TY - RPRT AN - 00265176 AU - Herd, L O AU - O'Brien, T N AU - Clipp, C AU - Jeyapalan, K AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE ANALYTICAL STEREOPLOTTER AP/C (OP/C PHASE) IN APPLICATION TO HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PROJECTS PY - 1974/10 SP - 50 p. AB - The objective of this report is to study the feasibility of Orthophoto Mapping in Highway Engineering using the AP/C - OP/C. It was found that the most valuable use of Orthophoto Mapping in Highway Engineering is as base maps on which overlays of land use maps, line maps, and geological survey maps can be made. The disadvantages are the existence of height distortion within the slit width and the consumption of AP/C time which could be used more profitably for Aerial Triangulation. /FHWA/ KW - Data plotters KW - Highway engineering KW - Mapping KW - Orthophotographs KW - Stereoscopic plotters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142840 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation TI - DIVERSION OF INTERCITY TRAFFIC AT A SINGLE POINT. ADDENDUM TO FINAL DESIGN REPORT PY - 1974/09 SP - 99 p. AB - This Addendum to the "Final Design Report-Diversion of Intercity Traffic at a Single Point," November 1973, Revised September 1974, contains supplemental information generated during the study and design phases of the Single Point Diversion program. The Addendum is composed of two sections; Section A - "Evaluation of Control Algorithms" and Section B - "Sign Message Survey." Section A contains a detailed discussion of the algorithm evaluation procedure used to evaluate the candidate control strategies of the I-95/HTT/I-695 roadway system. Included in this section is a presentation of the simulation results. Another volume, "Control Strategy Specification, Diversion of Intercity Traffic at a Single Point," February 1974, provides the documentation of the control strategy selected for use as a result of the evaluation process. /FHWA/ KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62091 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00084299 JO - Highway and Urban Mass Transport AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA AND UMTA CONTRIBUTE TO THE NATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN PY - 1974/09 SP - p. 2-4 AB - The Federal Highway and Urban Mass Transportation Administrations are emphasising low cost improvements in urban transportation. This means full use of existing facilities and reduced urban congestion. These projects are the basis for the FHWA-UMTA action plan for energy conservation. The plan has three parts; encouragement by local authorities by immediate development of carpool transit and taxi services. The second part is aimed to continue annual preparation of short range multiyear transportation programs containing DOT funded projects. The third part involves development of ways to provide funding and other incentives. Optimizing the use of existing urban transportation can be done by applying traffic management techniques to person trips on the transportation system, encouraging the use of buses on freeways, providing downtown parking strategies and making street improvements. FHWA and UMTA funds are available. Programs have shown progress, some examples are the exclusive bus lane on Shirley Highway in Virginia and contraflow lanes on 495 to the Lincoln Tunnel in New Jersey. KW - Carpools KW - Costs KW - Energy KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Improvements KW - Parking KW - Taxicabs KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/26683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167852 AU - Goble, G G AU - Hsu, K Y AU - Yeung, J AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - AUTOMATED OPTIMUM DESIGN OF SOME HIGHWAY BRIDGES AND BRIDGE ELEMENTS PY - 1974/09 SP - 174 p. AB - During the past 20 years extensive developments in the application of math programming techniques to the automated, optimum design of structures have made it possible to consider the routine design office application of these techniques. The goal of this project was to produce working computer programs which the designer could use easily and effectively. Two quite different problems were approached; the design of continuous rolled beam bridge girders and the design of reinforced concrete slab bridges. A number of different classes of rolled beam bridges were studied. A computer program, GAD III having several options was developed to perform the design of non-composite, continuous rolled beams. The simplest option will select the lightest rolled beam which meets all requirements for the total length of the continuous beam. A second option will design a minimum cost continuous beam with coverplates. Only a single rolled beam section is allowed. A third option allows both coverplates and changes in rolled beam sections. The GAD VI program will design a minimum cost composite beam. Both beam and shear connectors are designed. The Minimum cost design of a continuous reinforced concrete slab bridge is performed by the GAD IV program. A uniform depth slab is used and all reinforcement is designed. All of these programs were written in FORTRAN and have been tested on both the UNIVAC 1108 and the IBM 360. /Author/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete bridges KW - Construction KW - Cover plates KW - Design KW - Fasteners KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Ibm 360 KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Rolled beam KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Structural design KW - Univac 1108 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090478 AU - Ben-Akiva, Moshe AU - Jessiman, W A AU - Manheim, M L AU - Attanucci, J P AU - Deen, T B AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Pratt (RH) Associates, Incorporated TI - DESIGN OF PROCEDURES TO EVALUATE TRAVELER RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM SUPPLY. CONFERENCE SUMMARY AND WHITE PAPERS PY - 1974/09 SP - 180 p. AB - The problem addressed arises from the need to develop better techniques for forecasting travel demand. The analysis of transportation system changes through a before change-after impact survey is seen as a means of better understanding the influences on travel behavior and the decisions leading to that behavior. The conference from which these proceedings resulted was held to present and discuss ideas relevant to alternative study designs and data collection methodologies for before change-after impact situations. The papers present different aspects of the central theme. They include long-term, net benefit changes studied by direct demand analysis; types of system changes; attitudinal procedures for short-term, net cost situations; specific change hypotheses and the data requirements involved; and criteria for distinguishing between short-term and long-term supply changes, as well as the criteria for study design of change type. KW - Attitudes KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Change KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumers KW - Criteria KW - Demand KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Force KW - Forecasting KW - Future policies KW - Impact studies KW - Information processing KW - Long term forces KW - Needs assessment KW - Passengers KW - Policy KW - Short term KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Systems analysis KW - Time duration KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation systems KW - Travel KW - Travel demand KW - User needs KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092035 AU - Huck, P J AU - Pincus, H J AU - Singh, M M AU - Chugh, Y P AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF THE IN-SITU STATE OF STRESS IN SOIL MASSES PY - 1974/09 SP - 336 p. AB - The mass behavior of soil and the loadings imparted to civil engineering works by soil masses are strongly influenced by the naturally existing in-situ soil stresses. The determination of in-situ stresses in soil masses is a difficult problem which, in some cases, requires extensive and subtle evaluation if even an approximate determination is to be made. These studies were conducted to review and assess techniques. Methods for estimating in-situ stress from a knowledge of the soil and assumed stress history, as well as direct measurement methods are identified and described. All known methods for determining in-situ stresses are summarized. Recommendations are made for the development of more sophisticated hardware, transfer and development of fabric analysis technology to soil mechanics, and long range development of magnetic resonance techniques. KW - Estimating KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Field tests KW - Geological surveying KW - Insitu methods KW - Instrumentation KW - Magnetic properties KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Pressure KW - Pressure measurements KW - Resonance KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil structure KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses KW - Subsurface investigations KW - Tunneling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139814 AU - Yoo, Chai H AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - USER'S MANUAL FOR THE STATIC ANALYSIS OF CURVED BRIDGE GRIDERS SN - 55 PY - 1974/09 SP - 105 p. AB - This report presents the listing and operation of two computer programs designated: 1) CURSGL-single and multispan prismatic and nonprismatic curved girder; 2) CURSYS-system of curved girders with interconnected top deck and diaphragms. These programs have been written in FORTRAN IV, and ws used on the UNIVA 1108. The mathametical technique utilized herein is the solution of Ulasov Equations and Finite Differences. Example application of the programs and sample input/output is given. KW - Box girders KW - Computer programs KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Finite differences KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091428 AU - Anderson, D R AU - Slater, D E AU - Cunningham, A R AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF RUBBER SNOWPLOW BLADES IN WASHINGTON. PHASE II PY - 1974/09 SP - 34 p. AB - Rubber snowplow blades have been successfully used in those areas of Western Washington where minimum winter temperatures are relatively high. While removing slush and wet snow from the roadway surface, they do not damage raised traffic lane markers. The report confirms the successful use of rubber snowplow blades in slushy, wet snow areas. In addition, the report investigates the use of rubber snowplow blades in those areas which experience colder temperatures and hard, frozen compacted snow on the roadway surface. To date, rubber snowplow blades have not effectively removed hard compacted snow but also related problems of polishing and throwing gravel are experienced. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Elastomers KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Loss and damage KW - Performance KW - Protection KW - Road markings KW - Rubber KW - Snow removal KW - Snowmobiles KW - Snowplows KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic marking KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00132999 AU - Evans, D B AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - INFLUENCE LINES FOR TWO AND THREE SPAN CONTINUOUS CURVED GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1974/09 SP - 267 p. AB - A series of influence line tables and equations have been presented, which will permit an initial design of a two or three span continuous bridge. The design technique is applicable to both dead and live loads applied perpendicularly to the plane of the structure or as torsional moments applied along the longitudinal axis parallel to the plane of the structure. The design procedure is based on the relative behavior of a single isolated curved girder to the response of the same girder when acting in conjunction with a system of curved girders. Therefore, by applying appropriate factors, the system response can be determined from the single girder forces as computed from the influence line charts. This affords a simplified, methodical approach toward the design of multi-span curved girder bridges. The method developed, herein, will negate the need to apply complicated mathematical expressions or sophisticated computer programs to permit an initial design of continuous curved bridges. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Influence lines KW - Live loads KW - Static loads KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083583 AU - Roberts, R AU - Irwin, G R AU - Krishna, G V AU - Yen, B T AU - Lehigh University TI - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF BRIDGE STEELS - PHASE II REPORT PY - 1974/09 SP - 418 p. AB - The ability of past and present steel highway bridges to withstand brittle fracture has been investigated. To this end, the static fracture toughness, the dynamic fracture toughness, the dynamic tear energy (DT) and the Charpy impact properties (CVN) of eight steels common to bridge constructions have been measured over a temperature range of about -200 degrees F to +75 degrees F. The steels studied were A7, A36, A242, A440, A441, A588, A514 and A517. The use of these measures of fracture toughness and fracture mechanics in general are discussed as they apply to design, inspection and fabrication of bridges. The present AASHTO CVN requirements for bridge steels were evaluated in relationship to the finding of the program. These requirements were judged adequate for structures where parallel load paths exist. For structures where the loads are carried by only one load path more detailed material evaluations are recommended in place of the AASHTO CVN requirement. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Dynamics KW - Failure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Impact tests KW - Loads KW - Metal bridges KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - Tear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093926 AU - Koretzky, H P AU - Tscherneff, A T AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF AN EXPERIMENTAL POST-TENSIONED SEGMENTAL CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1974/09 SP - 46 p. AB - This report covers the design of an experimental Post-tensioned Segmental Concrete Box Girder Bridge intended for the Second Test Track Bridge which is to be constructed after the completion of the first research cycle at the Pavement Durability Test Track, which is located at the Pennsylvania State University. This type of bridge was chosen for the potential advantages it offers in bridge construction, such as: initial construction economy, simplicity of construction, expeditious construction, reduced maintenance, greater aesthetic value and standardization of construction. To provide the prospective researchers with a logical basis for their research proposal, the report lists engineering decisions and assumptions, not covered by existing specifications, which will have to be substantiated, verified or disproved by the testing of the structure. KW - Aesthetics KW - Box beams KW - Box girders KW - Bridges KW - Civil engineering KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Concrete structures KW - Construction KW - Curved beams KW - Design KW - Economic factors KW - Esthetic properties KW - Experimental design KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintainability KW - Pennsylvania KW - Posttensioning KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Standardization KW - Structural design KW - Superstructures KW - Test facilities KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093953 AU - Huang, T AU - Kory, A J AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - PRESTRESS LOSSES OF IN-SERVICE HIGHWAY BRIDGE MEMBERS - A LITERATURE SURVEY PY - 1974/09 SP - 31 p. AB - The report presents a survey of literature concerning the prestress loss characteristics of in-service bridge members in comparison with those of laboratory specimens. In Chapters 2, 3, and 4 respectively, findings by previous researchers related to camber and deflection, shrinkage and creep, and prestress losses are presented and discussed. Chapter 5 provides a brief summary, and shows the need for further research. The work was done as part of a research project entitled 'Evaluation of Prestress Loss Characteristics of In-Service Bridge Beams.' This project is aimed at establishing a comparison between the behavior of laboratory specimens and that of in-service structural members, and to formulate necessary adjustments to a previously developed procedure for estimating prestress losses in pretensioned bridge members. KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Bridge members KW - Concrete construction KW - Creep KW - Creep properties KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Highway bridges KW - Inservice KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Shrinkage KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural engineering KW - Structural members KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093595 AU - Powell, G H AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GIRDER-PC - A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DESIGN CHECKING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1974/09 SP - 125 p. AB - A computer program for the design analysis of multi-span prestressed concrete bridge structures is described, the analysis and design checking procedures are explained, and a detailed user's guide is presented. The program is primarily applicable to cast in-situ prestressed concrete box girder bridges. The girder must be straight in plan, and it must be possible to idealize any girder cross section as an equivalent I-section, otherwise the program is applicable to structures of a wide variety of geometrical shapes. The girder depth, width and slab thicknesses may vary arbitrarily along its length, vertical or inclined monolithic piers may be specified, and internal hinges and expansion joints may be included. Any number of prestressing cables may be specified, with arbitrary profiles and anchorages at any point. Some spans of the girder may be non-prestressed if desired. KW - Automation KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridges KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Design KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Length KW - Manuals KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slabs KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093559 AU - GHOSE, A AU - Powell, G H AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1974/09 SP - 79 p. AB - A procedure for automated design by computer of multi-span reinforced concrete bridge girders is described, a user's guide for a computer program developed to apply the procedure is presented, and example designs are reviewed. The program is limited to cast-in-situ girders of constant width and depth, but the span lengths may vary from span to span, and cross section variations are also taken into account. Analyses for dead and live load are carried out automatically, and slab thicknesses and reinforcement areas are then selected on a fully-stressed basis, considering both flexure and shear. The analysis and design cycle is repeated to convergence. In an optional final stage, an optimal reinforcing bar layout may be determined using a dynamic programming procedure. A cost computation for the structure is included in the program. A sample design produced by the program is shown to be close to a design described in the State of California Manual of Bridge Design Practice. KW - Analysis KW - Automation KW - Beams KW - Bridge bearing pads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridges KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete structures KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Length KW - Methodology KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete beams KW - Slabs KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093560 AU - Ramakrishna, L V AU - Powell, G H AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MSBOX - A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR AUTOMATED DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1974/09 SP - 114 p. AB - A procedure for automated design by computer of multi-span prestressed concrete bridge girders is described, a user's guide for a computer program developed to apply the procedure is presented, and example designs are reviewed. The program uses a nonlinear programming procedure (SUMT) to design the depth, slab thicknesses, prestressing cable profile and jacking forces for multi-span box girders. Rational analyses for dead load, prestress loss due to friction, prestress loads and live loads are carried out, and minimum cost designs satisfying constraints on deflection, working load flexural stress, ultimate moment capacity and shear strength are produced. The program is limited to cast-in-situ girders of constant width with continuous prestressing, but is applicable to girders of variable depth, and can take account of stiff piers cast monolithically with the superstructure. Prestressing may be specified to be carried out from one anchorage only if desired. KW - Automation KW - Beams KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridges KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete structures KW - Design KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Length KW - Nonlinear programming KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete beams KW - Shear strength KW - Slabs KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097121 AU - Epps, J A AU - Meyer, A H AU - Larrimore, I E AU - Jones, H L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - ROADWAY MAINTENANCE EVALUATION USER'S MANUAL PY - 1974/09 SP - 97 p. AB - The manual has been developed as a reference to be used in conjunction with a training school and a reference for personnel responsible for conducting the roadway visual survey. The visual evaluation method described in this manual consists of the utilization of two forms; one for flexible pavements and one for rigid pavements. Items recorded include location of the roadway being evaluated, an indication of the type, amount and degree of pavement distress, and an evaluation of the conditions of the shoulder, roadside and drainage features and traffic service items. Road roughness is measured by use of a Mays Meter whose output is converted to a serviceability index. Data from this evaluation can be used for maintenance management purposes. KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highway drainage KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance administration KW - Maintenance management KW - Manuals KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Surface drainage KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097652 AU - McCauley, M L AU - Hoover, T P AU - Forsyth, R A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - PRESPLITTING SN - CA-DOT-2955-4-75-32 PY - 1974/09 SP - 32 p. AB - This report is a synthesis of three interim reports on presplitting of high cut slopes. Observations are presented on the economics, construction, and maintnenance aspects of presplitting in addition to the general conclusions and recommendations of the authors, and the specifications developed as a result of the study. /FHWA/ KW - Construction management KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - Presplitting KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Slopes KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/35687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097645 AU - Stoker, J R AU - Boulware, R L AU - Crozier, W F AU - Swirsky, R A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - ANCHORAGE DEVICES FOR LARGE DIAMETER REINFORCING BARS SN - CA-DOT-6626-1-73-30 PY - 1974/09 SP - 63 p. AB - Results of nineteen pullout tests conducted on #18, #14 and #11, Grade 60 steel reinforcing bars (ASTM A615-68) to evaluate end anchorage provided by an attached steel end-plate are reported. The effects of group action and low cycle dynamic loading are also reported. Short embedment lengths for anchored bars resulted in greater loaded-end slips than those realized by unanchored bars embedded in accordance with current allowable bond stresses. These slips, however, were less than the "critical" value of 0.010 of an inch at an applied steel stress of 24 kips per square inch. The anchor plate design utilizing shallower reinforcing steel embedment reduced the ductility of the system, at stress levels exceeding yield stresses, by limiting the length of bar available for plastic elongation after the occurrence of bond breakdown. The use of an anchorage device on bars with short embedment lengths served to increase ultimate strength capability to that of a fully embedded, unanchored bar. Visible concrete crack patterns were not influenced by the use of anchor plates. Group-action test results indicated greater slip values at values at given stress levels when compared with single bar tests. Multiple bar pullout tests need to be performed on unanchored bars before the group-action phenomenon can be better evaluated. /FHWA/ KW - Anchorages KW - Anchoring KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Design KW - Ductility KW - Dynamic loads KW - Embedments (Concrete) KW - Pull out test KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips KW - Structural analysis KW - Tension tests KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/35673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091580 AU - Scordelis, A C AU - BOUWKAMP, J G AU - Larsen, P K AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Business and Transportation Agency TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A CURVED TWO SPAN REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL. VOLUME II. REDUCTION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS PY - 1974/09 SP - 339 p. AB - This is the second of a three volume sequence as follows: Vol. 1 - Design, Construction, Instrumentation and Loading; Vol. 2 - Reduction, Analysis and Interpretation of Results; and Vol. 3 - Detailed Tables of Experimental and Analytical Results. In the present volume of a detailed presentation of the reduction, analysis and interpretaion of the experimental and theoretical results obtained in testing a large scale, horizontally curved, two span, four cell, reinforced concrete box girder bridge model is given. The various computer programs used in obtaining theoretical results are described and compared. The methods and computer programs used for reduction of experimental data are also presented. KW - Box girders KW - Computer programs KW - Curved beams KW - Data analysis KW - Data reduction KW - Girder bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Test results KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091579 AU - Scordelis, A C AU - BOUWKAMP, J G AU - Larsen, P K AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Business and Transportation Agency TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A CURVED TWO SPAN REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL. VOLUME I. DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, INSTRUMENTATION AND LOADING PY - 1974/09 SP - 137 p. AB - This is the first of a three volume sequence as follows: Vol. 1 - Design, Construction, Instrumentation and Loading; Vol. 2 - Reduction, Analysis and Interpretation of Results; and Vol. 3 - Detailed Tables of Experimental and Analytical Results. In the present volume a detailed study of the instrumentation, construction and testing of a large scale, horizontally curved, two span, four cell, reinforced concrete box girder bridge model is presented. The selection of the model scale, the choice and location of instrumentation, and the system of data acquisition are discussed. KW - Box girders KW - Construction KW - Curved beams KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Girder bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091576 AU - Kabir, A F AU - Scordelis, A C AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR CURVED BRIDGES ON FLEXIBLE BENTS PY - 1974/09 SP - 173 p. AB - A computer program is presented for the analysis of continuous prismatic folded plate structures, which are circular in plan and may have up to twelve flexible interior diaphragms or supports. The folded plate structure is considered to be an assemblage of orthotropic plate elements that may, in general, be segments of conical frustra, interconnected at longitudinal joints and simply supported at the two ends. Each plate element is idealized by a number of circumferential finite strips. The finite strip method is used to determine the strip stiffness. Interior diaphragms may be defined by flexible beams, and interior supports may be defined by two-dimensional planar frame bents. A direct stiffness harmonic analysis is used to analyze the assembled folded plate system. KW - Bents KW - Box beams KW - Bridge substructures KW - Computer programs KW - Curved beams KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Folded plates KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Fourier analysis KW - Girder bridges KW - Harmonic analysis KW - Needs assessment KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods KW - Stiffness methods (Structural) KW - Structural analysis KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091581 AU - Scordelis, A C AU - BOUWKAMP, J G AU - Larsen, P K AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Business and Transportation Agency TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A CURVED TWO SPAN REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL. VOLUME III. DETAILED TABLES OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS PY - 1974/09 SP - 452 p. AB - This is the third of a three volume sequence as follows: Vol. 1 - Design, Construction, Instrumentation and Loading; Vol. 2 - Reduction, Analysis and Interpretation of Results; and Vol. 3 - Detailed Tables and Experimental and Analytical Results. In the present volume detailed tables of experimental and analytical results obtained in testing a large scale, horizontally curved, two span, four cell, reinforced concrete box girder bridge model are presented. Results in terms of reactions, deflections, strains and moments are given. The responses of the bridge to point loads, conditioning loads and truck loadings all at working stress levels are tabulated. In addition, tabulated results are given for conditioning loads at overstress levels and for point loads after conditioning overloads. KW - Box girders KW - Curved beams KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Girder bridges KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091385 AU - Whitson, R H AU - Carvell, JDJ AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRONTAGE CONTROL STRATEGY FOR THE NORTH CENTRAL EXPRESSWAY, DALLAS FREEWAY CORRIDOR STUDY PY - 1974/09 SP - 44 p. AB - An approach for operation of frontage road intersections along a major freeway is presented. The strategy considers isolated control, system control, and interface with freeway operation. Initiation of frontage road control is the second major phase in overall corridor control. The first phase, now in operation, is freeway ramp control. KW - Actuators KW - Computers KW - Control KW - Control systems KW - Expressways KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Ramps KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091386 AU - Carvell, JDJ AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY OPERATIONS MANUAL, DALLAS CORRIDOR STUDY PY - 1974/09 SP - 150 p. AB - The report documents information and instructions necessary for operation of the freeway computer control system for the Dallas Corridor Study. The report includes chapters on control strategy, hardware design, software design, and routine operating procedures. KW - Computer systems hardware KW - Computer systems software KW - Computers KW - Control KW - Control systems KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - Hazards KW - Highway traffic control KW - Manuals KW - Ramps KW - Software KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signals KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091423 AU - O'Hanlon, J F AU - Kelley, G R AU - Human Factors Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Division of Highways TI - A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF DEVICES FOR PREVENTING LANE DRIFT AND RUN-OFF-ROAD ACCIDENTS PY - 1974/09 SP - 114 p. AB - Accident data indicates that drowsiness play a substantial role in single-vehicle run-off-road accidents. Shoulder rumble strips were chosen on a concurrent research project as a means of alerting a drowsy driver of incipient departure from the roadway. The concurrent project provided three different types of rumble strips at four locations. Results indicated that paving asphalt-aggregate ribs produced the greatest arousal of a drowsy driver. However, in any case arousal did not last longer than about five minutes. Average angle of departure from the traveled way was about three degrees. All of these results are discussed relative to the run-off-road accident problem together with the use of different shoulder treatments as potential countermeasures. KW - Arousal KW - Countermeasures KW - Drowsiness KW - Electrocardiography KW - Electroencephalography KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental data KW - Galvanic skin response KW - Heart rate KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiology KW - Prevention KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Recommendations KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Sleep KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091355 AU - Kalb, M R AU - Kinney, F S AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE STUDY OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT ON I-95 PY - 1974/09 SP - 96 p. AB - The study evaluates the performance of the continuously reinforced concrete pavement on I-95. Pavement observations and measurements were made on twelve construction contracts and included intensive crack surveys, measurements of the widths of selected cracks, measurements of changes of width of terminal joints and expansion joints, road roughness, present serviceability index (PSI) determinations, and skid resistance. This interim report presents the results of observations and measurements made during the first year of the study. Pavement design and construction details for the construction contracts are also presented. No definite conclusions are made, but generally the continuously reinforced concrete pavement on I-95 has performed as expected during three years of service. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Expansion joints KW - Failure KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Measurement KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00084221 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF PROCEDURES TO EVALUATE TRAVELER RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM SUPPLY PY - 1974/09 SP - 171 p. AB - The conference discussed ideas relating to appropriate study frameworks and methodologies for fast response data collection. The papers presented here are: measurement of Traveller Response to Changes in Transportation System Supply; Collection of Data Designed to Provide Insights into the Impact of System Changes in Travel Behavior; On the Assessment of Attitudinal and Behavioral Responses to Transportation System Characteristics; Design of Procedures to Evaluate Traveler Response to Changes in Transportation System Supply; An Outline for an Assessment of Economic Implications of Changes in Transportation System Supply on Traveler Behavior. KW - Change KW - Consumer behavior KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Economic factors KW - Evaluation KW - Methodology KW - Public opinion KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090628 AU - McCauley, M L AU - Hoover, T P AU - Forsyth, R A AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESPLITTING PY - 1974/09 SP - 37 p. AB - This report is a synthesis of three interim reports on presplitting of high cut slopes. Observations are presented on the economics, construction, and maintenance aspects of presplitting in addition to the general conclusions and recommendations of the authors, and the specifications developed as a result of the study. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Construction KW - Economics KW - Embankments KW - Face preparation mining KW - Highways KW - Intrusive rocks KW - Maintenance KW - Mining KW - Performance based specifications KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Rock excavation KW - Rock presplitting KW - Sedimentary rocks KW - Slopes KW - Specifications KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090026 AU - Herd, L O AU - Laasi, A AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED SURVEY SYSTEMS AND TECHNIQUES PY - 1974/09 SP - 70 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of developing a relatively inexpensive technique by which aerial photography could be accomplished using retroreflectors as survey control points. Strobe lights mounted next to the aerial camera and synchronized to the shutter would produce the light that is reflected from the retroreflectors into the camera aperture producing target images on the aerial negative. It was determined that a strobe camera system could be used to obtain target images at 1500 feet flying heights using standard highway delineators as targets. The delineator targets are economical and satisfactory for higher altitude flights if the strobe light candlepower is increased. KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aerial surveys KW - Airborne cameras KW - Cameras KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Imagery KW - Images KW - Line relocation KW - Lines of track KW - Location KW - Negatives /photographic/ KW - Numerical analysis KW - Photogrammetric surveys KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photographic materials KW - Photography KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Retroreflectors KW - Strobes KW - Stroboscopes KW - Surveying KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082853 AU - Tooke, W R AU - Hurst, D R AU - University of Georgia, Experiment TI - PAINT SYSTEMS FOR HIGHWAY STRUCTURAL STEEL PY - 1974/09 SP - 246 p. AB - A ten-year investigation of metal protective paint systems for highway steel structures was carried out. A total of over 100 paints, including 40 primers, was used. Field exposure data on 501 panels over a five-year period involved three test fences with various environments: (1) marine, (2) humid inland, and (3) mild urban. Parallel laboratory studies included characterization, development of an "accelerated environmental chamber," degradation tests, and usefulness of electrical techniques to measure capacitance- water absorption and polarization-corrosion inhibition. Ancillary studies included painted bridge panels under seacoast and inland environments and a water tank. Visual observation of panels and observer-assigned "grades," from 10 (perfect) to 1 (failure), as to appearance and integrity, permitted evaluation of the performance and estimated "service life" of the paint systems. All data were arranged for computer documentation, and input, storage, updating, retrieval, processing and special data reduction programs were developed. Galvanized steel, zinc-rich paints, a cement/oil primer with alkyd finish, zinc dust or zinc/chlor. rubber, or zinc dust oil, primer with aluminum/tung oil phenolic finish, gave superior performance under aggressive sea coast environments. The computer data base system developed is recommended for adoption or adaptation throughout the U.S. The accelerated environment chamber merits consideration by any paint laboratory in its studies. The electrical techniques investigated are appropriate to research and development studies. The data contain much material of direct and indirect application to operational functions of a highway department. Several new paint specifications were developed. KW - Corrosion tests KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Information processing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials and structures protection KW - Metal protection KW - Metals KW - Paint KW - Paint system KW - Painting KW - Service life KW - Steel structure painting KW - Steel structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082846 AU - Buchanan, J D AU - Yoo, C H AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - FIELD STUDY OF A CURVED BOX BEAM BRIDGE PY - 1974/09 SP - 163 p. AB - An experimental investigation was conducted on a curved box beam bridge near Baltimore, Maryland. The test was designed to examine both dead and live load responses of the bridge. The experimental results from these tests were then compared to the results obtained by an anlaytical solution and to the values expected from the designer's evaluation. The correlation of the analytical and experimental results establishes the effectiveness of and confidence in the analytical method in predicting the behavior of a curved box girder bridge. A comparison of the design predictions and the measured responses of the bridge indicates the design is generally conservative and in a few areas suggests a possible relaxation of the conservative assumptions. /FHWA/ KW - Box girders KW - Curved beams KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Field studies KW - Live loads KW - Physical distribution KW - Static loads KW - Warpage KW - Warping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22413 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00265505 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Smith, R W AU - Rico, R M AU - Spelman, S R AU - Office of Research and Development TI - DESIGN OF OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT FRICTION COURSES PY - 1974/09 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - p. 72-77 AB - The new design technique described in this article was developed by the Office of Research, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and is offered as a logical approach to the design of open-graded asphalt friction overlays. It provides a means to overcome with reasonable assurance some of the past difficulties encountered in design, construction, and field performance. The overall simplicity of the methodology and the low capital investment in required laboratory equipment contributes to its suitability for acceptance on a national level. The described method has been used successfully on several FHWA Regional 15 demonstration projects. It is believed that the method provides technological improvements over other existing methods, and its use is recommended for immediate experimental application. Assistance and instruction in the use of the procedure are available to interested agencies through the FHWA Region 15 Demonstration Project 10. KW - Asphalt content KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design methods KW - Field performance KW - Friction KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/140646 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00262850 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ring, G W AU - Office of Research and Development TI - SEASONAL STRENGTH OF PAVEMENTS PY - 1974/09 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - p. 62-68 AB - About 25 States make allowance for frost in their pavement design or take special steps to reduce the frost susceptibility of subgrade materials. To minimize seasonal fluctuations in the support capacity of pavements due to frost action, methods used to date include insulation of the subgrade, use of mechanical or chemical soil modifiers, replacement of frost susceptible soils, and control of water through drainage measures. The problem of these fluctuations is presented and various solutions are discussed, with emphasis on improved drainage. The author suggests using insulated underdrains for removing water in the pavement structure during the period when some of the subgrade remains frozen. KW - Drainage KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Frost action KW - Insulating materials KW - Pavement design KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil treatment KW - Strength of materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/139310 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00264304 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - JOHNSTON, C D AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - WASTE GLASS AS COARSE AGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE PY - 1974/09 VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - p. 344-350 AB - Performance of 34 different concrete mixes containing glass crushed to three-quarters of an inch (19-mm) maximum size as coarse aggregate and six reference mixes made with gravel of the same size is recorded. Partial cement replacement with fly ash and mixing of glass with gravel aggregate were included in an attempt to find a suitable method of overcoming the expected adverse effects of the reaction between glass and cement alkalis. On the basis of compressive strength, flexural strength, expansion, and visible surface deterioration recorded up to an age of one year, the results show that in many cases the direct combination of glass with portland cement yields concrete which exhibits marked strength regression and excessive expansion due to alkali-aggregate reaction. The conditions under which performance is satisfactory appear to relate to limiting maximum values of cement content and alkali equivalent. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Deterioration KW - Flexural strength KW - Glass KW - Gravel KW - Portland cement KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/140024 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00263451 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Halstead, W J AU - Oglio, E R AU - Office of Research and Development TI - ASPHALT FINGERPRINTING PY - 1974/09 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - p. 52-59 AB - Under present conditions of crude oil shortages, the quantity of asphalt available for highway construction is likely to be reduced. The extent of reduction is still somewhat uncertain. Equally uncertain is the extent to which the quality of the available asphalt may be affected. Some states may be faced with the necessity of using materials from unfamiliar crude sources or even with modifying their specification. For this reason, it appears that we should take a closer look at the usefulness of the system of cataloging and identifying asphalts that was developed under a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Research and Development Contract in 1971. Although the system is not completely definitive, nor foolproof, when properly employed it can provide valuable guidelines to those faced with evaluating the effects of specification changes or judging the acceptability of new materials. The final report of the research is published in Report No. FHWA-RD-72-18 and is available from the National Technical Information Service. This article reviews some of the background and findings of this works as well as the rationale for the system. It is basically an abridgement of an article "Fingerprinting of Highway Asphalts," published by the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT). KW - Asphalt KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Crude oil KW - Identification (Soils) KW - Identification systems KW - Indexing KW - Road construction KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/139609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263067 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES PY - 1974/09 SP - 246 p. AB - Favorable impact on the environment is anticipated. In urban areas of over 50,000 population, air quality studies will be initiated as a part of the transportation system planning process to ensure consideration of area-wide air quality implications. An air quality assessment and a determination of consistency with the approved air quality implementation plan will be required for all major Federal-aid highway proposals. Construction specifications and procedures will be scrutinized and altered where necessary to assist in meeting and maintaining air quality goals. By stimulating cooperation between Federal, state and local officials, the proposed guidelines should foster informed highway decision-making at all levels and ensure that highways are consistent with planning efforts to attain and maintain ambient air quality standards. The implementation of the guidelines will have an impact on the operating procedures of the state highway agencies. Additional staff and funds, particularly in the planning area, will be necessary in order to meet the requirements of the guidelines. Some highway projects may be delayed while an air quality evaluation and a determination of consistency with the state implementation plan is made, thus resulting in increased costs. Other projects may be abandoned as a result of their inconsistency with the state implementation plan. This will result in a loss in the project development resources already committed. A review of the background of the proposal covers such aspects as state implementation plans, Transportation Control plans, indirect sources, non-degradation and enforcement. Details are given of the 3C planning process, the National Environmental Policy Act (1969), and the approval authority which were considered in developing the guidelines. The guidelines relating to transportation planning considerations, highway section considerations, and construction considerations are reviewed. General comments are made on air quality analysis techniques levels of analysis and application dates. The aspects of consultation and coordination are also discussed. The possible environmental impact, adverse environmental impact, and alternatives to the proposed guidelines are outlined, as well as the relationship between local short term uses of man's environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity. Irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources which would be involved in the proposed action are discussed. Comments and responses are presented. KW - Air pollution KW - Consultants KW - Coordination KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Federal aid highways KW - Federal government KW - Guidelines KW - Local government KW - Operations KW - Road construction KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - United States KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455016 AU - Ansah, Joseph Addo AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Destination Choice Modelling and Disaggregate Analysis of Urban Travel Behavior : Executive Summary PY - 1974/08/28 SP - 18p AB - This research postulates a destination choice methodology that can be incorporated in an operational set of models of urban travel behavior. The model formulation presented has a provision for making aggregate forecasts of types of travel behavior that the current quality of data can allow. The belief that disaggregate models developed with traditional sampling designs require smaller samples is not theoretically supported. It is argued that separate sampling, (analogous to stratified sampling) be used to achieve such savings in sample size. The multinomial logit model was found to be impractical and of low predictive power in modelling the choice of specific shopping destinations. A multinomial response relation model that is proposed indicated that it is more pragmatic, given current data quality, to predict types of shopping destination choice behavior. Additional market segmentation was found to be worthwhile in model development. There was the indication that only a few attitudinal factors were necessary. Empirical investigations with the methodology yielded encouraging results. The extension of destination choice modelling as a logistic discrimination problem is also discussed. KW - Choice models KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Multinomial logits KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Urban travel UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313885 UR - http://ia600409.us.archive.org/20/items/destinationchoic02exec/destinationchoic02exec.