules for the registering of automobiles, trucks, etc., are tabulated. Additional tables show other sources of income for highways. KW - Collection systems KW - Distribution systems KW - Drivers KW - Federal government KW - Fees KW - Fuels KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Highway user taxation KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Liquefied petroleum gas KW - Liquid petroleum gas KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Penalties KW - Physical distribution KW - Registration KW - Retail trade KW - Statistics KW - Taxation KW - United States KW - Violations KW - Wholesalers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772327 AU - Dudek, Conrad L AU - Huchingson, R Dale AU - Dudek & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL ON REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS PY - 1986 SP - iv, 193 p. AB - This document provides practical guidelines for the development design, and operation of driver information displays, both visual and auditory, for freeway traffic management. It covers the content format, and placement of messages and is restricted to human factors design considerations KW - Driver information systems KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Real time information KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495943 AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC ON UTAH HIGHWAYS 1985 PY - 1986 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents data on the daily traffic volumes on road sections of varying lengths on State Highways, Federal-Aid Highways, Federal-Aid Urban Local Highways and Federal-Aid Secondary Local Highways. Appendices provide further information on the following: manual classification counts 1984-1985; automatic recorder data by month; cross reference guide for city streets; county code numbers; index to abbreviations. KW - Automation KW - Federal aid highways KW - Secondary roads KW - State highways KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461926 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1985. 40TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION 1945-1985 PY - 1986 SP - 193 p. AB - Annual series of statistical tabulations are presented which relate to highway transportation in 3 major areas: (1) highway use--the ownership and operation of motor vehicles; (2) highway finance--the receipts and expenditures for highways by public agencies; and (3) the highway plant--the extent, characteristics, and performances of the public highways, roads and streets in the Nation. The first 3 sections are devoted to motor-fuel use and taxation, vehicle ownership, and driver licensing. The fourth section deals with the financing of highway agencies. The fifth section provides data on highway mileages and performance. The sixth section gives statistics for American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The final section presents summaries from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study. KW - Driver licensing KW - Finance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway departments KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Performance KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transportation systems KW - Statistics KW - Streets KW - Taxation KW - Transportation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488539 AU - Kadolph, S AU - McCall, B AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE WEIGHT AND CLASSIFICATION MONITORING PLAN FOR IOWA PY - 1986 SP - v.p. AB - This document contains a recommendation for deployment of vehicle classification and weigh-in-motion equipment for the state of Iowa. The recommended deployment uses "The Traffic Monitoring Guide" (FHWA, June 1985) adjusted to encompass the data available by road system from the Iowa roadway base records. The proposed deployment included as many fixed scales as possible and recommended a simple strategy for determining avoidance and deploying activity of commercial vehicles when the scales were in operation. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Demonstration projects KW - Iowa KW - Monitoring KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weighing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488287 AU - Kinney, T C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TENSILE REINFORCEMENT OF ROAD EMBANKMENTS ON POLYGONAL GROUND USING GEOSYNTHETICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986 SP - 52 p. AB - This study is a continuation of a previous study to develop a design technique for using geosynthetics to reinforce roads constructed over polygonal ground. Together they include the development of the theory and the performance of a series of full-scale field tests to verify the theory. The previous study included development of the basic theory and the performance of one set of field tests. The field tests in that study were not conclusive. The current study includes some refinement of the theory and the performance of additional field tests. The tests in this study were conclusive, and design guidelines are presented in this report for use on a trial basis. The theory has been presented in detail in several other publications and, therefore, is only summarized herein. The theory indicates that it would be possible and practical to span voids 10 feet or more with currently available materials. The field test results from the previous study have been presented in other publications. The field tests from this study cover a two year time period and are presented herein. They demonstrate that it is practical to span a void of at least 8 feet with currently available geosynthetics and that the design procedure is usable under those conditions where the geology is such that the design technique is applicable and the design parameters can be reliably determined. KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Geotextiles KW - Guidelines KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test results KW - Void KW - Void ratios KW - Width UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_27.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488206 AU - Braley, A AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING TEMPERATURES OF ALASKAN PAVEMENTS - FY85 PY - 1986 SP - 38 p. AB - A one-dimensional finite difference model for calculating the diurnal variation in highway pavement temperatures was developed. The model, which was written in BASIC for use on an IBM-PC or compatible microcomputer and in FORTAN for use on mainframe computers, calculates hourly values of pavement temperature based upon input values of wind speed, ambient air temperature, and incoming solar radiatin. The model is applicable to situations where base course materials are separated into layers having differing thermal properties, and to cases where the base is undergooing freeze and thaw. Output from the model was compared to hourly values of pavement temperature measured at a highway research site in Fairbanks, Alaska. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Daily KW - Finite differences KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Highway pavement KW - Mainframe computers KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Personal computers KW - Temperature UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_86_11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488216 AU - Kinney, T C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TENSILE REINFORCEMENT OF ROAD EMBANKMENTS ON POLYGONAL GROUND BY GEOTEXTILES OR RELATED MATERIALS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986 SP - 26 p. AB - This study is a continuation of a previous study. Together they include the development of the theory needed to design a road supported over a void by a geotextile or related material, and the performance of a series of full-scale field tests to verify the theory. The previous study included the basic development of the theory and the performance of 12 test sections to verify the theory. The field tests in that study were not conclusive. The current study includes some refinement of the theory and the performance of additional testing. The tests in this study were conclusive. Design guidelines are presented for use on a trial basis on a production project. The theory has been presented in detail in several other publications and only the computer program is presented herein. The theory indicates that it would be possible to span voids of 10 feet or more with currently available materials. The field test results from the previous study are presented in detail in the final report for that study. The field tests from this study are presented in an abbreviated form in accordance with the level of funding. The results of the tests prove that it is practical to span a six-foot-wide void with a geotextile or related material, and indicates that the design procedure is adequately conservative in those situations where the geology of the subgrade is such that the design technique is applicable and the design parameters can be reliably determined. KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Geotextiles KW - Guidelines KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test results KW - Void KW - Void ratios KW - Width UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_86_29.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472213 AU - Khisty, C J AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF MEDIAN BARRIERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986 SP - 66 p. AB - Over the last 10 years passenger cars have become smaller, and the percentage of smaller cars in the traffic stream nationwide, has increased dramatically, while trucks have become heavier and longer. Concern has been expressed that current median barriers used on the nation's highways may prove to be inadequate and that this fact may lead to higher severity rates of injuries and fatalities. Based on an extensive literature review the following recommendations are made: (1) Without specifics regarding individual site configuration and corresponding accident data, it is not possible to generalize what action should be taken on a state-wide basis. Obviously, action may be needed after due evaluation of specific sites, based on cross median accident data. (2) Crash tests have shown that the New Jersey type and configuration "F" type of concrete median barriers are capable of dealing with a wide range of vehicles and are recommended for adoption in the future in sections that may have obsolete barriers and are in need of replacement, on a case-by-case basis. (3) Inexpensive modifications to existing median barriers and adoption of new proven methods such as the SERB (Self-Restoring Traffic Barrier), may be considered when appropriate and warranted, on a case-by-case basis. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash severity KW - Median barriers KW - Modifications KW - Recommendations KW - Self-restoring barriers KW - Small car KW - Trucks UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/096.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454519 AU - Okonkwo, Ignatius Okechukwu AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Orange County, Indiana PY - 1985/12/04 SP - 98p AB - The engineering soils map of Orange County, Indiana, which accompanies this report, was prepared primarily by interpretation of aerial photographs using accepted principles of observation. The text of this report Includes a general description of the study area, descriptions of the engineering soil types, and a discussion of the engineering problems associated with the soils and bedrock found in Orange County, Indiana. Appendix A contains boring logs and laboratory test data on specific soil samples. The predominant agricultural soils associated with each land form - parent material class are covered in the discussion of the engineering soils unit of the county. Information on the engineering properties of these soil series is listed in Appendix B. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Orange County (Indiana) KW - Parent materials KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314597 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419216 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Stjohn, A D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Passing lanes and other operational improvements on two lane highways PY - 1985/12 IS - FHWA-RD-85-028 SP - 138P KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Overtaking KW - Passing KW - Pavement widening KW - Road design KW - Road safety KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Shoulder KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Turn KW - Turning traffic KW - Two lane highways KW - Two lane road KW - Widening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01417309 AU - Recker, W W AU - Leonard, J D AU - Waters, C D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering strategies for major reconstruction of urban highways PY - 1985/12 IS - FHWA/CA/UCI/ITS/RR-1 SP - 530P (2 vols) AB - This research is directed toward developing a consistent methodology to assess the impacts of traffic disruption due to major transportation reconstruction/ rehabilitation projects during the period of implementation. The approach taken in the research uses state of the art traffic simulation models to: 1) estimate the performance of the transportation system during the construction phases, and 2) evaluate alternate construction and traffic redirection strategies to minimize both the direct and indirect losses associated with the construction/ rehabilitation. In addition to the above criteria, this research is directed toward the development of a systematic, computerized procedure to: 1) provide for the creation and comparison of multiple and 'layered' reconstruction/ rehabilitation scenarios, 2) minimize the working knowledge of the host computer required of the user, and 3) produce meaningful, comparative outputs that assist in the selection of reasonable alternatives. This research results in the development of a convenient tool to assist both the traffic engineer and the transportation planner in selection of reasonable reconstruction/ rehabilitation schedules. An application is presented by considering alternate reconstruction scenarios for major rehabilitation of the i-5 freeway through orange county, california (a). KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Construction site KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Road construction KW - Road construction KW - Road maintenance KW - Traffic management KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457536 AU - Roberts, F L AU - TIELKING, J T AU - Middleton, D AU - Lytton, R L AU - TSENG, K AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF TIRE PRESSURES ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 245 p. AB - This study includes the results of (1) a field study to determine the tire inflation pressures currently being carried by Texas highways, (2) a literature and analytical study to determine what tire contact pressures are actually being applied by modern tires to pavements, and (3) an analytical study to evaluate the effect of those contact pressures on the stresses and strains in typical Texas flexible pavements. Descriptions of the analytical studies include discussions of the finite element computer program used to model the tire carcass and the flexible pavements. The tires included in the analytical study included both truck and passenger car tires operated at typical loads and inflation pressures. The field study showed that tire inflation pressures are much higher on the road than those typically used in design procedures or even in analysis. Truck tire pressures average between 95 and 100 psi on the road, and 75-80 psi is typically used in design. However, these high truck tire inflation pressures translate to contact pressures in the range of 150 to 200 psi. The effect of these high contact pressures is especially detrimental for thin surfaced roads. The analytical pavement studies show that, for pavements typical of the Texas Farm to Market System, the fatigue lives can be reduced by more than 50 percent. These studies indicate that thin, flexible surfaces or thick stiff surfaces offer the best protection against these high contact pressures. KW - Axle loads KW - Contact pressure KW - Deformation curve KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inflation KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Pressure KW - Thickness KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457535 AU - Blumentritt, C W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SLOW SCAN TELEVISION FOR TRAFFIC CONDITION MONITORING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 63 p. AB - This study investigated the use of slow scan television for vehicular traffic surveillance as an alternative to normal, real time TV. Slow scan television typically utilizes a limied bandwidth communication channel for the transmission of video image data. The transmission medium generally considered in this study is a telephone line passing digital information at 9600 bits per second, but other transmission mediums would serve the same purpose. Slow scan television systems have been available for many years, but have enjoyed only limited appeal. Image transmission times from 1 to 2 minutes are frequently cited, and the resulting time lapses seem to discourage many applications, including traffic surveillance. A large number of slow scan references were reviewed and are cited in the reference lists and bibliography. A comprehensive description of the principal slow scan equipment needed for traffic surveillance is given, together with cost data. The advantages and disadvantages of slow scan are cited, and alternatives are presented for enhancing the scan rate. Methods of image data compression are discussed, and particular attention is paid to the pilot project of the Maryland Department of Transportation, where new, high technology techniques were utilized in Compressed Television Transmission (CTT) equipment in a traffic surveillance application. Additional tests were conducted during the course of this study to determine the sensitivity of the CTT equipment to varying light conditions, camera jitter, and viewing angles. Equipment needs and techniques for the special requirements of traffic surveillance are discussed, and cost figures are included. A microcomputer system is recommended for the needs of traffic surveillance for incident detection. The study conclusions are basically in favor of slow scan television where limited bandwidth data transmission is a necessity, but the scan rate should approach 1 second intervals to meet the general needs of traffic surveillance. KW - Bandwidth KW - Data communications KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Speed KW - Television KW - Television cameras KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457049 AU - YEE, J AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGGREGATE GRADATION CONTROL PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 33 p. AB - The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation was asked by FHWA to conduct time and labor information on two types of gradation control programs. One of the programs places responsibility of gradation control testing on the State Highway Agency (SHA) and is called the "Traditional Program", while the other program places responsibility for the most part on the producer and is called the "Producer-Control Program". A two year comparison study was conducted on both gradation programs. The first year study was based on data collected from the model-District that introduced the the pilot producer-control program in Pennsylvania. The second year study was conducted on a state-wide basis. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Industries KW - Programs KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Responsibilities KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268385 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00458170 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Morales, J M AU - Paniati, J F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TWO-LANE TRAFFIC SIMULATION - A FIELD EVALUATION OF ROADSIM PY - 1985/12 VL - 49 IS - 3 SP - p. 95-104 AB - This article evaluates the ability of Roadsim, a traffic simuation model for two-lane rural roads that was developed in 1980 for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), to replicate traffic operations observed on an existing two-lane rural road. Field data were collected on a two-lane rural road in Loudoun County, Virginia. Statistical analyses performed to compare the measures of effectiveness (MOE's) observed in the field to those obtained from the simulation showed Roadsim's simulation results compared favorably with those observed in the field. Results support its potential usefulness to the transportation engineering community after the model is further validated under a range of traffic and geometric conditions. KW - Calibration KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural highways KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic simulation KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272150 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00458169 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lewin, I AU - Reynolds, R G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTICAL AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS PY - 1985/12 VL - 49 IS - 3 SP - p. 90-94 AB - This article discusses methods of improving the optical efficiency of traffic signals to reduce power usage while maintaining high safety standards. In depth investigations found that quartz-halogen and low-voltage lamps, redesigned lenses, and nighttime dimming all decreased power usage, although in some cases, the increased initial cost did not justify their application. Large efficiency gains were obtained using redesigned lenses. KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Halogens KW - Lenses (Geology) KW - Lenses, excluding soils KW - Lighting KW - Quartz halogen lights KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469125 AU - Recker, W W AU - Leonard, J D AU - Waters, C D AU - University of California, Irvine AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING STRATEGIES FOR MAJOR RECONSTRUCTION OF URBAN HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 1: CARHOP ENVIRONMENT PY - 1985/12 SP - 254 p. AB - This research is directed toward developing a consistent methodology to assess the impacts of traffic disruption due to major transportation reconstruction/rehabilitation projects during the period of implementation. The approach taken in the research uses state-of-the-art traffic simulation models to: (1) estimate the performance of the transportation system during the construction phases, and (2) evaluate alternate construction and traffic redirection strategies to minimize both the direct and indirect losses associated with the construction/rehabilitation. In addition to the above criteria, this research is directed toward the development of a systematic computerized procedure to: (1) provide for the creation and comparison of multiple and "layered" reconstruction/rehabilitation scenarios, (2) minimize the working knowledge of the host computer required of the user, and (3) produce meaningful, comparative outputs that assist in the selection of reasonable alternatives. This research results in the development of a convenient tool to assist both the traffic engineer and the transportation planner in selection of reasonable reconstruction/rehabilitation schedules. An application is presented by considering alternate reconstruction scenarios for major rehabilitation of the I-5 freeway through Orange County, California. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Highway planning KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation KW - Strategy KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457840 AU - Deacon, J A AU - Pigman, J G AU - Mayes, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF EQUIVALENT AXLE LOADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 129 p. AB - The primary objective of this research study was to develop a procedure for estimating equivalent axle loads for purposes of flexible pavement design. Maximum use was made of historical data and well-accepted procedures were used in developing the prediction model. A series of computer programs was developed to summarize truck weight and classification data such that traffic characteristics could be estimated from a matrix of data classified by geographic area, Federal highway system, volume, and extent of coal haulage. An equation was developed with seven parameters as independent variables: annual average daily traffic volume, average fraction of trucks in the traffic stream, average fraction of coal trucks in the total truck population, average number of axles per coal truck, average number of axles per non-coal truck, average number of equivalent axle loads per coal-truck axle, and average number of equivalent axle loads per non-coal-truck axle. The equivalent axle load estimate was calculated from estimates of the seven traffic parameters. The procedure for estimating equivalent axle loads was found to be a simple one that yields reproducible results while allowing great flexibility in merging site-specific data with statewide averages for roads of similar type. Location-to-location variability was recognized and a recommendation was made to incorporate site-specific data into the design estimate whenever possible. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Estimating KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Pavement design KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle classification KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469126 AU - Recker, W W AU - Leonard, J D AU - Waters, C D AU - University of California, Irvine AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING STRATEGIES FOR MAJOR RECONSTRUCTION OF URBAN HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2: APPLICATION TO THE I-5 RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT PY - 1985/12 SP - 276 p. AB - This research is directed toward developing a consistent methodology to assess the impacts of traffic disruption due to major transportation reconstruction/rehabilitation projects during the period of implementation. The approach taken in the research uses state-of-the-art traffic simulation models to: (1) estimate the performance of the transportation system during the construction phases, and (2) evaluate alternate construction and traffic redirection strategies to minimize both the direct and indirect losses associated with the construction/rehabilitation. In addition to the above criteria, this research is directed toward the development of a systematic computerized procedure to: (1) provide for the creation and comparison of multiple and "layered" reconstruction/rehabilitation scenarios, (2) minimize the working knowledge of the host computer required of the user, and (3) produce meaningful, comparative outputs that assist in the selection of reasonable alternatives. This research results in the development of a convenient tool to assist both the traffic engineer and the transportation planner in selection of reasonable reconstruction/rehabilitation schedules. An application is presented by considering alternate reconstruction scenarios for major rehabilitation of the I-5 freeway through Orange County, California. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Highway planning KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation KW - Strategy KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00455064 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSIT OPERATOR ABSENTEEISM PY - 1985/12 SP - 61 p. AB - A nationwide survey of transit operators indicated that absenteeism among transit operators is a significant problem and that the associated costs are substantial. The objective of the research reported here was to determine the scope of operator absenteeism in Virginia and to recommend strategies to improve attendance. Information on the causes of absenteeism and attendance improvement programs was obtained through a literature review and telephone requests to selected transit systems. A questionnaire survey was conducted of transit systems in Virginia to obtain information on their experience with absenteeism and attendance improvement programs. The report presents a general plan for improving attendance that includes a comprehensive approach to examining absenteeism and model components of an attendance improvement program. KW - Absenteeism KW - Bus drivers KW - Case studies KW - Disciplines KW - Incentives KW - Personnel management KW - Quality of life KW - Supervision KW - Transit operators KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36635/86-R23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461934 AU - Bowman, B L AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTANT WARNING TIME DEVICES FOR RAILROAD-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 97 p. AB - The primary purposes of this study were to determine the extent of use, reasons for nonuse, and the effectiveness of constant warning time (CWT) systems. CWT systems consist of track circuitry and control logic capable of determining train speed, motion, and distance from the crossing. These parameters are used by the logic system to estimate train arrival time and to provide a uniform amount of advance warning at the railroad-highway crossings. The result is that motorists are not subjected to unnecessarily long delays before train arrival. Analysis of operational data indicated that CWT systems are effective in both providing a uniform amount of advance warning and in reducing motorist violation of the warning system. A comparative analysis of vehicle-train accidents occurring from 1980 through 1984 was also performed. This analysis indicated that crossings with CWT systems, in the majority of cases, have a lower accident rate than crossings without CWT. This difference was not, however, large enough to be statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level. The study disclosed that some of the factors inhibiting the installation of CWT systems are based on perceptions of cost, dependability, and compatibility formed from problems with early CWT systems. Many of these problems have been resolved and are no longer prevalent in current models. KW - Behavior KW - Compliance KW - Constant warning time KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Perception KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460325 AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROOF TESTING OF A STRUCTURE PLATE PIPE WITH VARYING BEDDING AND BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION I. VOLUME 2: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 175 p. AB - A 120-in. (3.05-m), 12-gauge steel, structural plate pipe, embedded in an embankment under 188 ft (57-m) of overfill, was heavily instrumented and tested for structural behavior under the imposed earth loads. Eight separate zones employed varying conditions of bedding and backfilling, including shaped and unshaped bedding, entrenchment and positive projection (p=1), Method A and Method B (polyurethane overlayment) backfill, and varying degrees of compaction. This section of the report compares observed results with those of other researchers, including discussions of settlement ratio, observed distress, costs, comparisons with observations of Watkins' test cell (Utah State University), and comparisons with laboratory seam failure criteria. The paper also discusses correlations of experimental observations with theoretical results obtained from two finite element programs, CANDE and REA. Relative success of CANDE in assessing structural behavior suggests its use in design on major culvert installations. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bedding KW - Compaction KW - Correlation analysis KW - Costs KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Failure criterion KW - Finite element method KW - Pipe KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Settlement rate KW - Steel pipe KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural materials KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural plate pipes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460132 AU - Halstead, W J AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILOT STUDY OF PROPOSED REVISIONS TO SPECIFICATIONS FOR HYDRAULIC CEMENT CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 63 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of a pilot study of the statistical acceptance procedures proposed for adoption by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. The proposed procedures were recommended in the report titled "Improved Specifications for Hydraulic Cement Concrete" and issued in 1983. This study revealed that practical difficulties would likely be encountered if the initially proposed revisions were adopted. Major problems were noted with the proposed system of random sampling based on a predetermined truckload of material, the definition of the total concrete placed on the contract as a single lot, the initially proposed requirement for average entrained air content, and the present practice of accepting concrete on the basis of its having 85% of the required 28-day strength at 14 days. After study of the findings, a revised proposal has been made for introducing such concepts into the Department's specifications for hydraulic cement concrete. The proposal is that a day's production of hydraulic cement concrete be considered a lot and that three samples per lot normally be taken for judging acceptability. The proper parameters for judging acceptance are based on a computerized statistical program (non-central-t) developed by the New Jersey Department of Transportation. These are discussed in the report and are recommended for adoption by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. Where conditions warrant, a larger number of samples per day may be required with consequent reductions in the risks of accepting poor concrete. KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Air content KW - Concrete KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hydraulic cement KW - Portland cement KW - Revisions KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36655/86-R24.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472886 AU - Khan, M M AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DELINEATION SYSTEM FOR TEMPORARY TRAFFIC BARRIERS IN WORK ZONES PY - 1985/12 SP - 26 p. AB - Six different reflectors were installed on temporary portable concrete barriers in work zones for field evaluation. Three different reflectors were installed on the side of the portable concrete barrier at intervals of 25 to 100 feet and heights of 8 to 26 inches above the pavement. Three other reflectors of 8 to 18 inches high were installed at intervals of 25 to 180 feet on top of the concrete barriers in different construction projects. The delineation of portable concrete barriers improved considerably through the use of cylindrical reflectors on top and smaller units on the side of the barrier at 25 foot intervals. KW - Barricades KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Concrete structures KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Height KW - Highway delineators KW - Portable equipment KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Spacing KW - Temporary barriers KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457722 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Harris County, Texas AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACT OF CARPOOL UTILIZATION ON THE KATY FREEWAY AUTHORIZED VEHICLE LANE "BEFORE" DATA. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 125 p. AB - A major commitment has been made in the Houston area to develop median, physically separated authorized vehicle lanes. The lanes are reserved for specially authorized high-occupancy vehicles. To date, only buses and vanpools have been permitted to use the special lanes. Phase 1 of the first completed authorized vehicle lane (AVL) opened on the Katy Freeway (I-10) in October 1984. Since that is the first of many such lanes, in some respects it is being used as a laboratory to determine desirable approaches for operating the AVL facilities. To increase potential utilization, a decision was made to permit authorized 4+ carpools to begin using the AVL on a test basis in April 1985. This research study, funded jointly by the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris Country and the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, was initiated to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the effects of permitting carpool utilization. This report documents the data collected in March 1985 before carpool utilization of the AVL was permitted. Comprehensive traffic data, both on the AVL and the freeway, were collected. In addition, surveys of transit users on the AVL, vanpool drivers on the AVL, vanpool passengers on the AVL and motorists not using the AVL were undertaken. Those data, in addition to a state-of-the-art assessment, are documented in this research report. (Author) KW - Carpools KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway traffic KW - Impact studies KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Utilization KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457516 AU - Dahir, S H AU - Mellott, D B AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION JOINTS (SPECIAL EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES PROGRAM) (EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT NO. 5). FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 58 p. AB - The ability of a bridge deck expansion joint to be smooth-riding, durable and waterproof is essential to the performance of the bridge superstructure. Recent developments in the manufacture of several reinforced elastomeric expansion dam systems and gland type expansion dam systems have indicated a potential ability to meet these requirements. This study evaluated the characteristics and field performance of the modular expansion joint systems, the metal reinforced type elastomeric expansion dam systems and the gland type bridge expansion dam systems. Various models of these systems can provide movements up to 26 inches. The gland type or "strip seals" usually do not provide movements above 4 inches. The study also included the standard systems that are the finger dams and armored and preformed neoprene compression seals. Results of the study are summarized in the report, and pertinent data are included in the Appendices. KW - Bridge decks KW - Compression seals KW - Durability KW - Elastomers KW - Expansion joints KW - Neoprene KW - Riding qualities KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457018 AU - Bowman, B L AU - McCarthy, K P AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSEQUENCES OF MANDATORY STOPS AT RAILROAD-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 173 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the safety, economc, operational, and environmental consequences of requiring certain types of vehicles to stop at railroad crossings with active warning devices when the devices are not activated. The study included an assessment of the positive and negative impacts on train and nontrain-involved accidents, traffic operations, fuel consumption, delay, pullout-lane construction/maintenance costs, and environmental degradation. Results of the study indicate that not mandating stops at railroad crossings with active devices when the devices are not activated would result in an annual reduction of both train and nontrain accidents for hazardous material transporters, school buses, and passenger buses. Not requiring stops would result in a net annual decrease in train-involved accidents for hazardous material transporters, school buses, and passenger buses of 2.6, 10.8, and 17.4 percent, respectively. The annual economic savings resulting from not requiring stops were estimated as $454,000 in accident costs, $1,241,000 in pullout-lane construction/maintenance costs, $12,267,000 in excess fuel consumption, and $1,510,000 in delay. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Buses KW - Hazardous materials KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Stopping KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457082 AU - Mellott, D B AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SULPHUR EXTENDED ASPHALT. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 155 p. AB - Supply and cost of asphalt binders used in pavements have been affected significantly by the energy crisis and inflation. New technologies are permitting the "cracking" of the heavier crude fraction to produce gasoline, thus eliminating the residue "from the bottom of the barrel" from which the asphalt is made. Fifteen years ago, asphalt was $20 to $25 a ton. The price of asphalt reached highs of $180 to $190 a ton. With the stabilization of the price of crude oil, the cost of asphalt has dropped to $120 - $160 a ton. As a result, efforts to discover satisfactory substitutes for asphalt binder have greatly intensified. Sulphur has emerged as a promising replacement for asphalt. It is readily available in large quantities and is less expensive than asphalt in some areas of the country. Sulphur production is likely to increase as more coal gasification occurs and so called sour crude oils (high sulphur content) are used. Accordingly, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation constructed several field experimental projects in different Engineering Districts during the 1980 and 1981 construction seasons so that the SEA material could be evaluated under various climatic conditions of Pennsylvania. KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous binders KW - Climate KW - Coal gasification KW - Costs KW - Crude oil KW - Field studies KW - Sulfur KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462438 AU - Hatton, R L AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE SAMPLE INTERVAL AND STUDY PERIOD USED TO CONDUCT DELAY STUDIES AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 137 p. AB - Traditionally traffic engineers have conducted intersection delay studies using a 13-second sample interval if the signal cycle is an even multiple of 15 seconds. A review of the literature does not indicate that this requirement is based on rigorous investigation. This research used a data file and time-lapse film developed by W.R. Reilly, et al, and supplied by the Federal Highway Administration. The data represents vehicle delay information collected at ten intersections in five states for a peak period and an off-peak period. Using a FORTRAN computer program, the data were analyzed to determine the actual delay experienced on one approach of each intersection and the estimated delay for sample intervals of 5 through 30 seconds in one-second increments. Statistical analysis indicates no difference in the estimated delay values produced at the 0.01 level of significance. A 15-second sample interval is recommended for use in conducting stopped-time delay studies at signalized intersections under all signal modes. Using a 15-second sample interval the length of the study period for conducting delay studies was also analyzed. No statistical difference was found in the accuracy of the estimated delay values produced using study periods of 300 through 2700 seconds at the 0.01 level of significance. A regression analysis of the standard deviation and the mean sample size of the data indicates a linear relationship between them. Using this linear relationship minimum and desirable vehicle volume sample sizes were calculated. A recommendation is made to base the length of the study period on the minimum sample size that will produce the expected error that is appropriate for the study being made. KW - Accuracy KW - Sample size KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical sampling KW - Time intervals KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic studies KW - Traffic surveys KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462399 AU - KESSLER, R J AU - Powers, Rodney G AU - Moore, S A AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD INVESTIGATION OF VARIABLES INFLUENCING CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 54 p. AB - Basic factors influencing the corrosion of steel in concrete were investigated. The two main topics discussed are methods of corrosion testing and methods of corrosion control. The test methods which have been successful in evaluating the materials and properties which influence the corrosion of steel in concrete are as follows: low-level chloride determination, tidal effects, and spray bar/tank system. The results of the methods studied for corrosion control are categorized into four areas: 1) concrete quality, 2) protection at the steel/concrete interface, 3) protection at the concrete surface, and 4) cathodic protection. KW - Cathodic protection KW - Causes KW - Chloride content KW - Corrosion protection KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462236 AU - Fitts, C R AU - Strack, ODL AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation TI - MODELING AQUIFER INHOMOGENEITIES WITH ANALYTIC ELEMENTS WITH APPLICATION IN A MODEL OF FLOW AT THE ST. CROIX REST AREA STORM RUNOFF POND PY - 1985/12 SP - 72 p. AB - The design for Interstate Highway 94, east of St. Paul, Minnesota included a dead-end storm water retention pond constructed by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT), for the purpose of collecting highway runoff. Flow into the pond will discharge primarily through the pond bottom into the groundwater system. Concern for potential impacts to both local and regional groundwater levels prompted Mn/DOT to conduct a groundwater study using an analytical element computer model. Presented in this report is a summary of the analytical aquifer modeling method, including basic theory, fundamental equations, and a brief description of how to access the computer program. As part of the study, an analytical element was developed to permit modeling of inhomogeneities in the aquifer hydraulic conductivity, thickness, and/or base elevation. Basic theory and equations for this element are discussed in the report. Use of the model for the storm retention pond is described, including hydrogeology, site description, and simplifying assumptions used in the model. Results of the model are presented, including contour plots of groundwater levels prior to construction of the retention pond, as well as predicted levels when the pond reaches a steady state. KW - Aquifers KW - Drainage KW - Flow KW - Groundwater KW - Mathematical models KW - Ponding KW - Ponds KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Runoff KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462312 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE MASS TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGIES TECHNICAL DATA. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 115 p. AB - This report documents data describing alternative mass transit systems. Considered in this document are high-occupancy vehicle facilities, heavy rail transit, light rail transit, and automated guideway transit. Data included address such areas as capital cost, operating cost, ridership, mode split, and transit operating characteristics. The data are intended to provide decision-makers with information that may be useful in comparing various transit technologies. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automated guideway transit KW - Capital costs KW - Costs KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Light rail transit KW - Modal split KW - Operating costs KW - Public transit KW - Rapid transit KW - Ridership UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462333 AU - McCormick, F C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STUDY OF A PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE OF REINFORCED PLASTIC. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 40 p. AB - A discussion of the behavior of the superstructure of a pedestrian bridge fabricated with glass-reinforced plastic under a field load test is presented. Experimental measurements of elastic vertical deflections were 1.8 times greater than those predicted by means of a finite element solution. A live load of 4.0 times the dead load of the superstructure and polymer concrete deck was used for the elastic load test. Elastic strains were uniform among the different elements of the superstructure and computed stresses did not exceed 10,000 lbf/sq in. at full live load. A residual deflection in the superstructure of 0.10 in. upon removal of the live load was concentrated in the supports. Creep deflection and strain measurements recorded over 61 days indicated that negligible creep occurred under a load of 3.0 times the dead load. Air temperature variations produced pronounced changes in deflection and strain readings, but were reversible. The overall structural behavior of the bridge and resistance to handling abuse exceeded expectations. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic analysis (Structural) KW - Field studies KW - Footbridges KW - Live loads KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Temperature UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36636/86-R21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462277 AU - McEwen, E E AU - SAXENA, A AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY PLATES IN BRIDGE BEARING SYSTEMS: ANALYTICAL STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 81 p. AB - The behavior of highway bridge masonry bearing plates was investigated using a nonlinear finite element model. The system consisted of a square plate supported by a larger concrete block. The concrete was represented by a modified Chen & Chen failure model. A parametric study to determine the effect of plate thickness, percent loaded area and concrete block size was performed. Stress beneath the plate was found to follow a parabolic distribution leading to reduced bending in the plate and higher stresses in the concrete compared to that obtained from assuming a uniform stress beneath the plate. The study indicated that the steel plate provided very little lateral distribution of load in the concrete. Plate thickness can be reduced 25% from current practice and the size of the plate decreased. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Finite element method KW - Masonry construction KW - Size KW - Steel plates KW - Stresses KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462318 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACT OF CARPOOL UTILIZATION ON THE KATY FREEWAY AUTHORIZED VEHICLE LANE "BEFORE" DATA. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 125 p. AB - A major commitment has been made in the Houston area to develop median, physically separated authorized vehicle lanes. The lanes are reserved for specially authorized high-occupancy vehicles. To date, only buses and vanpools have been permited to use the special lanes. Phase 1 of the first completed authorized vehicle lane (AVL) opened on the Katy Freeway (I-10) in October 1984. Since that is the first of many such lanes, in some respects it is being used as a laboratory to determine desirable approaches for operating the AVL facilities. To increase potential utilization, a decision was made to permit authorized 4+ carpools to begin using the AVL on a test basis in April 1985. This research study, funded jointly by the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, was initiated to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the effects of permitting carpool utilization. This report documents the data collected in March 1985 before carpool utilization of the AVL was permitted. Comprehensive traffic data, both on the AVL and the freeway, were collected. In addition, surveys of transit users on the AVL, vanpool drivers on the AVL, vanpool passengers on the AVL and motorists not using the AVL were undertaken. Those data, in addition to a state-of-the-art assessment, are documented in this research report. KW - Before and after studies KW - Carpools KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461877 AU - Hoffman, A G AU - Firth, B W AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE RETRO-REFLECTIVE MEASUREMENT DEVICES FOR PAVEMENT MARKINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 65 p. AB - The project was conducted to identify the current useage and availability of instruments used for making retro-reflective measurement of pavement markings, as well as associated standards and causes of retro-reflection from pavement markings. Tests of existing instruments were evaluated. Equipment designs were compared. Several instruments make accurate repeatable measurements of pavement markings. The nomenclature and formulae used in the identification of the parameters of retro-reflection and measurement are not standardized: descriptive terms are proposed. KW - Accuracy KW - Measuring instruments KW - Retrodirective reflection KW - Retroreflection KW - Road marking materials KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461923 AU - Sabra, Ziad A AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER RESPONSE IN ACTIVE ADVANCED WARNING SIGNS AT HIGH-SPEED SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 98 p. AB - This research was conducted on the FHWA highway driving simulator (HYSIM) using 60 test subjects to examine driver responses to active advanced warning systems (AAWS) at high-speed signalized intersections. Measures of effectiveness included identification distance, reaction time, vehicle approach speed, and vehicle lateral placement measured on the HYSIM. Driver preferences were obtained from an interview following the driving test. The AAWS's examined were "PREPARE TO STOP WHEN FLASHING" with flashing beacons using both a diamond-shape sign, and a rectangular sign mounted both on an overhead structure and ground-mounted on the roadside. Also a symbolic signal ahead sign with flashing lights and a "RED SIGNAL AHEAD" sign with the "RED" flashing, were candidate test signs. The standard "SIGNAL AHEAD" and the symbolic signal ahead signs were also displayed. The results indicated the symbolic signal ahead sign with flashing beacons had the greatest identification distance among all the test signs and was preferred by most drivers. No differences could be detected between ground-mounted versus overhead signs. All the active advance warning signs were superior to the standard passive warning signs. KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Design KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Flashing sign KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461810 AU - Frondistou-Yannas, S AU - Deanin, R D AU - Tator, K B AU - Johnson, W C AU - Management and Technology Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COATINGS FOR NON-ABRASIVE CLEANED HIGHWAY STEEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 147 p. AB - An assessment was made of the square footage of highway bridge steel that is less than abrasively blast cleaned and is rusty and contaminated and therefore in need of "specialty" coatings that can survive these adverse conditions. Experiments determined the effectiveness of various hand cleaning methods as well as water blasting in regard to removing chloride and sulfate contaminants from the steel surface. Approximately 100 specialty coatings that can go on rusty and contaminated steel were identified. Twelve of these coatings were selected for application to contaminated and rusted steel panels in a laboratory screening study. Coatings that failed early were culled, leaving the four best specialty systems which, together with two controls, were subjected to field evaluation on naturally rusted and contaminated panels in three field locations. After only two years in the field, all four specialty coatings and one of the controls showed failure. The other control coating showed incipient rusting portending the beginning of failure. It was concluded that no coating system is satisfactory on contaminated steel and the specialty coatings that have been assessed in this work are no better than the controls. KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Metal bridges KW - Protective coatings KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461788 AU - Martin, J AU - McKnight, M E AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHORT-TERM EVALUATION PROCEDURES FOR COATINGS ON STEEL: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 21 p. AB - Mathematical analysis of accelerated aging tests were made with the goal of quantitatively predicting the service life of a coating system for an intended operating and service environment. Reliability theory and life testing analysis were the methods applied for the purpose of predicting performance. These techniques were found to be applicable to the accelerated aging of two coating systems and valid estimates of the coating systems service life could be made. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Accuracy KW - Coatings KW - Data analysis KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Service life KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461789 AU - Martin, J AU - McKnight, M E AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHORT-TERM EVALUATION PROCEDURES FOR COATINGS ON STEEL. PART I: EVALUATION OF DEFECTS. PART II: PREDICTION OF SERVICE LIFE. PART III: PERFORMANCE RATINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 90 p. AB - Mathematical analysis of accelerated aging tests were made with the goal of quantitatively predicting the service life of a coating system for an intended operating and service environment. Reliability theory and life testing analysis were the methods applied for the purpose of predicting performance. These techniques were found to be applicable to the accelerated aging of two coating systems and valid estimates of the coating systems service life could be made. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Accuracy KW - Coatings KW - Data analysis KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Service life KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461794 AU - Matkovic, B AU - Institut "Rudjer Boskovic" AU - Yugoslav Joint Board on Science and Technology Cooperation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH IN CEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 78 p. AB - This is a three-part report concerned with the following: Part 1 - Strength Development in Mortars with Additions of Silica Fume. The addition of silica fume and superplasticizer to a mortar mix increases the strength develpment and shrinkage. Belete cements blended with silica fume, expansive clinker or C4A3S and gypsum with an addition of superplasticizer can provide fast strength development with an accompanying low-drying shrinkage. Water demand for workability, setting time and drying shrinkage are reduced by a partial substitution of silica fume with expansive clinker or C4A3S and gypsum in blended cement mortars; drying shrinkage is reduced. Part 2 - Preparation of Dicalcium Silicate at 1243 Deg K (970 Deg C) or Lower Temperatures. The only product of heating a CaC2O4-H2O + CaCO3 + SiO2 mixture for 3 hours at 1223 deg K (950 deg C) in a CO2 environment was beta-Ca2SiO4(beta-C2S). Heating at 1033 deg K (760 deg C) the products were beta-C2S, CaO, CaCO3 and unreacted SiO2. Heating at 1123 deg K (850 deg C) gave beta-C2S and small amounts of CaO and CaS2O3. There were also studies of products obtained by reacting the mixture at other temperatures and also in an oxygen environment. Part 3 - Phases in the System Ba2SiO4-Ca2SiO4. There exist six phases in the whole range of the system Ba2SiO4-Ca2SiO4 which are denoted as Ba2SiO4, T, X, alpha, beta, and gamma-Ca2SiO4 in this report. The sole presence of each occurs at the following matching concentrations of 0, 20, 60, 85, 95 and 100 weight percent of Ca2SiO4 in the raw mix, respectively. The various phases and transformations were identified with Differential Thermal Analyses (DTA) and X-ray diffraction techniques. KW - Cement mortars KW - Chemical reactions KW - Clinkers KW - Concrete KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Demand KW - Dicalcium silicate KW - Differential thermal analysis KW - Diffraction KW - Fumes KW - Gypsum KW - Heating KW - Shrinkage KW - Silica KW - Strength of materials KW - Superplasticizers KW - Water KW - Water demand KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391830 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Parker, M R AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR UTILITY POLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1985/12 SP - 158 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a cost-effectiveness analysis procedure for the optimal selection of countermeasures for utility pole accidents. It involved the collection and analysis of accident roadway data for over 2,500 miles of urban and rural roads from four states. The results of the data analysis showed that lateral pole offset, traffic volume, and pole density were the factors most highly related to utility pole accidents; and a utility pole predictive model was developed. Based on the cost-effectiveness analysis, undergrounding and pole relocation were found to be cost-effective for telephone and electric distribution lines under various traffic and roadway conditions. Reducing pole density through multiple use was also cost-effective in some instances, but increasing pole spacing was generally not cost-effective. No countermeasures involving large transmission poles and lines were cost-effective within the limits of the analysis. General guidelines were developed for selecting cost-effective countermeasures, and a manual and computer procedure were developed to allow for selecting optimal countermeasures for specific roadway sections. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460183 AU - Hines, D AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLY ASH USE IN LEAN CONCRETE BASE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 22 p. AB - Flyash is a powdery by-product of coal combustion collected from flue gases. The Colorado Department of Highways (CDOH) has used flyash as a cement substitute in concrete and as a mineral filler in asphalt mix. This research examines the use of flyash in lean concrete base (LCB). LCB is concrete made with a low cement content and often contains local aggregates which do not meet conventional standards. CDOH has used LCB under concrete pavements and as a bedding material under culverts. Tests show that 20% cement with 80% flyash is sufficient to control set. Cube tests provide an indication of strengths to be expected from a given cement-flyash combination. Trial mixes were conducted using a variety of aggregates to determine their suitability for LCB. These mixes indicate that fine aggregates such as AX sands and blowsands require high cementitious contents to obtain sufficient strengths. A more flexible specification for LCB was written, based on this research. KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Cement content KW - Fine aggregates KW - Fly ash KW - Lean concrete KW - Lean mix concrete KW - Materials tests KW - Sand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460263 AU - Augeri, F AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLACEMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXTURE UTILIZING AN ASPHALT ADDITIVE (CARBON BLACK). CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 23 p. AB - Pursuant to Project No. 3 - "Asphalt Additives" sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Connecticut Department of Transportation has placed an experimental bituminous concrete pavement with a carbon-black addition. Because of its particle size, the carbon black is completely embedded in the asphalt film that coats the aggregate and is thought to "reinforce" the binder, imparting increased wear resistance and durability to the mix. Laboratory tests were performed on various carbon-black mixtures; data from these tests were then employed in the design of a job-mix formula. A full-width pavement overlay was placed over a section approximately 800 feet in length. Construction difficulties and costs are reported. The condition of the experimental pavement and adjacent control sections will be the subject of continued scrutiny. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Carbon black KW - Coated chippings KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction problems KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Experimental roads KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460172 AU - Kalani, K K AU - Hamada, H S AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CREEP AND SHRINKAGE OF HAWAIIAN AGGREGATE CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 73 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study on creep and shrinkage of Hawaiian aggregate concrete under compressive stress. Steam-cured and moist-cured cylindrical concrete specimens were subjected to three stress levels and three ages of loading. The data were subjected to analysis by least-square curve fitting to hyperbolic equations of the form recommended by ACI Committee 209. The results of the curve fitting are presented herein. In general, creep varied linearly with applied stress. It was found that moist-cured concrete exhibited higher creep than a steam-cured concrete when loading age and applied stress were identical. Three ages of loading were considered; viz., 1 day, 30 days and 120 days. For the ages considered in this study, it was found that the effect of loading age on creep was small. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compression tests KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Creep KW - Curing agents KW - Loading period KW - Loads KW - Moist curing KW - Shrinkage KW - Steam curing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460310 AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Nothdurf, D B AU - Marshall, E P AU - Jepson, S AU - Barsness, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF POSITIVE GUIDANCE AT A FREEWAY-TO-FREEWAY CONNECTOR IN CALIFORNIA; AN URBAN LOCATION IN DUBUQUE, IOWA; AND A TWO-LANE RURAL SITE IN WASHINGTON STATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 155 p. AB - This volume presents the final three projects in Demonstration Project No. 48--Application of the Positive Guidance Process. Its objectives were to : (1) Apply Positive Guidance to a range of situations; (2) Demonstrate its effectiveness; (3) Improve the safety and operations of the site; and (4) Provide inputs to upgrade the Users' Guide to Positive Guidance (1st Edition). The projects documented herein were in California, Iowa, and Washington State. All were successful and achieved the objectives of Demonstration Project No. 48. The project in Washington State applied the 2nd Edition of the Users' Guide to demonstrate its effectiveness. The project in California was a freeway-to-freeway connector on I-5 in San Diego. It experienced safety and capacity problems. A Positive Guidance system of enhanced signing and markings rectified much of the site's problems. The project in Iowa was performed by the city of Dubuque at a complex urban location. The site's safety and operational problems were ameliorated by a combination of signing, including diagrammatics, markings and channelization and signal upgrading. The Washington State project was on a rural two-lane road on State Route 14. The site, referred to locally as "Sweeney Curves", was characterized by a number of hazardous alignment changes. The upgraded 2nd Edition procedure was applied, and enhanced signing and safety shape applications proved successful. KW - Alignment KW - Channelization KW - Demonstration projects KW - Freeways KW - Modernization KW - Road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460181 AU - Elling, C W AU - Klingner, R E AU - Burns, N H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DISTRIBUTION OF GIRDER LOADS IN A COMPOSITE HIGHWAY BRIDGE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 164 p. AB - Background material on refined and simplified methods for the analysis of bridge superstructures was presented. Seven methods were briefly described: five refined methods and two simplified methods. Using the full-scale experimental specimen of Project 350, subjected to vertical loads at 4 points on the deck surface, the variation of bending moments along the length of center girder was determined, both before and after deck cracking. These experimentally determined girder moments were compared with the moments obtained from the AASHTO Specifications, from the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code, and from a finite element model of the bridge. The experimentally determined values were approximated fairly closely by those of the Ontario Code and the finite element analysis. The peak moment predicted using the AASHTO procedure exceeded the corresponding experimental value by about 80 percent. In assessing the proper role of these methods for estimating girder moments, it is important to recognize that each method has its place. An AASHTO-type method (or perhaps a simplification of the Ontario procedure) is necessary for preliminary design. After preliminary deck and girder sizes have been picked, an Ontario-type procedure can be used to produce a more efficient revised design. The finite element method appears advantageous primarily for checking local behavior. KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Composite structures KW - Design methods KW - Estimating KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - Load transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460178 AU - Lee, C E AU - Izadmehr, B AU - Machemehl, R B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION OF WEIGH-IN-MOTION SYSTEMS FOR DATA COLLECTION AND ENFORCEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 196 p. AB - In a series of data-taking sessions, over 800 trucks selected from the traffic stream on IH-10 near Seguin, Texas, were weighed in motion by a WIM system at three different speeds and then statically by three different axle-load scales and by three different sets of wheel-load weighers. The accuracy and efficiency with which static weighing of truck wheels, axles and axle-groups could be accomplished was determined by comparing all other weights aganist weights from a specially-designed AXLE/WHEEL scale. The effect of the height of the portable axle-load scales and the wheel-load weighers on weighing accuracy was analyzed. Tolerances which will allow for the probable weighing error when using the different types of static scales were defined. The importance of on-site calibration of WIM systems was demonstrated. Considerable improvement in WIM system performance was shown when loaded 5-axle, tractor-semitrailer trucks were used as a basis for calibration as compared with multiple runs of a loaded 2-axle, single-unit test truck. The expected range in the variability of WIM system weight estimates from a properly-calibrated system was identified for different speeds. Speed has a systematic, but relatively small, effect on accuracy of the Radian WIM system. The Radian WIM system produces high-quality statistical data that are essential to the transportation industry. The potential usefulness of WIM systems for enforcement was identified. The low-speed weigh-in-motion (LSWIM) performed better on the average and within a narrower range of variation than any of the wheel-load weighers evaluated. It was more consistent throughout the full range of loads than the flush-mounted axle-load scale, but had somewhat more variability. KW - Accuracy KW - Axle loads KW - Calibration KW - Data collection KW - Field performance KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Speed KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight KW - Wheel loads UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/557_1F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460264 AU - Fernando, E G AU - Luhr, D R AU - Saxena, H N AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR POSTING LOAD LIMITS ON PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 147 p. AB - The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has 44,000 miles of roads under its jurisdiction, of which the majority have pavements with limited structural capacity. The state has the authority to restrict axle loads on its roads if it believes that those axle loads would result in excessive damage to the pavement structure. The purpose of this research was to develop rational guidelines for the posting of load limits. To evaluate the effect of axle loads under a variety of conditions, a theoretical analysis was conducted that considered various load magnitudes and configurations for different pavement thicknesses and material properties. It was found that axle configuration (i.e., single, tandem, and triple axle assemblies) did not significantly affect pavement response, provided that the load per tire remained the same. Following the analysis of axle loads, a performance model was developed that uses deflection measurements from either the Road Rater or the Falling Weight Deflectometer to predict pavement performance for a given level of traffic. A microcomputer program was written that incorporates the new procedure and includes a default traffic stream that is typical of low-volume rural roads. The program generates information concerning predicted years to failure for different load limits. This enables the user to quantitatively consider the effects of axle load limits on pavement deterioration. In addition to the microcomputer program, a simple figure was developed to allow engineers to estimate the effects of imposing different load limits in the absence of deflection measurements. KW - Axle loads KW - Deflection KW - Guidelines KW - Limits KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic volume KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460171 AU - Mukai, D J AU - Hamada, H S AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CREEP IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES PY - 1985/12 SP - 114 p. AB - The results of loading 55-feet long, 16-1/2 inch octagonal, prestressed concrete piles are presented in this report. Time dependent deformations were measured for superimposed loads of 100 tons and 200 tons and for prestress without any superimposed loads. The piles were placed in a horizontal position and prestress cables were used to apply the compressive axial loads. Strain measurements were taken along three longitudinal segments of the pile. Two segments were longitudinally reinforced, and one segment was not longitudinally reinforced. The superimposed loads were placed at 30 days and 120 days after casting the piles. The resulting data were subjected to analysis by least-square curve fitting to hyperbolic equations of the form recommended by ACI Committee 209. The results of the curve fitting are presented in this report. In general, the creep strain was small for the steam-cured prestressed concrete piles. The data showed some sensitivity to age of loading and indicated that less creep occurs when loaded at a later age. The data also indicated a linear dependence of creep strain to applied stress. KW - Axial loads KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Creep KW - Load tests KW - Longitudinal reinforcement KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete piles KW - Steam curing KW - Strain measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460182 AU - Cable, N D AU - Burns, N H AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW CONCEPTS IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 296 p. AB - Previously conducted research and testing has indicated the superiority of prestressed concrete pavement over conventional concrete pavement in at least three respects: (1) more efficient use of construction materials; (2) fewer required joints and less probability of cracking; and (3) reduced overlay thickness, which not only reduces the required quantity of concrete, but would also be advantageous where clearance is a problem, for example, under bridges. This report on prestressed concrete pavement (a) thoroughly reviews and summarizes the available literature to ascertain the current state of the art; (b) critically evaluates the design, construction, and performance of several FHWA sponsored projects which were constructed during the 1970s; and (c) provides the details of a design and the associated construction details and procedures based on (a) and (b) to be used in connection with two demonstration projects. In addition, several other prestressed concrete pavement concepts are introduced and developed in this report. These concepts represent a progression of thought regarding prestressed concrete pavement and address many of the problems encountered on previous projects. Recommendations are given for additional investigation, laboratory and field testing, and analytical studies to further develop the concepts and determine their viability. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Demonstration projects KW - Durability KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458564 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACTS OF CARPOOL UTILIZATION ON THE KATY FREEWAY AUTHORIZED VEHICLE LANE, INITIAL CARPOOL SURVEYS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 36 p. AB - In order to increase the perceived level of utilization of the Katy Freeway authorized vehicle lane (AVL) in Houston, carpools were allowed to begin using that facility in April 1985. In October 1985, the carpools using the AVL were surveyed. The results of those surveys are summarized in this report, the second in a series analyzing carpool utilization of the Katy Freeway. See also "The Impacts of Carpool Utilization on the Katy Freeway Authorized Vehicle Lane, 'Before' Data," Research Report 484-1, July 1985. KW - Carpools KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Freeway usage KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Reserved lanes KW - Surveys KW - Traffic lanes KW - Travel KW - Users KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458346 AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD CAPACITY OF JACK-ARCH BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 39 p. AB - A 76-year-old jack-arch bridge was tested to failure to obtain information on load capacity and the degree of composite action between the steel beams and concrete deck. This work was started because despite the good condition of the majority of the 1300 jack-arch bridges in New York, load-rating estimates indicate that they are inadequate to support moderm highway traffic. The most likely explanation for the observed performance of these bridges is that they are resisting loads in ways not considered in design or load-rating calculations. Although these bridges have no mechanical shear-transfer devices to assure composite action, it was suspected that chemical bond and friction were sufficient to provide the observed enhancement in load capacity. The 39-ft-span test structure consisted of six 24-in. deep I-beams spaced at 36 in. Instrumentation consisted of electrical-resistance strain gages on both flanges at midspan, end-rotation measurements devices at the ends of two beams, and deflectometers at midspan. The bridge was loaded to produce a 6-ft region of constant moment at the center of the span. Loads were applied through hydraulic jacks reacting against grouted anchors beneath the structure. Based on the results of this test and an earlier test of a similar structure, it is concluded that full composite action may be assumed in load-rating estimates of jack-arch bridges. Although significant restraint of end rotation was also observed in both tests, a generalization of this restraint to other structures is not possible. KW - Arch bridges KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge decks KW - Chemical bond KW - Concrete KW - Destructive testing KW - Friction KW - I beams KW - Load tests KW - Mechanical tests KW - Steel beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457918 AU - Neal, B F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIFORNIA PCC PAVEMENT FAULTING STUDIES: A SUMMARY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 37 p. AB - A summary of the findings from several California Department of Transportation studies of faulting since 1968 is presented. Causes of faulting were discovered and mitigation measures developed. These measures have been implemented on new construction projects, but some experimentation is still going on for retrofitting older projects. KW - Causes KW - Concrete pavements KW - Faulting KW - Mitigation KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457715 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Richards, S H AU - Wunderlich, R C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDLING TRAFFIC IN WORK ZONES -- FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 71 p. AB - This report is a consolidation of results of research conducted in Study 292. The research focused on numerous topic areas relating to work zone traffic control and safety. Specific details of the research are presented in several Interim Reports and Technical Memorandums submitted to the Department. (Author) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457805 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Saint John, A D AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSING LANES AND OTHER OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. PHASE I TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 138 p. AB - Many two-lane highways in rural areas experience operational problems related to high traffic volumes; lack of adequate passing opportunities; slow-moving vehicles on grades and in rolling terrain; roadside development that generates turning maneuvers at driveways; and turning movements at intersections. This report evaluates five operational aids or treatments intended to alleviate these problems including: passing lanes, short four-lane sections, shoulder use sections, turnouts, and two-way left-turn lanes. The report reviews current signing, marking, and design practices used for these operational treatments in 13 states that participated in the study. An operational evaluation of the treatments was based on field data collected at 35 treated sites. Safety evaluation of these treatments was based on accident data collected at 138 treated sites. The study concluded that each of the five types of operational treatments that were evaluated can be effective in improving traffic operations on two-lane highways. Passing lanes, short four-lane sections, and two-way left-turn lanes were also found to improve safety while turnouts and shoulder use sections were found to have no effect on safety. KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway operations KW - Information processing KW - Passing lanes KW - Road shoulders KW - Shoulder usage KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Turnouts KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way left turn KW - Two way left turn lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453676 AU - McCormick, F C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STUDY OF A PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE ON REINFORCED PLASTIC - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 40 p. AB - A discussion of the behavior of the superstructure of a pedestrian bridge fabricated with glass-reinforced plastic under a field load test is presented. Experimental measurements of elastic vertical deflections were 1.8 times greater than those predicted by means of a finite element solution. A live load of 4.0 times the dead load of the superstructure and polymer concrete deck was used for the elastic load test. Elastic strains were uniform among the different elements of the superstructure and computed stresses did not exceed 10,000 lbf/sq in at full live load. A residual deflection in the superstructure of 0.10 in upon removal of the live load was concentrated in the supports. Creep deflection and strain measurements recorded over 61 days indicated that negligible creep occurrred under a load of 3.0 times the dead load. Air temperature variations produced pronounced changes in deflection and strain readings, but were reversible. The overall structural behavior of the bridge and resistance to handling abuse exceeded expectations. (Author) KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Field studies KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Load tests KW - Peak strength KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strength of materials UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36636/86-R21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462140 AU - TransCom AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS 1985 NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HIGHWAY-RAIL SAFETY PY - 1985/11/15 SP - 236 p. AB - The Proceedings of the 1985 National Conference on Highway-Rail Safety is a collection of 28 formal papers presented by nationally known highway and rail safety specialists during a two and one-half day conference held in Kansas City, Missouri in July of 1985. Papers written by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation, the NTSB and officials of other governmental and private organizations describe programs designed to reduce highway-rail grade crossing accidents. Technical papers related to warning device installation and maintenance, engineering design, driver response, research and technology, education, and accident prevention were prepared by nationally recognized authorities on each of these subjects. The Proceedings constitute a current highway-rail grade crossing safety reference document for traffic engineers, lawyers, city managers, county officials, safety specialists, and safety education directors. KW - Building KW - Conferences KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Prevention KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418267 AU - Barker, J M AU - Hall, K AU - Klinedienst, G AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Design and construction of the linn cove viaduct PY - 1985/11 IS - FHWA/TS-84-214 SP - 134P KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge inspection KW - Cantilever KW - Cantilevers KW - Condition surveys KW - Contractor KW - Contractors KW - Environment KW - Environment KW - Precast concrete KW - Precast concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457031 AU - Taylor, W C AU - DeLong, M AU - Shams, G AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE AND GEOMETRIC VARIABLES RELATED TO ACCIDENTS IN RURAL NO-PASSING ZONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - v.p. AB - Previous studies on Michigan highways had identified a high rate of accidents in no-passing zones. This study was conducted to identify geometric features, roadside and vehicle characteristics, associated with these higher accident rates. A representative sample of two-lane, two-way rural roads in Michigan, containing 525 no-passing zones (245 with a high accident rate and 280 with zero accidents in three years) was selected for the study. Geometric and roadside environment information (i.e. shoulder and curve type, number of driveways, roadway obstacles and intersections) were gathered for each of these 525 no-passing zones. Regression analysis and discriminant analysis were used to describe the propensity of a no-passing zone to experience a high accident rate. Discriminant models were developed to predict which no-passing zone will experience "high" and "low" accident rates based on these variables. No evidence was found that the length of no-passing zones or the presence of curve warnig signs, chevrons or advisory speed plates are related to the rate of accidents in no-passing zones. The study also failed to find no-passing zones to be particularly hazardous for vehicles for any specific weight class. Small vehicles experience a higher than expected accident rate on rural roads in general, but this does not appear to be exacerbated in no-passing zones. KW - Environment KW - Geometric design KW - High risk locations KW - Length KW - No passing zones KW - Roadside KW - Rural highways KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle size KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457533 AU - Lomax, T J AU - Morris, D E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR ESTIMATING THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 67 p. AB - District offices of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation have sponsored research into high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane cost effectiveness in Houston, Dallas and San Antonio. Many of these projects have utilized the freeway operations simulation capabilities of the FREQ7 computer model as a tool to assist in the cost effectiveness assessment. This report documents the process used to derive guidelines for estimation of HOV lane project benefit/cost ratios. An extensive radial freeway FREQ7 model data base was combined with an economic analysis of benefits and costs for barrier-separated HOV lane facilities. The data are intended to provide information to highway and transit planners concerning the potential viability of HOV lanes. The guidelines developed offer a means of initially screening freeways to determine whether more detailed and costly HOV feasibility studies are warranted. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Estimating KW - Freeway operations KW - Guidelines KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Reserved lanes KW - Simulation KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457028 AU - Wells, G K AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EDGE DRAIN PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 52 p. AB - Portland cement concrete pavements (PCCP) constructed in California are of the plain jointed design. These PCC pavements generally develop faulting, or step-off, at the transverse joints. However, the magnitude and rate of this faulting varies considerably throughout the state. Faulting, through the pumping process, has been a major factor in slab cracking and subsequent poor pavement performance. Previous Caltran research revealed that the mechanism of pavement faulting is caused by the pumping process. One of the major contributors is surface infiltrated water that has become trapped in the relatively impermeable structural elements. This study presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of edge drains as a method of providing rapid drainage of surface-infiltrated water and thereby delaying or preventing pumping and subsequent faulting. Over a three year period, research indicates that edge drains are very effective in reducing faulting of PCC pavements in California. KW - Drains KW - Effectiveness KW - Faulting KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Prevention KW - Pumps KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453522 AU - Hayward, J C AU - Tiberio, Terrence J AU - Baker (Michael) Jr, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TASK 1 - FINAL REPORT - FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A BRIDGE AUTOMATED DESIGN AND DRAFTING SYSTEM (BRADD-2) PY - 1985/11 SP - 145 p. AB - This report documents the findings and recommendation of Task #1 of the subject research project. The objective of this task was to investigate the feasibility of developing an automated bridge design and drafting system and demonstrate its success by designing a software system capable of performing computer-aided design and drafting of certain simple span bridges. This involves the interfacing of new or existing analytical computer programs with computer-aided graphics display technology. The software design required evaluation of existing analytical programs as well as state-of-the-art applications of CADD in Bridge Designs. In addition, analysis of hardware requirements was made. While not designing a new hardware configuration, some necessary modifications and additions to existing hardware have been recommended. Thus, the system will be able to utilize current or PA DOT proposed hardware configuration most efficiently. (Author) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Drafting KW - Software KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453521 AU - Baus, R L AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION METHODS FOR PREVAILING GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 159 p. AB - Subsurface conditions at sites in the Coastal Plain region of South Carolina were investigated using standard penetration and mechanical quasi-static cone penetration tests. The penetration test results are compared with measured static axial pile capacity. The cone penetration test results are compared with stratigrpahy and soil types encountered at each site. Results of this study show that with certain limitations, cone penetration test results can be used to assess general stratigraphy and soil type and predict static axial pile capacity with reasonably accuracy. Findings from these investigations were also used to assess methods currently used by the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation (the EN formula and correlations with standard penetration test N values) for estimating pile capacity. The study shows the importance of local or site correlations. (Author) KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Geological surveying KW - Geology KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Stratigraphy KW - Subsurface explorations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453518 AU - Roberts, F L AU - Rossen, B T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTABLISHING MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR THIN ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACES ON GRANULAR BASES PY - 1985/11 SP - 157 p. AB - This report includes the results of an analytical study of thin asphalt pavements over flexible bases to define the engineering properties required for adequate performance. Since truck tire pressures have dramatically increased in recent years, included are the effects of the increased tire pressures on surface tensile strains, base shear stresses, and subgrade compressive strains. A finite element computer program developed for the FHWA was used to calculate vertical and horizontal surface shear pressure distribution for a bias ply truck tire inflated to both 75 and 125 psi. A series of ILLIPAVE computer runs was made to determine the horizontal tensile strains, lateral shear stresses, and vertical compressive strains for asphalt concrete surfaces 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 inches thick over 8- and 14-inche granular bases having three different moduli and a subgrade soil that is stress-sensitive with an initial modulus of 10 ksi. These results showed that some thin pavement structures cannot provide adequate service, and that design procedures must be upgraded to include materials service, these surfaces should be either flexible and thin on a stiff, thick base, or be stiff and thick. (Author) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Computer programs KW - Granular bases KW - Pressure KW - Properties of materials KW - Shear stress KW - Surface treating KW - Tension KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453517 AU - Benson, F AU - Martinez, D F AU - Jessup, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOT-MIX PAVEMENT STABILITY PERFORMANCE VERSUS LABORATORY TEST RESULTS PY - 1985/11 SP - 237 p. AB - The problem to be addressed by this study was to determine what characteristics of the Item 340 hot-mix material itself and its production, placement and service environments were significant in determining how well the hot-mix surface layer would function in the field. SDHPT districts were asked for submission of well and/or poorly performing candidate pavements from a rutting or shoving distress standpoint. In all, 18 separate locations or sites were included in this study. The following types of data were obtained from these sites: (1) doing visual evaluations and taking rut depths on the surface, (2) taking roadway cores for subsequent laboratory testing. Also a records search was made to determine pertinent facts affecting each roadway site from hot-mix design through production, laydown, compaction and service history of the roadway surface. In general, the more rutted pavements contained softer asphalts, lower air voids and more temperature susceptible asphalts. Indirect tensile strengths and Marshall stabilities tend to be lower for the more rutted pavements. The more rutted pavements tend to have grading curves with the higher humps avove the No. 30 sieve of the ASTM continuous grading curv. Hveem stability appears to be no indication of rutting as found in this study. (Author) study. (Author) KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Defects KW - Field performance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Temperature resistance KW - Tension tests KW - Thermal resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675403 AU - Arnold, E D AU - Lantz, K E AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF I-66 AND THE IMPROVEMENTS TO I-395 BETWEEN THE CAPITAL BELTWAY AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA - PHASE I REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 169 p. AB - Interstate 66 is a 75-mile highway extending from I-81 at Strasburg in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia to Washington, D.C. The first 65 miles stretching eastward from I-81 were constructed routinely and with few problems. The final 10-mile segment in the Washington suburbs of Northern Virginia, however, has been surrounded by considerable controversy in the public arena because of its impacts on the environment and on commuters. This section was opened to traffic in late 1982 as a 4-lane, limited access, parkway-type facility from which heavy-duty trucks are excluded at all times. Further, peak period and direction usage are restricted to HOVs, emergency vehicles, and vehicles bound to and from Dulles Airport. Finally, to maintain safe and efficient traffic flows on the facility, a comprehensive computer-controlled traffic management system (TMS) was implemented in June 1985. The TMS was also installed on an existing segment of I-395 that contains reversible HOV lanes. The Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation initiated a two-phase study to investigate and evaluate the operation of the HOV section on I-66 and the TMS on both I-66 and I-395. This report presents the results of Phase I of the study, which focuses on I-66. Specifically, the study is an evaluation of the operating characteristics of I-66, of the impacts of I-66 in the region, and of the local response to I-66. A Phase II report by the Department will evaluate the TMS. Although the facility is currently operating on a congressionally mandated demonstration basis at a HOV-3 level, it is important to note that this report evaluates the initial HOV-4 level in operation from 6:30 to 9:00 A.M. eastbound and 3:30 to 6:30 P.M. westbound. A separate evaluation of the HOV-3 level of operation was performed by a consultant. KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Impact studies KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Northern Virginia KW - Peak periods KW - Public opinion KW - Traffic UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36688/86-R18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485328 AU - Barker, J M AU - Hall, K AU - Klinedinst, G AU - Figg and Muller Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE LINN COVE VIADUCT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 134 p. AB - This report is a documentation of the design and construction of Linn Cove Viaduct. A discussion of the environmental aspects, design specifications, design procedures, and details are included. The environmental restrictions dictated a design and construction methodology never before used in exactly the same manner. The construction is discussed from foundation microshafts to one-directional cantilever erection. The unique construction supervision team and contractor organization is also included. KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Specifications KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479407 AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF A SANITARY LANDFILL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 190 p. AB - The report details background information and construction operations involved in the dynamic compaction of a newly completed sanitary landfill that was crossed during the construction and relocation of U.S. 71 near Springdale, Arkansas. Included in the report is a history of the project, location and plans for the proposed highway, geologic survey of the area, information concerning the landfill itself and alternative analysis. Also included are details outlining the method the Department used in determining the specialty contractor to employ on the project. Load test results and implementation of a long term monitoring plan are also contained in the report. KW - Compaction KW - Construction management KW - Construction operations KW - Dynamic compaction KW - Landfills KW - Load tests KW - Monitoring KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461960 AU - Basu, S AU - Akhter, G F AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR NOISE WALLS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 66 p. AB - A comprehensive review of structural design criteria and practices for noise walls is presented in this report. The review is based on noise wall design data collected from ten States: Arizona, California, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. These ten states account for more than 60 percent of the total length of noise walls built in the United States. The review of design documents from the States revealed that, while procedures and guidelines for the acoustic design of noise walls are practiced uniformly with minimum variation by State highway agencies, structural design practices vary widely from state to state. These variations stem from three factors: definition of load criteria, design methodologies, and design specifications. Currently, there are no AASHTO specifications for the structural design of noise walls. The applicable AASHTO document is entitled, "Standard Specifications for Structural Supports of Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals." Review and analysis of structural design methodologies indicate that, in some cases, noise walls may be overdesigned due to a conservative approach resulting from adherence to existing AASHTO wind load criteria. Comparative cost analysis of various types of noise walls indicates that substantial cost savings could be achieved by adopting less conservative criteria, such as those of UBC, or by modifying AASHTO criteria as recommended in this report. Before accepting the modified AASHTO criteria, it is recommended that a risk analysis of noise wall design be performed. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Noise barriers KW - Reviews KW - Risk analysis KW - Specifications KW - Structural design KW - Wind KW - Wind load UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478046 AU - Lee, C E AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Inman, R F AU - Copeland, C R AU - Sanders, W M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USER-FRIENDLY TEXAS MODEL--GUIDE TO DATA ENTRY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 210 p. AB - Two interactive data-entry programs have been incorporated into the TEXAS Model for Intersection Traffic to produce the User-Friendly TEXAS Model. Now, a user, working through an alphanumeric terminal connected in an interactive time-sharing mode to a mainframe computer or through the keyboard of a microcomputer, can enter all the data needed for a simulation run in about 1/10 the time previously required. During simulation, the progress of each individually-characterized vehicle moving through a simulated intersection is recorded and subsequently displayed in real-time or in stop-action on a microcomputer-driven graphics screen. This animated graphics display allows the user to study the overall traffic performance at an intersection or to examine the behavior of any selected vehicle(s) in great detail. Tabular summary statistics are also produced for each simulation run if requested by the user. With the user-friendly version of the TEXAS Model that is described in this guide, alternative intersection designs and traffic-control schemes can be evaluated quickly and accurately in a timely and cost-effective manner. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data entry KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Interactive computing KW - Intersections KW - Statistics KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic simulation KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475131 AU - Wright, P H AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia Department of Transportation TI - LARGE TRUCK SAFETY AND ROADWAY ELEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 58 p. AB - In recent years laws have been passed at both the State and Federal levels which have increased the sizes of trucks. The new laws allow longer and wider trailers as well as twin-trailer combinations. This liberalization of truck sizes has increased concerns about possible hazards associated with larger trucks. To address these safety concerns this study was accomplished with these primary objectives: 1) To measure the relative safety of the various types of large trucks; and 2) To identify types of roadways and specific roadway and traffic characteristics most closely associated with large truck crashes. Tractor-semitrailer truck accident rates were calculated for each highway functional class and compared. Also an engineering study was made on 200 locations where truck crashes had occurred to collect roadway and traffic characteristics at these sites. These were then compared to the HPMS test sections and the "designated" system. The study revealed three general findings about truck safety: 1) The truck safety problem on Georgia's state highway system is predominantly a rural problem. 2) The truck safety problem involves predominantly tractor-semitrailer trucks. 3) The truck safety problem varies significantly with the functional class of highways. There was not enough data available on the wider trailers and twin-trailers to study them. KW - Classification KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Highway classification KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Rural highways KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457798 AU - Saraf, C L AU - McCullough, B F AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONDITION SURVEYS AND PAVEMENT EVALUATION OF EXISTING AND OVERLAID RIGID PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 108 p. AB - Condition survey procedures used in the past to monitor the performance of rigid and overlaid pavements were improved and modified to accommodate the needs of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT). A microcomputer was used during the field survey to expedite the data entry procedure and eliminate the need for creating computer data files from field data forms. Pavement evaluation procedures at network level, which were developed earlier, were modified to represent distress and priority indices on a scale of 0 to 100. A new method to evaluate pavements at project level was also developed, which uses a new index called Deflection Distress Index. The application of the computer program PRP01 to predict future rehabilitation needs has been demonstrated using the existing data. Also, the application of condition survey data to monitor the performance of pavements at network level has been illustrated by using the history of pavement conditions stored in the data bank. A study of an experimental CRCP on IH610 frontage road in Houston was conducted in the past to investigate the effect of lightweight aggregate on pavement performance. A summary of the results of this study is also included in this report. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental roads KW - Information processing KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469274 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - SUMMARY OF TRAVEL TRENDS. 1983-84 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY PY - 1985/11 SP - 21 p. AB - The Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS) contains national data on the nature and characteristics of travel. It addresses a broad range of travel in the United States, providing data on household trips and travel for all purposes and modes of transportation. Only household travel characteristics are depicted by the NPTS; data on freight movement is not collected. This volume of the 1983/84 NPTS, Summary of NPTS Trends, presents trends which can be traced through the 1969, 1977 and 1983/84 series of the NPTS. Included is information on national demographics, household composition, vehicle ownership, household travel, journey to work, vehicle utilization, auto occupancy, mode split, and drivers. Please note that there are different time spans between the 1969, 1977 and 1983/84 surveys (eight and six years respectively). This report does not attempt to depict these differences in its graphic presentations. In addition, to this document, a full report on the 1983/84 NPTS will be published which will provide more detail on transportation trends over time. In the full report special emphasis will be placed on the 1983 data, since it has not previously been published. The survey provides the information necessary to assist transportation planners and others who need comprehensive data on travel and transportation patterns in the United States. The 1983/84 NPTS is sponsored by several agencies of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). These include the Federal Highway Administration, the Office of the Secretary, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration. The survey was conducted by the Bureau of Census. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Households KW - Modal split KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469277 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY DATA TABULATIONS. NPTS 1983-1984 PY - 1985/11 SP - 95 p. AB - This report is part of a series that presents findings from the 1983-1984 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). This report contains tabulations which relate 1983-1984 travel to various demographic characteristics. KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Households KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transit KW - Surveys KW - Tables (Data) KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Work trips UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33374/33374.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460302 AU - Hazen, G A AU - Sargand, S M AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF LONGWALL MINING ON SURFACE SUBSIDENCE OF HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 142 p. AB - Longwall mining is the most economical method for mining coal since it extracts a large percentage of the coal at a high extraction rate. Removing a high percentage of the coal results in surface subsidence with large horizontal strains. These effects are immediately noticeable and can cause damage to highways, bridges, and retaining walls. For this study subsidence profiles over three longwall panels which were mined beneath state highways in Southeastern Ohio were measured. The average maximum subsidence was 3.5 ft. The average maximum compressive strain recorded was 0.008 in./in. Three predictive methods for the determination of displacements and strains were compared: (1) National Coal Board graphical method, (2) the profile method with empirical constants determined for Southeastern Ohio, and (3) a finite element program. Excellent subsidence agreement was found with the profile method, and reasonable strain agreement was determined with the finite element model. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridges KW - Compression KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - Highways KW - Mining KW - Profiles KW - Retaining walls KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Subsidence (Geology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474910 AU - Melis, L M AU - Meyer, A H AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 96 p. AB - This report summarizes the findings of Project 3-8-85-432 and describes a series of research activities related to the comparison of the splitting tensile test and the flexure beam test, for quality control and design purposes. This report contains a summary of the activities related to the development, application and use of the splitting tensile test and of the flexure beam test to estimate the tensile strength of portland cement concrete pavement. Information related to the descriptive statistics associated with each test is also summarized. This includes mean strength values, standard deviations and coefficients of variation of concrete batches actually tested. Finally, an empirical equation related to transforming the tensile strength measured by the flexure beam test to a tensile strength value measured by the splitting tensile test is provided. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Flexure KW - Flexure beam test KW - Quality control KW - Splitting tensile test KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474911 AU - Bagate, M AU - McCullough, B F AU - Fowler, D W AU - Muthu, M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL THIN-BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAY PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 156 p. AB - This report follows through design, construction and pavement evaluation of an experimental thin-bonded concrete overlay pavement placed on the south Loop 610 freeway in Houston, Texas, during the summer of 1983. The body of knowledge gained from this experiment and laboratory work conducted at the Center for Transportation Research, The University of Texas at Austin, is reported. Specifically, surface preparation techniques which will result in good and durable bond between the concrete overlay and pavement, construction techniques which would provide a high level of serviceability and an assessment of cost and structural value are included herein. This report is arranged so as to provide a framework for information exchange between those people and agencies contemplating the use of Bonded Concrete Overlay as a pavement rehabilitation alternative. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete overlays KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Surface preparation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457763 AU - Yu, S L AU - Benelmouffok, D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMICS OF RUNOFF FROM HIGH-INTENSITY, SHORT-DURATION STORMS -- FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 66 p. AB - The effects of several parameters on the behavior of storm-generated hydrographs were analyzed. These parameters included the temporal distribution of rainfall, antecedent soil moisture condition, and severity of the storm in terms of intensity and duration. The results indicate that the temporal distribution of rainfall (hyetograph) is an extremely important parameter in runoff prediction. The effect appears to be more pronounced for more frequent (small return period) storms. Antecedent soil moisture is also a significant factor and its influence seems to be much stronger for more frequent storms. For very short duration storms (less than one hour), the intensity-duration- frequency curves derived with Virginia data generally show lower intensities than those from the NOAA curves. (Author) KW - Graphs KW - Hydrology KW - Hyetographs KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Runoff KW - Soil water KW - Time UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36645/86-R6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457080 AU - Turgeon, R AU - Ishman, K D AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE OVERLAY AND REPAIRS ON INTERSTATE ROUTE 90, ERIE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 256 p. AB - This report covers the construction and maintenance of a CRC pavement over an RCC pavement in Erie County. Various investigation techniques, studies of maintenance materials and performance of these materials are reported. Failures of the overlay are investigated and patching techniques are tested and evaluated. Deflection equipment performance, crack evolution and decision processes are discussed and evaluated. Maintenance contracts and repair costs are presented with reference to previous construction activities and decisions. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Contracts KW - Deflectometers KW - Evaluation KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Patching KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Paving KW - Performance KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463256 AU - Steves, M A AU - Klingner, R E AU - Armstrong, K S AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESPONSE OF HIGHWAY BARRIERS TO REPEATED IMPACT LOADING: CONCRETE BARRIERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 120 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of proposed anchorage designs for two Texas SDHPT T5 concrete traffic barriers, subjected to static and dynamic loads. It was believed that the current design, which specifies the use of 1-in.-diameter A193, Grade B7 anchor bolts, spaced at 50 in., lacked sufficient ductility. Therefore, an anchorage system consisting of 1-in.-diameter, A36 bolts, spaced at 25 in., was proposed. Larger spacings of the proposed anchor bolts were also investigated. Two barriers were constructed and tested: a cast-in-place barrier, capable of accomodating a variety of anchor bolt patterns. A 10-in. test slab, representing a typical Texas SDHPT slab overhang, was also constructed and used in all tests. Four tests were conducted: three static tests, and one series of impact tests to increasing maximum loads. Brittle behavior was observed in the three static tests. Loading was discontinued during these tests, due to the development of a localized flexural-torsional failure mechanism in the slab, located near the point of load application. Excessive slab cracking, which initiated the development of this mechanism, was sustained by the slab during the first static test. Somewhat greater ductility was observed in the dynamic test (MPACT1). Failure was achieved through fracture of the anchor bolts. However, anchor bolt failure was accompanied by a brittle shearing failure of the corner of the slab. In general, the tests indicated that the current and proposed concrete barrier anchorage designs have insufficient ductility. A possible solution is the use of smaller and/or lower strength anchor bolts requiring a smaller spacing of the bolts. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Anchor bolts KW - Barrier design KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Ductility KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Impact loading KW - Impact loads KW - Impact tests KW - Repeated loads KW - Slabs KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463258 AU - Lee, C E AU - Inman, R F AU - Sanders, W M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USER-FRIENDLY TEXAS MODEL - GUIDE TO DATA ENTRY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 210 p. AB - Two interactive data-entry programs have been incorporated into the TEXAS Model for Intersection Traffic to produce the User-Friendly TEXAS Model. Now, a user, working through an alphanumeric terminal connected in an interactive time-sharing mode to a mainframe computer or through the keyboard of a microcomputer, can enter all the data needed for a simulation run in about 1/10 the time previously required. During simulation, the progress of each individually-characterized vehicle moving through a simulated intersection is recorded and subsequently displayed in real-time or in stop-action on a microcomputer-driven graphics screen. This animated graphics display allows the user to study the overall traffic performance at an intersection or to examine the behavior of any selected vehicle(s) in great detail. Tabular summary statistics are also produced for each simulation run if requested by the user. With the user-friendly version of the TEXAS Model that is described in this guide, alternative intersection designs and traffic-control schemes can be evaluated quickly and accurately in a timely and cost-effective manner. KW - Computer graphics KW - Interactive computing KW - Interactive graphics KW - Intersections KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic simulation KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462220 AU - HO, RKH AU - Webb, T B AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF FILTER FABRIC AS A SUBGRADE RETAINER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 49 p. AB - This project was designed to study the use of filter fabrics as a subgrade retainer, specifically on the construction of a highway (Florida S.R. 80 Relocated) over organic material in Palm Beach County, Florida. The objectives of the project were: (1) to evaluate and compare the construction techniques using three different types of filter fabric to separate the local embankment material from the foundation organic soil; (2) to evaluate the long-term performance of embankment construction using filter fabric over organic soil; and (3) to compare the cost of the two construction techniques, one using filter fabric and the other conventional. This is the final report on this project. KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Embankments KW - Fabrics KW - Filter materials KW - Filters KW - Organic soils KW - Performance KW - Road construction KW - Subgrade materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462311 AU - Benson, F AU - Martinez, D F AU - Jessup, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOT-MIX PAVEMENT STABILITY PERFORMANCE VERSUS LABORATORY TEST RESULTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 237 p. AB - The problem to be addressed by this study was to determine what characteristics of the Item 340 hot-mix material itself and its production, placement and service environments were significant in determining how well the hot-mix surface layer would function in the field. SDHPT districts were asked for submission of well and/or poorly performing candidate pavements from a rutting or shoving distress standpoint. In all, 18 separate roadway locations or sites were included in this study. The following types of data were obtained from these sites: (1) doing visual evaluations and taking rut depths on the surface, (2) taking roadway cores for subsequent laboratory testing. Also a records search was made to determine pertinent facts affecting each roadway site from hot-mix design through production, laydown, compaction and service history of the roadway surface. In general, the more rutted pavements contained softer asphalts, lower air voids and more temperature susceptible asphalts. Indirect tensile strengths and Marshall stabilities tend to be lower for the more rutted pavements. The more rutted pavements tend to have grading curves with the higher humps above the No. 30 sieve of the ASTM continuous grading curve. Hveem stability appears to be no indication of rutting as found in this study. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Defects KW - Field performance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462262 AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM EVALUATION OF UNPROTECTED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 50 p. AB - Changes in the condition of 77 concrete bridge-deck spans were observed over a period of approximately 10 years, through 1982. The study group included 47 observed from the time of their construction between 1970 and 1973, plus 30 others built between 1964 and 1966 and added to the study in 1976. Condition evaluation was based on measurements of the areal extent of delamination and spalling at 3-year intervals during the study periods, and attempts were made to correlate differences in condition with a variety of design, construction, and environmental factors. Most apparent from the study was the dominant influence of variations in rebar cover depth on the time to onset of deck damage during the early years of deck life. After 4 to 5 years of service, this effect was significant to the near exclusion of all other factors measured but diminished with increasing age. Secondary factors identified included centerline grade, AADT, and concrete absorption. Attempts to develop a mathematical bridge-deck deterioration model were unsuccessful, but a scheme was developed to assist in identifying candidate decks for cathodic protection. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Cover depth KW - Delamination KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462278 AU - Baus, R L AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION METHODS FOR PREVAILING GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - n.p. AB - Subsurface conditions at sites in the Coastal Plain region of South Carolina were investigated using standard penetration and mechanical quasi-static cone penetration tests. The penetration test results are compared with measured static axial pile capacity. The cone penetration test results are compared with stratigraphy and soil types encountered at each site. Results of this study show that with certain limitations, cone penetration test results can be used to assess general stratigraphy and soil type and predict static axial pile capacity with reasonable accuracy. Findings from these investigations were also used to assess methods currently used by the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation (the EN formula and correlations with standard penetration test N values) for estimating pile capacity. The study shows the importance of local or site correlations. KW - Accuracy KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Estimating KW - Geological surveying KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Soil penetration test KW - Stratigraphy KW - Subsurface explorations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462308 AU - Roberts, F L AU - Rosson, B T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTABLISHING MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR THIN ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACES ON GRANULAR BASES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 157 p. AB - This report includes the results of an analytical study of thin asphalt pavements over flexible bases to define the engineering properties required for adequate performance. Since truck tire pressures have dramatically increased in recent years, included are the effects of the increased tire pressures on surface tensile strains, base shear stresses, and subgrade compressive strains. A finite element computer program developed for the FHWA was used to calculate vertical and horizontal surface shear pressure distribution for a bias ply truck tire inflated to both 75 and 125 psi. A series of ILLIPAVE computer runs was made to determine the horizontal tensile strains, lateral shear stresses, and vertical compressive strains for asphalt concrete surfaces 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 inches thick over 8- and 14-inch granular bases having three different moduli and a subgrade soil that is stress-sensitive with an initial modulus of 10 ksi. These results showed that some thin pavement structures cannot provide adequate service, and that design procedures must be upgraded to include materials more resistant to higher strains. To provide adequate service, these surfaces should be either flexible and thin on a stiff, thick base, or be stiff and thick. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Compressive strength KW - Computer aided design KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Granular bases KW - Inflation KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Properties of materials KW - Shear stress KW - Surface treating KW - Tension KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462214 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STONE COLUMN STABILIZED EMBANKMENT FOUNDATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 93 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to document construction procedures, monitor field performance, and make recommendations concerning the effectiveness and future use of a foundation improvement procedure using stone columns for stabilization. This effort was executed by use of field inspections and photographs, instrumentation to monitor foundation and field responses and laboratory analyses of existing and possible conditions. Instrumentation included earth pressure meters, a multipoint settlement gage, a horizontal slope inclinomeer, a settlement platform and vertical slope inclinometers. Settlement of the foundation after column construction was found to be approximately 8 inches as compared to a predicted total settlement of 16 inches. Initial pressure distribution was affected by the stone columns but long term distribution indicated no relationship to the stone columns. Performance of the stone columns was found to be satisfactory in that an adequate embankment factor of safety was obtained. KW - Columns KW - Embankment foundations KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Safety factors KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stone KW - Stone columns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462219 AU - Taylor, W C AU - DeLong, M AU - Shams, G AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE AND GEOMETRIC VARIABLES RELATED TO ACCIDENTS IN RURAL NO-PASSING ZONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - n.p. AB - Previous studies on Michigan highways had identified a high rate of accidents in no-passing zones. This study was conducted to identify geometric features, roadside and vehicle characteristics, associated with these higher accident rates. A representative sample of two-lane, two-way rural roads in Michigan, containing 525 no-passing zones (245 with a high accident rate and 280 with zero accidents in three years) was selected for the study. Geometic and roadside environment information (i.e. shoulder and curve type, number of driveways, roadway obstacles and intersections) were gathered for each of these 525 no-passing zones. Regression analysis and discriminant analysis were used to describe the propensity of a no-passing zone to experience a high accident rate. Discriminant models were developed to predict which no-passing zone will experience "high" and "low" accident rates based on these variables. No evidence was found that the length of no-passing zones or the presence of curve warning signs, chevrons or advisory speed plates is related to the rate of accidents in no-passing zones. The study also failed to find no-passing zones to be particularly hazardous for vehicles for any specific weight class. Small vehicles experience a higher than expected accident rate on rural roads in general, but this does not appear to be exacerbated in no-passing zones. KW - Chevron signs KW - Crash rates KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Geometric design KW - Length KW - Mathematical models KW - No passing zones KW - Regression analysis KW - Roadside KW - Rural highways KW - Signs KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462279 AU - STEWART, H E AU - Baus, R L AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN BY DYNAMIC DEFLECTIONS. PHASE I - BACKGROUND AND EQUIPMENT SELECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - n.p. AB - This report reviews and evaluates nondestructive testing equipment currently available and used for the dynamic evaluation of pavements and the design of flexible pavement overlays. The equipment described includes Dynaflect and Road Rater steady-state deflection devices and Dynatest and Phoenix falling weight deflectometers. Information presented includes basic equipment descriptions, operational characteristics, and current prices quoted by the manufacturer or distributor. The overall goal of the study described in this report was to provide a rational means by which a specific piece of equipment could be selected for use in the development of an overlay design method in South Carolina. Equipment evaluation criteria included availability, complexity of operation and data interpretation, cost, performance and maintenance levels, and the potential for successful implementation with an overlay design method. KW - Availability KW - Costs KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Performance KW - Road raters KW - Supply KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462294 AU - Sargand, S M AU - Hazen, G A AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO DESCRIBE THE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF SHALES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 108 p. AB - In recent years a multiaxial fluid cushion cubical testing device has been used to obtain the constitutive relations of material of the influence of a three dimensional stress field. In this investigation a high pressure multi-axial device was modified for testing of two Ohio grey shales recovered from Noble and Chesapeake counties. Laboratory tests were performed on unweathered grey shale specimens, weathered grey shale specimens, and compacted red shales. Based on laboratory test results, it is concluded that the transverse isotropy with five elastic constants is the most appropriate model to simulate the stress-strain relations of unweathered grey shales. The unweathered grey shales demonstrated high failure strength. However, these shales were found to greatly lose stiffness and strength when weathered. The shear strength of compacted red shales was investigated. The angle of internal friction and cohesion are 8.6 and 16.95 psi. It was shown that the strength and stress-strain relations of compacted red shales are stress path dependent and display anisotropic behavior. KW - Coefficient of internal friction KW - Cohesion KW - Deformation KW - Deformation curve KW - Isotropy KW - Mathematical models KW - Shale KW - Shear strength KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Transverse profile KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462332 AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF THREE AGGREGATES ON ALL-WEATHER ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 38 p. AB - A field study was conducted in which the performance of slate was compared to that of two other aggregates. For the study, two test sites were constructed using granite, slate, and greenstone. Prior to being placed on the road, the aggregates were tested for California Bearing Ratio (CBR), gradation, and Atterberg limits. While in service, the aggregates were sampled and tested for gradation, Atterberg limits, thickness of the layer, and skid resistance. The composition of the Arvonia slate is very high in muscovite, a flaky mineral that is particularly susceptible to winnowing and somewhat self-lubricating. The slate had a much lower CBR than either the granite or greenstone, and this value did not improve when the slate was not soaked before testing. This absence of improvement was attributed to the lubricating effect of muscovite. It was observed that the slate disintegrated at a much faster rate during the first 5 weeks of service than did the granite or greenstone. Such early wear is extremely important because, normally, very light applications of crusher run are made to all-weather surface roadways, and it is necessary that the larger sizes of aggregate maintain their integrity so they can be reused when the roadway surface is reshaped. Two changes in the specifications for crusher run and a change in policy were recommended. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Atterberg limits KW - California bearing ratio KW - Durability tests KW - Field studies KW - Granite KW - Greenstone KW - Materials tests KW - Performance KW - Skid resistance KW - Slate KW - Wear UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36638/86-R16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461887 AU - Chi, M AU - Saadat, S A AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - Greiner Engineering Sciences, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECAST CONCRETE MODULAR BRIDGE DECK CASE STUDIES PY - 1985/11 SP - 168 p. AB - Among the most acute problems in highway construction today is the rehabilitation of deteriorated bridge decks. Deck deterioration has been attributed to poor construction quality control and the use of deicing salts during the winter months. Conventional cast-in-place bridge deck rehabilitation often results in severe disruption of traffic due to extensive forming and curing time. Full-depth precast concrete modular bridge deck panels have recently been given considerable attention as a viable alternative method of deck rehabilitation and replacement. Modular deck panels significantly improve the quality control of concrete, reduce total construction time, and allow minimal disruption of traffic. An in-depth review and literature search of past and current practices on the use of full-depth precast concrete modular bridge deck panels was made. Six representive bridges were selected. Through several site visits and interviews, available information on the design, construction, performance, and cost of precast panels was compiled. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Modular structures KW - Precast concrete KW - Quality control KW - Rapid methods KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461876 AU - Barker, J M AU - Hall, K AU - Klinedinst, G AU - Figg and Muller Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF LINN COVE VIADUCT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 134 p. AB - In this documentation of the design and construction of the Linn Cove Viaduct, a discussion of the environmental aspects, design specifications, design procedures, and details are included. The environmental restrictions dictated a design and construction methodology never before used in exactly the same manner. The construction is discussed from foundation microshafts to one-directional cantilever erection. The unique construction supervision team and contractor organization is also included. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Constraints KW - Construction management KW - Design methods KW - Environmental protection KW - Microshafts KW - Specifications KW - Structural design KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461842 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODS FOR PREDICTING TRUCK SPEED LOSS ON GRADES. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 169 p. AB - Truck speed loss on grades reduces highway capacity and increses the risk of accidents. The rational design of a truck climbing lane as a solution to this problem requires means for predicting truck speed changes on grades. Experimental measurements of the speed loss of trucks operating on highways were conducted at 20 sites throughout the country. These data were analyzed to compare performance to present guidelines for highway design embodied in the AASHTO Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. The performance of the straight truck and tractor-trailer population is notably better than reflected in the AASHTO publication. Methods were developed for modeling the hill-climbing performance of the four major truck classes at the 12.5 and 50 percentile population level using empirically determined weight-to-power values. Speed-distance plots are provided for each class on constant grades, along with a simple computer program for calculating speed versus distance on arbitrary grades defined by the user. These speed-loss models are recommended as alternatives to the AASHTO standard for highways carrying primarily straight trucks and tractor-trailers. Trucks pulling trailers, and doubles and triples are the truck classes with lowest hill-climbing performance. For the limited data obtained, the AASHTO model appears to provide a reasonable performance prediction for the 12.5 percentile population. Methods for estimating performance at the 12.5 percentile level for mixed truck populations are presented. The need of a rationale for making design decisions with mixed truck populations is recognized, and suggested as a future research topic. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Climbing lanes KW - Distance KW - Forecasting KW - Geometric design KW - Grades KW - Guidelines KW - Losses KW - Motor vehicles KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460239 AU - Mak, K K AU - Griffin, L I AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING DATA BASES FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 71 p. AB - The objectives of this study are to: (1) assess the applicability and utility of existing large national data bases to highway safety analysis from the standpoint of FHWA; (2) develop alternatives that may enhance the applicability and utility of these data bases; and (3) evaluate the recommended alternatives. The study results are intended for consideration in efforts to improve the capability and utilization of existing data bases and to offer a basis for improvements in ongoing and future data collection efforts so as to better serve the information needs in highway safety analyses. Existing data bases were identified and grouped into seven categories according to a categorization scheme. Seven data bases, one for each category, were then selected for study. The various components of highway safety analysis, as used in this study, are defined and characterized. The applicability and utility of these selected data bases for use in highway safety analysis were evaluated based on available documentation. Conceptual alternatives that would improve or enhance the capabilities and utility of existing data bases to better serve the information needs of highway safety analysis were developed. These identified alternatives were studied and analyzed for their feasibility and practicality and appropriate recommendations were made. KW - Crash analysis KW - Data needs KW - Databases KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Information organization KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460144 AU - Lamb, J L AU - Frank, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLE FATIGUE RESISTANT STAY CABLE ANCHORAGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 158 p. AB - A simple fatigue-resistant anchorage for seven wire prestressing strand was developed and studied. The fatigue test results indicate that an anchorage incorporating copper or aluminum wedges which have been formed to match the strand produce an anchorage which can attain the fatigue strength of the strand. The fatigue test results were correlated with load distribution measurements, finite element analysis, electron microscopy of the fractures, and various wear models. A clear understanding of the factors relating to the fatigue performance of the wedges studies resulted from the correlation of the various studies. A further optimization of the anchorage is possible based on the results of the theoretical studies. However, the anchorage as developed using copper wedges is adequate. The developed anchorage provides a simple anchorage which allows for individual insertion and removal of the strands making up a cable stay. KW - Aluminum KW - Anchorages KW - Bridge cables KW - Copper KW - Correlation analysis KW - Electron microscopy KW - Fatigue strength KW - Finite element method KW - Load transfer KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Wedges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460357 AU - Barker, J M AU - Hall, K AU - Klinedinst, G AU - Figg and Muller Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE LINN COVE VIADUCT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 134 p. AB - In this documentation of the design and construction of the Linn Cove Viaduct, a discussion of the environmental aspects, design specifications, design procedures, and details are included. The environmental restrictions dictated a design and construction methodology never before used in exactly the same manner. The construction is discussed from foundation microshafts to one-directional cantilever erection. The unique construction supervision team and contractor organization is also included. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Cantilevers KW - Constraints KW - Construction management KW - Design methods KW - Environmental protection KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460142 AU - Lee, H AU - Hudson, W R AU - Saraf, C L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF UNIFIED RANKING SYSTEMS FOR RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 126 p. AB - The important component of any rehabilitation and maintenance programming is an index or scale for selecting candidate projects for rehabilitation and establishing priority among the candidate projects. In the last two decades, tools and concepts of multiple attribute decision making (MADM) have been applied to developing a prioritization index for pavement rehabilitation. However, virtually no effort has been made towards developing a unified ranking system for both rigid and flexible pavements. This report presents a univariate time series model using roughness as a common attribute which exists in both rigid and flexible pavements. The single attribute is then extended by adding more attributes, such as cracking, rutting, punchouts, etc., to form a multiple attribute decision making process. A goal programming model was used to determine the relative weights for the multiple attributes. These models are easy to use in practice and the data for developing these models are easily available either in the files maintained by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation or by conducting an interview with their staff experienced in this area. Besides being simple to use and implement, there are several advantages to using these models for practical application, as discussed in this report. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement cracking KW - Ranking KW - Ranking (Statistics) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Roughness KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Strategic planning KW - Time series UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460143 AU - Ricci, E A AU - Meyer, A H AU - Hudson, W R AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF RIGID PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 102 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the Model 8000 Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) manufactured by Dynatest as to variability and repeatability over a nominal range from 1,500 to 24,000 pounds and several rigid pavement structures. For the tests performed in this study the FWD exhibited statistically satisfactory values of variability and repeatability. Data are presented illustrating insitu moduli of rigid pavement layers using FWD deflection measurements. These values are compared to values generated by other devices. A procedure and criteria are presented for evaluating the load transfer efficiency of joints in rigid pavements. A procedure and criteria are presented for detecting the presence of voids under the surface layer of rigid pavements. KW - Accuracy KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Rigid pavements KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458566 AU - Sicking, D L AU - Ross, H E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADSIDE CONCRETE BARRIERS: WARRANTS AND END TREATMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 192 p. AB - The primary emphasis of this research was the development of a low-maintenance end treatment to shield the end of a concrete safety shaped barrier. It consists of a series of energy-absorbing rubber cylinders that are reusable after an impact. The cylinders are supported by steel diaphragms, and the thrie-beam fender panels are used for redirection purposes. The design was shown to meet recommended impact performance standards through a series of full-scale crash tests. Further, costs and labor to restore the treatment after most impacts will be considerably less than any other operational end treatment. Guidelines were also developed to identify roadway and traffic conditions where the concrete safety shaped barrier is warranted in lieu of the standard W-beam roadside guardrail. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Concrete structures KW - Cylindrical bodies KW - End treatments KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Guardrails KW - Guidelines KW - Impact tests KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Rubber KW - Shielding KW - Thrie beams KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458592 AU - Grady, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION AND CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 39 p. AB - This report discusses design and installation of an experimental cathodic protection (CP) system on an existing corrosion-damaged concrete bridge deck. The system is designed to prevent or arrest corrosion of steel reinforcement that causes salt-contaminated concrete decks to crack and spall. It draws on a proved technology that has been used in other industries for many years to protect buried steel, such as natural gas pipelines. The system is simple in both concept and practice, and offers considerable cost savings compared to the eventual cost of replacing a severely corrosion-damaged deck. CP is the only method available that will stop ongoing corrosion in bridge decks without requiring removal of chloride-laden concrete. It is based on applying a low-power DC current to the deck, which interrupts the normal "anode-cathode" corrosion cell by making the entire reinforcing system cathodic. The experimental CP system was installed on an existing three-span concrete deck using platinized primary anodes and secondary anodes of carbon filaments placed in sawed slots, and backfilled with conductive polymer grout. The anodes and rebars (now cathodes) were connected to a DC rectifier-controller that maintains a preset potential level. An appendix containing specifications specially written for the experimental cathodic protection system described in this report is available to interested readers on request as a separate publication. KW - Anodes KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion protection KW - Direct current KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457922 AU - Nokes, W A AU - Benson, P E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF WORST CASE METEOROLOGY CRITERIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 79 p. AB - A meteorological severity index (MSI) representing the relationship between meteorological parameters that contribute to worst case carbon monoxide concentrations near roadways is described. The MSI is based on sensitivity studies of the California Lines Source Dispersion Model, CALINE4. Meteorological data collected at several monitoring sites throughout California are described. Probabilistic analysis of the monitoring data (stratified by geography and time-of-day) is combined with the MSI to develop worst case meteorolgy inputs for estimating 1-hour CO levels using CALINE4. Worst case meteorology inputs are presented using peak and off-peak conditions for estimating worst case 8-hour CO levels when running the CALINE4 model. An alternative method of estimating worst case 8-hour CO levels is given by describing a "persistence factor". Guidelines are presented to help CALINE4 users develop or estimate an appropriate persistence factor for a project location. The probabilistic method described in the report can be used to establish new worst case meteorology criteria in the event of changes in the number of exceedances allowed by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The variety of locations studied in California should make results of the study useable by other states. KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Dispersion KW - Injury severity KW - Meteorology KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak KW - Peak periods KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458328 AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Walton, C M AU - Mouskos, K AU - Massimi, J J AU - Levinton, I AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF TRUCK LANE NEEDS IN THE TEXAS HIGHWAY NETWORK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 90 p. AB - Special truck lanes have been proposed as a measure for dealing with the increasing traffic of larger and heavier trucks on the Texas highway system. This report describes an integrated network modelling methodology for the study of truck lane needs in the Texas highway network. It consists of three major components: critical link programming, network traffic assignment, and optimal link selection/network design. The critical link programs allow the user to diagnose and assess the adequacy of the links in a highway network for handling excessive truck traffic under specified conditions. The traffic assignment model is essential for the prediction of link flow patterns and subsequent user costs calculation in response to particular changes in the network corresponding to truck-related link improvements. The assignment problem addressed here allows the asymmetric interaction between cars and trucks sharing the roadway in the determination of link travel times. The optimal link improvement selection problem is cast as a discrete network design problem with multiple improvement options per link. One of its main features is the definition of link improvement in terms of both lane addition (capacity expansion) and operating scheme (lane access restrictions to cars and trucks). KW - Highway capacity KW - Improvements KW - Links KW - Links (Networks) KW - Methodology KW - Needs assessment KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic simulation KW - Truck lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457919 AU - Neal, B F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF PCC PAVEMENT TINE TEXTURING PATTERNS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 22 p. AB - This report provides a limited comparison of transverse and longitudinal tine texturing of PCC pavements. Skid test results and accident data are provided and analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of each method and the reasons for California's adoption of the longitudinal tining procedure are discussed. It is concluded that, while the skid values of transverse textured surfaces are generally slightly higher than those textured longitudinally, both types are performing satisfactorily. Thus, because of the lesser cost of longitudinal tining, it is recommended that longitudinal tining continue to be specified by Caltrans for PCC pavement. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Longitudinal profile KW - Pavement grooving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skid number KW - Skidding KW - Texture KW - Transverse profile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457594 AU - National Highway Institute TI - EDUCATION AND TRAINING INFORMATION EXCHANGE. SPECIAL ISSUE. UNIVERSITY/FHWA COLLEGE CURRICULUM PROGRAM PY - 1985/11 SP - 41 p. AB - This special issue briefly describes several training courses. The curriculum material for these courses was originally developed for FHWA sponsored training courses. This material is being offered to colleges and universities, as well as to others who will be using the material to provide training for public transportation agency employees. KW - Curricula KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457910 AU - McFarland, W F AU - Memmott, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW APPROACHES TO PROJECT RANKING: COMPARISONS USING ADDED-CAPACITY PROJECTS IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 133 p. AB - This report presents a discussion of selected techniques that can be used to rank major highway construction projects. A study advisory committee provided recommendations on factors and weights to be used in project ranking. A limited sensitivity analysis of some suggested changes in current sufficiency ratings is presented. Possible techniques that can be used on projects of three types are discussed: (1) added-capacity, (2) upgrade-to-standards, and (3) new location (bypasses, loops, and other new locations). Emphasis is placed on comparing nine different techniques for ranking added-capacity projects by comparing 1,942 added-capacity projects. KW - Highway capacity KW - Improvements KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Ratings KW - Road construction KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457799 AU - Poston, R W AU - Phipps, A R AU - Breen, J E AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 192 p. AB - The objective of this study is to investigate the use of deck prestressing as a method of improving durability of bridge decks with the aim of developing suggested AASHTO Specification design requirements to facilitate its use. The results from an experimental test series of prestressed concrete specimens subjected to an aggressive deicing salt exposure and from an experimental and analytical investigation of the structural behavior of a fully composite slab-girder bridge model indicated that deck prestressing is a viable corrosion-protection design alternative. It has already been used in numerous box girder bridges to improve structural efficiency. Specific recommendations for improving durability of bridge decks by deck prestressing and for proper design of deck prestressing are included in this report. These recommendations are presented in a form suitable for inclusion in the AASHTO Bridge Specifications. Several design examples are included to illustrate the design recommendations and to compare costs to those of current bridge deck designs using conventional reinforced concrete. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - American Association of State Highway Officials KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Costs KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Design methods KW - Durability KW - Improvements KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457801 AU - Zilveti, A AU - Sooi, T K AU - Klingner, R E AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - Jirsa, James O AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF SUPERPLASTICIZERS ON THE BOND BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE MEMBERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 120 p. AB - Since the introduction of superplasticizers to North America, many researchers have investigated their effect on the material properties of fresh and hardened concrete. However, no studies have been reported on the structural aspects of superplasticized concrete. The main objective of this research program is to determine which of the many material properties of concrete affected by the addition of superplasticizers may be relevant to concrete-reinforcing steel bond performance. KW - Bonding KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Superplasticizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457838 AU - Massimi, J J AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Walton, C M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - TRUCK LANE NEEDS METHODOLOGY: A HEURISTIC APPROACH TO SOLVE A FIVE OPTION DISCRETE NETWORK DESIGN PROBLEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 76 p. AB - Special truck lanes have been proposed as a measure to deal with the increasing traffic of larger and heavier trucks on the Texas highway system. This report describes a procedure for the selection of an optimal subset of truck-related link improvements in the highway network. This procedure is a component of an integrated network modelling methodology for the study of truck lane needs in the Texas highway network. The link improvement selection problem is cast as a discrete network design problem with multiple improvement types per link. One of the principal features of this procedure is the definition of link improvement in terms of both capacity expansion (lane addition) and operational scheme (exclusive use by cars or trucks of both existing and added lanes). Another is the consideration of the interaction of cars and trucks in the traffic stream in solving the network equilibrium assignment problem embedded in the network design problem. A branch and bound integer programming approach is adapted and tested for this problem and the particular features introduced by truck-related link improvement measures. KW - Equilibrium (Systems) KW - Heuristic methods KW - Needs assessment KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Truck lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457700 AU - Roberts, F L AU - Rosson, B T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTABLISHING MATERIAL PROPERTIES FOR THIN ASPHALT CONCRETE SURFACES ON GRANULAR BASES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 157 p. AB - This report includes the results of an analytical study of thin asphalt pavements over flexible bases to define the engineering properties required for adequate performance. Since truck tire pressures have dramatically increased in recent years, included are the effects of the increased tire pressures on surface tensile strains, base shear stresses, and subgrade compressive strains. A finite element computer program developed for the FHWA was used to calculate vertical and horizontal surface shear pressure distribution for a bias ply truck tire inflated to both 75 and 125 psi. A series of ILLIPAVE runs was made to determine the horizontal tensile strains, lateral shear stresses, and vertical compressive strains for asphalt concrete surfaces 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 inches thick over 8- and 14-inch granular bases having three different moduli and a subgrade soil that is stress-sensitive with an initial modulus of 10 ksi. These results showed that some thin pavement structures cannot provide adequate service, and that design procedures must be upgraded to include materials more resistant to higher strains. To provide adequate service, these surfaces should be either flexible and thin on a stiff, thick base, or be stiff and thick. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bias ply tires KW - Compressive strain KW - Compressive strength KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Granular bases KW - Inflation KW - Pavement performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Shear stress KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Tension KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453679 AU - Hoel, L A AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY IN HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 70 p. AB - Highway and traffic engineering practice is rapidly changing as communications technology and computer systems are being adopted to facilitate the work of the practitioners and expand their capabilities. This field has been an evoluntionary one since the introduction of computers in the 1950s. In recent years there have been major breakthroughs in the application of interactive graphics for computer aided drafting and design, and in the use of microcomputers. Described in this report are current developments in the use of high technology in highway and traffic engineering. Also discussed is the extent to which state transportation agencies are availing themselves of the benefits of high tech. The report discusses the anticipated impact of high tech from the viewpoint of Virginia's highway transportation system and suggests seven areas where research and development could prove profitable. These areas are data base management and information systems; highway traffic operations and and management; highway information systems and user communications; computerized design, analysis, and planning; laboratory and field data collection and analysis; construction management and quality control; and other applications such as robotics and expert systems. (Author) KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Construction management KW - Databases KW - Highway engineering KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Interactive graphics KW - Microcomputers KW - Quality control KW - Robotics KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic engineering UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36637/86-R15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453674 AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF THREE AGGREGATES ON ALL-WEATHER ROADS - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 38 p. AB - A field study was conducted in which the performance of slate was compared to that of two other aggregates. For the study, two test sites were constructed using granite, slate, and greenstone. Prior to being placed on the road, the aggregates were tested for California Bearing Ratio (CBR), gradation, and Atterberg limits. While in service, the aggregates were sampled and tested for gradation, Atterberg limits, thickness of the layer, and skid resistance. The composition of the Arvonia slate is very high in muscovite, a flaky mineral that is particularly susceptible to winnowing and somewhat self-lubricating. The slate had a much lower CBR than either the granite or greenstone, and this value did not improve when the slate was not soaked before testing. This absence of improvement was attributed to the lubricating effect of muscovite. It was observed that the slate disintegrated at a much faster rate during the first 5 weeks of service than did the granite or greenstone. Such early wear is extremely important because, normally, very light applications of crusher run are made to all-weather surface roadways, and it is necessary that the larger sizes of aggregate maintain their integrity so they can be reused when the roadway surface is reshaped. Two changes in the specifications for crusher run and a change in policy were recommended. (Author) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Atterberg limits KW - California bearing ratio KW - Field studies KW - Gradation KW - Granite KW - Skid resistance KW - Slate KW - Specifications KW - Thickness KW - Wear UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36638/86-R16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454361 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - SUMMARY OF TRAVEL TRENDS: 1983-84 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY PY - 1985/11 SP - 21 p. AB - The Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS) contains national data on the nature and characteristics of travel. It addresses a broad range of travel in the United States, providing data on household trips and travel for all purposes and modes of transportation. Only household travel characteristics are depicted by the NPTS; data on freight movement is not collected. The volume of the 1983/84 NPTS presents trends which can be traced through the 1969, 1977 and 1983/84 series of the NPTS. Included is information on national demographics, household composition, vehicle ownership, household travel, journey to work, vehicle utilization, auto occupancy, mode split, and drivers. Please note that there are different time spans between the 1969, 1977 and 1983/84 surveys (eight and six years respectively). This report does not attempt to depict these differences in its graphic presentations. In addition to this document, a full report on the 1983/84 NPTS will be published which will provide more detail on transportation trends over time. In the full report special emphasis will be placed on the 1983 data, since it has not previously been published. The survey provides the information necessary to assist transportation planners and others who need comprehensive data on travel and transportation patterns in the United States. The 1983/84 NPTS is sponsored by several agencies of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). These include the Federal Highway Administration, the Office of the Secretary, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The survey was conducted by the Bureau of Census. (Author) KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobile travel KW - Data collection KW - Households KW - Modal split KW - Surveys KW - Travel patterns KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267869 ER - TY - SER AN - 00454824 JO - Traffic Volume Trends PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC VOLUME TRENDS - NOVEMBER 1985 PY - 1985/11 SP - v.p. AB - This monthly report is based on hourly traffic count data collected at approximately 4000 continuous traffic counting locations nationwide. The data are used to determine the percent change in traffic for the current month compared to the same month in the previous year. This percent change is applied to the travel for the same period in the previous year to obtain travel for the current period. Data are tabulated as well as presented graphically. It is noted that travel on all roads and streets increased 0.8 percent for November 1985 as compared to November 1984. KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic volume KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453726 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY DATA TABULATIONS. NPTS 1983-1984 PY - 1985/11 SP - 95 p. AB - This report is part of a series that presents findings from the 1983-1984 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). This report contains tabulations which relate 1983-1984 travel to various demographic characteristics. (Author) KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Private transportation KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33374/33374.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453741 AU - STEWART, H E AU - Baus, R L AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN BY DYNAMIC DEFLECTIONS, PHASE I--BACKGROUND AND EQUIPMENT SELECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 80 p. AB - This report reviews and evaluates nondestructive testing equipment currently available and used for the dynamic evaluation of pavements and the design of flexible pavement overlays. The equipment described includes Dynaflect and Road Rater steady-state-deflection devices and Dynatest and Phoenix falling wwight deflectometers. Information presented includes basic equipment descriptions, operational characteristics, and current prices quoted by the manufacturer or distributor. The overall goal of the study described in this report was to provide a rational means by which a specific piece of equipment could be selected for use in the development of an overlay design method in South Carolina. Equipment evaluation criteria included availability, complexity of operation and data interpretation, cost, performance and maintenance levels, and the potential for successful implementation with an overlay design method. KW - Costs KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Performance KW - Road raters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453722 AU - Moulton, L K AU - GangaRao, H V S AU - Halvorsen, G T AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 118 p. AB - This investigation included (a) a state-of-the-art assessment of tolerable bridge movements based on a literature review, an appraisal of existing design specifications and practice, the collection and analysis of field data on foundaiton movements, structural damage and the tolerance to movements for a large number of bridges (314) in the Unites States and Canada, and an appraisal of the reliability of the methods currently used for settlement prediction; (b) a series of analytical studies to evaluate the effect of different magnitudes and rates of differential movement on the potential level of distress produced in a wide variety of steel and concrete bridge structures of different span lengths and stiffnesses; and (c) the development of methodology for the design of bridges and their foundations that embodies a rational set of criteria for tolerable bridge movements. (Author) KW - Bridge foundations KW - Data analysis KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Forecasting KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Reliability KW - Reviews KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - State of the art studies KW - Tolerable movement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460369 AU - Krauss, P D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES FOR THE REHABILITATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - n.p. AB - Details of test installations of overlays less than 1-inch thick are given. Various types of concrete repair materials are discussed along with test procedures developed to evaluate the products. New developments in repair techniques are also described. Specifications for rapid set patching materials and organic polymer concrete overlays are included in the appendices of the final report. Test results of numerous PCC patching materials are listed. KW - Building materials KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Organic compounds KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Patching KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rapid set KW - Rehabilitation KW - Setting (Concrete) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474848 AU - Bowman, B L AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF RAILROAD-HIGHWAY CROSSING ACTIVE ADVANCE WARNING DEVICES. RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 105 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine which one of three candidate active advance warning devices, for use on roadway approaches to rail-highway crossings, was the most effective. Each of the candidate devices, developed during a previous study, consisted of a primary message sign, a supplementary, "WATCH FOR TRAINS" message plate, and two eight-inch amber, alternately flashing beacons. The devices differed only in the configuration and message of the primary sign. The study was conducted at four sites where sight restrictions on the approach resulted in an insufficient safe stopping distance. The train detection circuitry at each site was modified to provide train activation of each advance warning device approximately 10 seconds prior to the activation of the at-grade warning system. Each test device was installed at all four sites. The results of the speed profile analysis, during the activated state, indicated that the alternately flashing beacons produce a significant decrease in vehicle velocity. Similar analysis, during the unactivated state, revealed that there was no significant difference in vehicle velocities resulting from the use of different primary signs. These results indicate that the test configuration which utilized a 48-inch standard (W10-1) railroad advance warning sign would be effective in providing motorists with the required advance warning. KW - Activation KW - Activation (Chemistry) KW - Beacons KW - Configuration KW - Effectiveness KW - Flashing beacons KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Shape KW - Sight obstructions KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Speed KW - Stopping distances KW - Symbols KW - Testing KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic speed KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472824 AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Harris County, Texas AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - SOUTHWEST FREEWAY/TRANSITWAY PROJECT. FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT. VOLUME 1 AND VOLUME 2--PLANS AND PROFILES PY - 1985/10 SP - v.p. AB - The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation proposes to widen and improve US 59 (Southwest Freeway) from Beltway 8 to State Highway 288, a distance of 13.4 miles, in southwest Harris County, Texas. The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO) has evaluated transit options in the corridor that would be consistent with, and complementary to, the proposed highway improvements. The alternatives considered in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) include the No Build Alternative, the Transportation Systems Management (TSM) Alternative, which has been selected as the Locally Preferred Alternative, would add an 8.5 mile transitway in the median of the freeway and supporting transitway facilities to the freeway and transit service improvement of the TSM Alternative. The primary impact areas in this Final EIS are traffic, noise, displacements and construction. This final EIS includes changes to the Draft EIS; a summary of the comments and recommendations on the Draft EIS; a list of persons, businesses, organizations, and public agencies commenting on the Draft EIS; and responses to all substantive comments raised during the review process. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Freeways KW - Guideways KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - No build KW - Texas KW - Transportation system management KW - Umta section 8 KW - Umta section 9 KW - Urban Mass Transportation Act UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457008 AU - Staplin, L K AU - Janoff, M S AU - Ketron, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF A SELECTED FIXED LIGHTING SYSTEM VERSUS VEHICLE HEADLIGHTS. APPENDIX TO FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 41 p. AB - The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of a selected fixed lighting system and vehicle headlights in providing the visual inputs needed by drivers to detect a defined category of roadway hazards. Key parameters in the analysis included the position (distance and orientation) of a vehicle operator with respect to a detection target in the roadway, the characteristics (size, shape/configuration, reflectivity) of the detection target, the reflectance characteristics of the road surface, the estimated target and background luminance levels for a fixed lighting system, the estimated target and background luminance levels for a vehicle-based source of illumination, and the position of opposing vehicles (if any) with respct to an observer/driver. A conceptual model incorporating published decision-sight-distance (DSD) formulations was employed. Calculations were performed which indicated a marked superiority for fixed lighting systems as observer-target separation distance is increased and/or target reflectivity is decreased and/or an opposing vehicle is present and located (longitudinally) between the observer and the detection target/hazard. Road surface reflectance characteristics had a comparatively smaller impact on the present relative effectiveness calculations. KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Headlamps KW - Luminous intensity KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reflectivity KW - Sight distance KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472125 AU - Denson, K H AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFICIENT COMPUTER ANALYSIS METHOD AND PROGRAM FOR HORIZONTALLY CURVED BOX GIRDER BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 177 p. AB - A computer analysis method and two program versions are presented for the analysis of horizontally curved, torsionally stiff continuous bridges with proportions approaching those of a curved beam. Natural coordinates simplify operator input for complex curvatures. Torsional properties of single and multi-cell box girders are computed within the program. Output consists of bending moment, torque, vertical shear, vertical displacement, rotation and web shear distribution. One program listing is in FORTRAN 77 for main-frame computers and one listing is in BASIC language for use on the TRS-80 Model 4 microcomputer or for conversion to other microcomputer systems. The results of this project are expected to be useful to State Bridge Division designers for preliminary design of many bridges and final design of some. KW - Bending moments KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer aided design KW - Curvature KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Girder bridges KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Microcomputers KW - Rotation KW - Shear stress KW - Structural design KW - Torque KW - Vertical displacement KW - Vertical shear KW - Web shear distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463257 AU - Cherem-Sacal, D AU - Price, D A AU - Osterndorf, B AU - Meyer, A H AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL FOR THE RAPID REPAIR OF WET ASPHALTIC CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 88 p. AB - During periods of wet weather, particularly when it is also cold, asphalt pavements develop potholes which cannot be immediately repaired with conventional asphalt materials. Materials are needed which can be successfully used to repair asphalt pavements in wet, or cold and wet, weather. The materials should be of reasonable cost and have at least a moderate life. This report focusses first on fly ash as a potential material; and considers its compressive, flexural, and bonding properties. In addition, three commercially manufactured, pre-packaged pothole repair materials were evaluated in the field and in the laboratory under various adverse climatic conditions to determine their effectiveness. A brief summary of the properties of all materials is given, followed by recommended procedures for batching, mixing, placing, and finishing the materials. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Batching KW - Concrete finishing KW - Fly ash KW - Manuals KW - Materials KW - Mixing KW - Pavements KW - Placing KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Rapid methods KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462240 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERLAY DESIGN AND REFLECTION CRACKING STUDY FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 216 p. AB - A review and evaluation of existing flexible pavement overlay design procedures resulted in two methods for the design of flexible overlay of flexible pavements. The first method is based on the utilization of Dynaflect maximum deflection (DMD) or the surface curvature index. The second method, based on mechanistic response parameters, relies on two distress criteria: fatigue cracking and excessive rutting. The existing pavement is evaluated using the Dynaflect. DMD as well as SCI, corrected for temperature and season are directly used in respective nomographs to determine the required overlay thickness. In the mechanistic overlay design procedure, the program IMD (In-Situ Moduli Determination), relying on the computer code CHEVRON and employing the Dynaflect deflections, computes the in-situ layer moduli. The subgrade resilient modulus, as determined from the IMD program, and the design traffic are required inputs in the design charts developed for overlay thickness calculations. Having incorporated various reliability levels and three types of bases (asphalt treated, cement treated, and dense graded aggregate), these design charts are indeed versatile and user-oriented as well. The design methods developed in this report have been compared against overlay design methods used by three other agencies. Limited comparisons show that the proposed procedure results in overlay thickness consistent with local methods. A limited field study has been undertaken to investigate remedial measures for reflection cracking. Milling the top inch of the deteriorated surface in conjunction with a crack relief layer has indeed been effective in minimizing reflection cracking. KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Deflection KW - Design volume KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Failure KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Insitu methods KW - Nomographs KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Surface curvature index KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462261 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Lorini, R A AU - Kelly, P D AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTIVITY AND DURABILITY OF EPOXY PAVEMENT MARKINGS. SECOND INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 27 p. AB - Epoxy pavement markings on 16 projects were surveyed to determine durability and reflectivity. These markings were up to 6 years old, and were installed on both portland cement and asphalt concrete pavements. Most projects were in good condition, and were providing acceptable daytime delineation. Although most markings also had fair or good reflectivity, some were not providing acceptable reflectivity. However, most of the poor reflectivity occurred on a few recent projects. It was not possible to relate differences in condition or reflectivity to roadway characteristics, traffic, striping contractor, or material supplier, and it appears that these differences are attributable to particular characteristics of each installation. KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462193 AU - Swanson, H AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF ROAD OIL BY MAINTENANCE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 18 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine which materials are most effective for each maintenance activity and thereby reduce the total number of road oils purchased and handled. This report covers the first two tasks of the study, a survey of the materials used and a series of interviews with maintenance sections. It is anticipated that emulsions will be more widely used and that the older asphalt cements and cutbacks will be used less. The total number of oils purchased and used has been and will be reduced as a result of the initial activity in this study. The final report will document field tests and evaluations. Final conclusions and recommendations will be based largely on the results from these field test sections. Consideration should be given to obtaining proper storage facilities in rural areas. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Cut back KW - Data collection KW - Emulsions KW - Highway maintenance KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Oils KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Road oils KW - Seal coats KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462213 AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SURVEY OF THE STATES ON PROBLEMS RELATED TO BRIDGE APPROACHES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 188 p. AB - A questionnaire was sent to the states concerning problems with bridge approaches. Seven questions were included in the survey, including questions on the use of integral end bents and spread footers. This report summarizes the responses. Appendix A contains the detailed responses received, and Appendix B contains specifications and standard drawings used by some of the states. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Data collection KW - Integral end bents KW - Questionnaires KW - Specifications KW - Spread footings KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462152 AU - Braley, W A AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING TEMPERATURES OF ALASKAN PAVEMENTS - FY85. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - n.p. AB - A one-dimensional finite difference model for calculating the diurnal variation in highway pavement temperatures was developed. The model, which was written in BASIC for use on an IBM-PC or compatible microcomputer and in FORTRAN for use on main-frame computers, calculates hourly values of pavement temperature based on input values of wind speed, ambient air temperature, and incoming solar radiation. It is applicable to situations where base course materials are separated into layers having differing thermal properties and to cases where the base is undergoing freeze and thaw. Output from the model was compared to hourly values of pavement temperature measured at a highway research site in Fairbanks, Alaska. KW - Finite differences KW - Highway pavement KW - Pavements KW - Simulation KW - Solar radiation KW - Temperature KW - Variance KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_86_11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461886 AU - Shah, N S AU - RAO, J S AU - George, K P AU - Murphree, E AU - Globetrotters Engineering Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES TO IMPROVE PAVEMENT DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 194 p. AB - This report provides results of a detailed study to determine the merits of selected premium design features for (a) flexible, (b) composite, (c) jointed plain concrete, and (d) continuously reinforced concrete pavements. In addition, it includes an evaluation of the effectiveness of prestressed concrete pavement in relation to four types of pavements with and without premium design features. Based upon a thorough review of design procedures of the four types of pavements, the premium features that deserve to be evaluated were identified. The review study, in addition, identified the performance/design models in evaluating those features. Following a preliminary sensitivity analysis, the features identified were incorporated in pavement design trials. Based upon performance/reliability evaluations, and life cycle cost analysis using EAROMAR II computer program, the effectiveness of the respective premium features were evaluated. The results provide clear evidence of the economic benefits of many of the premium features which might be included in the design of pavements. Finally, the performance of prestressed concrete pavements was compared with that of the other four types of pavements. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Economic benefits KW - Flexible pavements KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460296 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERLAY DESIGN AND REFLECTION CRACKING STUDY FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 216 p. AB - A review and evaluation of existing flexible pavement overlay design procedures resulted in two methods for the design of flexible overlay of flexible pavements. The first method is based on the utilization of Dynaflect maximum deflection (DMD) or the surface curvature index. The second method, based on mechanistic response parameters, relies on two distress criteria: fatigue cracking and excessive rutting. The existing pavement is evaluated using the Dynaflect. DMD as well as SCI, corrected for temperature and season are directly used in respective nomographs to determine the required overlay thickness. In the mechanistic overlay design procedure, the program IMD (In-Situ Moduli Determination), relying on the computer code CHEVRON and employing the Dynaflect deflections, computes the in-situ layer moduli. The subgrade resilient modulus, as determined from the IMD program, and the design traffic are required inputs in the design charts developed for overlay thickness calculations. Having incorporated various reliability levels and three types of bases (asphalt treated, cement treated, and dense graded aggregate), these design charts are indeed versatile and user-oriented as well. The design methods developed in this report have been compared aganist overlay design methods used by three other agencies. Limited comparisons show that the proposed procedure results in overlay thickness consistent with local methods. A limited field study has been undertaken to investigate remedial measures for reflection cracking. Milling the top inch of the deteriorated surface in conjunction with a crack relief layer has indeed been effective in minimizing reflection cracking. KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Computer aided design KW - Deflection KW - Design load KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457696 AU - Mason, J M AU - Middleton, D AU - Simmons, K AU - BECKER, R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIAL-USE TRUCK TRAFFIC. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 152 p. AB - The principal objectives of this study were to identify specific special-use commodities, determine vehicular and industry characteristics in the movement of these commodities, determine the areas in the state impacted by this movement, and to develop a procedure for predicting the reduction in pavement life due to special-use truck traffic. Most of the commodities investigated were determined to need further study. Only poultry and uranium were dropped, while cotton, lignite, and iron ore will be closely scrutinized for possible elimination later. A computer program was develped as part of Project 299 to analyze the effects of oil field traffic. This program was modified for use in other special-use industries such as timber. It calculates several types of pavement distress and serviceability parameters to evaluate pavement performance under both intended use only traffic and intended plus special-use traffic. KW - Commodities KW - Computer programs KW - Cotton KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - Iron ores KW - Lignite KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Special purpose KW - Timber KW - Traffic KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457717 AU - Brackett, Q AU - Stuart, M AU - Carnahan, T AU - Stealey, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL IN MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION ZONES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 49 p. AB - The increase in fatal accidents involving maintenance personnel in construction zones prompted research into making working personnel easier to detect by motorists. Two approaches were taken to this problem. Improved safety vests were sent to various regions in Texas to evaluate their utility, and different types of driver communication devices were tested for effectiveness. Criteria were also established for "special use" garments for courtesy patrol personnel: to increase conspicuity and identifiability. The recommended safety vest has brilliant yellow-green (BYG) fluorescent/reflective material in a "W" shape on a red-orange fluorescent mesh background with strap and loop ties. Since the Changeable Message Paddle (CMP) is readily understood, light and manageable, and requires little training to use as a driver communication device, the feasibility of producing it in some form should be explored. A uniform of light colored shirt, dark trousers, shoulder patch with department logo, and safety vests should be worn by Courtesy Patrol Personnel. (Author) KW - Construction sites KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Occupational safety KW - Protective clothing KW - Reflectivity KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457880 AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SURVEY OF THE STATES ON PROBLEMS RELATED TO BRIDGE APPROACHES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 188 p. AB - A questionnaire was sent to the states concerning problems with bridge approaches. Seven questions were included in the survey, including questions on the use of integral end bents and spread footers. This report summarizes the responses. Appendix A contains the detailed responses received, and Appendix B contains specifications and standard drawings used by some of the states. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Data collection KW - Questionnaires KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Specifications KW - Spread footings KW - State highway departments KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453727 AU - Mason, J M AU - Middleton, D AU - Simmons, K AU - BECKER, R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIAL-USE TRUCK TRAFFIC. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 152 p. AB - The principal objectives of this study were to identify specific special-use commodities, determine vehicular and industry characteristics in the movement of these commodities, determine the areas in the state impacted by this movement, and to develop a procedure for predicting the reduction in pavement life due to special-use truck traffic. Most of the commodities investigated were determined to need further study. Only poultry and uranium were dropped, while cotton, lignite, and iron ore will be closely scrutinized for possible elimination later. A computer program was developed as part of Project 299 to analyze the effects of oil field traffic. This program was modified for use in other special-use industries such as timber. It calculates several tpes of pavement distress and serviceability parameters to evaluate pavement performance under both intended use only trafic and intended plus special-use traffic. (Author) KW - Commodities KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Durability KW - Forecasting KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability KW - Pavements KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Service life KW - Special-use trucks KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454811 AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFICIENT COMPUTER ANALYSIS METHOD AND PROGRAM FOR HORIZONTALLY CURVED BOX-GIRDER BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 176 p. AB - A computer analysis method and two program versions are presented for the analysis of horizontally curved, torsionally stiff continuous bridges with proportions approaching those of a curved beam. Natural coordinates simplify operator input for complex curvatures. Torsional properties of single and multi-cell box girders are computed within the program. Output consists of bending moment, torque, vertical shear, vertical displacement, rotation and web shear distribution. One program listing is in FORTRAN 77 for main-frame computers and one listing is in BASIC language for use on the TRS-80 Model 4 micro-computer or for conversion to other micro-computer systems. The results of this project are expected to be useful to State Bridge Division designers for preliminary design of many bridges and final design of some. KW - Bending moments KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Curvature KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Microcomputers KW - Rotation KW - Shear stress KW - Structural design KW - Torque KW - Torsion KW - Vertical shear KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453655 AU - Brackett, Q AU - Stuart, M AU - Carnahan, T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL IN MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION ZONES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 49 p. AB - The increase in fatal accidents involving maintenance personnel in construction zones prompted research into making working personnel easier to detect by motorists. Two approaches were taken to this problem. Improved safety vests were sent to various regions in Texas to evaluate their utility, and different types of driver communication devices were tested for effectiveness. Criteria were also established for "special use" garments for courtesy patrol personnel: to increase conspicuity and identifiability. The recommended safety vest has brilliant yellow-green (BYG) fluorescent/reflective material in a "W" shape on a red-orange fluorescent mesh background with strap and loop ties. Since the Changeable Message Paddle (CMP) is readily understood, light and manageable, and requires little training to use as a driver communication device, the feasibility of producing it in some from should be explored. A uniform of light colored shirt, dark trousers, shoulder patch with department logo, and safety vests should be worn by Courtesy Patrol Personnel. KW - Color KW - Communication devices KW - Construction safety KW - Driver information systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Fluorescence KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Protective clothing KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Safety KW - Variable message signs KW - Visibility KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462293 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD ANALYSIS UNIT/MONITOR RECORDER. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/09/22 SP - n.p. AB - A field use system was developed to assist signal electricians with diagnosing intermittent failures of traffic signals. Hardware was built and software written to convert data collected with a Traffic Signal Monitor Recorder into a form for the detailed analysis of signal failures as well as for analyzing the efficiency of signalized intersections. Signal electricians and field engineers contributed to preparing the report specification and evaluating the completed unit. During the development process the scope of work was expanded in order to maintain and enhance the monitor recorder system. The field analysis unit met the functional requirements but the benefits of reducing the size and weight of the system became apparent. This report makes reference to a Traffic Signal Monitor Recorder; details of that system may be found in Report No. FHWA/OH-86/001, Development of a Signal Operation Monitor Recorder. KW - Data analysis KW - Data converters KW - Data recorders KW - Failure KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457035 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD ANALYSIS UNIT/MONITOR-RECORDER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09/22 SP - 72 p. AB - A field use system was developed to assist signal electricians with diagnosing intermittent failures of traffic signals. Hardware was built and software written to convert data collected with a Traffic Signal Monitor Recorder into a form for the detailed analysis of signal failures as well as for analyzing the efficiency of signalized intersections. Signal electricians and field engineers contributed to preparing the report specification and evaluating the completed unit. During the development process the scope of work was expanded in order to maintain and enhance the monitor recorder system. The field analysis unit met the functional requirements but the benefits of reducing the size and weight of the system became apparent. This report makes reference to a Traffic Signal Monitor Recorder; details of that system may be found in Report No. FHWA/OH-86/001, Development of a Signal Operation Monitor Recorder. KW - Data recorders KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Failure KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Monitoring KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451696 AU - Diamond, S AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTION AND USE OF FLY ASH FOR HIGHWAY CONCRETE PY - 1985/09/09 SP - 179 p. AB - A suite of representative Indiana fly ashes was selected and sampled from power stations in all pararts of the state, and tested to provide background information for selection and use of fly ash in highway concrete. Tests included complete chemical analyses and determination of soluble alkalies and sulfate; particle size distribution; surface area and specific gravity measurements; determination of content of magnetic (non-reactive) particles; x-ray diffraction; scanning electron microscope study; and determinations of pozzolanic activity index. It was found that most Indiana fly ashes were Class F materials, only two Class C fly ashes being among those sampled. Many of the Class F fly ashes were almost identical in chemical analysis parameters, apparently due to their common origin in local Illinois Basin coals. There were major differences among the fly ashes in carbon contents, particle size distributions, and other properties of importance with respect to prospective use of fly ash in highway concrete. Several new laboratory techniques useful in the study of fly ash and similar materials were developed in the course of this work. (Author) KW - Alkali KW - Alkalies KW - Chemical analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Diffraction KW - Fly ash KW - Highway pavement KW - Particle size distribution KW - Pavements KW - Pozzolan KW - Selecting KW - Specific gravity KW - Sulfates KW - Test procedures KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453699 AU - Haun, K B AU - Washington, J R AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANNUAL REVIEW OF FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM (FCP) PROJECT 10 RAILROAD HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING SAFETY - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09/03 SP - v.p. AB - This project reviewed the state-of-the-art in railroad-highway grade crossing safety research, and the Federal Highway Administration's research and development program in the area, as well as solicited inputs to the FHWA program from experts in the field. The report is in 6 sections: Section 1 is the introduction; Section 2 is a list of the participants which includes members of the panel, FHWA resource personnel, and support personnel from Analysis Group Incorporated (AGI); Section 3 provides some background information on the project; Section 4 contains research objectives; Section 5 describes the methodology; and Section 6 presents research problem statements exactly as received from members of the panel and was not edited or formatted by AGI. KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548306 AU - Wyatt, William V AU - Crumpton, William R AU - Arkansas State University, State University AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Using a Nuclear Density Gauge for Field Testing of Chemically Preserved Wood PY - 1985/09//Final Report SP - 17p AB - This study determined that it is not feasible to use the Troxler Electronic Laboratories 3400 Series Surface Moisture-Density Gauge in its present configuration to make a fast analysis of the amount of wood preservative retained by wooden fence posts. KW - Arkansas KW - Fences KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Posts KW - Wood preservatives UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2080.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418291 AU - Inc), Lewin (Lighting Sciences AU - Inc), Heinisch (Lighting Sciences AU - Inc), Walker (Lighting Sciences AU - Inc), Laird (Lighting Sciences AU - Inc), Freedman (Lighting Sciences AU - Inc), Davit (Lighting Sciences AU - Inc), Leiser (Lighting Sciences AU - Inc), Winchell (Lighting Sciences AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Alternative incandescent traffic signal lamps and systems for improved optical and energy efficiency PY - 1985/09 IS - FHWA/RD-85-089 SP - 323P KW - Design KW - Design KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Lantern KW - Lanterns KW - Night KW - Night KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451790 AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCORPORATED MUNICIPALITIES, MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS AND STATE STREET AID ALLOCATIONS 1985 PY - 1985/09 SP - v.p. AB - Annually, the North Carolina Department of Transportation makes State Street Aid allocations from the State Highway Fund to eligible and qualifying municipalities, as provided by G.S. 136-41.1 through 136-41.3 of the General Statutes. In order for the cities and towns to participate in these allocaitons, each municipality is required to furnish pertinent data to the State Board of Transportation. As a result, the Planning and Research Branch of the Division of Highways, Department of Transportation, has much municipal data in its file which are not readily available to other government agencies and the general public. In an effort to share this information, this Branch has compiled (1) a list of all legally incorporated municipalities in North Carolina, showing the county in which located, (2) the names of municipal officials in "active" cities and towns, (3) the amounts of State Street Aid allocations paid the participating municipalities, along with population and local city street mileage, and (4) a summary of expenditures and balances of State Street Aid funds as reported by the participating municipalities. (Author) KW - City government KW - Fund allocations KW - State aid KW - State departments of transportation KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457531 AU - Tahmoressi, M AU - Engelbrecht, J C AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF FOAMED ASPHALT IN COLD, RECYCLED MIXTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 66 p. AB - The economic pressure from higher fuel, asphalt, and aggregate costs, along with the growing use of milling equipment for pavement removal, have resulted in an abundance of salvaged roadway materials for recycling. Material availability has led to the consideration of using these salvaged roadway materials on low-volume roads. The laboratory study reported in this report evaluated the feasibility of using foamed asphalt to recycle asphalt pavements. The study involved an initial evaluation of the foamed process using two field sands. Upon determining that satisfactory mixtures could be prepared, two additional series of tests were conducted using salvaged pavement materials mixed with a foamed AC-5, an MC-800 cutback, and two emulsions (EA-11M and AES-300). Specimens were prepared, cured, and then tested under both dry and wet conditions. The wet strengths were less than approximately one half the dry strengths, but in almost all cases the foamed AC-5 produced strength values equal to or greater than those produced using a cutback or emulsion. In addition, the asphalt content for the foamed asphalt specimens was lower than for the cutback or emulsions. Overall, the foamed asphalt materials appear to offer a possible option for use in cold recycled asphalt mixtures for bases and paved shoulders. KW - Adhesive strength KW - Asphalt content KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Cut back KW - Dry strength KW - Emulsions KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavements KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Undrained strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457526 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Tahmoressi, M AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF RECYCLED ASPHALT MIXTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 56 p. AB - This report provides information related to the feasibility of recycling salvaged asphalt mixtures, describes a design procedure that can be used to design asphalt mixtures containing salvaged asphalt material, and provides recommendations to insure satisfactory performance of pavements constructed with salvaged material. After the causes of distress or characteristics of salvaged material have been determined, detailed recommendations are made for determining (1) if additives, softening and antistripping agents, are needed, (2) if virgin aggregate and asphalt should be added, and (3) if so, how much. Examples demonstrate the use of the mixture design technique. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Guidelines KW - Mix design KW - Recycled materials KW - Softening point UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451788 AU - Richards, S H AU - Wunderlich, R C AU - Dudek, C L AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENTS AND NEW CONCEPTS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN WORK ZONES. VOL 4 - SPEED CONTROL IN WORK ZONES PY - 1985/09 SP - 109 p. AB - The objective of the research was to determine or develope effective methods of slowing traffic to an acceptable speed in work zones. Factors considered in the study included costs, motorists and worker safety, institutional constraints, and probability of success in obtaining the desired speed. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the short-term effects of several candidate treatments of four methods of speed control: 1) flagging, 2) law enforcement, 3) changeable message signs, and 4) lane width reduction. Studies were conducted on an undivided multilane urban arterial, an urban freeway, and two rural freeways. Results from studies on 2-lane, 2-way rural highways sponsored by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation were incorporated into the report. (Author) (Author) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Flaggers KW - Flagging KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Speed control KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Variable message signs KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Width KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42600/42656/FHWA-RD-85-037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451768 AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Carmichael, R F AU - Hudson, W R AU - Texas Research and Development Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS FOR PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING-METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PY - 1985/09 SP - 89 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of methodology development for life-cycle analysis of pavements. The life-cycle cost methodology is primarily concerned with a comprehensive economic evaluation of competing design alternatives. The design alternatives will be user inputs. The cost models include initial construction costs, maintenance and rehabilitation costs, usser costs due to traffic delays, user operating costs related to pavement performance, peripheral costs and salvage values. The LCC methodology will consider several different economic scenarios by providing options for varying analysis periods, ingnoring inflation, using different interest rates, considering annual equivalent annuity and ignoring user costs. A microcomputer program (LCC1) for life-cycle cost analysis of Pennsylvania pavements is being developed using the LCC methodology and specifications described in this report. (Author) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Decision making KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495595 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BMCS ANNUAL ROADSIDE INSPECTION 1983 AND 1984 PY - 1985/09 SP - 17 p. AB - During calendar year 1983, 24,721 vehicles were subject to inspection by the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) staff members to determine compliance with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) and the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMRs). During these inspections, 17,021 inspections were found to have one or more vehicle defects or other violations of the FMCSRs and HMRs. There were 6,971 inspections which revealed driver violations, and 2,467 inspections with violations involving the transportation of hazardous materials. During 1984, 18,966 vehicles were subject to inspection. Of these, 13,972 involved violations of the FMCSRs and HMRs. There were 7,127 inspections which revealed driver violations, and 2,083 inspections with violations involving the transportation of hazardous materials. Additional statistics are included in this report, along with further comparisons between the statistics for 1983 and those for 1984. KW - Compliance KW - Defects KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous materials regulations KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Roadside KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460356 AU - Lewin AU - Heinisch AU - Walker AU - Laird AU - Freedman AU - Davit AU - Leiser AU - Winchell AU - Lighting Sciences, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE INCANDESCENT TRAFFIC SIGNAL LAMPS AND SYSTEMS FOR IMPROVED OPTICAL AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 323 p. AB - A study was undertaken to determine methods of improving the optical efficiency of traffic signals to reduce power usage, while maintaining high safety standards. In-depth investigations were performed on the use of quartz-halogen lamps, low-voltage lamps, redesigned lenses, and nighttime signal dimming. All methods decreased power usage, although in some cases the increased initial cost did not justify their application. Very large efficiency gains were obtainable using redesigned lenses, the principles of which are described in the report. KW - Design KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy consumption KW - Halogens KW - Improvements KW - Lenses (Geology) KW - Lenses, excluding soils KW - Lighting KW - Optics KW - Quartz halogen lights KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479402 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Barnes, M AU - Wolfe, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIQUID CARGO SHIFTING AND THE STABILITY OF CARGO TANK TRUCKS. VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/09 SP - 11 p. AB - The literature pertaining to the sloshing of fluids in cargo containers was examined and analyzed for its relevance to the safety of cargo tank trucks. The information which was obtained covered the areas of accident experience, industry hauling practices, the design of transport trucks, the mechanics of fluid slosh including types of sloshing waves, slosh frequencies and forces imposed upon the tank, experimental methods for studying slosh, vehicle response to internal liquid slosh motions, and approaches toward mitigating slosh. In addition to literature review, the results of an inquiry into worldwide regulatory restraints on cargo tank truck design and operation are reported. Also, the risk of suffering rollover during operation of slosh-loaded cargo tank trucks was analyzed and the results reported for the example case of bulk gasoline transportation. Considerations pertinent to potential new U.S. regulations covering the fluid slosh potential of cargo tank trucks are also discussed. KW - Crashes KW - Fluids KW - Gasoline KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Liquids KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Sloshing KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tankers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479415 AU - Boyar, V W AU - Couts, D A AU - Joshi, A J AU - Klein, T M AU - Mandex, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF PREVENTABLE COMMERCIAL VEHICLE ACCIDENTS AND THEIR CAUSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 110 p. AB - This report documents the procedures and results of an analysis of preventable accidents involving motor carriers. The process used to assign "fault" to drivers, vehicles, and owners is explained. Also, data sources, coding conventions and analytical techniques are described. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor carriers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479394 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Mayer, J B AU - HATTON, J H AU - Meczkowski, L C AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF ECCENTRIC LOADER BCT (BREAKAWAY CABLE TERMINAL) GUARDRAIL TERMINALS. VOLUME 1. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 35 p. AB - The project included the test and evaluation of two W-beam guardrail terminal systems. The two terminals, while quite similar, are characterized by a 4.0-ft (1.5-m) flare offset and a 1.5-ft (0.5-m) flare offset. Both designs were subjected to the 4-test terminal matrix of NCHRP Report 230 and successful results are reported. Design drawings for the systems are shown and recommendations for the implementation of these designs are given. This report (Volume 1) contains a summary of the tests, design drawings, and recommendations. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Design KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations KW - Testing KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479395 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Mayer, J B AU - HATTON, J H AU - Meczkowski, L C AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF ECCENTRIC LOADER BCT (BREAKAWAY CABLE TERMINAL) GUARDRAIL TERMINALS. VOLUME 2. APPENDIX PY - 1985/09 SP - 207 p. AB - The project included the test and evaluation of two W-beam guardrail terminal systems. The two terminals, while quite similar, are characterized by a 4.0-ft (1.5-m) flare offset and a 1.5-ft (0.5-m) flare offset. Both designs were subjected to the 4-test terminal matrix of NCHRP Report 230 and successful results are reported. This report (Volume 2) contains the full-scale crash test reports in Appendix A. Appendix B contains a description of design concepts conceived during the project that were not evaluated by crash test or developed in this project. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479403 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Barnes, M AU - Wolfe, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIQUID CARGO SHIFTING AND THE STABILITY OF CARGO TANK TRUCKS. VOLUME 2. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 151 p. AB - The literature pertaining to the sloshing of fluids in cargo containers was examined and analyzed for its relevance to the safety of cargo tank trucks. The information which was obtained covered the areas of accident experience, industry hauling practices, the design of transport trucks, the mechanics of fluid slosh including types of sloshing waves, slosh frequencies and forces imposed upon the tank, experimental methods for studying slosh, vehicle response to internal liquid slosh motions, and approaches toward mitigating slosh. In addition to literature review, the results of an inquiry into worldwide regulatory restraints on cargo tank truck design and operation are reported. Also, the risk of suffering rollover during operation of slosh-loaded cargo tank trucks was analyzed and the results reported for the example case of bulk gasoline transportation. Considerations pertinent to potential new U.S. regulations covering the fluid slosh potential of cargo tank trucks are also discussed. KW - Crashes KW - Fluids KW - Gasoline KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Liquids KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Sloshing KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tankers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476047 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT REHABILITATION MANUAL. VOLUME 1, CHAPTERS 1-5. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 158 p. AB - Volume 1 of the pavement rehabilitation manual contains state-of-the-practice information for practicing engineers on the design and construction of five rehabilitation techniques: (1) Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) Pavement Recycling, (2) Full Depth Concrete Patching of Jointed Rigid Pavement, (3) Slab Undersealing, (4) Crack Sealing of Flexible Pavements, and (5) Cracking and Seating. The informaion contained in the manual is intended to supplement the contents of the revised AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, currently under preparation. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Manuals KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Seats KW - State of the art studies KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454808 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTION ZONE PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 27 p. AB - The objectives of this report were to evaluate all available foil-back and removable tapes as well as construction zone raised pavement markers and to recommend materials that should be included on approved lists for use by the Kentucky Department of Highways. The tapes were placed on transverse test sections and as lane lines and the reflectivity, durability and appearance were observed. The markers were observed at test sections as well as at construction sites. Lists of tapes to be included on the approved lists for foil-back and removable tapes were recommended. Tapes manufactured by 3M and Flex-O-Lite were included on the list of acceptable foil-back tapes. The only recommended removable tape was the 3M removable tape. It was recommended that the Stimsonite 66 construction zone marker could be used if the adhesive is completely removed along with the marker. KW - Durability KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflectivity KW - Removal KW - Road marking tapes KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453748 AU - Swanson, H N AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION DEVICES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 20 p. AB - This report documents a study to evaluate promising bridge deck expansion joints with the intent to finding the most maintenance free and water proof expansion devices for use in Colorado. The evaluation included inspections and measurements during construction and after construction. The ability of a device to remain water tight is the most important quality used to determine the success of the device. Proper installation during construction is one of the most important factors which will ultimately determine the success of an expansion joint. Neoprene compression joint seals are recommended for future joints whenever possible. Onflex joints, Acme strip seal and Delastiflex have also performed well. KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Compression seals KW - Expansion joints KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Neoprene KW - Permeability KW - Seals (Devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461850 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ilves, G J AU - Kumar, V R AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED METHODS TO ELIMINATE REFLECTION CRACKING PY - 1985/09 SP - n.p. AB - Existing elastic and viscoelastic fracture mechanics theories have been reviewed and modified to develop a theory capable of predicting the formation of reflective cracking in flexible overlays over rigid pavements due to thermal forces. The developed cracking model is based on fundamental material properties (creep compliance, indirect tensile strength, fracture toughness) and does not use an empirical distress function. Models have also been developed to predict the formation of reflective cracking due to load-associated fatigue. To this extent a FEM analysis model was developed to compute the critical tensile strain in the asphalt overlay over the existing joint or crack and this strain has been related to the allowable strain through laboratory fatigue tests. The developed models have been validated with limited field data, but a complete verification was not possible due to the lack of field projects that also have the required input data. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Creep properties KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical models KW - Reflection cracking KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension KW - Toughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461855 AU - Butler, B C AU - Carmichael, R F AU - Flanagan, P R AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE ON DAMAGE RATE. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 528 p. AB - Pavement maintenance and rehabilitation slows pavement deterioration, corrects distress areas, and extends pavement life. The models created through research quantify these results. Pavement distress and its evolution for different maintenance service levels is predicted. The resulting pavement performance, in terms of present serviceability and years of service, is simulated. Agency costs and maintenance workloads are computed for different strategies. Pavement design, material characteristics, traffic volumes, equivalent axle loads, and environmental factors are considered. The algorithms developed to simulate pavement performance are presented and documented. State-of-the-art distress prediction models were calibrated using available data. The results of a large factorial of computer program solutions are presented to show the sensitivity of the predictions of principal inputs. Two hundred and forty-five test sections were established in ten states to produce primary data to use in calibrating models and to establish a data base to use in future modeling efforts. KW - Algorithms KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Forecasting KW - Level of service KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461854 AU - Butler, B C AU - Carmichael, R F AU - Flanagan, P R AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE ON DAMAGE RATE. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 389 p. AB - Pavement maintenance and rehabilitation slows pavement deterioration, corrects distress areas, and extends pavement life. The models created through research quantify these results. Pavement distress and its evolution for different maintenance service levels is predicted. The resulting pavement performance, in terms of present serviceability and years of service, is simulated. Agency costs and maintenance workloads are computed for different strategies. Pavement design, material characteristics, traffic volumes, equivalent axle loads, and environmental factors are considered. The algorithms developed to simulate pavement performance are presented and documented. State-of-the-art distress prediction models were calibrated using available data. The results of a large factorial of computer program solutions are presented to show the sensitivity of the predictions of principal inputs. Two hundred and forty-five test sections were established in ten states to produce primary data to use in calibrating models and to establish a data base to use in future modeling efforts. KW - Algorithms KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Forecasting KW - Level of service KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460354 AU - Martin, K A AU - Ehsani, M R AU - Bjorhovde, R AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TESTING OF MONOTUBE SIGN SUPPORT STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 160 p. AB - The report presents the results of full-scale tests of actual monotube sign support structures in the field, along with detailed theoretical analyses of the structures and comparisons of the analytical and experimental results. Two structures were tested under actual service conditions: A 100-foot span structure in Phoenix, Arizona, and a 60-foot span structure in Tucson, Arizona, were instrumented with strain gages and an anemometer, to determine in-service strains due to winds of various speeds. Since the structures had been erected earlier, no measurements could be made of dead load strains. The same two structures were also analyzed by two- and three-dimensional finite element modeling, using static as well as dynamic (due to vortex shedding) loads. It was found that the correlation between computed and measured strains was good, especially considering the complexity of the analyses. Maximum in-plane stresses occurred at the midspan of the beam for both structures, and the maximum out-of-plane stresses occurred at the column base. The maximum wind load stress was approximately 11 ksi (100 foot structure). This level did not vary a great deal with the wind speed. Resonance was not observed at any wind speed, due to the combined effects of structural damping and short duration of wind loads. This is in agreement with the results of an earlier study. It is also shown that the d square/400 dead load deflection requirement of AASHTO cannot be met. Recommendations for design criteria and further studies are made. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Field tests KW - Load deflection KW - Loads KW - Resonance KW - Sign supports KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Tubing KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind load KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475187 AU - Baldassari, D AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG TERM PERFORMANCE OF THREE BRIDGES ON PERMAFROST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 13 p. AB - In 1964 the Alaska Department of Transportation and the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory initiated a cooperative study which in the long-term generated a significant amount of ground temperature and settlement data at three bridge sites near Fairbanks, Alaska. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the long-term bridge performance in order to improve bridge design techniques in areas where permafrost is present. Data over the past twenty years has been reduced and evaluated revealing some drastic changes in the thermal regime. At the Goldstream Creek Bridge, settlements of approximately 6 in (15 cm) over a 10 year period were observed. At the Moose Creek Bridge, annual heave and subsidence with long term net uplifting has been measured. Differential settlements of more than 8 in (20 cm) and slight annual heaving have been measured at the Spinach Creek Bridge. This bridge analysis has demonstrated the hazards of relying on permafrost adfreeze bonding for support of piles located in streambeds in warm permafrost regions. KW - Adfreeze bonds KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Differential settlement KW - Heave KW - Heaving KW - Long term KW - Performance KW - Permafrost KW - Pile support KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Streambeds KW - Structural design KW - Subsidence (Geology) KW - Temperature KW - Time duration UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_86_09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474931 AU - Zaniewski, J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Elkins, G E AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATE RESURFACING STRATEGIES. VOLUME 2. FINAL REPORT. APPENDICES A - H PY - 1985/09 SP - 271 p. AB - Alternative resurfacing strategies were reviewed. Conventional materials, Portland Cement Concrete and asphalt concrete, were selected by the sponsor as the most appropriate current material technology for the research. A project level pavement resurfacing design system developed at the University of Texas was modified to include flexible pavement analysis. The model uses mechanistic analysis to estimate the life of resurfacing strategies. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Design methods KW - Design models KW - Estimating KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resurfacing KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474930 AU - Zaniewski, J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Elkins, G E AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATE RESURFACING STRATEGIES. VOLUME 1. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 135 p. AB - Alternative resurfacing strategies were reviewed. Conventional materials, Portland Cement Concrete and asphalt concrete, were selected by the sponsor as the most appropriate current material technology for the research. A project level pavement resurfacing design system developed at the University of Texas was modified to include flexible pavement analysis. The model uses mechanistic analysis to estimate the life of resurfacing strategies. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Design methods KW - Design models KW - Estimating KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resurfacing KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457920 AU - McCauley, M L AU - Works, B W AU - Naramore, S A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCKFALL MITIGATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 147 p. AB - Rockfall has been reported along about 3000 miles of California highways. Information was obtained by means of a questionnaire sent to California Department of Transportation maintenance personnel and by field examination of 92 locations. Information contained in the questionnaire was used to examine the causes of rockfall in California, identify corrective methods that are used, and determine the effectiveness of these mitigation measures. Additional information on rockfall mitigation was obtained from a literature search and from correspondence with fourteen State Transportation Departments and with transportation systems in Canada, Switzerland, and France. The data from California sites show that rain is listed as a cause of rockfall at all 92 sites. Glacial material and volcanic mudflows are common sources of rockfall in the State. Wire mesh fences are widely used in California to control rockfall. The effectiveness of these fences is dependent upon the use of design criteria developed by the Washington State Department of Transportation. A flow chart has been developed for use in choosing effective mitigation measures. These corrective methods are described in an appendix to the report. KW - Causes KW - Effectiveness KW - Fences KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mitigation KW - Mudflows KW - Rainfall KW - Rockfalls KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457599 AU - Hanscom, F R AU - Transportation Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TEST OF THE GRADE SEVERITY RATING SYSTEM (GSRS) -- FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 54 p. AB - The objective of this study was to test the field effectiveness of the GSRS, via application of weight-specific signs to control truck speeds on downgrades. Before-after sign effects were evaluated in terms of speed differences and incidences of smoking brakes for trucks in specific weight categories. A five-State nationwide sample of study sites included grades of varying severity. The study design included a determination of novelty effect as well as concurrent before-observations at selected control sites (i.e., no weight-specific sign present). In addition, this study examined the feasibility of state highway agencies conducting an accident study to assess GSRS safety impact. Weight-Specific Signing (WSS) was determined to elicit a favorable before-after effect at high severity sites. Three truck behavioral measures which provided the basis for this result were mean truck speed, percentage of trucks exceeding posted WSS speeds, and incidences of smoking brakes. Before-after reductions in mean speed were observed at two out of three high grade-severity locations following installation of the WSS. Substantiating evidence that the WSS was responsible for the speed reduction evolved from (1) corresponding speed increases at one matched control site and (2) the absence of speed changes for trucks weighing less than 70,000 pounds (31.8 Mg) at the other site. Percentages of trucks exceeding WSS-posted speed were reduced for 70,000-80,000 pound (31.8-36.3 Mg) trucks at one site and for 60,000-70,000 pound (27.2-31.8 Mg) trucks at the other. The proportion of trucks characterized by smoking brakes was reduced by one-half at the single high-severity site where this measure was observed. Application of the GSRS was viewed to improve States' liability positions as it represents the state of the art. Weight-specific signing was recommended for use at high severity grade locations. (FHWA) KW - Before and after studies KW - Field tests KW - Grade severity rating KW - Highway grades KW - Motor vehicles KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Speed KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457521 AU - Athens Technical Specialists, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN AUTOMATED CONFLICT MONITOR TESTER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - n.p. AB - An Automated Conflict Monitor Tester has been developed for testing NEMA-compatible Conflict Monitors to applicable NEMA specifications. The tester performs voltage and timing tests on 3-channel, 6-channel, 12-channel, and 18-channel conflict monitors. The test procedure is so organized as to minimize the number of tests required for comprehensive testing. After a half-minute of operator attention, testing proceeds unattended to completion. A printed record identifies any errors detected during the test program. In addition to standrd benchtop preventative maintenance and failure diagnosis, the Tester's testing times are short enough to make feasible on-site routine testing, as well as incoming/outgoing quality assurance testing. Operator options include a non-printer operating mode, and a separate group of NEMA-EXTENDED tests. KW - Accuracy KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Quality assurance KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Voltage KW - Voltage measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457037 AU - Moses, F AU - Ghoan, M AU - Gobieski, J AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEIGH-IN-MOTION APPLIED TO BRIDGE EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 163 p. AB - The Weigh-In-Motion technology has been extended to the evaluation and rating of existing bridges. Software and hardware in the Ohio DOT bridge WIM system were modified for continuous operation to obtain truck axle and gross weight, and headways in two lanes plus bridge response data. Five sites in N. Ohio were studied including four State and one County bridge. The selected sites included a bridge with a posting limit and bridges where permits had been restricted or unusually high permits were allowed. The sites were all steel stringer bridges with only one bridge being of composite construction. The field results indicated a considerable number of overweight trucks. Bridge response, however, showed lower stresses than predicted by conventional methods due to the presence of additional composite action, higher section modulus, and smaller girder distributions and impact values than allowed by code. Three bridge sites were instrumented by Case personnel and two by ODOT. The bridge evaluations performed by project personnel making use of the field measurements for girder distribution and impact showed much higher rating values than predicted by conventional rating (e.g., BARS) methods. The WIM system was used to more effectively rate bridges by providing more realistic data for the rating process. Reliability methods were also presented which showed that safety levels for the sites studies were high for the truck traffic now being carried. Only strength capacity was studied, however, and due to the increased number of permits being issued further evaluations based on fatigue life should be performed. KW - Axle loads KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Stresses KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463259 AU - Meyer, A H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF TEXTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 36 p. AB - The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) 1982 Standard Specifications required a transverse tine texture that many contractors were having a difficult time producing. In some cases, in order to meet the specifications, the contractors were producing excessively deep textures which lacked durability. This research reviewed current literature and conducted a telephone interview to determine the experience and current practice of other agencies. As a result of this research, the SDHPT Specifications Committee has proposed special provisions for Specification Item 360. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compliance KW - Durability KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Revisions KW - Specifications KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462441 AU - Nemeth, Z A AU - Rockwell, T H AU - Smith, G L AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECOMMENDED DELINEATION TREATMENTS AT SELECTED SITUATIONS ON RURAL STATE HIGHWAYS - PART I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 81 p. AB - The objective of this preliminary study was to assess the feasibility of using before-and-after accident data to measure the safety impact of increased nighttime visual guidance provided by raised pavement markers. Accident data from 380 randomly selected horizontal curves on two-lane rural highways showed no improvement. Nighttime accidents represented a higher proportion and increased at a higher rate on these horizontal curves than on the Ohio Rural System in general. The highest increase occurred on wet pavement. The next step involved the selection of 23 sites which met the criterion of having at least a specified minimum accident history. Contrary to statewide trends, nighttime accidents were reduced at these sites at the same rate as all accidents. When width of roadway is taken into consideration, the reduction in accident rates on 18 foot wide roads was considerably higher than 20, 22, and 24 foot wide roads. Nine relatively straight sections of four-lane divided rural highways were also studied with total length of 66.5 miles. Nighttime accidents and accident rates increased relative to all accidents or accident rates. Fixed objects nighttime accidents increased almost three times as fast as all nighttime accidents. Snow and ice related accidents account for a large proportion of these accidents. Accident data from 100 interchanges was also investigated, but the results were mostly nonconclusive. It seemed, however, that delineation related accidents were reduced at the beginning of ramps but increased on the horizontal curve itself. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Divided highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Frost damage KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Night KW - Rural highways KW - Snow and ice control KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461921 AU - Thibodeaux, K G AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF FLEXIBLE DITCH LININGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 89 p. AB - A series of tests to determine the performance of ten flexible ditch lining materials were conducted at the U.S. Geological Survey Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center's Hydraulic Laboratory. The objectives of the tests were to determine the effect of the flexible liners on the germination and growth of grass and to determine the effectiveness of the liners to prevent erosion on highway channels until the establishment of vegetation. The vegetation establishment portion of the test was conducted on two types of soils, an erosion resistant soil and an erodible soil, while the erosion control portion of the test was conducted on an erodible soil only. The vegetation establishment test was conducted by planting grass on the test plots, installing the ten flexible liners and then checking for grass growth over a seven week period. Results include the seven week period as well as six months later. The erosion control portion of the test was conducted by installing the liner being tested in a 70 foot long trapizoidal channel. Each liner was tested to failure at a minimum of two slopes in order to determine the maximum permissible depth of flow in the test channel at varying slopes. Results of these tests include the following parameters: the depth of flow, water flow rate, water surface slope, hydraulic radius, mean velocity of flow, Manning's roughness coefficient, Froude number, bed shear stress, and bed shear velocity. The maximum permissible depth of flow in a trapezoidal channel based on bed shear stress lined with each of the ten flexible ditch lining materials is shown graphically. KW - Ditches KW - Effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Erosion control KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible linings KW - Germination KW - Grasses KW - Linings KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461799 AU - SHULER, T S AU - PAVLOVICH, R D AU - Epps, J A AU - Adams, C K AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT-RUBBER PAVING MIXTURES. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 106 p. AB - Ground tire rubber is investigated as an additive in asphalt pavement construction. A blend of ground tire rubber and asphalt cement at elevated temperatures is called "asphalt-rubber". The blend consists of 18 to 26 percent ground tire rubber by total weight of the blend. Other systems in which rubber is considered an elastic aggregate were also studied. These mixtures are not considered asphalt-rubber because rubber is not blended with the asphalt cement prior to mixing with mineral aggregates. These materials are called "asphalt concrete rubber-filled" for dense graded mixes, and "friction course rubber-filled" for open graded mixes. Negative performance of some interlayer installations does not seem to be related to fundamental material properties but to inappropriate use of materials. Improved performance of such systems should be possible if use is limited to specific modes of pavement distress. Adverse performance of many asphalt-rubber seal coats studied can be related directly to a high incidence of flushing distress due to excessive binder. A design procedure is presented for asphalt-rubber seal coats which should reduce flushing incidence. Guidelines are included for preparation of specifications for construction of seal coats and interlayers. These guidelines, used in conjunction with the design procedure, should be helpful to agencies interested in asphalt-rubber paving systems. Volume II - Appendices contains the Project Identification, Distribution of Projects by Application Type, and Project Description. KW - Field performance KW - Guidelines KW - Pavement layers KW - Performance KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Seal coats KW - Specifications KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461929 AU - BEDEWI, N E AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF GUARDRAIL POSTS IN SOIL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 230 p. AB - The purpose of this research project is to develop a simplified elastic/viscoplastic lumped parameter model for the analysis of guardrail posts in soil subjected to three-dimensional applied loads, and to verify this model through a series of controlled pendulum tests. This report presents a brief outline of available methods for modeling soil structure interaction, a description of a proposed rheological viscoelastic model and its extension into the plastic range, a detailed theoretical derivation and finally results from a limited series of experiments. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Guardrails KW - Mathematical models KW - Posts KW - Rheology KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Validation KW - Vertical supports KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461889 AU - Bodenheimer, B A AU - Bodenheimer (BA) & Company, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECESSED REFLECTIVE MARKERS FEASIBILITY STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 30 p. AB - The delineation of roadways under wet-night conditions by conventional glass bead highway markings is generally poor. Many states, especially in the north, have complemented the painted markings by reflectors positioned adjacent to, or in line with, the normal striping. The reflectors which have been placed in recessed grooves have low susceptibility to damage from snowplows. Manual installation of reflectors after the pavement has been placed requires cutting of the pavement to provide the groove. Approximately 45% of the installed cost of such reflectors is for the diamond cutting blades required to prepare the pavement. Due to the high cost of manual installation, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) undertook this "Recessed Reflective Marker Feasibility Study". The program was divided into two major phases. Phase I covered the preliminary assessment of candidate systems for forming the grooves during paving operations; Phase II covered the testing and evaluation of candidate systems. This report documents the results of the study and makes recommendations for follow-up field testing and additional research needs. KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Installation KW - Pavement grooving KW - Recessed pavement markers KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Road markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461948 AU - Normann, J M AU - Houghtalen, R J AU - Johnston, W J AU - Normann (Jerome M) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY CULVERTS PY - 1985/09 SP - 272 p. AB - Hydraulic Design Series No. 5 combines culvert design information previously contained in Hydraulic Engineering Circular (HEC) No. 5, No. 10, and No. 13 with hydrologic, storage routing, and special culvert design information. The result is a comprehensive culvert design publication. Hydrologic analysis methods are described, and references cited. Culvert design methods are presented for both conventional culverts and culverts with inlet improvements. Storage routing techniques are included which permit the designer to account for ponding effects upstream of the culvert. Unique culvert applications, erosion and sediment control, debris control, structural aspects, and long span culverts are discussed and references cited. Inlet control, outlet control, and critical depth design charts, many of which are newly developed, are included for a variety of culvert sizes, shapes, and materials. New dimensionless culvert design charts are provided for the design of culverts lacking conventional design nomographs and charts. The appendices of the publication contain the equations and methodology used to construct the design charts, information of the hydraulic resistance of culverts, and methods of optimizing culvert design using performance curves and inlet depression. Calculation forms are provided for most of the design methodologies in the manual. KW - Critical depth KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culvert outlets KW - Culverts KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Erosion control KW - Handling and storage KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Routing KW - Sediments KW - Storage facilities KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461800 AU - SHULER, T S AU - PAVLOVICH, R D AU - Epps, J A AU - Adams, C K AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT-RUBBER PAVING MIXTURES. VOLUME II: APPENDICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 142 p. AB - Ground tire rubber is investigated as an additive in asphalt pavement construction. A blend of ground tire rubber and asphalt cement at elevated temperatures is called "asphalt-rubber". The blend consists of 18 to 26 percent ground tire rubber by total weight of the blend. Other systems in which rubber is considered an elastic aggregate were also studied. These mixtures are not considered asphalt-rubber because rubber is not blended with the asphalt cement prior to mixing with mineral aggregates. These materials are called "asphalt concrete rubber-filled" for dense graded mixes, and "friction course rubber-filled" for open graded mixes. Negative performance of some interlayer installations does not seem to be related to fundamental material properties but to inappropriate use of materials. Improved performance of such systems should be possible if use is limited to specific modes of pavement distress. Adverse performance of many asphalt-rubber seal coats studied can be related directly to a high incidence of flushing distress due to excessive binder. A design procedure is presented for asphalt-rubber seal coats which should reduce flushing incidence. Guidelines are included for preparation of specifications for construction of seal coats and interlayers. These guidelines, used in conjunction with the design procedure, should be helpful to agencies interested in asphalt-rubber paving systems. Volume I contains the technical portion of the report, suggested guide specifications, and design method. KW - Field performance KW - Guidelines KW - Pavement layers KW - Performance KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Seal coats KW - Specifications KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461783 AU - Burch, C W AU - Johnson, F AU - Maestri, B AU - Versar Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MITIGATION OF HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF POLLUTION. VOLUME I: GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 173 p. AB - The research identifies practical, effective, and implementable mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate the impacts from highway stormwater runoff. The guidelines are presented in this volume, the 1st of 4, in three parts: General Guidelines - General design principles and practices intended for use wherever practicable without the necessity of identifying a specific problem (The guidelines presented are relatively low-cost and can be incorporated into existing highway design procedures and maintenance programs.); Design Guidelines - Guidelines for designing four effective site-specific management measures: vegetative controls, detention basins, infiltration systems, and wetlands; and Highway Applications - Examples of applications of the management measures (singly and in combination) to highway systems. KW - Catch basins KW - Detention basins KW - Drainage KW - Guidelines KW - Highway drainage KW - Infiltration KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Runoff KW - State of the art studies KW - Surface drainage KW - Vegetation KW - Water pollution KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460358 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SIGNAL OPERATION MONITOR RECORDER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 111 p. AB - A dedicated micro-computer system was developed to monitor and record input and output signals for NEMA type signal controllers and conflict monitors as well as environmental data, i.e., temperature and humidity in the controller housing and line voltage. These data are stored on bubble memory cassettes which are read into an IBM-PC for analysis on a mainframe computer or a special field analysis unit. The monitor-recorder unit also does real time analysis in order to detect apparent signal failures and prints error messages at the intersection. The primary function of the unit is to provide information to signal electricians for failures. Due to the memory limitations, the unit stops recording when a serious failure is detected, such as opposing greens or a discrepancy between a relay input and output signal. The built-in keyboard and visual display are provided for the user to enter site specific set-up information, such as phase assignments to conflict monitor channels or minimum and maximum green times. The monitor recorder proved relatively easy for signal electricians to install and use but the physical size must be reduced for the unit to fit in small or crowded controller housings. KW - Data analysis KW - Data recorders KW - Detectors KW - Failure KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273585 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00458021 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Forster, S W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF RECYCLED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC) AS AGGREGATE IN PCC PAVEMENTS PY - 1985/09 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - p. 37-42 AB - Economic considerations are the primary reasons for recycling portland cement concrete (PCC) as aggregate in PCC pavements, although environmental benefits often are derived as well. In many instances, the recycling of PCC as aggregate in a new concrete is a viable alternative to the use of natural aggregate. Research has shown that with proper planning, testing, and construction techniques, high-quality concrete can be made using recycled PCC as aggregate. KW - Aggregates KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272017 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00458022 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Sibley, S W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NETSIM FOR MICROCOMPUTERS PY - 1985/09 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - p. 54-59 AB - Netsim, a computer model that simulates microscopic traffic flow on urban streets, is one of the most powerful traffic engineering and research tools available today. Netsim was developed in 1971 as UTCS-1 to evaluate the Urban Traffic Conrol System, a computer-based signal control system. Today, there are about 130 Netsim users in the United States and abroad. Over the years, the model has been enhanced to include fuel consumption and vehicle emissions data and other features requested by its users. The mainframe program was written in ANSI Fortran 66 and is portable to most mainframe computers. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Microcomputers KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457800 AU - Musser, P L AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - Jirsa, James O AU - Klingner, R E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANCHORAGE AND DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE MADE USING SUPERPLASTICIZERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 212 p. AB - A research program was developed which allows the study of the effect of naphthalene and melamine-based superplasticizers on the material properties of concrete, as well as the bond behavior between concrete and reinforcement. Bond behavior was studied through pullout tests. Slump, bleed, temperature, air content, and the compressive and tensile strength of the fresh concrete were monitored, both before and after the addition of superplasticizer. The results of this study indicate that the addition of naphathalene or melamine-based superplasticizer to concrete does not detrimentally affect the bond performance of reinforcing steel embedded in that concrete. However, it does affect the concrete's rheological properties, i.e., bleed and air content. Therefore, trial batches should be under expected job conditions when superplasticizer is to be used to ensure proper concrete performance. KW - Air content KW - Anchorages KW - Bleeding KW - Bonding KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Concrete strength KW - Melamine KW - Physical properties KW - Pull out test KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rheological properties KW - Slump test KW - Slumps KW - Strength of materials KW - Superplasticizers KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457481 AU - Boyar, V W AU - Couts, D A AU - Joshi, A J AU - Klein, T M AU - Mandex, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF PREVENTABLE COMMERCIAL VEHICLE ACCIDENTS AND THEIR CAUSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 110 p. AB - The report documents the procedures and results of an analysis of preventable accidents involving motor carriers. The process used to assign "fault" to drivers, vehicles, and owners is explained. Also, data sources, coding conventions and analytical techniques are described. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453745 AU - Knight, N E AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE RECYCLING OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE INTO AGGREGATE BITUMINOUS BASE COURSE - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 34 p. AB - This report covers the design and construction evaluation of an aggregate bituminous base course (ABBC) mixed cold through a travel plant using milled bituminous pavement as the aggregate source. Results are presented which indicate that milled bituminous pavement can be successfully cold mixed with asphalt emulsion to provide a suitable base course. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453725 AU - Klein, G J AU - Koob, M J AU - Lee, DLN AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD CAPACITY AND SERVICE LIFE STUDY OF HAMAKUA COAST STEEL TRESTLE BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - v.p. AB - Five steel trestle bridges along the Hamakua Coast of the Island of Hawaii were studied to determine their load capacity and service life. The former railroad bridges, which were originally completed in 1913, were converted to highway bridges following the 1946 Tsunami. The work included background research, field inspection, field testing, material tests, and structural analysis. The investigation revealed that the bridges have substantial reserve strength in spite of their deterioration in a corrosive environment. If properly maintained, they will provide many more years of service. A few conditions requiring immediate repair are identified, and other long-term repairs and retrofits are suggested. Alternative structural repair details and painting practices are recommended. (Author) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive environments KW - Metal bridges KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Retrofitting KW - Service life KW - Steel bridges KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural analysis KW - Trestle bridges KW - Trestles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00455588 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Vaziri, M AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC TRENDS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO HIGHWAY-USER REVENUES PY - 1985/09 SP - 115 p. AB - With increasing concerns about the present level of highway funding, this study was initiated to investigate historical trends and to develop predictive methodologies for considering alternatives available for increasing highway revenues. Emphasis was placed on historical trends, and a data base of highway-related and socio-economic variables were prepared to document the relationship between these variables and highway-user revenues. A historical file of 37 variables was prepared for the period 1964 through 1984. As a means of investigating future alternatives that will affect highway-user revenues, a series of nine equations or models were developed that represented historical data. Input data necessary for the models were personal income in 1972 constant dollars, the price of motor fuel, motor fuel taxation rates, and motor vehicle fuel economy. These models provided logical and reasonable relationships, and the statistical data generally indicated high levels of correlation as represented by R-squares. An effort was made to develop models that were policy-sensitive such that future scenarios could be investigated. Using the series of nine models, forecasts of highway-user revenues were made for the years 1990 through 2005. This was an attempt to demonstrate use of the models for investigating the influence of policy-sensitive variables on revenues. Scenarios investigated were the following: 1) variations on fuel price and fuel tax, 2) increasing fuel economy, 3) variations in usage tax rate, and 4) registration fees increases. Examples showing the impact of future alternatives indicated several possible sources of increased highway-user revenues. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel prices KW - Fuels KW - Highway economics KW - Highway user taxation KW - Income KW - Mathematical models KW - Policy KW - Prices KW - Revenues KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Taxation KW - Traffic KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454374 AU - Mace, D J AU - King, R B AU - Dauber, G W AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGN LUMINANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS BACKGROUND COMPLEXITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 42 p. AB - The Federal standards (FP-79) for luminance of retroreflective materials for traffic signs are acceptance standards; they provide no differentiation based on driver need. Driver needs for sign luminance are of 3 types -- luminance for sign comprehension, luminance levels that define sign legibility, and luminance levels for sign conspicuity. This study was directed toward establishing, for different levels of scene complexity, luminance levels for conspicuity of yellow diamon warning signs at night. A procedure based upon rating sign locations on 4 scales was useful for identifying low complexity and high complexity scenes. A field study demonstrated that at low complexity sites, Type II signs degraded to 36 precent of Federal standard provided adequate luminance (.14 candelas/ft2) (1.51 candelas/m2) for sign recognition beyond 500 ft (150 m). At high complexity sites, new Type II signs in excess of the federal standard of provided luminance (.40 candelas/ft2) (4.3 candelas/m2) that was inadequate for sign recognition of 500 feet (150 m). At speeds below 35 mi/h, the required recognition distance is less and signs degraded to 72 percent providing a luminance of .25 candelas/ft2 (2.69 candelas/m2) were adequate. The results clearly support earlier research in demonstrating that the visual complexity of a scene is a very important factor in determining nighttime sign luminance requirements. KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Luminous materials KW - Luminous sign KW - Night KW - Perception KW - Ratings KW - Recognition KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Standards KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453526 AU - Zaniewski, J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Elkins, G E AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATE RESURFACING STRATEGIES - FINAL REPORT, VOLUME 1 PY - 1985/09 SP - 131 p. AB - Alternative resurfacing strategies were reviewed. Conventional materials, Portland Cement Concrete and asphalt concrete were selected by the sponsor as the most appropriate current material technology for this research. A project level pavement resurfacing design system developed at the University of Texas was modified to include flexible pavement analysis. This model uses mechanistic analysis to estimate the life of resurfacing strategies. The development of reliable input dat for the cost variables requires careful review of bid documents. Several bid documents from Pennsylvania were analyzed to define costs for overlays, pavement repair, etc. Traffic records were analyzed to determine typical traffic distribution models and multiple travel runs were performed to demonstrate the model capacity. While further development can replace some of the specific elements, the model developed under thi project provides a firm foundation for further developments in the systematic analysis of resurfacing strategies. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bids KW - Costs KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Resurfacing KW - Structural analysis KW - Traffic distribution KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453527 AU - Zaniewski, J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Elkins, G E AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATE RESURFACING STRATEGIES - FINAL REPORT, VOLUME 2, APPENDICES A-H PY - 1985/09 SP - 275 p. AB - Alternative resurfacing strategies were reviewed. Conventional materials, Portland Cement Concrete and asphalt concrete were selected by the sponsor as the most appropriate current material technology for this research. A project level pavement resurfacing design system developed at the Universtiy of Texas was modified to include flexible pavement analysis. This model uses mechanistic analysis to estimate the life of resurfacing strategies. The development of reliable input data for the cost variables requires careful review of bid documents. Several bid documents from Pennsylvania were analyzed to define costs for overlays, pavement repairs, etc. Traffic records were analyzed to determine typical traffic distribution models and multiple travel runs were performed to demonstrate the model capacity. While further development can replace some of the specific elements, the model developed under this project provides a firm foundation for further developments in the systematic analysis of resurfacing strategies. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bids KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Records management KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Resurfacing KW - Structural analysis KW - Traffic distribution KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454343 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EVALUATION OF FROST RELATED EFFECTS ON PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 29 p. AB - This summary report describes the field data and analysis techniques used to evaluate the effect of winter ground freezing on WSDOT pavement structures during two thaw periods. Six field test sites were selected in District 2 for deflection testing and in situ instrumentation as well as materials sampling. The results show that a principal mechanism which necessitates load restrictions for some of the WSDOT pavement structures is the weakened condition of the base course during thawing periods. Presented in the report is a single revised load restriction table and criteria to use in determining the time and location for establishing load restrictions. (Author) KW - Axle loads KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - Frost effects KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Ground freezing KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Restrictions KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453672 AU - Arnold, E D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SIGNAL TIMING AND COORDINATION PROCEDURES: VOLUME II: FIELD MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 62 p. AB - Based on a review of available literature, recommended procedures for timing the various types of signals are provided. Specifically, procedures are included for both pretimed and vehicle-actuated control-system. Simplicity and ease of use are emphasized as the targeted users are field technicians and those responsible for signals in small cities and towns. This Field Manual has been prepared to provide a concise and easily applied set of procedures. Detailed theory and logic behind the procedures are provided in a companion document entitled Technical Report, as are brief descriptions of current computer programs which provide timing information. The Technical Report also presents the results of a questionnaire survey which had the objective of determining the types of signal equipment used in Virginia. (Author) KW - Administrative procedures KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Manuals KW - Procedural requirements KW - Questionnaires KW - Reviews KW - Surveys KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36644/86-R8.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36644/86-R9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453744 AU - Maurer, D A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF METHODS TO RETARD REFLECTIVE CRACKING IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE USING FABRICS AND FIBERS PY - 1985/09 SP - 64 p. AB - The primary purpose of this project is to determine whether any of various treatments, using geotechnical fabrics and fibers, will significantly retard reflective crack formation in ann asphaltic concrete overlay. Four paving fabrics, one asphalt/fiber membrane and one fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete, are the treatment alternatives being evaluated. All treatment to determine relative performance, considering cost, ease of placement or adaptability to normal overlay practice, and ability to resist reflective cracking. Field monitoring is being maintained for three years to determine overall and relative performance of each treatment. Monitoring construction indicated ease of placement varied considerably; application experience was determined to be a significant factor. Although fiber-reinforced asphalt concrete was rated least expensive and easy to adapt to normal paving practice, early performance data (one year) indicates only marginal improvement in resisting reflective cracking relative to the control section pavement. One paving fabric and the asphalt/fiber membrane are providing the best early performance. Proper identification of pavement base conditions and adequate preliminary treatment appear to be the most significant factors for correlating relative performance. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Fabrics KW - Fibers KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reflection cracking KW - Retarding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454365 AU - Highlands, K AU - Turgeon, R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MDM HIGHWAY DRAINAGE MAT PY - 1985/09 SP - 31 p. AB - This report discusses the construction and evaluation of the Monsanto Drainage Mat (MDM) placed along a five mile section of Interstate Route 70 (I-70) in Washington County, Pennsylvania. The MDM drainage system was constructed along the westbound lanes while a conventional pavement base drain system was constructed eastbound along I-70. The conventional pavement base drain system is being used as a control section to compare the MDM's construction and performance. The method used to install the MDM may be particularly interesting to highway engineers because of the mechanized MDM placement and the fact that the MDM trench was backfilled with excavated trench material (existing subbase). In a conventional pavement base drain system, the excavated trench material is wasted, and the trench is backfilled with a specified coarse aggregate, encapsulated by a geotextile material. The MDM material was placed by an apparatus, supplied by the Monsanto Company, which was attached to the excavating trencher. The MDM material specifications and the contract bid prices for the two drainage systems constructed are also included in this report. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Drains KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Geotextiles KW - Highway drainage KW - Mats KW - Mats (Footings) KW - Performance KW - Specifications KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453701 AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF TRANSPORTATION SERVICES AND NEEDS PY - 1985/09 SP - 78 p. AB - Surveys of Washington residents undertaken in 1980 and 1983 together with the most recent survey in January 1985 have provided reliable measurements of the significant changes that impact transportation systems. During the past five years since the first survey was taken, variations in transportation costs and economic conditions have contributed to changing travel patterns by Washington residents. Prior to the traumatic energy shortages of the last decade, citizens had been accustomed to relatively stable and inexpensive energy and other transportation costs. When the first survey was taken in June 1980, fuel prices had increased rapidly. The average pump price of gasoline in the state was $1.23 a gallon, with many analyses predicting the price would eventually rise to $2.00 or more a gallon. Fuel shortages had occurred in 1973-1974 and 1979. National leaders were emphasizing energy conservation. The rate of inflation was more than 13 percent, far exceeding increases in personal income. The state's unemployment rate was 8.5 percent. In March 1983, when the second survey was conducted, fuel supplies were plentiful, and the average price of gasoline had declined to $1.10. No shortages had occurred in four years and none seemed imminent. The inflation rate had declined to 6 percent, while the state's unemployment rate had risen to 12.7 percent. Though the nation was still suffering from a prolonged and severe recession, economic indicators pointed toward recovery. By the end of 1984, following the long period of increasing costs, prices had become relatively stable gain. In two previous similar studies, 1980 and 1983, significant adjustments were reported by Washington residents. Today, the question concerns the degree to which the current, relatively stable conditions have lead to a return of the travel pattern evident prior to the energy crisis. Figure 1 reflects changing travel patterns as determined by the 1980, 1983 and 1985 telephone surveys. KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Households KW - Mode S KW - Needs assessment KW - Perception KW - Public opinion KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453265 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Freedman, M AU - Staplin, L K AU - Decina, L E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIMITED SIGHT DISTANCE WARNING FOR VERTICAL CURVES PY - 1985/09 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - p. 46-53 AB - This article summarizes the methodology and findings of a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) contract study to evaluate highway signs designed to warn motorists of restricted sight distance because of crest vertical curves. Driver awareness, understanding, and response to a new warning sign that was developed were better than for the existing limited sight distance warning sign. However, the new sign's effectiveness still was minimal. As a result of this evaluation and of a previous study conducted by the New York State Department of Transportation, the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices voted to eliminate the limited sight distance sign (W14-4) from the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). FHWA plans to issue a Final Rule to delete this sign from the MUTCD. KW - Awareness KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Knowledge KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reaction time KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic signs KW - Vertical curvature KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454515 AU - Gefell, Edward M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Huntington County, Indiana PY - 1985/08/28 SP - 98p AB - The Engineering Soils Map of Huntington County, Indiana represents part of a comprehensive, county by county, engineering soil survey of the State of Indiana. A primary objective of the mapping project was to develop a survey whereby all soil boundaries and land form - parent material associations correlated across county lines.The text of this report supplements the engineering soils map and includes a general description of the study area as well as more detailed information about the various land form - parent material associations found in Huntington County. The map itself shows the land form - parent material areas, surface soil textures and generalized soil profiles. Available roadway soil survey data for the numbered boreholes shown on the map and the engineering properties, characteristics, and suitability of the pedalogical soil series mentioned with regard to the various land form - parent material associations are given in appendices in the back of this report. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Huntington County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314596 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453764 AU - Carpenter, James Richard AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABL5: the Spencer Method of Slices PY - 1985/08/28/Final Report SP - 37p AB - Spencer's method of slices was implemented in the programs STABL5 and PCSTABL5 to provide additional versatility to the STABL programs. Spencer's method of slices satisfies complete equilibrium and is capable of transferring the load from one slice to another through the interaction of the interslice shear and normal side forces. Therefore, Spencer's method of slices is particularly well suited for analysis of slopes and retaining walls subjected to tieback loads since it distributes the load from a tieback between slices. The development of Spencer's method was reviewed and its implementation in STABL presented. A new iterative technique was developed by the author for determining the factor of safety and angle of the interslice forces satisfying complete equilibrium of a sliding mass computed by Spencer's method. The new iterative technique is called the Linear Approximation Method. The Spencer method of slices is preferred for analysis of tiedback slopes and walls over the simplified methods since it satisfies complete equilibrium and accounts for the interaction of the interslice side forces between slices. The FOS obtained by Spencer's method is typically slightly higher than the FOS obtained by the less rigorous Simplified Bishop or Simplified Janbu methods. Since Spencer's method satisfies complete equilibrium of the sliding mass, it is especially well suited for analysis of tied back slopes and walls. Spencer's solution is more rigorous than the simplified methods and requires more computation time. The Linear Approximation Method provides a reliable method for determining the FOS satisfying complete equilibrium. The method not only converges readily, it also searches for the FOS satisfying complete equilibrium, thus minimizing the number of iterations required to obtain a solution. It is believed that the LAM is unique to the STABL programs. KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Load transfer KW - Method of slices KW - Retaining walls KW - Slopes KW - Tiebacks UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314101 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451697 AU - O'Brien, S M AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IDENTIFICATION OF AREAS OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PY - 1985/08/28 SP - 222 p. AB - The interim report on this project (FHWA/IN/JHRP-84-11) presented the development of a management information system (MIS) for evaluating and improving the productivity of routine maintenance operations. The present report examines two specific activities, shallow patching and crack sealing. The statistical analyses that can be undertaken on the data produced by the MIS are described. Results of field observations are discussed and checklists are presented that can be used in identifying areas of routine maintenance productivity improvement. (Author) KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Improvements KW - Maintenance management KW - Management information systems KW - Patching KW - Productivity KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581136 AU - Horner, Richard R AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Washington State Highway Runoff Water Quality Research Implementation Manual. Volume 2: Basis for Water Quality Criteria PY - 1985/08//Final Report SP - 81p AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT)/University of Washington Highway Runoff Water Quality research project, conducted from 1977 to 1982, produced a number of results of potential use to WSDOT. An effort was required to implement these results in the Department's procedures. One phase of implementation completed previously involved preparation of a guide for assessing the impacts of operating highways on aquatic ecosystems and training WSDOT personnel in its use. The present phase involved formulating decision criteria in a number of water quality problem areas of concern to WSDOT and determining the need for revisions to Department documents for consistency with the research results and the new criteria. The results of this phase are presented in a two volume implementation manual and a separate document listing the suggested modifications to four existing WSDOT manuals. Volume 1 of the implementation manual states the criteria, which were developed for: 1) identification of waters potentially sensitive to impact by operating highways; 2) the use of vegetated drainage courses to treat highway runoff; 3) the use of retention/detention facilities for highway stormwater drainage; 4) disposal of ditch cleaning spoils; 5) the use of woodwaste fills for highway construction; 6) highway sanding; 7) dilution of highway runoff in a receiving water; 8) highway cleaning; and 9) stream channel modification for highway construction. Volume 2 presents the basis of each criterion listed in Volume 1, including references to the research results and other literature, the reasoning followed, development of equations, etc. KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Manuals KW - Runoff KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality management UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/072.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581135 AU - Horner, Richard R AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Washington State Highway Runoff Water Quality Research Implementation Manual. Volume 1: Water Quality Criteria PY - 1985/08//Final Report SP - 39p AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT)/University of Washington Highway Runoff Water Quality research project, conducted from 1977 to 1982, produced a number of results of potential use to WSDOT. An effort was required to implement these results in the Department's procedures. One phase of implementation completed previously involved preparation of a guide for assessing the impacts of operating highways on aquatic ecosystems and training WSDOT personnel in its use. The present phase involved formulating decision criteria in a number of water quality problem areas of concern to WSDOT and determining the need for revisions to Department documents for consistency with the research results and the new criteria. The results of this phase are presented in a two volume implementation manual and a separate document listing the suggested modifications to four existing WSDOT manuals. Volume 1 of the implementation manual states the criteria, which were developed for: 1) identification of waters potentially sensitive to impact by operating highways; 2) the use of vegetated drainage courses to treat highway runoff; 3) the use of retention/detention facilities for highway stormwater drainage; 4) disposal of ditch cleaning spoils; 5) the use of woodwaste fills for highway construction; 6) highway sanding; 7) dilution of highway runoff in a receiving water; 8) highway cleaning; and 9) stream channel modification for highway construction. Volume 2 presents the basis of each criterion listed in Volume 1, including references to the research results and other literature, the reasoning followed, development of equations, etc. KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Manuals KW - Runoff KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality management UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/072.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419191 AU - Kopperman, S AU - Tiller, G AU - Tseng, M AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Recommended general procedures for converting mainframe programs to run on microcomputers PY - 1985/08 IS - FHWA-RD-85 SP - 40P KW - Computer hardware KW - Computer program KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418528 AU - Parker, M R AU - Tsuchiyama, K H AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Methods for reducing large speed differences in traffic streams; volume 1 - inventory of methods PY - 1985/08 IS - FHWA/RD-85-103 SP - 124P KW - Communication systems KW - Communications KW - Inventory KW - Inventory KW - Radio KW - Radio KW - Speed control KW - Speed control KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits KW - Vehicle spacing KW - Vehicle spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416637 AU - Ligon, C M AU - Carter, E C AU - Joost, D B AU - Wolman, W W AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Effects of shoulder textured treatments on safety PY - 1985/08 IS - FHWA/RD-85-027 SP - 69P AB - Twenty four textured shoulder sites in 11 states are analyzed along with their corresponding control sections. Accident data from a variety of sources are collected and statistically analyzed. Before and after data relating to accidents consist of total numbers, adt, injury categories, driver condition, and time of day. The several analyses which were performed lead to some general and overall observations and conclusions. The following analyses involving accident rates did not show significant differences where shoulder textured treatments were present: high adt vs low adt sites; day vs night reduction in accidents; normal vs other driver conditions; wide vs narrow shoulder textured treatments; and spaced and continuous shoulder textured treatments. The one way classification analysis of variance showed no significant difference in accident rate reduction among types of textured treatment. However, the least squares regression analysis of accident rates before texturing compared to accident rates after texturing at the test sites showed a significant 0.09 reduction. Also, a chi squared test of accidents before vs after, test sites vs control sites resulted in a significant reduction in accidents at sites with textured shoulders. Test sites exhibited a 19.8 per cent decrease compared to a 9.3 per cent increase in control sites. Finally, an analysis of variance of the sound and vibration data indicated a significant difference among treatment types and significant increase in both sound and vibration levels due to the textured treatments (a). KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident rate KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Highway safety KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Road safety KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside KW - Roadside KW - Run off the road accident KW - Shoulder KW - Single vehicle accident KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Surface texture KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457005 AU - Harness, M D AU - Gulen, S AU - Anderson, V L AU - Kercher, K J AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF ROADMETER ROUGHNESS NUMBER WITH RIDING COMFORT FOR INDIANA PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 298 p. AB - This study is third in a series investigating the relationship between pavement rideability and roadmeter roughness number (RN). It was found that the public rates jointed and unjointed concrete surfaces similarly. It also rates asphalt overlays over concrete and full-depth asphalt similarly. For a given RN, motorists are more tolerant of concrete pavements than asphalt pavements. The differences in rideability between compact cars, mid-size cars, full-size cars, small trucks, and large tandem axle dump trucks were determined. It was found that there is no difference between a person's rating technique based on type of occupation. Ten regression models, one for each vehicle type and main pavement type, were developed, estimating PSI as a function of RN. From these models, it was found that the average motorist in this study was more lenient in rating pavements than in the last few years. Roughness testing of fabricated forms to determine the calibration of a roadmeter did not prove to be an adequate method. The frequent testing of an actual pavement site proved to be a better method. The odometer calibration should be checked at least every two weeks. Equations were developed that convert RN30 to RN50. The fuel tank level does not affect RN significantly. Hot tire air pressures should be monitored frequently. Radial and biased tires produce significantly different RNs, as do different grades of shock absorbers. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Calibration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Reaction time KW - Riding qualities KW - Road meters KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451715 AU - Mathewson, C C AU - Lytton, R L AU - Cason, C L AU - Gowan, S W AU - Brotherton, M A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPLORATION FOR AGGREGATES, TEXAS NE GULF COAST PY - 1985/08 SP - 109 p. AB - The report gives the results of a research project undertaken to locate sources of base course materials in the Gulf Coastal regions of Texas. The sites that were found are used as case studies to illustrate the principles of exploration for each of the different types of aggregate that were found, including sandstones, river gravels, and high gravels. The exploration always starts on a broad scale using maps, aerial photographs, and color-infrared images to delineate areas with a high potential for producing aggregates. The forms and shades of color that these deposits take on are different in wet, east Texas than they are in dry, southwest Texas. A more refined invstigation is undertaken in the more promising areas using either seismic or resistivity techniques are explained so that the way they operate can be easily understood and put into practice. The final steop in the exploration process is an actual drilling, coring, sampling, and testing program which will prove out the deposit. This report does not contain sufficient detail to provide a strong working knowledge of some of the remote sensing methods. However, the references necessary to gain this working knowledge are included in this text. KW - Aerial photography KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bibliographies KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Coring KW - Drilling KW - Exploration KW - Gravel KW - Infrared imagery KW - Local materials KW - Maps KW - Remote sensing KW - Resistivity exploration KW - Sampling KW - Sandstones KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451707 AU - Shuler, S AU - Adams, C AU - Lamborn, M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT-RUBBER BINDER LABORATORY PERFORMANCE PY - 1985/08 SP - 282 p. AB - Three experimental test roads containing asphalt-rubber interlayers were constructed. Test pavements were designed as statistical experiments such that future performance analysis could be obtained. Preconditioned surveys were conducted prior to rehabilitation to provide documentation for future condition surveys. Samples of asphalt-rubber were obtained during field mixing of asphalt and rubber for laboratory characterization. Samples of asphalt and rubber were obtained for mixing in the laboratory. A comparison was made between laboratory test results of field and laboratory prepared asphalt-rubber. THhree new laboratory tests were used to evaluate asphalt-rubber engineering properties. These included force ductility, double ball softening point, and torque fork viscosity. Results of these laboratory tests indicate engineering properties of field prepared asphalt-rubber can be duplicated by laboratory prepared mixtures. This means future mixtures of asphalt-rubber can be designed in the laboratory prior to construction. Procedures are described which would allow prediction of rubber content from rotational viscosity data. Prediction of rubber content could be possible in the field by highway department personnel responsible for quality assurance. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Binders KW - Ductility KW - Experimental roads KW - Forecasting KW - Interfaces KW - Interlayers KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Rubber KW - Rubber content KW - Softening point KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450611 AU - Williams, J L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAX BEAD CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK PY - 1985/08 SP - 33 p. AB - This report includes the concrete design, construction, and subsequent inspections and evaluations of a wax bead impregnated concrete bridge deck on LR 22014 in Hershy, Pennsylvania. The new wax bead concrete bridge was placed on one 7.5 inch lift, and was heated with electric heating blankets. The results of the inspections and cost analysis indicate that use of wax bead concrete for bridge decks is not feasible at this time. (Author) KW - Analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Inspection KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490540 AU - Carlson, L E AU - Leonard, P AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED PERFORMANCE OF SMALL SIGN SUPPORTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 241 p. AB - The project was conducted to evaluate the effects of impacts with small sign supports on 1800 lb class vehicles and to select a vehicle design and develop a test methodology for future evaluation of small sign support designs. A series of impact tests was conducted to acquire vehicle and occupant response data; impacts into present small sign support designs and into an instrumented rigid pole were included. The report includes the following separately bound volumes: Volume I - Body of the report; Volume II - Vehicle selection data; Volume III - Inertia measurement data and suspension system data; Volumes IV through XV - Full scale impact test reports. KW - Design KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sign supports KW - Test procedures KW - Test vehicles KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457038 AU - Rutherford, M S AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Hicks, R G AU - Rwebangira, T AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR SPRING HIGHWAY USE RESTRICTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 307 p. AB - This report describes a survey of current practice as well as analysis performed to develop guidelines for agencies which need load restrictions during spring thaw periods. The results show for a range of locations in the U.S. and Canada that the average load restrictions applied is about 44 percent. The analysis performed in the study tends to confirm that level of load restriction. Further, it was found for the assumed conditions that a minimum load restriction level (if any load reduction is needed) is about 20 percent. Load restrictions greater than 60 percent are generally not warranted for the range of cases studied. An air temperature based criterion (Thawing Index) was developed which can be used to estimate when to apply and remove load restrictions. KW - Guidelines KW - Highway travel KW - Load limits KW - Spring breakup KW - Thaw UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/080.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460214 AU - Marshek, K M AU - Hudson, W R AU - Connell, R B AU - Chen, H H AU - Saraf, C L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TRUCK TIRE INFLATION PRESSURE ON PAVEMENT-TIRE CONTACT AREA AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 62 p. AB - This report contains the results of an experimental investigation into the gross contact areas and contact pressure distributions produced by statically loaded truck tires. The gross contact areas are determined using an automatic imaging system that computes the contact area from a digitized data base obtained from an inked tire print. Contact pressure distributions produced by statically loaded tires are determined using a pressure sensitive film technique. KW - Inflation KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Rolling contact KW - Static loads KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460259 AU - Nixon, J F AU - Kabir, J AU - McCullough, F AU - Finn, F AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF OKLAHOMA PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 56 p. AB - This report covers the results of Phases II and III of the research project. Based upon the findings of this study, recommendations were made for possible improvement of the currently used design and management procedures. Specific recommendations were made for improved material specifications to avoid stripping in the pavement structure as this was found to be the most important reason for the failure of pavements. A research plan has been proposed for future research. KW - Building materials KW - Design methods KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Prevention KW - Specifications KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460204 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF REFLECTIVE PAVEMENT MARKERS. FINAL REPORT: APPENDICES A AND B PY - 1985/08 SP - 454 p. AB - This research study investigated the placement and spacings of snowplowable raised reflective pavement markers (RRPMs) for tangent sections and entrance and exit ramps on interstate highways. It was the objective of this study to determine the optimal placement and spacings of RRPMs for tangent sections and ramps. An optimal placement and spacing scheme was assumed to be of such a nature that driver performance and safety were just at the borderline between satisfactory and unsatisfactory, in order to minimize the relatively high life cycle costs of RRPMs. This project included two parts: an analytical optimization of the RRPM spacings and a test driver field study. Based on the results of this study, a maximum RRPM spacing of 120 feet for the lane line is recommended for tangent sections on Interstate highways, while no RRPMs are recommended for Interstate ramps between the ramp-freeway junctions. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Field studies KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Location KW - Optimization KW - Placement KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Ramps KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460203 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF REFLECTIVE PAVEMENT MARKERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 61 p. AB - This research study investigated the placement and spacings of snowplowable raised reflective pavement markers (RRPMs) for tangent sections and entrance and exit ramps on interstate highways. It was the objective of this study to determine the optimal placement and spacings of RRPMs for tangent sections and ramps. An optimal placement and spacing scheme was assumed to be of such a nature that driver performance and safety were just at the borderline between satisfactory and unsatisfactory, in order to minimize the relatively high life cycle costs of RRPMs. This project included two parts: an analytical optimization of the RRPM spacings and a test driver field study. Based on the results of this study, a maximum RRPM spacing of 120 feet for the lane line is recommended for tangent sections on Interstate highways, while no RRPMs are recommended for Interstate ramps between the ramp-freeway junctions. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Field studies KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Location KW - Optimization KW - Placement KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Ramps KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460205 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF REFLECTIVE PAVEMENT MARKERS. FINAL REPORT: APPENDICES C AND D PY - 1985/08 SP - 355 p. AB - This research study investigated the placement and spacings of snowplowable raised reflective pavement markers (RRPMs) for tangent sections and entrance and exit ramps on interstate highways. It was the objective of this study to determine the optimal placement and spacings of RRPMs for tangent sections and ramps. An optimal placement and spacing scheme was assumed to be of such a nature that driver performance and safety were just at the borderline between satisfactory and unsatisfactory, in order to minimize the relatively high life cycle costs of RRPMs. This project included two parts: an analytical optimization of the RRPM spacings and a test driver field study. Based on the results of this study, a maximum RRPM spacing of 120 feet for the lane line is recommended for tangent sections on Interstate highways, while no RRPMs are recommended for Interstate ramps between the ramp-freeway junctions. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Field studies KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Location KW - Optimization KW - Placement KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Ramps KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469332 AU - Ammann, W AU - TARNOFF, P AU - Hill, D AU - PRC Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF THE INTERCHANGEABILITY OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS COMMUNICATION HARDWARE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 92 p. AB - The problem addressed by this study is centered around "manufacturer dependence" or relying on a single source of supply for communication hardware equipment. This study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of establishing a preliminary standard for communication interfaces used in interconnected traffic control systems. KW - Design standards KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hardware KW - Interchangeability KW - Interoperability KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472177 AU - Arnold, A AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK DESIGNS FOR RAILING IMPACTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 64 p. AB - Current specifications by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges set forth certain structural design requirements for bridge railings and the corresponding bridge decks. Observations of deck failure patterns in recent crash tests and observed deck failures at vehicle collision sites have raised questions concerning current specifications. The Texas Transportation Institute, in conjunction with the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, has been studying the problem on three types of bridge rails used in Texas. Full-scale deck sections with a post, a parapet, or an 8 ft section of concrete safety shaped railing were built and tested. The three types tested were the Texas T101, T202, and T5 bridge railings. The findings of this testing are contained in this report. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge railings KW - Design standards KW - Specifications KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469115 AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Fancher, P S AU - Segel, L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIDE FRICTION FOR SUPERELEVATION OF HORIZONTAL CURVES. VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 10 p. AB - The basic objective of this study has been to address the issue of how adequate point-mass representations are in predicting friction requirements for actual vehicles operating along superelevated curves. The project focused on this and related questions by combining computer analysis and full-scale vehicle testing. An existing comprehensive computer model used for predicting transient or nonsteady maneuvering situations was also employed to analyze friction demand while maneuvering along superelevated curves. Highway tests were then performed for two passenger cars and a five-axle tractor-semitrailer to collect representative test data and assist in validating the predictions of the computer models. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to illustrate the relative importance and interactions of various vehicle parameters and highway geometrics in influencing side friction requirements. KW - Automobiles KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Forecasting KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Maneuvering KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Side friction, traffic flow KW - Simulation KW - Superelevation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicle tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55863/FHWA-RD-86-024_SIDE_FRICTION.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469116 AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Fancher, P S AU - Segel, L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIDE FRICTION FOR SUPERELEVATION OF HORIZONTAL CURVES. VOLUME 2. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 233 p. AB - The basic objective of this study has been to address the issue of how adequate point-mass representations are in predicting friction requirements for actual vehicles operating along superelevated curves. The project focused on this and related questions by combining computer analysis and full-scale vehicle testing. An existing comprehensive computer model used for predicting transient or nonsteady maneuvering situations was also employed to analyze friction demand while maneuvering along superelevated curves. Highway tests were then performed for two passenger cars and a five-axle tractor-semitrailer to collect representative test data and assist in validating the predictions of the computer models. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to illustrate the relative importance and interactions of various vehicle parameters and highway geometrics in influencing side friction requirements. KW - Automobiles KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Forecasting KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Maneuvering KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Side friction, traffic flow KW - Simulation KW - Superelevation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469117 AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Fancher, P S AU - Segel, L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIDE FRICTION FOR SUPERELEVATION OF HORIZONTAL CURVES. VOLUME 3. APPENDICES A-G. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 238 p. AB - The basic objective of this study has been to address the issue of how adequate point-mass representations are in predicting friction requirements for actual vehicles operating along superelevated curves. The project focused on this and related questions by combining computer analysis and full-scale vehicle testing. An existing comprehensive computer model used for predicting transient or nonsteady maneuvering situations was also employed to analyze friction demand while maneuvering along superelevated curves. Highway tests were then performed for two passenger cars and a five-axle tractor-semitrailer to collect representative test data and assist in validating the predictions of the computer models. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to illustrate the relative importance and interactions of various vehicle parameters and highway geometrics in influencing side friction requirements. KW - Automobiles KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Forecasting KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Maneuvering KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Side friction, traffic flow KW - Simulation KW - Superelevation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468746 AU - HEAD, W J AU - Sajadi, J AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARLY AGE DURABILITY OF FLY ASH CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 47 p. AB - Objectives of the project were to determine the durability of selected fly ash concrete mixtures in cyclic freeze/thaw for specimens which were very young, too young (1, 3, and 7 days old) at the time of initial freezing and to compare the durability of such mixtures to the durability of a conventional non-fly ash concrete mixture which is used in West Virginia in pavement construction. It was concluded that all ages, all fly ash concretes tested in freeze/thaw performed at least as well as the conventional concrete; furthermore, perceptions that properly designed and constituted fly ash concretes are inferior in durability to the conventional paving concrete are erroneous and without foundation with respect to laboratory freeze/thaw tests. KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Early age testing KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457921 AU - Hatano, M AU - Hendricks, R W AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NOISE INSULATION OF RESIDENCES NEAR FREEWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - v.p. AB - As part of a national effort to gain information on the feasibility and effectiveness of noise insulation of private homes near freeways, four residences were insulated againist freeway noise on an experimental basis. This report discusses the legal ramifications, the design, specifications, and the administration of contract for trial installations. It also includes an evaluation of before and after noise measurements and homeowner reactions. The cost effectiveness of using insulation as a noise mitigation strategy is compared with that of noise barriers. It is concluded that insulation can be a viable alternative if: (1) it is done on a small scale (isolated homes) and there is no concern for mitigating noise levels outside the residence, or (2) barriers are neither feasible due to topography, nor desirable because of interference with scenic views or general aesthetics. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Dwellings KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Insulating materials KW - Noise barriers KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472190 AU - Ligon, C M AU - Carter, Everett C AU - Joost, D B AU - Wolman, W W AU - AMAF Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF SHOULDER TEXTURED TREATMENTS ON SAFETY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 69 p. AB - Twenty-four textured shoulder sites in 11 States are analyzed along with their corresponding control sections. Accident data from a variety of sources are collected and statistically analyzed. Before and after data relating to accidents consist of total numbers, ADT, injury categories, driver condition, and time of day. The several analyses which were performed lead to some general and overall observations and conclusions. The following analyses involving accident rates did not show significant differences where shoulder textured treatments were present: high ADT vs low ADT sites; day vs night reduction in accidents; normal vs other driver conditions; wide vs narrow shoulder textured treatments; and spaced and continuous shoulder textured treatments. The one-way classification analysis of variance showed no significant difference in accident rate reduction among types of textured treatment. However, the least squares regression analysis of accident rates before texturing compared to accident rates after texturing at the test sites showed a significant 0.09 reduction. Also a chi square test of accidents before vs after, test sites vs control sites resulted in a significant reduction in accidents at sites with textured shoulders. Test sites exhibited a 19.8 percent decrease compared to a 9.3 percent increase in control sites. Finally, an analysis of variance of the sound and vibration data indicated a significant difference among treatment types and significant increase in both sound and vibration levels due to the textured treatments. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Before and after studies KW - Chi square test KW - Concrete finishing KW - Crash rates KW - Detectable warning surfaces KW - Least squares method KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Road shoulders KW - Rough textured warning pavement KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Sound level KW - Surface treating KW - Texturing KW - Traffic safety KW - Vibration KW - Vibration levels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457010 AU - Staplin, L K AU - Janoff, M S AU - Decina, L E AU - Ketron, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDUCED LIGHTING ON FREEWAYS DURING PERIODS OF LOW TRAFFIC DENSITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 56 p. AB - The primary objective of this study was to determine if freeway lighting can be reduced or eliminated during nighttime periods when traffic volume is much lower than design capacity without causing significant reductions in the ability of drivers to control their vehicles in a safe and effective manner. This objective was met by the performance of ten tasks that included a review of the literature and state and foreign experiences; development of a conceptual model of visibility needs; identification of alternative light reduction tactics--including all (luminaires) off, every other off, one side off, and different types and levels of dimming; determination of the costs, potential energy savings, and potential legal implications of such light reduction tactics; and, finally, determination of the effect of such tactics on driver detection of simulated roadway hazards under actual traffic conditions. The major conclusions of this research are that present technology exists for implementing all of the identified tactics, with benefit-to-cost ratios greater than 1.0 for all but the most complex tactics; decrements in driver detection performance were measured under each reduced lighting tactic in comparison to performance under full lighting, minimally so for dimmed and every other configurations and significantly so for one sided and all off configurations; and, a potential for legal problems may result with the use of reduced lighting tactics. The recommendations arising from this research include the preferred use of fixed dimming circuits, primarily for new systems, with an inexpensive alternative being the extinguishment of every other luminaire for either new or existing systems. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Freeway lighting KW - Freeways KW - Legal factors KW - Personnel performance KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451622 AU - T.Y. Lin International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRITERIA FOR DESIGNING LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1985/08 SP - 153 p. AB - The state of the art pertaining to the use of lightweight concrete in the design, construction, and maintenance of bridges, is presented in this report. It includes a review of the history of the development of lightweight concrete, its properties and limitations,and its production. It evaluates the performance and experience of 12 selected study cases from visits and visual inspection, and reports on the current policies and practices in several states in the use of lightweight concrete. Analytical study iss conducted to develop data on material economics for lightweight and normal-weight concretes in various applications. The report concludes with a list of the findings as a result of this effort, and recommends future actions. It also includes references and bibliography, and provides guide specifications and field control procedures for the benefit of potential users of lightweight concrete. (Author) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Concrete bridges KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Lightweight concrete KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462317 AU - Nazarian, S AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN SITU DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC MODULI OF PAVEMENT SYSTEMS BY SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS-OF-SURFACE-WAVES METHOD: PRACTICAL ASPECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 190 p. AB - The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method is an in situ testing method for determining shear wave velocity profiles of soil sites and stiffness profiles of pavement systems. The method is non-destructive, is performed from the ground surface, and generally requires no boreholes. The key elements in SASW testing are the generation and measurement of surface waves. Two receivers are located on the ground surface and a transient impact containing a large range of frequencies is transmitted to the soil by means of a simple hammer. One of the most important steps in SASW testing is the inversion process, an analytical technique for reconstructing the shear wave velocity profile. Data collection and analysis used in the SASW technique are discussed in detail. Several case studies are presented to illustrate the utility and versatility of the SASW method. In each case, the results are compared with those of other well-established testing methods performed independently at the same locations. Generally, the shear wave velocity and Young's moduli profiles from these independent methods compare closely. KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462211 AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF PROTECTED/PERMISSIVE LEFT-TURN PHASING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 30 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop guidelines that may be used to aid the traffic engineer in deciding whether protected/permissive (permissive) phasing is appropriate to use at a given location. An inventory identified 58 intersections in Kentucky where permissive phasing was used. Characteristics of these intersections were related to accident data to determine the effect permissive phasing has had on left-turn and total accidents. Left-turn accidents increased dramatically when permissive phasing replaced protected-only (exclusive) phasing and when it was used at approaches where the speed limit was over 45 mph. There were no substantial changes in left-turn and total accidents when permissive phasing was part of the original signal installation or was the first left-turn signal at an existing signal and where the speed limit was 45 mph or less. When a left-turn signal is warranted, permissive phasing should be used because of the reduced delay compared to exclusive phasing, unless the intersection has certain characteristics for which permissive phasing would create an increased accident potential. A list of conditions that would preclude the use of permissive phasing is presented. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Exclusive phasing KW - Guidelines KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Permissive phasing KW - Signalized intersections KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462227 AU - Harness, M D AU - Gulen, S AU - Anderson, V L AU - Kercher, K J AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF ROADMETER ROUGHNESS NUMBER WITH RIDING COMFORT FOR INDIANA PAVEMENTS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/08 SP - 15 p. AB - This study is the third of a series done by IDOH that investigates the relationship between pavement rideability and roadmeter roughness number (RN). It was found that the public rates jointed and unjointed concrete surfaces similarly. It also rates asphalt overlays over concrete and full-depth asphalt similarly. For a given RN, motorists are more tolerant of concrete pavements than asphalt pavements. The differences in rideability between compact cars, mid-size cars, full-size cars, small trucks, and large tandem axle dump trucks were determined. It was found that there is no difference between a person's rating technique based on type of occupation. Ten regression models, one for each vehicle type and main pavement type were developed, estimating PSI as a function of RN. From these models, it was found that the average motorist in this study was more lenient in rating pavements than in the past several years. Roughness testing of fabricated forms to determine the calibration of a roadmeter (7) did not prove to be an adequate method. The frequent testing of an actual pavement site proved to be a better method for determining the calibration of a roadmeter. It was found that the odometer calibration should be checked at least every two weeks. Equations were developed that convert RN30 to RN50. The force of the spring on the displacement transducer has a major effect on the RN. It was found that the fuel tank level does not affect the RN significantly. The hot tire air pressure should be monitored frequently. Radial and bias tires produce significantly different RN's. Different grades of shock absorbers produce significantly different RN's. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bias ply tires KW - Calibration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Inflation KW - Oedometers KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Regression analysis KW - Riding qualities KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Shock absorbers KW - Smoothness KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462146 AU - Kane, D L AU - Wellen, P M AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A HYDRAULIC EVALUATION OF FISH PASSAGE THROUGH ROADWAY CULVERTS IN ALASKA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 294 p. AB - Culverts are a very simple hydraulic structure. However, because the engineer must design for peak flows passing through the culvert while fish are trying to move upstream serious problems arise. Almost all culvert installations in interior and northern Alaska were casually examined, with approximately 100 examined in detail where hydraulic problems existed that may retard fish passage. Data from the field program are included in an appendix to this report. The two major hydraulic problems in regard to fish passage were high velocities and perching; inlet drops caused by deposited sediment, aufeis, alignment of culvert with stream, and non-uniform culvert slopes are some of the other fish passage deterrents that were observed. Also, all known baffled structures were evaluated. Numerous recommendations were made that should improve the hydraulic conditions that exist at a culvert relative to fish passage. Also, it is recommended that further studies be carried out to evaluate the swimming performance of the native fish. Present design criteria are based on very limited studies. Lastly, it is recommended that the concept of the velocity in the occupied zone (area in culvert where fish swim) be considered as the culvert design velocity for fish passage in place of the presently used average cross-sectional velocity. KW - Alignment KW - Culvert hydraulics KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fish ladders KW - Flow KW - Hydraulics KW - Sediments KW - Velocity UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_85_24a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462315 AU - Nair, S K AU - Hudson, W R AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REALISTIC PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY EQUATIONS USING THE 690D SURFACE DYNAMICS PROFILOMETER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 238 p. AB - The importance of pavement roughness as the major input to the serviceability of pavements has been previously demonstrated. This research study is related to the Serviceability-Performance (S-P) concept that was developed at the AASHO Road Test by Carey and Irick. The study was conducted in two phases, the screening experiments and the main rating sessions. Two types of variables were identified for study, one associated with the rating process and the other related to pavement characteristics. Experiments were designed for both the screening and the main rating sessions. Rating panels were appropriately constituted to evaluate the riding quality of selected sections of pavement. For the main rating sessions, the rated sections were profiled using the new Model 690D Surface Dynamics Profilometer (SDP). From the profile data, a family of profile summary statistics called Root-Mean-Square Vertical Accelerations (RMSVAs) were computed. A calibrated Maysmeter and Walker accelerometer device (SIometer) was also operated on these sections. Rigorous statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. Analyses of variance revealed the significant effects of the rater variables and the pavement variables studied. A multiple linear regression procedure was used to develop reliable serviceability equations (with good predictive capabilities) by regressing the mean panel ratings on the set of RMSVA indices. Correlation analysis of the Maysmeter and SIometer measurements with the panel ratings showed that the calibrated Maysmeter predicts panel ratings better than the SIometer. The best prediction of the panel ratings, however, is achieved by the 690D profilometer. KW - Accelerometers KW - Consumer behavior KW - Correlation analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Profilometers KW - Riding qualities KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462300 AU - Benson, F C AU - Ellis, T D AU - Martinez, D F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AGGREGATE SIEVING METHODS FOR HOT-MIX ASPHALTIC CONCRETE DESIGN AND PRODUCTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 79 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to determine: 1)if the use of wet sieving (with its associated additional effort) to replace or supplement dry sieving is justified, based on the additional knowledge gained and problems alleviated, for the design and production monitoring of hot mixes; and 2) if the use of concrete sieves in place of hot-mix sieves for hot-mix design and production monitoring is justified based on the additional knowledge gained and the unified use of the same sieve sizes for both concrete and hot-mix testing. A minimum of 10 dry, wet and extraction sieve analyses were accomplished on 10 different produced hot-mixes for the SDHPT during the summer of 1982. In all, four hot-mixes were sampled from four weigh-batch plants, and six were sampled from four drum-dryer plants. The predominant type of hot-mix sampled was SDHPT Item 340 Type "D". Most of the aggregate combinations had limestone coarse aggregates and siliceous field sand fine aggregates, although one mixture consisted entirely of crushed gravel and another entirely of pit run iron ore. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Sieve analysis KW - Wet sieving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462331 AU - Marshek, K M AU - Hudson, W R AU - Chen, H H AU - Saraf, C L AU - Connell, R B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF TRUCK TIRE INFLATION PRESSURE AND AXLE LOAD ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 86 p. AB - This report presents the results of an investigation into the effect of truck tire inflation pressure and axle load on flexible and rigid pavement performance as determined using computer analysis. The flexible pavement analysis was conducted with both a nonuniform pressure model and a uniform pressure model as input to the elastic layer program BISAR and the 3D finite element program TEXGAP-3D. The results show that (1) the uniform pressure model overestimated the increase in tensile strain at the bottom of the surface for overinflated tires, and underestimated the increase in tensile strain at the bottom of the surface for overloaded tires, (2) both high inflation pressure and heavy load caused a high increase in tensile strain at the bottom of the surface and a significant reduction of the pavement fatigue damage life, and (3) the axle load (not the inflation pressure) played a major role in the subgrade rutting life. A rigid pavement analysis was conducted with both a nonuniform pressure model and a uniform pressure model as input to the program JSLAB. The difference between the results obtained for the nonuniform model and those for the uniform pressure model for the same axle load is insignificant. KW - Accuracy KW - Axle loads KW - Contact pressure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Inflation KW - Pavement performance KW - Pressure KW - Simulation KW - Tension KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462230 AU - Harness, M D AU - Gulen, S AU - Anderson, V L AU - Kercher, K J AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF ROADMETER ROUGHNESS NUMBER WITH RIDING COMFORT FOR INDIANA PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 298 p. AB - This study is the third of a series done by IDOH that investigates the relationship between pavement rideability and roadmeter roughness number (RN). It was found that the public rates jointed and unjointed concrete surfaces similarly. It also rates asphalt overlays over concrete and full-depth asphalt similarly. For a given RN, motorists are more tolerant of concrete pavements than asphalt pavements. The differences in rideability between compact cars, mid-size cars, full-size cars, small trucks, and large tandem axle dumptrucks were determined. It was found that there is no difference between a person's rating technique based on type of occupation. Ten regression models, one for each vehicle type and main pavement type were developed, estimating PSI as a function of RN. From these models, it was found that the average motorist in this study was more lenient in rating pavements than in the past several years. Roughness testing of fabricated forms to determine the calibration of a roadmeter (7) did not prove to be an adequate method. The frequent testing of an actual pavement site proved to be a better method for determining the calibration of a roadmeter. It was found that the odometer calibration should be checked at least every two weeks. Equations were developed that convert RN30 to RN50. The force of the spring on the displacement transducer has a major effect on the RN. It was found that the fuel tank level does not affect the RN significantly. The hot tire air pressure should be monitored frequently. Radial and bias tires produce significantly different RN's. Different grades of shock absorbers produce significantly different RN's. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bias ply tires KW - Calibration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Inflation KW - Oedometers KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Regression analysis KW - Riding qualities KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Shock absorbers KW - Smoothness KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462309 AU - Shuler, S AU - Adams, C AU - Lamborn, M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT-RUBBER BINDER LABORATORY PERFORMANCE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 282 p. AB - Three experimental test roads containing asphalt-rubber interlayers were constructed. Test pavements were designed as statistical experiments such that future performance analysis could be obtained. Precondition surveys were conducted prior to rehabilitation to provide documentation for future condition surveys. Samples of asphalt-rubber were obtained during field mixing of asphalt and rubber for laboratory characterization. Samples of asphalt and rubber were obtained for mixing in the laboratory. A comparison was made between laboratory test results of field and laboratory prepared asphalt-rubber. Three new laboratory tests were used to evaluate asphalt-rubber engineering properties. These included force ductility, double ball softening point, and torque fork viscosity. Results of these laboratory tests indicate engineering properties of field prepared asphalt-rubber can be duplicated by laboratory prepared mixtures. This means future mixtures of asphalt-rubber can be designed in the laboratory prior to construction. Procedures are described which would allow prediction of rubber content from rotational viscosity data. Prediction of rubber content could be possible in the field by highway department personnel responsible for quality assurance. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Binders KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests, asphalts KW - Experimental roads KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Softening point KW - Softening point test KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462264 AU - McHenry, S R AU - Wallace, M J AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WIDE CURB LANES AS SHARED LANE BICYCLE FACILITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 90 p. AB - Bicycle transportation related research and development has, in recent years, steered away from separate facilities and concentrated on improving the existing highway environment for bicycle use. Practicing cyclists have recommended that the outside lane of urban highway cross-sections be widened to accomodate bicycle/motor vehicle lane sharing. At the present time, there is insufficient data available on which to base specific width requirements for wide curb lanes for existing levels of bicycle use. This study, using volunteer bicyclists from the Baltimore Bicycling Club, investigated the lateral displacement effects of the presence of a single bicyclist on motor vehicles within the outside lane of a 5 lane urban minor-arterial highway. Observations were performed on three selected highways with 12.5', 13.8', and 17.6' outside lane dimensions. A 4 lane urban minor - arterial highway cross-section that included 4' bike lanes contiguous to the roadway was also studied. The study determined that outside lanes wider than 12' improved bicycle/motor vehicle lane sharing, but that lane widths can be excessive. The bike lane configuration was found to have certain advantages in flow characteristics. Whether the bike lane would be an improvement over simple shoulder construction is unclear. Optimum lane widths can be theorized, but further study is required to form a data base for optimum lane width selection. Regional differences must also be considered when determining minimum curb lane width for bicycle/motor vehicle lane sharing. KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Motor vehicles KW - Optimization KW - Sharing KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462343 AU - Benson, F C AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECOMMENDED CHANGES TO ITEM 340 OF THE 1982 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 16 p. AB - All of the proposed changes to the SDHPT 1982 Standard Specifications should eventually result in lowered life cycle costs of increasingly better performing Item 340 hot-mix paving layers. It is anticipated that proposed changes 1, 2, 7, 8 and 10 would result in slight increases in bid item prices for asphalt cements and aggregates utilized in SDHPT paving contracts. However, these costs should be offset by more durable hot-mixes with reduced maintenance costs. Adoption of proposed changes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 should not result in noticeable increases in bid item prices. The increased costs for these changes will come in the area of SDHPT's costs to administer and inspect the design and production of Item 340 hot-mix paving work. In the long run, changes 4, 5, and 8 should result in the increased effectiveness of SDHPT personnel to design, inspect and evaluate hot-mix materials and paving layers. KW - Change KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Performance based specifications KW - Prices KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462237 AU - Hagen, M G AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL REPAIR METHODS FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 105 p. AB - Two experimental procedures were used in an attempt to halt premature deterioration of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). A cathodic protection system was installed in 1978 along a 1,000-foot section of CRCP. Anodes were buried at 50-foot intervals off the edge of the driving lane shoulder. In half of the project, anodes were placed in a trench which was backfilled with coke breeze. In the other half canister-type anodes were placed in post-holes and surrounded with coke breeze. It appears that both methods are providing at least partial cathodic protection, and that the trench method is more efficient. A 4,350-foot-long section of CRCP was overlaid in 1978 with low slump dense concrete (LSDC). The pavement was scarified in varying depths ranging from 1/4-inch to 2 inches. Overlay thickness varied from 2 to 3 inches. A 1,000-foot section was saw cut at 15-foot intervals to provide jointed reinforced pavement. The repair and overlay have slowed the formation of new delaminations but active corrosion appears to be continuing. The repair work did not prevent the occurrence of new tension failures. KW - Cathodic protection KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Delamination KW - Deterioration KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Scarifying KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462151 AU - Gentry, C W AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL STABILIZATION FOR REMOTE AREA ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 142 p. AB - A laboratory study has been completed which shows that the sands to silty sands typical of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta area of Alaska can be significantly improved or stabilized by use of emulsified asphalt and Portland cement. The Yukon and Kuskokwim Deltas are sedimentary areas where the high silt loadings of these rivers are deposited as the river velocities drop on approach to the Bering Sea. Soils are predominantly organic sandy silts, with occasional silty sand deposits. Gravels are generally not present, and are barged in for embankment construction at considerable expense. Samples of the best available soils for roadway construction were taken at each of thirteen villages. The best of the available materials, fine silty sands, were selected from three sites for laboratory stabilization testing. Stabilizers considered were restricted to asphalt emulsions and cement. The study shows that stability levels can be achieved which should allow use of locally available sands or silty sands for the construction of roadway and airport surfacing and base stabilization projects. KW - Accessibility KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Organic soils KW - Portland cement KW - Remote areas KW - Sand KW - Silty sands KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_86_08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462299 AU - Mathewson, C C AU - Lytton, R L AU - Cason, C L AU - Gowan, S W AU - Brotherton, M A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPLORATION FOR AGGREGATE, TEXAS NE GULF COAST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 109 p. AB - This report gives the results of a research project undertaken to locate sources of base course materials in the Gulf Coastal regions of Texas. The sites that were found are used as case studies to illustrate the principles of exploration for each of the different types of aggregate that were found, including sandstones, river gravels, and high gravels. The exploration always starts on a broad scale using maps, aerial photographs, and color-infrared images to delineate areas with a high potential for producing aggregates. The forms and shades of color that these deposits take on are different in wet, east Texas than they are in dry, southwest Texas. A more refined investigation is undertaken in the more promising areas using either seismic or resistivity techniques to delineate the depth and extent of the deposits. These techniques are explained so that the way they operate can be easily understood and put into practice. The final step in the exploration process is an actual drilling, coring, sampling, and testing program which will prove out the deposit. This report does not contain sufficient detail to provide a strong working knowledge of some of the remote sensing methods. However, the references necessary to gain this working knowledge are included in this text. KW - Aerial photography KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregates by source KW - Gravel KW - Infrared photography KW - Maps KW - Remote sensing KW - Resistivity exploration KW - Sandstones KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461870 AU - Fontana, J J AU - Reams, W AU - Elling, D AU - Brookhaven National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPRAYABLE ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMER CONCRETE COATINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 27 p. AB - A sprayable electrically conductive polymer concrete coating for vertical and overhead applications has been developed. This technology, in conjunction with impressed current cathodic protection, can be used to prevent corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel in concrete girders, piers, columns, and beams. A formulation of an electrically conductive polymer concrete, which holds the conductive filler in suspension and can be sprayed in thin uniform coatings, was developed. This coating is permeable, yet has low electrical resistivity (<10 ohm-cm), good bond strength to concrete substrates, and good weatherability. The commercially available spray equipment can be used to spray mixtures containing up to 60 wt% calcined coke breeze and 40 wt% resin on vertical or overhead surface. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion protection KW - Durability KW - Electrical conductivity KW - Permeability KW - Polymer concrete KW - Protective coatings KW - Sprays (Materials) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461811 AU - Ervin, R AU - Barnes, M AU - Macadam, C AU - SCOTT, R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF SPECIFIC GEOMETRIC FEATURES ON TRUCK OPERATIONS AND SAFETY AT INTERCHANGES. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - n.p. AB - The problem of truck loss-of-control accidents on interchange ramps is examined from the viewpoint of the suitability of highway geometric design, given the peculiar stability and control limitations of heavy-duty trucks. Accident records were used to identify specific ramps which were overinvolved in jackknife, rollover, and run-off-road accidents. The ramp geometries were represented in a complex simulation of the dynamic behavior of representative tractor-semitrailer combinations. The calculated responses of heavy vehicles on each ramp were studied to illustrate how highway design features may have influenced the known accident experience at the site. Results show that various aspects of the AASHTO policy on geometric design result in a very slim margin of safety for the operation of heavy trucks on exit ramps. Problem features included side friction factors, superelevation transitions, compound curves, deceleration lanes, ramp downgrades, curbs on curved ramps, and wet surface friction on high-speed ramps. Potential countermeasures for the identified problems are suggested. Rcommendations include a careful scoping of the prevalence of "problem ramps," nationally, initiation of efforts by State highway engineers to apply these findings to ramps having a known truck problem, and informing truck drivers of the situation involving slim safety margins. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Geometric design KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Interchanges KW - Jackknifing KW - Ramps KW - Rollover crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461841 AU - Ervin, R AU - Barnes, M AU - Macadam, C AU - SCOTT, R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF SPECIFIC GEOMETRIC FEATURES ON TRUCK OPERATIONS AND SAFETY AT INTERCHANGES. VOLUME II: APPENDIXES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 205 p. AB - The problem of truck loss-of-control accidents on interchange ramps is examined from the viewpoint of the suitability of highway geometric design, given the peculiar stability and control limitations of heavy-duty trucks. Accident records were used to identify specific ramps which were overinvolved in jackknife, rollover, and run-off-road accidents. The ramp geometries were represented in a complex simulation of the dynamic behavior of representative tractor-semitrailer combinations. The calculated responses of heavy vehicles on each ramp were studied to illustrate how highway design features may have influenced the known accident experience at the site. Results show that various aspects of the AASHTO policy on geometric design result in a very slim margin of safety for the operation of heavy trucks on exit ramps. Problem features included side friction factors, superelevation transitions, compound curves, deceleration lanes, ramp downgrades, curbs on curved ramps, and wet surface friction on high-speed ramps. Potential countermeasures for the identified problems are suggested. Rcommendations include a careful scoping of the prevalence of "problem ramps," nationally, initiation of efforts by State highway engineers to apply these findings to ramps having a known truck problem, and informing truck drivers of the situation involving slim safety margins. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Geometric design KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Interchanges KW - Jackknifing KW - Ramps KW - Rollover crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461765 AU - Dupuis, T V AU - Kaster, J AU - Bertram, P AU - Meyer, J AU - SMITH, M AU - Kobriger, N AU - Rexnord AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF ON RECEIVING WATERS. VOLUME II: RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 406 p. AB - Results of comprehensve field monitoring programs at three sites are reported in this volume, the 2nd of 5. One stream site (WI Hwy 15/Sugar Creek) and one lake site (I-94/Lower Nemahbin Lake) were located in Southeastern Wisconsin. The third site (I-85/Sevenmile Creek) was located in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. Monitoring at each site was conducted for a year. The scope of these programs included meteorological and hydrological monitoring, runoff and receiving water quality sampling during both dry and wet weather, and sediment, benthic macroinvertibrate and macrophyte sampling. The results of extensive bioassay testing are also included in this volume. Runoff samples from both urban and rural highways were used with a variety of test organisms. KW - Bioassay KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway drainage KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Monitoring KW - Runoff KW - Sampling KW - Sediments KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457876 AU - Gentry, C W AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL STABILIZATION FOR REMOTE AREA ROADS -- FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 142 p. AB - A laboratory study has been completed which shows that the sands to silty sands typical of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta area of Alaska can be significantly improved or stabilized by use of emulsified asphalt and Portland cement. The Yukon and Kuskokwim Deltas are sedimentary areas where the high silt loadings of these rivers are deposited as the river velocities drop on approach to the Bering Sea. Soils are predominantly organic sandy silts, with occasional silty sand deposits. Gravels are generally not present, and are barged in for embankment construction at considerable expense. Samples of the best available soils for roadway construction were taken at each of thirteen different villages. The best of the available materials, fine silty sands, were selected from three sites for laboratory stabilization testing. Stabilizers considered were restricted to asphalt emulsions and cement. The study shows that stability levels can be achieved which should allow use of locally available sands or silty sands for the construction of roadway and airport surfacing and base stabilzation projects. (Author) KW - Accessibility KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Portland cement KW - Remote areas KW - Rural highways KW - Silty sands KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_86_08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457718 AU - Messer, C J AU - Chang, M-S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC OPERATIONS OF BASIC ACTUATED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS AT DIAMOND INTERCHANGES -- FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 76 p. AB - This report contains the results of field studies conducted to evaluate four types of basic, full traffic actuated signal control systems. Two signal phasing strategies were tested. These were three-phase and four-phase with two overlaps. Two small loop (point) detection patterns, single- and multi-point detection, were evaluated for each type of phasing. An assessment of these systems was conducted based on the results of statistical and observational evidence regarding their operational effects on queues and cycle models that relate queueing delay to traffic characteristics. This report summarizes the research conducted within a HP&R study entitled "Guidelines for Diamond Interchange Control" sponsored by the Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Field studies KW - Highway operations KW - Loop detectors KW - Traffic KW - Traffic actuated controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457709 AU - Arnold, A AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK DESIGNS FOR RAILING IMPACTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 64 p. AB - Current specifications by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges set forth certain structural design requirements for bridge railings and the corresponding bridge decks. Observations of deck failure patterns in recent crash tests and observed deck failures at vehicle collision sites have raised questions concerning current specifications. The Texas Transportation Institute, in conjunction with the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, has been studying the problem on three types of bridge rails used in Texas. Full-scale deck sections with a post, a parapet, or an 8 ft section of concrete safety shaped railing were built and tested. The three types tested were the Texas T101, T202, and T5 bridge railings. The findings of this testing are reported herein. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge railings KW - Bridges KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Specifications KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457721 AU - Nair, S K AU - Hudson, W R AU - Lee, C L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REALISTIC PAVEMENT SERVICEABILITY EQUATIONS USING THE 690D SURFACE DYNAMICS PROFILOMETER -- FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 238 p. AB - The importance of pavement roughness as the major input to the serviceability of pavements has been previously demonstrated. This research study is related to the Serviceability-Performance (S-P) concept that was developed at the AASHO Road Test by Carey and Irick. The study was conducted in two phases, the screening experiments and the main rating sessions. Two types of variables were identified for study, one associated with the rating process and the other related to pavement characteristics. Experiments were designed for both the screening and the main rating session. Rating panels were appropriately constituted to evaluate the riding quality of selected sections of pavement. For the main rating sessions, the rated sections were profiled using the new Model 690D Surface Dynamics Profilometer (SDP). From the profile data, a family of profile summary statistics called Root-Mean-Square Vertical Accelerations (RMSVAs) were computed. A calibrated Maysmeter and Walker accelerometer device (SIometer) was also operated on these sections. Rigorous statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. Analyses of variance revealed the significant effects of the rater variables and the pavement variables studied. A multiple linear regression procedure was used to develop reliable serviceability equations (with good predictive capabilities) by regressing the mean panel ratings on the set of RMSVA indices. Correlation analysis of the Maysmeter and SIometer measurements with the panel ratings showed that the calibrated Maysmeter predicts panel ratings better than the SIometer. The best prediction of the panel ratings, however, is achieved by the 690D profilometer. (Author) KW - Calibration KW - Equations KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457797 AU - Nazarian, S AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN SITU DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC MODULI OF PAVEMENT SYSTEMS BY SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS-OF-SURFACE-WAVES METHOD: PRACTICAL ASPECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 190 p. AB - The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method is an in situ testing method for determining shear wave velocity profiles of soil sites and stiffness profiles of pavement systems. The method is non-destructive, is performed from the ground surface, and generally requires no boreholes. The key elements in SASW testing are the generation and measurement of surface waves. Two receivers are located on the ground surface and a transient impact containing a large range of frequencies is transmitted to the soil by means of a simple hammer. One of the most important steps in SASW testing is the inversion process, an analytical technique for reconstructing the shear wave velocity profile. Data collection and analysis used in the SASW technique are discussed in detail. Several case studies are presented to illustrate the utility and versatility of the SASW method. In each case, the results are compared with those of other well-established testing methods performed independently at the same locations. Generally, the shear wave velocity and Young's moduli profiles from these independent methods compare closely. KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Rayleigh waves KW - S waves KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Stiffness tests KW - Wave motion KW - Wave velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457879 AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF PROTECTED/PERMISSIVE LEFT-TURN PHASING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 30 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop guidelines that may be used to aid the traffic engineer in deciding whether protected/permissive (permissive) phasing is appropriate to use at a given location. An inventory identified 58 intersections in Kentucky where permissive phasing was used. Characteristics of these intersections were related to accident data to determine the effect permissive phasing has had on left-turn and total accidents. Left-turn accidents increased dramatically when permissive phasing replaced protected-only (exclusive) phasing and when it was used at approaches where the speed limit was over 45 mph. There were no substantial changes in left-turn and total accidents when permissive phasing was part of the original signal installation or was the first left-turn signal at an existing signal and where the speed limit was 45 mph or less. When a left-turn signal is warranted, permissive phasing should be used because of the reduced delay compared to exclusive phasing, unless the intersection has certain characteristics for which permissive phasing would create an increased accident potential. A list of conditions that would preclude the use of permissive phasing is presented. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Exclusive phasing KW - Guidelines KW - Intersections KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Permissive phasing KW - Speed limits KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454363 AU - Benson, F C AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECOMMENDED CHANGES TO ITEM 340 OF THE 1982 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 16 p. AB - All of the proposed changes to the SDHPT 1982 Standard Specifications should eventually result in lowered life cycle costs of increasingly better performing Item 340 hot-mix paving layers. It is anticipated that proposed changes 1, 2, 7, 8 and 10 would result in slight increases in bid item prices for asphalt cements and aggregates utilized in SDHPT paving contracts. However, these costs should be offset by more durable hot-mixes with reduced maintenance costs. Adoption of proposed changes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 should not result in noticeable increases in bid item prices. The increased costs for these changes will come in the area of SDHPT's costs to administer and inspect the design and production of Item 340 hot-mix paving work. In the long run, changes 4, 5 and 8 should result in the increased effectiveness of SDHPT personnel to design, inspect and evaluate hot-mix materials and paving layers. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt cement KW - Bid prices KW - Bids KW - Change KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Prices KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453728 AU - Arnold, A AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK DESIGNS FOR RAILING IMPACTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 64 p. AB - Current specifications by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges set forth certain structural design requirements for bridge railings and the corresponding bridge decks. Observations of deck failure patterns in recent crash tests and observed deck failures at vehicle collision sites have raised questions concerning current specifications. The Texas Transportation Institute, in conjunction with the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, has been studying the problem on three types of bridge rails used in Texas. Full-scale deck sections with a post, a parapet, or an 8 ft section of concrete safety shaped railing were built and tested. The three types tested were the Texas T101, T202, and T5 bridge railings. The findings of this testing are reported herein. (Author) KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge railings KW - Design standards KW - Failure KW - Field tests KW - Impact tests KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453625 AU - Babaei, K AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 382 p. AB - This report identifies, classifies and addresses WSDOT's needs and questions regarding concrete bridge deck deterioration. Included is a state-of-the-art assessment regarding any major areas of concern to the statewide bridge deck program. Recommendations are made to WSDOT regarding future bridge deck research. A proposed work plan is developed for high priority research items as directed by the WSDOT. (Author) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/073.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454395 AU - Olin, D A AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN ALABAMA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 105 p. AB - Equations have been developed by regression analyses for estimating floods for 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals on natural streams with drainage areas up to 1,500 square miles in Alabama. Seven different hydrologic areas have been delineated. Separate equations using drainage area as the independent variable apply to five of the hydrologic areas. One hydrologic area cannot be regionalized and another areas uses both drainage area and a storage factor in the equations. Equations for estimating flood magnitude and frquency of urban streams (taken from a previous report) that use drainage area and percentage of impervious cover as independent variables also are given. Rivers with drainage areas greater than 1,500 square miles cannot be regionalized. Estimating methods forr these rivers are presented graphically. Relation of maximum floods of record to drainage areas in Alabama are given for a guide in estimating potential maximum floods. The relation estimates maximum floods about two times larger than relations used previously. KW - Drainage basins KW - Equations KW - Flood frequency KW - Floods KW - Handling and storage KW - Hydrology KW - Regression analysis KW - Rivers KW - Storage facilities KW - Streams KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453700 AU - Brooks, R L AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS OF THE 1986 WORLD EXPOSITION - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - v.p. AB - This comprehensive assessment of transportation impacts in Washington state was made by studying all the potential transportation issues raised as a result of Expo. The WSDOT Expo 86 Task Force determined actions the Department would take in response to those assessed impacts. This report discusses Expo related transportation issues and describes implementation plans for the Washington State Department of Transportation. KW - 1986World exposition KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Recommendations KW - Special events UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454345 AU - Cahn, D C AU - Horner, R R AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE UTILIZATION IN ROADSIDE DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - v.p. AB - Problems with existing sludge disposal practices, combined with new information about its nutritive and soil-conditioning qualities, have led to accepted practices of land application of sludge. Both the Department of Transportation, as an agency with large land holdings and landscaping needs, and municipalities in Washington state may benefit from land application of sludge on roadsides. The use of sewage sludge on roadsides can potentially improve the growth of erosion control grasses, shrubs and trees while minimizing the costs for subsequent reseeding, replanting, or refertilization. Proper site selection and management techniques can potentially minimize public health and environmental impacts from heavy metals, nitrates, pathogens and organic toxicants. Steep roadside slopes, where erosion control is most needed, present a challenge to existing sludge application techniques, but one that is not insurmountable. A review of current national and local research, and a cost comparison analysis, have shown that roadside utilization of sludge may be a feasible practice without infringing on the health, safety and welfare of the public. Tasks are outlined for a demonstration study to investigate application techniques, vegetation types, public health and environmental impacts, and public acceptance and education. (Author) KW - Erosion control KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fertilizers KW - Grasses KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Roadside KW - Sewage KW - Sewerage KW - Shrubs KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Trees UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/074.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453671 AU - Arnold, E D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF SIGNAL TIMING AND COORDINATION PROCEDURES VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - v.p. AB - Based on a review of available literature, recommended procedures for timing the various types of signals are provided. Specifically, procedures are included for both pretimed and vehicle-actuated controllers located at isolated intersections and at intersections in a signal system. Smplicity and ease of use are emphasized as the targeted users are field technicians and those responsbile for signals in small cities and towns. A separate Field Manual has been prepared which is intended to provide a concise and easily applied set of procedures. Detailed theory and logic behind the procedures are provided in the Technical Report, as are brief descriptions of current computer programs which provide timing information. The Technical Report also presents the results of a questionnaire survey which had the objective of determing the types of signal equipment used in Virginia. (Author) KW - Administrative procedures KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Manuals KW - Procedural requirements KW - Questionnaires KW - Reviews KW - Surveys KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269257 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00454336 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Knight, N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAVY DUTY MEMBRANES FOR THE REDUCTION OF REFLECTIVE CRACKING IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 32 p. AB - The prevalence of reflective cracking in asphaltic concrete overlays is a major factor contributing to the premature failure of the pavement system. This reflective cracking is caused by cyclic stresses induced in the overlay by movements in the underlying pavement. Recent work done with heavy-duty membranes has shown that they may be useful in retarding this reflective crack formation. Seven different types of heavy-duty membranes were placed over Portland Cement Concrete pavement joints at one site in Pennsylvania before the roadway was overlayed with asphaltic concrete. Control sections, without any membranes, wre also built into the project for comparison purposes. This work evaluated the ability of these membranes to reduce the occurence of reflective cracking over transverse and longitudinal joints and to function as a waterstop once cracking has occurred. (Author) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/271097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453536 AU - Gress, D L AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham AU - New Hampshire Department of Public Works and Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF HIGH RANGE WATER REDUCERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF FRESH AND HARDENED CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 143 p. AB - The ultimate goal of this research is to allow the production of high quality concrete by being able to predict HRWR performance from a given set of input variables, and to determine if the use of an HRWR creates a potential form pressure safety problem. Variables investigated include the following: cement brand, mix temperature, water-cement ratio, dosage of HRWR, HRWR type, aggregate, and admixture interaction. (Author) KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Physical properties KW - Pressure KW - Slump test KW - Slumps KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Water cement ratio KW - Water reducing agents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453519 AU - Shuler, S AU - Adams, C AU - Lanborn, M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT-RUBBER LABORATORY PERFORMANCE PY - 1985/08 SP - 282 p. AB - Three emperimental test roads containing asphalt-rubber interlayers were constructed. Test pavements were designed as statistical experiments such that future performance analysis could be obtained. Preconditioned surveys were conducted prior to rehabilitation to provide documentation for future condition surveys. Samples of asphalt-rubber were obtained during field mixing of asphalt and rubber for laboratory characteristics. Samples of asphalt and rubber were obtained for mixing in the laboratory. A comparison was made between laboratory test results of field and laboratory prepared asphalt-rubber. Three new laboratory tests were used to evaluate asphalt-rubber engineering properties. These included force dutility, double ball softening point, and torque fork viscosity. Results of these laboratory tests indicate engineering properties of field prepared asphalt-rubber can be duplicated by laboratory prepared mixtures. This means future mixtures of asphalt-rubber can be designed in the laboratory prior to construction. Procedures are described which would allow prediction of rubber content from rotational viscosity data. Prediction of rubber content could be possible in the field by highway department personnel responsible for quality assurance. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Binders KW - Ductility KW - Field performance KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Softening point KW - Torque KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453657 AU - Benson, F C AU - Ellis, T D AU - Martinez, D F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AGGREGATE SIEVING METHODS FOR HOT-MIX ASPHALTIC CONCRETE DESIGN AND PRODUCTION PY - 1985/08 SP - 79 p. AB - During the course of Research Study 2-9-80-285 "Asphalt Concrete Mixture Design and Specification," it was desired to address two question concerning sieve analysis of hot-mix asphaltic concrete aggregates which are often raised by personnel of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT). These questions are as follows: (1) Would the use of wet sieving (with its associated additional effort) to replace or supplement dry sieving be justified based on the additional knowledge gained and problems alleviated, for the design and production monitoring of hot mixes? (2) Would the use of concrete sieves in place of hot-mix design and production monitoring be justified based on the additional knowledge gained and the unified use of the same sieve sizes for both concrete and hot-mix testing? In an effort to answer these questions, a minimum of 10 dry, wet and extraction sieve analyses were accomplished on 10 different produced hot-mixes for the SDHPT during te summer of 1982. In all, four hot-mixes were sampled from four weigh-batch plants, and six were sampled from four drum-dryer plants. The predominant type of hot-mix sampled was SDHPT Item 340 Type "D". Most of the aggregates, although one mixture consisted entirely of crushed gravel and another entirely of pit run iron ore. Results of this study indicated (1) that there was no general need to adopt wet sieving, and (2) that concrete sives did not offer enough extra information and economy of standardization to merit adopting their usage in place of hot-mix sieves. The results of this study and the experience of one district did, however, indicate that there may be occasions where wet sieving during the design process may be very useful in precluding a mix design that may generate excessive minus No. 200 material, thus causing trouble with staying within grading limits and design tolerances. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Dryer drum process KW - Evaluation KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Mixing plants KW - Monitoring KW - Production KW - Sieve analysis KW - Specifications KW - Wet sieving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453656 AU - Messer, C J AU - Chang, M-S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC OPERATIONS OF BASIC ACTUATED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS AT DIAMOND INTERCHANGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 76 p. AB - This report contains the results of field studies conducted to evaluate four types of basic, full traffic actuated signal control systems. Two signal phasing strategies were tested. These were three-phase and four-phase with two overlaps. Two small loop (point) detection patterns, single- and multi- point detection, were evalauted for each type of phasing. An assessment of these systems was conducted based on the results of statistical and observational evidence regarding their operational effects on queues and cycle models that relate queueing delay to traffic characteristics. This report summarizes and research concucted within a HP&R study entitled "Guidelines for Diamond Interchange Control" sponsored by the Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Evaluation KW - Highway operations KW - Loop detectors KW - Queuing KW - Traffic KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454912 AU - Brooks, R L AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION IMPACTS OF THE 1986 WORLD EXPOSITION: FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 62 p. AB - An April 1985 status report assessed various modes of travel and transportation facilities in Washington state that may be affected by Expo visitors. Recommended actions in response to potential Expo impacts were developed into implementation proposals for the Washington State Department of Transportation. KW - Canada KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Recommendations KW - Special events KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Washington (State) KW - World's fair UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419010 AU - Christenson, M E AU - Covert, S AU - Proctor, D AU - Smith, R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Catalogue of functions for computer based traffic signal systems PY - 1985/07 IS - FHWA/RD-85-078 SP - 114P KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418426 AU - Miller, T AU - Whiting, B AU - Taylor, P AU - Zegeer, C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Traffic Safety Research Division TI - Sensitivity of resource allocation models to discount rate and unreported accidents PY - 1985/07 IS - FHWA/RD-85-092 SP - 138P KW - Accident costs KW - Accident rate KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Error KW - Errors KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01344822 AU - Ozyildirim, Celik AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tests for Early Acceptance of Concrete PY - 1985/07//Final Report SP - 24p AB - A literature survey and limited study of laboratory concretes were conducted to evaluate various methods for predicting concrete strengths at 28 days based on procedures for accelerated strength development or measurement of strength of normally cured specimens at early ages. A review of the literature was also made to assess the usefulness of procedures for the direct determinations of water and cement contents in quality control of hydraulic cement concrete. It is concluded that although general relationships exist as reported in the literature, none of the procedures are sufficiently precise for use in quality control or acceptance testing by the Virginia Department of Highways & Transportation. The amount of calibration testing for projects normally built by the Department would be prohibitive. Any application of reduced pay factors for strength in a statistical specification must be based on tests made at the age designated in the specification. The literature survey shows that in their present state of development existing procedures for the direct determination of water and cement in plastic concrete are not sufficiently fast or precise to be useful for quality control of hydraulic cement concrete. It is recommended that further evaluation of such procedures by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation be deferred until results of studies now being made for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) are available. The results of 14-day and 28-day tests on the same field concretes reveal that the ratio of strengths at these two ages often varies significantly from the assumed value of 0.85. Thus, it is recommended that the practice of accepting concrete on the basis of 14-day strengths be discontinued unless the value at 14 days is equal to the required value at 28 days. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Concrete KW - Early age (Concrete) KW - High early strength cement KW - Hydraulic cement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Quality control KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36611/86-R2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1105588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457021 AU - Davis, R E AU - Rashedi, R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICABILITY OF CURVBRG GRIDWORK ANALYSIS TO CONTINUOUS, STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - v.p. AB - Varying interpretations of very limited field testing suggested need for an expanded investigation of the range of applicability of the CURVBRG grillage analysis to slab and metal girder bridges. A significant body of literature was found to exist pertinent to field and model tests of such structures, with sufficient documentation to permit establishment of CURVBRG input and correlations between theoretical and measured data. Results of Caltrans field tests are published with studies of three Iowa and New York bridges. Spread sheet tabulations of measured and theoretical data comparisons are accompanied by plots of individual load cases and envelopes of parametric maxima. CURVBRG is shown to be as accurate for continuous as for simple span structures. Conservatism for loaded exterior girders is evident and becomes marked for three-girder structures. Program usage for rating, rehabilitation and design is advocated. Additional studies of other programs to improve correlations for bridges with three girders are recommended. KW - Accuracy KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Design KW - Girder bridges KW - Grillage design KW - Grilles KW - Metal bridges KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457525 AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Meyer, A H AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A USER'S GUIDE FOR PAVEMENT EVALUATION PROGRAMS RPEDD1 AND FPEDD1. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 56 p. AB - A general background of computer programs RPEDD1 (for rigid pavements) and FPEDD1 (for flexible pavements) is described. These programs are used for nondestructive evaluation of pavements based on the deflection basins measured by a Dynaflect or a falling weight deflectometer. A detailed input guide is presented as well as guidelines on implementaton. KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/phase2/387-2-CTR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457522 AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Meyer, A H AU - Hudson, W R AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STRUCTURAL EVALUATION METHODOLOGY FOR PAVEMENTS BASED ON DYNAMIC DEFLECTIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 396 p. AB - A framework for structural evaluation of pavements based on dynamic deflections is presented. A self-iterative procedure has been developed to estimate insitu Young's moduli of pavement layers by using the approach of inverse application of layered elastic theory (ELSYM5) to obtain the best fit of a measured deflection basin. For asphalt pavements, a temperature correction procedure is presented for the asphaltic concrete moduli. Nonlinear strain-softening models are introduced and discussed to take into account nonlinear behavior of granular layers and subgrade. A self-iterative procedure has been developed to estimate nonlinear strain-softening moduli of these layers from Dynaflect deflection basins based on the concepts of equivalent linear analysis. An indication of the structural capacity of existing pavement is obtained from the remaining life analysis. Computer programs RPEDD1 (for rigid pavement) and FPEDD1 (for flexible pavements) are developed to evaluate dynamic deflection basins measured by the Falling Weight Deflectometer and Dynaflect. Guidelines are presented for applications and implementation of these computer programs, especially in rehabilitation design. KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Dynamic deflection determination KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Guidelines KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Softening point KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain softening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457020 AU - Tumay, M T AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD CALIBRATION OF ELECTRIC CONE PENETROMETERS IN SOFT SOIL. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/07 SP - 37 p. AB - This report contains a summary of findings, and recommendations for the proper field use, interpretation, evaluation and further development of an in-situ subsurface investigative technique using electric cone penetrometers. The comprehensive reports are: FHWA/LA/LSU-GE-82/03, 257 pp.; FHWA/LA/LSU-GE-82/04, 282 pp.; FHWA/LA/LSU-GE-82/05, 131 pp.; FHWA/LA/LSU-GE-82/06, 253 pp.; and FHWA/LA/LSU-GE-83/01, 214 pp. KW - Calibration KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Field operations KW - Geological surveying KW - Penetrometers KW - Soft soils KW - Subsurface explorations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451655 AU - Migletz, D J AU - Glauz, W D AU - Bauer, K M AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRAFFIC CONFLICTS AND ACCIDENTS VOLUME 2 - FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 63 p. AB - The purpose of the present research was to establish relationships between traffic conflicts and accidents, and to identify expected and abnormal conflect rates given various circumstances. The data upon which the conclusions and recommendations are based were collected during thee summer of 1982 at 46 signalized and unsignalized intersections in the Greater Kansas City area. The conclusions are limited to daytime (0700 to 1800) and weekday (Monday-Thursday) traffic, and to dry pavement conditions. Accident/conflict ratios have been statistically determined for several types of collisions for each of four types of intersections (signalized high volume; signalized medium volume; unsignalized medium volume; unsignalized low volume). These ratios can be applied to comparable intersections to obtain an expected accident rate of a specific type after the appropriate conflict data are collectedd. Also, statistical procedures were developed to determine conflict rate values that could be considered "abnormally" high. Overall, traffic conflicts of certain types are good surrogates of accidents in that they produce estimates of average accident rates nearly as accurate, and just as precise, as those produced from historical accident data. Therefore, if there are insufficient accident data to produce an estimate, a conflicts study should be very helpful. This is Volume 2 of a 3-Volume report. The other volumes are Volume 1 - Executive Summary and Volume 3 - Appendixes. (Author) KW - Agricultural drains KW - Chokes KW - Drains KW - Forecasting KW - Ratios KW - Relationships KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33400/33450/FHWA-RD-84-042.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451654 AU - Migletz, D J AU - Glauz, W D AU - Bauer, K M AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TRAFFIC CONFLICTS AND ACCIDENTS VOLUME I - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/07 SP - 23 p. AB - The purpose of the present research was to establish relationships between traffic conflicts and accidents, and to identify expected abnormal conflict rates given various circumstances. The data upon which the conclusions and recommendations are based wer collected during the summer of 1982 at 46 signalized and unsignalized intersections in the Greater Kansas City area. The conclusions are limited to daytime (0700 to 1800) and weekday (Monday-Thursday) traffic, and to dry pavement conditions. Accident/conflict ratios have been statistically detrmined for several types of collisions for each of four types of intersections (signalized high volume; signalized medium volume; unsignalized medium volume; unsignalized low volume). These ratios can be applied to comparable intersections to obtain an expected accident rate of a specific type after the appropriate conflict data are collected. Also, statistical procedures were developed to determine conflict rate values that could be considered "abnormally" high. Overall, traffic conflicts of certain types are good surrogates of accidents in that they produce estimates of average accident rates nearly as accurate, and just as precise, as those produced from historical accident data. Therefore, if there are insufficient accident data to produce an estimate, a conflicts study should be very helpful. This is Volume 1 of a 3-Volume report. The other volumes are Volume 2 - Final Technical Report and Volume 3 - Appendixes. (Author) Final Technical Report and Volume 3 - Appendixes. (Author) KW - Agricultural drains KW - Drains KW - Forecasting KW - Ratios KW - Relationships KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451628 AU - Brown, S A AU - Sutron Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STREAMBANK STABILIZATION MEASURES FOR HIGHWAY STREAM CROSSINGS-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/07 SP - 12 p. AB - A summary off two reports resulting from a review of the applicability and usefulness of countermeasures used to stabilize eroding streambanks in the vicinity of roadways and at bridge crossings is given. The first report discusses erosion processes in channel bends and methods of controlling this erosion, identifies useful flow control and streambank stabilization structures, and provides guidelines for the selection of an appropriate flow control or streambank stabilization countermeasure for a particular field design condition. Some design information for specific countermeasure types is also included. The second report looks in detail at the applicability and design of spur-type-flow-control and streambank stabilization structures. The report alerts engineers to the utility of spurs, including economic and other advantages, and provides a treatment of the effectiveness and limitations of spur-type structuring. Design guidelines for these spur-type structures are developed based on field and laboratory experience. (Author) KW - Channel stabilization KW - Countermeasures KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Scour KW - Stream stabilization KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450601 AU - Maxwell, D A AU - Stampley, B E AU - Mason, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OIL FIELD DRILLING ACTIVITY DATA REDUCTION AND DENSITY MAP PRODUCTION PY - 1985/07 SP - 218 p. AB - A series of earlier reports described a method for analyzing the effects of oil and gas field development on rural highways in Texas. This report describes computer programs and data files to generate "grid/density" maps of oil field regions. These maps locate major activity centers and identify impacted roadways. Programs and data files discussed in this report generate maps depicting statewide levels of drilling and production activity. Additional programs aid in developing and updating a database (1977 to Present) of Texas oil and gas activity. This report also contains instructions on the use of these programs and data files. The program results describe statewide variations in activity and identify potential areas of associated truck traffic. (Author) KW - Computer programs KW - Data reduction KW - Impact studies KW - Maps KW - Natural gas KW - Oil fields KW - Oil lands KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495543 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Opiela, K S AU - Cynecki, M J AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN SIGNALIZATION ALTERNATIVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 153 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the operational and safety effects of various pedestrian signalization alternatives. An analysis was conducted of pedestrian accidents, traffic and pedestrian volumes, geometrics, and signal data for 1,297 signalized intersections in 15 U.S. cities to determine the safety effects of pedestrian signals and signal timing. The presence of standard-timed pedestrian (WALK/DON'T WALK) signals was found to have no significant effect on pedestrian accidents. However, scramble (or exclusive) pedestrian timing was associated with significantly lower pedestrian accidents. Current MUTCD warrants for pedestrian signals were evaluated and Warrant 3 (Minimum Pedestrian Warrant) was found to be ineffective. An improved warrant was developed and is recommended for adoption. Several new sign and signal alternatives were developed and field tested to indicate the clearance interval and to warn of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. The alternatives recommended for inclusion in the MUTCD at high pedestrian hazard intersections include the WALK WITH CARE signal, a YIELD TO PEDESTRIANS WHEN TURNING regulatory sign, a PEDESTRIANS WATCH FOR TURNING VEHICLES warning sign, and a pedestrian signal explanation sign (word and symbolic). A three-phase pedestrian signal using DON'T START to indicate the clearance interval was recommended for additional testing, and little or no benefit was found from the flashing WALK or the steady DON'T WALK. Allowing pedestrians to yield to traffic and cross against the pedestrian signal was found to be undesirable based on safety considerations. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Geometric design KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian density KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian signs KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian volume KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Recommendations KW - Regulatory signs KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic volume KW - Warning signs KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469230 AU - Parker, M R AU - Parker (Martin R) & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS OF SPEED ZONING PRACTICES. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 58 p. AB - This research was conducted to examine State and local speed laws, regulations, and current practices for setting speed limits. The information for the study was obtained from a review of the literature and a mail survey of State and local highway officials conducted by a Task Force of the AASHTO Subcommittee on Traffic Engineering. Throughout years of experimentation and observation, little consensus has been reached concerning criteria that should be used to establish speed limits. While the 85th percentile speed is considered as a major factor in all States and most localities, the deviations from the 85th percentile that are used to establish the speed limit can result in an arbitrary limit. The diversities in State and local laws, the lack of national guidelines, and the variety of methods currently in use suggest that non-uniform speed zones are commonplace. There is an immediate need to validate the applicability of existing methods and/or to develop new objective criteria that will lead to establishing realistic speed zones. There is also a need to examine the potential benefits of establishing minimum speed limits. Objective methods for setting speed limits in work zones should be explored. State and local officials also identified the need to determine the effects of raising or lowering speed limits on speed and accidents. KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Construction sites KW - Data collection KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Minimum speed KW - Nonuniformity KW - Regulation KW - Speed KW - Speed laws KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Standardization KW - State government KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479406 AU - Chang, ECP AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DIRECTIONAL WEIGHTING FOR MAXIMAL BANDWIDTH ARTERIAL SIGNAL OPTIMIZATION PROGRAMS. VOLUME 1. TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 86 p. AB - The maximizing progression bandwidth concept has been used to calculate optimal offsets in arterial signal systems for approximately 60 years. This study developed an algorithm for determining the best directional weighting for arterial bandwidth optimization programs, such as MAXBAND or PASSER II, to improve design and operation decisions especially with heavily directional arterial street movements during peak-hour conditions. KW - Algorithms KW - Arterial highways KW - Bandwidth KW - Computer programs KW - Directional weighting KW - Optimization KW - Peak periods KW - Streets KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453697 AU - Browning, G S AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT SELECTION BASED ON LIFE-CYCLE COST--FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 28 p. AB - This report examines the initial, maintenance, and overlay costs of 36 paving projects built in Mississippi since 1960. These projects consist of four different types of pavements. The original costs are converted by a Future Value Factor to determine their value in terms of 1984 dollars. All the costs are then added together to find the 1984 total life-cycle cost of equivalent highway sections. The pavement type having the lowest total average cost per mile in terms of 1984 dollars is considered to be the most economical choice and will be used as a guide for future projects. KW - Costs KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457529 AU - Poston, R W AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY OF PRESTRESSED BRIDGE DECKS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 176 p. AB - It is estimated that $500 million dollars is spent annually for repair of bridge decks which suffer from deterioration. The major cause of bridge deck deterioration is corrosion of reinforcing steel induced by exposure to chlorides from deicers and salt water spray. Dissolved salts seep into bridge decks primarily at crack locations and cause steel corrosion which sets up a splitting force because of the volumetric expansion and eventually breaks the concrete. This report briefly presents background information on the mechanism of corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete, and summarizes the observations and findings from an experimental corrosion study. A simple test specimen was developed to simulate the behavior of a transversely prestressed bridge deck subjected to an aggressive deicing salt exposure. The experimental program investigated the primary variables affecting corrosion of steel in prestressed concrete: concrete cover, crack width, protective coatings for steel reinforcement, type of prestressing protective system, concrete quality, and level of prestressing. Behavioral trends are presented as determined from half cell potential measurement of the nonprestressed reinforcement, chloride analysis of the concrete, and visual observation from a post mortem autopsy of the specimens. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Durability KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Protective coatings KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469220 AU - Dupuis, T V AU - Kobriger, N P AU - Rexnord Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF ON RECEIVING WATERS. VOLUME IV: PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 127 p. AB - This guidelines manual is intended to provide the highway engineer and/or agency responsible for preparation of environmental assessments with the necessary procedures to evaluate potential impacts from stormwater runoff from operating highways. Included are descriptions of institutional factors such as water uses, standards, and other regulations pertaining to nonpoint source programs; and technical considerations such as effects of highway type and documented or potential impacts (including information from Volumes II and III). Mitigation strategies are also described for those cases where they are required or advisable. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Mitigation KW - Runoff KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451990 AU - Zacks, J L AU - Zacks (James L) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Michigan Department of Transportation TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF SWAREFLEX WILDLIFE WARNING REFLECTORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 53 p. AB - The rise in the number of vehicle-deer accidents has increased the need for an effective means of keeping deer off of roadways when vehicles are present. This project evaluates the effectiveness of Swareflex Warning Reflectors. These red reflectors are claimed to frighten deer from the highway when illuminated by headlights of a passing vehicle. They are effective, the manufacturer argues, because deer are innately afraid of red. The research was conducted in two Phases. In Phase I the spectral sensitivity of the white-tailed deer was evaluated. The purpose was to understand some basic aspects of color vision in the white-tailed deer, since the color of the reflector was argued to be the reason for its effectiveness. Phase I results suggest that the white-tailed deer is relatively more sensitive to light of shorter wavelengths than is the human, but revealed nothing special about their vision which might be the basis for a deterent system. Phase II of the projeect examined the effectiveness of the reflectors in stopping deer from passing through a "barrier" of red Swareflex reflectors. This Phase was designed to determine whether there was any evidence that the white-tailed deer is innately afraid of red, and whether such an innate fear could be used to frighten them from the highways. No evidence was found in this situation for the assumed innate fear of red. The reflector barrier had no observable effect on the behavior of the deer. The results are considered in the light of inconsistent reports from other states on the effectiveness of the Swareflex reflectors. It is argued that, where the accident rates may have decreased, the effects might be due to influence of the reflectors on the behavior of the drivers rather than on the behavior of the deer. KW - Crash rates KW - Deer KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Red KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Warning devices KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468694 AU - Yousef, Y A AU - Wanielista, M P AU - Harper, H H AU - Pearce, D B AU - Tolbert, R D AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: REMOVAL OF HIGHWAY CONTAMINANTS BY ROADSIDE SWALES. FINAL REPORT. PHASE 1 PY - 1985/07 SP - 183 p. AB - A research project to investigate the best management practice for highway runoff is being conducted. One phase of the project is to study the removal of highway contaminants by roadside swales. Their hydraulic efficiencies are based on their ability to infiltrate and percolate stormwater. Field experiments were designed to study pollutant concentrations and mass balances during flow through swales under controlled environments. From the results obtained, it appears that ionic species of metals, nitrogen and phosphorus species may be retained on the swale site by sorption, precipitation, co-precipitation and biological uptake processes. These processes can reduce pollutant concentrations in highway runoff flowing over swales. KW - Biological control KW - Contaminants KW - Drainage KW - Field studies KW - Management KW - Metals KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorus KW - Precipitation KW - Runoff KW - Sorption KW - Swales KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399284 AU - Schmitt, R P AU - Beimborn, E AU - Mulroy, M J AU - University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PRIMER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 61 p. AB - This report documents a study that was performed independently by researchers at the University of Wisconsin's Division of Urban Outreach--Office of Statewide Transportation Programs. The report provides a general definition and broad overview of the "Technology Transfer (T2) Process," from a generalist's point of view. The operative elements which need to be included in a successful a2 process are described. Also, the report includes generic outlines, guidelines and helpful checklists on verbal communication techniques and the preparation of visual aid materials. (Author) KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474947 AU - Ford, M C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A RATIONAL MIX DESIGN METHOD FOR ASPHALT BASES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ARKANSAS ASPHALT MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT ON TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROJECT NO. 66 PY - 1985/07 SP - 134 p. AB - The relationships between asphalt pavement performance parameters and physical characteristics of pavement cores and Marshall laboratory mixtures were investigated. Thirty-six pavement sites from all areas of Arkansas were cored and evaluated. Eight pavement sites had conventional granular bases, 17 sites had asphalt bases and 11 sites had portland cement concrete bases. All of the pavements were high-type asphalt concrete with 12 foot lanes, sealed shoulders and with good drainage. Their ages ranged from 0.5 to 23 years. Pavement field tests include: Dynaflect deflection, rut depth, crack classification, condition rating, and Mays Rideability rating. The cores were measured for layer thickness and sawed into layers. The core layers were tested for: resilient modulus, bulk specific gravity, maximum mixture specific gravity, Marshall stability and flow, asphalt content and aggregate gradation. Laboratory specimens having aggregate characteristics similiar to the pavement cores were molded with an AC-30 asphalt and likewise tested. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt bases KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete bases KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Granular bases KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Riding qualities KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Specific gravity UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2066.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457079 AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PENNSYLVANIA BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 160 p. AB - A Bridge Management Work Group has been organized to develop the concepts and requirements as well as to test and implement a total Bridge Management System (BMS) for Pennsylvania using HPR funding. An EDP contractor will provide development, testing, implementation, and training on the use of BMS software using other sources of funding. The general objective for the BMS is to develop a management tool which will enable a systematic determination of the present and future needs for maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement of bridges in Pennsylvania using various scenarios, along with a prioritization which will provide guidance in the effective use of designated funds. The Work Group has the responsibility for development of a comprehensive system which (1) integrates and utilizes data from the Structure Inventory Records System (SIRS) and other data bases, (2) enhances and expands the SIRS data base, (3) systematically evaluates the deficiencies and associated costs, (4) records maintenance and construction cost history, (5) stores physical attributes of each bridge for the semi-automatic structural analysis to determine load rating, and (6) yields a spectrum of information designed to enable cost-effective management of the bridge system. The complete development of the BMS is scheduled for completion by April 30, 1987. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Forecasting KW - Maintenance KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacement KW - Strategic planning KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453678 AU - Clemena, G G AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY OF BRIDGE DECKS WITH GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR - A MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 58 p. AB - This manual has been prepared to facilitate the use of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in the bridge inspection program of the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. It briefly discusses the basic principle of GPR, and its application in the nondestructive insepction of bridge decks for delaminations in the reinforced concrete. It then provides guides on the survey procedure, the operation of a microwave radar system, and the interpretation and the quantification of radar results. (Author) KW - Bridge decks KW - Delamination KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Microwave radiometry KW - Microwaves KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Radiometry KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Surveying UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36618/86-R3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454375 AU - Christenson, E AU - Covert, S AU - Proctor, D AU - SMITH, R AU - Sigmatek, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATALOG OF FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTER-BASED TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 114 p. AB - The catalog of functions includes a description of a "Basic" computer-based traffic signal system, plus a listing and description of options which can be added. Standardization of the functional requirements of the Basic system, and of the functional requirements for additional features (options), will assist planners and users in the functional design of thheir systems, as well as assist designers in the design of hardware and software components and modules. Standardization of performance functions, as well as compatibility of equipment that implements these functions, is a major consideration. The catalog of functions contains: (1) A description of the Basic system, plus options; (2) Traffic performance, utility considerations, and cost factors associated with each option; (3) A cross-reference between the catalog of functions and the functional specifications. Functional specifications describe what functions are to be performed, parameters to be measured and/or displayed, and inputs and outputs associated with each function. The functional specifications do not define how each function is to be specifically translated into hardware or software elements. KW - Control systems KW - Costs KW - Functions KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Hardware KW - Performance KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signals KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457060 AU - Miller, T AU - Whiting, B AU - Taylor, P AU - Zegeer, C AU - Granville Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENSITIVITY OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION MODELS TO DISCOUNT RATE AND UNREPORTED ACCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 138 p. AB - Resource allocation models aid highway safety planning decisions by prioritizing projects based on their costs and benefits. A sensitivity avalysis was conducted to see how project selection is affected by failure to adjust the accident database for underreporting and, separately, by the choice of discount rate and accident cost methodology used in computing accident costs and the present value of future benefits. The analysis used the INCBEN model developed by the Texas Transportation Institute for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). A discount rate of 4 percent is recommended for projects with lives of 5 years or less. Adding a risk premium because investment funds are tied up for many years, a discount rate of 5 percent is recommended for projects with lives of 6 to 30 years. If one discount rate will be used for all projects, a 5-percent discount rate is recommended. The accident costs recommended are those contained in a 1985 report to FHWA by Miller et al. At a budget of $300,000 to $600,000, the highway safety countermeasures in the optimum solution and a few other countermeasures were overwhelmingly better than other countermeasures. Consequently, even large changes in the discount rate, accident costs, and degree of adjustment for accident underreporting had virtually no effect on what projects were in the optimum solution or on the benefits obtained. At a budget of $1.2 million to $1.5 million, the solution was much less stable; 20 percent to 30 percent of the benefit associated with the last $400,000 worth of countermeasures added, or as much as $900,000 in benefits, could be lost through the wrong choice of discount rate or accident cost methodology or through a failure to adjust reported accident data to incorporate estimated underreporting. The effects were particularly notable when the discount rate fell below 2 percent or rose above 8 percent; when the threshold for accident reporting was reporting only of towaway, injury, and fatal accidents; or when the method for calculating accident costs was changed. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Discount KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Unreported accidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450916 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Walker, H N AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT CONCRETES CONTAINING SLAG ADDED AT THE MIXER PY - 1985/07 SP - 38 p. AB - The study evaluated the effect of ground, granulated, iron blast-furnace slags on the properties of hydraulic cement concretes such as normally used in highway construction. Two cements with different alkali contents and two slags with different activity indices, 100 and 120, were used. Slags were used as replacements for portions of portland cement at 40%, 50%, and 65% by weight. This final report presents data on the properties of the freshly mixed concrete and the test results on time of set, heat of hydration, compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability, resistance to freezing and thawing, length change values, and the results of petrographic examinations including data on air voids, carabonation, and hydration. The test results for the laboratory specimens indicate that mixtures with the slags exhibit delay in set and slower development of compressive strength at early ages than do conventional mixtures, but have equal or better strengths at later ages. The incorporation of slag reduces the permeability of concrete considerably. It is conducted from this study that concretes in which up to 50% by weight of the cement has been replaced with a slag meeting the requirements of ASTM C989 and having a minimum activity index of 100 are satisfactory for use in highway construction. (Author) construction. (Author) KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Alkali KW - Alkalies KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Granulated slag KW - Heat of hydration KW - Hydraulic cement KW - Permeability KW - Petrography KW - Portland cement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36614/86-R1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451764 AU - Halstead, W J AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST FOR EARLY ACCEPTANCE OF CONCRETE PY - 1985/07 SP - 23 p. AB - A literature survey and limited study of laboratory concretes were conducted to evaluate varius methods for predicting concrete strengths at 28 days based on procedures for accelerated strength development or measurement of strength to normally cured specimens at early ages. A review of the literature was also made to assess the usefulness of procedures for the direct determinations of water and cement contents in quality control of hydraulic cement concrete. It is concluded that although general relationships exist as reported in the literature, none of the procedures are sufficiently precise for use in quality control or acceptance testing by the Virginia Department of Highways & Transportation. The amount of calibration testing for projects normally built by the Department would be prohibitive. Any application of reduced pay factors for strength in a statistical specification must be based on tests made at the age designated in thee specification. The literature survey shows that in their present state of development existing procedures foo the direct determination of water and cement in plastic concrete are not sufficiently fast or precise to be useful for quality control of hydraulic cement concrete. It recommended that further evaluation of such procedures by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation be deferred until results of studies now being made for the FHWA are available. The results of 14-day and 28-day tests on the same field concretes reveal that the ratio of strengths at these two ages often varies significantly from the assumed value of 0.85. Thus, it is recommended that the practice of accepting concrete on the basis of 14-day strengths be discontinued unless the value at 14 days is equal to the required value at 28 days. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Age KW - Cement content KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Concrete tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Quality control KW - Reviews KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451626 AU - Brown, S A AU - Sutron Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STREAMBANK STABILIZATION MEASURES FOR HIGHWAY ENGINEERS PY - 1985/07 SP - 131 p. AB - A study of erosion processes in channel bends and methods of controlling channelbank erosion in bends is reported on. FLow and erosion processes in channel bends are categorized and discussed to aid in identifying the erosion mechanisms and processes active at a particular site. Knowledge of the active erosion processes is important to the selection of an appropriate streambank stabilization measure, as well as to considerations in the final design of the structure. Flow control and streambank stabilization structures are also identified and classified. The categories of streambank stabilization structrues reported on include spurs, revetments, retardance structures, longitudinal dikes, andd bulkheads. Numerous individual countermeasure types arre identified within each of these countermeasure groups. The applicability of countermeasure groups, and individual countermeasure types are reviewed in terms of the countermeasures function or purpose, erosion mechanisms countered, river characteristics, geomorphic and other impacts of the erosion control system, vandalism and maintenance considerations, construction related considerations, and costs. This review provides guidelines for the selection of an individual countermeasure types is also included. This report is based on a thorough literature search, extensive review and evaluation of field installations, and numerous personal contacts with design engineers. (Author) KW - Bulkheads KW - Channel stabilization KW - Dikes KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Guidelines KW - Longitudinal KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Revetments KW - Scour KW - Selecting KW - Spur dikes KW - Stream stabilization KW - Streams KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451627 AU - Brown, S A AU - Sutron Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF SPUR-TYPE STREAMBANK STABILIZATION STRUCTURES PY - 1985/07 SP - 106 p. AB - A study of the applicability and design of spur-type flow-control and streambank stabilization structures has been conducted to establish design guidelines and other criteria for the use of spurs. The recommendations and findings are based on a thorough review of pertinent literature, analysis of several hundred field sites, and on a recent laboratory study conducted by the Federal Highway Administration. Recommendations for the general application of spur-type structures are given in relation to function of the spur, the erosion mechanisms thaa are countered by spurs, the environmental conditions best suited for the usse of spurs, and potential negative impacts produced by spurs. An introduction to the most common types of sppurs is given, along with discussions of the factors most important to the design of specific spur types. Design guidelines for establishing spur permeability, the required extent of protection, spur length, spur spacing, spur orientation, sspur height, spur crest profile, and the shape of the spur tip or head are presented. An example outlining recommended procedure for establishing the geometric layout of spurs within a spur scheme is recommended. (Author) recommended. (Author) KW - Channel stabilization KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Guidelines KW - Height KW - Length KW - Permeability KW - Spacing KW - Spur dikes KW - Stream stabilization KW - Streams KW - Structural design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46538/FHWA-RD-84-101.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451625 AU - Briaud, J L AU - Tucker, L AU - Lytton, R L AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF PILES AND PILE GROUPS IN COHESIONLESS SOILS PY - 1985/07 SP - 233 p. AB - In order to gain a better understanding of the behavior of piles in snad, an extensive search of the literature has been performed to collect data on instrumental piles driven in sand and tested under vertical loads. The load transfer characteristics of the piles were then analyzed without considering reisual stresses. Wherever the data allowed it, the load transfer analysis was repeated after considering resiisual driving stresses. The results of this method as well as conventional and new in situ tests methods were then compared to actual load test results. Areas of critical need for further research are pointed out and recommendations are made for their implementation. (Author) (Author) KW - Granular soils KW - Load transfer KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Sand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450591 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Opiela, K S AU - Cynecki, M J AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN SIGNALIZATION ALTERNATIVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 153 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the operational and safety effects of various pedestrian signalization alternatives. An analysis was conducted of pedestrian accidents, traffic and pedestrian volumes, geometrics, and signal data for 1,297 signalized intersections in 15 U.S. cities to determine the safety effects of pedestrian signals and signal timing. The presence of standard-timed pedestrian (WALK/DONT WALK) signals was found to have no significant effect on pedestrian accidents. However, scrable (or exclusive) pedestrian timing was associated with significantly lower pedestrian accidents. Current MUTCD warrants for pedestrian signals were evaluated and Warrant 3 (Minimum Pedestrian Warrant) was foond to be ineffective. An improved warrant was developed and is recommended for adoption. Several new sign and signal alternatives were developed and field tested to indicate the clearance interval and to warn of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. The alternatives recommended for inclusion in the MUTCD at high pedestrian hazard intersections include the WALK WITH CARE signal, a YIELD TO PEDESTRIANS WHEN TURNING regulatory siign, a PEDESTRIANS WATCH FOR TURNING VEHICLES warning sign, and a pedestrian signal explanation sign (word and symbolic). A three-phase pedestrian signal using DONT START to indicate the clearance interval was recommended for additional testing, and little or no benefit was found from the flashing WALK or the steady DONT WALK. Allowing pedestrians to yield to traffic and cross against the pedestrian signal was found to be undersirable based on safety considerations. The Appendixes are available upon request from the Federal Highway Administration. (Author) Highway Administration. (Author) KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic volume KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462284 AU - Higgins, F T AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED HIGHWAY RESTORATION THROUGH MAINTENANCE EFFECTIVENESS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 190 p. AB - This report describes the survey of the daily production and productivity rates of county maintenance crews. The observation of work procedures illustrates the many different methods employed by maintenance crews. These observations point out that there is seldom a single procedure or maintenance operation that is fully applicable to different locations. Limitations related to design and operational characteristics of the highway, types of equipment available and a variety of other local factors influence maintenance procedures. Thus, it is evident that efficient maintenance operations depend to a great degree on management factors, particularly the ability of first and second line supervisors responsible for the planning and application of the proper combination of men, equipment, materials, and procedures for routine tasks and emergency requirements in the maintenance program. It is also apparent that standards based on work studies, directly involving crews or individual workers, give realistic and credible results and are more readily accepted by other employees. By monitoring and comparing productivity of crews in the different counties, it should be possible to identify areas where resources are not being used efficiently. The continued monitoring as well as an additional study of more field inspections of productivity, work efficiency, and maintenance adequacy of county maintenance crews is suggested. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conservation KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Maintenance practices KW - Monitoring KW - Productivity KW - Resource management KW - Supervision KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462250 AU - Temple, W H AU - Cumbaa, S L AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIN BONDED PCC RESURFACING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 63 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construction techniques and performance characteristics of the La. DOTD's first portland cement concrete resurfacing project, which was constructed over a short section of an existing 9-inch doweled concrete pavement with 20-foot joint spacing located on U.S. 61 north of Baton Rouge. The old pavement surface was cleaned with a device which blasted the surface with small steel shot. The resurfacing concrete consisted of a 5.8-bag, air-entrained limestone concrete with a minimum thickness of 3 inches. The average thickness of the overlay was 4 inches due to a change in cross-slope from 1.5 to 2.0 percent. A water cement grout was used as a bonding agent and was sprayed on the old pavement immediately prior to overlay. The new overlay increased the serviceability index of the pavement from 2.3 to 4.0 and increased the skid resistance from 36 to 62. Approximately 16 percent of the exterior slab corners have experienced varying degrees of disbondment, resulting in a minor degree of cracking. Deflection measurements indicate that the overlay has maintained much of its initial gain in structural capacity. Recommendations are made relative to construction of future thin-bonded PCC overlays. KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Bonding KW - Deflection KW - Grout KW - Limestone KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resurfacing KW - Skid resistance KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462432 AU - McKnight, A J AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WRITTEN DRIVER LICENSE EXAMINATIONS IN EVALUATING APPLICANT DRIVING ABILITIES. TASK 2: ARIZONA DRIVER LICENSING FOR THE 90'S PY - 1985/07 SP - 92 p. AB - A driver licensing system for Arizona in the nineties and beyond has been designed through a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art for driver licensing. The prominent features of the designed licensing system are: 1) develop a classified drivers license, 2) provide for provisional licensing, 3) ensure testing for license renewal, 4) improve and expand manuals amd tests consistent with a classified system, 5) provide oral testing using flashcards and audio cassettes where necessary, 6) administer road tests to applicants for truck and bus and tractor-trailer licenses, and 7) maintain the current motorcycle skill testing procedure. KW - Accuracy KW - Bus drivers KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Effectiveness KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Personnel performance KW - Provisional licensing KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462235 AU - Krauthammer, T AU - Rowekamp, Paul A AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation TI - THE EFFECT OF WIND INDUCED VIBRATIONS ON HIGHWAY LIGHTING BULBS PY - 1985/07 SP - 196 p. AB - This study was initiated to investigate the possible causes for excessive lamp failure rates on High Mast illumination towers in the State of Minnesota. This type of highway illumination system consists of high masts on which there are either three or four luminaires. The masts are 120 feet (36.6 meters) high and the luminaires are attached to a ring assembly that can be lowered for lamp replacement. The study consisted of two methods of analysis. The first step was to analyze numerically the complete system by employing a finite element code and to compute the motions of the complete system under typical wind conditions at the site (wind velocities between 5 to 60 mph). The second phase of the study consisted of an experimental effort during which one of the illumination towers was instrumented and motion data were collected for various wind conditions. The final phase of the study included the evaluation of the numerical as well as the experimental data that had been obtained from the preceding steps. This evaluation included the identification of modes of vibration in the frequency domain, filtering of data for assessment of modal effects, and comparisons between experimental and numerical results. The main findings of this study are the following: (1) Peak wind induced accelerations were below 0.2 g and the peak displacements were less than 3 inches. These values suggest that the wind induced motions are not the prime contributor to the lamp failures. (2) No evidence was detected to suggest that the present tower design needs to be changed. (3) At this time it seems that the main source for the lamp failures is related to thermally induced stresses and deformations in the inner tube (filament) of the lamps caused by the high operating temperature of the lamps and the thermal shocks induced during short warm-up and cool-down periods. It is possible that the wind induced vibrations enhance the thermal effects to accelerate the lamp failure. KW - Failure KW - High mast lighting KW - Light bulbs KW - Lighting equipment KW - Luminaires KW - Street lighting KW - Thermal shock KW - Thermal stresses KW - Vibration KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461767 AU - Dupuis, T V AU - Kobriger, N AU - Rexnord AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF ON RECEIVING WATERS. VOLUME IV: PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS PY - 1985/07 SP - 121 p. AB - This volume, the 4th of 5, is a guidelines manual intended to provide the highway engineer and/or agency responsible for preparation of environmental assessments with the necessary procedures to evaluate potential impacts from stormwater runoff from operating highways. Included are descriptions of institutional factors such as water uses, standards, and other regulations pertaining to nonpoint source programs; and technical considerations such as effects of highway type and documented or potential impacts (including information from Vols. II and III). Mitigation strategies are also described for those cases where they are required or advisable. KW - Drainage KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway drainage KW - Runoff KW - Standards KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461869 AU - Matzkanin, G A AU - De Los Santos, A AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-SITU DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE LEVELS IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE BY NMR PY - 1985/07 SP - 51 p. AB - The prototype bridge deck Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Moisture Measurement System was modified to improve its usefulness and field tested in Wichita Falls, Texas, and at the FHWA Turner-Fairbank Research Center in McLean, Virginia. Modifications included addition of an external control unit to provide for selection of desired measurement depths and automatic adjustment of the RF pulses and magnetic field for the selected measurement depth and rebar depth. Field tests were conducted on 8 bridge decks having a variety of overlays in the Wichita Falls area and on 12 concrete test slabs having a variety of rehabilitation systems at the FHWA center. The NMR system performed well under adverse field conditions and the NMR results were generally repeatable down to depths of 2 in (51 mm). At deeper depths, repeatability was sometimes affected by interferences from rebars. The NMR moisture readings generally increased with increasing depth consistent with expectations for thick slabs exposed to surface drying, and the NMR results were unaffected by overlays up to 2 in (51 mm) thick. Good qualitative agreement was obtained between the NMR moisture results and those obtained from dry core samples at selected locations, except that the NMR results tended to be more consistent. For the FHWA test slabs, the NMR moisture values for the concrete were found to increase with increasing water/cement ratio and decrease with increasing concrete density. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Density KW - Depth KW - Measuring instruments KW - Modifications KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear magnetic resonance KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460322 AU - STEWART, C F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STRUCTURE APPROACHES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - n.p. AB - The condition at 820 approaches to highway structures with respect to ride comfort and maintenance performed are compared with the parameters age, fill height, abutment skew, fill settlement period, geographical region and average daily traffic. Differences in performance between seat and diaphragm type abutments, ingress and egress approaches, and truck and other lanes are compared. Information is given on slab lengths vs. the length of needed repairs. An eight year history of edge of pavement elevations and separation between slab and fill is given for sixty experimental slabs. Also the performance of experimental slabs constructed in 1973 with length, thickness and reinforcing steel variables is discussed, along with an update on the performance of experimental slabs constructed in 1957. A new approach slab concept is also introduced. Attempts to determine the frequency of maintenance at approaches for obtaining live cycle costs, were unsuccessful. Consequently, all references in the report to patching and mudjacking refer to an at-least-one time activity. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Highway maintenance KW - Length KW - Level of service KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Riding qualities KW - Slabs KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457915 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERWEIGHT TRUCKS - THE VIOLATION ADJUDICATION PROCESS. UMBRELLA OF COMPLIANCE PY - 1985/07 SP - 53 p. AB - This study analyzes the process of adjudication of truck overweight violations to identify and describe factors which influence its success or failure. "Adjudication" refers to the procedure for determining whether a person violated the law and what penalty should be assessed. The purpose of the study is to develop recommendations which will maximize the effectiveness of the adjudication process as an element of the overall effort to deter overweight trucking operation. The report is based upon a review of relevant literature, analysis of recent case law, examination of the vehicle weight laws, and interviews with personnel who are directly involved with enforcement and adjudication. (Author) KW - Adjudication KW - Compliance KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Violations KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457836 AU - Phipps, A R AU - Almustafa, R A AU - Ralls, M L AU - Poston, R W AU - Breen, J E AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - STRUCTURAL EFFECTS OF TRANSVERSE PRESTRESSING IN BRIDGE DECKS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 246 p. AB - Transverse prestressing is an attractive concept with substantial benefits in both economy and improved durability. This report summarizes a series of interrelated physical tests and computer analyses which were conducted to provide necessary information for development of design criteria for transverse prestressing of bridge decks. It addresses such important design areas as the effective distribution of edge prestressing force across a bridge slab as affected by both diaphragm and girder restraints, realistic friction losses in transverse prestressing systems, and the behavior of transversely prestressed decks under typical wheel loadings. The principal attention is focused on slab and girder bridges, but analytical results are extended to box girder bridges. Experimental verification of the analysis programs allowed substantial parameter studies to be carried out with reasonable confidence. The results of the major experimental and analytical studies are summarized in this report. KW - Bridge decks KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Friction losses KW - Girders KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Prestressing KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis KW - Tensioning KW - Transverse tensioning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454366 AU - Mellott, D B AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF CHEMKRETE MODIFIED ASPHALT PY - 1985/07 SP - 21 p. AB - The purpose of this project is to evaluate the service performance of ID-2 wearing course material ussing CAC (Chemkrete Asphalt Concentrate) modified AC-10 asphalt in comparison to unmodified AC-10 and AC-20 asphalts. The aging properties of the modified and unmodified asphalt binders and asphaltic mixes and their relation to pavement durability will be studied in detail. The use of the Chemkrete asphalt modifier (CAC) did not change the production or placing characteristics significantly. The continued use of the Chemkrete will depend on the long range performance of the Chemkrete modified asphalt. To date, no significant increase in the performance has been noted. The crack surveys would indicate that the CAC modified test sections have developed the most cracks. This would indicate that the CAC modified asphalt is more susceptible to low temperature cracking than either the AC-10 or AC-20 asphalts. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Cracking KW - Durability KW - Field studies KW - Modifiers KW - Pavement performance KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454485 AU - Temple, W H AU - Cumbaa, S L AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIN BONDED PCC RESURFACING - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 63 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construction techniques and performance characteristics of the La. DOTD's first portland cement concrete resurfacing project, which was constructed over a short section of an existing 9-inch doweled concrete pavement with 20-foot joint spacing located on U.S. 61 north of Baton Rouge. The old pavement surface was cleaned with a device which blasted the surface with small steel shot. The resurfacing concrete consisted of a 5.8-bag, air-entrained limestone concrete with a minimum thickness of 3 inches. The average thickness of the overlay was 4 inches due to a change in cross-slope from 1.5 to 2.0 percent. A water cement grout was used as a bonding agent and was sprayed on the old pavement immediately prior to overlay. The new overlay increased the serviceability index of the pavement from 2.3 to 4.0 and increased the skid resistance from 36 to 62. Approximately 16 percent of the exterior slab corners have experienced varying degrees of disbondment, resulting in a minor degree of cracking. Deflection measurements indicate that the overlay has maintained much of its initial gain in structural capacity. Recommendations are made relative to construction of future thin-bonded PCC overlays. (Author) KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Construction management KW - Deflection KW - Grout KW - Limestone KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resurfacing KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Skid resistance KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581127 AU - Nece, Ronald E AU - McCaslin, Michael R AU - Christensen, D R AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ferry Wake Study PY - 1985/06//Final Report SP - 93p AB - Wave heights were measured for three classes of vessels operated by the Washington State Ferries system on Puget Sound, Washington. Variation of wave height with distance from the sailing line was determined for each vessel class over a range of speeds. Instrumentation and testing procedures used are described. Various wave measuring technologies are discussed, and it is concluded that the spar-buoy wave-staffs used were most appropriate for the measurements sought. KW - Ferries KW - Instrumentation KW - Puget Sound KW - Speed KW - Test procedures KW - Vessel operations KW - Washington State Ferries KW - Wave height KW - Wave measurement UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/070.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419416 AU - Gallagher, V P AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Tunnel lighting design procedures PY - 1985/06 IS - FHWA/IP-85-9 SP - 26P KW - Daylight KW - Daylight KW - Glare KW - Glare KW - Luminance KW - Luminance KW - Street lighting KW - Tunnel KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnels KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419278 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Highway Planning TI - Traffic monitoring guide: procedures for the collection and analysis of traffic volume data, vehicle classification data and truck weight data PY - 1985/06 SP - 1 VOLUME (various pagings) KW - Axle load KW - Axle loads KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Traffic count KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic monitoring KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle weighing KW - Weighing devices KW - Weighing equipment KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457059 AU - McFarland, W F AU - Rollins, J B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS TECHNIQUES FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY: RESOURCE ALLOCATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 207 p. AB - This document is the final report on a FHWA project entitled "Testing of Improved Evaluation Techniques Using a Representative Set of Accident Countermeasures." This report describes improved and updated highway accident costs and statistics developed from traffic accident and roadway data from five states (Alabama, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, and Texas), procedures for including other highway user costs in cost-effectiveness evaluations of highway accident countermeasures, and an improved cost-effectiveness methodology for highway safety. Computer programs were developed for three cost-effectiveness procedures--integer programming, dynamic programming, and incremental benefit-cost. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic programming KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Highway user costs KW - Incremental costs KW - Integer programming KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Resource allocation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457058 AU - McFarland, W F AU - Rollins, J B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS TECHNIQUES FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY: RESOURCE ALLOCATION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/06 SP - 15 p. AB - This document is the executive summary for the final report on a FHWA project entitled "Testing of Improved Evaluation Techniques Using a Representative Set of Accident Countermeasures." This report describes improved and updated highway accident costs and statistics developed from traffic accident and roadway data from five states (Alabama, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, and Texas), procedures for including other highway user costs in cost-effectiveness evaluations of highway accident countermeasures, and an improved cost-effectiveness methodology for highway safety. Computer programs were developed for three cost-effectiveness procedures--integer programming, dynamic programming, and incremental benefit-cost. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic programming KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Highway user costs KW - Incremental costs KW - Integer programming KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Resource allocation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451703 AU - Fesenmaier, J AU - Burke, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOME MEASURES OF ACCESSIBILITY OF LARGE TRUCKS TO THE TEXAS HIGHWAY SYSTEM PY - 1985/06 SP - 56 p. AB - The Surface Transportation Assistance Act (STAA) of 1982 established a nationally uniform maximum limit to the length, width, and weight of commercial vehicles. In accordance with the act, a national network of routes that could safely an structurally accommodate the large and heavier vehicles was established. The objective of this study was to develop procedures for identifying truck routes and for determining accessibility to the selected network. This goal was accomplished to two stages. First potential demand for access to the network was identified. Emphasis was placed on counties that have large economic and demographic bases, and on areas that are currently small yet have exhibited recent growth trends. The second stage focused on the network or the spatial structure of routes. A hierarchy of four coverage patterns was evaluated in terms of the amount of demand satisfied by the network. The four networks varied in degree of complexity. KW - Accessibility KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Economic development KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Routes KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451624 AU - Shepard, F D AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BENEFITS AND SAFETY IMPACT ON NIGHT WORK-ZONE ACTIVITIES PY - 1985/06 SP - 164 p. AB - Through a literature review and discussions with highway and transportation officials in several States, information was obtained on questions and concerns relating to the planning, safety, and traffic control aspects of night maintenance and construction activities and their advantages and disadvantages. The information obtained was used to develop general guidelines on when and how maintenance and construction work should be performed at night. The report presents case studies illustrating the activities required in different types of night maintenance and construction activities. Although there are many potential disadvantages of working at night, it is believed that through the experience that has been gained and proper planning and special concern for workmen and motorist safety, the night alternative is feasible for selected work. (Author) selected work. (Author) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Contact area KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway maintenance KW - Night KW - Road construction UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36613/85-R10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451623 AU - Collins, C F AU - McCullagh, F R AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AUTOMATED COORDINATOGRAPH AND ATTENDANT PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROCEDURES FOR HIGHWAY DESIGN MAPPING PY - 1985/06 SP - 14 p. AB - Several large scale mapping projects are used to test the accuracy and efficiency of an automated coordinatograph (automatic plotting table) interfaced to a precision stereoplotter. Test results for evaluating the accuracy capability of the interfaced coordinatograph are established using aerial photography flown at flight altitudes that required phot scale to final map scale enlargement factors of 8.33X andd 10X. Withheld horizontal and vertical analytical aerotriangulation test point results are tabulated and used in evaluation of the equipment under study. Test results are compared to large scale mapping acuracies required for compliance with national map standards for highway mapping. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Aerial photography KW - Automation KW - Coordinatographs KW - Highway design KW - Mapping KW - Photogrammetry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450111 AU - Ruthowski, T S AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDUCTION OF REFLECTIVE CRACKING IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAYS OF RIGID PAVEMENT-FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 74 p. AB - This report evaluates the use of construction fabrics by the State of Wisconsin to reduce or prevent reflective cracking of asphaltic concrete overlays over existing jointed Portland cement concrete pavement. The test area consisted of eleven sections. Four of these sections were designated to receive the fabrics logitudinally in a full width format. Three sections were to have the fabrics applied as strips over the joints. The remaining four sections were designated as Control Sections for comparison with the fabric bearing sections. Hairline reflective cracks appeared within two months of construction, with all sections experiencing cracks of varying width and length one year after construction and extensive cracking of all sections within two years. Transverse joints reflected through in all sections with no product showing significantly better performance than commparable Control Sections. After six years of observation, it is concluded that none of the six fabrics used has the ability to significantly reduce reflective cracking in an asphaltic concrete overlay over an existing PCC slab pavement. Laboratory testing of field cores established a probability of waterproofing capability imparted to the overlay structure by the asphalt impregnated fabrics. It is recommended that the use of construction fabrics not be considered for use with asphaltic concrete overlays placed over existing PCC slab pavements, as a means of reducing reflective cracking. (Author) (Author) KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reflection cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399504 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FEASIBILITY OF A NATIONWIDE NETWORK FOR LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLES PY - 1985/06 SP - v.p. AB - This is the final report of a study, mandated by Section 138 and 415 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act (STAA) of 1982, on the potential benefits and costs that could be anticipated from the establishment of a nationwide network for longer combination vehicles (LCVs). Impacts on shippers, rail and truck carriers by LCVs, the fuel savings, transportation cost savings and productivity, safety, pavement and bridge impacts, needed highway geometry improvments, and rail freight diversion are evaluated in the determination of network feasiblity. Vehicles considered in the study are Turnpike Doubles (a tractor-semitrailer-trailer coombinatin vehicle with 40- to 48-foot trailers), Rocky Mountain Doubles (a vehicle with one 40- to 48-foot and one 26- to 28-foot trailers), and Triples (a vehicle with three 26- to 28-foot trailers). Vehicle weights are not limited to 80,000 pounds, but range up to the maximum for each configuration based on bridge overstress criteria roughly equivalent to the current statutory "Bridge Formula B" for lighter vehicles. Highways considered for inclusion in the study network include the Interstate System and a few other highways that are similar design as well as significant length. Several approaches to local access have been considered, including establishing staging areas, using access zones, or limiting off-network travel to selected roads that can safely accomodate LCVs. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axle loads KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economic benefits KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396669 AU - Perfater, M A AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF TELECONFERENCING WITHIN THE VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS & TRANSPORTATION PY - 1985/06 SP - 39 p. AB - The report presents the findings of a study of the feasibility of audio teleconferencing in administrative and technical functions of the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. The study was, for the most part, an evaluation of 26 audio teleconferences conducted over a one-year period. These teleconferences employed newly purchased teleconferencing equipment located in 11 Department offices throughout the state and involved 329 people. The largest teleconference had 55 participants and the smallest had 3. The most common uses of the teleconferences were for meetings between district and resident engineers and for the dissemination of information to the district offices. The gross cost savings in travel and nonproductive salary realized from the 26 teleconferences for meetings was estimated using a computer program and found to be $18,000. Futher, it was estimated that if more of the numerous meetings between field and Central Office personnel were held by teleconference, savings in excess of $100,000 per year from the reduction in travel would not be uncommon. Department staff overwhelmingly accepted teleconferencing as a communications tool. A questionnaire sent to the teleconference participants revealed that two-thirds of them believed their teleconferences had been as successful as face-to-face meetings, and 90% said teleconferencing would enhance communication within the Department, especially that between the Central Office and the field. It appears that meetings involving information exchange, policy formation, announcements, and statewide and districtwide briefings can and should be conducted by teleconference. Meetings at which considerable debate or argumentation is likely to take place are probably best held face to face. Finally, it was concluded thaa teleconferences are generally significantly shorter than face-to-face meetings, result in participation from persons who might not normally attend due to travel and time constraints, and facilitate quick decision making since the needed information exchange is immediate. On the negative side, open discussion and brainstorming are sometimes suppressed due to lack of visual contact, and deliberations tend to be more formal and less personal. Also, since some people may view travel as a fringe benefit, they may view a reduction in travel opportunities to be a disadvantage. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Savings KW - State highway departments KW - Telecommunications KW - Teleconferencing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36599/85-R36.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36669/86-R35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481030 AU - Turner, D S AU - Keating, J L AU - Mansfield, E R AU - University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING FRICTION NUMBERS ON BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS IN ALABAMA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 64 p. AB - The Alabama Highway Department makes pavement friction measurements on all roads in the state approximately every two years. These measurements are an indication of the ability of the pavement to resist skidding. More than 10,000 miles of asphalt pavement are tested during each cycle. The friction results vary considerably. It is obvious that some pavements maintain high resistance over a period of many years, while friction diminishes rapidly on others. A research project was needed to help determine why friction varied from location to location. In particular, the roles of key variables (aggregate size, type, and mix; traffic volume; age; etc.) were not well defined. The abundance of friction data provided a good tool with which to assess the contributions of these variables. If the specific effects of each variable could be defined through research, the Alabama Highway Department could design long lasting pavement for all locations and situations. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Friction KW - Friction index KW - Pavement design KW - Skid resistance KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481029 AU - Turner, D S AU - Keating, J L AU - Mansfield, E R AU - University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGGREGATE CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING FRICTION NUMBERS ON BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS IN ALABAMA. SUMMARY PY - 1985/06 SP - 12 p. AB - The Alabama Highway Department makes pavement friction measurements on all roads in the state approximately every two years. These measurements are an indication of the ability of the pavement to resist skidding. More than 10,000 miles of asphalt pavement are tested during each cycle. The friction results vary considerably. It is obvious that some pavements maintain high resistance over a period of many years, while friction diminishes rapidly on others. A research project was needed to help determine why friction varied from location to location. In particular, the roles of key variables (aggregate size, type, and mix; traffic volume; age; etc.) were not well defined. The abundance of friction data provided a good tool with which to assess the contributions of these variables. If the specific effects of each variable could be defined through research, the Alabama Highway Department could design long lasting pavement for all locations and situations. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Friction KW - Friction index KW - Pavement design KW - Skid resistance KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479404 AU - Griffith, D G AU - Segal, D J AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF STATE CURB DESIGNS. TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 37 p. AB - MGA Research Corporation has conducted a limited study on three curb types that have been designed by the State Highway Departments of the States of Arizona and New Hampshire using the Highway-Vehicle-Object-Simulation Model (HVOSM). The purpose of this study was to evaluate what effect these curb designs would have on the guidelines governing the placement of longitudinal barriers. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Curbs KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Location KW - Placement KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476084 AU - O'Brien, J S AU - Burns, N H AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERY EARLY POST-TENSIONING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 175 p. AB - Temperature and shrinkage cracks occur in long prestressed concrete pavements during the first night after casting, before the post-tensioning schedules. Current design criteria by ACI, PTI, and AASHTO do not guarantee that compression can be introduced before the cracks form. The report (1) presents a more detailed discussion of the problem of temperature and shrinkage cracking, (2) reviews some of the literature on early concrete strength and anchorage zone stresses, (3) describes tests on the capacity of anchorage zone for very early post-tensioning, and (4) recommends a post-tensioning schedule accompanied by design aids. Experimental test variables included slab thickness, strand spacing, anchor size, and time from casting. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete strength KW - Cracking KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453747 AU - Melancon, J L AU - Pittman, A E AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF FLY ASH IN AGGREGATE SHOULDER MATERIALS - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 58 p. AB - This study consisted of an evaluation of self-hardening fly ash (Class C) used as an additive in the treatment of shoulders surfaced with sand clay gravel and/or shell (oyster). This was accomplished through construction of fly ash treated aggregate should test sections at four sites in two phases. In the first phase test sections were constructed with fly ash from two sources. In the second phase fly ash from two new sources, as well as portland cement, was used to treat existing shoulders. Periodic visual condition surveys were conducted over a four-year period for test sections constructed in the first phase and over two years for those constructed in the second phase. Deflection measurements were also taken at selected time intervals. Based on visual condition surveys, the physical condition and performance of the sand clay gravel treated test sections were equally good for all levels and types of additives, as well as sources of fly ash. Defelction measurements indicated approximately the same level of stiffness in the fly ash treated sections as was measured in the 6 percent portland cement treated sections at one year, with the latter measurements experiencing no additional increase after one year. The deflection measurements of fly ash sections at site 3 did not indicate any appreciable increase in stiffness level after one year. The physical condition of all shoulder sections containing shell stabilized fly ash or portland cement was judged only fair after two years. The deflection measurement for these sections indicated a decrease in SNs from that of preconstruction. The cause for poor results in all test sections at site 4 was not determined. KW - Condition surveys KW - Deflection KW - Fly ash KW - Performance KW - Road shoulders KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468695 AU - HO, RKH AU - Zimpfer, W H AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMENTS ON THE INVESTIGATION OF PHOSPHOGYPSUM FOR EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 38 p. AB - The report deals with the laboratory study and evaluation of seven phosphogypsum sources. Phosphogypsum is the predominant waste product derived from phosphoric acid production. Mountains of this waste product are taking up valuable land in Florida and the Phosphate Industry is anxious to find ways to dispose of this waste product. Engineering properties of the various phosphogypsum sources were determined from standard soil laboratory tests. In addition, resilient modulus and permanent deformation characteristics were obtained using repetitive rigid 12-inch plate tests in a test pit under different moisture conditions. The sources were then ranked with the material having the highest modulus value and the lowest permanent deformation as having the greatest potential for use in highway embankment construction. KW - Building materials KW - Deformation KW - Embankments KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Phosphogypsum KW - Properties of materials KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450586 AU - Gunaratne, M AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - CHAMEAU, J L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF FUZZY SETS MATHEMATICS IN PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 313 p. AB - A methodology has been created for ranking pavement sections according to maintenance urgency using fuzzy sets mathematics to account for human and system uncertainty in the pavement management system. Fuzzy sets are used to represent the subjectivity in pavement serviceability ratings and distress surveys, and the variability in Roadmeter, Skid-tester and Dynaflect readings. Techniques are presented for correlation of fuzzy numbers to create the Pavement Serviceability Index. Initial grouping of pavement sections compares the PSI with an Acceptable Serviceability Level and an Unacceptable Serviceability Level, both of which are subjective opinions obtained from experts. The final ranking is formulated using fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making concepts using an expert knowledge base. This information is obtained from decision makers for known attribute value combinations using suitable questionnaires. The result is a unique ranking of pavement sections according to maintenance urgency. (Author) pavement sections according to maintenance urgency. (Author) KW - Decision making KW - Dynaflect KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Human factors KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Road meters KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Subjective KW - Uncertainty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450585 AU - Gunaratne, M AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - CHAMEAU, J L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF FUZZY SETS MATHEMATICS IN PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/06 SP - 18 p. AB - A methodology has been created for ranking pavement sections according to maintenance urgency using fuzzy sets mathematics to account for human and system uncertainty in the pavement management system. Fuzzy sets are used to represent the subjectivity in pavement serviceability ratings and distress surveys, and the variability in Roadmeter, Skid-tester and Dynaflect readings. Techniques are presented for correlation of fuzzy numbers to create the Pavement Serviceability Index. Initial grouping of pavement sections compares the PSI with an Acceptable Serviceability Level and an Unacceptable Serviceability Level, both of which are subjective opinions obtained from experts. The final ranking is formulated using fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making concepts using an expert knowledge base. This information is obtained from decision makers for known attribute value combinations using suitable questionnaires. The result is a unique ranking of pavement sections according to maintenance urgency. (Author) pavement sections according to maintenance urgency. (Author) KW - Decision making KW - Dynaflect KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Human factors KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Road meters KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Subjective KW - Uncertainty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457923 AU - Chatto, D R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATE ALTERNATIVES FOR SOLVENT-BORNE TRAFFIC PAINT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - v.p. AB - This report is a continuation of Interim Report FHWA/CA/TL-83-03 and describes work done to put water-borne traffic paint on an operational basis. Laboratory work and field trials on durable high solids traffic coatings are described including polyester, polyester-epoxy, final evaluations of epoxy coatings, epoxy, alkyd and hydrocarbon thermoplastics, low-temperature thermoplastic, inlaid thermoplastic and lead-free traffic paints. Also included are specifications and test methods that have been developed for thermoplastic and water-borne traffic paints. KW - Alkyd resins KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Field tests KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Lead free KW - Polyester resins KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Waterborne coatings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472678 AU - Cheng, T T AU - Johnston, D W AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCIDENCE ASSESSMENT OF TRANSVERSE CRACKING IN CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS: CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 232 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of transverse cracking in concrete bridge decks and to investigate for possible relationships between the observed cracking and the construction and material aspects of the bridge superstructure. A total of 72 recently constructed bridges in the piedmont region of North Carolina were surveyed to determine the extent of transverse cracking. The sample included steel and prestressed concrete girder bridges with approximately equal numbers being of simple or continuous span. The analysis undertaken examines the observed cracking per linear foot of bridge deck in relation to: construction events, construction procedures, environmental conditions, and concrete mix parameters. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete KW - Construction management KW - Environmental impacts KW - Girder bridges KW - Metal bridges KW - Mix design KW - Steel bridges KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472679 AU - Perfetti, G R AU - Johnston, D W AU - Bingham, W L AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCIDENCE ASSESSMENT OF TRANSVERSE CRACKING IN CONCRETE BRIDG DECKS: STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 201 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of transverse cracking in concrete bridge decks and to investigate for possible relationships between the observed cracking and the structural aspects of the bridge superstructure. A total of 72 recently constructed bridges in the piedmont region of North Carolina were surveyed to determine the extent of transverse cracking. The sample included steel and prestressed concrete girder bridges with approximately equal numbers being of simple or continuous support. The analysis undertaken attempts to relate the observed cracking per linear foot of bridge deck to: (a) the superstructure type, (b) the deck casting sequence employed at the time of construction, and (c) the vibration characteristics of the superstructure. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete KW - Construction management KW - Environmental impacts KW - Girder bridges KW - Metal bridges KW - Mix design KW - Steel bridges KW - Transverse cracking KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453746 AU - Knight, N AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF FOAMED ASPHALT BINDER IN AN AGGREGATE BITUMINOUS BASE COURSE - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 36 p. AB - The objective of this project is to evaluate the performance of a foamed asphalt binder, AC-10, in an aggregate bituminous base course. Aggregate bituminous base courses in Pennsylvania are either cold mixed using emulsified asphalts or hot mixed bituminous concrete. The mix used on this project was made by foaming an AC-10 asphalt cement with a blend of crusher run aggregate and screenings. This process uses less energy by using an asphalt cement aggregate that requires less processing and no heating and drying of the aggregate before mixing. A series of tests was conducted in an attempt to determine test conditions and values for foamed mixes. Six-inches of foamed aggregate bituminous base course was placed in two lifts at a rate of 1800 tons/day. A final two-inches of Penna. ID-3 hot mixed bituminous concrete was placed as a wearing course. Recommendations were made to place additional test sites to determine optimum pavement design characteristics. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Binders KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Field performance KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457033 AU - Benson, P AU - Nokes, W AU - Cramer, R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE MAMMOTH LAKE ROUTE 203 TRANSPORTATION PROJECT: A CASE STUDY IN AIR QUALITY MODELING AND MITIGATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - v.p. AB - An evaluation is made of the effects on carbon monoxide concentrations of transportation improvements incorporated in the Route 203 highway project. This includes a comparison of preconstruction and postconstruction field sampling studies. The performance of the CALINE4 air quality model is evaluated for use in complex terrain. The report describes the problems encountered in applying the model to mountainous locations, the tracer release study used for assessing model performance, and the model verification analysis. KW - Accuracy KW - Air pollution KW - Before and after studies KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Case studies KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454805 AU - Hilton, M H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF CLOSE-RANGE TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY TO BRIDGE STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 40 p. AB - A field applicatoion of close-range terrestrial photogrammetry to the measurement of small orrder of magnitude structural displacements and differences in elevation was conducted. A Jena UMK 10/1318 camera was used to take the photographs used in the evaluations. Measurements of the deflections of steel girders on several bridges suggest that accuracies on the order of 1/8-in can be achieved with normal care using the UMK 10/1318 camera. In addition, close-range terrestrial photogrammetry can be used for other bridge applications such as for deck condition surveys. By using this technique for condition surveys, the need for taking hand measurements and preparing sketches in the field is eliminated. The photographs provide a permanent record which can be used as a reference to evaluate potential changes in the condition of the deck or to gage structural movements. Where permanent records of bridge evaluations are desirable, the use of close-range photogrammetry should be considered. The UMK 10/1318 camera produced satisfactory results during the study and has been purchased by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation for close-range terrestrial applications. It is recommended that highway and bridge engineers be made aware of the capabilities of close-range photogrammetry. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Condition surveys KW - Deflection KW - Girders KW - Maintenance KW - Measurement KW - Photogrammetry UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36650/85-R40.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463366 AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF COLORADO ACCESS CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1985/06 SP - v.p. AB - A project is reported which studied the cost-effectiveness of controlling access on existing highways to maintain a higher level of service and maximize the highway's flow, capacity, and safety. The report compares the effectiveness of maintaining the "near new" design of the arterial highways by limiting direct access, to the traditional alternatives of widening and building new arterials. The report describes in detail the project area, the plan development, and the final design and construction. The techniques and results of an evaluation of the access control demonstration are also discussed. The evaluation included both the transportation operations and public response to the project. The report also outlines the evolution and current status of access law in Colorado. Appendices provide further information on Colorado's Highway Access Law, and the State Highway Access Code. References are also included. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451660 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEL. SPECIAL PRDUCT EVALUATION LIST PY - 1985/06 AB - This document is a listing of special products which have been evaluated in some manner by State highway or transportation departments. It is intended only to provide interest governmental employees with a guide as to who has made test on these products. The listing contains about 6,500 evaluations contributed by 35 States and the FHWA. (Author) KW - Evaluation KW - Performance tests KW - Products KW - State departments of transportation KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462243 AU - Tidd, W AU - Woodman, R AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM SCALE AND TYPE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR USE IN DELINEATION OF VERY SMALL DRAINAGE AREAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 25 p. AB - This report addresses the evaluation of different scales and types of aerial photography to determine the optimum size imagery for identifying very small objects and drainage areas by remote sensing techniques. Two test sites, in Bangor and Farmingdale, were investigated by two interpreters using 100, 200 and 500-scale black and white photos. Color infrared photos were available for only the Farmingdale site. Comparisons of identification and delineation indicated that 100 and 200-scale black and white coverages obtained with minimum shadows are the best media for completing drainage studies of the very small watersheds associated with catch basins. Color photos were extremely helpful, but cannot be used for direct delineation. KW - Aerial photography KW - Catch basins KW - Color photography KW - Drainage basins KW - Imagery KW - Infrared photography KW - Optimization KW - Size KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462265 AU - Bush, R J AU - Maryland State Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATEWIDE PEDESTRIAN STUDY. PHASE 2 REPORT: EVALUATION OF THIRTY-ONE (31) HIGH PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT LOCATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 287 p. AB - This report presents the detailed evaluation of thirty-one (31) highway and street sections identified by a statewide survey as experiencing a high incidence of pedestrian accidents. These sections represent the most critical sections of roadways in the State (excluding Baltimore City) in regard to total pedestrian accidents based on a three-year period, 1974-1976. By the use of multiyear accident data listings, concentrated clusters of pedestrian accidents were identified. Traffic studies conducted at these locations found a number of highway characteristics and pedestrian behavior patterns that are contributing factors to the pedestrian accidents. Also, a number of highway deficiencies that could adversely impact pedestrian safety were identified. These deficiencies included wide roadways, poor sight distances, poor street lighting, and poorly marked crosswalks. From the data collected, it was found that there were many similarities at all or many of the study sections. All of the study sections involved commercial areas in close proximity to residential areas. All the sections are located along high volume highways or streets. Certain types of business that tend to pedestrian traffic, e.g., bars, liquor stores, convenience stores, and fast food restaurants are prevalent along these sections and can have a critical impact on pedestrian safety. All the sections contained a high percentage of "jaywalking" and general disregard of the traffic control devices by the pedestrians. Vehicle speed reduction and signing aimed at both drivers and pedestrians could be the most effective approach in reducing the number and severity of the accidents at many of the sections. Engineering improvements such as sidewalks, pedestrian islands, street lighting, and marked crosswalks will provide a safer walking environment for the pedestrians, but their effectiveness in reducing accidents is questionable unless there are changes in the pedestrians' crossing attitudes. KW - Attitudes KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crosswalks KW - High risk locations KW - Jaywalking KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Sight distance KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462283 AU - Rutkowski, T S AU - Wisconsin Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDUCTION OF REFLECTIVE CRACKING IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAYS OF RIGID PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 74 p. AB - This report evaluates the use of construction fabrics by the State of Wisconsin to reduce or prevent reflective cracking of asphaltic concrete overlays over existing jointed Portland cement concrete pavement. The test area consisted of eleven sections. Four of these sections were designated to receive the fabrics longitudinally in a full width format. Three sections were to have the fabrics applied as strips over the joints. The remaining four sections were designated as control sections for comparison with the fabric bearing sections. Hairline reflective cracks appeared within two months of construction, with all sections experiencing cracks of varying width and length one year after construction and extensive cracking of all sections within two years. Transverse joints reflected through in all sections with no product showing significantly better performance than comparable control sections. After six years of observation, it is concluded that none of the six fabrics used has the ability to significantly reduce reflective cracking in an asphaltic concrete overlay over an existing PCC slab pavement. Laboratory testing of field cores established a probability of waterproofing capability imparted to the overlay structure by the asphalt impregnated fabrics. It is recommended that the use of construction fabrics not be considered for use with asphaltic concrete overlays placed over existing PCC slab pavements, as a means of reducing reflective cracking. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Fabrics KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rigid pavements KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462254 AU - Vadas, R L AU - Garwood, P E AU - Healy, D J AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF A ARTIFICIALLY CREATED SALT MARSH AT HARRINGTON. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 150 p. AB - In 1975, an experimental salt marsh (ESM) was created as part of a bridge construction project at Harrington, Maine. This project was unique because of the high latitude (47 deg N) and the use of non-colonizer species from the upper marsh for transplants. The ESM was equivalent in area to the marsh destroyed by construction and consisted of 4 subsections (deposit, plug, sod and pond). A number of ecological measurements were used to assess the development of the ESM. Initially, the ESM developed slowly with large barren areas. Many of the plugs were damaged or removed by ice. The sod area recovered quickly and after the first year was as productive as the control areas. Four species, Puccinellia, Salicornia, Scipus, and Spartina alterniflora, colonized the ESM and thus showed good potential for use in salt marsh creation. Growth and development was consistently best on elevated, dry areas and poorest in continually wet depressions (pannes). Thus, downward variations from grade should not be allowed. Several important conclusions arise from this study. First, high marsh species can be successfully transplanted as a deep carpet of sod. Second, for rapid revegetation, the ecology and life pattern of the species proposed for transplantation must be compatible with the ecological maturity of the created marsh. Third, revegetation and stabilization of bare ground can only be attained rapidly by using seeds or plugs of colonizing species. KW - Construction sites KW - Ecology KW - Highway bridges KW - Landscape design KW - Marshes KW - Replacing KW - Soil stabilization KW - Transplanting KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461795 AU - Lock, J R AU - Ivey, D L AU - JONES, A S AU - Barnes, K E AU - Pendleton, O J AU - Chira-Chavala, T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT CONDITION MEASUREMENT FOR SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS. VOLUME I. DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 200 p. AB - Research efforts are described which allowed the development of three levels of procedures to accurately assess and document safety related pavement conditions at high hazard locations and to demonstrate the use of these procedures along with the accuracy of data collected. These procedures are applicable for use on short segments of highways. Level 3 procedures were developed to enhance the reporting of a typical police accident report. Level 2 procedures are recommended for use to document an accident scene by professional accident investigators. Level 1 procedures can be used by highway department personnel or investigators to completely document a particular highway location. Options have been developed for use of these so they are responsive to particular site characteristics and to the intended use of the data. This volume contains background information, the experimental design, analysis of the survey data, recommended data collection procedures and forms, and conclusions. KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - High risk locations KW - Methodology KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Police KW - Site investigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461784 AU - Burch, C W AU - Johnson, F AU - Maestri, B AU - Versar Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MITIGATION OF HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF POLLUTION. VOLUME II: LITERATURE REVIEW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 193 p. AB - The research identifies practical, effective, and implementable mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate the impacts from highway stormwater runoff. This volume, the 2nd of 4, presents the results of the review of published and unpublished literature, and interviews with state highway agencies, as the state-of-the-art for highway stormwater pollution control. Management practices were evaluated as to their pollutant removal effectiveness, design, physical characteristics, environmental considerations, cost, and overall applicability to highway runoff pollution control. KW - Costs KW - Drainage KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway drainage KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pollutants KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Removal KW - Runoff KW - State of the art studies KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461786 AU - Burch, C W AU - Johnson, F AU - Maestri, B AU - Versar Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MITIGATION OF HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF POLLUTION. VOLUME IV: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 10 p. AB - The research identifies practical, effective, and implementable mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate the impacts from highway stormwater runoff. This volume, the 4th of 4, summarizes the purpose and objectives of the research and presents an overview of the results. KW - Drainage KW - Highway drainage KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461785 AU - Burch, C W AU - Johnson, F AU - Maestri, B AU - Dawson, B L AU - Versar Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR MITIGATION OF HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF POLLUTION. VOLUME III: RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 103 p. AB - The research identifies practical, effective, and implementable mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate the impacts from highway stormwater runoff. This volume, the 3rd of 4, documents the approach used to implement this research program. The project approach was divided into four steps: data collection, identification of Best Management Practices (BMPs), identification of BMPs applicable to highways, and development of design/implementation guidelines. A complete bibliography of all identified references and trip reports describing interviews with state highway agency personnel are provided. KW - Bibliographies KW - Drainage KW - Guidelines KW - Highway drainage KW - Implementation KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Runoff KW - State of the art studies KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461867 AU - Noel, J S AU - JAMES, R W AU - Furr, H L AU - Bonilla, F E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE FORMULA DEVELOPMENT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/06 SP - 16 p. AB - The objective of this research was to review the existing bridge formula to find if modifications could be suggested to make it more rational. The intent was to more fully utilize the capacity of existing bridges without significantly shortening the service life of any. A formula, independent of the number of included axles, was developed to accomplish the objective. As with the current formula, it is applicable both to the overall wheelbase and to all included subgroups of axles. The maximum weights for single and tandem axles were assumed to be unchanged. If enforced, the proposed formula assures that HS20 bridges will not be loaded to more than than 1.30 times the design stress. The formula reduced the maximum height allowed on four or more closely spaced axles. However, for most practical lengths the formula is less restrictive than the current law. A brief study of the influence the proposed formula would have on pavement fatigue was accomplished. For most practical heavy vehicles, the formula would result in a greater number of equivalent axle loads per vehicle. One equivalent axle load causes the same pavement fatigue damage as a single 18,000 lb (80.06 kN) axle. The number of equivalent axle loads is commonly used as a measure of the fatigue damage a heavy vehicle imposes on the pavement. A detailed study of the effect the adoption of the proposed bridge formula would have on pavements is recommended. Such a study should consider costs, benefits, and potential formula modification. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Change KW - Design load KW - Design standards KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461947 AU - Datta, T K AU - Tsuchiyama, K H AU - Opiela, K S AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVE INVENTORY PROCEDURES FOR HIGHWAY DATA: USERS MANUAL PY - 1985/06 SP - 73 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a users' manual to aid in the selection of cost-effective inventory procedures for highway data. The experiences of highway agencies and other users were analyzed to determine advantages and disadvantages of alternative inventory procedures. A cost analysis was performed for these procedures under various roadway, population density, and other system characteristics conditions. The Users' Manual also contains a discussion of various assumptions made in the cost analysis. A procedure for selecting the most cost-effective inventory method was developed. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Databases KW - Highways KW - Inventory KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Research KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462130 AU - Hathaway, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAM FOR LOCAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES. AN EVALUATION REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 85 p. AB - This is the report of an evaluatory study of the effectiveness of the Technology Transfer Centers program. The study included the first nine Centers established in Universities as well as the Center administered by the New Mexico State Department. The study attempted the following: (1) gauge the effectiveness of the Centers in delivering training and technical information to rural local agencies, and (2) provide a basis for future direction of the program. It was found that the Technology Transfer Program was highly effective, particualrly in providing training to local agencies, and that the program should be extended to other states. KW - Effectiveness KW - Information dissemination KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural areas KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technology transfer KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461769 AU - Winters, G R AU - Gidley, J AU - Hunt, H AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF CALCIUM-MAGNESIUM ACETATE (CMA). FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - n.p. AB - This report presents the results of a literature survey and a limited laboratory study on the environmental impacts of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA). Laboratory tests were performed on fish, zooplankton, phytoplankton, common roadside plants and soils. No information was found on surface water quality, groundwater quality, or air quality. CMA is less toxic than NaCl to rainbow trout, fathead minnows, and most plant species tested. CMA is not toxic enough to prevent it from being used as a deicer. Carefully controlled field studies should be performed to determine how CMA impacts natural systems. KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fishes KW - Plants KW - Toxicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461796 AU - Lock, J R AU - JONES, A S AU - Barnes, K E AU - Ivey, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT CONDITION MEASUREMENT FOR SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS. VOLUME II. CODING FORMS, MANUALS, AND FIELD STUDIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 245 p. AB - Research efforts are described which allowed the development of three levels of procedures to accurately assess and document safety related pavement conditions at high hazard locations and to demonstrate the use of these procedures along with the accuracy of data collected. These procedures are applicable for use on short segments of highways. Level 3 procedures were developed to enhance the reporting of a typical police accident report. Level 2 procedures are recommended for use to document an accident scene by professional accident investigators. Level 1 procedures can be used by highway department personnel or investigators to completely document a particular highway location. Options have been developed for use of these so they are responsive to particular site characteristics and to the intended use of the data. This volume contains data collection forms, coding manuals, and field guides for three levels of pavement condition data collection. KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - High risk locations KW - Methodology KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Police KW - Site investigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461868 AU - Noel, J S AU - JAMES, R W AU - Furr, H L AU - Bonilla, F E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE FORMULA DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 114 p. AB - The objective of this research was to review the existing bridge formula to find if modifications could be suggested to make it more rational. The intent was to more fully utilize the capacity of existing bridges without significantly shortening the service life of any. A formula, independent of the number of included axles, was developed to accomplish the objective. As with the current formula, it is applicable both to the overall wheelbase and to all included subgroups of axles. The maximum weights for single and tandem axles were assumed to be unchanged. If enforced, the proposed formula assures that HS20 bridges will not be loaded to more than than 1.30 times the design stress. The formula reduced the maximum height allowed on four or more closely spaced axles. However, for most practical lengths the formula is less restrictive than the current law. A brief study of the influence the proposed formula would have on pavement fatigue was accomplished. For most practical heavy vehicles, the formula would result in a greater number of equivalent axle loads per vehicle. One equivalent axle load causes the same pavement fatigue damage as a single 18,000 lb (80.06 kN) axle. The number of equivalent axle loads is commonly used as a measure of the fatigue damage a heavy vehicle imposes on the pavement. A detailed study of the effect the adoption of the proposed bridge formula would have on pavements is recommended. Such a study should consider costs, benefits, and potential formula modification. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Change KW - Design load KW - Design standards KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461764 AU - Dupuis, T V AU - Bertram, P AU - Meyer, J AU - SMITH, M AU - Kobriger, N AU - Kaster, J AU - Rexnord AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF ON RECEIVING WATERS. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/06 SP - 28 p. AB - This volume, the 1st of 5, summarizes the research undertaken to determine the effects of highway stormwater runoff on receiving waters. Included in this effort were one-year field studies at three sites and preparation of three user oriented manuals: (1) a guidelines manual for conducting field studies of receiving water effects, (2) a procedural manual for use in writing NEPA documents, and (3) a resource document which summarizes all existing information on receiving water effects. KW - Drainage KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway drainage KW - Monitoring KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273717 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00457973 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ealy, C D AU - Dimillio, Albert F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG TERM MONITORING OF PILE FOUNDATIONS PY - 1985/06 VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-29 AB - It is important that data be obtained on the long term behavior of piles and pile groups, especially for piles subjected to downdrag loads or other unusual loading conditions. Knowledge of inservice behavior also may lead to substantial savings on projects with similar soil and site conditions. This article presents the results of load tests and a long term monitoring program on a bridge along the Natchez Trace Parkway and the Douge Creek Bridge in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Also presented are preliminary results from the West Seattle Bridge to obtain information on the short and long term load settlement and load transfer behavior of inservice piles. KW - Downwash KW - Load settlement KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Monitoring KW - Pile behavior KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Settlement (Structures) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/271973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457720 AU - O'Brien, J S AU - Burns, N H AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERY EARLY POST-TENSIONING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 184 p. AB - Temperature and shrinkage cracks occur in long prestressed concrete pavements during the first night after casting, before the post-tensioning operation is performed. Previous post-tensioning schedules and current design criteria by ACI, PTI, and AASHTO do not guarantee that compression can be introduced before the cracks form. This report (1) presents a more detailed discussion of the problem of temperature and shrinkage cracking, (2) reviews some of the literature on early concrete strength and anchorage zone stresses, (3) describes tests on the capacity of anchorage zone for very early post-tensioning, and (4) recommends a post-tensioning schedule accompanied by design aids. Experimental test variables included slab thickness, strand spacing, anchor size, and time from casting. (Author) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Stresses KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454356 AU - Gallagher, V P AU - Design-Eye Group AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TUNNEL LIGHTING DESIGN PROCEDURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 29 p. AB - Tunnels commonly create bottlenecks in traffic flow because of a change in cross-sectional width and a discontinuing of road shoulders past the portal. The effect of these restrictions can be congestion and high accident rates unless an adequate lighting system is provided to reveal the locations of walls and curbings. The problem is most accute in daytime, when drivers make the transition from a brightly illuminated exterior roadway to the tunnel interior with a much lower luminance level. To facilitate the design of a lighting installation which will allow for this transition, it is convenient to consider tunnels as being made up of 5 zones: 1) the approach zone, 2) the threshold zone, 3) the transition zone, 4) the interior zone, and 5) the exit zone. Each of these zones has specific lighting levels and lengths depending on the tunnel wall materials, tunnel dimensions, wall color, portal landscaping, and traffic characteristics. Luminance requirements can vary from 100 fL to 250 fL depending on the tunnel orientation with the sun. (Author) KW - Daylight KW - Design methods KW - Lighting systems KW - Luminous intensity KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Transition zones KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454396 AU - FRAGASZY, R J AU - Higgins, J D AU - Lawton, E C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTROL OF PILE DRIVING AND ESTIMATION OF PILE CAPACITY - PHASE I - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 83 p. AB - A literature review covering the use of dynamic pile driving equations, wave equation methods, pile analyzers, and current practices by State Transportation Departments is presented. The literature review shows that no one dynamic pile driving formula can be considered superior to all others. However, the Hiley, Janbu, and Gates equations appear to be consistently among the best in published comparisons of formula predictions versus pile load test results. The Engineering News formula and its modified versions are found, with one exception, to be among the worrst predictors of pile capacity in these studies. When wave equation methods are included in comparisons of predicted to measured capacity, the wave equation prediction is consistently equal to or better than the best formula. Pile analyzer results can be excellent; however, the ability of the operations is a crucial factor in its successful use. The majority of the 34 states responding to a survey indicated that they use the Engineering News formula in its original or modified form. No other dynamic equation was mentioned. Several states indicated a switch in recent years from the Engineering News formula to wave equation analyses with a resulting increase in accuracy. Only two states make regular use of a pile analyzer, but they are very saftisfied with it. Recommendations are made for the improvement of current Washington State Department of Transportation procedures for construction control of pile driving and estimation of pile capacity. Recommendations for additional research are also included. KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Guidelines KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load tests KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile driving KW - Pin connected joints KW - Pins KW - Research KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/068.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454390 AU - Higgins, J D AU - FRAGASZY, R J AU - Beard, L D AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR CUTS IN LOESS SOILS. PHASE I - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 105 p. AB - The first phase of a three-phase research investigation of cut slope design criteria for southeastern Washington loess has been completed. A literature review of engineering properties of loess from othe locales and design criteria applied by various state transportation departments was conducted. Also, a preliminary field investigation was made to collect representative soil samples and record failure mechanisms. Past research has revealed that proper drainage control in combination with water content and gradational characteristics are the primary factors influencing cut slope performance in loessials soils. Analysis of 40 soil samples collected during the field study demonstrate a close similarity between southeastern Washington loess and deposits from the central United States. Although physical properties are similar, differing climates produce a disparity in failure mechanisms between midwestern and southeastern Washington loessial deposits. (Author) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drainage KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Gradation KW - Guidelines KW - Loess KW - Loess soils KW - Moisture content UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/069.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451700 AU - Floyd, D W AU - Sutton, C D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF THE SEGMENTAL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE AT TURKEY RUN. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 149 p. AB - The results of a field study of the precast prestressed segmental box girder bridge at Turkey Run, Indiana are presented in summary form. Experimental data have been collected using an ad-hoc instrumentation system in order to determine certain features of the behavior and performance of the bridge. The study is specifically concerned with transverse bending; bridge temperatures and associated effects, and long-term deformations. Details of a comprehensive load test to detrmine tranverse bending responses are reported, as arre the results of these tests. The results of all phases of the research are discussed and summarized. The principal findings and conclusions drawn from the project are given. (Author) KW - Bending KW - Box girders KW - Deformation KW - Field studies KW - Girder bridges KW - Load tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Segmental construction KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399305 AU - Fesenmaier, J AU - Burke, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOME MEASURES OF ACCESSIBILITY OF LARGE TRUCKS TO THE TEXAS HIGHWAY SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 61 p. AB - The Surface Transportation Assistance Act (STAA) of 1982 established a nationally uniform maximum limit to the length, width, and weight of commerical vehicles. In accordance with the act, a national network of routes that could safely and structually accomodate the large and heavier vehicles was established. The objective of this study was to develop procedures for identifying truck routes and for determing accessibility to the selected network. This goal was accomplished in two stages. First potential demand for access to the network was identified. Emphasis was placed on counties that have large economic and demographic bases, and on areas that are currently small yet have exhibited recent growth trends. The second stage focused on the network or the spatial structure of routes. Ahierarchy of four coverage patterns was evaluated in terms of the amount of demand satisfied by the network. The four network varied in degree of complexity. (Author) KW - Accessibility KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Truck routes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451487 AU - Black, W C AU - Plane, D A AU - Westbrook, R A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC INDUCEMENTS TO RIDESHARING FOR THE ARIZONA COMMUTER VOLUME 111, APPENDICES PY - 1985/06 SP - 38 p. AB - A report is offered on a study of the relative effectiveness of alternative inducements to ridesharing in the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas. The objectives are to provide evidence on the efficacy of a broad range of incentives and to establish a clearly defined methodology for such assessment. The study was conducted in three phases: I. Comprehensive inventory of ridesharing incentives currently employed in metropolitan areas across the country, from which a group of incentives appropriate to the Arizona study areas were selected for further analysis. II. Surveys of both commuters and their employers were conducted. For commuters, information on present commuting arrangements, demographic and economic characteristics and general attitudes and perceptions of ridesharing, along with the conjoint analysis procedure designed to determine the effect of incentives upon ridesharing likelihood was gathered. Employer opinions about ridesharing, the acceptability or feasibility of each incentive, and the perceived effect on their employees were also gathered. III. A market segmentation methodology was first developed to categorize commuters based on behavioral indicators. Statistical estimation of each incentive's effect by segment was then performed. Finally, comparison of segments both within and between study areas was performed. Volume I, 66 pages, contains Project Overview. Volume II, 50 pages, contains Research Methodology. KW - Arizona KW - Commuters KW - Economic benefits KW - Employers KW - Evaluation KW - Fungi KW - Incentives KW - Market research KW - Ost university research KW - Paratransit services KW - Ridesharing KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451485 AU - Black, W C AU - Plane, D A AU - Westbrook, R A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC INDUCEMENTS TO RIDESHARING FOR THE ARIZONA COMMUTER VOLUME I, PROJECT OVERVIEW AND FINDINGS PY - 1985/06 SP - 68 p. AB - A report is offered on a study of the relative effectiveness of alternative inducements to ridesharing in the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas. The objectives are to provide evidence on the efficacy of a broad range of incentives and to establish a clearly defined methodology for such assessment. The study was conducted in three phases: I: Comprehensive inventory of ridesharing incentives currently employed in metropolitan areas across the country, from a group of incentives appropriate to the Arizona study areas were selected for further analysis. II: Surveys of both commuters and their employers were conducted. For commuters, information on present commuting arrangements, demographic and economic characteristics and general attitudes and perceptions of ridesharing, along with the conjoint analysis procedure designed to determine the effect of incentives upon ridesharing likelihood was gathered. Employer opinions about ridesharing, the acceptability or feasibility of each incentive, and the perceived effect on their employees were also gathered. III. A market segmentation methodology was first developed to categorize commuters based on behavioral indicators. Statistical estimation of each incentive's effect by segment was then performed. Finally, comparison of segments both within and between study areas was performed. Volume II, 50 pages, contains Research Methodology. Volume III, 43 pages, contains Appendices. KW - Arizona KW - Commuters KW - Dilation KW - Economic benefits KW - Employers KW - Incentives KW - Market research KW - Ost university research KW - Paratransit services KW - Ridesharing KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451486 AU - Black, W C AU - Westbrook, R A AU - Plane, D A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC INDUCEMENTS TO RIDESHARING FOR THE ARIZONA COMMUTER VOLUME II, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PY - 1985/06 SP - 54 p. AB - A report is offered on a study of the relative effectiveness of alternative inducements to ridesharing in the Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas. The objectives are to provide evidence of the efficacy of a broad range of incentives and to establish a clearly defined methodology for such assessment. The study was conducted in three phases: I: Comprehensive inventory of ridesharing incentives currently employed in metropolitan areas across the country, from which a group of incentives appropriate to the Arizona study areas were selected for further analysis. II. Surveys of both commuters and their employers were conducted. For commuters, information on present commuting arrangements, demographic and economic characteristics and general attitudes and perceptions of ridesharing, along with the conjoint analysis procedure designed to determine the effect of incentives upon ridesharing likelihood was gathered. Employer options about ridesharing, the acceptability and feasibility of each incentive, and the perceived effect on their employees were also gathered. III. A market segmentation methodology was first developed to categorize commuters based on behavioral indicators. Statistical estimation of each incentives's effect by segment was then performed. Finally, comparison of segments both within and between study studey areas was performed. Volume I, 66 pages, contains Project Overview. Volume III, 43 pages, contains Appewndices. KW - Arizona KW - Commuters KW - Economic benefits KW - Evaluation KW - Incentives KW - Market research KW - Methodology KW - Ost university research KW - Paratransit services KW - Ridesharing KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451702 AU - van Wijk, A J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PAVEMENT PUMPING: (1) SUBBASE EROSION, (2) ECONOMIC MODELING. INFORMATION REPORT PY - 1985/05/16 SP - 506 p. AB - An extensive literature review was conducted to obtain information regarding pumping, with emphasis on designs to prevent pumping, the performance of different subbase materials, and tests used to simulate pumping. Three testing procedures were selected to be used to investigate and characterize the erosion of rigid pavement subbase and shoulder materials, viz., a brush test, a jetting test, and a rotational shear technique. The latter was designed and built especially for testing of subbase materials, and is an improvement on earlier models used by other researchers. Portland cement stabilized asphalt stabilizerd, lean concrete, and unstabilized materials were tested in an statistically desgined program.f The rotational shear device gave the most useful results for stabilized materials. However, this device can not be used to test cohesionless materials. An effort was made to correlate the laboratory erosion results with the performance of the materials in the pavement. Guidelines are provided on the required material properties to minimize pumping due to surface erosion of subbase and shoulder materials. The feasibility of design and rehabilitation alternatives requires an economic analysis of the alternatives. A computer program (PEARDARP) was developed to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation and design alternatives on rigid pavement pumping and performance. The effects of different rehabilitation techniques on pavement distresses were quantified for inclusion in the program. An existing pumping prediction model was modified to include factors such as, drainage, climate, and suubbase type. (Author) KW - Design methods KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economic analysis KW - Erosion KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Simulation KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399297 AU - Carpenter, J R AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFORMATION REPORT. PCSTABL4 USER MANUAL PY - 1985/05/16 SP - 77 p. AB - This report describes the operation of the two-dimensional, limiting equilibrium, slope stability program, PCSTABL4. A short review of the program's capabilities and hardware and software requirements are presented along with instructions for operating the program on a microcomputer. Three example problems are included to familiarize the user with the program. Appendix A lists the definitions of the variables and subroutines used in the program. (Author) the program. (Author) KW - Computer programs KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Hardware KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Slope stability KW - Software KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450610 AU - Stevens, L B AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD SURFACE MANAGEMENT FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. RESOURCE NOTEBOOK PY - 1985/05 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this workbook is to provide reference material and a training aid for local government officials involved in the management of road surfaces. The workbook and the companion document, "Six Case Studies," are distributed in the training course "Road Surface Management for Local Governments" sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Local government KW - Maintenance management KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457527 AU - Saraf, C AU - Torres-Verdin, V AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL FOR CONDITION SURVEY OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS AND JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 46 p. AB - The Center for Transportation Research of the University of Texas at Austin in conjunction with the SDHPT personnel from the Highway Design Division has periodically conducted condition surveys of continuously reinforced and jointed concrete pavements at both the network and project levels since 1974. This continuous monitoring has included pavement sections throughout the state of Texas, and the gathered data have been used to prioritize the rehabilitation needs of the rigid-pavement network in Texas in 1982 and 1983 by means of computer program PRPO-1. However, the condition survey procedures required for collecting such information recommend average monitoring speeds of 2 to 5 mph. These speeds are considered too low to collect data for the Rigid Pavement Evaluation System (RPES), currently under development by the Texas SDHPT. Therefore, it was necessary to increase the speed during the data collection process and record only the most significant information. This objective was accomplished via a field experiment and statistical analyses, and the condition survey manual presented herein evolved from the results and conclusions pertaining to that study. Condition surveys according to the new procedures should be conducted at an average speed of 15 mph. This report also presents an input guide for a microcomputer program that speeds up and facilitates the entry and storage of condition survey data when the recommended procedures for collecting distress information on rigid pavements at the network level are followed. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Increase KW - Joint construction KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Speed KW - Surveys KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457524 AU - Viljoen, A W AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF A RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN SYSTEM INTO A CONDENSED OVERLAY DESIGN MANUAL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 224 p. AB - This report presents the development and application of a manual for the design of both rigid and flexible overlays for rigid pavements. An important feature of the manual is that it presents approximate hand solutions to typical overlay design projects in the State of Texas. This report also presents some additions to the Texas Rigid Pavement Overlay Design System. These include procedures to define design inputs and the development of charts for the structural design of overlays. Condition survey data were used to develop a technique for estimating the remaining life of an existing rigid pavement. The computer program RPRDS-1 was used to develop tables for the selection of optimal overlay strategies. Finally, a set of design charts was developed for approximate hand solutions for the design of overlay thickness. KW - Charts KW - Computer aided design KW - Design methods KW - Estimating KW - Manuals KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Service life KW - Structural design KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457523 AU - Osterndorf, B AU - Meyer, A H AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID REPAIR OF WET ASPHALT USING COMMERCIAL MIXTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 112 p. AB - Based on a survey of the districts, three commercially available, prepackaged pothole repair materials were selected for a series of field and laboratory tests. The laboratory tests included a modified Marshall Stability test, an indirect tensile test, and a shear bond strength test. Specimens were exposed to various moisture and temperature environments, including dry-freeze cycling. The laboratory tests were inconclusive in identifying parameters that would predict performance in the field. Recommendations are made that might improve the laboratory testing procedure. Test repairs were made in four distinct geographical and climatic regions of Texas. All but two of the repairs survived the duration of the project. Hence, no conclusive statements concerning performance can be made. Recommendations are made for documenting the continued performance of the repairs and other repairs made with the materials. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Field performance KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Materials tests KW - Performance KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Rapid methods KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Shear strength KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457087 AU - Paul, H R AU - Kemp, S F AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF TRINIDAD LAKE ASPHALT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 40 p. AB - The Department has examined several asphalt cement additives over the last 6 - 8 years in an attempt to produce an increased strength dense graded asphaltic concrete or an acceptable mix using marginal sand aggregates. Trinidad Lake Asphalt, a naturally occurring asphalt, is another material purported to enhance mix properties. Trinidad Lake Asphalt in both an epure and a powder form was examined in the laboratory. Laboratory testing included: binder properties testing of combinations of Trinidad with three asphalt cements at three levels of addition; binder durability testing using the Thin Film Oven; Marshall optimization of mix design for a low stability dense graded mix, a high stability dense graded mix and sand mix each at three Trinidad addition levels; water susceptibility testing; and, fundamental properties testing. Also, an economic analysis was performed. In general, Marshall stabilities were found to increase with increasing Trinidad Lake Asphalt content for all mix designs. Modulus values and tensile stress at failure were increased with the use of the Trinidad material while the tensile strain at failure was decreased. Due to the mineral matter in the naturally occurring asphalt, viscosities were higher and penetration and ductilities were lower than values normally associated with conventional binders. Viscosity indices after thin film oven treatment, however, demonstrated no unexpected hardening. An economic analysis on either a first cost or life cycle basis showed that a Trinidad mix would have to perform an additional two years beyond a conventional mix in order to achieve economic parity. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt penetration KW - Binders KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Dense graded mixes KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Economic analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall stability KW - Mix design KW - Mixtures KW - Oven tests KW - Penetrants KW - Properties of materials KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Viscosity KW - Water UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20172.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457076 AU - Frankie, G W AU - Hagen, K S AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF ICEPLANT SCALES, PULVINARIA AND PULVINARIELLA IN CALIFORNIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 44 p. AB - The primary goal of this research project was to develop biological and ecological information for the management of two iceplant scale species on iceplant along California freeways. The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework was used as a context for this work. Two scales, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Pm) and Pulvinaria delottoi (Pd) were introduced into California in the early 1970s, and the former assumed serious pest status by 1977. Both scale species continue to spread throughout California, but Pm is moving at a much faster rate than Pd. This differential spread is related to a greater reproductive potential in Pm, which has two generations in Northern California and 3+ in Southern California (Pd has only one per year). Introduced parasitic wasps Metaphycus funicularis, M. stramineus and Encyrtus saliens have been established on the scales using classic biological control techniques, and the evidence to date indicates that they are impacting significantly on the scale populations. It thus appears that the IPM effort should focus on those activities that promote the establishment, spread and conservation of the parasites. Tailor-made recommendations for Caltrans for implementing the IPM/Bio Control approach are provided. KW - Biological control KW - Biology KW - Ecology KW - Iceplants KW - Parasites KW - Pest control KW - Pulvinaria delottoi KW - Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi KW - Scale KW - Wasps KW - Weighing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457039 AU - Dust, D W AU - Bowers, M T AU - Ruff, P F AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF HEC-6 TO EPHEMERAL RIVERS OF ARIZONA PY - 1985/05 SP - 169 p. AB - The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, computer program HEC-6 - "Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs" was applied to three ephemeral rivers of Arizona - Agua Fria River, Salt River, and Rillito Creek. The input data development techniques and results from these three case studies were used to develop general input data development/calibration strategies. The theoretical and numerical bases of HEC-6 were reviewed and documented to clarify and further define the important aspects of the sediment routing portion of the program. The overall result of this study is a document designed to aid "users" in the application of HEC-6 to ephemeral rivers of Arizona. KW - Calibration KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Deposition KW - Deposition (Materials and soils) KW - Information processing KW - Rivers KW - Routing KW - Scour KW - Sediments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451789 AU - Anderson, D A AU - Siddiqui, Z AU - Shaw, R G AU - Antle, C E AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR AGGREGATES - FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 254 p. AB - The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation currently uses a statistically based (restricted performance/quality assurance specification of bituminous concrete. The purpose of this project was to extend the use of statistically based spcifications to unbound aggregates. In addition, the question of an optimum sampling location was addressed. Based on statistical and on legal considerations, a mini-stockpile formed in the producer's yard was identified as the optimum sampling location. An exhaustive field sampling program was executed for N-1B (AASHTO No. 8), 2B (AASHTO No. 57), and 2A aggregate. The sampling program plan was used to determine the components of variance necessary to develop a tentative specification. OC curves and expected payment curves were developed as part of the specification. The tentative specification is applicable to both new construction and maintenance work, but it should be verified in field trials before it is adopted by thee department. (Author) KW - Acceptance KW - Aggregates KW - Criteria KW - Field tests KW - Quality assurance KW - Sampling KW - Specifications KW - Unbound KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451695 AU - Colucci-Rios, B AU - Sinha, K C AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING RESURFACING PRIORITIES FOR THE PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN INDIANA: VOL III - APPENDICES PY - 1985/05 SP - 149 p. AB - This report presents the appendices of the final report describing the study procedures and results of a research project conducted to develop a methodology for establishing resurfacing priorities for the pavement management system in Indiana. (Author) KW - Pavement management systems KW - Resurfacing KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451693 AU - Colucci-Rios, B AU - Sinha, K C AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING RESURFACING PRIORITIES FOR THE PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN INDIANA: VOL I - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/05 SP - 56 p. AB - This document is the executive summary of the research conducted by the Joint Highway Research Project of Purdue University in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Highways on the development off a method for establishing resurfacing priorities for the pavement management system in Indiana. The first part of the project included a review of the pavement management concepts including a description of existing pavement management practices. In the second part, the performance factors related to pavement deterioration were identified, and the methodology used for developing equivalent performance indices (EPI) for each perforance factor was defined. The third part involved the details pertaining to the two pavement condition surveys conducted. The fourth part included the development of a methodology for constructing a performance function model. The fifth part of the project involved the development and application of two optimization models for the Indiana interstate highway network. (Author) KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Reviews KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451670 AU - Hallis, K AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CAPACITIES OF BOLTED JOINTS FOR BRIDGE TIMBER FALSEWORK BRACING PY - 1985/05 SP - 71 p. AB - Questions regarding the method of calculating allowable loads for timber falsework for constructing higihway structures prompted this project. Typical main-post/ single-diagonal-bracing (single shear) timber falsework configurations were tested. Parameters included: timber size and moisture content; size and tightness of connecting bolts; type of washer; and angle of side member relative to the main member. Results were compared with the National Design Specification's (NDS) table, which is based on double shear action. Findings indicate that for the specialized condition of construction falsework, i.e., temporary, modification of the current procedure for using the NDS table for single shear conditions is warranted. (Author) warranted. (Author) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Bracing KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Falsework KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Moisture content KW - Shear strength KW - Size KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399518 AU - Miller, T R AU - Hunter, W W AU - Waller, P F AU - Whitman, R D AU - Whiting, B E AU - Granville Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A VALUE CRITERIA METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING HIGHWAY SYSTEMS COST-EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1985/05 SP - 208 p. AB - A resource allocation procedure was needed for selecting the most cost-effective set of countermeasures to address any given highway safety problem. The procedure developed in response to this need is divided into three phases. In Phase 1, (1) the possible countermeasures are identified; (2) their cost and potential impact on accidents are estimated; (3) the effectiveness estimates are adjusted to reflect the loss in impact that is likely to result from a failure to properly install, use, and maintain each countermeasure; (4) other nonsafety impacts of each countermeasure are identified; and (5) the timing, cost, and probability offgaining approval for each countermeasure are estimated. In Phase 2, the present value of the benefits and costs for each countermeasure is determined; values are placed on the nonmonetary benefits; a benefit-cost or cost-effectiveness measure is computed for each countermeasure are identified. Phase 3 includes application of a methodology for selecting the most cost-effective set of countermeasures to implement and an analysis of how sensitive the set selected is to variation in parameters like discount rates and accident costs that were used in the valuation procedure. The methodology was applied to two highway safety problems that demonstrate its use. The best solution to the stopping-sight-distance problem combined installation of flashing beacon signs on hazardous horizontal curves; required inclusion of high-mounted, center rear brake lights on new cars; and training for new drivers on how to recognize and respond to hazardous sight-distance situations. The best solution to the drunk-driving problem combined 10 countermeasures, including highway, driver, and vehicle countermeasures. (Author) vehicle countermeasures. (Author) KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Criteria KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399511 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RADIANT HEAT CURING OF CONCRETE PY - 1985/05 SP - 46 p. AB - Comparisons were made of the properties of concrete mixtures cured with radiant heat and mixtures cured with low pressure steam and of the curing conditions. The concrete were prepared and cured at two plants which produce precast, prestressed concrete products and in the Research Council laboratory. The results indicate that radiant heat curing used in combinatin with a membrane curing compound can produce an acceptable concrete. Compresive strength, freeze-thaw performance, and permeability to chloride ions were not significantly different for concretes cured with the two curing methods. The curing achieved at the plant with radiant heat was found to be much less uniform than that with low pressure steam but was adequate when proper precautions were exercised. Therefore, it is recommended that beds should be suitably enclosed and that heat pipes be properly positioned to minimize temperature differentials throughout the member. Also, cylinders should be cured at the same temperature used in cuuring the least mature part of the member. (Author) KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete curing KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Permeability KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Radiant heating KW - Standardization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36604/85-R34.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451706 AU - Rollins, J B AU - McFarland, W F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COSTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN TEXAS PY - 1985/05 SP - 156 p. AB - Accident costs are an important element in quantifying the safety benefits of roadway projects, including new construction and major reconstruction as well as traffic accident countermeasures. Currently used estimates of the costs of traffic accidents, such as the accident costs provided by the National Safety Council or the AASHTO revised Red Book, are out-of-date and do not account for many accident cost differences by accident type, highway type, and other relevant categories. In order to provide highway project analysts with better means of evaluating roadway projects in Texas, improved and updated accident costs were developed in this study. Based on Texas traffic accident data for 1981-82, these accident costs were developed by several cross-classifications and for different subsets of accidents. The accident costs developed in this study can be used in the Highway Economic Evaluation Model (HEEM) and in analyzing traffic accident countermeasures. Recommendations for future updating of the costs and for using them in setting project priorities are provided. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Reconstruction KW - Road construction KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399497 AU - Rollins, J B AU - McFarland, W F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COSTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN TEXAS PY - 1985/05 SP - 156 p. AB - Accident costs are an important element in quantifying the safety benefitsof roadway projects, including new construction and major reconstruction as well as traffic accident countermeasures. Currently used estimates of costs of traffic accidents, such as the accident costs provided by the National Safety Council or the AASHTO revised Red Book, are out-of-date and do not account for many accident cost differences by accident types, highway types, and other relevant categories. In order to provide highway project analysts wit better means of evaluating roadway projects in Texas, improved and updated accident costs were developed in this study. Based on Texas traffic accident data for 1981-82, these accident costs were developed by several cross-classifications and for different subsets of accidents. Th accident costs developed in this study can be used in the Highway Economic Evaluation Model (HEEM) and in analyzing traffic accident countermeasures. Recommendations for future updating of the costs for using them in setting project priorities are provided. (Author) KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495769 AU - Rollins, J B AU - McFarland, W F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COSTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 156 p. AB - In order to provide highway project analysts with better means of evaluating roadway projects in Texas, improved and updated accident costs were developed in this study. Based on Texas traffic accident data for 1981-82, these accident costs were developed by several cross-classifications and for different subsets of accidents. The accident costs developed in this study can be used in the highway Economic Evaluation Model (HEEM) and in analyzing traffic accident countermeasures. Recommendations for future updating of the costs and for using them in setting project priorities are provided. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479390 AU - Calcote, L R AU - King, J D AU - CERWIN, S A AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF THE OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR A ROADSIDE ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURE WARRANT SYSTEM. VOLUME 2. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION PY - 1985/05 SP - 163 p. AB - The reseach was conducted to determine the operational performance requirements for a roadside accident countermeasure warrant system in terms of identification of the need for countermeasures and the degree of protection required as a function of highway design and operating characteristics. The majority of the work was unsuccessful attempts to collect adequate highway encroachment data. KW - Countermeasures KW - Needs assessment KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Warrant system UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469333 AU - Calcote, L R AU - King, J D AU - CERWIN, S A AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF THE OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR A ROADSIDE ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURE WARRANT SYSTEM. VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 22 p. AB - The research was conducted to determine the operational performance requirements for a roadside accident countermeasure warrant system in terms of identification of the need for countermeasures and the degree of protection required as a function of highway design and operating characteristics. The majority of the work was unsuccessful attempts to collect adequate highway encroachment data. Measuring devices used were video tape recorder (VTR), guardrail encroachment monitor (GEM), camera/trigger wire, and camera/tape switch units. Available accident files and 203 accidents investigated in depth were analyzed to determine the severity of accidents as a function of vehicle type, speed, impact angle, and object struck. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Encroachments KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measuring instruments KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Performance KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Warrant system UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454470 AU - Creasey, T AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAFFIC NOISE BARRIER ON I471 IN CAMPBELL COUNTY, KENTUCKY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 66 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the traffic noise barrier on I 471 in Campbell County, Kentucky. Since the barrier coincided with construction of I 471, it was necessary to predict noise levels that would exist if no barrier were present utilizing the FHWA STAMINA 2.0 computer model. This was compared to actual noise level measurements at the barrier site to determine the barrier insertion loss. After calibration of the STAMINA 2.0 model, noise measurements were conducted at 39 receiver locations during off-peak and peak traffic conditions. The noise barrier reduced the noise level reaching adjacent residences substantially. Twenty-one residences (20 percent of the total in the study area) experienced a peak L10 insertion loss of 10 dBA or more, while another 63 residences (58 percent) were estimated as receiving an insertion loss of 5.0 to 9.9 dBA. Comparison of insertion loss using levels predicted by the STAMINA 2.0 model with the barrier in place and measured levels were very close. Analyses indicated that insertion loss values predicted by the STAMINA 2.0 model will be achieved by the noise barrier. A survey of community perception of the noise barrier was performed. Of 103 questionnaires delivered, 66 (64 percent) were returned. The communicty perception of the barrier was favorable, as 64 percent of the respondents generally liked the noise barrier and 95 percent felt it was effective in reducing traffic noise. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Calibration KW - Effectiveness KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Noise barriers KW - Perception KW - Residential areas KW - Simulation KW - Sound level KW - Subjective KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454334 AU - Benlangie, M C AU - Anderson, D I AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRACK SEALING METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 74 p. AB - This study used over forty-four lane miles of test site to gather up to three years of comparative performance data on thirteen crack sealants. The data indicates that the more durable, high ductility materials when applied in a band-aid configuration can be expected to give significantly better performance than the lower ductility materials used by the Utah DOT prior to 1983. Evaluation of sealant placement procedures indicates that routing is a questionable practice, and that the hot compressed air lance may significantly improve the performance of materials placed during cold or wet conditions. Evaluation of UDOT maintenance activities indicates that sealant melters cannot achieve or maintain the required sealant application temperatures under colder winter conditions. The efficiency of melter units should be improved or not operated under those conditions. More accurate temperature gauges on melter units should be acquired. Inaccurate gauges may cause impaired sealant performance and safety. Evaluation of laboratory tests indicate that Bond, Ductility and Force Ductility Tests were useful in predicting the cold temperature performance of crack sealants. The Flow Test was found to be effective in eliminating sealants that tracked or pulled-out during hot weather. Both acceptance and lot laboratory testing are recommended. The report includes specifications for material and procedures, and make recommendations for modifications to both equipment and sealing practice. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Applications KW - Bonding KW - Compressed air KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement cracking KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Temperature measuring instruments KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469123 AU - Konya, C J AU - Walter, E J AU - Precision Blasting Services AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCK BLASTING: SEMINAR ON BLASTING AND OVERBREAK CONTROL PY - 1985/05 SP - 376 p. AB - The handbook is specifically designed as a guide to highway engineers and blasting practitioners working with highway applications. It was used as a handbook for the FHWA courses of the above title. The handbook is a basic review of explosives and their characteristics, along with explosive selection criteria. Initiations and timing effects as well as patterns are also discussed. A simple step by step procedure is outlined to help the engineer review blasting submittals in a systematic fashion. Airblast and ground vibration are discussed along with methods for evaluation and control. KW - Control KW - Excavation KW - Explosives KW - Ground-borne vibration KW - Handbooks KW - Initiation KW - Overbreak KW - Patterns KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Road construction KW - Rocks KW - Selecting KW - Timing KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468745 AU - Michael, E D AU - Smith, L S AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CREATING WETLANDS ALONG HIGHWAYS IN WEST VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 261 p. AB - The objectives were to: (1) locate wetlands situated adjacent to controlled-access highways in West Virginia, (2) determine physical parameters, aesthetic value, wildlife value, and wildlife use of existing wetlands, and (3) develop guidelines for creating wetlands. Data on physical parameters, vegetative structure, wildlife use, and aesthetic value of 96 existing wetlands were used to develop guidelines for creating wetlands. Desirable features of wetlands to provide high aesthetic biological, recreational-educational, and water quality improvement values are discussed. Sites conducive to wetland creation are: (1) waste areas, (2) old stream beds, (3) existing perpendicular streams, (4) parallel drainage channels, (5) intersections, and (6) rest areas. KW - Aesthetics KW - Channels (Drainage) KW - Ditches KW - Education KW - Guidelines KW - Intersections KW - Location KW - Recreation KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Streambeds KW - Streams KW - Utilization KW - Waste disposal facilities KW - Water quality KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450108 AU - Colucci-Rios, B AU - Sinha, K C AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING RESURFACING PRIORITIES FOR THE PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN INDIANA: VOL III-APPENDICES PY - 1985/05 SP - 152 p. AB - This report presents the appendices of the final report describing the study procedures and results of a research project conducted to develop a methodology for establishing resurfacing priorities for the pavement management system in Indiana. (Author) KW - Pavement management systems KW - Resurfacing KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450107 AU - Colucci-Rios, B AU - Sinha, K C AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING RESURFACING PRIORITIES FOR THE PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN INDIANA: VOL II-STUDY PROCEDURES AND RESULTS PY - 1985/05 SP - 360 p. AB - This report describes a methodology for establishing resurfacing priorities at the network level that can be incorporated in the pavement management system of the Indiana Department of Highways. As a part of this methodology two optimization models were developed. As a companion tool a technique based on graphical approach was also proposed. The methodology was applied to the Indiana interstate highway network using 1982 as the base year. The results showed that Indiana's normal level of budget during the next five years can otimally resurface about 85 percent of the total center-line miles classified as deficient during this period. A sensitivity analysis on budget was also conducted. (Author) KW - Budgeting KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Pavement management systems KW - Resurfacing KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451766 AU - Southgate, H F AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LOAD DISTRIBUTIONS AND AXLE AND TIRE CONFIGURATIONS ON PAVEMENT FATIGUE PY - 1985/05 SP - 37 p. AB - Damage factor relationships for axle and tire configurations are presented. Adjustment factors are provided to account for vaiations in load distributions within axle groups, distrances between axles of a tandem, and variations in tire pressure for both dual and flotation tire configurations. Properly accounting for accumulated fatigue of a pavement requires an accurate measure of traffic volume, proportions of vehicle styles (classifications) within the traffic stream, dates of service, estimate of the average damage factor for each classification, and estimate of the tire contact pressure. Weigh-in-motion equipment in its current form provides all of the above ingredients except for the tire contact pressure. A survey of tire pressures may be made and an average calculated to obtain a rough estimate of the effects of load concentrated on a smaller area than assumed in the past. Such data described above may be used to determine trends in the use of vehicle styles as well as changes in truck volumes and load distributions. Adjusting for actual conditons of usage maay indicate a pavement design thought to last 20 years may last only 14 to 16 years. Such findings affect both new pavement designs and rehabilitation strategies with accompanying effects upon fiscal plans and policies. Adjusted design EALs might require a different pavement template for new designs and a resulting change in costs. Likewise, rehabilitation strategies may change, for example, from a simple overlay to milling and overlay or to complete rehabilitation because of overhead clearance problems, involving additional costs for shoulder paving and replacement or resetting of guard rails, etc, Therefore, estimating EAL requirements may be far more significant and important than previously recognized. Efforts should include the best method to determine the most accurate fatigue history possible. All adjustment factors presented are based on the analyses of a limited number of structures and should be used with caution. The accuracy of these analyses are not in question, but the range of structures ivestigated was limited. They are intended to indicate the trend, shape, and sensitivity of various inter-relationships and their relative magnitudes. Modifications may have to be made upon the analyses of additional pavement structures. Kentucky traffic may differ from that in other areas in the United States, both in types of vehicles in the trafffic stream and the type and direction cargo is being transported. (Author) and direction cargo is being transported. (Author) KW - Axle loads KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Estimating KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Load transfer KW - Rehabilitation KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Tires KW - Traffic loads KW - Traffic volume KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450106 AU - Colucci-Rios, B AU - Sinha, K C AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING RESURFACING PRIORITIES FOR THE PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN INDIANA: VOL I-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1985/05 SP - 60 p. AB - This document idd the executive summary of the research conducted by the Joint Highway Research Project of Purdue University in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Highways on the development of a method for establishing resurfacing priorities for the pavement management system in Indiana. The first part of the project included a review of the pavement management concepts including a description ofexisting pavement management practices. In the second part, the performance factors related to pavement deterioration were identified, and the methology used for developing equivalent performance indices (EPI) for each performance factor was defined. The third part involved the details pertaining to the two pavement condition surveys conducted. The fourth part included the development of a methodlogy for constructing a performance function model. The fifth part of the project involved the development and application of two optimization models for the Indiana interstate highway network. (Author) KW - Criteria KW - Evaluation KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461771 AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Lytton, R L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON PAVEMENTS. VOLUME 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 19 p. AB - This volume, the 1st of 4, summarizes the technical reports, computer programs, and computer user's manuals which were prepared to fulfill the requirements of the project "Environmental Effects for Zero Maintenance Pavements". User's manuals and computer tapes have been provided for the pavement models developed during the research study. KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Simulation KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472123 AU - Edwards & Kelcey, Incorporated AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEORGIA FREEWAY SIGNING STUDY (PHASE II). FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 55 p. AB - The objective of this project was to evaluate freeway signs in Georgia and to recommend improvements where deficiencies are found. Although all types of signs were evaluated, the project concentrated on guide signing because there seemed to be more problems with guide signs. This study also evaluated Georgia DOT's written sign policies. Some recommendations were made to expand the use of sequential signing, to use more consistent lane drop signing, and certain changes in legend and shield sizes. KW - Design KW - Freeway signs KW - Freeways KW - Georgia KW - Guide signs KW - Lane drops KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472184 AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY EVALUATION EQUIPMENT WORKSHOP. PROCEEDINGS OF WORKSHOP HELD AT UNIVERSITY PARK, PENNSYLVANIA, SEPTEMBER 24-26, 1984. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 223 p. AB - The purpose of the Roadway Evaluation Equipment Workshop was to bring to the attention of state transportation personnel the most recently developed equipment that is available for measuring and evaluating pavement condition. The equipment was discussed in formal presentations and was demonstrated at the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute's Research Facilities. Twenty-four presentations are included in this volume. Among the devices discussed are the Mays Ride Meter, Roughness Surveyor, ARAN, PURD, Swedish Laser Road Surface Tester, Falling Weight Deflectometer, Road Rater, Thumper, RODAR (trademark), Gerpho, and APL. In addition, presentations were made on testing and calibration methods that are essential for roadway management systems. Finally future research and equipment needs were reviewed. KW - Calibration KW - Condition surveys KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Lasers KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Road meters KW - Road raters KW - Test procedures KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453654 AU - McGill, R AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION VALUES FOR TRAFFIC MODELS PY - 1985/05 SP - 90 p. AB - This report documents the methodologies used in the development of fuel consumption and emission maps for 15 passenger vehicles representative of 64 percent of the 1980-1992 population. From the results of this study, the Federal Highway Administration is currently updating the fuel consumption and emission estimation algorithms in traffic models such as NETSIM and TRANSYT-7F. These results include tables and graphs which relate fuel consumption and emissions to vehicle speed acceleration. The major achievement of this study was the capability of combining laboratory (dynamometer) testing with on-road testing to assess the energy and environmental characteristics of passenger vehicles as they operate in "real-world" conditions. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laboratory tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396670 AU - Wyant, D C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PATCHING MATERIALS PY - 1985/05 SP - 22 p. AB - The project evaluated numerous repairs on portland cement concrete pavements and bridge decks made with a number of laboratory accepted, proprietary patching materials and portland cement concrete mixtures of different designs. It was ascertained that in the majority of cases where the patches failed, the failure resulted from the use of improper construction techniques, not from deficiencies in patching materials. Of the three proprietary materials determined not to have performed satisfactorily, Embeco 411A, a magnesia phospate material, has been used for 10 years. Fondu, a high alumina material, and Duracal, a calcium sulfate material, performed so poorly that use of the former should be limited to small patches and use of the latter should not be allowed. In addition, it was ascertained that portland cement concrete incorporating carefully chosen admixtures can provide satisfactory service at lower cost than proprietary patching materials. Upon reviewing the May 1984 final report, the FHWA suggested several changes. Those changes have been incorporated into this revised version. (Author) (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Aluminum KW - Bridge decks KW - Building materials KW - Calcium sulfates KW - Concrete KW - Costs KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Patching KW - Phosphates KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36632/84-R35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396675 AU - Cunagin, W D AU - LEE, J Y AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSER IV QUICK RESPONSE PROCEDURES PY - 1985/05 SP - 79 p. AB - The report describs and presents a users' guide for the PASAR IV quick response procedures for analyzing urban freeway corridor alternatives. Estimates of traffic flow levels on individual parallel facilities in an urban freeway corridor are obtained, based on equilibrium traffic assignments. System travel time also is computed. The algorithm includes special features to handle route changing and nonhomogeneous routes. A FORTAN computer program based on the procedures is provided. (Author) KW - Computer programs KW - Corridors KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Manuals KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396671 AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DECK DURABILITY ON CONTINUOUS BEAM HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1985/05 SP - 28 p. AB - In an effort to determine the extent of deck cracking on continuous steel beam bridges and the effect of the cracking on deck durability, 137 structures were visually inspected and 5 of these were selected for detailed evaluation. The general survey disclosed widespread transverse cracking throughout the lengths of the continuous beam sections in both the positive and negative moment areas. The cracking appeared to propagate, as the spans vibrated, from short pattern cracking probably caused by differential subsidence of the plastic concrete over the reinforcing steel and plastic shrinkage of the slab. Detailed deck evaluationsk which included half-cell potential measurements and evealuations, which included half-cell potential measurements and chloride content determinations, disclosed that chlorides were present in the cracks to a significantly greater degree than in adjuacent uncracked concrete. However, sealing the cracks with a low viscosity, low modulus epoxy compound appeared to be effective in limiting the entry of chlorides. In spite of the widespread cracking noted and the presence of chlorides in the e cracks, corrosion-induced deck distress was not found to be a widespread problem on continuous span bridges. (Author) bridges. (Author) KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorine content KW - Continuous beams KW - Continuous structures KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Highway bridges KW - Sealing compounds KW - Steel beams KW - Transverse cracking KW - Vibration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36600/85-R32.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399288 AU - Halstead, W J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT CEMENT USED IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER EFFECTS ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 13 p. AB - This is a summary report that along with the two previous reports listed as references 1 and 2 constitute the final report of the project. No unusual properties were found in any of the AC-20 asphalt cements supplied to the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation for use in Highway Construction Projects in 1983. This finding and the summary of effects of chemical composition on the physical properties and specifications for asphalt cements reported in reference 2 lead to the conclusion that, other than a possible addition of a requirement for a maximum ash content of 0.40%, no significant modification of the Department's asphalt cement specifications is needed at this time. However, from the standpoint of regional simplification of industry requirements, future consideration should be given to eliminating present differences between the Department's specification and the equivalent specification of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (Author) KW - Asphalt cement KW - Chemical properties KW - Modal split KW - Pavement performance KW - Specifications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36567/84-R48.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462274 AU - Apanian, R AU - Sadler, J P AU - University of North Dakota, Grand Forks AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF CAPTIVE COLUMN BRIDGE GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - n.p. AB - This research project called for selection of material, design of cross-section, construction and load testing of a full-scale, 40 foot simple span, bridge girder. Revisions to the project added a study of the captive column member as it might be used in highway sign support systems and luminaire support systems. The girder was designed, constructed and subjected to static load tests equivalent to HS-20 highway loading. The girder responded to load in a predictable and repeatable manner. Load-deflection characteristics measured in the laboratory agreed very well with those predicted by the computer model. The girder suffered no measureable deterioration after more than one million cycles of full load application. Load capacity of the girder was limited by deflection criteria rather than stress limits. Special computer programs were developed for modeling sign and luminaire supports for highway applications. Small sign support systems were compared with standard traditional support configurations. Initial indications are that captive column members may be able to compete favorably in certain applications. This also appears to be the case for luminaire support systems. Additional work is necessary in both cases. KW - Columns KW - Deflection tests KW - Girders KW - Load tests KW - Luminaires KW - Sign supports KW - Static loads KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462150 AU - Kinney, T C AU - Shannon and Wilson, Incorporated AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDY ON THE USE OF GEOTEXTILES AND RELATED PRODUCTS TO BRIDGE THERMOKARSTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 101 p. AB - A previously developed mathematical model was modified to calculate the reinforced material properties required to bridge thermokarsts of various sizes under various loading conditions. A field test was constructed consisting of 12 test sections. Trenches were excavated and filled with water which was allowed to freeze. The ice was covered with different geotextiles and geogrids and 30 inches of uncompacted alluvial sand and gravel. After the ice had melted, the surface was smoothed, compacted and trafficked with a loaded dump truck. All sections withstood the thawing portion of the test as anticipated. The reinforcing materials sagged into the trenches as they picked up tension leaving surface depressions of 11 to 38 inches deep. The reinforcing materials over all of the widest test trenches failed in tension when the surface was smoothed. The reinforcing materials in two of the other sections failed in tension early in the trafficking portion of the test. The reinforcing materials in the remaining sections stretched or pulled out of the embankment until at least some of the load was carried on the bottom of the trench. Laboratory tests on the reinforcing materials demonstrated that the effective stiffness of the geotextiles was several times lower than expected. When the proper material properties were used, the mathematical model appeared to accurately predict the test performance. From a theoretical standpoint there are readily available reinforcing materials that could be used to span voids on the order of 6 to 10 feet across. Tentative design and construction guidelines are given and a set of sample design curves are presented for preliminary design. KW - Embankments KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Geotextiles KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stiffness KW - Thermokarsts UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_85_31.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462249 AU - Rasoulian, M AU - BURNETT, C AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID CURING AND STRENGTH RELATIONSHIPS OF CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 51 p. AB - The rapid rate of construction has created a need to have information on the strength of concrete at the earliest possible time. Having to wait 28 days before the strength can be determined can cause serious problems if inferior concrete had been used in a member or a section which is already in place. In this study the ASTM C-684, making, accelerated curing, and testing of concrete compression test and specimens, was examined. Procedure A, the warm water method, and procedure B, the boiling water method, were evaluated using two types of coarse aggregate, locally available chert gravel and Kentucky limestone. Concrete cylinders were tested after being cured by each accelerated curing method and normal moist curing. The data from each accelerated method were plotted against the normally cured 28-day strength and the best fit curve was determined. Also, an equation was established for each procedure and each curve. From the data indicated in this report and literature searched, it seems that accelerated curing methods can be used reliably to estimate the actual 28-day strength. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete strength KW - Rapid set concrete KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399283 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WIDE EDGELINES ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS PY - 1985/05 SP - 44 p. AB - This interim report presents the results of an evaluation of 4-in and 8-in wide edgelines on the lateral placement and speeds of vehicles on two-lane rural roads. Data were collected at twelve locations on sections of roadway covering 55.2 mi. Two methods of painting the 8-in width were also analyzed. It was concluded from analyses of variance of lateral placement, lateral placement variance, encroachments by cars and trucks, mean speed, and the speed variance that, overall, there were no statistically significant differences between the 4-in and 8-in wide edgelines. The mean lateral placement was significantly lower for the 8-in line. However, changes in lateral placement and speed were neither statistically nor practically significant. (Author) KW - Edge lines KW - Lateral placement KW - Rural highways KW - Striping KW - Traffic speed KW - Two lane highways KW - Variance KW - Width UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36602/85-R37.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462324 AU - Viljoen, A W AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN SYSTEM INTO A CONDENSED OVERLAY DESIGN MANUAL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 224 p. AB - This report presents the development and application of a manual for the design of both rigid and flexible overlays for rigid pavements. An important feature of the manual is that it presents approximate hand solutions to typical overlay design projects in the State of Texas. This report also presents some additions to the Texas Rigid Pavement Overlay Design System. These include procedures to define design inputs and the development of charts for the structural design of overlays. Condition survey data were used to develop a technique for estimating the remaining life of an existing rigid pavement. The computer program RPRDS-1 was used to develop tables for the selection of optimal overlay strategies. Finally, a set of design charts was developed for approximate hand solutions for the design of overlay thickness. KW - Design methods KW - Estimating KW - Manuals KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Service life KW - Structural design KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461798 AU - SMITH, S A AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY DATA COLLECTION FOR STUDYING VEHICLE INTERACTIONS - APPENDICES H AND I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 33 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a series of data sets on microscopic vehicular traffic flow for selected types of freeway bottlenecks sections. The methodology used to develop these data sets involved digitizing vehicle positions from time-lapse aerial photography for a series of freeway sites under various geometric configurations. Six types of freeway geometry were of interest: ramp merges, weaving sections, upgrade sections, reduced width sections, lane drops, and horizontal curves. The aerial photography involved the use of a full-frame 35 mm motion picture camera mounted in a fix-wing, short-takeoff-and-landing (STOL) aircraft. The sites were filmed at one frame per second, with the aircraft flying clockwise at a slow speed around each site at altitudes ranging between 2,500 and 4,500 feet -- (760 and 1,370 m). Data were reduced for one hour of the film at each site, with sites ranging between 1,200 and 3,200 feet (370 and 980 m) in length. The data reduction method involved a microcomputer-based digitizing system, producing complete vehicle trajectories for all vehicles passing through the sections studied. The data sets are expected to be useful for both empirical research on freeway traffic flow and for the validation of freeway simulation models. The data sets are being made available to those conducting research in these areas. Appendices H and I describe the setup for the digitizing system and present the source code for the computer program. The Technical Report describes the study methodology and data set documentation. KW - Aerial photography KW - Bottlenecks KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Merging traffic KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461872 AU - SMITH, S A AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY DATA COLLECTION FOR STUDYING VEHICLE INTERACTIONS - TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 124 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a series of data sets on microscopic vehicular traffic flow for selected types of freeway bottleneck sections. The methodology used to develop these data sets involved digitizing vehicle positions from time-lapse aerial photography for a series of freeway sites under various geometric configurations. Six types of freeway geometry were of interest: ramp merges, weaving sections, upgrade sections, reduced width sections, lane drops, and horizontal curves. The aerial photography involved the use of a full-frame 33 mm motion picture camera mounted in a fixed-wing, short-takeoff-and-landing (STOL) aircraft. The sites were filmed at one frame per second, with the aircraft flying clockwise at a slow speed around each site at altitudes ranging between 2,500 and 4,500 feet (760 and 1,370 m). Data were reduced for one hour of the film at each site, with sites ranging between 1,200 and 3,200 feet (370 and 980 m) in length. The data reduction method involved a microcomputer-based digitizing system, producing complete vehicle trajectories for all vehicles passing through the sections studied. The data sets are expected to be useful for both empirical research on freeway traffic flow and for the validation of freeway simulation models. The data sets are being made available to those conducting research in these areas. Appendices H and I, contained in a separate volume, describe the set-up for the digitizing system and present the source code for the computer program. KW - Aerial photography KW - Bottlenecks KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Lane changing KW - Merging traffic KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic flow KW - Weaving sections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30800/30877/FHWA_RD_85_108.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461865 AU - Mahler, D S AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL DESIGN OF AUTOMATED PAVEMENT CRACK MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION FROM A SURVEY VEHICLE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 108 p. AB - This report describes an instrument designated as the Automated Crack Monitor (ACM) for measuring cracks in roadway surfaces. The design presented is based on video technology. Two video cameras are utilized to provide a resolution of approximately 1.2 mm over a field of view of 3 ft. laterally by 2 ft. longitudinally. A high intensity xenon strobe light is used to freeze the images while traveling at speeds of up to 40 mph. Data is to be stored on video tape for subsequent off-line processing. Each video frame is identified using the vertical interval and a time code generator. Design aspects are described and all circuit diagrams are presented. Various algorithms for image processing are discussed along with general conclusions and recommendations. KW - Automation KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Pavement cracking KW - Television cameras KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460185 AU - Wood, K L AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT PAVEMENT SURFACE SEALERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 16 p. AB - This is a report on two asphalt overlay projects that incorporated test sections established for the purpose of evaluating four commonly used surface seals by the Colorado Department of Highways. The seal products evaluated were: 1) reclamite; 2) GSB 78; 3) emulsion (CSS-1h); 4) cut back asphalt cement (MC-70); and 5) gilsabind. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Cut back KW - Emulsions KW - Experimental roads KW - Field performance KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Performance KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453658 AU - Matthias, J S AU - Stonex, A AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS IN ARIZONA: AN INVESTIGATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS; VOLUME I. RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 67 p. AB - This research investigated the causes of pedestrian accidents in Arizona to discover why Arizona's pedestrian accident rate is higher than the national average. All pedestrian accidents for 1981, 1982, and 1983 that were computerized in the state accident report system were examined. All acccidents (37,784) that could be located *2.6% could not be located) were plotted by location and reported cause. Accident rates for urban areas were higher than for rural areas. The only identified pattern was that urban accidents and fatalities tend to occur on wide, high speed arterial streets. Causes of approximately 50% of all accidents were failure to yield by motorist or pedestrian and not using a crosswalk. It was concluded that there are no engineering countermeasures that would be useful. Education of the public, particularly children under 14 years of age seems to be the only useful countermeasure. Arizona is heavily urbanized with very little rural population to offset the larger than average rate. The Indian reservations are similar to the rural counties and do not contribute to the high rate, although the rate of Indian reservations is higher than that of rural counties. Volume I contains the text and summary figures relevant to the discussion of the results of the research. Volume II, 113 pages, contains the appendices. KW - Arterial highways KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crosswalks KW - Improvements KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Streets KW - Urban areas KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453659 AU - Matthias, J S AU - Stonex, A AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS IN ARIZONA: AN INVESTIGATION OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS; VOLUME II. APPENDICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 113 p. AB - This research investigated the cuases of pedestrian accidents in Arizona to discover why Arizona's pedestrian accident rate is higher than the national average. All pedestrian accidents for 1981, 1982, and 1983 that were computerized in the state accident report system were examined. All accidents (37,784) that could be located (2.6% could not be located) were plotted by location and reported cause. Accident rates forr urban areas were higher than for rural areas. The only identified pattern was that urban accidents and fatalities tend to occur on wide, high speed arterial streets. Causes of approximately 50% of all accidents were failure to yield by motorist or pedestrian and not using a crosswalk. It was concluded that there are no engineering countermeasures that would be useful. Education of the public, particularly children under 14 years of age seems to be the only useful countermeasure. Arizona is heavily urbanized with very little rural population of offset the larger than average rate. The Indian reservations are similar to the rural counties and do not contribute to the high rate, although the rate on Indian reservations is higher than that of the rural counties. Volume I, 67 pages, contains the text and summary figures relevant to the discussion of the results of the research. Volume II contains the appendices. KW - Arterial highways KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crosswalks KW - Improvements KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Recommendations KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Streets KW - Urban areas KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399306 AU - Rollins, J B AU - McFarland, W F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN TEXAS PY - 1985/05 SP - 156 p. AB - Accident costs are an important element in quantifying the safety benefits of roadway projects, including new construction and major reconstruction as well as traffic accident countermeasures. Currently used estimates of the costs of traffic accidents, such as the accident costs provided by the National Safety Council or the AASHTO revised Red Book, are out-of-date and do not account for many accident cost differences by accident types, highway types, andd other relevant categories. In order to provide highway project analysts with better means of evaluating roadway projects in Texas, improved and updated account costs were developed in this study. Based on Texas traffic accident data for 1981-82, these accident costs were developed by several cross-classifications and for different subsets of accidents. The accident costs developed in this study can be used in Highway Economic Evaluation Model (HEEM) and in analyzing traffic accident countermeasures. Recommendations for future updating of the costs and for using them in setting project priorities are provided. (Author) KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crashes KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105031 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Toll Facilities in the United States: Bridges - Roads - Tunnels - Ferries. April 1985 PY - 1985/04 SP - 26p AB - This report presents selected data on highway toll facilities in the United States that are in operation, under construction, or financed as of January 1, 1985. The data include information such as the name, financing or operating authority, location and termini, feature crossed, length, and road system for toll bridges, roads, tunnels, and ferries that connect highways. For toll facilities located on the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, the Interstate route numbers are included. A functional system code has also been included for toll bridges, roads, and tunnels. Also provided is a list of those projects under serious consideration as toll facilities, awaiting completion of financing arrangement, or proposed as new toll facilities that are being studied for financial and operational feasibility. KW - Automated toll collection KW - Ferries KW - Toll bridges KW - Toll facilities KW - Toll roads KW - Toll tunnels KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26978/013463.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457530 AU - Claros, G J AU - Hudson, W R AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF THE ANALOG AND THE DIGITAL PROFILOMETER WITH WHEELS AND WITH NON-CONTACT TRANSDUCERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 218 p. AB - This report describes a correlation study between an analog GM profilometer (the old profilometer) and a digital GM profilometer model 690D (the new profilometer). This correlation is very important because it provides the information necessary to make a smooth transition between the use of these two instruments. Multiple regression analysis is used to obtain Serviceability Index using root-mean-square vertical acceleration (RMSVA). RMSVA indexes are well defined and precisely measurable with the profilometer. A series of regression equations are presented in order to predict RMSVA from the old profilometer using the new profilometer. This report also presents an evaluation of non-contact transducers in the profilometer, which makes possible an increase of the profilometer speed during the profiling process and decreases damage to the profilometer. KW - Analog computers KW - Analog systems KW - Correlation analysis KW - Digital computers KW - Equations KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Profilometers KW - Regression analysis KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396682 AU - Erickson, R C AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FIELD TEST OF A GRADE SEVERITY RATING SYSTEM PY - 1985/04 SP - v.p. AB - A national research project has shown that truck brake temperature on grades is a major problem causing runaway trucks. Control of overheating of truck brakes can be achieved through correct speed. A truck brake heating model lead to development of a Grade Severity Rating (GSR) System to be used with a Weight Specific Speed (WSS) sign. The Colorado Department of Highways has cooperated with an FHWA contractor to test the GSR system and the WSS sign. Interim results of test have been inconclusive as to the reduction of speed of heavy trucks. The WSS sign should be extended for three years to permit additional study of the effectiveness of the signs. Before and after accident data will be submitted to FHWA to indicate the effect of these signs on driver response. (Author) KW - Brakes KW - Field tests KW - Grade severity rating KW - Highway grades KW - Overheating KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic signs KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Weight specific speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460331 AU - Zeid, S AU - Macy, M AU - Pirnie (Malcolm), Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY OF BITUMINOUS-LINED CORRUGATED STEEL PIPE STORM SEWERS. APPENDICES PY - 1985/04 SP - n.p. AB - In 1983, the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) initiated a study to determine the durability of bituminous lined corrugated steel pipe storms sewers at various sites in Ohio. The study involved field inspection and analysis of representative bituminous lined storm sewers throughout Ohio. In addition to visual observation of lining condition, measurements were made of lining thickness and the physical and chemical characteristics of conduit flow. The study also included an investigation of the construction techniques of 3 bituminous lined, corrugated steel pipe manufacturers. The study concluded that 71% of sections inspected demonstrated loss of protection. Ninety percent of all inspected pipe demonstrated less than 10% protection loss. Bituminous lining failure occurred solely by loss of bond and typically occurs in less than 8 years. Bituminous lining failure appears to be unrelated to conditions of flow or pipe depth. Optimal lining thickness was found to be 1/4 - 3/4 inches. Finally, lining failure can be linked to the manufacturing process. A number of recommendations are proposed for establishment of ODOT bituminous lined corrugated steel pipe standards and specifications for pipe manufacturers. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bonding KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Durability KW - Liners KW - Metal pipe KW - Optimization KW - Steel pipe KW - Storm sewers KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453698 AU - Jennings, P W AU - Prinbanic, JAS AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana State Highway Traffic Safety Division AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EXPANDED MONTANA ASPHALT QUALITY STUDY USING HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 181 p. AB - This report describes a study of asphalts by High Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography (HP-GPC). The asphalts were obtained from pavements in 15 states. Performance of the pavements with respect to cracking (especially transverse cracking) was compared with the HP-GPC data. General trends were found in this study. Asphalts with lesser amounts of large molecular size (LMS) material tend to give better performance than do those with larger amounts. The level of LMS content above which cracking predominates is a function of climate in that more LMS material can be tolerated in warmer zones than in colder areas. Data is given for all climate zones and LMS limits are also recommended. Several ancillary studies were also carried out. Analyses of virgin asphalts supplies showed a wide variety of HP-GPC profiles, even within penetration or viscosity grade. Differences were also noted among the products from a given refinery source. Furthermore, new asphalt supplies were frequently different from materials seen in the states' pavements. Other studies involved a series of Florida samples which showed that the effects of mixing temperature and aging in pavement on the HP-GPC profile depends upon the asphalt and, presumably, the aggregate. Some asphalts are more sensitive than others and show larger increases in LMS content. Samples from recycling projects in which various design and mix criteria were used, were analyzed. HP-GPC shows the effect of the addition of recycling agents and virgin asphalts. Steps which may be taken to implement the results of this project are suggested. Knowledge is at a stage in which the technique may be used in monitoring asphalt supplies, aiding in design of both normal and recycled pavements and in shadow specifications. Instigation of a national specification involving HP-GPC would appear to be premature at this time. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Climate KW - High performance gel permeation chromatography KW - Mix design KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Specifications KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479396 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Crowley, K W AU - McGee, H W AU - Hughes, W E AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER NEEDS ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS. VOLUME 1. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 101 p. AB - The study identified driver information needs on rural two-lane roads along with potential types of problems that could be alleviated through informational treatments. A simple, inexpensive procedure was developed that could be used by state and local jurisdictions to identify information deficiencies on two-lane rural roads. As part of the study, a 5000-mile, 15-state sample of roadway and informational characteristics was acquired using a microcomputer-based instrumented vehicle. The data base provided a means of determining the nature of informational problems and of estimating the magnitude of information deficiencies on the nation's rural two-lane road system. The Technical Report presents the overall results of the study. It focuses on categorizing specific information deficencies and on estimating the nature and potential magnitude of the driver information needs related problems on the two-lane rural road system. This is volume 1 of a four volume set. KW - Driver information systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic control KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479398 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Crowley, K W AU - McGee, H W AU - Hughes, W E AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER NEEDS ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS. VOLUME 3. APPENDICES PY - 1985/04 SP - 151 p. AB - The study identified driver information needs on rural two-lane roads along with potential types of problems that could be alleviated through informational treatments. A simple, inexpensive procedure was developed that could be used by state and local jurisdictions to identify information deficiencies on two-lane rural roads. As part of the study, a 5000-mile, 15-state sample of roadway and informational characteristics was acquired using a microcomputer-based instrumented vehicle. The data base provided a means of determining the nature of informational problems and of estimating the magnitude of information deficiencies on the nation's rural two-lane road system. This volume presents a description of the field data collection procedure, a set of terrain-based tables summarizing the field data sample characteristics and detailed task analyses for a variety of roadway geometries. This is volume 3 of a four volume set. KW - Driver information systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic control KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479397 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Crowley, K W AU - McGee, H W AU - Hughes, W E AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER NEEDS ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS. VOLUME 2. SIMPLIFIED LOCATION OF INFORMATION DEFICIENCIES (SLIDE) - A PROCEDURE PY - 1985/04 SP - 73 p. AB - The study identified driver information needs on rural two-lane roads along with potential types of problems that could be alleviated through informational treatments. A simple, inexpensive procedure was developed that could be used by state and local jurisdictions to identify information deficiencies on two-lane rural roads. As part of the study, a 5000-mile, 15-state sample of roadway and informational characteristics was acquired using a microcomputer-based instrumented vehicle. The data base provided a means of determining the nature of informational problems and of estimating the magnitude of information deficiencies on the nation's rural two-lane road system. A simplified procedure is presented for identifying information deficient locations on rural two-lane roads. The method is intended to be used in-vehicle with check lists and other non-equipment intensive techniques. This is volume 2 of a four volume set. KW - Driver information systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic control KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479399 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Crowley, K W AU - McGee, H W AU - Hughes, W E AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER NEEDS ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS. VOLUME 4. LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1985/04 SP - 323 p. AB - The study identified driver information needs on rural two-lane roads along with potential types of problems that could be alleviated through informational treatments. A simple, inexpensive procedure was developed that could be used by state and local jurisdictions to identify information deficiencies on two-lane rural roads. As part of the study, a 5000-mile, 15-state sample of roadway and informational characteristics was acquired using a microcomputer-based instrumented vehicle. The data base provided a means of determining the nature of informational problems and of estimating the magnitude of information deficiencies on the nation's rural two-lane road system. This volume presents the abstracts and a critique of all studies reviewed. Also included is an index showing the pages and author codes for groups of studies involving common geometries, e.g., narrow bridge, horizontal curve, and/or common measures, e.g., accidents. This is volume 4 of a four volume set. KW - Driver information systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic control KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460303 AU - Zeid, S AU - Macy, M AU - Pirnie (Malcolm), Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY OF BITUMINOUS-LINED CORRUGATED STEEL PIPE STORM SEWERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - n.p. AB - In 1983, the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) initiated a study to determine the durability of bituminous lined corrugated steel pipe storm sewers at various sites in Ohio. The study involved field inspection and analysis of representative bituminous lined storm sewers throughout Ohio. In addition to visual observation of lining condition, measurements were made of lining thickness and the physical and chemical characteristics of conduit flow. The study also included an investigation of the construction techniques of 3 bituminous lined, corrugated steel pipe manufacturers. The study concluded that 71% of sections inspected demonstrated loss of protection. Ninety percent of all inspected pipe demonstrated less than 10% protection loss. Bituminous lining failure occurred solely by loss of bond and typically occurs in less than 8 years. Bituminous lining failure appears to be unrelated to conditions of flow or pipe depth. Optimal lining thickness was found to be 1/4 - 3/4 inches. Finally, lining failure can be linked to the manufacturing process. A number of recommendations are proposed for establishment of ODOT bituminous lined corrugated steel pipe standards and specifications for pipe manufacturers. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bonding KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Durability KW - Liners KW - Metal pipe KW - Optimization KW - Steel pipe KW - Storm sewers KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460261 AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Carmichael, R F AU - Hudson, W R AU - Texas Research and Development Foundation AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS FOR PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING - STATE OF THE ART REVIEW. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 125 p. AB - This report summarizes the state-of-the-art in life-cycle analysis of pavements. The basic structure of a life-cycle cost methodology is comprised of several elements: generation of numerous feasible design alternatives including overlays, initial costs, future costs including maintenance and rehabilitation costs, traffic control and safety costs, differences in initial costs of other items affected by pavement type and/or thickness, and pavement salvage value. An economic evaluation procedure such as the use of net present value is required to compute the present worth of all future costs in order to compare life cycle costs of feasible design alternatives. A program for life-cycle analysis of Pennsylvania pavements is to be developed, for use on microcomputers. An updated workplan is proposed for the balance of the contract. KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Design methods KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Operating costs KW - Pavement management systems KW - Selecting KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460192 AU - Hopkins, T C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM MOVEMENTS OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE APPROACH EMBANKMENTS AND PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 149 p. AB - Long-term movements of highway bridge approach embankments and pavements are described and factors that may lead to settlement of highway bridge approach pavements are discussed. Six case histories are presented. The bridge approach sites were observed at different times during the period 1966 to 1985. At four sites, lateral movements, measured from slope inclinometers, of the approach embankments were monitored over time periods ranging from 8 to 14 years. Settlements of the highway bridge approaches were monitored some three to four years after paving. Estimated and observed settlements of the foundations at the study sites were obtained for a length of time sufficient to establish settlement patterns over long-term time periods. Subsurface explorations were conducted prior to and after construction. Triaxial tests were performed on foundation and embankment samples. Based on triaxial shear strengths and long-term seepage measurements, long-term factors of safety of the approach embankments were calculated. An empirical method of estimating the rate of foundation settlement is presented. This method appears to yield settlement estimates that agree better with observed settlements than estimated settlements based on laboratory parameters. An empirical method for estimating the long-term settlements of highway approach embankments is presented. This method may be useful in deciding whether permanent or temporary approach pavements should be installed. With regard to the design and construction of highway bridge approach embankments and pavements, several recommendations are presented. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridge approaches KW - Embankments KW - Estimating KW - Lateral movement KW - Long term KW - Motion KW - Pavements KW - Seepage KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shear strength KW - Time duration KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475445 AU - Wilshire, R AU - BLACK, R AU - Grochoske, R AU - Higinbotham, J AU - PAWA Winkelmann and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS HANDBOOK - REVISED EDITION 1985 PY - 1985/04 SP - 459 p. AB - The 1985 Traffic Control Systems Handbook replaces the original handbook which was developed and published by the Federal Highway Administration in 1976. During this 9-year period, significant advances have been made in traffic control systems technology, primarily due to revolutionary advances in electronics, concentrated research, and widespread user experience. Today, agencies are offered a wide range of choices with respect to hardware, operational features, and traffic control software. To facilitate the transfer of technology, the new Handbook provides a comprehensive examination and discussion of basic planning, design, and implementation technology through the various chapters entitled: Introduction; Available Control; Control Concepts - Urban Streets; Control Concepts - Freeways; Detectors; Local Controllers; System Masters; Communications; Driver Information Systems; Selecting a System; Design and Implementation; and System Management. The Handbook is targeted to a wide range of users--administrators, roadway designers, and traffic operations engineers, and has been developed with the following overall purposes: Provide a compendium of existing traffic control system technology; facilitate the understanding of the basic elements of traffic control systems; aid the understanding and application of new technology (such as computers and communications) to the traffic control field; broaden the view point of the field of traffic control; serve as a basic guideline to aid the practicing traffic engineer in planning, designing, and implementing new effective traffic control systems; and serve as a training aid in the field of traffic control systems. KW - Communications KW - Controllers KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Freeways KW - Handbooks KW - Implementation KW - Selecting KW - Streets KW - Technology KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451993 AU - Temple, W H AU - Cumbaa, S L AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF GRADED LIMESTONE BASE COURSE ON A LOW VOLUME ROAD. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 40 p. AB - This study represents an investigation of the constructibility and performance of a graded limestone base course on a rural low volume road. Limestone test sections and soil cement control sections were constructed in 1981 and their performance was evaluated for a period of four years. Observations and measurements indicate that: the limestone test sections have rutted approximately 50% more than the soil cement control sections; all test sections; have to date retained a good ride quality; construction was non-uniform; the limestone sections may experience premature failure; and as expected the soil cement sections have experienced reflected block shrinkage cracking. Recommendations are made in an effort to improve the constructibility and performance of limestone base courses. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Construction KW - Cracking KW - Limestone KW - Low volume roads KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ride quality KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Soil cement KW - Test sections UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20175%20B.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451767 AU - Hutter, W AU - Jiang, S S AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRESSES IN FULL HEIGHT FASCIA PANELS PY - 1985/04 SP - 58 p. AB - This report documents the construction of an experimental retaining wall using full height fascia panels in Glenwood Canyon. Previous use of this type of earth reinforced retaining wall resulted in alignment problems because of differential settlement of the earth mass beneath the panels. Reinforced earth company, the designer of the wall, modified the erection procedure to compensate for this. A five-panel wall, twenty two feet height was constructed and instrumented for panel settlements and stresses in the reinforcing steel. The analysis shows that high stresses developed in the steel, while the alignment problem was acceptable. A recommendation was made to increase the amount of steel on the tension side of the panel by 42% (12 number seven bars versus 10 number five bars). An implementation of this type of retaining wall will have to adhere to the recommended increase in reinforcing steel. A continued observation of the test panels is under wa and the finding will be covered in the final report on this project after a one-year observation period. (Author) period. (Author) KW - Differential settlement KW - Experimental design KW - Fascia panels KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Retaining walls KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395909 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIR VOID CHARACTERISTICS OF HARDENED CONCRETE 1945-1980. PY - 1985/04 SP - 19 p. AB - Observations at the Research Council, coupled with the national interest in possible changes in the air void characteristics of air-entrained concretes because of the wide use of admixtures and changes in cement properties, raised a question as to whether or not there was a progressive increase over the years in the size of air voids being incorporated in concrete. Thus, the main objective of the study reported here was to evaluate the changes in air void characteristics of hardened concrete as determined by ASTM C457 and by other means for concrete produced in Virginia from 1945 to 1980. Air void parameters -- including the air content, specific surface, and spacing factor -- were determined on 630 concretes. The results did not indicate an overall significant increase in size of air voids; however, it was observed that, in general, they did show that the average size of air voids; howeve, it was observed that, in gereral, they did show that the average size and the distribution of the voids were marginal compared to generally accepted values. While this finding indicates that air voids may not be as small as optimum, the freeze-thaw performance of air-entrained concretes in Virginia supplied under the present specifications generally has been satisfactory. (Author) KW - Air content KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Concrete hardening KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Hardened concrete KW - Spacing KW - Specific surface UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36585/85-R30.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453717 AU - Allen, D L AU - Meade, B W AU - Hopkins, T C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENTS AND FORCES ON BRIDGE APPROACHES: A CASE STUDY (BRIDGE OVER CHESAPEAKE AVE ON INTERSTATE 471 IN CAMPBELL COUNTY, KENTUCKY) PY - 1985/04 SP - 85 p. AB - A case study is presented of a bridge on Interstate 471 in Campbell County, Kentucky. The south approach to the bridge is a side-hill fill. During construction, the south intermediate piers tilted as a result of movement in the south approach foundation. Construction was temporarily halted on the south approach embankment, allowing pore pressures in foundatin to dissipate and slowing the movement. The piers were then reconstructed. The south approach end bents were instrumented with earth pressure meters. The piles were instrumented with slope inclinometers. Most recent data show that movement is continuing and the present factor of safety is approximately 1.03. (Author) KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge piers KW - Case studies KW - Fills KW - Force KW - Instrumentation KW - Motion KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pore pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450593 AU - Dusel, J P AU - Bon, V D AU - Stoughton, R L AU - Folsom, J J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CYCLIC TESTING OF NO. 6 REBAR DOWELS POST BONDED IN A REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK OVERHANG PY - 1985/04 SP - 72 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to determne what maximum tensile strength of bonded rebar dowels used to anchor a replacement concrete bridge barrier sound wall system to bridge deck overhangs could be provided during the seismic loading of a several earthquake. In this report, the results of fatigue tests performed on thiry-one #6 rebar dowels bounded using either portland cement grout or magnesium phosphate concrete in a simulated bridge deck overhang are presented and discussed. Important parameters considered in this study included dowel embedment depth, type of bonding material, edge distance, magnitude of the peak cyclic load, dowel displacement, and the influence of a positive moment in the deck overhang on tensile strength of bonded dowels under cyclic loading. Sixteen exterior dowels, installed att a 5-inch embedment depth and an edge diistance of 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 inches, and fifteen interior dowels bonded in 6-inch-deep holes, and whose fatigue strengths were limited by a large bending moment in the deck overhang, were evaluated by cyclic loading. Following cyclic loading, the ultimate strength of each was determined by a short-term tensile test. It was found that after 15 cycles of fatigue loading with a maximum allowable dowel displacement of 0.02 inch, dowels bonded using magnesium phosphate concrete withstood at least twice the magnitude of peak cyclic load as those bonded with portland cement grout. Exterior and interior dowels bonded with magnesium phosphate concrete withstood peak cyclic loads of 15.8 kips and 26.4 kips respectively, while those bonded with portland cement grout withstood only 7.9 kips and 10.6 kips. (Author) grout withstood only 7.9 kips and 10.6 kips. (Author) KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Grout KW - Luminosity KW - Luminosity factor KW - Overhang KW - Phosphates KW - Portland cement KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Repeated loads KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451791 AU - Hellesland, J AU - Choudhuey, D AU - Scordelis, A C AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONLINEAR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RC BRIDGE COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO IMPOSED DEFORMATIONS PY - 1985/04 SP - 344 p. AB - A study of reinforced concrete bridge columns subjected to imposed end rotations and end displacements is presented. Prismatic columns with symmetrically reinforced rectangular cross sections under uniaxial bending are considered. Numerical solutions are obtained using a finite element computer program, PCFRAME, capable of performing nonlinear geometric, material and time dependent analysis of planar reinforced and prestressed concrete frames. Response characteristics of single columns subjected to imposed end deformations are discussed in detail. The effect of creep in the column due to a time dependent end displacement history is studied. Based on the single column studies, a design method for short braced bridge columns is developed. The proposed method is verified against results from the nonlinear analysis (using program PCFRAME) of a two span, continuous, prestressed concrete box girder bridge with a monolithically connected column. The results of the single column studies are combined to study the effect of previously imposed column top displacements on lateral load responses of unbraced frames with identical columns. (Author) KW - Bending KW - Columns KW - Continuous skewed slab bridges KW - Continuous structures KW - Creep KW - Deformation KW - Design methods KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Finite element method KW - Lateral loads KW - Loads KW - Nonlinear equations KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Rotation KW - Skew bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399285 AU - Sananez, J C AU - Wingerd, L AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MACROSCOPIC MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC OPERATIONS ON RURAL HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 388 p. AB - This report presents the development of a macroscopic simulation model for the analysis of traffic operations over long sections of rural highways. The simulation model, RURAL2, is a deterministic model which calculates traffic performance on rural highways for a given supply (geometrics) and demand (traffic) information. Five types of subsections can be analyzed: freeway, divided and undivided multilane, two-lane, and passing lane sections. The model uses the procedures for capacity and level of service evaluation presented in the new Highway Capacity Manual. To perform the simulation, the roadway section must be divided into "homogeneous" subsection--i.e., subsections with uniform geometric and traffic characteristics. Subsection boundaries are established based upon changes in road geometrics and/or traffic demand characteristics. RURAL2 calculates traffic performance measures, such as average speed, travel time, vehicle delay, vehicle travel hours and vehicle travel miles. A subsection dependency logic has been incorporated to account for upstream dependency effects on downstream traffic performance. Data collected on several sites in California were used to calibrate and validate the simulation model. A cast-study using 40-mile section of California State Route 20 was conducted. The existing design configuration was evaluated and compared with three other design strategies. Conclusions were drawn regarding the location of highway improvements based on the simulation experiment results. Future areas of research have been identified. An appendix is included describing alternative methodologies to handle subsection dependency. A complete documentation of the simulation model is provided. (Author) KW - Case studies KW - Macroscale KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462168 AU - Wells, G K AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A GROUND PROBING RADAR DEVICE FOR DETECTING VOIDS WITHIN AND BENEATH CONCRETE (TYPE B STUDY). FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - n.p. AB - The Penetradar Corporation short pulse radar Model PS-24 was subjected to a limited evaluation to determine its effectiveness in detecting small voids beneath PCC pavement slabs. Its ability to determine delamination between pavement layers and delamination of concrete caused by rebar corrosion was also evaluated. The results of this study indicated that the Model PS-24 in its present state of development is not suitable for this type of work. KW - Accuracy KW - Delamination KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Effectiveness KW - Field performance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement layers KW - Performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Pulse methods KW - Radar devices KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462260 AU - Vyce, J M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAULT-REMOVAL PROCEDURES FOR RIGID PAVEMENT JOINTS. FIRST INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 36 p. AB - Although faulting of transverse joints in portland cement concrete pavement generally has not been a problem in New York, a change in load-transfer devices between 1960 and 1972 is now producing significant faulting on pavements with high-volume truck traffic. This study was initiated to determine the most efficient method of rehabilitating faulted joints. Two methods of removing faults were investigated: (1) physically lifting slabs and grouting beneath them, and (2) diamond-blade grinding. Lifting and grouting proved difficult and time-consuming and did not completely remove all faulting, but grinding produced a level profile across the joints. However, subsequent measurements showed that within a year, almost 1/16 in. of faulting had returned and this rate of recurrence has continued for 3 years. At the end of this time, magnitudes are already half what they were when the work was done. Thus, the continuing work on the study -- restoring load tranfer -- is an important aspect of joint rehabilitation, because fault removal will not stop its recurrence. Other factors were also included in the study, showing (1) that presence of a transverse crack within 25 ft of a joint increases faulting, (2) that the magnitude of differential vertical movement across a joint under load may be related to faulting, and (3) subsealing appears to have little effect on subsequent faulting. KW - Axle loads KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Faulting KW - Grinding KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Transverse joints KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461902 AU - Ivey, D L AU - Buth, C E AU - Love, M L AU - Campise, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BARRIERS IN CONSTRUCTION ZONES - THE RESPONSE OF ATYPICAL VEHICLES DURING COLLISIONS WITH CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIERS. VOLUME 4. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 179 p. AB - Eight crash tests of utility vehicles, pickup trucks and one straight truck were conducted to determine the response of these atypical vehicles during collisions with concrete median barriers. In order for these tests to be compared with GUARD simulations of similar collisions, vehicle geometrics, suspension and inertial properties were determined and are reported. The utility vehicle and pickup responses in these tests resulted, in most cases, in responses similar to those of full-sized automobiles. Some exceptions are noted and discussed. Straight trucks with relatively high load locations are susceptible to rolling over concrete median barriers. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Impact tests KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Trucks KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461899 AU - Ivey, D L AU - Buth, C E AU - Robertson, R G AU - Koppa, R J AU - Beason, W L AU - Pendleton, O J AU - Ross, H E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BARRIERS IN CONSTRUCTION ZONES. VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 138 p. AB - This study addressed the design and performance of longitudinal barriers for construction zones. The strengths of various connections for portable concrete median barriers (PCB) are analyzed and theoretical treatments of behavior of the PCB during a collision are presented. These analyses along with cost data and crash test information are used to develop a barrier performance rating and selection system. Crash tests on a non-deflecting PCB with various types and sizes of vehicles are reported. KW - Analysis KW - Barrier design KW - Construction sites KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Impact tests KW - Longitudinal KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461901 AU - Ivey, D L AU - Walker, K C AU - Ross, H E AU - Beason, W L AU - Koppa, R J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BARRIERS IN CONSTRUCTION ZONES. VOLUME 3: APPENDICES B, C, D, E AND F. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 254 p. AB - This study addressed the design and performance of longitudinal barriers for construction zones. The strengths of various connections for portable concrete median barriers (PCB) are analyzed and theoretical treatments of behavior of the PCB during a collision are presented. These analyses along with cost data and crash test information are used to develop a barrier performance rating and selection system. Crash tests on a non-deflecting PCB with various types and sizes of vehicles are reported. KW - Analysis KW - Barrier design KW - Construction sites KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Impact tests KW - Longitudinal KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461900 AU - Robertson, R G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BARRIERS IN CONSTRUCTION ZONES. VOLUME 2: APPENDIX A. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 185 p. AB - This study addressed the design and performance of longitudinal barriers for construction zones. The strengths of various connections for portable concrete median barriers (PCB) are analyzed and theoretical treatments of behavior of the PCB during a collision are presented. These analyses along with cost data and crash test information are used to develop a barrier performance rating and selection system. Crash tests on a non-deflecting PCB with various types and sizes of vehicles are reported. This report contains details of the crash tests performed on the PCB as well as tests on Stabilized Barrel/W-Section Barrier. KW - Analysis KW - Barrier design KW - Construction inspection KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Impact tests KW - Inspection KW - Longitudinal KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461860 AU - Joyce, R P AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID NON-DESTRUCTIVE DELAMINATION DETECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 185 p. AB - Delaminations in concrete bridge decks are a major cause of bridge maintenance problems. Sonic inspection techniques are currently being used for condition surveys to identify those bridge decks on which expenditures of funds are both necessary and cost effective. While the current sonic methods are reliable, they are too slow for the survey application. A need exists for a rapid, non-destructive method for assessing the general condition of the bridge decks without closing the deck to traffic. The inspection techniques considered for use were infrared thermography, electro-magnetic sounding, nuclear radiation and acoustic techniques. Electromagnetic sounding, by using pulsed radar, has the best potential for use in the development of a rapid survey system. This technique has the capability of inspecting through asphalt overlays. Creditable surface cover of sand/pebbles, lane marking paint, oil spots and damp pavement have negligible effects on the inspection data. Digital image processing techniques are used to present the individual range scans in a modified B-scan format, providing a cross-sectional view of the deck along the line of travel. In-service bridge decks were inspected at a speed of 40 mph (18 mm/sec). Distressed areas with a longitudinal dimension of 2 ft (0.6 m) and more were detected. False indications caused by bridge components such as piers, struts, expansion joints and diaphragms were easy to identify. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Delamination KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Electromagnetic pulses KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Radar KW - Radar applications KW - Rapid methods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460323 AU - Hubbard, A B AU - Raska, J G AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROTECTIVE COATING: FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL PY - 1985/04 SP - 83 p. AB - This report documents the design, specifications and application of the protective coating for the Port Isabel Causeway Bridge on Park Road 100 in Cameron County. This bridge connects the mainland with South Padre Island over the Intracoastal Waterway and Laguna Madre. The system consists of two coats of epoxy-zinc primer, one intermediate coat of epoxy and an appearance coat of #742 grey-finish paint. KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Metal bridges KW - Protective coatings KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural steel KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460315 AU - Hopkins, T C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM MOVEMENTS OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE APPROACH EMBANKMENTS AND PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 149 p. AB - Long-term movements of highway bridge approach embankments and pavements are described and factors that may lead to settlement of highway bridge approach pavements are discussed. Six case histories are presented. The bridge approach sites were observed at different times during the period 1966 to 1985. At four sites, lateral movements, measured from slope inclinometers, of the approach embankments were monitored over time periods ranging from 8 to 14 years. Settlements of the highway bridge approaches were monitored some 3 to 4 years after paving. Estimated and observed settlements of the foundations at the study sites were obtained for a length of time sufficient to establish settlement patterns over long-term time periods. Subsurface tests were performed on foundation and embankment samples. Based on triaxial shear strengths and long-term seepage measurements, long-term factors of safety of the approach embankments were calculated. An empirical method of estimating the rate of foundation settlement is presented. This method appears to yield settlement estimates that agree better with observed settlements than estimated settlements based on laboratory parameters. An empirical method for estimating the long-term settlements of highway approach embankments is presented. This method may be useful in deciding whether permanent or temporary approach pavements should be installed. With regard to the design and construction of highway bridge approach embankments and pavements, several recommendations are presented. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridge approaches KW - Embankments KW - Estimating KW - Lateral movement KW - Long term KW - Pavements KW - Seepage KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shear strength KW - Shear stress KW - Time duration KW - Triaxial shear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453721 AU - Rubin, D AU - CARTER, E AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORK ZONE ACCIDENT DATA PROCESS-TRAINING GUIDE. IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL PY - 1985/04 SP - 102 p. AB - The collection of accident data by law enforcement officials on accidents occurring within construction and maintenance work zones is usually not adequate to assess whether or not the accidents are directly or indirectly related to traffic control or physical roadway features. The job of collecting supplemental data to determine this is typically done by the construction and or/maintenance supervisory staff. These engineers and technicians need to be trained in the techniques of acquiring data related to traffic accidents both for immediate assessment of traffic controls in place and for the State wide assessment of traffic control standards. The training guide provides the outline, visual aids and necessary supporting information for a 3 to 4 hour short course on the collection of work zone accident data. (Author) KW - Construction management KW - Construction sites KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Manuals KW - Site investigation KW - Training KW - Visual aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454469 AU - de Laski, A B AU - Parsonson, P S AU - Diaz, Seckinger and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC DETECTOR HANDBOOK TECHNICAL APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF REFERENCES PY - 1985/04 SP - 111 p. AB - The rapid rate of construction has created a need to have information on the strength of concrete at the earliest possible time. Having to wait 28 days before the strength can be determined can cause serious problems if inferior concrete had been used in a member or a section which is already in place. In this study the ASTM C-684, making, accelerated curing, and testing of concrete compression test and specimens, was examined. Procedure A, the warm water method, and procedure B, the boiling water method, were evaluated using two types of coarse aggregate, locally available chert gravel and Kentucky limestone. Concrete cylinders were tested after being cured by each accelerated curing method and normal moist curing. The data from each accelerated method was plotted against the normally cured 28-day strength and the best fit curve was determined. Also, an equation was established for each procedure and each curve. From the data indicated in this report and literature searched, it seems that accelerated curing methods can be used reliably to estimate the actual 28-day strength. (Author) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Accuracy KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete strength KW - Rapid methods KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453539 AU - Wilshire, R AU - BLACK, R AU - Grochoske, R AU - Higinbotham, J AU - PAWA Winkelmann and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS HANDBOOK--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. REVISED EDITION-1985. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - v.p. AB - Within the broad spectrum of transportation systems management (TSM), traffic control systems play a key role in the efficient operation of urban streets and freeways. In the mid-1970s, FHWA published the original Traffic Control Systems Handbook as a compendium of available technology and practice. In the intervening years, control systems technology and hardware advances, permitted by the application of the microprocessor, have contributed to widespread use of such systems. The revision retains much of the valuable material and basic scope of the original Handbook, but updates discussions of concepts and hardware to reflect current state of the art. Further, it is focused toward the more experienced signal and control systems designer and user, with discussions of actual experience and pitfalls. Topics addressed in the Handbook include the following: Available systems technology; Control concepts-urban streets; Control concepts-freeways; Detectors; Local controllers; System masters; Communications; Driver information systems; Selection of a system; Design and implementation; and System management. KW - Communications KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Freeways KW - Handbooks KW - Hardware KW - Implementation KW - Management KW - Streets KW - Technology KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396368 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS: HIGHWAY BRIDGE REPLACEMENT AND REHABILITATION PROGRAM PY - 1985/04 SP - 65 p. AB - In 1982, Congress acknowledged the seriousness of our Nation's bridge needs by continuing the Highway Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program (HBRRP). The Surface Transportation Assistance Act (STAA) of 1982 increased funding for the HBRRP to record levels and changed the governing legislation for the program in a number of other ways as well. The STAA authorized funding for the HBRRP through FY 1986. With this authorization limit in mind, the FHWA undertook a top-level management review in FY 1984 of the entire Federal-aid bridge program. The purpose of the review was to evaluate the current bridge program, determine its strong points and weaknesses, and develop recommendations, both administrative and legislative, for program improvements. The second part of this report includes a summary of our findings. Section 144(i) of Title 23, U.S. Code, requires an annual report to Congress on the HBRRP, the status of the National Bridge Inventory (NBI), and recommendations for program improvement. The objective of the Sixth Annual Report is to describe in detail the progress made in administering the HBRRP through December 31, 1984. The report will also discuss the status of bridge inventories for both Federal-aid and off-system highways. (Author) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Federal aid KW - Highway bridges KW - Inventory KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213957 ER - TY - SER AN - 00395680 JO - Transportation Analysis Report PB - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Henningan, M E AU - Neveu, A J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUICK ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL AREA IMPACTS RESULTING FROM NATIONAL ENERGY SHORTAGES PY - 1985/04 IS - 43 SP - v.p. AB - This paper presents a method to aid in estimating local area impacts of national energy shortages. It examines the potential travel impacts of fuel shortages occurring in six different-sized urban areas under seven different energy futures. These futures are defined by fuel supply shortfall, government actions taken to offset this shortfall, and by whether long-range conservation actions are taken by public. It was found that the most effective actions for reducing fuel use were long-range conservation actions such as moving closer to work or buying a more fuel-efficient car. In the absence of a fuel shortage, the 1990 scenario with long-range actions showed a decline in fuel use from 1980 of 13 to 15%, while the 1990 scenario without these actions showed a decline in fuel use of only 2 to 4%. The most effective type of TSM actions for reducing fuel use are restrictive TSM actions that discourage solo driving. Additionally, there is a significant difference in the amount of fuel saved by work vs. nonwork TSM actions in futures that do not contain long-range adjustments. However, in futures with long-range adjustments, the amount of fuel saved by work vs. nonwork travel becomes more of a 50/50 split. Smaller-sized urban areas will be impacted the most by future energy shortages due to lack of transit availability and lesser opportunities for carpooling in these areas. The impact of long-range actins on fuel use is greater in these areas due tp a greater proportion of auto travel. However, this does not fully compensate for thee reduced availability of alternatives to auto use in these areas. (Author) KW - Carpools KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Impact studies KW - Incentives KW - Public transit KW - Supply KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469219 AU - Dupuis, T V AU - Kobriger, N P AU - Kreutzberger, W K AU - Trippi, V AU - Rexnord Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF ON RECEIVING WATERS. VOLUME III: RESOURCE DOCUMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/03/30 SP - 153 p. AB - This resource document is intended to serve as a user tool to supplement the Procedural Guidelines Manual (Volume IV). State highway agencies can use these resources to more comprehensively address the effects of stormwater runoff in environmental documents (i.e., EIS's and EA's). This document provides a critical summary and review of the technical literature on hydrological, water quality, sediment, and biological impacts of runoff from operating highways. Major pollutant categories include oxygen-consuming materials, nutrients, bacteria, road salt, petroleum hydrocarbons, and metals. KW - Biological factors KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hydrology KW - Living things KW - Pollutants KW - Runoff KW - Sediments KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461766 AU - Dupuis, T V AU - Kobriger, N AU - Kreutzberger, W K AU - Trippi, V AU - Rexnord AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF ON RECEIVING WATERS. VOLUME III: RESOURCE DOCUMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/03/30 SP - 145 p. AB - This resource document, the 3rd volume of 5, is intended to serve as a user tool to supplement the Procedural Guidelines Manual (Volume IV). State highway agencies can use these resources to more comprehensively address the effects of stormwater runoff in environmental documents (i.e., EISs and EAs). This document provides a critical summary and review of the technical literature on hydrological, water quality, sediment, and biological impacts of runoff from operating highways. Major pollutant categories include oxygen-consuming materials, nutrients, bacteria, road salt, petroleum hydrocarbons, and metals. KW - Bacteria KW - Biology KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Drainage KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Hydrology KW - Metals KW - Nutrient content KW - Pollutants KW - Runoff KW - Sediments KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419793 AU - Anderson, D A AU - Dukatz, E L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Fingerprinting versus field performance of paving grade asphalts PY - 1985/03 IS - FHWA/RD-84-095 SP - 143P KW - Asphalt KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Material properties KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Properties of materials KW - Sample KW - Samples KW - Stripping of binder KW - Temperature KW - Temperature KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01074147 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP 408, Illinois route 100 in Scott County to Illinois route 107 in Pike County : environmental impact statement PY - 1985/03//Volumes held: Final(v.1),Public involvement vol. B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833541 ER -