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263377 AU - Cronk, D M AU - Rogers, H D AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - FIELD STUDY OF A PREDEFLECTED STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE BRIDGE PY - 1974/08 SP - 15 p. AB - Fields tests were conducted on a skewed simple span bridge to evaluate existing design standards for predeflected (Preflex) steel-concrete composite beams. The test program consisted of midspan vertical displacement (deflection) measurements of these beams under initial and long-term dead loads, and visual inspection of the concrete for crack development. The results of 2 years of observations are presented and compared to theoretical values. Although interior-girder precompressed concrete did creep, thereby losing precompressive force, concrete cracking was minor, indicating that the losses were not severe. Deflections stabilized after 1 year, indicating that no further precompressive losses from creep need be expected. The widths of web and haunch cracks have exceeded recommended maximum allowable limits, but these cracks are not considered structurally detrimental at this time. These results show that the structure's initial and long-term performance has been satisfactory. /Author/ KW - Beams KW - Bridges KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Composite structures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Cracking KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Field studies KW - Loads KW - Metal bridges KW - Performance KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Steel KW - Steel bridges KW - Testing KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320202 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF SPEED ON TRUCK FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES, 1974 PY - 1974/08 SP - n.p. AB - The publication provides fuel consumption rates for actual highway operation of six five-axle, diesel-powered, tractor-semitrailer combinations at various speeds in unipeded, traffic flow. (TSC) KW - Diesel trucks KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy data related to transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Trailers KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models and systems KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090559 AU - Moon, A E AU - Carter, J AU - Frank, J AU - Danzig, J C AU - Whipple, B AU - Stanford Research Institute AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - TOP-On-Line Service, Incorporated AU - GRUEN ASSOCIATES TI - GUIDEBOOK FOR PLANNING TO ALLEVIATE URBAN RAILROAD PROBLEMS PY - 1974/08 SP - 327 p. AB - This report is the third of four volumes reporting the results of a project to analyze the nationwide magnitude of the urban railroad relocation and to prepare methodology for future relocation studies. Volume 1 is an executive summary; Volume 2 is a community guide for preliminary assessment of the potential for planning to alleviate urban railroad conflicts; and Volume 4 presents a nationwide estimate of the nature and magnitude of urban railroad relocation. The purposes of Volume 3 are to suggest an appropriate approach to planning for community policy makers, to outline analytical processes to be used by technical specialists, and to provide supporting data. KW - City planning KW - Economic development KW - Guidelines KW - Land use KW - Methodology KW - Needs assessment KW - Operating costs KW - Railroad facilities KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad transportation KW - Railroads KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban railroad relocation KW - Urban transportation KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155360 AU - Chow, W M AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - ANALYSIS OF FREEWAY STATIONARY EMERGENCY SERVICE SYSTEMS PY - 1974/08 SP - 114 p. AB - This study is concerned with the analysis of a stationary emergency service system, and includes the application of this analytic procedure to the Los Angeles Freeway Surveillance and Control Project. The stationary emergency service system is interpreted as an ordinary queueing system and is approximated by an M/G/infinity model. In conjunction with queueing theory, dynamic programming is used to determine the best locations for service facilities, the optimal number of service vehicles at each service location, and the service area covered by an individual service location. The incident characteristics and the methods to evaluate freeway traffic performance are discussed as the input to the optimization models. Data from the Los Angeles Freeway Project are used for analysis and numerical examples. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Building sites KW - California KW - Data collection KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Dynamic programming KW - Freeway service facilities KW - Freeways KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Level of service KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Service stations KW - Services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00096998 AU - Berry, D J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF SERVICE OF ARTERIAL STREET INTERSECTIONS PY - 1974/08 SP - 68 p. AB - Urban corridors, as they exist today, often include a freeway with a supporting netowrk of arterial, collector, and local streets. In some cases, a freeway may not be present, leaving arterial streets as the main carriers of long distance trips. The importance of the arterial street is also shown by the fact that large urban freeway building programs are no longer being carried on in many of the major U.S. cities, thus placing an even greater load on existing and future arterials. Experience inducates that the definition of, and boundaries for, quality of service and capacity for freeways as set forth in the 1965 Highway Capacity Manual are deemed adequate for the highway design engineer's use. There appears, however, to be less confidence and uniformity evident in the use of similar criteria for arterial streets. For this reason a portion of this research study dealt with the capacity and quality of service on arterial streets. The research study reported herein recognized the importance of the signalized intersection as an element in determining overall corridor level of service, and to this end a part of the research was set aside to review the state-of-the-art and recommend methods of determining levels of service at signalized intersections. The study examined a number of aspects of intersection capacity and provided determinations. KW - Arterial highways KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Level of service KW - Signalized intersections KW - Streets KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093003 AU - Goodman, R E AU - HEUZE, F E AU - Thorpe, R K AU - Chatoian, J M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - THE DESIGN OF HIGHWAY CUTS IN INTERMEDIATE QUALITY ROCK. ROCK TESTING TECHNIQUES RELATED TO THE PERFORMANCE OF HIGHWAY CUTS IN SHALES AND SANDSTONES PY - 1974/08 SP - 135 p. AB - The report discusses testing techniques helpful in forecasting the behavior of highway cuts in shales and sandstones intermediate in physical properties between hard rocks and soils. The investigation included borehole loading tests in situ, and laboratory measurements of durability, strength, and rock quality. Equipment and procedures for testing together with typical results are presented for a number of techniques including NX borehole jack measurements; slake durability tests; point load strength determinations; radial permeability tests; and direct shear tests. Field studies and samples for laboratory studies were derived from three highway cuts within 50 miles of Berkeley. KW - Boreholes KW - California KW - Computer programs KW - Direct shear tests KW - Durability KW - Embankments KW - Excavations KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Physical properties KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Rock properties KW - Rock tests KW - Rocks KW - Sandstones KW - Shale KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092334 AU - Tseng, M T AU - Young, G K AU - Childrey, M R AU - Water Resources Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FLOOD RISK FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF HIGHWAY STREAM CROSSINGS. VOLUME I. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF CHANNEL RESISTANCE FOR LARGE SCALE ROUGHNESS PY - 1974/08 SP - 114 p. AB - The overall objective of the study is to develop an engineering systems analysis method to enhance the decision-making process in the design of highway stream crossings. This method applies economic risk techniques as well as standard hydraulic and hydrologic factors in the design of bridge waterways. Volume I presents the results of experiments to determine channel resistance coefficients from artificial roughness elements representative of heavily vegetated flood plains. These coefficients are used to define the roughness field for use in bridge backwater experiments and calculations reported in Volumes 2 and 3. KW - Acid soils KW - Backwaters KW - Channel flow KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Economics KW - Flood plains KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Hazards KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Open channel flow KW - Risk assessment KW - Roughness KW - Roughness coefficient KW - Stream channels KW - Streamflow KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092225 AU - Young, G K AU - Childrey, M R AU - Water Resources Engineers, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF ECONOMIC RISKS ON BOX CULVERT DESIGNS--ON APPLICATION TO 22 VIRGINIA SITES PY - 1974/08 SP - 52 p. AB - The report demonstrates the results of a preliminary effort to incorporate economic risks into culvert design and to relate this economic design to conventional design practice for 22 culvert sites in Virginia. Economic design is defined as the minimum annual construction cost plus the expected flood-related loss or risk. Each design is evaluated in a five-step procedure: (1) calculate annual construction cost, (2) perform dynamic flow routings for a series of flood hydrographs, (3) estimate embankment erosion, (4) calculate losses with flood probabilities to derive risks. KW - Box culverts KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost engineering KW - Costs KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Economic risks KW - Economics KW - Erosion KW - Flood damage KW - Flood hydrographs KW - Flood predictions KW - Flood protection KW - Floods KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Hydraulic engineering KW - Losses KW - Risk analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Soils KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139802 AU - Tseng, M T AU - Matticks, J L AU - Black, B AU - Water Resources Engineers, Incorporated TI - EVALUATION OF FLOOD RISK FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF HIGHWAY STRENM CROSSINGS. VOLUME 5. DATA REPORT FOR SPUR DIKE EXPERIMENTS PY - 1974/08 SP - 22 p. AB - The overall objective of the study is to develop an engineering systems analysis method to enhance the decision-making process in the design of highway stream crossings. This method applies economic risk techniques as well as standard hydraulic and hydrologic factors in the design of bridge waterways. Volume 5 reports test data from experiments with two types of spur dike models, logarithmic and elliptic, for two flow rates, 9.3 cfs and 5.3 cfs. For each combination, velocities and depths were measured along the model face and across the bridge opening. The other volumes of this study are: 1) Experimental Determination of Channel Resistance for Large Scale Roughness; 2) Analysis of Bridge Backwater Experiments; 3) Finite Element Model for Bridge Backwater Computation; 4) Economic Risk Analysis for Design of Bridge Waterways. KW - Bridge waterways KW - Decision making KW - Engineering systems KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Hazards KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Risk assessment KW - Spur dikes KW - Systems analysis KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098538 AU - Schweizer, R J AU - Wright, S G AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - A SURVEY AND EVALUATION OF REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR EARTH SLOPE STABILIZATION PY - 1974/08 SP - 137 p. AB - The results of a literature survey undertaken to identify remedial measures which have been used to stabilize earth slopes are presented. In this review attention is directed to specific case histories and field conditions where the remedial measures were actually used. The remedial measures reviewed include drainage of surface and subsurface water, restraint structures, elimination and avoidance of the slide area, benching and slope flattening as well as a number of special procedures including electro-osmosis, thermal treatment and addition of stabilizing admixtures. Of the procedures reviewed drainage of surface and subsurface water appears to be the most widely and successfully used technique. However, the success of each measure depends to a large degree on the specific soil and groundwater conditions for the slope and the degree to which these are correctly recognized in an investigation and design. KW - Benching KW - Case studies KW - Electroosmosis KW - Remedial aids KW - Reviews KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Stabilizers KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00135406 AU - Zimmerman, S AU - West, M AU - Kozlowski, T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN HIGHWAYS AS TRAFFIC GENERATORS PY - 1974/08 SP - 29 p. AB - Travel disutility concepts are used to discuss the basic factor motivating people to travel and the elements which define the character and quantity of travel. The paper also defines the components of future travel, discusses pertinent empirical analyses, and presents recommendations for future work in the transportation supply/demand area. The disutility components considered here are, terminal time/discomfort, terminal cost, in-motion time/discomfort, and in-motion costs. The phychological-economic phenomenon affecting travel demand change resulting from a highway supply change is illustrated by a curve, and the existence is postulated of a travel budget for every person. The future travel component-development, natural growth, directed, generated, and existing-are considered in the light of the disutility concepts, and related forecasting tools are outlined. Most travel demand theory sees the propensity to travel arising from a series of decisions. Factors affecting decisions are highway supply or level of service, and tripmaker characteristics such as income, age and trip purpose and timing. One reason why research into the dicisionmaking process has had limited success is that the major source of travel-demand information, origin-destination surveys, has never address the travel decisionmaking process. Future work should address the collection of a behavior illustrative data set, and the framework within which the decision process takes place. Travel budgets would be a productive area for study related to the framework. KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Demand KW - Disutility KW - Forecasting KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Level of service KW - Origin and destination KW - Psychological aspects KW - Recommendations KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Time KW - Transportation KW - Travel KW - Trip generation KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00096515 AU - Hamoudi, M F AU - Coyle, H M AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - CORRELATION OF THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT CONE PENETROMETER TEST WITH UNCONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF COHESIVE SOILS PY - 1974/08 SP - 135 p. AB - Correlations were established between the Texas Highway Department Cone Penetrometer Test and the unconsolidated-undrained shear strength for cohesive soils. Both field and laboratory investigations were conducted to obtain the data necessary to establish the correlations. The field investigations included seven borings taken at four different sites where the Cone Penetrometer Test was conducted and undisturbed soil samples were obtained. The Texas Triaxial Test and the ASTM Triaxial Texas were used in the laboratory investigation to obtain soil shear strength. Soils were classified and grouped by the Unified Soil Classification System. A reasonably good correlation was established between the unconsolidated-undrained shear strength Cu-values and penetration resistance N-values, particularly for homogeneous CH and silty Cl soils. Constants of proportionality between Cu and N, based on a linear relationship, were obtained for these soil groups. A correlation was also established for CH soils with secondary structure and for sandy CL soils, but there was more scatter in the data for these groups. Equations were developed which relate the unconsolidated-undrained shear strength, CUST, to the Standard Penetration Test resistance value, NSPT, for homogeneous CH, silty CL, and sandy CL soils. KW - Cohesive soils KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Penetration resistance KW - Soil classification systems KW - Soil types KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Unconsolidated soils KW - Undrained shear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136816 AU - Bellomo, S J AU - Mehra, J J AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATEWIDE TRAVEL FORECASTING PROCEDURES INCLUDING ACTIVITY ALLOCATION AND WEEKEND TRAVEL. PHASE II. WEEKEND TRAVEL MODEL PY - 1974/08 SP - 126 p. AB - The report presents findings of analysis of weekend vehicular travel characteristics. In addition, interrelationships between weekend vehicular travel and influencing factors are analyzed through the development of a sequential weekend travel demand model (consisting of trip generation, trip distribution and trip assignment) for peak period and average daily traffic. Peak period trip generation rates were obtained using cross-classification techniques. An innovative stochastic simulation model (a technique to simulate travel characteristics based on probabilities of trip generation by land use type and trip length frequency distributions) is used to distribute weekend vehicular trips by different time periods. The model was applied to the state of Connecticut weekend travel as a test case. KW - Activity KW - Average daily traffic KW - City planning KW - Connecticut KW - Forecasting KW - Highway traffic KW - Influence factors KW - Land use KW - Mathematical models KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Simulation KW - Stochastic processes KW - Telephone influence factors KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00135027 AU - Bellomo, S J AU - Schlappi, C D AU - Mehra, J J AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATEWIDE TRAVEL FORECASTING PROCEDURES INCLUDING ACTIVITY ALLOCATION AND WEEKEND TRAVEL -- PHASE II STATEWIDE ACTIVITY ALLOCATION MODEL PY - 1974/08 SP - 86 p. AB - This statewide policy-sensitive economic activity allocation model (SAAM) which was developed to assist state decision- makers in evaluating the impacts of alternative transportation and land use policies, provides information on population and employment activities by analysis area for a particular forecast year. The SAAM incorporates several concepts such as the Lowry model allocation procedure; a unique residential mobility concept (division of population into those likely to move from present location in the forecast year and those likely to remain); and the central place theory. SAAM was calibrated and applied to a 141- analysis area test case using a 1970 calibration year and 1960 lagged year. To examine the sensitivity of the SAAM to varying policy assumptions the Connecticut base year input data was varied with respect to transportation system input and zoning policies. The impact of policy changes was measured by changes in analysis area, gross population density and employment density in addition to actual population and employment distributions. The tests show that: there is an interrelationship between the pattern and density of development and transportation policy; the goals and objectives of the state can be achieved through setting of transportation service levels; and restrictions in travel through gas rationing which reduce speed are likely to result in higher population densities and lower employment densities in urban areas. KW - Allocation models KW - Calibration KW - Cost allocation KW - Decision making KW - Economics KW - Employment KW - Forecasting KW - Fuels KW - Impact studies KW - Land use KW - Level of service KW - Population KW - Residential areas KW - State government KW - Substitutes KW - Transportation KW - Transportation policy KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00095829 AU - Furlong, R W AU - Mirza, S A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF INVERTED T-BEAM CAPS SUBJECT TO COMBINED FLEXURE, SHEAR, AND TORSION SN - RR 153-1F PY - 1974/08 SP - 89 p. AB - Bent cap girders in the shape of an inverted T have been used with considerable success, particularly in structures at grade separations. Observations from 27 load tests on seven specimens, four of which were prestressed, indicated that the present American Concrete Institute and National Building Code of Canada procedures for assigning strength in flexural shear and torsion underestimated torsion strength by 50 percent. The tests also showed that prestressed concrete members exhibited under service loads less cracking and lower stresses in transverse reinforcement than did nonprestressed members with identical proportions. Recommended design procedures and equations for assessing strength were proposed. The recommendations can be applied for the design of transverse reinforcement in prestressed or nonprestressed beams. KW - Beams KW - Caps /structural/ KW - Girders KW - Grade separations KW - Load tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133169 AU - Roberts, A W AU - Reilly, E F AU - Jagannath, M V AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY STYLE DIAGRAMMATIC SIGNS IN NEW JERSEY PY - 1974/08 SP - 76 p. AB - Ninety-four freeway style diagrammatic signs were installed on I-287 in New Jersey, replacing 120 conventional signs at 22 interchanges. Traffic volumes and specific unusual maneuvers were counted and categorized for a seven-day period at each of 10 exit sites, both before and after the guide sign changes. The evaluation of the signs includes statistical comparisons of unusual maneuvers rates as well as visual observations. Diagrammatic or conventional signs were examined for their potential effectiveness according to the exiting situations. The adequacy of the diagram standards used for the study sign designs were reviewed and recommendations for further research are made for the sign designation of lane drops at exits, exit ramp geometry and the use of intermediate signing. KW - Diagrammatic signs KW - Diagrams KW - Effectiveness KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway signs KW - Freeways KW - Guide signs KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interchanges KW - Lane drops KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New Jersey KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Signs KW - Statistical analysis KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic surveys KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00132998 AU - Oleinik, J C AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - DIAPHRAGM SPACING REQUIREMENTS FOR CURVED STEEL BOX BEAM BRIDGES PY - 1974/08 SP - 140 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to formulate a design procedure by which cross-sectional deformations in single span curved box bridge girders can be readily evaluated. Design equations have, therefore, been developed to predict the magnitude of induced distortional stresses due to dead and live loads that can be anticipated in a curved box girder, providing the girder's section properties, length, radius of curvature, diaphragm spacing, and loading condition are known. A computer program was written to solve the governing differential equation for cross-sectional deformations, as presented by Dabrowski, using the finite difference numerical technique. The accruacy of the resulting solutions to the differential equation was checked by making a comparison to closed-formed results obtained by Dabrowski. Further, the validity of the theory was checked by comparing the numerical results to experimental data obtained from tests conducted at Carnegie-Mellon University. Using then the developed computer program, the distortional response of 99 box sections, subjected to dead and live loads, was evaluated and empirical equations developed to predict the observed behavior. The sections under consideration had varying section properties, span lengths, curvatures, diaphragm spacings, and load configurations in order to evaluate the effect of these parameters on the sections' distortional response. The resulting data from the study was then examined and design equations formulated, as mentioned previously. Finally, a design example is given in detail in order to illustrate the use of the design equations developed. /FHWA/ KW - Box beams KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Equations KW - Girders KW - Length KW - Live loads KW - Spacing KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130579 AU - Kashima, S AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - EPOXY RESINS FOR JOINTING SEGMENTALLY CONSTRUCTED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1974/08 SP - 84 p. AB - This report presents the general requirements for epoxy resins for jointing segmentally constructed prestressed concrete bridges using the cantilever erection method. The report outlines the main function of the epoxy resin material in this type structure, and discusses the development of specific performance requirements for the epoxy resins. Simple test methods and jointing conditions for evaluation of the suitability of epoxy resins for this specific application are suggested. The report summarizes the results of acceptance tests on nine epoxy resin materials submitted by various manufacturers and formulators for consideration for use in a laboratory model and a field structure constructed of precast segments using the cantilever erection procedures. Information on pot life, flexural jointing strength, shear jointing strength, and rate of strength development are included. Experience with the materials submitted for exploratory testing indicates that no fully satisfactory material which met all of the original specifications was found in the program. However, a number of promising materials were identified which could be used with waiver of some parts of the specification. The critical surface condition in evaluation of the jointing capacity was the saturated but surface dry condition. A number of the materials tested would be suitable if used under the completely dry surface condition. Test results indicated the importance of proper surface preparation and particularly the removal of all traces of oil from the surface of the specimens to be jointed. The report includes a recommendation in detailed specification form for epoxy resin material and jointing procedures for this construction application. /FHWA/ KW - Acceptance tests KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Concrete bridges KW - Construction KW - Epoxy resins KW - Evaluation KW - Flexural strength KW - Joining KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials tests KW - Performance based specifications KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Segmental construction KW - Shear strength KW - Specifications KW - Surface treating KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130547 AU - Sharma, M G AU - Larson, T D AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - INTERIM REPORT VOLUME 4: MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS PY - 1974/08 SP - 130 p. AB - This report is the fourth of an eight-volume series which constitutes the Interim Report for PennDOT Project 71-7 entitled "An Evaluation of Pennsylvania's Flexible Pavement Design Methodology." The material characterization testing reported here encompasses the following areas: mechanical properties of the subgrade material; mechanical properties of the subbase material; creep behavior of ID-2A and BCBC materials; and dynamic behavior of ID2-A and BCBC materials. KW - Creep KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mechanical properties KW - Pavement design KW - Subgrade materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080399 AU - Russell, E R AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - ANALYSIS OF DRIVER REACTION TO WARNING DEVICES AT A HIGH-ACCIDENT RURAL GRADE CROSSING SN - JHRP-74-16 PY - 1974/08 SP - 233 p. AB - The objectives of this research were to analyze the effect on motorists of improving the warning devices at a high-accident, rural grade crossing, from 8-inch flashers to automatic gates and 12-inch flashers activated by a Marquardt speed predictor and having additional strobe lights; to evaluate suitable parameters to make the analysis; to study accident history and site conditions and relate these to motorist reaction to the system - before and after; and to evaluate the data collection system itself. Spot speeds were taken at eight points on each approach to obtain an approach speed profile for various groups under various conditions after the signal system was improved. These were compared to similar data taken before system improvement. It was shown that an activated gate arm can be as effective in slowing the average approaching vehicle as a train across the road. Train and signal conspicuity were a problem and contributed to the poor accident record of older drivers. The Strobe lights made the warning system more visible after activation. Most drivers approach a grade crossing safely and mean speed of various groups shows trends but is a relatively weak parameter to test effectiveness, because they do not isolate the occasional, unsafe driver. Percent reduction of fastest cars, along with examining individual "fastest" cars, is a better parameter than mean speeds and decelerations to show improved effectiveness. KW - Approach KW - Approach speed KW - At grade intersections KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Flashers KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Grade crossing safety KW - High risk locations KW - Human factors KW - Indiana KW - Light signals KW - Navigation lights KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reaction time KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Signal devices KW - Speed KW - Spot speed KW - Spot speed study KW - Statistics KW - Strobes KW - Track circuits KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126503 AU - Goodman, Re AU - Thorpe, P K AU - Chatoian, J M AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - THE DESIGN OF HIGHWAY CUTS IN INTERMEDIATE QUALITY ROCK SN - RTA13945-194051-UCB PY - 1974/08 SP - 128 p. AB - The report discusses testing techniques helpful in forecasting the behavior of highway cuts in shales and sandstones intermediate in physical properties between hard rocks and soils. The investigation included borehole loading tests in situ, and laboratory measurements of durability, strength, and rock quality. Equipment and procedures for testing together with typical results are presented for a number of techniques including NX borehole jack measurements; slake durability tests; point load strength determinations; radial permeability tests; and direct shear tests. Field studies and samples for laboratory studies were derived from three highway cuts within 50 miles of Berkeley. KW - Boreholes KW - Direct shear tests KW - Durability KW - Excavations KW - Load tests KW - Physical properties KW - Rock mechanics KW - Sandstones KW - Shale KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093489 AU - Weber, S F AU - Montana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF STYROFOAM UNDER CONCRETE SIDEWALKS PY - 1974/08 SP - 51 p. AB - From 1971 to 1974, a study was made of the freezing characteristics under an insulated and uninsulated sections of a sidewalk. A 1 1/2 inch layer of styrofoam insulation was placed under a newly constructed sidewalk which replaced a one year old sidewalk that was failing from displacement by frost heaving. Temperature recordings were made during three winter seasons. Soil densities and moisture contents were monitored during the second season. The insulation was successful in eliminating heaving and cracking of the sidewalk for the three years which included a maximum freezing index of 1000 degree days as the most severe winter. The uninsulated control section and adjacent city walks and concrete aprons heaved during each of the three winter seasons the mildest of which had a freezing index of 577 degree days. Factors were identified that tend to limit the growth of ice lenses. The effectiveness of an insulation barrier is evaluated in terms of time and prevailing air temperature. KW - Air temperature KW - Barrier materials KW - Cellular plastics KW - Concrete construction KW - Cracking KW - Density KW - Density mass/volume KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Freezing KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Ice formations KW - Ice lenses KW - Insulating materials KW - Montana KW - Permeability KW - Sidewalks KW - Soil temperature KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Temperature KW - Temperature measurement KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098973 AU - McCully, W G AU - Stubbendieck, J L AU - Bowmer, W J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ROADSIDE VEGETATION STUDIES, 1969-1973 PY - 1974/08 SP - 20 p. AB - This report presents technology development in cooperative research to facilitate the establishment of vegetation for soil stability and to control unwanted vegetation in pavement and on the roadside. Work on erosion control dealt with critical slopes where excessive acidity and plastic soil materials limited vegetation establishment. Lime can be used to reclaim existing acid slopes, but subsequent maintenance liming will be required. Removal of the offending material and backfilling is suggested as a construction practice. Plastic soil materials can be treated in many cases, but present construction requirements make the salvage and immediate use of topsoil possible. The use of chemicals for maintenance of unwanted vegetation can be summarized as follows: Addition of a "polymer activator" to TCA solutions may significantly reduce the TCA requirement. Cost data for the activator are not firm to aid in decision making. A satisfactory chemical treatment has not been found for maintenance of median plantings where the offending vegetation is perennial. Annual plants can be controlled with simazine. A program treatment for perennial weeds is available, but the spray mixture contains growth-regulating chemicals similar to 2,4,-D. This practice should not be used where susceptible plants may be affected. It is recommended that herbicides not be applied at soil sterilant rates in highway facilities. KW - Chemicals KW - Erosion control KW - Herbicides KW - Liming of soils KW - Roadside improvement KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098568 AU - Diamond, S AU - Kawamura, M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - SOIL STABILIZATION FOR EROSION CONTROL SN - C-36-50H PY - 1974/08 SP - 115 p. AB - The potential utility of small percentages of hydrated lime or of Portland cement in stabilizing construction sites against rainfall erosion is under investigation. A laboratory rainfall simulator has been designed and constructed to provide a reproducible "design storm" (3.25 in. per hour intensity, applied for 1 hour on each of two successive days). Under the test conditions unstabilized (but compacted) Crosby soil eroded to the equivalent of about 90 tons/acre. Treatment with 2.5 percent cement virtually the equivalent of about 90 tons/acre. Treatment with 2.5 percent cement virtually eliminated soil loss; the same level of treatment with hydrated lime reduced it to the equivalent of about 3 tons/acre, but a curing time of several weeks was required. Even smaller percentages, down to 1 percent, resulted in significantly reduced erosion. A test stand of Alta fescue grass on the same soil was not as effective as the cement or lime treatments. Investigations into the stabilization process were carried out and confirmed that aggregation of at least some of the clay into water-stable, millimeter-sized aggregates and partial chemical reaction within these aggregates were involved. It appears that incorporation of small quantities of lime or cement into the top 2 or 3 inches of soil on construction sites may constitute the basis for relatively inexpensive but effective protection against soil erosion. Further investigation is underway. KW - Aggregates KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Concrete curing KW - Construction sites KW - Erosion control KW - Portland cement KW - Rain KW - Simulation KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097485 AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF VIBRA-TENSION FOR INSPECTION OF TENSION OF PRESTRESSING STRANDS PY - 1974/08 SP - 21 p. AB - In this evaluatory study of means of measuring tension in prestressing stands for prestressed concrete, vibra-tension measurements were compared with strand tensions computed from strand elongation. The instrument works on the principle of the "vibrating string" formula T=4ML sup 2 F sup 2 where T is the strand tension, M is the mass per unit length of strand, L is the length of the vibrating strand, and F is the strand frequency of vibration. When certain settings peculiar to the size of the strand and the length of the vibrating strand are made on the Vibra-tension, the strand tension is a function of the frequency of the vibration of the strand. The procedure used in measuring the tension by elongation is described in an appendix. The repeatability of the vibratension measurements is excellent. The results (tabulated) show that the percent difference between the elongation measurements and the Vibra-Tension measurements ranged from t 7.6 percent to - 7.8 percent. The average percent difference for all 342 tests was - 0.62 percent. Of the 342 test comparisions, the percent difference was less than plus or minus 5 percent in 89.8 percent of the tests. The difference in principle between the 2 types of measurements are explained and it is shown that length measurement is more critical for the elongation method and is a factor in comparing the two methods. The Vibra-tension method is as accurate as the elongation method and a much more rapid test; it is recommended for adoption in less of the elongation method. It is advisable that readings on the tensioning jack gauges be recorded as a check on the operation of the Vibra-Tension instrument. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Elongation KW - Evaluation KW - Inspection KW - Length KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Reproducibility KW - Tension KW - Test procedures KW - Vibrating equipment KW - Vibration KW - Vibratory equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00095736 AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Rose, J G AU - Scott, W W AU - Schiller, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - INFLUENCE OF WATER DEPTHS ON FRICTION PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS PAVEMENT TYPES PY - 1974/08 SP - 124 p. AB - This final phase of the study is concerned with the effect of various water depths (obtained with a rain simulator) on the friction properties of various pavement textures at different levels of vehicular speeds and tire-tread depths, tire pressures, and tire types. Equations relating these variables are also developed and the relative effects of the variable determined. Tabular and figurative methods are utilized to present the results. Background information and pertinent past research pertaining to effects of water depth on pavement friction are given. Sixteen different types of surfaces were tested, including full scale prototypes and regular pavements built under normal contracts. The surfaces, located at the Texas A&M Research Annex, are 600 feet long and 24 feet wide. Friction tests were conducted on each surface at several water depths for various combinations of tire type, tire- tread depth, tire pressure, and vehicle speed. Multiple regression analyses were used to assess the effects of the variables on friction properties of the different surfaces. A series of twenty-five tables included in the report presents the summarized data of the study. Pavement water depth was found to significantly affect skid numbers at 60 mph. For a tire-tread depth of 0.31 in. and a texture of 0.033 in., increasing the water depth from 0.023 to 0.87 in. decreased the 60-mph skid numbers by 36 percent. Increases in tire-tread depth and surface texture increased skid numbers; whereas, increases in vehicle speed decreased skid numbers. KW - Depth KW - Equations KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Skid number KW - Skidding KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test tracks KW - Testing KW - Texture KW - Tires KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090623 AU - Chu, T Y AU - Humphries, W K AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - South Carolina State Highway Department TI - INVESTIGATION OF ROADWAY DRAINAGE AS RELATED TO THE PERFORMANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1974/08 SP - 78 p. AB - The primary objectives of this study are to evaluate current practices and to investigate various alternatives for providing subsurface drainage facilities for highways in South Carolina. To this end, a survey of current design and construction practices and field investigations of subsurface drainage facilities for highways with flexible pavements were conducted. Presented in this report are the findings from this study as well as the discussions and recommendations in regard to the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of subsurface drainage systems. Specifically, the topics concerning pavement transverse subsurface drainage, the interception of longitudinal flow of water below the pavement surface, ground water control, and filter materials are included in this report. KW - Design standards KW - Engines KW - Filter materials KW - Filters KW - Flexible pavements KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater control KW - Highway drainage KW - Highways KW - Runoff KW - Soil water KW - South Carolina KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Underground drains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090443 AU - Stocker, A J AU - Dotson, J T AU - Ivey, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - AUTOMOBILE TIRE HYDROPLANING. A STUDY OF WHEEL SPIN-DOWN AND OTHER VARIABLES PY - 1974/08 SP - 116 p. AB - A study of the wet weather characteristics of five different pavements and ten different tires is presented. The pavements studied were a portland cement concrete, a seal coat surface treatment, a hot mix asphalt, a jennite surface and a longitudinally grooved portland cement concrete. The tires studied were several bias ply tires with different tread depths, a wide tire with full tread, a test standard tire, a smooth fiberglass belted tire and a full tread steel belted radial. In this study, wheel spin-down was used as the criterion for the detection of hydroplaning and the variables considered were tire tread depth, tire inflation pressure, water depth and wheel load. A sloping trough 800 ft. long, 30 in. wide and 4 in. deep was used in obtaining the data. KW - Data collection KW - Highways KW - Hydroplaning KW - Inflatable structures KW - Inflating KW - Loads KW - Losses KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Rainfall KW - Reviews KW - Rolling contact KW - Separation KW - Test facilities KW - Tests KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Water KW - Water removal KW - Wet conditions KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083582 AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVING MATERIALS IN CONNECTICUT, REPORT 2 PY - 1974/08 SP - 68 p. AB - Seasonal variation in friction was again observed as in previous years on heavily traveled blacktop roads but has not been seen on Portland Cement Concrete. It corresponds to the development of a dark and greasy appearance on the surface in mid-to-late summer and is most pronounced where truck traffic is heavy. Comparisons of burlap-drag and transverse-broomed textures on PCC indicate that skid numbers on transverse brooming trend to remain outside of the wheel paths. An analysis of cores removed from several of the test sites was attempted; cleaning of the surface was done, and skid numbers obtained by means of the British Pendulum Tester. The experiments were unsuccessful. A section of pavement placed with an open-graded friction course was included in the 1973 test schedule and was found to maintain a constant and fairly high number throughout the summer. No relationship between skid number and asphalt content over a range of 5 - 7 percent could be found on blacktop pavements. Tests made on pavements using a mixture of aggregate types suggest that reduced loss of friction may result from the use of this technique. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Flexible pavements KW - Friction KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083591 AU - Dolch, W L AU - Scholer, C F AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - THE INFLUENCE OF RETARDING ADMIXTURES ON THE DRYING SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE PY - 1974/08 SP - 14 p. AB - Concretes were made containing six bags of cement per cubic yard, five retarding admixtures plus control, and at slumps of two or six inches. The admixtures were a lignosulfonate, a hydroxyacid, and a carbohydrate proprietary materials and glycolic acid and sucrose. The hardened concretes were dried at 73 F and 50 percent relative humidity. Shrinkage was determined at times from 7 days to 6 months. There were no sytematic differences in the maxium shrinkage values except that those for concrete containing the hydroxyacid retarder were slightly lower than the others. The shrinkage-log time data seem, in most cases, to be reasonably well represented by two straight lines breaking at the 28-day value. It is concluded that the influence of these retarders on shrinkage of concrete is not significant to engineering considerations. KW - Admixtures KW - Carbohydrates KW - Concrete KW - Drying KW - Hydroxides KW - Lignosulfonate KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Shrinkage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083590 AU - Mcpherson, T B AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - ACCELERATED CONCRETE STRENGTH STUDY PY - 1974/08 SP - 62 p. AB - The results of the testing of concrete cylinders using three methods of accelerated curing i.e. boiling, constant temperature, and autogenous, indicate the all three methods can be used to predict the 28 day strength of concrete cylinders. The constant temperature and autogenous cure are the most practical methods for field application. The prediction equations to relate accelerated test specimens to standard must be developed for each materials source and for each class of concrete. Equations that included the concept of degree-hour maturity in their derivation appeared to offer some advantages over the least square regression analysis. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete properties KW - Cylinders KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Methodology KW - Physical properties KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080429 AU - Cope, E M AU - Cope (Edwin M) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 'THE EFFECT OF SPEED ON TRUCK FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES' PY - 1974/08 SP - 7 p. AB - The publication provides fuel consumption rates for actual highway operation of six five-axle, diesel-powered, tractor-semitrailer combinations at various speeds in unimpeded traffic flow. The vehicles were all in general trucking use by established companies, and each had been operated for more than a year before the tests were made. The presentation of the fuel-consumption results should provide a useful planning tool for determining the most effective speeds at which vehicles of this kind can be operated. Also, the effects on diesel fuel consumption of changes in speed can be determined. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263536 AU - Sayles, F H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIAXIAL CONSTANT STRAIN RATE TESTS AND TRIAXIAL CREEP TESTS ON FROZEN OTTAWA SAND PY - 1974/08 SP - 32 p. AB - Saturated frozen Ottawa sand cylinders and polycrystalline columnar ice were tested in the laboratory under triaxial compressive stress conditions using: (1) constant rate of axial strain, and (2) constant load, i.e., creep tests. The constant rate of axial strain tests were performed by applying axial strain rates in the range from 0.1 to 50 percent per minute and confining pressures from 0 10 1200 psi (84.4 kg/sq cm). The triaxial compression creep tests were conducted for time periods up to 3000 hr using a range of confining pressures from 0 to 800 psi (56 kg/sq cm) and deviator stresses from 37.5 to 1000 psi (2.6 to 70.3 kg/sq cm). The resulting stress-strain curves and Mohr envelopes for the constant rate of axial strain tests indicate that at rates of strain greater than about 0.02 per minute, the ice matrix fractures prior to the development of friction between the sand grains. At slower rates of applied strain, the friction between sand grains develops, presumably because ice has sufficient time to creep from between the sand grains. The relationship between the observed maximum deviator stress and the applied strain rate can be represented by the empirical expression, maximum deviator stress equals B times the applied strain rate to the exponent a, for all the confining pressures tested, where B and a are constants. Results from the triaxial creep tests show that creep strength increases with confining pressure and axial creep strain is reduced by increasing the confining pressure. It is suggested that the long-term ultimate creep strength of saturated frozen sand is a function of the internal friction of the sand which could be determined through triaxial tests on freely drained unfrozen sand. /Author/ KW - Axial strain KW - Creep tests KW - Deformation curve KW - Deviator stress KW - Deviatoric stress KW - Frozen soils KW - Hydrostatic pressure KW - Sand KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260195 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A GUIDE FOR HIGHWAY TRAFFIC REGULATION IN AN EMERGENCY PY - 1974/07/01 AB - The nature, scope and operation of Emergency Highway Traffic regulation (EHTR) is discussed in this guide which was designed to help the states prepare plans which would work effectively, both individually and collectively. It will also serve as a tool to aid in the updating of the State's plan through the publication of changing national policies and programs. The general background of the EHTR is reviewed. The broad fields of civil emergency planning and natural disaster are briefly discussed. The organizations involved in emergency planning and in EHTR operations are reviewed. The functions, personnel, equipment and communications in EHTR operations, as well as aspects such as regulated routes, road-use permits and EHTR signs are also covered. The role of the military, and nuclear radiation hazards to highway transportation are considered. KW - Civil defense KW - Communication systems KW - Emergency traffic control devices KW - Equipment KW - Functions KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway travel KW - Highways KW - Licenses KW - Military KW - Military organizations KW - Nuclear radiation KW - Organizations KW - Personnel KW - Regional planning KW - Routes KW - State planning KW - States KW - Traffic KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149620 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATUS OF THE URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PY - 1974/07 SP - 86 p. AB - This review of the accomplishments of the Urban Corriodor Demonstration Program (UCDP) by project type, also compares the similarities and differences of projects in each of the selected cities and documents a preliminary cost-impact evaluation of different improvement techniques. This report also summarizes what has been learned so far about the success or failure of various improvement concepts and discusses the remaining uncertainities. The UCDP projects were subdivided into 3 main groups: improved transit services and facilities, roadway and traffic control improvements, and other projects. Six of the 8 cities implemented some form of new bus service: express buses; expansion of preexisting express bs services; superimposition of new express services; and reorganization of routes and schedules. A variety of roadway and traffic control projects was developed including ones employing innovative preferential bus treatment concepts. A mixture of concepts were also imployed in projects which included enforcement of parking regulations on surface streets, progressive parking raes in off-street facilities etc. KW - Bus transportation KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Costs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Express buses KW - Impact studies KW - Parking KW - Traffic control KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098087 AU - Bert, K E AU - Cohn, P E AU - Hurst, W D AU - Kuykendall, C R AU - Sullivan, R H AU - American Public Works Association AU - American Society of Civil Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCOMODATION OF UTILITY PLANT WITHIN THE RIGHTS-OF-WAY OF URBAN STREETS AND HIGHWAYS: MANUAL OF IMPROVED PRACTICE PY - 1974/07 SP - 114 p. AB - This manual sets forth principles and practices under which utility facilities can be successfully accommodated within urban rights-of-way. These principles and practices can be characterized by five steps. 1. Enabling legislation to establish rights of local agencies to control use of the right-of-way; 2. Provision of adequate staff and budget to protect the public's investment in its streets and highways; 3. Establishment and implementation of adequate permit, inspection, and pavement restoration controls; 4. Implementation of cooperation and coordination mechanisms and record systems among all major utilities; and 5. Provision of accurate information to the field forces who excavate in the rights-of-way to allow them to work safely and protect existing utility plant. This manual and the companion report should be of valuable assistance to State and local highway agencies in cooperation with utility companies for making improvements to utility accommodation policies and practices. KW - Conduits KW - Construction KW - Construction projects KW - Electric utilities KW - Enabling legislation KW - Encasement KW - Excavations KW - Highway planning KW - Legislation KW - Location KW - Manuals KW - Pipe protection KW - Pipelines KW - Preservation KW - Public utilities KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Sidewalks KW - Specifications KW - Subway construction KW - Subways KW - Traffic delays KW - Trenches KW - Underground conduits KW - Urban highways KW - Urban transportation KW - Utilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093292 AU - Bert, K E AU - Cohn, M M AU - Hurst, W D AU - Kuykendall, R AU - Sullivan, R H AU - American Public Works Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCOMODATION OF UTILITY PLANT WITHIN THE RIGHTS OF WAY OF URBAN STREETS AND HIGHWAYS. STATE OF THE ART PY - 1974/07 SP - 169 p. AB - The report presents a technological background and factual practices upon which local agencies could build an effective, workable utility location program. Findings are based on in-depth, on-site interviews of 40 communities in the U.S. and Canada, a mail survey of 500 local agencies, of which 222 submitted replies, and the assistance and cooperation of representatives of all major utility associations, the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the Institute for Municipal Engineering of the American Public Works Association. It was found to be infeasible to recommend national standards for location of utilities due to the very large number of local and physical factors which influence location practices. Many examples of local standards are given. The report and the companion manual should be of valuable assistance to state and local highway agencies in cooperation with utility companies for making improvements to utility accommodation policies and practices. KW - City planning KW - Conduits KW - Construction KW - Construction projects KW - Eminent domain KW - Highway planning KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Location KW - Pipelines KW - Public utilities KW - Regulations KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - State of the art studies KW - Subway construction KW - Subways KW - Underground conduits KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090502 AU - Davis, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING, EQUIPMENT - INFORMATION PAPER PY - 1974/07 SP - 33 p. AB - The paper presents information to assist FAA Flight and maintaining the program library of computer programs community on Federal Communications Commission (FCC) contains program documentation to enable the user to code and execute the package of 59 Urban Planning Programs in the library. The programs deal with traffic assignment, trip generation, trip distribution, and some utility and special analysis categories such as statistical, plotting, and network evaluation. KW - City planning KW - Computer programs KW - Computer systems programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Pollutants KW - Radio receivers KW - Regulations KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic engineering KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094423 AU - Ragan, R M AU - Sterberg, Y M AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - MARYLAND HIGHWAY DRAINAGE STUDY. VOLUME II. A COMPARISON OF MARYLAND HIGHWAY DRAINAGE PRACTICES WITH THOSE OF OTHER AGENCIES PY - 1974/07 SP - 102 p. AB - One of the key objectives of the Highway Drainage Study is a review of Maryland State Highway Administration drainage practice and comparing it with the approaches followed by other states. In developing this comparison of Maryland State Highway Administration drainage practices with those of other agencies, the Highway Departments of the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, and California were contacted. The report includes discussions of some of the key information contained in the drainage manuals of these other states and comparisons with the material included in Interim Hydraulic criteria for the Design of Highways used by Maryland. Emphasis is placed on the methods used to determine peak discharges because this area shows the greatest variability among the states. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - California KW - Connecticut KW - Delaware KW - Drainage KW - Highway drainage KW - Highways KW - Kentucky KW - Maryland KW - Massachusetts KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) KW - North Carolina KW - Ohio KW - Peak discharge KW - Pennsylvania KW - Reviews KW - South Carolina KW - State departments of transportation KW - Storm sewers KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Systems analysis KW - Tennessee KW - Virginia KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094422 AU - Ragan, R M AU - Sterberg, Y M AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - MARYLAND HIGHWAY DRAINAGE STUDY. VOLUME I. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1974/07 SP - 120 p. AB - The report summarizes the major areas covered in the seven detailed volumes comprising the final report of the Maryland Highway Drainage Study. Topics covered include an assessment of current highway drainage practice, a discussion of a design storm technique, and an analysis of surface and subsurface drainage practice. KW - Design storm KW - Drainage KW - Highway drainage KW - Highways KW - Maryland KW - Reviews KW - Storm sewers KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147306 AU - Carter, Everett C AU - Loutzenheiser, R C AU - PALANISWAMY, S P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON A RESTRICTED FACILITY. REPORT II. SUMMARY PY - 1974/07 SP - 101 p. AB - In 1971 a project was initiated to study traffic flow through a constricted portion of a freeway. The investigation, in three phases, utilized the northbound tube of the Baltimore Harbor tunnel. The objectives of the project are to increase the tunnel throughout, improve the quality of flow and safety, and to better understand traffic flow theory applied to a restricted facility. A pre-timed traffic signal located between the toll booth and the entrance to the tunnel was used to control traffic during selected evening peak periods. An optimal control policy for operating the signal and selecting the proper cycle length was developed based on the Markov process. Actual data collection and control were limited to late 1973 and early 1974 due to numerous delays in hardware installation. KW - Constrictions KW - Data collection KW - Flow KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Markov processes KW - Policy KW - Test facilities KW - Theory KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveys KW - Tunnels KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147305 AU - PALANISWAMY, S P AU - Carter, Everett C AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON A RESTRICTED FACILITY. REPORT II-1. OPTIMIZING TRAFFIC FLOW ON A RESTRICTED FACILITY PY - 1974/07 SP - 150 p. AB - This paper presents an optimal control modeling philosophy based on the probabilistic nature of the flow-concentration relationship. The main objective of the modeling process was to develop techniques for synthesis of traffic control policies which provide more efficient utilization of urban highway transportation systems in general, and restricted facilities in particular. In the Markovian approach to the problem it is implicit that, given the present state of the process, the future state outcome is not unique but has a probability distribution over the state space of the process. Therefore, the realism of the process is preserved by the Markovian modeling philosophy. KW - Algorithms KW - Constrictions KW - Flow KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Markov processes KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Optimization KW - Policy KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093434 AU - Tulane University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - SPLICING OF PRECAST-PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES SN - LA-HPR-1(9) PY - 1974/07 SP - 123 p. AB - A broad range of splices for precast-prestressed concrete piles were evaluated, based largely upon information furnished by fabricators, designers, and proponents of the various splices. Basic considerations included size range, field time for splicing, approximate cost, availability, and construction usage. Data on the strength of the splices was obtained from tests during the study, from experience and tests conducted by others, and from theoretical and analytical studies. The cement-dowel splice was tested under hard and soft driving conditions. Study results indicate that the Herkules splice, the Anderson sleeve splice, and the cement-dowel splice would be most effective in fulfilling the needs of practical applications for highway and bridge construction in Louisiana. KW - Beams KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Concrete piles KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Highway bridges KW - Highways KW - Louisiana KW - Pile driving KW - Pile extraction KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete piles KW - Road construction KW - Splicing KW - Strength of materials KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093291 AU - American Public Works Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCOMODATION OF UTILITY PLANT WITHIN THE RIGHTS OF WAY OF URBAN STREETS AND HIGHWAYS PY - 1974/07 SP - 283p-in 2V AB - No abstract available. KW - Conduits KW - Construction KW - Construction projects KW - Pipelines KW - Rapid transit KW - Specifications KW - Subway construction KW - Subways KW - Underground conduits KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/38296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093293 AU - Bert, K E AU - Cohn, M M AU - Hurst, W D AU - Kuykendall, R AU - Sullivan, R H AU - American Society of Civil Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Public Works Association TI - ACCOMODATION OF UTILITY PLANT WITHIN THE RIGHTS OF WAY OF URBAN STREETS AND HIGHWAYS. MANUAL OF IMPROVED PRACTICE PY - 1974/07 SP - 114 p. AB - The manual sets forth principles and practices under which utility facilities can be successfully accommodated within urban rights-of-way. These principles and practices can be characterized by five steps: (1) Enabling legislation to establish rights of local agencies to control use of the right-of-way; (2) provision of adequate staff and budget to protect the public's investment in its streets and highways; (3) establishment and implementation of adequate permit, inspection, and pavement restoration controls; (4) implementation of cooperation and coordination mechanisms and record systems among all major utilities; and (5) provision of accurate information to the field forces who excavate in the rights-of-way to allow them to work safely and protect existing utility plant. The manual and the companion report should be of valuable assistance to state and local highway agencies in cooperation with utility companies for making improvements to utility accommodation policies and practices. KW - City planning KW - Construction KW - Eminent domain KW - Facilities KW - Facilities management KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Licenses KW - Local government KW - Location KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Municipal engineering KW - Pavements KW - Public utilities KW - Regulations KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety KW - Underground structures KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093008 AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Kagan, L S AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - RTKL Associates, Incorporated TI - PLANNING FOR PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT AT INTERCHANGES PY - 1974/07 SP - 111 p. AB - The report provides highway and traffic engineers with an understanding of the basic considerations necessary to plan effective pedestrian accommodations at urban freeway interchanges. The individual design components used to facilitate pedestrian movement are evaluated on the basis of their impacts on pedestrians and on vehicle flow. Case studies of existing interchanges illustrate common problems and potential solutions. A general approach to the design and evaluation of pedestrian facilities is suggested. KW - Case studies KW - Crosswalks KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrians KW - Problem solving KW - Safety KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation problems KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130600 AU - Bodocsi, A AU - Cook, J AU - Minkarah, I AU - PARKER, D AU - University of Cincinnati TI - COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HIGHWAY SIGN SUPPORTS--PHASE I PY - 1974/07 SP - 189 p. AB - The objective of the present study was to determine if the head of an unrestrained passenger would hit the windshield with a velocity that would cause injury should the automobile lose control and crash into a larger, so-called, "piggy-back" steel channel sign support used for intermediate size sign markers in the State of Ohio. First, the safe limits for impact velocities of the human head into automobile windshilds were established from literature on windshield safety and were found to be about 13 mph for pre-1966 model automobiles, and between 25 and 30 mph for 1966 and later model automobiles. Following, nine field tests were conducted to correlate the recording sensitivities of the servo and strain gage type accelerometers and then the data from each field test from a previous study were re-analyzed to obtain the potential passenger's head into windshield impact velocities. Finally, the results on head impact velocities were compared to the safe limits. The maximum value of head impact velocities were compared to the safe limits. The maximum value of head impact velocity from all tests was 14.1 mph, which was well within the safe limits for passengers in 1966 and later model automobiles, but was found to be unsafe, or at the best marginal, for passengers who may be traveling in pre-1966 model vehicles. /FHWA/ KW - Accelerometers KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Impact studies KW - Safety KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Steel structures KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Velocity KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130850 AU - Hanscom, F R AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - DRIVER AWARENESS OF HIGHWAY SITES WITH HIGH SKID ACCIDENT POTENTIAL PY - 1974/07 SP - 216 p. AB - This field study examined driver responses to two types of potential highway skidding hazard: wet pavements subjected to high frictional driving demands, and bridges during periods of possible preferential icing. Study objectives were to examine motorists' general awareness of the hazards and to asses the relative effectiveness of various signing treatments which warn of the hazards. Measures of signing effectiveness were motorists' speeds at critical driving locations and questionnaire responses regarding motorists' observations and interpretations of the signs. Three curved highway sections were treated with five experimental signing conditions. Experimental signing conditions incorporating flashing lifhts were effective at reducing highest quartile mean speeds below the critical safe wet pavement speed based on roadway geometry and surface conditions. Sixty percent of the interviewed motorists saw and properly interpreted the more conspicuous warning signs. Motorists' cues of potential hazard were observed to be: roadewy curvature and superelevation, behavior of other motorists, appearance of pavement surface, ambient conditions, known site accident history, and presence of the warning sign. About one percent of the interviewed motorists cited the warning sign as their cue of potential skidding hazard. Two bridge approaches were signed using combinations of activated and nonactivated signs both at the bridge and in advance of the bridge during periods of possible preferential icing. Significant speed reductions on the bridge and at the bridge entry point were elicited by activated signing. Activated signing used at the bridge was observed to have a greater impact than activated signing used at the advance location. /Author/ KW - Behavior KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridges KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - High risk locations KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Ice KW - Pavements KW - Reaction time KW - Signs KW - Skidding KW - Speed KW - Superelevation KW - Warning signs KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130563 AU - Brown, C B AU - Evans, Robin J AU - Mcclung, D M AU - Lachapelle, E R AU - Moore, M B AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - METHODS OF AVALANCHE CONTROL ON WASHINGTON MOUNTAIN HIGHWAYS-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1974/07 AB - A collection of reports about avalanche conditions and avalanche prevention measures on Washington mountain highways in general and to the North Cascade Highway in particular, involving various aspects of creep deformation and glide of the snow cover as they affect avalanche defense structure design; reconnaissance of a proposed new highway route through the Cascade Mountains: and a continuing study of the relationship between synoptic winter weather patterns and the formation and distribution of snow avalanches in the Cascades. The reports are entitled: 1) Effect of Glide and Creep on Rigid Obstacles by C.B. Brown and R.J. Evans. 2) Creep and the Snow-Earth Interface Condition in the Seasonal Alpine Snow-Pack by D.M. McClung. 3) In-Situ Investigations of the Temperature Dependence of the Creep of Low Density Snow by D.M. McClung. 4) Naches Tunnel Avalanche Reconnaissance by E.R. LaChapelle. 5) Investigation of Synoptic and Surface Weather Situations Leading to Major Avalanche Cycles in the Washington Cascades for the 1973-74 Winter by M. B. Moore. /FHWA/ KW - Avalanches KW - Crash investigation KW - Creep KW - Defense KW - Deformation KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Insitu methods KW - Mountains KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Reconnaissance KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow mechanics KW - Studies KW - Tunnels UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/008.5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130656 AU - Root, M J AU - Ragan, R M AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - MARYLAND HIGHWAY DRAINAGE STUDY: VOLUME III - A LINKED SYSTEM MODEL FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGRAPHS IN URBAN AREAS PY - 1974/07 SP - 110 p. AB - The algorithm developed in this report makes use of the equations for one-dimensional, unsteady, spatially-varied open channel flow and an empirical overland flow mathematical model. The technician or engineer does not need a knowledge of the equations used, since he is required only to describe the physical features of the drainage area and select the hyetograph. The computer automatically develops the hydrograph and returns the values of the discharge at pre-selected time intervals. /FHWA/ KW - Algorithms KW - Channel flow KW - Computers KW - Dimensional analysis KW - Drainage KW - Hydrographs KW - Hydrologic data KW - Hydrologic phenomena KW - Open channel flow KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130657 AU - Street, D W AU - Ragan, R M AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - MARYLAND HIGHWAY DRAINAGE STUDY VOLUME IV - OVER-LAND FLOW ON AREAS SUBJECT TO INFILTRATION LOSSES PY - 1974/07 SP - 111 p. AB - The report describes the results of a series of computer simulations of overland flow over pervious surfaces in urban areas. The work was one phase of the development of a mathematical model for the computation of runoff hydrographs in urban areas. This report describes that portion of the overall model concerned with runoff from pervious surfaces. The infiltration abstraction, as described in this paper, is the single most important factor in computing the runoff hydrograph over pervious surfaces. /FHWA/ KW - Drainage KW - Hydrographs KW - Infiltration KW - Mathematical models KW - Runoff KW - Simulation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130604 AU - Koretzky, H P AU - Kuo, P H AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - DESIGN OF AN EXPERIMENTAL POST-TENSIONED SEGMENTAL CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE; SUB-REPORT ON "LETTER SURVEY--STATE OF THE ART" IN THE U.S.A. OF SEGMENTAL CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1974/07 SP - 48 p. AB - The purpose of this survey was to gather information on current design and construction problems, project status, as well as to assess engineering trends and the "state of the art" concerning segmental concrete box girder bridges in the United States. Results were compiled and condensed. Detailed results are incorporated in this report. It was confirmed that a large number of segmental box girder bridges are in the final design - pre-construction stage and many more are in the conceptual stage. /FHWA/ KW - Box girders KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Construction KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Girder bridges KW - Posttensioning KW - Segmental construction KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264625 AU - Smith, D AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company TI - BIKEWAYS-STATE OF THE ART, 1974 PY - 1974/07 SP - 97 p. AB - The recent phenomenal growth of bicycling activity has been paralleled by accelerating concerns for increases in bike-involved accidents and demands for good recreational and utility-oriented facilities on which to ride. All jurisdictional levels have responded with enforcement, development of bikeway locational and design criteria, and provision of physical facilities. Unfortunately, U.S. planners and designers were generally unprepared to deal with the bicycle and programs were based largely on intuitive judgements, European experience and trial and error. Results of initial experiences in various localities are now becoming available. This "State of the Art" report focuses on planning and design practices employed to date, reviews their successes and failures, outlines practices which appear to contribute to bicycle facility utility and safety, and identifies design pitfalls. /FHWA/ KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Crash investigation KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Facilities KW - Methodology KW - Pavement design KW - Planning KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093472 AU - Tignor, S C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-DEPTH EVALUATION OF FREEWAY MOVING-MERGE SYSTEMS PY - 1974/07 SP - 82 p. AB - The report presents the evaluation of the green band and pacer moving-merge systems tested in Woburn, Massachusetts, in 1970. Analyses relative to system effectiveness and use include driver responses obtained from questionnaires, the extent to which ramp drivers use the ramp-side displays, and the effect moving-merge systems have on traffic operations. Questionnaire responses indicate that drivers approved of the moving-merge concept with 70 percent of them finding the systems understandable; this statistic is independent of driver age and type of system. Significantly more drivers using both systems, 70 percent, stated the green band system helps most in merging and is easier to understand and use. Analyses of driver use of the ramp-side, displayed information shows that the probability of a lighted display at a downstream ramp position, conditioned by having one at an upstream position, is significantly greater for the green band drivers. According to the average number of displays viewed per driver, the green band system is used more consistently than the pacer system. KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Green band system KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information display systems KW - Massachusetts KW - Merging traffic KW - Pacer system KW - Questionnaires KW - Ramps KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Reaction time KW - Research KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic surveys KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098985 AU - Richardson, D L AU - Campbell, C P AU - Carroll, R J AU - Hellstrom, D I AU - Metzger, J B AU - O'Brien, P J AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated TI - MANUAL FOR DEICING CHEMICALS: STORAGE AND HANDLING SN - 21ASZ/TASK AE PY - 1974/07 SP - 99 p. AB - This report contains the results of a study conducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to minimize the loss to the environment of chemicals used in controlling snow and ice on highways. Based on the best current practices for highway maintenance as observed during two years of study, parctical guidelines are presented for good practice in the storage and handling of deicing chemicals. Covered storage of salt and other deicing chemicals is strongly recommended; permanent structures for this purpose are preferable. Guidelines are given for site selection and for design foundations, paved working area, and site drainage. Existing storage facilities are presented that represent a range of costs, designs, construction materials and storage capacities. For the handling of salt and other deicing chemicals, general precautions and good housekeeping practices are defined. Environmental responsibilities are discussed for personnel who administer and supervise highway maintenance. /FHWA/ KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Handling and storage KW - Materials management KW - Salts KW - Snow and ice control KW - Storage facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097441 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Ritch, G P AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - EVALUATION OF A PROTOTYPE SAFETY WARNING SYSTEM ON THE GULF FREEWAY PY - 1974/07 SP - 53 p. AB - This study is concerned with the evaluation of a prototype real-time system that warns approaching motorists of stoppages downstream of crest type vertical curves. Before and after studies were conducted to measure speed changes and primary and secondary accidents. A questionnaire survey was administered to obtain motorist reactions. The study results revealed that the warning system is cost-effective. Both primary and secondary accidents were reduced. The system did not create any adverse traffic operational conditions. The results of the questionnaire study indicate the motorists believed the system to be useful, the warning sign was readily noticed, and the message was generally understood and appropriate to traffic conditions. /FHWA/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Speed differential KW - Traffic congestion KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083349 AU - Epps, J A AU - Larrimore, I E AU - Olson, R M AU - Meyer, A H AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - DEVELOPMENT OF MAINTENANCE METHODS AND COST CODES PY - 1974/07 SP - 48 p. AB - Close cooperation among Texas Highway Department district maintenance operational personnel, central office representatives and the Texas Transportation Institute study team together with a review of the literature provided the necessary information to formulate a list maintenance activities and to develop maintenance methods and cost codes. The major information presented in the maintenance methods as developed is discussed. A listing of cost codes and the key elements of a maintenance management system are presented. /FHWA/ KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Maintenance administration KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Maintenance practices KW - Management KW - Management systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082848 AU - Epps, J A AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - DESIGN AND ECONOMICS OF BITUMINOUS TREATED BASES IN TEXAS PY - 1974/07 SP - 96 p. AB - Types of tests, these criteria and types of materials suitable for bituminous stabilization have been defined. A review of layer equivalency is included as well as current cost data for both stabilized and unstabilized base courses. /FHWA/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Bituminous stabilization KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Soil stabilization KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00081376 JO - Highway Focus AU - Bacon, L D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF FLY ASH, AN INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCT, FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A HIGHWAY EMBANKMENT PY - 1974/07 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 1-14 AB - The typical composition range of flyash is given, as well as the standard laboratoy density of the flyash used on the embankment construction project. The design criteria and site conditions are outlined and details are given of the construction. Research in this area is briefly reviewed and conclusions based on experience are set forth. The age hardening characteristic of the material is expected to give a strong, lightweight, stable fill. When the moisture content is controlled within a range of 20-25 percent, the material is workable and stable provided appropriate construction methods are utilized. Excellent compaction and penetrometric results were obtained when the flyash was compacted at a moisture content of 2-5 percent below optimum. Flyash may prove useful in the bridging of weak soils. KW - Building materials KW - Compaction KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Fly ash KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Moisture content KW - Road construction KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/25709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265058 AU - Meyer, W E AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - JOINT ROAD FRICTION PROGRAM (RESEARCH ON PAVEMENT SLIPPERINESS) SN - JRFP-J20 PY - 1974/07 SP - 16 p. AB - A summary is made of all work performed during the life of the Program and which was reported in detail in 19 technical reports. The contents of these reports are discussed under the headings: Road Friction Tester Development, Skid Resistance Surveys, Tire-Pavement Friction Fundamentals, Pavement Wetting and Texture, Microtexture and Skid Resistance, and Low-speed Friction Measurement. It is shown what was accomplished in implementing the twin objective of the program: (1) deepening of the knowledge of the tire-pavement friction mechanism, and (2) employing this knowledge toward the development of construction and maintenance methods for pavement with improved friction characteristics. Although significant contributions toward the attainment of these objectives were made, a number of problems remain to be solved, of which the major ones are listed in this report. /FHWA/ KW - Friction KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265051 AU - Holmes, J R AU - Schmid, G W AU - Downey, G L AU - Ekstrom, R E AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln TI - INSTRUMENTATION FOR LONG TERM FIELD STRUCTURE AND MODEL STRUCTURE INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1974/07 SP - 90 p. AB - The general nature of the deterioration of prestressed concrete bridges through contraction in Nebraska is discussed and clearly illustrated through the use of photographs taken from a previous field study involving approximately 100 bridges. The test program to determine the actual nature and cause of the deterioration process involves continued study of the 100 existing bridges, two new instrumented field structures in a natural environment, and a new full-scale model structure in a partially controlled environment. The new structures were heavily instrumented with mechanical and electrical types of strain measurement devices, thermometer and humidity wells, and other deformation references. Essentially all of the devices were pre-embedded using tape-in-place techniques to avoid damage to the steel forms for the girders. This technique also gave quick access to ready-to-read installation points after girder forms were stripped. Detailed steps for the manufacture and installation of such devices are outlined. /FHWA/ KW - Contraction KW - Deformation KW - Deterioration KW - Instrumentation KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Strain measurement KW - Structural models KW - Test procedures KW - Thermometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264363 AU - Richardson, E S AU - Liddle, W A AU - Office of Federal Highway Projects TI - EXPERIENCE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST WITH OPEN GRADED EMULSIFIED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1974/07 SP - 31 p. AB - Cold mixed open graded emulsified asphalt mixtures have been used successfully in the Pacific Northwest since 1966. Seven hundred miles of this type pavement have been constructed to date. Open graded emulsion mixtures have been successfully used elsewhere in the United States prior to this date, particularly in base course construction. Problems arise in the need for a low cost--high performance type of pavement. Elimination of construction practices which may be fire hazards within forested areas. Energy requirements are high and emissions controls difficult on portable hot-mix plants. Solutions include the development of a cold mixed open graded emulsified asphalt paving mixture. The benefits would be a paving mixture that is lower in cost than conventional hot mix dense graded bituminous concrete. Good serviceability--low maintenance. The course textured pavement surface allows for better drainage of water from pavement surfaces. The elimination of the aggregate drying and screening operation reduces plant costs and reduces dust pollution at the mixing plant site. A great savings in the energy requirements needed to produce the paving mixture is realized by the elimination of the aggregate screening operations and the need to maintain the liquid asphalt, at operating temperatures. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Fuel consumption KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Paving KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264656 AU - Chatto, D R AU - Shelly, T L AU - Spellman, D L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A RAPID SET EPOXY ADHESIVE FOR CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY MARKERS PY - 1974/07 AB - The development of a prototype rapid set epoxy adhesive to bond raised pavement markers to portland cement concrete and asphaltic concrete in California freeways and secondary roads was first reported in June 1969 as State Specification 68-F-44. Since then, four formula revisions have been made to improve adhesion and application characteristics. The current specification, designated as State Specification 721-80-42, has been in use since 1972. /FHWA/ KW - Adhesives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Freeways KW - Performance based specifications KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Raised separators KW - Rapid set concrete KW - Road markings KW - Secondary roads KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Specifications KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264303 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPORT ON THE STUDY OF HIGHWAY LITTER, WITH RECOMMEDATIONS PY - 1974/07 SP - 77 p. AB - In preparing this report to the Congress, national, state, and local organizations and industry have contributed data on litter prevention programs, existing antilitter laws, litter collection methods, recycling programs, and potential uses of solid wastes in highway construction and maintenance. Recommendations in the report are directed toward the reduction of litter and improved methods for cleaning up highway litter that can be taken by federal, state and local governments, by industry, and by the general public. The collection of roadside litter on the 3.79 million miles of roads and streets in the United States represent $500 million expended by all levels of government. The state highway departments, who are responsible for approximately 21 percent of the total U. S. mileage, or 792,000 miles of roads, expend about 10 perent of this $500 million yearly to collect highway litter. This expenditure represents about 2.8 percent of the costs reported for all maintenance by the state highway departments. KW - Cleaning KW - Cleaning procedures KW - Collection KW - Costs KW - Litter KW - Recycling KW - Road construction KW - Solid wastes KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262682 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Phillips, R G AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF PLASTIC-COATED DOWEL BARS SN - 45J1-112 PY - 1974/07 SP - 55 p. AB - Dowel bars coated with a 17-mil layer of polyethylene plastic over a 4-mil inner coating of asphalt mastic were laboratory-tested and also installed in five pavement test sites for evaluation of construction problems and long-term performance. In all, 90 laboratory pullout tests were conducted on specimens specially fabricated for study of different combinations of dowel lubricant, end condition, and alignment. Dowel pullout resistance was not greatly affected by misalignment. Plastic-coated dowels had far less pullout resistance than plain steel dowels; this resistance was also reduced by coating the dowels with oil or grease. Burrs on the dowel ends also affected it. While the tests and field evaluations have been generally favorable, several potential problems are noted: (1) slippage of the plastic coating may result in loss of corrosion protection, (2) fabricating the dowel into basket assemblies may cause coating damage or poor alignment, and (3) careful attention during construction is essential to assure proper alignment. KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Mastic asphalt KW - Mastics KW - Plastic coatings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261828 AU - Barnoff, R M AU - Rainey, D E AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - LABORATORY TESTS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DECK PLANKS AND DECK PLANK ASSEMBLIES PY - 1974/06/30 SP - 138 p. AB - For the past decade prestressed concrete deck plank forms have been used to a limited extent with a cast-in-place topping for bridge deck construction. These planks become an integral part of the deck through composite action with the topping. Normally the planks are 3 inches thick, and a 4-1/2 inch topping is used. During construction the planks are used as the bottom forms and are placed on a grout bed on the top of the prestressed concrete bridge beams. A series of laboratory tests were performed on deck planks and deck plank assemblies. The main purpose of these tests were to determine the composite action between the planks and topping with and without mechanical shear connectors, and to evaluate the different joint types between planks. It was determined that a second surface on the planks was sufficient to develop composite action. All joint types exhibited similar behavior and load transfer capability. /FHWA/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Fasteners KW - Grout KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load transfer KW - Mechanical connectors KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260169 AU - Webb, D J AU - Mississippi State Highway Department TI - A STUDY OF CONCRETE SLAB JACKING SLURRIES PY - 1974/06/25 SP - 63 p. AB - This report on slab jacking slurries considered the literature which was available on the subject. Some laboratory testing was also conducted. Observation of actual field operations and experiments were made. From facts gathered, a gradation for the fine sand was established. The quantities of calcium chloride for specific temperature ranges were developed. The patching procedure for best results was determined. The findings of this study indicate that the water content of the mixture has the most pronounced effect on setting time, strength and shrinkage. Using the findings of this study will produce excellent results for stabilizing pumping slabs. /FHWA/ KW - Calcium chloride KW - Concrete KW - Grouting KW - Jacking KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Pressure grouting KW - Slabs KW - Slurries KW - Slurry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261395 AU - Jilla, R J AU - Southern California Association of Governments AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF BICYCLE LANES ON TRAFFIC FLOW PY - 1974/06/19 SP - 112p AB - Research was conducted at four study sites over a period of five months and was divided into three phases (light, medium, and heavy bicycle flow rates.) The findings of the study indicate that bicycles and bicycle lanes result in a small decrease of speed of traffic and a slight shift away from the curb of the transverse placement of vehicles. Bicycle lanes when placed on streets without parking and of adequate width appear to have little detrimental effect on traffic flow and may serve the beneficial purpose of providing better separation between vehicles and bicycles. The report includes suggested street characteristics desirable for bicycle lanes and suggested widths of such bicycle lanes on various width streets. KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Noise control KW - Pavement widening KW - Street widening KW - Streets KW - Traffic flow UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313879 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929466 AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT REHABILITATION: PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP PY - 1974/06 SP - 240 p. AB - A three and one-half hour workshop was used as a forum to examine the broad field of pavement rehabilitation and related strategies applicable to both highways and airfields. The primary purpose of the workshop was to formulate a proposed research framework aimed at producing optimal solutions to problems of structural rehabilitation. Prepared state of the art papers were presented to document knowledge impinging on the pavement maintenance processes. These papers were used as background material for study by small working groups. A proposed research framework was formulated from an appraisal and evaluation of the workshop deliberations. This report contains the proceedings of the workshop. KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Structural deterioration and defects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098419 AU - Law, S M AU - Vaccaro, S J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Bureau of Public Roads /US TI - EROSION EVALUATION STUDY PY - 1974/06 SP - 82 p. AB - This final report is concerned with the Erosion Evaluation Study which was to develop a tentative laboratory procedure by which new chemical additives or mulches for retarding soil erosion can be evaluated. The field phase of the study was also to determine the effectiveness of the various agents tested on seed germination, grass stand growth and control or retardation of soil erosion. The laboratory phase of the study was concerned with the development of a tentative laboratory test procedure to test and evaluate these erosion agents, thereby eliminating less promising ones so that the better ones could be further tested in the field. In coducting the laboratory phase of the study, a rainfall-simulator was designed and constructed. Operation and evaluation of the rainfall- simulator was successful and a tentative laboratory test procedure was developed. The degree of effectiveness of the various erosion control products tested was determined both in the field and in the laboratory, with a general relationship between the laboratory and field testing ascertained. Conclusions were made in this report as to the relative capabilities of some of the products and also conclusions were made as to the practicability of using the tentative laboratory test procedure and construction details of the rainfall-simulator. Recommendations were made as to the construction of a rainfall-simulator and in addition a tentative test procedure was recommended. /FHWA/ KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Field tests KW - Grasses KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mulches KW - Rain KW - Simulation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Test procedures KW - Vegetation UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20076.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090640 AU - Prokopy, J C AU - SCOTT, W G AU - Kagan, L S AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MANUAL FOR PLANNING PEDESTRAIN FACILITIES PY - 1974/06 SP - 81 p. AB - The manual includes the basic concepts in pedestrian trip generation and movement, and basic types of facilities available to the planner, categorized by horizontal, vertical, and time separations. Each of the types of impacts to users and nonusers of pedestrian facilities is discused. The interrelationships among facility characteristics and the various levels of impacts on pedestrians, motorists, abutting property occupants, and the community in general are presented. An approach to general economic cost estimating in terms of both construction cost and continuing operating and maintenance costs is described. Several means of converting these costs to a figure useful in comparing facilities and evaluating benefits are given. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - City planning KW - Corridors KW - Facilities KW - Human factors engineering KW - Manuals KW - Passageways KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Planning KW - Safety KW - Separation KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00766272 AU - Mason, J W AU - Anderson, A M AU - Englande, A J AU - Smith, Patrick M AU - Abdelghani, A AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND TOXICITY OF MSMA APPLIED TO ROADSIDE RIGHTS OF WAY PY - 1974/06 SP - 156 p. AB - The use of MSMA as a grass control herbicide along Louisiana highway rights of way is desirable because of its economic advantage in the control of Johnson grass and other undesirable grasses. Concern exists over the buildup of residues in soil and connecting waterways. The purpose of this study was to determine residues built up in soils and the adjacent water bodies, to determine the toxicity of MSMA residues in selected aquatic species, and to determine uptake of MSMA applied to Johnson grass. It was concluded that application of MSMA to a previously untreated soil will produce a significant elevation of soil arsenic levels in the upper foot of soil. Arsenic appears to be tightly bound to the clay soil. Soil arsenic residues showed the greatest increase at a depth of 2 in (5 cm). Arsenic migration requires a greater movement of water than occurs in the cross flow condition. Suspended sediment carried by the runoff from the plots has been identified as the major source of arsenic in the adjacent water bodies. Aquatic species tested showed good tolerance to MSMA. Tolerance to MSMA does not preclude the possibility of concentration of the herbicide by the organism. It is recommended that application of the herbicide be as small as is consistent with necessary control. Continued care should be taken to minimize application of the herbicide in areas draining directly into water bodies, steps should be taken to minimize application adjacent to the fence line, and drift should be considered in any application. KW - Aquatic life KW - Arsenic KW - Clay soils KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Grasses KW - Herbicides KW - Msma KW - Roadside KW - Runoff KW - Soils KW - Toxicity KW - Waterways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093013 AU - Gurin, D B AU - Harvard University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL PATTERNS AND PROBLEMS OF SUBURBAN HIGH SCHOOL MALES: EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE PHYSICAL MOBILITY OF A POPULATION SUBGROUP, WITH RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1974/06 SP - 47 p. AB - Teenagers' travel behavior and their transportation needs and preferences were investigated in three working class Boston suburbs having different levels of transit service. Fifty male high school students met in weekly panels to discuss where, when, how, and why they traveled, how much it cost them, and other travel-related information. The report recommends long-term, direct participation of all traveler subgroups in transportation planning and management. Expanded programs to improve pedestrian facilities and ease access to automobile travel are concluded to be most likely to satisfy the travel requirements of the teenager subgroup. KW - Access KW - Adolescents KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Males KW - Massachusetts KW - Mobility KW - Pedestrians KW - Students KW - Suburbs KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00071845 AU - Holland, D K AU - Saint Louis University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW OF REPORTS RELATING TO THE EFFECT OF FARE AND SERVICE CHANGES IN METROPOLITAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1974/06 SP - 26 p. AB - The report reviews articles and reports developed in the past ten years relating to demand elasticities for public ground intra-city transportation. It is designed to provide policy makers with a quick overview of the literature. Some major headings are: (1) an increase in fares will decrease patronage, but will result in a net increase in revenues; (2) the effect of fare increases differs depending on circumstances; (3) the relationships probably operate in the same manner with fare decreases, but in the opposite direction; (4) increased frequency will increase patronage, but no clear pattern has been found to suggest a method of numerical prediction; (5) it is difficult to judge the relative impact of each when improvements occur simultaneously; and (6) the attributes of speed, comfort, convenience, and wide choice of destination are as important as fare in attracting persons. KW - Fares KW - Headways KW - Mode choice KW - Passenger comfort KW - Passenger demand KW - Passenger service KW - Quality of service KW - Scheduling KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/20449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260259 AU - Morin, D A AU - Western Association of State Highway & Transp Off TI - STATUS OF CARPOOLING IN THE HIGHWAY PROGRAM PY - 1974/06 SP - 5 p. AB - Carpooling is one way of immediately reducing gasoline consumption without having to severely restrict personal mobility or expend large amounts of public funds, or do harm to other important and desireable national goals. One of the provisions of the "Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act" was to permit Federal-aid highway funds, normally available for urban highway construction projects at a 70 percent Federal share, to be used for carpool demonstration projects at a 90 percent Federal share. The types of demonstration projects that are eligible for this bonus Federal share include those for (a) manual or computerized systems for locating and informing potential participants in carpools or buspools, (b) work necessary to designate existing highway lanes (whether or not the highway is on a Federal-aid system) as preferential carpool lanes or bus and carpool lanes, (c) traffic control devices that are necessary to advice motorists and control the movement of carpools, (d) work necessary to designate existing publicly owned facilities as perferential parking for carpools, and (e) the risk or "abort" cost of making commuter driven vanpool service available. The directive implementing this provision gives the FHWA division engineers complete authority to approve projects and to use maximum discretion in working with the State highway agencies to develop meaningfull projects. As of May 1974, 34 carpool demonstration projects involving $5 million have been approved for funding under the 90 percent Federal funding provisions of the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. The projects are located in 29 cities in 10 different States. In addition to these, there are many more that are being developed and are in the process of being approved. The author notes, however, that reports from field offices indicate that with the recently improved situation involving the availability of gasoline at the service stations, there is a general falling off of interest on the part of many groups for continued promotion of carpooling and other energy conservation programs. Citing the examples of the successes of Shirley Highway (northern Virginia), Reston Charter Bus Co. (northern Virginia, Long Beach, California, and the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, he concludes these projects are valueable and should be continued. KW - Carpools KW - Commuting KW - Demonstration projects KW - Energy KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fund allocations KW - Information processing KW - Parking KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158121 AU - Wakefield, R C AU - Bell, R S AU - Jagschitz, J A AU - Clapham, A J AU - Dore, A T AU - Nielsen, A P AU - Laskey, B C AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF ROADSIDE VEGETATION IN RHODE ISLAND PY - 1974/06 AB - A series of experiments were conducted to develop techniques for improving establishment of primary vegetative cover along Rhode Island highways. This report provides recommendations for seed mixtures, mulches, seedbed fertilizers, and seeding dates for uniform and rapid establishment of vegetation. KW - Fertilizers KW - Mulches KW - Roadside KW - Seeds KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137357 AU - Beck, L D AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF ROADWAY GROOVING JONES FALLS EXPRESSWAY (I-83) PY - 1974/06 SP - 80 p. AB - This is the final report for the federally sponsored two-year type B study AW-74-136-46 and the testing program required for the safety grooving project on the Baltimore City portion of Jones Falls Expressway (BC-243-25-815). The safety grooves were sawed in the fall of 1970. Although the average skid numbers (SN/40) were significantly higher for a period of more than one year following the grooving for the grooved sites, they soon fell to pre-grooving levels. Almost half of the depth of the grooves in longitudinally grooved cement concrete was gone in a period of a little more than two years. Transverse grooved cement concrete sites have lost 84% of their groove depth in approximately three and one-half years. These groove depth losses were recorded in wheel path areas of the lanes. The hazard of skidding from these worn areas into areas with more grooving remaining was not explored. It is felt that safety grooving will not improve skid resistance enough to justify the installation expenditures, especially when used on heavily travelled highways. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Experimental data KW - Expressways KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance KW - Maryland KW - Pavement grooving KW - Roughness KW - Safety engineering KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263555 AU - Lankard, D R AU - WALKER, A J AU - Niesz, D E AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories TI - INFLUENCE OF CEMENT ON MOISTURE MIGRATION IN PASTE AND CONCRETE AS RELATED TO THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE PY - 1974/06 SP - 156 p. AB - This report summarizes an investigation of the influence of cement on moisture migration in cement paste and simulated concrete as related to the problem of D-cracking of portland cement concrete pavements. Laboratory studies of moisture migration in pastes were conducted on 32 cements in Phase A. In Phase B, 16 of the cements were selected for further laboratory studies on simulated concretes. It was established in Phase A that statistically significant difference did exist in the moisture change and related linear dimensional change behavior of the cements studied. The results of the Phase B investigation indicated that, under the conditions of this study, cement source did not significantly influence the onset of potentially disruptive forces during freezing of concretes containing D-crack-prone limestone aggregates. The Phase B work did point out the importance of the moisture content of the aggregate in controlling the dilation of concretes subjected to freezing. Water-cured concrete specimens (aggregate fully saturated) exhibited a dilation the first time the concrete was frozen. Air drying of the concretes provided a period of immunity to dilation. It was concluded that the water permeability of these concretes was the same from a practical viewpoint. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Air dried KW - Cement KW - Cement paste KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Dilation KW - Drying KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Laboratory studies KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture movement KW - Motion KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263556 AU - HOPKINS, T A AU - Marshall, B R AU - Goddard Space Flight Center TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY OF LUMINESCENT PAVEMENT MARKERS. A STUDY OF SEVEN LUMINESCENT SYSTEMS FOR WET-NIGHT VISIBILITY PY - 1974/06 SP - 60 p. AB - This study was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of adapting a bio or chemiluminescent system for use in a highway marker for wet-night lane delineation. The study involved a literature survey and theoretical evaluation of systems reported in the literature, limited laboratory verification and investigation of the visibility problem. Recommendations for further research and development are presented based on this preliminary work. The chemiluminescent reaction of siloxene derivatives is recommended because it is expected that this system can be placed in a solid matrix and activated in rainy weather by diffusion of water through a bed of solid oxidizer. The siloxene system is cheaper and more readily adaptable to use in a highway marker than several bio or chemiluminescent systems evaluated. /FHWA/ KW - Biological materials KW - Chemicals KW - Luminescence KW - Moisture content KW - Night KW - Oxygen KW - Road markings KW - Silicon compounds KW - Striping materials KW - Traffic marking KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137039 AU - Leiser, A T AU - Nussbaum, J J AU - Kay, B AU - PAUL, J AU - Thornhill, W AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVEGETATION OF DISTURBED SOILS IN THE TAHOE BASIN PY - 1974/06 SP - 75 p. AB - A three-year study of methods of revegetating highway cuts in the Lake Tahoe Basin demonstrated the value of combining several practices to establish plant cover including: reshaping cuts, hydro-mulch-seeding of grasses, use of breast walls, willow wattling, unrooted willow cuttings and young transplants of woody shrub species. Old eroding highway cuts with little or no natural revegetation were successfully revegetated without artificial irrigation by proper selection of slope treatment and plant species according to site and micro-environment conditions and planting times. The methodology and results of these plantings are discussed. The report and appendices include detailed descriptions of slope stabilization methods (breast wall construction and brush layering), wattling installation, cost-benefit analyses, effects of slow-release fertilizers on woody shrub species, propagation methods for selected woody species and a vegetative key for identification of the woody species native to the Lake Tahoe Basin. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - California KW - Construction KW - Disturbed samples KW - Erosion control KW - Excavations KW - Fertilizers KW - Grasses KW - Highways KW - Identification systems KW - Identifying KW - Lake Tahoe Basin KW - Mountains KW - Mulches KW - Nevada KW - Plant cover KW - Plant growth KW - Plant reproduction KW - Planting KW - Plants KW - Propagation KW - Reproduction (Biology) KW - Shrubs KW - Slope protection KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Vegetation KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136824 AU - Babcock, W F AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation and Highway Safety TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF FREEWAYS ON URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENTS IN NORTH CAROLINA (INCLUDING GUIDELINES FOR HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DESIGN) PY - 1974/06 SP - 263 p. AB - An analysis is made of the impact of freeways upon land development on the entire freeway system in North Carolina with particular emphasis on the five major urban areas of the state. A very detailed analysis is made of Raleigh. Traffic generated by these land developments are analyzed. A Manual of Guidelines is developed setting forth the steps that should be undertaken by a transportation planner in the development of preliminary planning for a proposed facility that might have an effect upon an urban area. Suggestions are made concerning desirable procedures for determining the environmental impact of the proposed facility. The manual discusses the inter-relation between land development and transportation planning. The manual and recommendations are applicable to automotively oriented developing cities in the 5,000 to 500,000 population size. KW - Beltways KW - City planning KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic KW - Land use KW - Manuals KW - North Carolina KW - Real estate development KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban development KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082847 AU - Petersen, J C AU - Dorrence, S M AU - Ensley, E K AU - Barbour, F A AU - Barbour, R V AU - Haines, W E AU - Laramie Energy Research Center TI - PAVING ASPHALTS: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, OXIDATIVE WEATHERING AND ASPHALT-AGGREGATE INTERACTIONS. PART II PY - 1974/06 SP - 64 p. AB - This report describes an interrelated study of the oxidation products formed in asphalt during the processing of road mixes and aging in the road and the interactions of asphalt and its oxidation products with aggregate to form the asphalt-aggregate adhesive bond. A method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of ketones, car- boxylic acids, dicarboxylic anhydrides, and 2-quionolone types in asphalts was developed and applied to ten penetration-grade asphalts recovered from 11- to 13-year-old pavements. Carbonyl types strongly adsorbed on the aggregate surface were quantitatively determined. Independent studies identified ketones & dicarboxylic anhydrides as significant carbonyl-type oxidation products in aspahlts. Evidence for the structural types of ketones and anhydrides in asphalts is given. Esters were not found in the asphalt oxidation products. Mineral surfaces and components naturally present in asphalt were both found to catalyze the oxidation of aspahlt. Asphalt-aggregate interactions were studied by microcalorimetry which gave evidence of multilayer adsorption of asphalt molecules in the asphalt-aggretate interphase region. Further evidence for the orientation of molecules in the interphase region was provided through photomicroscopic studies. The significance of the work to asphalt paving technology is discussed. /FHWA/ KW - Adhesion KW - Aggregates KW - Anhydrides KW - Asphalt KW - Calorimeters KW - Carboxylic acids KW - Chemical composition KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Ketones KW - Microanalysis KW - Microscopy KW - Molecules KW - Oxidation KW - Photomicrographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130541 AU - SAXENA, S K AU - Hedberg, J AU - Load, C C AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - RESULTS OF SPECIAL LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM ON HACKENSACK VALLEY VARVED CLAY PY - 1974/06 SP - 185 p. AB - A special laboratory program was conducted at M.I.T. on 5 in. diameter samples of the varved clay from glacial lake Hackensack at Secaucus, N.J. in cooperation with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The program included: constant rate of strain consolidation tests; measurement of K sub o vs OCR; permeability tests on cubic samples to determine k sub h/k sub v; UU triaxial compression tests run on specimens cut at various inclinations; k sub o consolidated-undrained direct-simple shear tests to establish s sub u/sigma sub vc consolidated-undrained triaxial compression and extension tests on normally consolidated samples. This report describes the equipment and test procedures, presents the results of the tests, and compares the data to that obtained on other varved clays. It is concluded that the basic properties of the Hackensack Valley varved clay are very similar to those previously determined for Connecticut Valley varved clays from Amherst and Northampton, Mass. Two major problems are still unresolved: the in situ value of k sub h/k sub v vs that measured in the laboratory; and the value of undrained strength for horizontal loading, s sub u(h). KW - Compression KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Permeability KW - Permeability measurement KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Triaxial compression KW - Undrained shear strength KW - Varved clays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130569 AU - Heins, C P AU - Fan, H M AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - EFFECTIVE SLAB WIDTH OF SIMPLE-SPAN STEEL I-BEAM COMPOSITE BRIDGES AT ULTIMATE LOAD PY - 1974/06 SP - 124 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effective width of simply supported composite bridges at ultimate load. An analytical method was developed by which the elastic and elasto-plastic deformations of such a system can be predicted. The resulting equations were solved by a computer program. Using the computer program, many typical two-lane composite bridges were analyzed. The effective widths at ultimate load were then determined and were found not to equal the effective widths at the elastic condition. The effective widths at ultimate load can be represented by the following: (1) Interior girders 2be/b = 0.617 b/L + 0.702; 2be greater than bridge width/no. of girders. (2) Edge girders 2be/b = -1.98 b/L divided by 0.873; be less than bridge width/no. of girders. /FHWA/ KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite materials KW - Computer programs KW - Elastic deformation KW - Elastic plastic analysis KW - Elastoplasticity KW - Equations KW - Highway bridges KW - I beams KW - Metal bridges KW - Simple span KW - Slabs KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - Two lane highways KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00125522 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Majidzadeh (Karman) TI - DYNAMIC DEFLECTION STUDY FOR PAVEMENT CONDITION INVESTIGATION PY - 1974/06 SP - 250 p. AB - This report presents a state of the art review of the dynamic deflection measurement, site condition evaluation and interpretation of pavement response characteristics. The significance of various deflection parameters and their relation to pavement performance are presented. Nomographs and design charts suitable for analysis of pavement moduli are developed. Field data documenting the dynamic deflection response of flexible concrete and various pavement layers, such as subgrade, and base course are presented. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dynamic deflection determination KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Nomographs KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/27899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098413 AU - Borrowman, P E AU - Seeber, K E AU - Kesler, C E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - BEHAVIOR OF SHRINKAGE-COMPESATING CONCRETES SUITABLE FOR USE IN BRIDGE DECKS. INTERIM REPORT-PHASE II PY - 1974/06 AB - The objective of the research reported here was to determine the expansion and shrinkage behavior of full depth concrete bridge deck sections, composite and non-composite, cast with shrinkage-compensating cement concrete. The concrete decks sections were 8 in. (200 mm) thick, 2 ft (610 mm) wide and 4 ft (1220 mm) long. The composite section was 8 in. (200 mm) thick, 3 ft (910 mm) wide and 6 ft (1830 mm) long. The reinforcement was typical of that used in bridge decks in Illinois. The specimens were stored at temperatures of 38 F (3.3 C), 70 F (20 C), 100 F (38 C) and one specimen was stored outside. All specimens were cured 7 days under wet burlap. The results indicate that residual compressive stresses can exist in the concrete after 120 days when appropriate restraint, appropriate shrinkage-compensating cements, and adequate curing are used. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Constraints KW - Expansion KW - Expansive cement KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Residual stress KW - Shrinkage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/38370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098974 AU - Hankins, K AU - Underwood AU - Darnaby AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - PAVEMENT SURFACE POLISHING CHARACTERISTICS: A CIRCULAR TRACK TEST PY - 1974/06 AB - This is the final report for this project. The report briefly describes two interim reports of (1) Field performance tests using a skid test trailer and (2) Adaption of the British Wheel for use in Texas. The second report includes the experimental work with the British Wheel and tests using an insoluble Residue procedure. The primary purpose of this report is to indicate studies accomplished with a Circular Track. The circular track was designed to study the pavement matrix. The results of the study were inconclusive but experiments with asphaltic concrete indicated a linear relationship between the friction properties of aggregate blends including the fine aggregate portion. Studies of Portland Cement Concrete revealed a linear relationship between texture values before and after polishing. No trends were found in the batch variables of cement factor, fine aggregate type, or curing environment. Based on the inconclusive results of the study, recommendations were made that no further testing be conducted with the circular track. KW - Field tests KW - Pavements KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/38466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091545 AU - Ramey, G E AU - Auburn University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - THE BEHAVIOR OF STATISTICALLY HETEROGENEOUS EXCAVATED EARTH SLOPES PY - 1974/06 SP - 181 p. AB - The computer program which was originally developed for evaluating the behavior of earth slopes has been modified, extended, and further tested and documented. The program can now handle soil excavation problems, embankment problems, and in-plane elasticity problems. The constituent materials in each of these problem types may be layered in horizontal layers and taken as deterministic or statistically heterogeneous. The program uses an incremental procedure in the simulation of earthwork excavation or filling and thereby solves nonlinear problems in a piecewise linear manner. KW - Alabama KW - Computer programs KW - Earthwork KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Embankments KW - Excavations KW - Fills KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Heterogeneity KW - Highways KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Properties of materials KW - Revetments KW - Samples KW - Simulation KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil properties KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097435 AU - Dupuy, A C AU - KITTELSON, W K AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - EVALUATION OF SELECTED SURFACE STREET NETWORK MODELS PY - 1974/06 SP - 102 p. AB - The objective of this study is to select a surface street model best suited for integration with the FREQ3 freeway model and for ultimate incorporation into an urban freeway corridor model. As a result of a fairly comprehensive literature search, four surface street models were selected for investigation: COMBINATION, SIGOP, TRANSYT, and UTCS-1. In addition, a preliminary evaluation indicated that UTCS, although a good model, was not able to meet effectively the needs of the project. The primary thrust of this report is then to evaluate the SIGOP and TRANSYT models. The report begins with a general description of the evaluative procedure and of the selected evaluation criteria. A brief introduction to the SIGOP and TRANSYT models follows. Then the results of the application of these two models to an actual network are described. Finally, the evaluation of the SIGOP and TRANSYT models (with respect to their effectiveness in meeting each of the evaluation criteria) is described, and TRANSYT is selected as the model best suited for project needs. The report ends with a summary and a list of recommendations. /FHWA/ KW - Data analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Networks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097434 AU - Dupuy, A C AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - DATA PROCESSING COMPUTER PROGRAMS PY - 1974/06 SP - 103 p. AB - This report describes the various data processing computer programs which have been systematically designed to assist the user of the Freeway Corridor Model (CORQ). These computer programs constitute a flexible computer package which can transform a set of raw field measurements into a set of required input cards for the operation of the CORQ model. First, the data requirements of the Freeway Corridor Model (CORQ) was specified and included: corridor physical facilities, corridor demand patterns, and corridor operation control. Then the various options of preparing input data for CORQ using the directives were explained. Finally, the computer programming organization, primarily for the computer specialist, is desicribed. Supporting information is provided in three appendices. First, the card formats for the ACCEPT directives are specified. Then, two sample input deck listings for CORQ are given. Finally, the details of the computer programs and their organization are described. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Freeway operations KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097444 AU - Dowling, R G AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS FOR THE EASTSHORE FREEWAY (I-80) CORRIDOR PY - 1974/06 SP - 223 p. AB - This report presents the results of a data collection effort on a freeway corridor. The procedures used for collecting and analyzing the data are presented. All data required for the evaluation of the surface street models and in the application of the developed freeway corridor model are contained in this report. /FHWA/ KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Freeway operations KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091364 AU - Shah, S C AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A CORRELATION OF VARIOUS SMOOTHNESS MEASURING SYSTEMS FOR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACES PY - 1974/06 SP - 27 p. AB - The report discusses the correlations between various devices generally used for assessment of roughness of new asphaltic concrete surfaces. The analysis was performed on data from nineteen hot mix sections ranging from new to old pavement surfaces. The analysis provided equations relating three rolling straightedges (10-, 12-, and 15-foot) to various roadmeters such as the PCA and the Mays roadmeters and the BPR roughometer. Recommendations are made in the form of specifications for the 10- and 12-foot rolling straightedge and the Mays roadmeter. KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Correlation analysis KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Pca meter KW - Reproducibility KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Straightedges KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Texture UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20080.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091426 AU - Dupuy, A C AU - KITTELSON, W K AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Division of Highways TI - FREEWAY OPERATIONS STUDY. PHASE IV. EVALUATION OF SELECTED SURFACE STREET NETWORK MODELS PY - 1974/06 SP - 102 p. AB - The objective of this study is to select a surface street model best suited for integration with the FREQ3 freeway model and for ultimate incorporation into an urban freeway corridor model. The report begins with a general description of the evaluative procedure and of the selected evaluation criteria. A brief introduction to the SIGOP and TRANSYT models follows. Then the results of the application of these two models to an actual network are described. Finally, the evaluation of the SIGOP and TRANSYT models is described, and TRANSYT is selected as the model best suited for project needs. The report ends with a summary and a list of recommendations. KW - California KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Streets KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic models KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091387 AU - Dowling, R G AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Division of Highways TI - FREEWAY OPERATIONS STUDY-PHASE IV. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS FOR THE EASTSHORE FREEWAY (I-80) CORRIDOR PY - 1974/06 SP - 223 p. AB - The report presents the results of a data collection effort on a freeway corridor. The procedures used for collecting and analyzing the data are presented. All data required for the evaluation of the surface street models and in the application of the developed freeway corridor model are enclosed. KW - California KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic models KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban highways KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091425 AU - Dupuy, A C AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Division of Highways TI - FREEWAY OPERATIONS STUDY. PHASE IV. DATA PROCESSING COMPUTER PROGRAMS PY - 1974/06 SP - 103 p. AB - The report describes the various data processing computer programs which have been systematically designed to assist the user of the Freeway Corridor Model (CORQ). First, the data requirements of the Freeway Corridor Model (CORQ) was specified and included: corridor physical facilities, corridor demand patterns, and corridor operation control. Then the various options of preparing input data for CORQ using the directives were explained. Finally, the computer programming organization, primarily for the computer specialist, is described. Supporting information is provided in three appendices. First, the card formats for the ACCEPT directives are specified. Then, two sample input deck listings for CORQ are given. Finally, the details of the computer programs and their organization are described. KW - California KW - Computer programs KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic models KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091302 AU - Borrowman, P E AU - Seeber, K E AU - Kesler, C E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - BEHAVIOR OF SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETES SUITABLE FOR USE IN BRIDGE DECKS SN - UILU-ENG-74-6014 PY - 1974/06 SP - 44 p. AB - The objective of the research reported here was to determine the expansion and shrinkage behavior of full depth concrete bridge deck sections, composite and non-composite, cast with shrinkage-compensating cement concrete. The specimens were stored at temperatures of 38 F (3.3 C), 70 F (20 C), 100 F (38 C) and one specimen was stored outside. All specimens were cured 7 days under wet burlap. The results indicate that residual compressive stresses can exist in the concrete after 120 days when appropriate restraint, appropriate shrinkage-compensating cements, and adequate curing are used. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cement additives KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Expansion KW - Expansion (Construction phenomena) KW - Expansive cement KW - Formulations KW - Humidity KW - Residual stress KW - Shrinkage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090437 AU - Best, C H AU - Kansas State University, Manhattan AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kansas State Highway Commission TI - D-CRACKING IN PCC PAVEMENTS: CAUSE AND PREVENTION PY - 1974/06 SP - 121 p. AB - Field studies to arrest D-cracking in existing pavement by means of surface treatment with linseed oil in mineral spirits, with a commercial silicone, and with a commercial resin sealer were unsuccessful over 6 years of service. Vertical drains (wicks) for the purpose of removing base course moisture proved totally ineffective. Laboratory studies demonstrated conclusively that (Kansas) limestones contain no free lime; that the grinding of reactive river sands and gravels to high fineness to inhibit the alkali-aggregate reaction (actually to accelerate it to completion prior to forming the concrete) proved unfeasible; that bubbling pressure techniques can be used to determine maximum pore size in limestone samples, but not to discriminate 'good' limestones from 'bad' limestones with respect to D-cracking potential; and that D-cracking can be induced in the laboratory. KW - Aggregates KW - Coatings KW - Concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highways KW - Kansas KW - Laboratory tests KW - Linseed oil KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pore water pressures KW - Portland cement KW - Resins KW - Silicone resins KW - Silicones KW - Surface treating KW - Vertical drains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090562 AU - Webster, S L AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USERS' MANUAL FOR MEMBRANE ENCAPSULATED PAVEMENT SECTIONS (MEPS) PY - 1974/06 SP - 34 p. AB - This User's Manual describes the design and construction techniques for installing Membrane Encapsulated Pavement Sections (MEPS). This concept has been developed and implemented by the Corps of Engineers in response to a need by the Army for a rapid and stable road building method in areas where conventional materials are not readily available. Suitable in-place or borrowed soil can be effectively used in the MEPS System in place of conventional aggregate bases or stabilized sub-bases. Construction costs can often be competitive with standard designs and no special equipment or training is required. KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Earthwork KW - Encapsulating KW - Encapsulation KW - Estimates KW - Ethylene resins KW - Excavating equipment KW - Manuals KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Polyethylene KW - Polypropylene KW - Roads KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Soils KW - Thermoplastic resins KW - Trafficability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090330 AU - Carey, D E AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RUBBER-ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES SN - LA-72-10B(B) PY - 1974/06 SP - 54 p. AB - Several rubber modified asphalts and their corresponding aggregate mixtures were evaluated in the laboratory with respect to their physical characteristics. Results obtained on the properties of those rubberized asphalt binders were compared to those of the original untreated asphalts. The data would seem to indicate that an acceptable cement can be expected provided the quantity of rubber additive is closely controlled. Bituminous mixtures were molded using the mechanical Marshall Hammer and also the Gyratory Compactor. The results obtained on the gyratory compacted specimens would indicate that for the same binder content, rubberized asphalt mixes possessed higher Marshall stabilities, equal or lower flow values, and less tendency to flush or bleed. Certain rubberized asphalts showed a capability of being used at an asphalt level in excess of that found optimum for unmodified asphalt. In addition, no loss of compaction or adhesion was found for rubberized asphalt paving mixtures. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt KW - Crude oil KW - Elastomers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Formulations KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plasticity KW - Viscosity UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20079.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090165 AU - Permoda, A J AU - Gabel, A R AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR HIGHWAY METALS PY - 1974/06 SP - 79 p. AB - This report relates steps taken to minimize coatings maintenance on metal appurtenances; particularly steel beam guardrail, bridge railings, and bridge structural steel girders. The Department has found that galvanizing guardrail and bridge railings yields a coating system that protects the materials at least twice as long as paints. In the course of these studies, a variety of alternative railing materials were tried including aluminum-alloy, unpainted low alloy steel, and concrete. For coating bridge structural steel girders, the Department has conducted laboratory screening tests on paint systems followed by in-service tests of the superior systems. Various coatings systems and Departmental specification revisions are discussed. Recently, the Department has required that low alloy, unpainted steel be used for bridge girders. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Highways KW - Low alloy steel KW - Paint KW - Protective coatings KW - Steel KW - Zinc coatings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082857 AU - Carey, D E AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - A LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RUBBER-ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES PY - 1974/06 AB - Several rubber modified asphalts and their corresponding aggregate mixtures were evaluated in the laboratory with respect to their physical characteristics. Results obtained on the properties of those rubberized asphalt binders were compared to those of the original untreated asphalts. The data would seem to indicate that an acceptable cement can be expected provided the quantity of rubber additive is closely controlled. Bituminous mixtures were molded using the mechanical Marshall Hammer and also the Gyratory Compactor. The results obtained on the Gyratory compacted specimens would indicate that for the same binder content, rubberized asphalt mixes possessed higher Marshall stabilities, equal or lower flow values, and less tendency to flush or bleed. Certain rubberized asphalts showed a capability of being used at an asphalt level in excess of that found optimum for unmodified asphalt. In addition, no loss of compaction or adhesion was found for rubberized asphalt paving mixtures. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Elastomer modified asphalt KW - Flow value KW - Gyratory compaction KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Physical properties UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20079.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083982 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRIORITY PRIMARY ROUTE COST STUDY REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1974/06 SP - 95 p. AB - The States were requested to review the Federal-aid primary system, including any changes that may result from the realignment to be made in compliance with the 1973 Highway Act, for the purposes of selecting the highest priority routes and their costs of improvement. The routes selected as candidates for the priority primary program include high volume sections and are either principal arterials now or will be classified as such by 1976. Part I of the report summarizes the findings of the study and Part II provides details and backup data. The States selection and ranking process is outlined as well as route mileage, costs and programming. Part II includes sections on mileage and cost data for the 5 percent increment, rural-urban classifications, programing, physical and travel characteristics, safety and service to traffic generators. KW - Arterial highways KW - Computer programming KW - Costs KW - Federal aid highways KW - Level of service KW - Mileage KW - Primary highways KW - Programming KW - Ranking KW - Ranking (Statistics) KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Service KW - Strategic planning KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00081300 AU - Gray, W C AU - HANNON, J B AU - Forsyth, R A AU - Transportation Laboratory TI - PERFORMANCE OF TWO LAYER ASPHALT STABILIZED DRAINAGE BLANKETS FOR HIGHWAY SUBDRAINAGE SN - 19201-762503-632618 PY - 1974/06 SP - 34 p. AB - The performance of two layer asphalt stabilized drainage systems is reported. The two layer drainage system consists of a filter layer of sand-gravel blend filter material, aggregate base or similar material which will satisfy the filter criteria overlain by an open graded drainage layer stabilized with 1.5 to 2 percent paving grade asphalt. The low asphalt content bonds the open graded material into a stable mass without reducing permeability. Asphalt treated permeable material has a drainage capacity up to 100 times greater than a California standard Class 2 permeable material. One installation after six winter seasons had an efficiency 12 times greater than a single layer system under the same service conditions. The two layer system is no more difficult to construct than normal permeable blankets and normal construction equipment and methods can be used. Direct cost comparisons indicate that two layer drainage systems can be constructed at a cost competitive with or lower than conventional single layer drainage systems. KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous stabilization KW - Drainage blankets KW - Filters KW - Highway drainage KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement layers KW - Permeability KW - Pervious blankets KW - Sand KW - Sand filters KW - Soil stabilization KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080225 AU - Tri-State Transportation Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Port Authority of New York and New Jersey AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MANHATTAN CBD-NEW JERSEY CORRIDOR. AUTOMATIC BUS IDENTIFICATION PY - 1974/06 SP - 270 p. AB - The purpose of the Automatic Bus Identification Project was fourfold: to evaluate the performance of Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) Systems on buses in normal field operations; to consider the potential benefits of AVI for monitoring bus movements, including non-stop toll collection; to develop methods of coding and numbering that could be used as a standard for AVI systems; and to prepare specifications for an AVI system based on test results. Four manufacturers, all using low power radio frequency technology, participated in the project. The objectives of the project were met by conducting a two-phase test program. The first phase supplied road-side interrogators to monitor bus passage in a closed loop system. Data were transmitted over leased telephone lines to a computer located at a point about midway between the interrogation sites. The second phase was designed to provide a rigorous analysis of the performance of each AVI system. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265052 AU - Curtis, C A AU - Neal, B F AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Spellman, D L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - BRIDGE DECK RIDEABILITY SN - 19503-762503-635287 PY - 1974/06 SP - 34 p. AB - The objective of this project was to develop equipment to produce bridge surface profiles and make specification changes to control riding quality by use of these profiles. A 12-foot profilograph, a laser beam true profiler, and the 25-foot California Profilograph were tested and compared on a number of bridge decks. Use of the 12-foot profilograph was shown to be faster and more effective for evaluation of bridge deck smoothness than the 12-foot aluminum straightedge. Surface deviations were located with the profiling equipment that were not located or not capable of being located with the 12-foot aluminum straightedge. A proposed specification and test method are included in this report. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Profiles KW - Profilometers KW - Riding qualities KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265039 AU - Kinchen, R W AU - Melancon, J L AU - Kemahli, A S AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A CLAM SHELL EMBANKMENT BRIDGING MARSHLAND SOIL PY - 1974/06 AB - The Louisiana highway network extends southward to the Gulf Coast where it serves a populace which is rapidly expanding as oil companies increase their activities in the area. The swamplands and marshlands which comprise much of south Louisiana represent construction problems which are perhaps best appreciated by the highway engineer. The root of these problems is the soft compressible organic deposits which lie beneath the swamp grass and, oftentimes, beneath the swamp water. These subgrade conditions deprive the highway engineer of a foundation for his roads. Economics has forced the Louisiana Department of Highways to consider the merits of "floating" an embankment of clam shell upon these mucklands. Engineering curiosity provided additional impetus for initiation of a research project to determine the feasibility of constructing a clam shell test embankment directly upon marshland and to evaluate the facility so constructed. The report relates the findings of the research project. /FHWA/ KW - Clamshells KW - Computer programs KW - Embankments KW - Marshes KW - Marshlands KW - Mollusca KW - Organic soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swamps UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20077.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265055 AU - Willing, P J AU - Maryland State Highway Administration TI - TEMPERATURE DETECTION STUDY PY - 1974/06 SP - 41 p. AB - The primary objectives of this study were to investigate a means of recording tire and pavement temperatures during skid resistance testing, and to install such instrumentation on the test vehicle for the purpose of developing and interpreting data with regard to the effects of temperatur)e variations on resulting skid test values. In evaluating the accumulated data an additional variable, "precipitation factor", was introduced and found to have a significant effect on the results. As a result of this study, tire and pavement temperature measuring apparatus has been permanently installed on the skid test equipment and is used in the continuing skid resistance testing program. Similar equipment has been ordered for installation on a new skid truck being purchased. Based on the data accumulated in this study, a linear relationship of speed and tire temperature to skid was determined for the test sections evaluated and a predictability of skid number change per unit change of these factors was computed for the pavement sections tested. /FHWA/ KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Temperature measuring instruments KW - Testing equipment KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264010 AU - Frederick, W L AU - Michigan Department of State Highways TI - APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENTAL METHODS FOR EVALUATING HIGHWAY MATERIALS: INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PAVING ASPHALTS IN RELATION TO DURABILITY PY - 1974/06 SP - 68 p. AB - This report presents information obtained during a study aimed at finding correlations between durability of paving asphalts and differences in composition of the asphalts as shown by infrared spectrophotometric data. Six asphalts used in an experimental test road (1954) and ten asphalts representative of those available in Michigan in 1965, were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. The infrared data were correlated with: pavement performance (test road asphalts only), weatherometer exposure (1965 asphalts only), a pellet tumbling test to gage durability as aggregate binders, and the crude oil sources of the asphalts. The general agreement of the infrared data, with the results of the above tests, indicates that infrared spectroscopic methods can be used to help predict the potential durability of an asphalt in pavement. Moreover, it is often possible to identify the crude oil source of an unknown asphalt, provided that infrared reference data are available for asphalts from the same crude oil source. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Binders KW - Crude oil KW - Durability KW - Experimental roads KW - Infrared radiation KW - Infrared spectrophotometers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pellets KW - Spectrophotometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264013 AU - Stadtherr, R J AU - Newsom, D W AU - Raiford, T J AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF GROUND COVERS FOR NON-MOWABLE AND LOCKED-IN AREAS OF LOUISIANA INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS--PHASE I REPORT PY - 1974/06 SP - 25 p. AB - Card files were made for about 200 different plants which had possibilities for use as low-growing groundcovers for use along highways in Louisiana for unmowable areas. Literature references include over 150 for which cards were made. Selective references, especially helpful, are listed. Propagation studies include 75 different plant materials. In 50% shade, Lysimachia nummularia, Ajuga reptans 'atropurpurea' and Duchesnea indica were best. All are readily propagated and aggressive and have aesthetic value. Achillea millefolium, Sedum sp., Rosa wichuriana and Portulaca sp. were good. Closer spacing was indicated for some with rosette-type growth. Problems were encountered in a trial highway planting by pilfering, traffic and drought. Plants readily propagated included Bronze Wintercreeper, Climbing Fig, Turkey Ivy, Algerian Ivy, Skogsholmen Contoneaster, Plumbago, Stoncrop, Memorial Rose, Periwinkle, Lantana, Verbena, Purple Heart Plant, Wandering Jew, Baby Wintercreeper, Moss Rose, Lemon Balm, Halls Honeysuckle and Bronox Forsythia. KW - Drought KW - Fine aggregates KW - Ground cover KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Landscape design KW - Natural sand fine aggregate KW - Plant cover KW - Plants KW - Propagation KW - Sand KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263673 AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - DURABILITY OF CERTAIN CONFIGURATIONS FOR PROVIDING SKID RESISTANCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1974/06 SP - 62 p. AB - The main objective of this study was to establish the factors that influence the durability of the surface configurations that are used or can be used to provide high and long lasting skid resistance for portland cement concrete pavements. In the development of such durable surface texture an insight into pavement wear mechanism in the presence of grooves is necessary. The wear of pavements may involve polishing and small scale degradation at the top surface as well as a possible large scale material loss in concrete. The wear phenomena occurring at the top surface was investigated experimentally by petrographic examination of thin sections prepared from the cores taken from actual highways undergoing various degrees of wear. The samples included saw cut grooves imparted to the worn concrete surface, and also textures imparted to the fresh concrete pavements by burlap drag and metal tines. The structural behavior of the area below the top surface and around the grooves was investigated theoretically. It was found that the critical locations where stresses could develop to cause failure were at the bottom or at the corner of the grooves. The microscopic study of the thin sections showed that wear was mainly a surface phenomena. Most of the cracks were found at the top surface and virtually no cracks were seen at the bottom of the grooves. Variation in the strength of the pastes affected the wear. The loss of material at the surface in strong pastes resulted from flaking, and in weaker pastes it was because of crushing. Both pastes yielded good microtexture, but the weaker mixtures wore faster. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Configuration KW - Durability KW - Durability tests KW - Grooves KW - Pastes KW - Pavement grooving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Shape KW - Skid resistance KW - Texture KW - Wear UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36224/73-R57.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263671 AU - Walker, H S AU - Kansas State University, Manhattan TI - OPTIMIZATION OF VIBRATION PARAMETERS FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1974/06 SP - 21 p. AB - Laboratory investigations were conducted to determine optimum vibration parameters for maximum consolidation. Due to a lack of commercial vibrators capable of covering this wide range of parameters various pieces of vibration apparatus were constructed. These vibrations were used to shake specimens of 6 inch height and 3 inch or 6 inch diameter. No attempt was made to rod the specimens for consolidation. The excitation was rectilinear. There was noticeable edge effect. Some choices of frequency and amplitude had essentially zero effect on consolidation. Other choices made good cylinders which were then tested in compression. While no conclusive results were obtained it is clear that combinations of parameters other than those commercially available can produce good consolidation. KW - Amplitude (Physics) KW - Compression tests KW - Consolidations KW - Cylinders KW - Excitation KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Specimens KW - Vibration KW - Vibrators KW - Vibrators (Electricity) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262567 AU - Gulden, W AU - Stone, J AU - Georgia Department of Transportation TI - SKID RESISTANCE OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENT SURFACES PY - 1974/06 SP - 232 p. AB - The major objectives of the project were: (1) to acquire a skid trailer, (2) to develop standard operating procedures, (3) to study pavement polishing and loss of skid resistance, both in the laboratory and field, and (4) to evaluate restorative treatments. The skid trailer was obtained and several automated aids were developed, the major modifications being an automatic data coding unit and a skid averaging unit. Proper training of operators was possibly the most important factor in obtaining consistently good results. The State Route System of 36,000 lane miles was completely skid tested and computer coded. Correlations of skid resistance to wear index were developed for various pavement-aggregate combinations. Aggregate usage policies were developed from these correlations. A polishing machine was developed to study surface frictional degradation in the laboratory. KW - Aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skid trailers KW - Skidding KW - Training KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262681 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Hazarika, B P AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS TEST TRACK AS A TOOL FOR EVALUATING PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE SN - Series 150 PY - 1974/06 SP - 32 p. AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the AASHO Road Test findings and results obtained from tests on the University of Illinois Pavement Test Track, and to evaluate fundamental factors influencing pavement behavior and performance so that correlation or lack of correlation between the tests can be explained. Forty (40) test pavements were tested to failure under 4 and 6 kip axle loads on a single tire. Serviceability trends were recorded along with deflection and other physical responses. A predicting equation was developed relating performance of test sections of those in the test track to those at the AASHO Road Test. A significant finding was that moisture increases in the base and subbase can result in reduced ability to support load repetitions up to 700 to 1 less than when the materials are at optimum moisture content. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deflection KW - Load tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Serviceability KW - Test tracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135446 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00260080 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Galambos, C F AU - Office of Research and Development TI - LONG TERM OBSERVATIONS ON HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1974/06 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-27 AB - Since exposure to a variety of climatic environments tends to slowly deteriorate structures it takes careful long term observations to assess the damage done by the bridge environment. One phase of a Federal Highway Administration study will result in long term observations of stress corrosion specimens at six bridge sites. Observations consisted of visual deterioration observations, crack width measurements, stress loss measurements, and concrete soundness pulse velocity measurements. Field tests also were included to determine live-load stress measurements and long term truck traffic observations, concrete deterioration tests, and long term wind and earthquake obsevations on bridges. KW - Bridges KW - Climate KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Earthquakes KW - Field tests KW - Live loads KW - Measurement KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00260082 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Berman, H A AU - Chaiken, B AU - Office of Research and Development TI - TECHNIQUES FOR RETARDING THE PENETRATION OF DEICERS INTO CEMENT PASTE AND MORTAR PY - 1974/06 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-18 AB - The corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete bridge decks is a result of the presence of chlorides. Factors affecting the penetration of deicing salts were studied with hydrated cement pastes and mortars as the penetration medium. The most effective retardation technique was impregnation with methyl methacrylate monomer and subsequent polymerization by irradiation. Part of the investigation also included efforts to develop means of reducing dangerous chloride levels already existent in concrete. A back-flushing technique was effective in reversing chloride penetration to a limited extent. This presentation is a condensation and update of an Interim Report by the same authors, No. PB 219 833, available from the National Technical Information Service. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Irradiation KW - Methlymethacrylate KW - Methyl methacrylate KW - Monomers KW - Polymerization KW - Retarders (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/133078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092425 AU - Rogers, J E AU - Arkansas State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF ACHM OVERLAYS BY DEFLECTION ANALYSIS PY - 1974/05/15 SP - 30 p. AB - Asphaltic concrete hot mix (ACHM) overlays used for improving load carrying quality of a roadway have not as yet been designed according to specific criteria. Of the design procedures available, only deflections take into account the structural strength of an in-situ pavement. The report covers eight test sections that were tested in Arkansas during each season for a period of four years. Data were collected, reduced, and plotted on a series of graphs of temperature (pavement & ambient) vs. deflection (total & rebound). Regression analyses were performed on each set of data to fit a trend line and determine the relationship between temperature and deflection. The results are discussed. In most cases, ambient temperature influenced deflections to a greater degree than pavement temperature. For this reason, a flexible pavement design procedure should utilize ambient temperature. KW - Arkansas KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Correlation analysis KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Emperature KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Loads KW - Measuring instruments KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Physical properties KW - Regression analysis KW - Structural characteristics KW - Structural design KW - Temperature KW - Test sections KW - Trafficability UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2030.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455021 AU - Faiz, Asif AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Parameters Significantly Influencing the Performance of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements : Technical Paper PY - 1974/05/01 SP - 56p AB - This paper reports a portion of findings obtained from a continuing study of CRC (continuously reinforced concrete) pavements in Indiana. Results of an earlier statewide condition survey showed that subbase type, methods of fabrication and placement of steel reinforcement, concrete slump and traffic were significant contributors to CRC pavement performance. It was indicated that method of paving (slipformed vs side-formed) had little effect on pavement performance, while depressed steel resulted in better pavement condition than steel pre-set on chairs. Based on these results, a field investigation of CRC pavements was conducted. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, by means of physical tests, parameters that were found to contribute significantly to CRCP (continuously reinforced concrete pavement) performance in the condition survey. The results reported in this paper were obtained from a comparative statistical analysis of properties of failed locations with good locations within test sections showing poor performance. The analysis was based on data obtained from 15 CRCP test sections showing significant distress as indicated by a breakup or a patch. Test locations in good condition had subbases with higher stability as evaluated by a static penetrometer test. Pavement failures were observed to be correlated with relatively low bulk density and modulus of elasticity of concrete. No significant difference In splitting tensile strength of concrete was Indicated between good and failed locations. Relative to uniformity of concrete properties above and below the steel reinforcement, no significant difference was shown In the analysis. Higher pavement deflections, wider crack widths and non-uniform crack patterns were associated with failed pavement condition. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Steel KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313875 UR - http://ia600409.us.archive.org/16/items/evaluationofpara00faiz/evaluationofpara00faiz.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455014 AU - Shurig, D G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Delaware County, Indiana PY - 1974/05/01 SP - 66p AB - Development of an engineering soils map of Delaware County was the primary goal of this project. The map is appended to this report; the report supplements the engineering soils map information . The detailed pedologlcal soils maps published 1n the 1972 Soil Survey of Delaware County by the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with Purdue University, Agricultural Experiment Station (5) were the single most important source of data used in the project. These agricultural soils map sheets, at a scale of 1:15,840, were assembled to form a mosaic map of Delaware County. Careful study of the soil series descriptions enabled the grouping of the series into appropriate land form and parent material categories. Preliminary land form and parent material boundaries were then delineated on the mosaic-map. Routine airphoto interpretation techniques supplemented the pedologlcal data. Aerial photographs were examined and the preliminary boundaries checked and modified, if necessary, to produce final land form and parent-material boundaries. The photographs were contact prints at an approximate scale of 1:20,000. Date of photography was 1941. The final land form and parent material boundaries were graphically reduced to produce the engineering soils map. Symbols were used to delineate the parent materials as grouped according to land form and origin. Textural symbols were superimposed to indicate the relative compositions of the parent materials. The map also Includes a set of soil profiles which Indicate the general soil profiles of topographically high and low sites in the larger land form parent material areas - namely ridge and ground moraines and alluvial plains. Other land forms did not show enough profile variation between topographic highs and lows to warrant drawing the two separate profiles. Each profile shows the general range in depth and texture of each soil horizon - the A-, B- and C-horizon - the latter being the parent material. The soil texture classification system used in the map profiles is that of the Indiana State Highway Commission (the ISHC soil classification system chart is shown on the map in the lower right hand corner). The ISHC system differs slightly from the USDA system so that the use of USDA textures have to be converted to ISHC textures - for example, a USDA classified loam could be a loam or clay loam under the ISHC system. The soil profiles drawn on the side of the engineering soils map have been numbered. Areas on the soils map have corresponding numbers to indicate the soil profile for that particular area in the field. In the text of the report pedologlcal soil names have been provided for each parent material soil area shown on the map. In Appendix B quantitative engineering soil test data is provided for each pedological soil name. In Appendix C qualitative data as to soil problems and certain advantageous soil uses are provided according to pedological soil names. KW - Aerial photography KW - Delaware County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313876 UR - http://ia700407.us.archive.org/2/items/engineeringsoils7407shur/engineeringsoils7407shur.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398174 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - Mcshane, W R AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Variable cycle signal timing program, volume 3: CYRANO, algorithms for network optimization: moderate, congested and light flow regimes PY - 1974/05 IS - FHWA-RD-74 SP - 200p KW - Computer hardware KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Road network KW - Signal timing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Types of roads by network UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398173 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - McShane, W AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - Wicks, D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Variable cycle signal timing program, volume 4: prediction algorithms, software and hardware requirements PY - 1974/05 IS - FHWA-RD-74 SP - 221p KW - Computer hardware KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Computers KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Signal timing KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091412 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - Mcshane, W R AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLE CYCLE SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM. VOLUME 3. CYRANO: CYCLE-FREE RESPONSIVE ALGORITHMS FOR NETWORK OPTIMIZATION: MODERATE, CONGESTED, AND LIGHT FLOW REGIMES PY - 1974/05 SP - 214 p. AB - The objective of the effort was to develop advanced, 'Third-Generation' Traffic Control Policies as part of the Urban Traffic Control Systems (UTCS) Project. These policies are designed to be implemented on a system of urban streets by a digital computer, in real-time. Volume 3 presents the formulation and preliminary evaluation of the traffic control policies developed for the light, moderate, and congested flow regimes. These were recommended for on-line implementation. KW - Algorithms KW - Automatic control KW - Computer programs KW - Digital computers KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Scheduling KW - Signal lights KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091413 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - Mcshane, W R AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - Wicks, D AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLE CYCLE SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM. VOLUME 4. PREDICTION ALGORITHMS, SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS, AND LOGICAL FLOW DIAGRAMS PY - 1974/05 SP - 231 p. AB - The objective of the effort was to develop advanced, 'Third Generation' Traffic Control Policies and part of the Urban Traffic Control Systems (UTCS) Project. These policies are designed to be implemented on a system of urban streets by a digital computer, in real-time. Volume 4 presents the formulation and evaluation of several models designed to predict approach-specific traffic volumes. Supplementary surveillance hardware requirements are estimated and detailed logical flow diagrams of the Third-Generation software are provided. KW - Automatic control KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Digital computers KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Scheduling KW - Signal lights KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091411 AU - Little, JDC AU - Gartner, N AU - Gabbay, H AU - Springer, M AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLE CYCLE SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM. VOLUME 2. PHASE I. OPTIMIZATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS IN NETWORKS BY MIXED INTEGER LINEAR PROGRAMMING PY - 1974/05 SP - 196 p. AB - The objective of the effort was to develop advanced, 'Third Generation' Traffic Control Policies as part of the Urban Traffic Control Systems (UTCS) Project. These policies are designed to be implemented on a system of urban streets by a digital computer, in real-time. Volume 2 presents two mixed-integer linear programming formulations developed to optimize cycle-based traffic signal timing patterns to service the moderate flow-regime. The more appealing formulation addresses the coupling of all control variables: split offset and cycle length. KW - Automatic control KW - Computer programs KW - Digital computers KW - Linear programming KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Scheduling KW - Signal lights KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080251 AU - Zahavi, Y AU - Zahavi (Yacov) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVELTIME BUDGETS AND MOBILITY IN URBAN AREAS PY - 1974/05 SP - 90 p. AB - The study tests by empirical comparative analysis the concept that tripmakers have a stable daily traveltime budget and discusses the implication of such a budget to transportation modeling techniques and the evaluation of alternative transportation systems. After verifying the stability of the traveltime budget for both macro and micro conditions, the responsiveness of travel demand to system supply is developed and formulated. Many known travel factors, such as the levels of mobility, modal choice and trip purpose splits, are then explained by a unified behavioral mechanisms. One of the many conclusions that are presented in the study is that extreme care should be exercised in evaluating policy decisions such as speed reductions and pricing policies without first establishing the sensitivity and responsiveness of mobility to such restrictions. This conclusion is of special significance at this time when fuel shortages threaten mobility. KW - Budgeting KW - Mathematical models KW - Mobility KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Rapid transit KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Travel demand KW - Trip purpose KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/54000/54400/54443/Traveltime_Budgets_and_Mobility_in_Urban_Areas.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263029 AU - Nelson, D S AU - Allen, W L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAWDUST AS LIGHTWEIGHT FILL MATERIAL PY - 1974/05 SP - 24 p. AB - Unstable embankments and potential slide areas have always been an expensive maintenance problem. The Washington State Highway Department recently developed a unique solution to this problem by utilizing a lightweight waste produce-Sawdust. By removing existing high density fill material and replacing it with Sawdust, they successfully repaired an unstable roadway section, reducing the driving weight of this potential slide by 71 percent. The asphalt sealed slope should inhibit deterioration and give the sawdust a lift expectancy of at least 15 years as a stable fill. This application of a waste product appears particularly suited to secondary and country roads with unstable soil conditions where economics often prohibit major slide repair solutions. /FHWA/ KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Landslides KW - Sawdust KW - Slides (Earth) KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Unstable soil UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092048 AU - Asin, R H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. REPORT NO. 10, PURPOSES OF AUTOMOBILE TRIPS AND TRAVEL PY - 1974/05 SP - 101 p. AB - The report presents data on automobile trips (one-way) and vehicle-miles of travel and trip length according to the four major trip purposes for which the trip was made: earning a living, family business, educational, civic and religious, and social and recreational. The first part of the report discusses trip purpose as related to population size-groups in incorporated places and unincorporated areas, as well as Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMAS's); trip length, age of driver, occupation, household income, hour of the day trip started, season of the year and the number of occupants per trip. The second part of the report examines the relationship of the number of cars owned per household to the distribution of automobile trips and vehicle-miles of travel by trip purpose and trip length. In addition, daily and annual tripmaking rates are included. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobile travel KW - Automobiles KW - Census KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Employment KW - Highway traffic KW - Human characteristics KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Occupancy KW - Ownership KW - Passenger transportation KW - Population KW - Recreation KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Standard metropolitan statistical area KW - Statistics KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel habits KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Trip length KW - Trip purpose KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097648 AU - Bienert, W B AU - Pravda, M F AU - Suelau, H J AU - Wolf, D A AU - Dynatherm Corporation TI - SNOW AND ICE REMOVAL FROM PAVEMENTS USING STORED EARTH ENERGY PY - 1974/05 SP - 202 p. AB - The technical feasibility of using earth heat in combination with heat pipes for deicing and removing snow from pavement surfaces has been demonstrated (in the Baltimore/Washington climate) in testing conducted at the Fairbank Highway Research Station (located at McLean, Virginia) during two winters. This report describes the analytical models constructed to describe earth heated pavement systems, and the validation of these models as a result of the testing conducted. A highway engineer's user section is included in this report which provides step-by-step examples of how pavement heating systems may be defined and specified. The user section also describes step-by-step procedures for defining electrically heated pavements. Problems encountered during the construction of the Fairbanks test site are discussed and related to potential problems foreseen in field installations. Cost estimates as a function of various climates for earth heated pavement systems are also presented. /FHWA/ KW - Deicing KW - Earth KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Heat KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Snow removal KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/35680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091567 AU - Ash, J L AU - Russell, B E AU - Rommel, R R AU - Telcom, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION FOR HIGHWAY TUNNEL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. VOLUME 1. SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION SYSTEM PLANNING PY - 1974/05 SP - 409 p. AB - This volume covers that study portion which evaluated current subsurface investigation techniques, investigated interactions of the subsurface investigation system elements, produced a value analysis model for indicating the relative value of achieving new levels of performance in a subsurface investigation system, and determined the feasibility of horizontal long-hole drilling. A critical analysis of known subsurface investigative techniques was made. Summaries are organized into groupings for comparison. Techniques not fully utilized or needing additional development are identified. KW - Analysis KW - Cost engineering KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Engineering costs KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Geologic investigations KW - Geological surveying KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Models KW - Performance KW - Present value KW - Structural design KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Subsurface investigations KW - Systems analysis KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnels KW - Value KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091568 AU - Rubin, L A AU - Hipkins, D L AU - Whitney, L A AU - Telcom, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION FOR HIGHWAY TUNNEL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. VOLUME 2. NEW ACOUSTIC TECHNIQUES SUITABLE FOR USE IN SOIL PY - 1974/05 SP - 184 p. AB - The purpose of this study was development of new acoustic techniques suitable for use in soil. Primary consideration was given to determining the location of any rock that may be present between boreholes. A secondary objective was to investigate the potential of acoustic techniques for predicting variations of properties between boreholes. In pursuit of these objectives, the properties of the sonic spectrum in soil were investigated with application to locating discontinuities. A review of potential techniques for improving coupling to soils was also conducted. KW - Acoustics KW - Boreholes KW - Discontinuity KW - Elastic waves KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Forecasting KW - Geologic investigations KW - Geological surveying KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Properties of materials KW - Rocks KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Subsurface investigations KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090544 AU - Janoff, M S AU - Charles, J W AU - Freedman, M AU - Franklin Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIXED ILLUMINATION FOR PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION: PHASE I PY - 1974/05 SP - 135 p. AB - Phase I of the research consisted of an assessment of the pedestrian safety literature, a state-of-the-art review of crosswalk illumination, an analysis of Philadelphia accident data, a series of observational experiments, and a preliminary cost-benefit analysis. The major conclusions are: (1) Extensive specialized crosswalk illumination systems are in operation in Switzerland, Copenhagen, Hanover, Toronto, Winnipeg, Las Vegas and Detroit. (2) The effect of the foreign systems has been a reduction in nighttime pedestrian accidents at illuminated crosswalks ranging from 20% in Toronto (day and night) to 63% in Hanover (night only). (3) Costs of such specialized illumination are about $2,000 per installation plus $250 per year for maintenance and operation. (4) The preliminary benefit/cost ratios obtainable with such systems are between 0.2 and 3.6 with an average of about 1.5. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crosswalks KW - Illuminating KW - Intersections KW - Light KW - Lighting KW - Lighting systems KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Protection KW - Protective lighting KW - Safety engineering KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082850 AU - Hasell, P G AU - Wagner, T W AU - Thomson, F J AU - Dillman, R D AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan TI - INVESTIGATION OF MULTISPECTRAL TECHNIQUES FOR REMOTELY IDENTIFYING TERRAIN FEATURES AND NATURAL MATERIALS PY - 1974/05 SP - 49 p. AB - This report discusses what was learned during the five-year effort to develop multispectral techniques for remotely identifying terrain features and natural materials. During this period, multispectral data were collected at sites in four states (Pennsylvania, Kansas, Virginia, and California) and various techniques were used to machine process the data. Techniques ranged from simple amplitude gating of a single spectral band to maximum likelihood classification using ten spectral bands. All techniques provided some assistance to an interpreter, some extended specific ground observations to larger areas with acceptable accuracy, and several showed promise of remote identification of materials as an operational technique in highway site planning. The technical reports on the four test sites are as follows: FHWA-RD-73-53, Remote Identification of Terrain Features and Materials at Kansas Test Sites: An Investigative Study of Techniques, PB-224962. FHWA-RD-74-9...Pennsylvania Test Sites; FHWA-RD-74-10,...Virginia Test Sites; FHWA-RD-74- 27,...California Test Sites. KW - Highway planning KW - Multispectral photography KW - Remote sensing KW - Site investigation KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Terrain UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093476 AU - Miklofsky, H A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Arizona, Tucson TI - CORRELATION OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES. VOLUME I. STATIC LOADING PY - 1974/05 SP - 329 p. AB - A computer program analytical routine 'SSAP2' is used to correlate a theoretical finite element analysis with experimental response of four typical two-lane multi-span girder and slab highway bridges in Tennessee. All bridges give excellent correlation between predicted and experimental responses for deflection and moment distribution to the girders, when the stringers are modelled with beam elements slave connected to plate-shell elements for the deck. The aspect ratio of element modelling is a critical factor for the finite element analysis. It is concluded that reasonable analytical results can be obtained with the SSAP2 program for non-skew straight composite beam bridges and skew composite beam bridges for low skew angles (less than 30 degrees) provided all element aspect ratios are limited to 1.5 or less. A further restriction in the use of the SSAP2 program is that the bridge load deflection response must be in the linear range. KW - Analysis KW - Aspect ratio KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Moment distribution KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Ratios KW - Slabs KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092351 AU - Carmichael, R F AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN SYSTEM INPUT GUIDE FOR COMPUTER PROGRAM RPS2 PY - 1974/05 SP - 95 p. AB - The report supplies the instructions necessary for the use of computer program RPS2. This program is one of a continuing set of programs of the Rigid Pavement Design System developed by Research Project 123. The program uses over 100 input variables to generate a set of rigid pavement design strategies. The program optimizes these strategies on a cost per square yard basis and outputs the most economical strategies in order of increasing cost up to a total of 23 available designs. The report provides a complete input guide for the program, a sample input and output, and a discussion of common errors which occur in the program's use. KW - Analysis KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Economics KW - Errors KW - Input KW - Input output routines KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Output KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098418 AU - Olsen, J M AU - Wissa, AEZ AU - Martin, R T AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - USE OF THE FREEZING SOIL HEAVE STRESS SYSTEM TO EVALUATE THE FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOILS SN - FCP 44D4-014 PY - 1974/05 SP - 117 p. AB - The M.I.T. Freezing Soil Heave Stress System has been developed to evaluate the frost susceptibility of soils. Measurements of heave stress generation with time are made in constant volume, open system test. From a plot of heave stress versus logarithm of time an evaluation of relative frost susceptibility can be made. Data are presented from tests in the prototype equipment used for development and the Freezing Soil Heave Stress system itself which were run for the purpose of standardizing test equipment and procedures. Tests using the prototype equipment indicate the effects of variation of compaction of water content, elimination of the overnight equilibration period and scalping of material larger than the #4 sieve. Tests using Freezing Soil Heave Stress System were used to study the effects of testing temperatures which were shown to strongly influence the test results. A recommendation is made for a thermal regime to be used in subsequent testing. This recommendation and classification scheme are only tentative and final standardization will depend upon the development of a correlation between the test results and field performance. /FHWA/ KW - Exhaust gases KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Laboratory tests KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091474 AU - Lu, D Y AU - Shih, C S AU - Scrivner, F H AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - AN INTEGRATED PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCESSOR PY - 1974/05 SP - 176 p. AB - An integrated pavement design processor has been developed as a strategic approach to the design and management of construction and rehabilitation of pavements. The modulator processor is a comprehensive decision framework with a capacity to drive different optimization routines at the user's command through interactive queries between the computer and the design engineer. The multi-option arrangements enable the design engineer to consider both rigid and flexible pavement systems simultaneously. The processor can be used for new pavement construction or existing pavement rehabilitation. In addition, three options for flexible pavement design are included to describe the structural subsystem desired: One based on AASHO structural number, another based on Dynaflect deflection, and the third based on linear elastic theory. KW - Computer programming KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Optimization KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road tests KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00096700 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - Mcshane, W R AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated TI - VARIABLE CYCLE SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM. VOL. 3: CYRANO. ALGORITHMS FOR NETWORK OPTIMIZATION: MODERATE, CONGESTED AND LIGHT FLOW REGIMES SN - FCP 32B2 283 PY - 1974/05 SP - 214 p. AB - Volume 3 presents the formulation and preliminary evaluation of the traffic control policies developed for the light, moderate, and congested flow regimes. These were recommended for on-line implementation. /NTIS/ KW - Algorithms KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal cycle KW - Urban areas KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00096702 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated TI - VARIABLE CYCLE SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM. VOL 1: DEVELOPMENT OF THIRD-GENERATION CONTROL POLICIES FOR THE UTCS SN - FCP 32B2 283 PY - 1974/05 SP - 73 p. AB - The objective of this effort was to develop advanced, "Third-Generation" Traffic Control Policies as part of the UTCS Project sponsored by FHWA. These policies are designed to be implemented on a system of urban streets by a digital computer, in real-time. To be responsive to short-term variations in traffic demand, these policies are designed to provide a continually changing pattern of traffic signal timings, unrestricted by the condition that all signals operate on a common background cycle. Separate policies are developed for each flow regime--light, moderate, and congested--and an adaptive predictor model is also presented. Detailed software documentation is provided for those policies recommended for implementation on the UTCS in Washington, D.C. Volume 1 presents an overview of the project effort including its background, objectives, underlying concepts, potential advantages and research approach. /NTIS/ KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic signal cycle KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban areas KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00096703 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - McShane, W AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated TI - VARIABLE CYCLE SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM. VOL. 4: PREDICTION ALGORITHMS, SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS SN - FCP 32B2 283 PY - 1974/05 SP - 231 p. AB - Volume 4 presents the formulation and evaluation of several models designed to predict approach-specific traffic volumes. Supplementary surveillance hardware requirements are estimated and detailed logical flow diagrams of the Third-Generation software are provided. /NTIS/ KW - Algorithms KW - Hardware KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Software KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal cycle KW - Urban areas KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091389 AU - Peterson, W S AU - Kostem, C N AU - Kulicki, J M AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - THE INELASTIC ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS PY - 1974/05 SP - 171 p. AB - The goal of this project is the development of an analysis technique to predict the response of a beam-slab type highway bridge superstructure subjected to the passage of an overload vehicle. This report describes an approach for the flexural analysis of reinforced concrete slabs using a piecewise linear tangent stiffness finite element incremental method applied to a layered plate element. Each layer of each element is assumed to be in-plane state of stress. Each layer has its own biaxial stress-strain characteristics type stress-strain curve and may have inelastic, cracking, crushing and yielding nonlinearities. Comparisons with laboratory tests of six reinforced concrete slabs and one beam are presented. The agreement between analytic and laboratory load deflection curves is quite good. Comparisons with experimentally observed crack patterns, steel strains, and concrete strains are also presented if these data were available. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete KW - Deformation curve KW - Finite differences KW - Finite element method KW - Flexural strength KW - Highway bridges KW - Iterative methods KW - Nonlinear differential equations KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slabs KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods KW - Stiffness methods (Structural) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090625 AU - Wooley, J A AU - Reese, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - THE BEHAVIOR OF AN AXIALLY LOADED DRILLED SHAFT UNDER SUSTAINED LOADING PY - 1974/05 SP - 159 p. AB - This study pertains to the possible deleterious effects of sustained loading on the capacity of a drilled shaft. Long-term phenomena of creep and consolidation are considered. From a literary research it was found that creep can have the eventual effect of load shedding, a transfer of load to the lower regions of the shaft. This phenomenon, it is believed, can have the effect of increasing settlement. From field observations and measurements taken during the course of loading, it was found that little load shedding had occurred. It is believed that this is a result of the relatively low stress levels in the soil compared to its capacity. KW - Axial loads KW - Base pressure KW - Consolidations KW - Creep KW - Drilled shafts KW - Dynamics KW - Earth pressure KW - Excavations KW - Field tests KW - Foundations KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Settlement structural KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Shafts excavations KW - Soil dynamics KW - Soils KW - Tunnel shafts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082843 AU - SMITH, R P AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - USE OF CONDITION SURVEYS PROFILE STUDIES, AND MAINTENANCE STUDIES IN RELATING PAVEMENT DISTRESS TO PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE PY - 1974/05 AB - This report presents initial research directed toward the goal of relating pavement distress to pavement performance. To explore the use of condition surveys in solving the problem, 26 condition surveys were conducted on two-tenths- mile-long pavement sections. Distress manifestations were recorded on data sheets and photographs were taken. To explore the use of pavement profile studies in solving the problem, the Surface Dynamics Profilometer was used to collect data on four of the pavement sections on which condition surveys had been conducted. The profilometer was also used to collect data for determining the serviceability index of the sections on which the condition surveys had been conducted. To explore the use of maintenance studies in helping to solve the problem of relating stress to performance, information about the Texas Highway Department maintenance procedures was obtained from a Texas Highway Department Maintenance Engineer. It is recommended that a research plan using the research presented here as a guide be designed for condition surveys, profile studies, and maintenance studies. It is thought that information gained from conducting research within these areas can be combined to develop a performance or failure function that will aid in the accomplishment of the ultimate goal--the prediction of the performance of pavements. /FHWA/ KW - Condition surveys KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Photography KW - Profilometers KW - Surface dynamics profilometer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082855 AU - Epps, J A AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Brown, M R AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SYNTHETIC AGGREGATE SEAL COATS PY - 1974/05 SP - 133 p. AB - Personal visits, questionnaires and a review of available literature were utilized to identify current synthetic aggregate seal coat design and construction practices used by the Texas Highway Department. Problems associated with the performance of seal coats involving synthetic aggregates for coverstone are defined. Trial field sections have been constructed. Aggregate gradation, aggregate moisture content, quantity of aggregate, quantity of asphalt, skid numbers, surface texture and environmental data were obtained. Based on a collection of the above information a synthetic aggregate seal coat design method has been suggested and construction guidelines developed. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Environment KW - Environmental data KW - Information organization KW - Moisture content KW - Questionnaires KW - Reviews KW - Seal coats KW - Skid number KW - Skidding KW - Texture UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/83-2F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00080231 AU - Brown, C B AU - Evans, Robin J AU - Fox, T AU - Lachapelle, E R AU - Mcclung, D M AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NORTH CASCADES HIGHWAY SR-20. AVALANCHE ATLAS-SUPPLEMENT PY - 1974/05 SP - 47 p. AB - In June of 1971 an AVALANCHE ATLAS for the North Cascades Highway was prepared and distributed in loose-leaf form so that it could be supplemented from time to time as more information became available on avalanche activity along the highway. During the three winters since publication of the Atlas, ground and aerial reconnaissance during the winters and the results from a full-time observer, the last two years stationed at Washington Pass, have produced such information, which is now incorporated in the supplement. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/21180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264626 AU - Babin, D W AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - HIGHWAY NOISE STUDY PY - 1974/05 SP - 43 p. AB - Three noise level measurement systems have been investigated and made operational. They are: 1. Graphic Level Recording Method. 2. Periodic Sampling Method and 3. Environmental Noise Classifier Method. The relative accuracy of the three systems were compared by simultaneous field measurements of traffic noise. Other factors such as equipment portability, data analysis requirements, and expertise requirements were also compared. Two major noise prediction methods were investigated and compared. They are: 1. NCHRP Report 117--Noise Prediction Method. 2. TSC Noise Prediction Method. Noise level predictions using the two methods were compared to actual field measurements. The relative ease of each was also compared. The major findings of this study are: 1. The periodic sampling and environmental noise classifier methods of noise measurement should be used for the majority of ambient noise measurements. 2. The NCHRP Report 117 noise prediction method should be the basic method used for noise level predictions. The TSC method should be used only where, because of complex geometrics, the use of the NCHRP Report 117 method is impractical. /FHWA/ KW - Cylinder heads KW - Environmental impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Methodology KW - Noise KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20078.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265043 AU - May, G W AU - University of Missouri, Columbia TI - STRAND REINFORCING FOR END CONNECTIONS OF PRETENSIONED I-BEAM BRIDGES PY - 1974/05 SP - 142 p. AB - The behavior of end connections for prestressed I-beam bridges was studied and the results of the study are presented in this report. This work represents an interim report on a study of end conditions for prestressed I-beam bridges and deals specifically with the feasibility of using embedded prestressing strand to develop positive moment continuity of prestressed precast I-beam members. Bent strand connections were evaluated by both analytical and experimental methods to determine the feasibility of using prestress strand to develop positive moment continuity. Six full-scale bent strand connections were designed, fabricated and tested. The two primary variables considered in the connection tests were number and embedment length of the prestress strand. An analysis was developed from which a working stress design procedure with an ultimate strength check was developed. Using this procedure, bent strand can be used to develop a satisfactory degree of positive moment continuity for precast prestressed I-beam bridge superstructures. /FHWA/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - End connections KW - I beams KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Prestressed beams KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Strands KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264014 AU - Shepard, F D AU - Virginia Highway Research Council TI - THE EFFECT OF DIAGRAMMATIC SIGNING AT HIGH-SPEED INTERCHANGES PY - 1974/05 AB - Improvements in highway guide signing at interchange areas are needed to reduce driver confusion and the accidents that result from it. One possible means of improving traffic operations within interchange areas is through the use of diagrammatic signs that give a graphic representation of the highway or interchange ahead. This study consisted of a laboratory investigation of the effect of diagrammatic signs at three interstate interchanges, and a field study of one of these. The results of the study revealed several considerations which should be of benefit in the design and evaluation of diagrammatic signing. First, through the use of a laboratory procedure utilizing motion picture segments to simulate actual roadway conditions, diagrammatic signs, rather than the existing conventional signs, were recommended for the three sites studied. The field study, however, indicated that the new diagrammatic sign observed in the field did not significantly reduce the number of erratic maneuvers. Although there were certain limitations placed on this study resulting from an abbreviated field phase, the study does propagate an awareness of the many variables which could influence results found from either laboratory or field studies. /FHWA/ KW - Behavior KW - Diagrammatic signs KW - Diagrams KW - Drivers KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - Guide signs KW - Highway operations KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Motion pictures KW - Signs KW - Traffic UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36225/73-R53.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263675 AU - Hill, L W AU - Stockstad, R W AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo TI - PAVEMENT SURFACE HARDENING AGENT FEASIBILITY STUDY-PHASE I PY - 1974/05 SP - 103 p. AB - The objective of the project was to prepare and/or identify coatings or surface treatments which would reduce freeze-thaw damage and abrasion of concrete road surfaces. Primary emphasis was given to development of formulations compatible with the liquid 'curing membrane' currently in use. A series of maleic-modified, mixed esters of pentaerythritol containing various ratios of esterified rosin and linseed fatty acids were prepared and characterized. Other systems prepared include three organic solvent based urethanes: a low molecular weight urethane alkyd, a moisture-cure urethane, and a two-component urethane. Commerical systems used as additional test vehicles or controls included: a styrene-butadiene latex, linseed anti-spalling compound, linseed oil based liquid 'curing membrane' and a two-component, epoxy-amine emulsion. Comparative analysis showed the urethane and epoxy-amine systems were more effective than the others in providing freeze-thaw protection against a 3% calcium chloride solution, and the moisture-cure urethane rated best in improving abrasion resistance. Statistical analysis revealed penetration to be dependent on viscosity and surface tension with best correlation, 0.922, obtained for (surface tension/viscosity) 1/2 values. A surfactant added to reduce surface tension values and improve wetting, instead introduced ambiguous effects and reduce correlation. KW - Abrasion resistant coatings KW - Concrete pavements KW - Esters KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Maleic acid KW - Surface hardening KW - Urethane KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262645 AU - Kim, J B AU - Singh, L P AU - Bucknell University TI - EFFECT OF PILE CAP-SOIL INTERACTION ON LATERAL CAPACITY OF T2 - PILE GROUPS PY - 1974/05 AB - Lateral load tests were performed on three groups of six piles each and two isolated single piles (one batter and one vertical). Two groups had vertical piles, one group with 4 ft. spacing and one group with 3 ft. spacing. The third group also had 3 ft. spacing but four of the piles were battered to a slope of 3.5 to 1. The loading sequence was intended to simulate that of abutment foundations. The full-scale lateral load tests were performed in two phases. Phase I tests were conducted with the pile caps in contact with soil below. The results from these tests were reported earlier (Analysis and Full-Scale Lateral Load Tests, Final Report by Jai B. Kim, et.al., Civil Engineering Department, Bucknell University, 1973). Phase II consisted of additional lateral load tests on the same pile groups and piles after removing four inches of soil from under the pile caps. In Phase II tests relatively larger lateral deflections were obtained than in Phase I tests. At 8 tons per pile, these deflections were larger in the range of 37 to 50% for pile groups and 11% for the single vertical pile. The corresponding values at 16 tons per pile loading were 35 tp 180% and 37%. Removal of the soil from beneath the pile cap also increased the maximum positive moments at 8 tons per pile lateral loading by 9% in 4 Ft. spaced piles, 7% in 3 ft. spaced piles, and 8% in the single vertical pile. The corresponding increases in the ground level moments were 17%, 1%(?), and 82%. At 16 tons per pile lateral loading these values were 110%, 130%, and 30% in the case of maximum positive moments; and 110%, 90%, and 30% in the case of the ground level moments. KW - Deflection KW - Foundations KW - Interaction KW - Lateral stress KW - Load tests KW - Pile caps KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soils KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263056 AU - McCann, H AU - Dean, E AU - Bodle, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS PROCEDURE FOR WEIGHING TRUCKS IN MOTION PY - 1974/05 IS - 36 SP - 25 p. AB - This report presents a review of the procedures developed in Texas for weighing trucks in motion. The Texas procedure features a portable strain gage scale installed in the pavement, with the electronic equipment used for analysis placed in a nearby van. Pavement roughness and the motion characteristics of vehicles are probably limiting factors that restrict the accuracy of any weigh-in-motion scale. However, these limitations do not appear to affect the usefulness of weighting-in-motion for pavement design purposes. It is essential to calibrate the weigh-in-motion equipment, using a truck of known platform weight, before each operation. The present procedures of obtaining static weights during the summer only may introduce substantially more error than the limitation of the weigh-in-motion equipment. KW - Analysis KW - Motion KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Smoothness KW - Strain gages KW - Trucks KW - Weighing devices KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135702 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00263204 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Triandafilidis, G E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - SOIL-STRESS GAGE DIVISION AND EVALUATION PY - 1974/05 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - p. 146-158 AB - A state-of-the-art review of the various basic types of soil-stress gages available in 1973 is presented. The basic parameters that influence soil-stress measurements as well as the design and evaluation criteria of soil stress gage instrumentation for laboratory and field applications are discussed. Soil-stress gage performance is evaluated in terms of geometry, stiffness, pressure-sensitive and gross gage areas, unit weight, natural frequency, calibration, waterproofing, temperature sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, and placement characteristics. KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Performance KW - Soil stress gages KW - Soils KW - State of the art studies KW - Stress gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/139492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261530 AU - Kolsky, C L AU - King, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCK DRILLING OPERATIONS PY - 1974/05 SP - 17 p. AB - From mid-January thru mid-February 1974, time studies were conducted on three wagon-type percussion drills working in a rock quarry in eastern Tennessee. The field study began with two 1968 model drills working at the drill site. During the second week of the study, one of the drills was removed from the site and replaced by a new 1974 model. The quarry material encountered was predominantly a dark colored granite with occasional wide seams of shale. Ground water was encountered on a majority of the holes. As is usual when water is encountered during a drilling operation; a greater amount of time was spent cleaning out and collaring the hole, as well as the occurrence of numerous delays due to hung bits. All three drills used 3 1/2-inch diameter cross wing bits with carbide inserts. Bits, normally sharpened several times before being discarded, lasted for approximately 1,500 feet of drilling per sharpening. Major delay time totaled 29 percent of the Total Work Time Studied (TWTS) with the primary cause attributed to blasting delays. Minor delays totaled 11 percent of the TWTS and were primarily caused by hung bit, and start late - quit early delays. The latter is attributed mainly to the fact that the drill operators were transported into and out of the quarry on company time. Overall efficiency of the operation was 60 percent. Rain ranging from light showers to a heavy downpour was encountered on 11 of the 23 study days. It interrupted operations on the three drills for a combined total of 82 hours of TWTS. Due to the return to daylight savings time, the first two hours of drilling were conducted in the dark. For the most part, this did not seem to adversely affect operations; however, because of company safety policy, on several occasions the drillers were forced to wait until daylight before they could move their compressors to a new drill location. This delay totaled 5.9 hours or 1.6 percent of the TWTS. KW - Drill bits KW - Granite KW - Groundwater KW - Percussion drill bits KW - Quarries KW - Rainfall KW - Rock drilling KW - Shale UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261825 AU - Gramling, W L AU - Hopkins, J G AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - SKID RESISTANCE STUDIES: AGGREGATE-SKID RESISTANCE RELATIONSHIP AS APPLIED TO PENNSYLVANIA AGGREGATES PY - 1974/05 SP - 144 p. AB - The skid resistance studies are concerned with these problems: To what degree do the various aggregates tested contribute to the skid resistance properties of pavement? and what is the performance record of these aggregates when affected by traffic passes and seasonal changes? Research activities from 1960 to 1968 indicated skid resistance values on bituminous concrete pavements were governed primarily by coarse aggregate properties. In order to evaluate these aggregate parameters a series of test strips were planned and constructed in 1968-69 for periodic skid testing. The eleven test strips included a representative cross-section of the more than 340 sources producing aggregates for use in Pennsylvania. Petrographic analysis was made of the coarse aggregates used in the test strips and skid tests were conducted periodically at approximately one month intervals throughout the study. Analysis of all the data collected indicates that pavement skid resistance values in Pennsylvania go through an annual cycle roughly approximating a sine curve with low values usually occurring during last summer and early fall. The amplitude of the sine curve is dependent mainly upon the particular coarse aggregate characteristics in the pavement surface and the daily traffic volume. The petrographic properties of a coarse aggregate from a particular source within a type of rock can be related to its skid resistance performance under various traffic volumes. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Geological surveying KW - Pavements KW - Petrographic investigations KW - Petrography KW - Seasonal traffic pattern KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261830 AU - Smith, B AU - Nelson, R H AU - ATL Testing Laboratories TI - METHODS AND PARAMETERS FOR THE USE OF EMULSIFIED ASPHALTS FOR PRIME COATS AND BINDERS FOR OPEN GRADED ASPHALTIC CONCRETE FINISHING COURSES SN - 40M1-392 PY - 1974/05 SP - 65 p. AB - The study is divided into two phases. Phase I investigates the use of Emulsified Asphalts for Prime Coats and Phase II investigates the use of Emulsified Asphalts as Binders for Open Graded Asphaltic Concretes. During Phase I, several sets of aggregate based specimens were "primed" with various grades of Emulsified Asphalts with a device fabricated for the study. This provided sufficient data to make recommendations for the use of a CMS-2S grade Emulsified Asphalt as a suitable prime coat. In Phase II, attempts were made to determine the emulsion drainage properties and coatability of the Emulsified Asphalt and to determine the durability of mixtures comprised of Emulsified Asphalt and three types of aggregates, regarded to meet local specifications for open-graded asphaltic concrete finishing courses. The three aggregate types were a local natural aggregate, a synthetic aggregate and a volcanic cinder. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Binders KW - Concrete finishing KW - Drainage KW - Durability KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Prime coats KW - Primers (Materials) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263021 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS PY - 1974/05 SP - 190 p. AB - This report summarizes social and economic effects of modern highways and shows some of the problems of determining these effects, as well as the progress of social and economic studies being conducted. The report contains findings, primarily from highway impact studies made in recent years by State highway agencies and the Federal Highway Administration, Along with abstracts of 76 studies completed in the last 5 years and brief descriptions of 41 additional studies now underway. The report's conclusions are tentative. For example, residents displaced by highway right-of-way are being relocated satisfactorily; residents near highways may have noise, air pollution, are safety problems. Whether benefits or disadvantages occur near highways depends primarily on the land use involved. Industrial or commercial uses ordinarily benefit. Schools, churches, and hospitals may benefit enough from highway accessibility and visibility to justify locating near highways. KW - Air pollution KW - Highway transportation KW - Land use planning KW - Location KW - Noise KW - Residential areas KW - Residential location KW - Safety KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141270 AU - Southern California Association of Governments TI - A SHORT RANGE TRANSPORTATION PLAN OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION OF GOVERNMENTS PY - 1974/04/11 SP - 98 p. AB - The Short Range Transportation Plan of the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) is designed to address near term transportation problems and solutions by detailing in terms of time, cost and effectiveness all transportation planning activities for the next five years. The proposed short range transportation improvements for the SCAG region include preferential treatment on freeways and major arterials for high occupancy vehicles, carpool action programs, transit development strategies, bicycle related programs and commuter rail service. A monitoring and evaluation process is included in the Short Range Plan so that individual ilmprovements can be assessed and the cumulative effects of these improvements on air quality can be determined. KW - Air content KW - Arterial highways KW - Assessments KW - Bicycles KW - Carpools KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Monitoring KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Streets KW - Time KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00793907 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT FOR HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLES PY - 1974/04 SP - 29 p. AB - This publication illustrates several innovative techniques for providing preferential treatment for high occupancy vehicles. To encourage the more efficient utilization of limited freeway facilities in urban areas, lanes have been reserved for the exclusive use of carpools and buses on several major freeways in the United States. The projects described here range from specially constructed busways to contra-flow lanes, where buses make use of an underutilized lane from the opposing traffic stream. KW - Buses KW - Busways KW - Carpools KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/653734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00320184 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON FEDERAL-AID AND OTHER HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1974/04 SP - n.p. AB - Annual report presenting data on the number and rate of fatal and non-fatal highway accidents, fatalities, and injuries; by state and for each type of Federal, state, and local highway and road. Data are compiled from reports of the 50 States and D.C.. Contains brief explantory note and tables, showing the following data: (a) Fatality rates by highway system, rural, urban, and total; 1 table. (b) Fatality and fatal accident rates, and non-fatal injury and accident; by highway system and state, rural, and urban; 12 tables. (c) Fatality and injury accident rates: per vehicle registrations, population, fatal accidents, non-fatal injuries and non-fatal injury accidents, and rates: highway and vehicle miles; by highway system, rural-urban, and state; 24 tables. (TSC) KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Safety and security KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00134743 AU - BLOW, P W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND AIR QUALITY PY - 1974/04 SP - 27 p. AB - This report discusses four main areas of interest concerning air pollution: legislation, information, standards, and analysis techniques. It briefly discusses the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 and summarizes general information on the pollutants: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, lead, particulates, and photochemical oxidants which result from highway vehicles. A discussion of the relationship between the vehicle emission standards and national ambient air quality standards is included with comments on how transportation planning is involved in meeting the air quality standards. Various techniques for analyzing the effects of highway travel on air quality including emission and diffusion models are presented. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Analysis KW - Contaminants KW - Exhaust gases KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Laws KW - Mathematical models KW - Sulfur compounds KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165544 AU - Kolsky, C L AU - Fowler, C M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCK DRILLING OPERATIONS PY - 1974/04 SP - 14 p. AB - In January 1974, a production efficiency study was conducted on one truck-mounted rotary drill and two wagon-type percussion drills. The study was conducted in a rock quarry in Northern Virginia. The quarry material encountered was a grayish black granite with many vertical shale seams. Standing water was encountered on the floor of the quarry in some areas. Drills working in these areas encountered numerous delays directly related to the water, such as, hung bit, excessive cleanout of the hole, and reworking of the hole. The rotary drill, Drill A, used a 6-1/2-inch button bit. The two wagon drills, Drills B and C, used 3-1/2-inch percussion button bits. Checks made on the percussion bits showed them to have a bit life of approximately 950 feet per bit change for this material. Major delay time totaled 49 percent of the Total Work Time Studied (TWTS) for the rotary drill and averaged 25 percent for the wagon drills. The primary type of major delay encountered by Drill A was maintenance/repair of the drill assembly. Start late-quit early and blasting dealys were the most significant delays incurred by the percussion drills. Minor delays for the wagon drills totaled 10 percent of the MWTS, a percentage greater than all productive elements except drilling. Minor delays for the rotary drill were 9 percent of the NWTS. Repairs to the drill assembly and hung steel were the predominant minor delay types for all three drills. /Author/ KW - Drilling KW - Granite KW - Maintenance KW - Percussion drilling KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Quarries KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Rock drilling KW - Rotary drilling KW - Steel KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/55996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262679 AU - Vincent, R K AU - Dillman, R D AU - Hasell, P G AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan TI - THE REMOTE IDENTIFICATION OF TERRAIN FEATURES AND MATERIALS AT A CALIFORNIA TEST SITE: AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY OF TECHNIQUES PY - 1974/04 SP - 66 p. AB - This report documents the collection, processing, and analysis of multispectral imagery gathered in airborne mapping of a site in the vicinity of Halloran Springs, California in the fall of 1972. The general purpose of the investigation is to develop techniques for automatically identifying selected terrain features and natural materials in remotely sensed imagery. Specific objectives of this study were to automatically classify both soils of different textures or parent materials and rock outcrops based on (1) their spectral reflectance characteristics at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths, and (2) their emissivity differences as noted in multiple thermal bands. The first objective was achieved; the second was not, primarily because of the poor performance of an experimental multiband thermal-wavelength detector used for this part of the study. /FHWA/ KW - Emissivity KW - Imagery KW - Multispectral imagery KW - Remote sensing KW - Rocks KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Temperature measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261726 AU - Pindzola, D AU - Chou, R C AU - Franklin Institute TI - SYNTHETIC AGGREGATE FROM INCINERATOR RESIDUE BY A CONTINUOUS FUSION PROCESS SN - RCD-34C1-013 PY - 1974/04 AB - A pilot plant demonstration was carried out on a simple and highly inexpensive system for converting municipal incinerator residues into dense road aggregates. Residues were hammermilled, burned-out, rapidly fused in a continuous manner, then cooled and crushed to produce good quality road aggregate for use in bituminous concrete. Residual aluminum in the crushed aggregate presently would preclude its direct use in Portland cement concrete. Full-scale plant design and cost estimates were prepared. These show that the complete residue fusion system producing 120 tons/day of aggregate in conjunction with a typical 600 ton/day refuse incinerator would cost $300,000. Operating costs for the aggregate plant including capital charges would be $4 to $5 per ton of aggregate. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Fly ash KW - Fusion KW - Hammer mills KW - Pilot plants KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00130710 AU - VanAtta, R O AU - Ludowise, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROSCOPIC AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION EXAMINIATION OF BASALT TO DETERMINE FACTORS AFFECTING DURABILITY PY - 1974/04 SP - 72 p. AB - Similar mineralogy and textures exist in the basaltic rock studied from four quarries in the Nestucca River area of northwestern Oregon. However, durability of the aggregates manufactured from these quarries differs greatly. This study, done by petrographic and X-ray analysis shows that no new minerals form during degradation. Existing delays such as nontronite, increase in percentage as degradation progresses. In contrast degradation did not occur in rocks containing analcite, a mineral which forms under conditions unfavorable to the formation of nontronite. It was also found that durability cannot be determined solely by percentages of weathering products found in the rocks as some studies have suggested. KW - Aggregates KW - Basalt KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Diffraction KW - Durability KW - Geological surveying KW - Microscopes KW - Mineralogy KW - Petrographic investigations KW - Petrography KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60558/FHWA-RD-74-20_Microscopic_and_x-ray_diffraction_examination_of_basalt_to_determine_factors_affecting_durability.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082851 AU - Glauz, W D AU - Hutchinson, B M AU - Kobett, D R AU - Midwest Research Institute TI - ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MOBILE AND MODULAR HOUSING SHIPMENTS BY HIGHWAYS. VOL. I. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1974/04 SP - 224 p. AB - The objective was to obtain data needed to reach rational decisions regarding state regulations so that wide-load movements can be made as safely as possible, without undue economic burdens to the purchasers of such homes, to the states, or to other users of the highways. The project included extensive photographic and visual observations of vehicular traffic in the vicinity of 12- and 14-ft wide mobile and modular homes in 20 states, with about 12,000 miles being logged on 63 trips. Nearly 3,000 motorists were stopped on the highways of six states and interviewed. These interview and associated mail-back questionnaires were analyzed to determine public opinions concerning many vehicles including mobile homes. Extensive costs and operational data were obtained from carriers of wide loads. Additionally, cost and regulation information were gathered from officials of most states. After assembling and combining all of these data, a number of subjects were addressed, including: (1) the need for permits; (2) the advisability of multiple-trip permits; (3) permit costs; (4) permit reciprocity; (5) the advisability of divisible loads; (6) the use of divided vs two-lane roads; (7) reasonable speeds for wide loads; (8) rear lighting needs; (9) the advisability of escort vehicles; (10) differences between 12- and 14-wides; (11) differences between mobiles and modulars; (12) specific safety hazards noted; and (13) regulatory questions such as signing, flagging, etc. KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway traffic KW - Mobile homes KW - Oversize loads KW - Public opinion KW - Shipments KW - Travelers KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091353 AU - Ross, HEJ AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - IMPACT PERFORMANCE AND A SELECTION CRITERION FOR TEXAS MEDIAN BARRIERS PY - 1974/04 SP - 129 p. AB - The impact performance of the Texas Metal Beam Guard Fence median barrier (MBGF) was determined and compared with that of the Texas Concrete Median Barrier (CMB). The MBGF consists of two standard W-shaped guardrails mounted back-to-back on a 6 WF 8.5 support post whereas the CMB is a solid concrete barrier. The impact performance of the MBGF was determined from a combination of crash tests and from crash simulations by the Highway-Vehicle-Object-Simulation-Model (HVOSM). Full-size automobiles (approximately 4,000 lb) were used in both the crash tests and the crash simulations. A close comparison of test and simulated results verified the accuracy of the HVOSM in simulating impacts with the MBGF. The impact performance of the CMB was obtained from another study. KW - Accuracy KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Concrete KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Freeways KW - Guardrails KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Metals KW - Performance KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Testing KW - Texas KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082737 AU - Fraher, M J AU - Fowler, C M AU - McCulloch, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING EVALUATION STUDY OF PRECAST CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIERS PY - 1974/04 SP - 10 p. AB - In April and May 1974, an engineering evaluation study was conducted on the construction of precast concrete median barriers built according to the standard design section of the States of Washington and Oregon. The objective of the study was to establish the actual costs of constructing these basically similar designs. Cost data collected on constructing these sections was gathered in precast plants, located in each State. The plants were under the same ownership. Both design sections were precast in 12.5 foot sections and in much the same manner. Final study figures show that the Washington design required a labor input of 1.4 man-hours per section while the labor input required for the Oregon design was only 1.1 man-hours per section. Material costs per section as quoted by the manufacturer ran $40.71 for the Washington design and $23.58 for the Oregon design. A final review of all associated construction costs indicates that the per foot cost of building the Washington and Oregon designs was $9.12 and $6.35, respectively. /Author/ KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design costs KW - Median barriers KW - Precast concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265046 AU - Lambe, T W AU - Garlanger, J E AU - Leifer, S A AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - PREDICTION AND FIELD EVALUATION OF DOWNDRAG FORCES ON A SINGLE PILE SN - R-21-0 PY - 1974/04 SP - 111 p. AB - Relative movement between any two materials develops frictional resistance between them and load is transferred from one to the other. For a bearing pile it is generally desirable for the pile to move downward relative to the soil and transfer load from the pile to the soil. The frictional resistance in this case is called positive skin friction. However, if the soil moves downward relative to the pile, load will be transferred from the soil to the pile. The frictional resistance in this case is called negative skin friction. The load transferred to a pile through negative skin friction is known as pile downdrag. Listed in Table 1-1 are seven examples of foundation failure attributable to pile downdrag. In all of these cases piles had been driven through freshly placed fill and soft soil into an underlying bearing layer. Consolidation of the soft clay layer by the overlying fill, which continued after the structure had been completed, let to large downdrag forces which caused either structural failure of the piles or bearing capacity failure of the layer into which the piles had been driven. This report presents a summary of the available literature on pile downdrag, proposes an improved method for predicting pile downdrag, and compares the results of downdrag measurements made on the piles supporting an existing bridge with those predicted using the proposed method. /FHWA/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge dynamics KW - Downwash KW - Failure KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Fills KW - Foundation failures KW - Foundations KW - Loads KW - Negative friction KW - Negative skin friction KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265062 AU - Croteau, J R AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - PAVEMENT RIDING QUALITY PY - 1974/04 SP - 259 p. AB - The results of a five-year study of the riding qualities of recently constructed New Jersey pavements and bridges are reported. The principal sources of roughness on these surfaces and the development of proposed smoothness acceptance specifications are described. The bituminous and concrete pavements studied were all of high-type (principally Interstate) construction on new alinement. Determinations of relative roughness were made with a BPR-type roughometer and a 10-foot rolling straightedge. The output of the roughometer is evaluated using the FHWA adjective rating system and, to a limited extent, in terms of the AASHO Road Test "Present Serviceability Concept". The latter (PSI) criteria appears to have little applicability to New Jersey conditions. Rolling straightedge data is evaluated by means of criteria developed from observed correlations between the rideability indicated by the roughometer and the severity and extent of surface irregularities. According to the FHWA criteria, the average new bituminous pavement surveyed during this study possessed only a "Fair" level of riding quality. However, there is a significant and encouraging trend for more recent bituminous construction to be of improved smoothness. Described improvements in the specified equipment, methods of construction, and payment method appear to be the major causal factors. The average new concrete pavement was found to possess an even lower level of rideability. An FHWA adjective rating of "F to Poor" is indicated for typical New Jersey concrete construction. This result represents a general reduction in quality level compared to work accomplished in earlier periods in New Jersey. In spite of considerable experimentation with construction methods and equipment (including slip-forming), significant rideability improvements in pavements of New Jersey's present standard design appear unachievable without a return to long-past standards of workmanship. The roughness data obtained on New Jersey bridge decks confirms the beneficial effect of using mechanical rather than manual methods for concrete strike-off and finishing. Recent specification changes--including provisions which require use of mechanized deck finishing equipment on the majority of future projects--can be expected to effect an overall improvement in New Jersey bridge rideability. New Jersey's current "zero" straightedge defect smoothness specification is unrealistic and unenforceable. New surface smoothness specifications have been developed for New Jersey. These require acceptance testing of pavements and bridges with a rolling straightedge to determine the percentage of the surface length exceeding a tolerance of 1/8 inch in 10 feet. A graduated schedule of payment reductions is proposed when a non-compliant level of riding quality is indicated. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete pavements KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Riding qualities KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Straightedges KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263664 AU - Pike, R G AU - Baker, W M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE PATCHING MATERIALS PY - 1974/04 SP - 36 p. AB - Nine potential patching materials were evaluated by a series of different tests and compared with a Type III High Early cement to determine which tests would be most significant and which of the nine materials showed sufficient promise to warrant further evaluation by field installations. The following six tests appear to evaluate the most significant properties of a patching material: (1) Initial setting time; (2) Compressive strength; (3) Bond strength; (4) Resistance to scaling; (5) Resistance to rapid freezing in air and thawing in water; (6) Percentage of chlorides in the mortar. It is impossible to fully evaluate the performance of the various materials without knowing the method of application and how they will actually be used. Therefore, it is recommended that those materials which appear promising be tested in the field. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Chloride content KW - Compressive strength KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Patching KW - Scaling KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262714 AU - Holbrook, L F AU - Wen-Hou, K AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport TI - GENERAL EVALUATION OF CURRENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE IN MICHIGAN: JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT DETERIORATION CONSIDERED AS A PROBABILITY PROCESS PY - 1974/04 VL - 3 SP - 114 p. AB - Mathematical models developed from Markov chain assumptions were fitted to actual field transverse crack and joint deterioration data from 43 postwar jointed concrete construction projects for which 5, 10, and 15-year condition surveys were available. In most cases, the models' fit were excellent; suggesting that they could be used for prediction of future pavement condition. After modeling pavement performance, materials, environmental, and construction variables were investigated. Of those available, only the coarse aggregate source seemed to have a significant bearing on joint performance. Projects constructed with either essentially carbonate-free aggregates (0 to 10 percent CO3) or high carbonate gravels (80 to 100 percent CO3) performed considerably better than all other aggregates. All other aggregates (100 percent pure crushed limestone and the other gravel-carbonate mixes) gave both good and poor performance. No geographical or usage variable, such as traffic volume, could be found to explain the extremely large performance variances for these materials. /FHWA/ KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Transverse cracking KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263150 AU - Kaplar, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOISTURE AND FREEZE-THAW EFFECTS ON RIGID THERMAL INSULATIONS PY - 1974/04 SP - 30 p. AB - This report presents data from a limited investigation of some physical properties of predominantly rigid foamed plastic thermal insulation boards of mineral wool, cork, perlite, calcium silicate, urethane, extruded polystyrene and polystyrene beadboard. None of the insulating boards were completely moisture resistant. Many foamed plastics were relatively resistant to excessive water absorption. Fused polystyrene beadboards were more absorbent than extruded polystyrene. The two extruded polyurethanes in these tests were generally more absorbent than the polystyrenes. Special surface densification treatment on some of the extruded polystyrene boards appeard effective in reducing moisture absorption. KW - Cork KW - Fibers KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Mineral wool KW - Minerals KW - Moisture content KW - Physical properties KW - Polystyrene KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Surface treating KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135749 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00261601 JO - Publication of: Federal Highway Administration PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Overturf, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE BRIDGE INSPECTION PROGRAM PY - 1974/04 SP - p. 39-46 AB - The inspection is described of the Rio Grande Gorge Bridge, New Mexico, which is an all-bolted, steel truss structure with reinforced concrete piers and abutments. The bridge rises 633 feet above the river and spans 1272 feet across the gorge. The inspection was performed by two professional engineers with assistance from local state maintenance crew. A hydraulic snooper was used to inspect all the joints, floor beams and stringers directly under the bridge deck and as far vertically down as the snoopers arm would reach. An electrically powered bosum chair attached to the end of the snoopers arm by a steel cable was used for one inspector at a time to reach the lower structural joints. All stringers, floor beams, lateral bracing, and all joints and welds were visually inspected for signs of strain, cracks or faults. The defects were recorded by coded sequence and photographed. The most time consuming part of the inspection (inspecting the joints and every bolt and weld in every joint), the torque tests, and the inspection of the lower structural members are other aspects reviewed. KW - Abutments KW - Beams KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Bracing KW - Bridges KW - Defects KW - Engineers KW - Inspection KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Lateral supports KW - Maintenance KW - Metal bridges KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) KW - Programs KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Steel bridges KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stringers KW - Truss bridges KW - Visual search KW - Weld defects KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/141508 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00261598 JO - Publication of: Federal Highway Administration PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pierce, S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HORIZONTAL DRAIN MAINTENANCE PILOT PROJECT PY - 1974/04 SP - p. 31-38 AB - The method is reported which was considered most successful in cleaning and removing debris which consisted of a build up of algal growth, root growth, and foreign matter. Detail are outlined of the sewer rod, the handle for rotating the sewer rod in the drain pipe (together with the necessary wrenches), the auger, and the boring tool. Two drain areas (60 miles apart) were selected for the operation and the results are detailed of the cleaning operation. This project was completed in 5 hours by two men. It is thought that the drains will require only periodic cleaning and an annual surveillance program should be established. Photographs are presented which illustrate the tools employed. KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Horizontal drains KW - Maintenance KW - Operations KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Pipe KW - Removal KW - Sewers KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/141505 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00261600 JO - Publication of: Federal Highway Administration PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hoelker, E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MARKING PY - 1974/04 SP - p. 22-27 AB - The on-site inspection of a pavement marking operation is reported, and details are given of the equipment and personnel involved in the operation. Approximately 3.5 to 5.5 gallons of paint per mile is required for the dashed lines as compared to 10 to 13 gallons per mile for solid 4-in. lines. The feed rate for the Type II glass beads is 4.5 pounds per gallon of paint. The striping truck operates at an average speed of 12 to 13 mph and can be increased to 18 to 25 mph on hot days when the paint requires about 60 seconds (at 80 deg F) to prevent tracking of lines. The application of the paint, recent procedural improvements, and signing for the operation is described. Pictures illustrate the striping truck and position of the operator, the control box, and the bead applicators. KW - Equipment KW - Methodology KW - Operations KW - Paint KW - Pavements KW - Personnel KW - Road markings KW - Striping KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic marking equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/141507 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00261597 JO - Publication of: Federal Highway Administration PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Nelson, R O AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF RUBBER-ASPHALT BLEND TO SEAL CRACKS IN ASPHALTIC PAVEMENTS PY - 1974/04 SP - p. 11-14 AB - No Abstract. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cracking KW - Elastomer modified asphalt KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/141504 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00261599 JO - Publication of: Federal Highway Administration PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Corum, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT ATTENUATORS MAINTENANCE AND USE IN OREGON PY - 1974/04 SP - p. 18-21 AB - Impact attenuator accident records are summarized. The records provide information on the time, date, location, weather, damage, and itemized maintenance costs for repairing the impact attenuator. Fifteen of a total of eighteen attenuators are of the Hi-dro cell type which have a lower maintenance cost. Fitch barriers which are also used have proven to be high maintenance cost items. Most of the impact attenuators in this study were lighted but there still seems to be a visibility problem with them. KW - Attenuators KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Hi-dro cushion cell KW - Impacts KW - Location KW - Loss and damage KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Time KW - Visibility KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/141506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261576 AU - Port Authority of New York and New Jersey TI - URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM: MANHATTEN CBD--NORTH JERSEY CORRIDOR, AUTOMATIC BUS IDENTIFICATION PY - 1974/04 SP - 146 p. AB - The purpose of the Automatic Bus Identification Project was fourfold: to evaluate the performance of Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) Systems on buses in normal field operations; to consider the potential benefits of AVI for monitoring bus movements, including non-stop toll collection; to develop methods of coding and numbering that could be used as a standard for AVI systems; and to prepare specifications for an AVI system based on test results. Four manufacturers, all using low power radio frequency technology, participated in the project. The objectives of the project were met by conducting a two-phase test program. The first phase supplied roadside interrogators to monitor bus passage in a closed loop system. Data were transmitted over leased telephone lines to a computer located at a point about midway between the interrogation sites. The second phase was designed to provide a rigorous analysis of the performance of each AVI system. Both test programs showed that the AVI systems tested were accurate and reliable. The conclusions reached were: low power radio frequency technology is ready to implement AVI applications; a standard AVI equipment specification is essential to ensure future compatibility; early implementation of AVI applications should be encouraged; and an operational bus AVI system should be implemented under federal sponsorhips. /FHWA/ KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Bus transportation KW - Central business districts KW - Computers KW - Demonstration projects KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263032 AU - Reidenour, D R AU - Geiger, E G AU - How, R H AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - SHALE SUITABILITY--PHASE II SN - 44F1-124 PY - 1974/04 SP - 160 p. AB - From 1968 to 1973, an extensive study was made of many shale-like rocks from Pennsylvania in order to develop a material specification which would define suitable shales and allow their use in appropriate types of construction. A total of 124 samples were subjected to a wide variety of physical, chemical, and petrographic analysis. Graphical and statistical analysis of the data revealed that the ultrasonic disaggregation test, developed in this study, is the most sensitive indicator of shale durability. This test method could be set up easily in a central laboratory. A simple classification system of argillaceous rocks is presented. It encompasses the range of rocks sampled that are shale-like in either appearance of composition. A two-part test procedure was developed for rapid acceptance or rejection of shales in the field. Part one consists of on-site observation of lamination thickness and weathering characteristics. This is a preliminary screening to eliminate obviously unsuitable shales. An ethylene glycol soaking test and a modified Washington Degradation Test are combined in part two of the procedure for final selection of durable shales from those that pass part one. Limiting values of the Washington Degradation Factor have been selected for specific uses of shale in highway construction. The adoption of the proposed field test will make possible the use of lower-cost shale aggregate in areas where high quality aggregate is not available or is uneconomical. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Chemical analysis KW - Classification KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Durability KW - Physical analysis KW - Shale KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260194 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDAMENTALS AND ABATEMENT OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC NOISE. NOISE BARRIER DESIGN AND EXAMPLE ABATEMENT MEASURES PY - 1974/04 VL - 2 SP - 52 p. AB - This 2-section volume which provides supplemental information on barrier placement, materials, configuration and design together with conceptual ideas which may prove useful to noise barrier designers, briefly discusses the general principles of barrier attenuation and presents illustrative examples of some of the governing factors that are of concern to the designer through the development of an efficient, economical and aesthetically pleasing noise barrier. Construction details, costs and effectiveness are discussed of barriers that are in place or have been proposed throughout the country. Generalized construction drawings are also presented. KW - Aesthetics KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Drawings KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Materials KW - Noise control KW - Placement KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260045 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TOLL FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1974/03/18 SP - 14 p. AB - Selected data are presented, on highway toll facilities (in the U.S.) in operation, under construction or proposed at the beginning of 1973. These include bridges, ferries, tunnels and roads. A table is presented of all known toll facilities in operation, under construction, or financed as of January 1, 1973. Lists of projects under serious consideration and awaiting completion of financing arrangements are tabulated, as well as proposals for new facilities that may or may not become realities (depending on such factors as legislative approval, financial feasibility, completion of plans etc.). For each of these facilities is reported (to the extent known), the name, financing or operating authority, ownership, location and termini, feature crossed, length, road system, and for facilities located on the National Interstate and Defense Highways, the Interstate System route number. Most of the data for this publication were obtained by the field offices of the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the State Highway Departments. KW - Authority KW - Defense KW - Defense highways KW - Districts and authorities KW - Ferries KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Location KW - Operations KW - Ownership KW - Proposals KW - Routes KW - Tables (Data) KW - Terminations KW - Toll areas KW - Toll bridges KW - Toll facilities KW - Toll roads KW - Toll tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260635 AU - Barnoff, R M AU - Orndorff, J A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF AN EXPERIMENTAL PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE PY - 1974/03/15 SP - 222 p. AB - An experimental prestressed concrete I-beam bridge has been constructed as an integral part of the Pavement Durability Test Track Facility at the Pennsylvania State University. This two-span bridge has been instrumented and is being tested to evaluate the behavior of two different deck types. One span of the bridge was constructed with a conventional reinforced concrete composite slab. Wood forms were used on one-half the span, and metal stay-in-place forms on the other half. The other span was constructed with precast, prestressed concrete plank forms, topped with cast-in-place concrete. Instrumentation consisted of strain gages on the slab and beams and deflectometers on the beams. The bridge was loaded with a semi-trailer truck having maximum wheel loads of 17 kips. Measurements indicated that composite action was developed between the concrete plank and the cast-in-place topping. Full composite action was also developed between the beams and deck for both spans. Future tests include one million cycles of an equivalent 18 kip axle load, and overload tests. /FHWA/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Cast in place structures KW - Deflectometers KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slabs KW - Strain gages KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263035 AU - Carlson, R D AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - TRANSVERSE JOINT CONSTRUCTION AND SEALING PRACTICES 1968-1972 PY - 1974/03 SP - 58 p. AB - Since March 1968, transverse contraction joints in New York State have been constructed 5/8-in. wide with beveled edges, and sealed with 1-1/4-in. wide performed polychloroprene compression sealers. This study was initiated to evaluate this new system, and to investigate three laboratory tests that may more accurately predict field performance of sealers. This interim report evaluates joint construction and sealing methods, as well as field performance for the first 3 to 4 years. During 1968 and 1969, 10 construction projects throughout the state were selected for observation. On each, a test section of approximately 30 consecutive joints was established where successive stages of construction and ssaling could be observed. The various methods, materials, and types of equipment used are evaluated. In addition, 12 other projects were selected in 1969 and 1970 for observation of sealer performance. Quarterly evaluation surveys have been conducted to determine long-term performance. After service of up to 4 years, the joints are performing satisfactorily and no sealers have failed. Some fines have begun to collect between the sides of the sealer and the joint faces, but none have worked their way to the bottom of joint grooves. /FHWA/ KW - Construction management KW - Evaluation KW - Joint KW - Joint sealing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Test sections KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00090500 AU - Swanson, H N AU - Middleton, F H AU - LeBlanc, L R AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EMBANKMENTS WITH AND WITHOUT MOISTURE DENSITY CONTROL SPAR-BOUY MOUNTED DIGITAL CASSETTE RECORDER PY - 1974/03 SP - 24 p. AB - In 1965 the AASHTO Blue Book entitled Guidelines for Geometric Design made provision for the compaction of embankments without moisture and density control in Articles either a vessel or the sea floor. Another requirement was a rapid data processing ability, with a reliable spectral analysis of the wave height data taken during each of EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION WITHOUT MOISTURE DENSITY CONTROL, INTERIM REPORT, JUNE 1967 was written to describe the initial work and possible construction savings by eliminating moisture and density requirements, or the report. The wave height data was recorded on board the EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE AND DENSITY CONDITIONS IN COLORADO conclusion of each field test, the cassette containing the analysis of moisture and density correlations for embankments in Colorado and throughout the world. This final extensive presentation of the computer processing procedures (Fast Fourier Transform, window shading, power spectral density, frequency averaging, etc.). KW - Bearing capacity KW - Colorado KW - Data collection KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Height KW - Height finding KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Power spectra KW - Signal processing KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/23724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181384 AU - Gartner, N AU - Little, JDC AU - Gabbay, H AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL SETTINGS IN NETWORKS BY MIXED-INTEGER LINEAR PROGRAMMING; THE MITROP COMPUTER PROGRAM PY - 1974/03 SP - 160 p. AB - This report describes a new computer method, MITROP (Mixed-Integer Traffic Optimization Program), for optimizing traffic signal settings in an urban network. All the signal control variables in the network (including offsets, splits of green time, and cycle time) can be simultaneously optimized by this method. The traffic flow pattern is modeled as a periodic platoon, consisting of both primary and secondary flows, and a link performance function is derived expressing the deterministic component of the delay incurred by these platoons at the traffic lights. Stochastic effects are accounted for by a saturation deterrence function representing the expected overflow queue on each link. The integer loop variables, reflecting the periodicity of the traffic lights, are treated explicitly. The method is based on mixed-integer linear programming, thus enabling the application of a rigorous optimization technique. KW - Automatic control KW - City planning KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Integer programming KW - Linear programming KW - Mathematical models KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Optimization KW - Scheduling KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137347 AU - Heins, C P AU - Yamada, K AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR FATIGUE DUE TO DAILY TRAFFIC PY - 1974/03 SP - 62 p. AB - This report in part presents a design procedure by which the fatigue response of butt and fillet welded and plane beams may be checked for fatigue. The loading is obtained from typical trucks (five classes) as observed on actual bridges. The amount of damage in one year is calculated, and an average life is then determined. The second part of this report presents the results of fatigue tests which have been performed on butt and fillet welded elements due to block loading. These results indicate the reliability of using Miner's Theory or RMS Theory. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Butt welds KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fillet welds KW - Fillets KW - Girder bridges KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loads KW - Maryland KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Traffic loads KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262677 AU - Sadowski, F G AU - Wagner, T W AU - Hasell, P G AU - Thomson, F J AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan TI - THE REMOTE IDENTIFICATION OF TERRAIN FEATURES AND MATERIALS AT PENNSYLVANIA TEST SITES: AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY OF TECHNIQUES PY - 1974/03 SP - 96 p. AB - This report documents the collection, processing and analysis of multispectral imagery gathered in the spring of 1969 in airborne mapping of site in Pennsylvania. The specific objective was to automatically classify soils of different parent materials from surface spectral reflectance and emittance characteristics. Processing techniques included multispectral statistical pattern recognition, ratio processing, and single channel processing. Both analog and digital procedures were utilized. The discrimination of bare soils was easily accomplished, to classify soils according to parent material yielded inpromising results. Using the ratio of five channels from the same 0.4-1.0 mu m spectral region, demonstrated an apparent capability to improve the classification of soils despite albedo variations; however, spectral variations accounted for significant classification errors. An analog ratio was used for enhancing drainage and field erosion patterns within bare soil areas. Scan-angle variations indicated sufficient differences in the bidirectional reflectance characteristics to warrant correction of the data prior to processing. /FHWA/ KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aerial surveys KW - Analog computers KW - Analog systems KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Drainage KW - Erosion KW - Parent materials KW - Remote sensing KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Soil water KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00092475 AU - Reid, D M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PMS) THROUGH THE USE OF THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) PY - 1974/03 SP - 195 p. AB - This report provides scheduling, cost and resource control, and information handling convenience for individual and multi-project scheduling; but it does not design a network, or plan out a project. PMS functions as a handler, computer selector, and displayer of information which will increase the abilities of the project planner. This report includes an introduction to PMS through CPM, CPM program documentation, user instruction, and source computer program listings. KW - Computer programs KW - Construction scheduling KW - Control KW - Costs KW - Critical path method KW - Financing KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway planning KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Natural resources KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Scheduling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261823 AU - Gee, S AU - King, W L AU - Naval Ordnance Laboratory TI - LASER MEASUREMENT OF PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURES PY - 1974/03 SP - 80 p. AB - A laboratory investigation was conducted into the feasibility of employing laser light depolarization as a measure of pavement surface textures. Pavement cores representing different conditions of wear were employed in the investigation, as were newly formed concrete slabs especially prepared for the tests. Results show that the laser technique is sensitive to the pavement textural characteristics. Comparison with independent frictional data and conventional textural data on the same samples indicates generally good correlation with the laser data. Further tests were performed in an effort to ascertain which physical characteristics of pavement surfaces affect the depolarization phenomenon. Fine and coarse texture, color, and material composition were considered separately, and each was found to influence the system response to some extent. Dynamic tests were also included to obtain information on the nature of the output signature under conditions simulating operation from a moving vehicle. Additionally, imperceptible changes in system response were observed when limited tests were conducted to investigate the potentially perturbing effect of vehicle bounce on the system. The conclusion is that the laser concept is feasible and offers a potentially attractive method for obtaining real-time measurements of pavement surface textures from a moving vehicle. KW - Depolarization KW - Dynamic tests KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Measurement KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Physical properties KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139816 AU - Goble, G G AU - Desantis, P V AU - Yeung, J AU - Case Western Reserve University TI - A SYSTEM FOR THE OPTIMUM DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1974/03 SP - 181 p. AB - A set of computer programs for the automated design of highway bridge girders was developed in this project. The system consists of four completely separate programs, each performing one task. These programs are: continuous girder analysis and automated minimum cost design of uniform depth girders, variable depth girders and hydrid girders. These programs are written in FORTRAN IV and consist of a large number of subroutines. Many of these subroutines are common for the various programs. The continous girder analysis program obtains critical moment and shear envelopes for the standard AASHO loads. The program will accept variable cross section input. A variety of information including allowable stresses, actual stresses, deflections and influence lines can be obtained with the level of detail under the control of the user. The uniform depth girder design program obtains the minimum cost design of a continuous welded plate girder having a uniform web depth. The flange thickness can change along the span. Unit cost data, pier spacing and girder spacing must be supplied by the user. This program, employing mathematical programming techniques, will select the best arrangement of material sizes and flange splices to obtain the minimum cost design. The general procedures used in this program are also used in the variable depth and hybrid girder design programs. The variable depth program will design variable depth girders for continous highway bridges. Depth changes can be stepped, linear or quadratic along the span. The flange can also change thicknesses. The hybrid girder design program will design uniform web depth girders, using different steels in the flange and the web. The steel type and thickness in the flange can change along the span. KW - Computer programs KW - Continuous structures KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Flanges KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Hybrid girders KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00081900 AU - Rackoff, N J AU - Rockwell, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ILLUMINATION DESIGNS FOR ACCIDENT REDUCTION AT HIGH NIGHTTIME ACCIDENT HIGHWAY SITES PY - 1974/03 SP - 100 p. AB - A quantitative technique, based upon driver visual search performance and driver control performance was developed to quickly evaluate the potential accident-reduction effectiveness of illumination designs. Six subject drivers drove an instrumented vehicle through nine intersections with known night accident rates, during both day and night. Drivers' visual search patterns (fixation times, distribution of fixations in the road scene, visual spatial and temporal activity) and driving control measures (e.g., velocity and steering) were recorded and analyzed. Results indicate different patterns of driver behavior at high and low accident-rate sites which may be useful for determining effectiveness of illumination. Behavior at illuminated sites improved to more closely resemble day time driver behavior. One of the recommendations is to apply the technique developed in this research to a before-after study of actual illumination changes at highway intersections. It is also recommended that the technique be used to study the relative benefits from illumination changes, improved pavement markings and improved signing at highway intersections. KW - Behavior KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - High risk locations KW - Intersections KW - Light KW - Night KW - Personnel performance KW - Street lighting KW - Visual search UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00093917 AU - Heins, C P AU - Holliday, R O AU - Yoo, C H AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - ULTIMATE LOAD RESPONSE OF A STEEL I BEAM COMPOSITE MULTI-GIRDER SIMPLE SPAN BRIDGE MODEL PY - 1974/03 SP - 135 p. AB - The purpose of the research work is to examine the response of a multigirder composite bridge model and to correlate the experimental ultimate load to the value predicted by an analytical technique. The elastic, elastic-plastic, and fully plastic response of the model is presented in terms of deflections and strains in the model. These functions are also compared to the analytical results. The resulting comparison indicates that the analytical technique is an accurate predictor of the ultimate load. Thus, the use of this analytical technique should provide reasonable results in parametric studies. KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Breaking loads KW - Deflection KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - I beams KW - Index properties KW - Index tests KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement widening KW - Safety engineering KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Street widening KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00091367 AU - Shaw, R V AU - STEWART, C F AU - California Division of Highways AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF ATTACHED BRIDGE WIDENINGS PY - 1974/03 SP - 57 p. AB - In 1965, California adopted a policy of attaching widenings. In 1973, a study of fifty-eight widened structures was made to evaluate the effectiveness of this attachment policy. The primary conclusions are: attached widenings provide a smoother riding surface, less maintenance, improved aesthetics and improved safety over what is provided by non-attached widenings; the reclaimed deck area under curbs or sidewalks cause the most problems; attachment through lapped top and bottom deck reinforcing steel gives better performance than does attachment through dowels or key ways; widenings with steel girders are the least troublesome with precast prestressed concrete girders next and cast-in-place conventionally reinforced concrete widenings causing the most problems; transfer of dead load from the widening to the original girders by plastic deformation is not a problem; and the effect of plastic deformation can be greatly minimized by delaying deck closure pours. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - California KW - Joining KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Joints junctions KW - Lap joints KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement widening KW - Performance KW - Plastic deformation KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Riding qualities KW - Static loads KW - Widening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/24156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083581 AU - Herrin, M AU - Darter, M I AU - ISHAI, I AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - DETERMINATION OF FEASIBLE TESTING METHODS FOR ASPHALT-AGGREGATE COLD MIX BASES PY - 1974/03 SP - 58 p. AB - A number of tests for aggregates, liquid asphalts, and liquid asphalt/appregate mixtures have been identified for evaluating the desired properties of asphalt/aggregate cold mixes for pavement bases. Testing recommendations are made in preliminary form that will be further evaluated under actual test conditions during Phase 2 of this project. The methodology used in making the test recommendations was to first determine the significant distress modes and their relative occurrence in actual pavements with cold mix bases. Then, considering this distress, basic required material properties for cold mix bases related to these distress modes were determined. Available tests were then identified and evaluated as to their effectiveness in measuring these required properties. A set of eight rating criteria to judge the utility of the tests were derived along with rating criteria weighting factors. Through use of the test rating criteria and corresponding weighting factors, a single composite rating was determined for each test. These composite rating factors were then used along with the relative importance of each required material property to develop a preliminary recommended list of tests to be evaluated in depth during Phase 2 of this project. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous bases KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-013.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262715 AU - Shah, G N AU - Maryland State Highway Administration TI - RIGID PAVEMENT INVESTIGATION-GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND BLOWUPS PY - 1974/03 SP - 35 p. AB - The main objectives of this investigation are (1) to measure the "field growth" of rigid pavements, so that better performing aggregate types can be determined and (2) to determine the reasons for "blowup" occurrences on rigid pavements. In the field investigation of concrete growth, the overall lengths of all test sites are increasing. To determine the concrete growth the width of the contraction joint were deleted from the overall growth. From this the concrete in two stone contracts appears to be growing, whereas, the concrete on the one gravel concrete appears to be shrinking. The conclusions were drawn from very limited observations and may not be typical for all pavements. In the investigation of blowups, the results to date indicate that the probability of a blowup is considerably greater at an expansion joint than at a contraction joint. Also, the probability of a blowup is greater on a pavement built using gravel aggregate than one built using a stone or slag aggregate. Pavement age is also a significant factor in blowup occurrences. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Blow up KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Contraction joints KW - Expansion joints KW - Rigid pavements KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262568 AU - Richey, E P AU - Morden, D B AU - Hartz, B J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - ATTENUATION OF RANDOM DEEP WATER WAVES BY A POROUS WALLED BREAKWATER PY - 1974/03 SP - 247 p. AB - The porous walled resonating chamber, a type of breakwater, is investigated as a means of reducing reflected waves from structures subjected to random wind generated waves in deep water. Extending laboratory monochromatic studies to a full-scale apparatus appended to a floating bridge allows assessment of scale factors and the effects of random waves on the predicted performance of the device as a linear damped oscillator. The full-scale device is shown to be frequency selective at a frequency precisely corresponding to the predicted resonance of the system. The forces, measured on the porous wall, are lower than predicted and the device completely eliminates the problem of wave runup into the bridge roadway. The method of evaluating the energy attenuation by the breakwater incorporates spectral analysis of digitized data recorded at fixed locations equidistant in front of the chamber and at a remote station away from the influence of the breakwater. Analysis demonstrates that the time average energy density at a fixed location where incident and reflected waves co-exist is influenced not only by the wave amplitudes, as expected, but also by the product of the amplitudes and a function of the phase angle. The chamber effects a change in the random phase angle during reflection, producing a different effective distance of wave travel to the fixed location and thus negating quantitative analysis of the energy dissipation. KW - Attenuation KW - Breakwaters KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Resonance KW - Water waves KW - Wind UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/013.1.pdf UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/013.1A.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261619 AU - Predoehl, N H AU - Kemp, G R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DURABILITY OF PAVING ASPHALTS - LABORATORY TESTS AND FIELD DATA COMPARISON SN - 19301-762503-633134 PY - 1974/03 SP - 74 p. AB - In this final report of a long term study of paving asphalt durability, a comparison is made between several laboratory procedures which were used in an attempt to predict ashphalt hardening. The asphalts were used in eight asphalt concrete test sections at various locations in the State of California. The laboratory procedures represented both physical and chemical approaches and included: the California Infrared Oven at 140 deg F - data after 400 and 1,000 hour periods; California Weathering Plates-210 deg F- 24 hours; Rolling Thin Film Oven-325 deg F-5 hours; Chevron Research RMFC-210 deg F-48 hours Rostler Ratio N+A1/P+2; Heithaus state of peptization; and percent original voids. Included in the report are data from all of the laboratory procedures plus weathering data from the eight test sections. Comparisons were made using different statistical approaches including a least squares curve fitting program graphic comparison to a 45 deg line, and a covariance analysis program. The statistical results indicated some correlation by all of the laboratory procedures but did not indicate that any of the procedures were capable of predicting asphalt hardening in the field well enough to use for specification purposes. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Least squares method KW - Ovens KW - Pavements KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261723 AU - Burt, J O AU - LeBlanc, E J AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - LUMINAIRE VIBRATION SUPRESSION STUDY PY - 1974/03 SP - 35 p. AB - Vibration data was gathered from three steel and two aluminum luminaires located on selected overpasses in the Baton Rouge area to determine the basic nature of traffic vibration which might cause shortened lamp life. Information obtained was used in designing an excitation device used to controllably simulate this vibration in similar luminaires installed in a laboratory environment. Four inertial dampers were tested for ability to suppress this induced vibration and minimize the amount reaching the bulbs. The laboratory phase was followed by a field evlauation in which dampers performing well in the laboratory were tested under actual traffic conditions. Field tests were also made on rubber damping pads installed beneath the liminaire pole mounting flanges. Overall test results showed that inertial dampers are effective at alleviating low frequency traffic vibration problems in luminaires located on overpasses. Heavy dampers are the most effective, but lighter types will suffice to reduce vibration to tolerable levels in most problem areas. The rubber damping pads exhibited no noticeable dampening effects. /FHWA/ KW - Aluminum KW - Dampers KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Overpasses KW - Simulation KW - Steel structures KW - Training simulators KW - Vibration UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20075.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134912 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00262998 JO - Highway Focus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY FOCUS PY - 1974/03 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - 108 p. AB - This exposition is an attempt to present a basic background of the earthquake phenomena for bridge engineers. While considerable earthquake engineering research has been applied to building design in the past 30 years, very little information has been developed for bridges, and those techniques used in building design are not directly transferable to highway bridges. The demand for transportation facilities in high seismic risk areas necessitates the concurrent development of seismic design methods for highway bridges. Aspects considered here include earthquake mythology and terminology, structure of the earth, identification of high risk areas, earthquake frequency and measurement, zoning, code provisions and research activities. Documentation is given of highway bridge damage suffered in the Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964 and the San Fernando Earthquake of 1971. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge dynamics KW - Bridges KW - Earthquakes KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/139390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260900 AU - McCreery, R A AU - Diseker, E G AU - Lawrence, R M AU - University of Georgia, Athens TI - SELECTION, ESTABLISHMENT, AND MAINTENANCE OF VEGETATION FOR EROSION CONTROL OF ROADSIDE AREAS IN GEORGIA. INTERIM REPORT-PHASE II PY - 1974/03 SP - 120 p. AB - One hundred ninety two sites of 45 plots each were planted over a two year period throughout Georgia to examine problems associated with establishment and maintenance of vegetation on backslopes along highways. Variables under investigation which are covered in this report are (1) need for topsoil, (2) season of seedling, (3) slope of seedbed, (4) exposure aspect, (5) major plant species, (6) nurse crops, (7) maintenance fertilization, and (8) physiograph zone. Other variables under consideration are (1) rainfall, (2) air temperature, (3) plant canopy temperature, (4) soil temperature, (5) seedling rates, (6) growth regulators, and (7) soil density which will be treated in subsequent reports. Observations during three growing seasons confirm the findings from other states that topsoil is not required for establishment of grass and legumes. Spring planting was better than mid-summer to fall planting. Better plant growth was observed on flatter slopes. Zonation of the state, done under Phase I of this project, continues to be supported by these data. South- and West-facing slopes are the most difficult to vegetate in the northern part of Georgia. Mixed fertilizer at 1,500 pounds per acre was adequate for three seasons growth. Interstate lespedeza was better adapted than Sericea. Two new species--Virgata lespedeza and Brunswickgrass--show promise as roadside plants. KW - Backslopes KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Grasses KW - Legumes KW - Rainfall KW - Slopes KW - Topsoil KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/130090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263025 AU - Podolny, W AU - Cooper, J D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY FOCUS TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF EARTHQUAKES PY - 1974/03 SP - 112 p. AB - This treatise was prepared to present basic information such that those engineers unfamiliar with the earthquake phenomena will acquire a better understanding of the causes and distribution of earthquakes. Efforts being undertaken to mitigate the effects of earthquakes on bridges are discussed. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge dynamics KW - Definitions KW - Earthquakes KW - Engineers KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Nomenclature KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135679 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00226909 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Stockfisch, C R AU - Taylor, J I TI - MAJOR INTERCHANGE DESIGN, OPERATION AND TRAFFIC CONTROL-SUMMARY OF RESULTS PY - 1974/03 VL - 27 IS - 8 SP - p. 306-14 AB - THREE GROUPS OF PROBLEMS ASSICATED WITH MAJOR INTERCHANGES WERE EXAMINED IN THIS RESEARCH STUDY: THOSE RELATING TO POLICIES, TO DESIGN PROCEDURES, AND TO THE DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS OF THE INTERCHANGE. RESEARCH TECHNIQUES INCLUDED STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS, WORKSHOPS, AND QUESTIONNAIRES; CASE STUDIES; ACCIDENT ANALYSES; AND EXAMINATION OF DECISION THEORY AND TRADE-OFF ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR APPLICATION IN DESIGNING MAJOR INTERCHANGES. THE RESEARCH EFFORT PRODUCED THE FOLLOWING: DESIGN CRITERIA AND GUIDELINES; TWO DESIGN INFORMATION SYSTEMS; AND SEVERAL DESIGN PROCESS TOOLS, INCLUDING A REVIEW OF THE APPLICABILITY AND USEFULNESS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS, CHECKLISTS, AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS. FUTURE PLANS HAVE BEEN DISCUSSED FOR DISSEMINATION AND ENCOURAGING USE OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN THE SUMMARIZED STUDY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Computer graphics KW - Crash investigation KW - Decision theory KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Information dissemination KW - Information systems KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Interviewing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Questionnaires KW - Research KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/116076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00210099 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Leone, A AU - McGogney, C H AU - Barton, J R TI - NEW SYSTEM FOR INSPECTING STEEL BRIDGES FOR FATIGUE CRACKS PY - 1974/03 VL - 37 IS - 8 SP - p. 285-93 AB - RECENTLY ONE SOLUTION TO NONDESTRUCTIVE DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FATIGUE CRACKS IN STEEL BRIDGE STRUCTURES WAS DEVELOPED BY A JOINT INDUSTRY-GOVERNMENT TEAM USING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. THE INSPECTION SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TWO INDEPENDENT, COMPLEMENTARY, LIGHTWEIGHT, BATTERY-POWERED ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS: AN ACOUSTIC CRACK DETECTOR (ACD) FOR RAPID SURVEY, WHICH USES ULTRASONIC PRINCIPLES, AUTOMATIC SIGNAL ANALYSIS, AND A SIMPLE DIGITAL DATA DISPLAY; AND A MAGNETIC CRACK DEFINER (MCD), WHICH USES MAGNETIC PRINCIPLES AND A SIMPLE ON-OFF LIGHT DATA DISPLAY FOR DEFINING THE PRECISE CRACK LOCATION AND LENGTH. A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE PROGRAM, INCLUDING INSPECTION TECHNIQUES, ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION, RESULTS OBTAINED WITH BREADBOARD MODELS DURING LABORATORY AND PRELIMINARY FIELD EVALUATIONS AND LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATIONS OF THE PROTOTYPE INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM, IS PRESENTED IN THIS ARTICLE. /AUTHOR/ KW - Acoustics KW - Cracking KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Displaying KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Information display systems KW - Inspection KW - Instrumentation KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Metal bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Steel bridges KW - Technology transfer KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00056939 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS, 1972 PY - 1974/03 SP - 226 p. AB - The publication presents the 1972 statistical and analytical tables of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, State highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways; and 1971 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/17054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227035 AU - Worrall, R D AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Kieberman, E AU - PEAT MARWICK MITCHELL & CO AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated TI - NETWORK FLOW SIMULATION FOR URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM-PHASE 2. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1974/03 AB - THE REPORT SUMMARIZES PHASE II OF THE DEVELOPMENT, TESTING, AND APPLICATION OF THE UTCS-1 MODEL. IT INCLUDES SEPARATE SECTIONS DEALING WITH: 1. REVISION AND EXPANSION OF UTCS-1 MODEL 2. EXPANDED CALIBRATION INPUTS 3. VALIDATION OF PHASE II MODEL 4. SENSITIVITY TESTS 5. INITIAL APPLICATION OF MODEL IN UTCS PROGRAM 6. ADDITIONAL DEMONSTRATION TESTS. KW - Computer programs KW - Demonstration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Networks KW - Resistivity method KW - Simulation KW - Testing KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Urban areas KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/115212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227036 AU - Worrall, R D AU - Lieberman, E AU - PEAT MARWICK MITCHELL & CO AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated TI - NETWORK FLOW SIMULATION FOR URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM-PHASE 2. PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION FOR UTCS-1 NETWORK SIMULATION MODEL, PART 1. VOLUME II PY - 1974/03 SP - 233 p. AB - THIS MANUAL CONTAINS DETAILED PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION FOR THE EXPANDED VERSION OF THE UTCS-1 NETWORK SIMULATION MODEL, DATED MAY 1, 1973. THE FIRST SECTION GIVES A BRIEF DEXCRIPTION OF EACH OF THE 60 ROUTINES MAKING UP THE MODEL. THE SECOND SECTION COVERS PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION FOR EACH ROUTINE, INCLUDING THE PROGRAM ABSTRACT; FLOW CHART(S); INPUT, OPERATIONAL AND OUTPUT SPECIFICATIONS; DEFINITION OF ERROR HANDLING TECHNIQUES; AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROGRAMMING NOTES. THE FINAL SECTION DOCUMENTS THE "COMMON" STORAGE ARRAYS AND SCALAR DESCRIPTIONS USED BY THE MODEL. KW - Computer programs KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Mathematical models KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Programming techniques KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227038 AU - Worrall, R D AU - Lieberman, E AU - PEAT MARWICK MITCHELL & CO AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated TI - NETWORK FLOW SIMULATION FOR URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM-PHASE 2. USER'S MANUAL FOR UTCS-1 NETWORK SIMULATION MODEL. VOLUME IV PY - 1974/03 SP - 207 p. AB - THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS A GENERAL USERS' GUIDE FOR THE REVISED VERSION OF THE "UTCS-1" NETWORK SIMULATION MODEL. IT IS WRITTEN PRIMARILY FOR USE BY COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND RESEARCH PERSONNEL. THE GUIDE INCLUDES SIX MAJOR SECTIONS, COVERING: (1) DESCRIPTION OF REVISED "UTCS-1" MODEL; (2) INPUT DATA REQUIREMENTS AND PROCCEDURES FOR INPUT CODING; (3) INTERPRETATION OF MODEL OUTPUTS; (4) DETAILED OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS; (5) ERROR MESSAGES; NAD (6) AN ILLUSTRATIVE CASE STUDY. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer programs KW - Errors KW - Mathematical models KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Programming techniques KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00227037 AU - Worrall, R D AU - Lieberman, E AU - PEAT MARWICK MITCHELL & CO AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated TI - NETWORK FLOW SIMULATION FOR URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM-PHASE 2. PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION FOR UTCS-1 NETWORK SIMULATION MODEL PART 2. VOLUME III PY - 1974/03 SP - 224 p. AB - THIS MANUAL CONTAINS DETAILED PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION FOR THE EXPANDED VERSION OF THE UTCS-1 NETWORK SIMULATION MODEL, DATED MAY 1, 1973. THE FIRST SECTION GIVES A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF EACH OF THE 60 ROUTINES MAKING UP THE MODEL. THE SECOND SECTION COVERS PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION FOR EACH ROUTINE, INCLUDING THE PROGRAM ABSTRACCT; FLOW CHART(S) ; INPUT, OPERATIONAL AND OUTPUT SPECIFICATIONS; DEFINITION OF ERROR HANDLING TECHNIQUES; AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROGRAMMING NOTES. THE FINAL SECTION DOCUMENTS THE "COMMON" STORAGE ARRAYS AND SCALAR DESCRIPTIONS USED BY THE MODEL. KW - Computer programs KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Mathematical models KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Programming techniques KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/113162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00098417 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - PROGRAM OF TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH IN UNIVERSITIES PY - 1974/02/27 SP - 51 p. AB - The newly established Program of University Research provides means by which university faculty and students may be supported in their research efforts in the national interest. The report illustrates research underway in the various categories solicited as of February 1974. Included are: The Program of University Research: Its Objectives, Organization, and Progress to Date, Robert H. Cannon, Jr. Mobility of People and Goods in the Urban Environment - A Status Report, Louis J. Dignataro, et al, A Measurement of Highway - Induced Charges in Land Use, Population Density, and Minority Business Opportunities, Roosevelt Steptoe, Transportation to Fulfill Human Needs in the Rural/Urban Environment, W. Ronald Hudson, et al, A Comprehensive Transportation Research Program for the Common Wealth of Virginia, John W. Dickey, et al, Interregional Analysis of United States Freight Shipments, Karen R. Polenski, An Integrated Engineering-Planning Approach to the Preservation, Improvement, and Replacement of Elevated Transportation Structures, Marshall L. Silver, et al. /SAE/ KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/37627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260630 AU - Henning, N E AU - Twin City Testing and Engineering Laboratory, Inc TI - EVALUATION OF LIGNITE FLY ASH AS A MINERAL FILLER IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - 1974/02/14 AB - The evaluation of lignite fly ash as a filler in asphaltic concrete showed that an addition of 2% Basin Electric fly ash or 2% Ottertail fly ash would significantly improve the stability and durability of a representative North Dakota bituminous mix. A 4% addition of both fly ash samples show some improvement over the 2% addition. There is some variation in performance between the two fly ashes, but both sources fulfill the requirements of a mineral filler. Both sources lowered the air void content of the mix, and did not significantly reduce the optimum asphalt content. In all tests the fly ashes performed better as a mineral filler than the 1% hydrated lime. The optimum asphalt content was determined for four separate fly ash as well as another containing 1% hydrated lime. Tests were also made to determine voids and resistance to water. The test data and conclusions are valid for the particular overall aggregate-filler gradation and aggregate-asphalt system. /FHWA/ KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Fly ash KW - Hydrated lime fillers KW - Lignite KW - Limestone fillers KW - Mineral fillers KW - Stability analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/132336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455020 AU - Kumar, Arun AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Gyratory Testing Machine as a Design Tool and as an Instrument for Bituminous Mixture Evaluation : Draft Copy PY - 1974/02 SP - 74p AB - One of the main objectives of bituminous paving mixture design is to select a bitumen-aggregate combination such that the mix so obtained will be as durable as possible and yet be stable. To accomplish this objective, one of the critical aspects is to be able to produce in the laboratory a compacted specimen that is truly representative of the mixture as it will be In service on the road. Most of the present design procedures utilize a constant level of compactlve effort which is Intended to produce densities (at designed asphalt content) comparable to those occurring in the field after a period of traffic densification. This approach may be open to question because a given level of laboratory compaction cannot be considered to produce specimens representative of the density of all mixtures and service conditions after a specified period of time. It would be logical to compact specimens in the laboratory to a density which Is representative of the field compacted density at the time of construction and then to denslfy these by simulating the effects of traffic. It is desirable to measure stability continuously during this process. By this procedure it should be possible to select the maximum asphalt content that may be used under a variety of service conditions without excessive loss in stability. The gyratory testing machine can be used in this way for bituminous mixture design. Based on the above reasoning it seemed useful to undertake a laboratory study to design and evaluate bituminous mixtures using the gyratory testing machine. Accordingly, a mixture type commonly used in Indiana was selected and designed for the optimum asphalt content. The designed asphalt content and the selected gradation were subjected to permitted job-mix tolerances. Specimens covering this range of composition were prepared and tested under simulated field compaction and simulated traffic densification conditions. It was contemplated that the results obtained would help in studying the following factors: 1) Evaluation of the gyratory testing machine design method. 2) Influence of simulated traffic densification on the mixture properties. The purpose was to study the capability of the gyratory testing machine to evaluate bituminous mixes at any specified densification effort. Positive results could lead to an estimation of pavement life. 3) Job mix formula and tolerance limits. The sensitivity of the gyratory testing machine when used to study the job mix formula tolerances was investigated. Favorable results could help in modifying specifications to suit field conditions. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Densification KW - Field density KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Mix design KW - Shear strain KW - Simulation KW - Traffic density KW - Vibratory compaction UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313872 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01297867 AU - PULEO, J AU - HANNON, J B AU - FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TI - STABILISATION DES SOLS A LA CHAUX T2 - LIME SOIL STABILIZATION STUDY PY - 1974/02 IS - NTIS PB 235725 SP - 168P AB - LA RESISTANCE A LA COMPRESSION DUE A LA REACTIVITE A LA CHAUX DE 41 SOLS FINS EST TRAITEE AVEC LES PROPRIETES DES SOLS NON TRAITES. LES VARIABLES ETUDIEES COMPRENNENT LA TENEUR EN EAU, LE PH, LES EFFETS DE LA CHAUX, DES SULFATES, LES CONDITIONS DE MALAXAGE ET LE CONTROLE ELECTRIQUE DE LA REACTION SOL-CHAUX. CE PROCEDE ELECTRIQUE CONTROLE UNE REACTION ACCELEREE CHAUX-SOL-EAU ET FOURNIT DES INFORMATIONS SUR LA CONDUCTIVITE ET LES CONSTANTES DIELECTRIQUES. CES INFORMATIONS SONT UTILISEES POUR DETERMINER SI LA REACTION PRINCIPALE CORRESPOND A UNE AGGLOMERATION OU A UNE ADSORPTION. A PARTIR DE CES INFORMATIONS, UN SOL PEUT ETRE CLASSE COMME REACTIF OU NON REACTIF. CES INFORMATIONS PEUVENT AUSSI ETRE UTILISEES POUR PREVOIR LA RESISTANCE A LA COMPRESSION D'UN ECHANTILLON A 6 MOIS. (10955 - DOC BIBL ; 11005 - CHAUSS - LEFLAIVE). KW - Argile KW - Calcium oxide KW - Chaux KW - Chemical reactions KW - Clay KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Conductivite (electr) KW - Electricite KW - Electricity KW - Fin (mater) KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Measurement KW - Mesure KW - Reaction (chim) KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Resistance (mater) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Sol KW - Strength of materials KW - Sulfate KW - Sulfates KW - Traitement des sols UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1059043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104937 AU - Myers, J C AU - Temple, William H AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Drainage Blanket PY - 1974/02//Interim Report SP - 14p AB - The aim of this research was to develop a permeable, yet stable, hot mix asphaltic drainage system for a typical pavement section. Development of such systems should provide the Department with effective means of draining water from highway bases and subbases and thus prolong the lives of those highways. Previous research indicates that a multi-layered system of asphalt-treated drainage course is many times more effective than single-layered aggregate drains, In this study, the investigators evaluated the permeability and stability of a two-layered asphalt-treated drainage system incorporated into the shoulder of a major roadway. KW - Drainage KW - Drainage blankets KW - Drains KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Pavement layers KW - Permeable pavements KW - Runoff KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subbase materials UR - https://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20073.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142904 AU - White, M C AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF ENERGY ABSORBING BARRIERS. VOLUME 1 - CORRUGATED STEEL PIPE CRASH CUSHION--CRASH TEST AND EVALUATION SN - 31F1-134 PY - 1974/02 SP - 88 p. AB - Four vehicle crash tests were conducted on a Highway Crash Cushion constructed of corrugated steel pipe. In two crash tests, the barrier did not perform as intended. The barrier buckled in the vertical plane causing the vehicle to ramp and vault upward. The objective of this study was to develop modifications which would eliminate the vehicle ramping or vaulting. These modifications were to be accomplished without affecting the excellent redirection characteristics of the crash cushion. These objectives were accomplished and verified in full-scale crash tests. In addition, a corrugated metal pipe arch section was used as a soft nose piece. Static crush tests and dynamic pendulum tests were conducted on corrugated metal pipe to develop force-deformation properties for designing such crash cushions. KW - Barrier design KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Crushing KW - Deformation KW - Impact tests KW - Metal pipe KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62126 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00071753 AU - Wiersema, R H AU - Engineering Foundation Conferences TI - CONSOLIDATION OF URBAN RAIL FACILITIES PY - 1974/02 SP - p. 253-264 AB - Our present urban rail systems were developed by a number of independent competitive companies without coordination or overall planning, resulting in a considerably overbuilt plant. Changing patterns in distribution have not been reflected in changes in our urban rail systems. Past experience with facility consolidation through such methods as the joint terminal operating company have been unsatisfactory due to resultant high costs and poor service. These proposals have also failed to recognize many of the interests involved in facility changes and have consequently engendered substantial opposition. This paper proposes a method whereby the deficiencies of past terminal companies can be corrected and deals with overcoming opposition from those interests which may be expected to oppose rationalization of the urban rail plant. U1 - This is a paper from the Engineering Foundation Conference, Goods Transportation in Urban Areas, Berwick Academy, South Berwick, Maine, 5-10 August 1973. The conference was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, DOT. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Consolidations KW - Freight terminals KW - Government planning KW - Governments KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Joint facilities KW - Joint use KW - Planning KW - Social advantages KW - Yard operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/20258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00099843 AU - Engineering Foundation Conferences TI - GOODS TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AREAS PY - 1974/02 SP - 415 p. AB - A five-day conference to explore issues in urban goods movement was organized by representatives of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Highway Research Board, Institute of Traffic Engineers, and the U.S. Department of Transportation. Five areas were studied and reported by Probe Groups, namely (1) urban goods movement considerations in urban transportation planning, (2) use of local regulatory and police power in facilitating goods movements, (3) freight terminal relocation, (4) issues in urban rail relocation, and (5) consolidation of pickup and delivery services. Each Probe Group report presents recommendations for action to improve urban goods movement. Eleven keynote, summary, and resource papers are presented covering such topics as Federal, State, and local programs for goods movement facilitation; terminal location and consolidation; improvement of intermodal transfer; regulation; and energy requirements for trucking. Five case studies describe ongoing regional programs in Dallas-Fort Worth, St. Louis, New England (Boston and Maine Railroad regional impact), northern New Jersey, and the New York City Garment Center. KW - Freight service KW - Freight terminals KW - Government regulations KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Land use KW - Railroad facilities KW - Regulations KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban railroad relocation KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/27520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158990 AU - Fisher, G P AU - Engineering Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GOODS TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AREAS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENGINEERING FOUNDATION CONFERENCE HELD AT SOUTH BERWICK, MAINE, ON AUGUST 5-10, 1973 PY - 1974/02 SP - 401 p. AB - A five-day conference to explore issues in urban goods movement was organized by representatives of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Highway Research Board, Institute of Traffic Engineers, and the U.S. Department of Transportation. Five areas were studied and reported by Probe Groups, namely (1) urban goods movement considerations in urban transportation planning, (2) freight terminal relocation, (3) issues in urban rail relocation, and (4) consolidation of pickup and delivery services. Each Probe Group report presents recommendations for action to improve urban goods movement. Eleven keynote, summary, and resource papers are presented covering such topics as Federal, state, and local programs for goods movement facilitation; terminal location and consolidation; improvement of intermodal transfer; regulation; and energy requirements for trucking. Five case studies describe ongoing regional programs in Dallas-Fort Worth, St. Louis, New England (Boston and Maine Railroad regional impact), northern New Jersey, and the New York City Garment Center. KW - Cargo transportation KW - Coordination KW - Delivery service KW - Energy KW - Freight terminals KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Level of service KW - Meetings KW - New England KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Planning KW - Railroad transportation KW - Regional planning KW - Regulations KW - Services KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00126484 AU - Leisch, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Leisch (Jack E.) and Associates TI - CAPACITY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN AND OPERATION OF FREEWAY FACILITIES PY - 1974/02 SP - 85 p. AB - In design of freeways the various geometric features, the configuration and spacing of interchanges, the number and arrangement of lanes, must be determined largely through level-of-service and capacity analyses. The 1965 Highway Capacity Manual basically furnishes this discipline, but it is not sufficiently oriented to design application, and lacks certain data and procedures. To meet these requirements the discussion herein develops a procedural framework for analysis. As part of the developed procedure, gaps in the Manual presentation dealing with ramps with high peaking characteristics are filled in by re-evaluation and more detailed rationalization of data and methods in the Manual, and by application of some data from other sources. A special feature of the technique involves the grouping of successive ramps along a freeway into overlapping pairs. The influence of one ramp upon another is then isolated and each component of the freeway is dealt with by a separate analysis. Finally the results are combined to reach a composite solution for design of the complete freeway facility or for it as an operating system. A graphical method, utilizing special nomographs, has been deveolped to facilitate the procedure. A series of illustrative problems and their solutions are presented, covering the full scope of problems to be encountered. Accordingly, the publication considers fully the aspects of practical application, and is presented to serve as a complete guide for level-of-service and capacity analyses in design and redesign of freeway facilities. KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeway design KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Level of service KW - Nomographs KW - Ramps (Interchanges) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/28418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142849 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation TI - DIVERSION OF INTERCITY TRAFFIC AT A SINGLE POINT. CONTROL STRATEGY SPECIFICATION PY - 1974/02 SP - 16 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144123 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation TI - DIVERSION OF INTERCITY TRAFFIC AT A SINGLE POINT. SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1974/02 SP - 164 p. AB - The Single Point Diversion System was designed for a site in Maryland. The design of the system is covered in "Final Design Report, Diversion of Intercity Traffic at a Single Point," November 1973, Revised September 1974. The complete software package specification for the system consists of three basic parts: manufacturer supplied software, applications software and the Fortran-programmed automatic control strategy. This report gives the specifications of each routine in the applications software which provides the logic for all the computational requirements of the Single Point Diversion System. The automatic control strategy is described in "Control Strategy Specification, Diversion of Intercity Traffic at a Single Point," February 1974. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Intercity travel KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic diversion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260636 AU - CLEAR, K C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE FOR PERMANENT BRIDGE DECK REPAIR PY - 1974/02 SP - 48 p. AB - One of the most severe problems facing the highway industry is chloride induced reinforcing steel corrosion and the subsequent deterioration of concrete bridge decks and marine structures. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the benefits of, the need for, and the procedures available for using chloride determinations for detecting contaminated concrete when permanent repair is planned. The effect of chloride in reinforced concrete and the chloride content corrosion threshold are discussed. Suggestions for determining the concrete that must be removed prior to permanent repair by utilizing all tools available (delamination detector, electrical potential corrosion detection device, pachometer, and chloride analyses) are discussed. The use of a rotary hammer to obtain portland cement concrete samples for chloride analyses is presented. Using the portable hammer, pulverized samples are rapidly obtained thus eliminating the need to core, section and pulverize the concrete prior to analysis. Use of the wet chemical analysis procedure for total chloride developed by H.A. Berman is discussed in detail. Sections on sample preparation, equipment, the test method, checking the analysis, the effect of moisture in the sample, a method of preventing aggregate induced distortions and reporting of results are included. Other methods of anlaysis (neutron activation analysis and various x-ray analyses) in various stages of development are briefly discussed. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Wet analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00127209 AU - WILLIAMSON, H J AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTIC ROUGHNESS PATTERNS IN PAVEMENTS AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROUGHNESSES AND PAVEMENT DESTRESS PY - 1974/02 SP - 80 p. AB - A pilot study of certain pavement distress problems is discussed in this report. Road roughness measurements made with the Surface Dynamics Road Profilometer (SDP) and pavement condition survey data have been analyzed by statistical methods to demonstrate approaches to these problems, and, within the scope of a pilot study, to obtain results. The particular problems addressed are comparisons of characteristic roughness types (as to wavelength, transverse vs. longitudinal effects, etc.) in pavements of different types and ages, and investigation of relationships among various roughness and distress types. KW - Defects KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness KW - Surface dynamics profilometer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/29017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00083579 AU - Cechetini, J A AU - Sherman, G B AU - California Department of Transportation TI - COMPACTION OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1974/02 SP - 35 p. AB - This research project was initiated in order to study the compaction of asphalt concrete pavements. It was determined that adequate densities were not being obtained with the California Standard Specifications and new Standard Special Provisions were written. A rolling procedure was developed for both thick-lift and thin-lift construction. Measurements were made of recently constructed pavements to determine the riding qualities associated with the various construction methods using different lift thicknesses. Standard Special Provisions were written to improve the final surface roughness by limiting the lift thicknesses. Research was also conducted on the use of nuclear gages to determine asphalt concrete densities and a method was written for the use of nuclear gages in conjunction with the qualification of rollers. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compaction KW - Lift thickness KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear applications KW - Nuclear engineering KW - Paving KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic rollers KW - Riding qualities KW - Rollers KW - Roughness KW - Texture KW - Vibratory equipment KW - Vibratory rollers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00082849 AU - Banister, B N AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF VOID SPACING INDICATOR PY - 1974/02 SP - 47 p. AB - In this report a laboratory developed Void Space Indicator (VSI) has been field tested by six Districts of the Texas Highway Department. This was a test to determine the validity of the procedure for the measurement of the void spacing in an air entrained system in plastic concrete as related to the final void spacing in the hardened concrete. This test was developed from research done by Torrens and Ivey at the Texas Transportation Institute. The equipment and procedures were only slightly modified for this field testing. Projects in each District were selected and VSI tests were performed at the same time as other plastic concrete tests were conducted. Exact locations on the bridge projects were recorded for later coring operations. Cores were lifted and were examined by the linear traverse method and compared with the VSI data. Statistical analysis was run and no mathematical relationship could be established between the void spacing in plastic concrete to the void spacing in hardened concrete. The test does give the inspector a quick check on the relative size and quantity of air entrainment that is in the plastic concrete prior to the final placement. /FHWA/ KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Bridge decks KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Entrained air KW - Entrapped air KW - Field studies KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Polymer concrete KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traverse computations KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/22416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265066 AU - Transportation Laboratory TI - LIME SOIL STABILIZATION STUDY SN - 19201-762503-632812 PY - 1974/02 SP - 180 p. AB - The compressive strength due to lime-reactivity of 41 fine grained soils is reported, with the properties of the untreated soils. The variables discussed include moisture content, pH, the effects of the physical presence of lime, sulfates, mixing conditions and the electrical monitoring of the lime-soil reaction. This electrical procedure monitors an accelerated lime-soil-water (paste) reaction and provides data on conductivity and dielectric constants. This data is used to determine whether the predominate reaction is agglomeration or adsorption. Based upon the electrical data a soil can be classified as reactive or non-reactive. The electrical data can also be used to estimate the 6-month developed compression strength of a lime-soil specimen. Guidelines using electrical test data and soil properties are provided for estimating the developed strengths of soils. KW - Calcium oxide KW - Chemical reactions KW - Compressive strength KW - Conductivity KW - Dielectric properties KW - Fine grained soils KW - Lime soil water reaction KW - Moisture content KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Sulfates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264015 AU - Veress, S A AU - Aramaki, A A AU - Hall, J K AU - Takamoto, T AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - COOPERATIVE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC STUDY PY - 1974/02 SP - 146 p. AB - This research project was to evaluate the different variables in photogrammetric practice, which include targeting, film and development process, camera platform and achievable accuracy. Design criteria and standards have been established, which include the manufacturing of camera suspensions for helicopter from both a theoretical and practical point of view. The testing of these standards and design criteria includes a large number of data. Thus, they have a high statistical probability of being correct. The project has proved that an all-time photography is possible with the proper selection of camera platfrom, and that the use of very low flight photography will enable the Highway Department to extend the use of photogrammetric measurement. KW - Cameras KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Film KW - Helicopters KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photography KW - Platforms KW - Suspensions UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/016.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264016 AU - Terry, D S AU - Roth, D L AU - Los Angeles Department of Traffic TI - IMPROVED EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS THE USE OF TRANS TRAFFIC SIMULATION: A CRITIQUE PY - 1974/02 SP - 12 p. AB - One phase of a study to investigate means of improving the operation of traffic signals in an arterial stress network involved the use of the TRANS simulation model to predict traffic operation using alternative signal timing strategies. This reports summarizes the history of the TRANS model and discussion problems encountered by the research agency in making use of the computer model for a 70-intersection network. The collection of extensive traffic and physical data were required to use the model, some of which are difficult to measure accurately, or which must be estimated, or which exhibit sufficient variability to create inconsistencies in results. Considerable time loss was experienced due to non-availability of computer equipment for which the original program had been written. The research effort was hampered by an inadequate computer capacity for the network being studied, and an inability of the model to simulate other than pre-timed controllers. While satisfactory for research studies, the model is not recommended as a practical traffic engineering tool. Results of the simulation studies and field validation measurements for the 70-intersection network are included in Report No. 57.07, January 17, 1973, "Conventional Signal Network Timing Strategies." The project included field measurements in a smaller network to validate an optimum signal timing strategy developed by a consultant firm using TRANS simulation in an earlier study. The results are reported in "Improved Signal Systems Timing Strategies," Report No. 56.07, May 16, 1972. KW - Arterial highways KW - Intersections KW - Simulation KW - Streets KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263667 AU - Clifton, J R AU - Beeghly, H F AU - Mathey, R G AU - National Bureau of Standards TI - NONMETALLIC COATINGS FOR REINFORCING BARS PY - 1974/02 SP - 87 p. AB - This work was undertaken to ascertain the feasibility of using organic coatings, especially epoxies, to protect the steel reinforcing bars embedded in concrete of bridge decks from rapid corrosion. This corrosion is caused by the chloride ions from the most commonly applied deicing salts, sodium chloride and calcium chloride. Altogether, 47 different coating materials were evaluated to some extent, consisting of: 21 liquid and 15 powder epoxies; 5 polyvinyl chlorides; 3 polyurethanes; 1 polypropylene; 1 phenolic nitrile, and one zinc rich coating. The chemical and physical durabilities, chloride permeabilities, and protective qualities of coatings were assessed. The bonds between coated and uncoated bars and concrete were measured by both pullout and creep tests. The results indicate that both epoxy and polyvinyl chloride coatings, if properly applied, should adequately protect steel reinforcing bars from corrosion. However, only the epoxy coated bars had acceptable bond and creep characteristics when embedded in concrete. The powder epoxy coatings overall performed better than the liquid epoxies, and four powder epoxy coatings have been identified as promising materials to be used on reinforcing bars embedded in concrete decks of experimental bridges. KW - Bonds KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion protection KW - Creep properties KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Organic coatings KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260629 AU - Hoskins-Western-Sonderegger, Incorporated TI - DEVELOP IMPROVED ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXTURE USING MATERIALS AVAILABLE TO NEBRASKA VOLUME I; VOLUME II--APPENDICES PY - 1974/02 VL - 1 SP - 57 p. AB - An investigation to develop improved asphaltic concrete mixtures was conducted during the period July 12, 1972 through October 31, 1973. Forty-seven laboratory mix designs were investigated utilizing materials available to Nebraska. Emphasis was on mixtures which are cost competitive with presently utilized paving mixtures but which exhibit potential for improved resistance to plastic deformation and studded tire wear as well as providing adequate skid resistance. Theprincipal investigative tool was the Marshall Apparatus. Tests on mixtures and materials were consistent with either ASTM or NDR standard procedures with immersion-compression, stripping and air permeability tests supplementing determination of Marshall properties. A conclusion is that the present Nebraska specifications for Type B aspahltic concrete is capable of producing durable, rut resistant pavements with good anti-skid properties but that the potential exists for the use of lower cost materials which exhibit some or all of these same desirable properties. Recommendations are made for specifications which would permit utilization of more widely available sand-gravel aggregates of finer grading in Type B mixes. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Plastic deformation KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260414 AU - Goble, G G AU - Likins, G E AU - Case Western Reserve University TI - PREDICTING THE BEARING CAPACITY OF A PILE FROM DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS PY - 1974/02 SP - 27 p. AB - This study for Georgia was conducted as part of a national cooperative study in order to extend and verify developed dynamic testing techniques to predict the bearing capacity of a pile. A construction pile, after being statically tested, was instrumented with force and acceleration transducers and restruck several times. Dynamic measurements were recorded on electromagnetic tape and were later analyzed. Support data included soil conditions, pile details, driving conditions, and static load tests, i.e., constant rate of penetration. The developed analysis prediction method, Case Simplified Method, was used for prediction of capacities. Predictions compare favorably with load test capacities; and, a commercial system has been developed. KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Dynamic tests KW - Forecasting KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263014 AU - Apostolos, J A AU - Doty, R N AU - Page, B G AU - Sherman, G B AU - Transportation Laboratory TI - CALIFORNIA SKID RESISTANCE STUDIES PY - 1974/02 SP - 69 p. AB - A correlation between skid test values and surface texture measurements was attempted. The Modified Sand Patch test exhibited poor correlation and poor repeatability. The Outflow Meter test exhibited fair-to-good correlation with high-speed skid numbers on PCC pavements, and this test showed good to excellent repeatability. Further testing and evaluation is recommended in order to establish Outflow Meter requirements for the surface texture of new PCC pavements. None of the texture measuring methods correlated with Skid Number Gradients. Coefficient of friction measurements were taken for the entire width of PCC traffic lanes. The coefficient of friction on the wheel tracks was found to be substantially lower than that for the rest of the lane width, indicating that localized polishing of the traffic lanes in the wheel tracks is a typical occurrence on PCC pavements. The rightmost (truck) lanes are subjected to a greater polishing action on the wheel tracks than the wheel tracks in the adjacent lanes. A small-scale laboratory wear-and-polishing device proved to be unsuccessful. Before-and-after studies of a pavement overlaid with calcinced bauxite chip seal showed a dramatic increase in skid numbers, but no significant change in the accident frequency. /FHWA/ KW - Bauxite KW - Calcines KW - Concrete pavements KW - Correlation analysis KW - Friction KW - Pavements KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Wheel path UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263006 AU - Thornton, S I AU - Springer, C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville TI - CAUSES OF BRIDGE PIER STAINING PY - 1974/02 SP - 59 p. AB - Four types of bridge stains exist in Arkansas: Rust stains; Red Stains - broad stains which are not directly traceable to rust; Gray stains - similar to red stains except for color; and graffiti. Except for graffiti, bridge stains are the result of weathering and runoff from the bridge deck. The stains contain the elements normally found in soil, rust, and tires. Bridge stains in Arkansas cause no significant structural damage, i.e., they do not accompany a deterioration of aggregate. Red and gray stains, which comprise over three-fourths of all stain on most bridges, can be effectively removed by sandblasting, washing with soap, water and a brush, or application of certain acids then rinsing. Stains on new structures can be greatly reduced by eliminating or sealing expansion joints above bridge piers. /FHWA/ KW - Acids KW - Blast cleaning KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Cleaning KW - Cleaning procedures KW - Expansion joints KW - Graffiti KW - Maintenance KW - Runoff KW - Rusting KW - Sealing compounds KW - Stains KW - Weathering UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2033.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00057027 AU - BROWN, L E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS CRASH CUSHION TRAILER PY - 1974/02 SP - 24 p. AB - The Texas crash cushion trailer consists of an array of 20-gauge 55-gallon steel drums, a trailer frame, a set of wheels and a trailer hitch. Each steel drum has eight-inch holes cut in the top and bottom. When this crash cuchion trailer is properly attached to a maintenance vehicle, such as a dump truck, it provides excellent protection to the maintenance vehicle, maintenance or construction personnel, and the driver and passengers of errant vehicles. This report is an implementation package containing a description of the analysis of the vehicle-kinetic-energy problem, graphical information on varied components of the crash cushion trailer, and information of the uses of the special trailer. The description of the analysis process and the graphical details are essential to the design of the crash cushion trailer. KW - Analysis KW - Crash cushions KW - Design KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Protection KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/17115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00239016 AU - Mundy, A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1974 D*RIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1974/02 SP - p. 1-7 AB - THE ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS AND QUALIFICATIONS NEEDED TO OBTAIN DRIVER LICENSES IN THE 50 STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ARE REVIEWED. STANDARDS ESTABLISHED BY THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION FOR ALL FUNCTIONS BONTRIBUTING TO THE SAFETY OF PERSONS AND PROPERTY AS THEY RELATE TO VEHICLES AND HIGHWAYS ARE OUTLINED. DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF ASPECTS RELATING TO AGE REQUIREMENTS, DRIVER EXAMINATION, RECIPROCITY IN AGREEMENTS BETWEEN STATES, DRIVER LICENSE CONTENT AND FEES, AND THE SUSPENSION, REVOCATION AND REINSTATEMENT OF LICENSE. THE REPORT PRESENTS TABULAR INFORMATION (PROVIDED BY THE STATE DRIVER LICENSING AUTHORITIES) RELATING TO THE ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS, QUALIFICATIONS, CONTENT AND DRIVER IMPROVEMENT PROVISIONS. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Highways KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/130881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01344830 AU - Vaswani, N K AU - Virginia Highway Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement Design & Performance Study Phase B: Deflection Study. Subgrade Moisture & Temperature Variations Under Road Pavements in Virginia PY - 1974/01/11/Interim Report No. 6 SP - 26p AB - In this investigation the changes in the subgrade moisture content under five road pavements ranging in age from new to about ten years, old were determined and evaluated. The moisture content"was determined by means of a nuclear moisture depth probe. This investigation has shown that: (1) the higher compaction and dry density of the subgrade soil, the lower is the moisture content, (2) the subgrade moisture content increases sharply from the beginning to the end of construction and then the rate of increase shows; (3)there is a sharp increase in moisture content, due to precipitation, within a year or two from the date of the construction of the subgrade, after which the rate of increase in moisture decreases; and (4) after about ten years there is very little increase, in the subgrade moisture content. KW - Compaction KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear moisture gages KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Precipitation (Meteorology) KW - Soil mechanics KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37000/37065/73-R29.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1105587 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288026 TI - COMPARISON OF BIOMECHANICAL DATA FROM VARIOUS SOURCES T2 - COMPARAISON DES DONNEES BIOMECANIQUES DES DIFFERENTS MATERIAUX D'EXPERIMENTATION AB - THE LARGE VARIETY OF DATA SOURCES (ANIMALS, HUMAN VOLUNTEERS, CADAVERS, ANTHROPOMETRIC DUMMIES) LEADS TO A DISPERSION OF TEST RESULTS, WHICH DOES NOT PERMIT ANY COMPARISON OF THE LATTER OR MAXIMUM USE OF THEM. THE AIM OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO CONDUCT A BIBLIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE MEASURATIONS, CONSTANTS AND RESULTS OF SHOCK TYPICAL OF EACH EXPERIMENTAL SOURCE WITH A VIEW TO ESTABLISHING A CORRELATION BETWEEN THOSE SOURCES AND A LAW OF EXTRAPOLATION FOR MAN. KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Cadaver KW - Cadavers KW - Dummies KW - France KW - France KW - Human body KW - Research project KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049199 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01270701 TI - COMPARAISONS DES DONNEES BIOMECANIQUES DES DIFFERENTS MATERIAUX D'EXPERIMENTATION AB - LES DIFFERENTS MATERIAUX D'EXPERIMENTATION : ANIMAUX, VOLONTAIRES, CADAVRES, MANNEQUINS ENTRAINENT UNE DISPERSION DANS LES RESULTATS QUI NE PERMET NI UNE COMPARAISON, NI LEUR UTILISATION MAXIMALE. LE BUT DE CETTE FICHE-PROGRAMME EST UNE ETUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE CONCERNANT LES MENSURATIONS, LES CONSTANTES ET LES RESULTATS DE CHOC PROPRES AUX MATERIAUX, EN VUE D'ETABLIR UNE CORRELATION ENTRE EUX ET UNE LOI D'EXTRAPOLATION POUR L'HOMME. KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - Anthropometry KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Biomecanique KW - Biophysics KW - Corps humain KW - Dummies KW - Mannequin KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1031804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618843 AU - Paul, D R AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Surface Impregnation of Concrete Bridge Decks with Polymers PY - 1974/01 SP - 48p AB - Polymer-impregnated concrete has proven to be a strong and environmentally resistant material with many potential uses. One such application is to impregnate the surface of highway bridge decks to improve their durability. This paper reports on various aspects of research directed toward the objective of developing a practical and economical process for surface treating bridge decks with liquid monomers which subsequently are polymerized. This work has included (1) selection and tailoring the monomer-initiator system, (2) development of application and curing systems, and (3) evaluation of the resulting treatments by many different testing procedures. Considerable progress has been made towards increasing the durability of concrete slabs as shown by laboratory and small scale field tests and towards developing a practical method of application. Selected aspects of the fundamentals of surface treatments of highway bridge decks and details of the process and product as they have been developed to date will be presented here. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Polymers UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/MS1046.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1439997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454672 AU - Ahmed, Syed AU - Lovell, C W AU - Diamond, Sidney AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pore Sizes and Strength of a Compacted Clay : Technical Paper PY - 1974/01//Technical Paper SP - 52p AB - Pore size distributions of a compacted commercial clay were measured by mercury intrusion, following removal of the soil water by freeze drying. These distributions were related to variables of compaction water content, method of laboratory compaction, and unconfined compressive strength. In a series of laboratory investigations, pore size distributions, compaction characteristics, and undrained strength and deformation data were related to molding water content and type of laboratory compaction. The soil used was the commercially available illite clay called Grundite. Pore size distribution measurements, carried out by mercury porosimetry, require dry samples. Conventional oven drying is unsuitable, since the distribution may be modified by the shrinkage caused by evaporative drying. Removal of the water with small to negligible volume change is possible by freeze drying, and suitable equipment and techniques for this process were developed. The pore size distribution measurements were obtained, after freeze drying, for a diameter range. The results indicate a strong influence of the molding water content, but only a minor influence of the method of compacting to a given moisture-unit weight condition. Samples compacted at moisture contents less than the Proctor optimum moisture content showed brittle compressive failures at low strains, apparently due in part to the breakdown of numerous larger pores. Samples compacted wet of optimum continued to deform to high strains KW - Compacted clays KW - Compaction KW - Microstructure KW - Pore size distribution KW - Pores (Geology) KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314552 UR - http://ia600407.us.archive.org/3/items/poresizesstrengt00ahme/poresizesstrengt00ahme.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219042 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01316430 TI - ANALYSE DES PROBLEMES DE LA CIRCULATION EN FILE SUR AUTOROUTE. AB - L'OBSERVATION SUR LE TERRAIN ET L'EXPLOITATION DE LA BIBLIOGRAPHIE DEVRONT PERMETTRE, DANS UN PREMIER TEMPS, D'ELABORER DES MODELES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DE LA CIRCULATION EN FILE SUR AUTOROUTE. CES MODELES DEVRONT, DANS UN DEUXIEME TEMPS, PERMETTRE D'ECLAIRER ET D'ANALYSER LES PROBLEMES QU'ENGENDRE CE TYPE DE CIRCULATION. PAR UNE ETUDE APPROFONDIE DE L'ORIGINE ET DE LA NATURE DES PROBLEMES AINSI QUE DES CAS DE DISFONCTIONNEMENT DE LA CIRCULATION EN FILE SUR AUTOROUTE, ON CHERCHERA A DISTINGUER LES ROLES DE L'INFRASTRUCTURE ET DU CONDUCTEUR ET DE DEGAGER DES POSSIBILITES D'OPTIMISATION DES CONDITIONS DE CIRCULATION EN FILE. KW - Autoroute KW - Circulation KW - Freeways KW - Traffic KW - Traffic lanes KW - Voie de circulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1077632 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01316428 TI - COMPARAISON DES DONNEES BIOMECANIQUES DES DIFFERENTS MATERIAUX D'EXPERIMENTATION. AB - LES DIFFERENTS MATERIAUX D'EXPERIMENTATION : ANIMAUX, VOLONTAIRES, CADAVRES, MANNEQUINS ENTRAINENT UNE DISPERSION DANS LES RESULTATS QUI NE PERMET NI UNE COMPARAISON, NI LEUR UTILISATION MAXIMALE. LE BUT DE CETTE FICHE-PROGRAMME EST UNE ETUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE CONCERNANT LES MENSURATIONS, LES CONSTANTES ET LES RESULTATS DE CHOC PROPRES AUX MATERIAUX, EN VUE D'ETABLIR UNE CORRELATION ENTRE EUX ET UNE LOI D'EXTRAPOLATION POUR L'HOMME. KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - Anthropometry KW - Biomecanique KW - Biophysics KW - Corps humain KW - Dummies KW - Mannequin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1077630 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01316427 TI - MISE AU POINT D'UNE METHODOLOGIE EN VUE DE L'ETUDE DES LESIONS VISCERALES ET DE LEUR MECANISME DE PRODUCTION SOUS L'EFFET D'UNE FORTE DECELERATION SANS CHOC DIRECT CHEZ LE SINGE. AB - L'AMELIORATION DES MOYENS DE RETENTION, LE RENFORCEMENT DES STRUCTURES ET LES VITESSES CROISSANTES POUR LESQUELLES LES ACCIDENTS ONT LIEU, FAVORISENT DES LESIONS INTERNES DONT LE PROCESSUS ET LA CARACTERISATION SONT MAL CONNUS. POUR CETTE ETUDE SERA MISE AU POINT UNE EXPERIMENTATION REALISANT DES ACCELERATIONS ET DES DECELERATIONS SUSCEPTIBLES DE PRODUIRE DES DEPLACEMENTS ET DES LESIONS DES VISCERES SANS IMPACT DIRECT SUR L'ANIMAL. L'UTILISATION D'UN PROCEDE ENDOSCOPIQUE POUR L'EXAMEN VISCERAL, EN PLUS DE L'ETUDE DES PIECES ANATOMIQUES APRES MORT DE L'ANIMAL, SERA EMPLOYE DANS UN PREMIER TEMPS. UN PROCEDE PHYSIQUE DE MISE EN EVIDENCE DU DEPLACEMENT VISCERAL EST A RECHERCHER ET CONSTITUERA LA MAJEURE PARTIE DU TRAVAIL DE MISE AU POINT METHODOLOGIQUE. MALGRE LES DIFFICULTES D'EXTRAPOLATION DE L'ANIMAL A L'HOMME, CETTE ETUDE DEVRAIT DEBOUCHER SUR UNE SERIE D'ESSAIS PERMETTANT UNE MEILLEURE CONNAISSANCE DU TYPE DE RETENTION D'UN INDIVIDU DANS SON VEHICULE, LE PLUS PROPICE A EVITER DES LESIONS VISCERALES. DEUX ASPECTS METHODOLOGIQUES SERONT PARTICULIEREMENT ETUDIES : 1) LA RECHERCHE D'UNE TECHNIQUE DE MISE EN EVIDENCE DES DEPLACEMENTS DE VISCERES : RADIOLOGIE OU ULTRASONS, LES AUTRES TECHNIQUES AYANT ETE ELIMINEES AU COURS DE L'ANNEE 1973. CECI IMPLIQUE LA MISE AU POINT D'UNE TECHNIQUE OPERATOIRE EN VUE DU POSITIONNEMENT FIDELE DES REPERES INTRA-VISCERAUX (FOIE NOTAMMENT). 2) LE CONTROLE IMPERATIF DES CONDITIONS PHYSIOLOGIQUES DE L'ANIMAL, NOTAMMENT PAR L'ETUDE DE PARAMETRES ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGIQUES. KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - Blessure KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration KW - Injuries KW - Inside KW - Interne KW - Methode d'essai KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1077629 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01316426 TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR THE STUDY IN MONKEYS OF INTERNAL INJURIES AND THEIR MECHANISM CAUSED BY HIGH DECELERATION WITHOUT DIRECT SHOCK T2 - MISE AU POINT D'UNE METHODOLOGIE EN VUE DE L'ETUDE DES LESIONS VISCERALES ET DE LEUR MECANISME DE PRODUCTION SOUS L'EFFET D'UNE FORTE DECELERATION SANS CHOC DIRECT CHEZ LE SINGE AB - IMPROVEMENTS IN RESTRAINT SYSTEMS, THE STRENGTHENING OF CAR BODIES AND INCREASE IN SPEED LEAD TO AN INCREASE IN INTERNAL INJURIES THE PROCESSES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WHICH ARE NOT WELL KNOWN. EXPERIMENTS WILL BE MADE, IN WHICH ACCELERATIONS AND DECELERATIONS SUSCEPTIBLE TO PRODUCE THE DISPLACEMENT OF AND INJURIES TO INTERNAL ORGANS WITHOUT DIRECT IMPACT TO THE ANIMAL WILL BE APPLIED. AN ENDOSCOPIC METHOD WILL BE USED TO EXAMINE THE INTERNAL ORGANS TOGETHER WITH A POSTMORTEM STUDY OF VARIOUS ANATOMICAL PARTS. A PHYSICAL MEANS OF SHOWING DISPLACEMENTS OF INTERNAL ORGANS REMAINS TO BE FOUND, AND THIS WILL FORM THE MAJOR PART OF THE METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. IN SPITE OF THE DIFFICULTIES OF EXTRAPOLATING THE RESULTS FROM ANIMAL TO MAN, THIS STUDY SHOULD LEAD TO THE CONDUCT OF A SERIES OF TESTS TO IMPROVE THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE TYPES OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS MOST SUITABLE FOR THE PREVENTION OF INTERNAL INJURIES. A PARTICULAR STUDY WILL BE MADE OF: (1) A METHOD OF SHOWING THE DISPLACEMENT OF INTERNAL ORGANS: X-RAYS OR ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUES, OTHER METHODS HAVING BEEN ELIMINATED IN 1973. THIS IMPLIES THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPERATING TECHNIQUE FOR THE ACCURATE IMPLANTATION OF CONTROL DEVICES INSIDE INTERNAL ORGANS (IN PARTICULAR IN THE LIVER) (2) THE CONTROL OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ANIMAL, PARTICULARLY BY MEANS OF ELECTRO- PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS. KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Inside KW - Inside KW - Research project KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1077628 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01316425 TI - ETUDE DE L'EFFET DE DIFFERENTS PARAMETRES MECANIQUES SUR LA DYNAMIQUE DE LA TETE ET SUR L'APPARITION D'EVENTUELLES LESIONS CERVICALES ET CEPHALIQUES. AB - EN VUE D'APPROCHER SUR UN MODELE VIVANT LES MECANISMES POSSIBLES DE LESIONS CERVICALES ET CEPHALIQUES LORS D'UN CHOC, IL EST ENVISAGE DE SOUMETTRE DES BABOUINS A DE FORTES DECELERATIONS SOUS DIFFERENTES CONDITIONS DE RETENTION ET SELON DES SITUATIONS D'IMPACT VARIEES. LES SOURCES DE VARIATIONS ENVISAGEES POURRAIENT DONC ETRE : LE TYPE D'IMPACT (ANGLES D'IMPACT DIFFERENTS ET POSSIBILITES D'UN MOUVEMENT DE ROTATION LORS DU CHOC), LA POSTURE DE L'ANIMAL (ANGLE DOSSIER/SIEGE ET PLAN SAGITTAL DE LA TETE PAR RAPPORT A L'AXE ANTERO-POSTERIEUR DU TRONC), LA NATURE DE LA RETENTION (PLASTRON ET CEINTURES ASSOCIES A DES RAIDEURS DIFFERENTES DE DOSSIERS). LES VARIABLES ETUDIEES SERAIENT LES TRAJECTOIRES ET ACCELERATIONS DE LA TETE, LES ACCELERATIONS THORACIQUES, L'ETAT PHYSIOLOGIQUE. INDEPENDAMMENT DE L'INTERET FONDAMENTAL DE CETTE RECHERCHE SUR LE PLAN BIOMECANIQUE UNE MEILLEURE CONNAISSANCE DES MOYENS DE PROTECTION DE L'OCCUPANT DU VEHICULE POURRAIT EN ETRE DEDUITE. KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - Blessure KW - Brain KW - Cerveau KW - Choc KW - Dynamics KW - Dynamique KW - Essai KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Tests KW - Tete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1077627 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01316424 TI - RECONSTITUTION EXPERIMENTALE DE RESULTATS RELEVES AU COURS DES ENQUETES SUR LES ACCIDENTS (CHOCS LATERAUX ET IMPACTS BIOMECANIQUES). AB - 1 - LESIONS CREEES PAR LES CHOCS LATERAUX : CETTE ETUDE A POUR BUT DE MIEUX CONNAITRE LE MECANISME DES LESIONS CREEES PAR LES CHOCS LATERAUX AU COURS DES ACCIDENTS AUTOMOBILES, EN PARTICULIER DE SAVOIR SI LES LESIONS AU COURS DES CHOCS LATERAUX SONT ENGENDREES PAR L'ENFONCEMENT DE L'HABITACLE QUE RENCONTRE L'OCCUPANT OU PAR LE MOUVEMENT DE L'OCCUPANT QUI S'ECRASE CONTRE L'HABITACLE RESTE EN PLACE. 2 - RECHERCHE SUR LA BIOCINETIQUE DES VISCERES LORS D'IMPACTS THORACIQUES : CETTE ETUDE A ETE DICTEE PAR LA FREQUENCE ELEVEE ET LA GRAVITE DES LESIONS THORACIQUES. EN 1973, L'ETUDE A PORTE SUR 8 ESSAIS SUR CADAVRES CEINTURES ET A PERMIS DE RETROUVER DES LESIONS FREQUENTES EN ACCIDENTS REELS ET DE METTRE AU POINT LA METHODE D'UTILISATION D'UN MATERIEL EXPERIMENTAL NOUVEAU. EN 1974 : L'ETUDE SE POURSUIVRA DANS DEUX DIRECTIONS : LESIONS THORACIQUES LIEES A LA CEINTURE DE SECURITE; LESIONS THORACIQUES PROVOQUEES PAR L'IMPACT SUR DIFFERENTS TYPES DE VOLANTS ET DE COLONNES DE DIRECTION. DEUX OBJECTIFS SONT VISES : L'EXPRESSION DE LA CHARGE EXERCEE PAR LA CEINTURE OU PAR LE VOLANT SUR LE THORAX AU COURS DU CHOC - LE RALENTISSEMENT DE CET EFFORT AU NIVEAU DES MASSES LIQUIDES INCLUES DANS LE SYSTEME CARDIO-VASCULAIRE. CETTE ETUDE COMPLEXE SERA POURSUIVIE EN 1975 ET COMPLETEE PAR UNE EXPERIMENTATION ANIMALE. KW - Biomecanique KW - Biophysics KW - Blessure KW - Choc KW - Cote (bord) KW - Injuries KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Side UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1077626 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01316423 TI - MODELE DEFORMABLE DE CORPS HUMAIN. AB - ON SAIT QU'UNE DES AMBITIONS DES SERVICES D'HOMOLOGATION DES VEHICULES SERAIT DE POUVOIR DISPOSER D'UN MODELE MECANIQUE DE CORPS HUMAIN DEFORMABLE ET CASSABLE QUI PERMETTRAIT DE SITUER AVEC PLUS DE CERTITUDE LA GRAVITE DES LESIONS RECUES. LE LABORATOIRE DES CHOCS A ACQUIS DEPUIS DEUX ANS UNE CERTAINE EXPERIENCE DANS LA FRAGILISATION D'ORGANES MECANIQUES DU MANNEQUIN ANTHROPOMORPHIQUE. C'EST AINSI QUE LE THORAX EST SUSCEPTIBLE DE PRESENTER, AVEC UN DEGRE DE FIABILITE ELEVE, UNE OU PLUSIEURS FRACTURES SOUS UNE CHARGE DETERMINEE. LA MEME ETUDE EST EN COURS POUR LE CRANE. ON ESSAIERA MAINTENANT D'AMELIORER LA REPONSE DE CES ORGANES FRAGILISES EN EFFECTUANT UNE ETUDE BIOMECANIQUE DES MECANISMES DE DEFORMATION DU THORAX ET DE LA TETE A PARTIR D'ESSAIS EFFECTUES SUR CADAVRES. KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Mannequin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1077625 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01316422 TI - LA PROTECTION DES ENFANTS DE MOINS DE 7 ANS LORS D'ACCIDENTS AUTOMOBILES. AB - I - ETUDE DES MECANISMES D'APPARITION DES LESIONS CHEZ L'ENFANT LORS D'ACCIDENTS AUTOMOBILES : AFIN D'ASSURER UNE MEILLEURE PROTECTION DE L'ENFANT, IL IMPORTE DE PRECISER QUELLES SONT LES LESIONS PROVOQUEES PAR LES DISPOSITIFS DE PROTECTION QUI ONT ETE UTILISES. II - ETUDE DES MOYENS DE RETENTION UTILISES POUR LA PROTECTION DES ENFANTS LORS D'ACCIDENTS AUTOMOBILES : POUR LES ENFANTS DE MOINS DE 7 ANS, ON ETUDIERA L'EFFICACITE DE CERTAINS SYSTEMES DE RETENTION DES ENFANTS, TELS QUE LITS SIEGES ET HARNAIS AU COURS D'ESSAIS SUR BANC ET SUR PISTE. CETTE ETUDE DOIT PERMETTRE D'ENVISAGER DES CRITERES POUR LA PROTECTION DES ENFANTS. POUR LES ENFANTS DE 7 A 14 ANS, L'ANALYSE DOIT PORTER SUR LES POSSIBILITES D'UTILISATION DE SYSTEMES DE PROTECTION CLASSIQUES (CEINTURES, ETC...). KW - Accident KW - Age KW - Age KW - Blessure KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Enfant KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1077624 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310322 TI - ANALYSIS OF QUEUING PROBLEMS ON MOTORWAYS T2 - ANALYSE DES PROBLEMES DE LA CIRCULATION EN FILE SUR AUTOROUTE AB - WITH THE HELP OF IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA MODELS WILL BE DERIVED FOR QUEUES OF VEHICLES ON MOTORWAYS. AT A LATER STAGE, THESE MODELS WILL BE USED TO ANALYZE THE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THIS TYPE OF TRAFFIC. A A DETAILED STUDY OF THE CAUSES AND NATURE OF THE PROBLEMS AND OF THE BREAKDOWN IN THIS TYPE OF TRAFFIC FLOW WILL BE CONDUCTED, AND THE RESULTS WILL BE UTILIZED TO DEFINE THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND THE DRIVER AND TO FIND A POSSIBLE OPTIMIZATION OF QUEUEING CONDITIONS. KW - France KW - France KW - Freeways KW - Motorway KW - Queue KW - Queuing KW - Research project KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071504 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310320 TI - STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS MECHANICAL PARAMETERS ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE HEAD AND ON THE OCCURRENCE OF POSSIBLE INJURIES TO THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE AND THE HEAD T2 - ETUDE DE L'EFFET DE DIFFERENTS PARAMETRES MECANIQUES SUR LA DYNAMIQUE DE LA TETE ET SUR L'APPARITION D'EVENTUELLES LESIONS CERVICALES ET CEPHALIQUES AB - IN ORDER TO STUDY ON A LIVING MODEL THE MECHANISMS OF NECK AND HEAD INJURIES, IT IS INTENDED TO SUBJECT BABOONS TO HIGH DECELERATION UNDER VARIOUS RESTRAINT AND IMPACT CONDITIONS. THE VARIATIONS IN TEST CONDITIONS COULD BE: THE TYPE OF IMPACT (DIFFERENT IMPACT ANGLES AND POSSIBILITY OF ROTATION AT THE TIME OF IMPACT), THE POSTURE OF THE ANIMAL (SEAT/BACK REST ANGLE, SAGITTAL PLANE OF THE HEAD IN RELATION TO THE ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AXIS OF THE TRUNK), AND THE NATURE OF THE RESTRAINT SYSTEM (BREAST- PLATE AND BELTS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH BACKRESTS VARYING IN RIGIDITY). THE VARIABLES STUDIED WOULD BE THE TRAJECTORIES AND ACCELERATIONS OF THE HEAD, ACCELERATIONS OF THE THORAX, AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. THIS RESEARCH WOULD LEAD TO AN IMPROVED KNOWLEDGE OF METHODS OF PROTECTING CAR OCCUPANTS AS WELL AS DISCOVERIES IN BIO MECHANICS. KW - Animal KW - Animals KW - Cervical vertebrae KW - France KW - France KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Safety belt KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071502 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310319 TI - EXPERIMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF RESULTS RECORDED DURING ACCIDENT SURVEYS (LATERAL SHOCKS AND BIOMECHANICAL IMPACTS) T2 - RECONSTITUTION EXPERIMENTALE DE RESULTATS RELEVES AU COURS DES ENQUETES SUR LES ACCIDENTS (CHOCS LATERAUX ET IMPACTS BIOMECANIQUES) AB - (1) INJURIES CAUSED BY LATERAL SHOCKS: THE AIM OF THIS STUDY IS TO INCREASE THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MECHANISM OF INJURIES CAUSED BY LATERAL SHOCKS OCCURRING IN CAR ACCIDENTS AND, IN PARTICULAR, TO SEE WHETHER THE INJURIES SUSTAINED DURING LATERAL SHOCKS ARE CAUSED BY THE COLLAPSE OF THE CAR BODY ON THE OCCUPANT OR BY THE MOVEMENT OF THE OCCUPANT HITTING THE BODY, WHICH HAS REMAINED IN ITS ORIGINAL POSITION (2) RESEARCH ON THE BIOKINETICS OF INTERNAL ORGANS DURING IMPACTS ON THE THORAX: THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED FOLLOWING THE HIGH INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF INJURIES TO THE THORAX.IN 1973 EIGHT TESTS CARRIED OUT ON CADAVERS WEARING SAFETY BELTS REPRODUCED THE INJURIES FREQUENTLY FOUND IN REAL ACCIDENTS AND FACILITATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD OF USING NEW EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT. IN 1974; THE STUDY WILL BE OF: - INJURIES TO THE THORAX CAUSED BY SAFETY BELTS - INJURIES THE THORAX CAUSED BY THE IMPACT ON VARIOUS TYPES OF STEERING WHEELS AND STEERING COLUMNS. THE TWO OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ARE (1) TO EXPRESS THE LOAD APPLIED BY THE BELT OR THE STEERING WHEEL ON THE THORAX DURING THE SHOCK, AND (2) TO SLOW DOWN THIS FORCE ON THE LIQUID CONTAINED IN THE CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM. THIS COMPLEX STUDY WILL CONTINUE IN 1975 AND WILL BE COMPLETED BY EXPERIMENTS ON ANIMALS. KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - BODY KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Safety belt KW - Shock KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071501 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310318 TI - DEFORMABLE MODEL OF THE HUMAN BODY T2 - MODELE DEFORMABLE DE CORPS HUMAIN AB - ONE OF THE AIMS OF THE VEHICLE OFFICIAL APPROVAL SERVICES IS TO HAVE A DEFORMABLE, BREAKABLE MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE HUMAN BODY, WHICH WOULD ENABLE THE SEVERITY OF INJURIES SUSTAINED TO BE EVALUATED WITH GREATER ACCURACY. OVER THE LAST TWO YEARS, THE IMPACT LABORATORY HAS GAINED SOME KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITTLE PROPERTIES OF THE MECHANICAL ORGANS OF THE ANTHROPOMORPHIC DUMMY. THUS IT WAS FOUND WITH A HIGH DEGREE OF RELIABILITY THAT THE THORAX CAN SUSTAIN ONE OR SEVERAL FRACTURES UNDER A GIVEN LOAD. A SIMILAR STUDY OF THE SKULL IS BEING CONDUCTED. AN ATTEMPT WILL BE MADE TO IMPROVE THE RESPONSE OF THESE BRITTLE ORGANS BY CARRYING OUT A BIOMECHANICAL STUDY OF THE DEFORMATIONS OF THE THORAX AND THE HEAD BY MEANS OF TESTS ON CADAVERS. KW - Anthropometric dummy KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - France KW - France KW - Head KW - Head KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Thorax KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071500 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310317 TI - THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN UNDER SEVEN INVOLVED IN CAR ACCIDENTS T2 - LA PROTECTION DES ENFANTS DE MOINS DE 7 ANS LORS D'ACCIDENTS AUTOMOBILES AB - (1) TO STUDY THE MECHANISM OF INJURIES IN CHILDREN INVOLVED IN CAR ACCIDENTS. TO DEFINE THE INJURIES CAUSED BY THE PROTECTIVE DEVICES USED WITH A VIEW TO ENSURING A BETTER PROTECTION OF THE CHILD (2) TO STUDY MEANS OF RESTRAINING CHILDREN INVOLVED IN CAR ACCIDENTS. A STUDY WILL BE CONDUCTED OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOME RESTRAINT SYSTEMS FOR CHILDREN UNDER SEVEN, SUCH AS BEDS, SEATS AND HARNESSES DURING TESTS ON A TEST RIG AND ON A TEST TRACK. FOR CHILDREN BETWEEN SEVEN AND FOURTEEN, THE ANALYSIS WILL BE CENTRED ON THE POSSIBILITY OF USING STANDARD PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS(SAFETY BELTS, ETC.) KW - Child KW - Children KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Restraint system UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142883 AU - Scheffey, C F AU - Cayes, L R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL TESTS OF MODES OF FAILURE OF JOINT CI3N OF EYEBAR CHAIN, POINT PLEASANT BRIDGE INVESTIGATION SN - 2622 372 PY - 1974/01 SP - 36 p. AB - Two scale models of a portion of the eyebar chain at the Point Pleasant Bridge were assembled and load tested to study two hypothesized modes of failure of one joint. In the first test, a brittle fracture failure (induced by a notch) occurred in the eye of one of the eyebars at the joint resulting in total separation of the joint. Damage and deformation of the members at the joint resulting from this model failure were remarkably similar to those of corresponding members of the prototype collapse. In the second model an attempt was made to cause one of the eyebars at the same joint to walk off the joint pin by removing the retainer nut, canting the pin and imposing a cyclic loading regime patterned after the prototype dead load and live load variations. No movement occurred under these conditions. Only when the dead load was reduced to a nominal level was it possible to get the walking movement of the eyebar and even then the movement stopped after a limited displacement. The report concludes that the model tests indicate that the separation which occurred in the prototype bridge was initiated by brittle fracture in the eye of the eyebar at the subject joint. KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bridges KW - Deformation KW - Eyebars KW - Failure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highway bridges KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load tests KW - Model tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265050 AU - D'Appolonia, D J AU - D'Appolonia, E AU - Namy, D AU - ECI-Soletanche, Incorporated TI - PROCEEDING OF WORKSHOP ON CUT-AND-COVER TUNNELING: PRECAST AND CAST-IN-PLACE DIAPHGRAM WALLS CONSTRUCTED USING SLURRY TRENCH TECHNIQUES PY - 1974/01 SP - 194 p. AB - The workshop, conducted September 21, 1973, reviewed various aspects of the design, construction, and performance of traditional sheeting systems and examined, in detail, recently developed technology for precast and cast-in-place diaphragm walls constructed using slurry trench techniques. It included recommendations for construction management and innovative contracting concepts for reducing construction costs and time. Approximately 60 percent of the cost of a tunnel built by cut-and-cover methods is associated directly with the cost of the wall itself. The main advantages of diaphragm walls installed by the slurry trench method over conventional sheeting or soldier pile and lagging type construction are: The same wall can be used as the temporary retaining wall and the permanent structural wall, the movements associated with diaphragm wall construction and excavation inside the walls are small, diaphragm walls are watertight compared to conventional sheeting, and the construction operations are more compatible with the urban environment. /FHWA/ KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Diaphragm walls KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Retaining walls KW - Sheathing KW - Slurry trench construction KW - Slurry trenches KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335936 AU - Schilling, M G AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CULVERT OUTLET PROTECTION DESIGN: COMPUTER PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - 1974/01 SP - 253 p. AB - This computer program is capable of estimating the scour extent at culvert outlets and designing both rigid and rock riprapped stilling basins. It provides protection for the local scour problem only and not the gully scour situation. The types of erosion protection available include U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station Estimate of Scour Extent, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station Rock Riprapped Basins, Colorado State University Rock Riprapped Basins, Vertical Stilling Well, St. Anthony Falls Stilling Basin, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Type VI Basin, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Type I Basin, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Type II Basin, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Type III Basin, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Type IV Basin, and Colorado State University Smooth-Floor Flared Basin. The computer program was developed in a modular framework to facilitate the addition of new design methods that may be implemented in the future. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Culvert outlets KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Erosion control KW - Estimating KW - Scour KW - Stilling basins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145622 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION FOR THE FHWA CARPOOL MATCHING PROGRAM PY - 1974/01 SP - 22 p. AB - The full documentation for the computerized FHWA Carpool Matching Program is divided into two reports: user documentation and program documentation. This report covers the program portion of the documentation. It is intended for use by those persons who desire to learn the internal operation of the program. The FHWA program is written in American National Standard COBOL and thus should be readily transferable to environments other than the IBM 360/65 (OS) under which it has been developed and tested. KW - Automobiles KW - Carpools KW - COBOL (Computer program language) KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Coordination KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Level of service KW - Needs assessment KW - Passenger transportation KW - Services KW - Urban transportation KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189957 AU - Smith, R W AU - Rice, J M AU - Spelman, S R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT FRICTION COURSES PY - 1974/01 SP - 43 p. AB - Efforts to improve pavement skid resistance have shown the advantages of using open-graded asphalt paving mixtures. Extensive implementation of these mixtures has been hampered, however, due to some difficulties encountered during construction and some deficiencies observed in service performance. These problems are partially attributable to a number of uncertainties involved in existing design methods. A new design method has been developed which purports to satisfy the immediate needs of the highway industry. The method is a constructive blend of past experience and a new approach to the problem. The concept used is that the open-graded asphalt friction course consists predominantly of a narrowly-graded coarse aggregate fraction with a sufficiently high interstitial void capacity to provide for a relatively high asphalt content, a high air void content, and a relatively small fraction of fine mixture while the fine aggregate fraction acts as a filler and imparts a "chocking action" to stabilize the coarse aggregate. The high asphalt content provides for mixture durability and the high air void content provides for adequate subsurface water drainage. The described method is relatively new, but has been used successfully on several FHWA, R&D Demonstration Projects. It is believed that the proposed method provides technological improvements over other existing methods, and its use is recommended for immediate experimental application. /Authors/ KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Demonstration projects KW - Development KW - Fine aggregates KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263663 AU - Wagner, T W AU - Hasell, P G AU - Environmental Research Institute of Michigan TI - THE REMOTE IDENTIFICATION OF TERRAIN FEATURES AND MATERIALS AT A VIRGINIA TEST SITE: AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY OF MULTISPECTRAL SENSING TECHNIQUES PY - 1974/01 SP - 77 p. AB - This report documents the collection, processing, and analysis of multispectral remote sensor data from a 2- by 13-mile study site in Augusta County, Virginia. The objectives of this study were to develop and test, using analog processing facilities, techniques for the identification and automatic discrimination of selected terrain features and natural materials. Aircraft data were collected in up to 15 spectral bands at two times of the day during two different seasons. A ratio image-enhancement procedure and multi-object discrimination techniques were tested. Each of these techniques is described and the results illustrated. Results of this research demonstrate that level slicing (quantizing) selected ratios of two spectral bands from the visible and near-IR wavelength regions can be used to discriminate areas of surface water, bare soils, deciduaous vegetation, new crop vegetation, and roads and buildings. Natural soil drainage and soil texture information were obtained from a ratio of two thermal infrared bands. Likelihood ratio discrimination, based on representative training sets, separated the scene into nine different terrain categories-five of which included surface soil differences. Attempts to relate soil spectral differences to differences in the depth and composition and underlying geological materials were not successful. KW - Automatic equipment identification KW - Automatic identification KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Multispectral photography KW - Ratios KW - Remote sensing KW - Site investigation KW - Soil tests KW - Terrain evaluation KW - Thermal imagery KW - Thermal infrared imagery UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00210497 AU - Smith, R W AU - Spelman, S R AU - Rice, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT FRICTION COURSES PY - 1974/01 SP - 43 p. AB - EFFORTS TO IMPROVE PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE HAVE SHOWN THE ADVANTAGES OF USING OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES. EXTENSIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE MIXTURES HAS BEEN HAMPERED, HOWEVER, DUE TO SOME DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED DURING CONSTRUCTION AND SOME DEFICIENCIES OBSERVED IN SERVICE PERFORMANCE. THESE PROBLEMS ARE PARTIALLY ATTRIBUTABLE TO A NUMBER OF UNCERTAINTIES INVOLVED IN EXISTING DESIGN METHODS. A NEW DESIGN METHOD HAS BEEN DEVELOPED WHICH PURPORTS TO SATISFY THE IMMEDIATE NEEDS OF THE HIGHWAY INDUSTRY. THE METHOD IS A CONSTRUCTIVE BLEND OF PAST EXPERIENCE AND A NEW APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM. THE CONCEPT USED IS THAT THE OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT FRICTION COURSE CONSISTS PREDOMINANTLY OF A NARROWLY-GRADED COARSE AGGREGATE FRACTION WITH A SUFFICIENTLY HIGH INTERSTITIAL VOID CAPACITY TO PROVIDE FOR A RELATIVELY HIGH ASPHALT CONTENT, A HIGH AIR VOID CONTENT, AND A RELATIVELY SMALL FRACTION OF FINE AGGREGATE. THE COARSE AGGREGATE FRACTION PROVIDES THE COMPOSITE MIXTURE WHILE THE FINE AGGREGATE FRACTION ACTS AS A FILLER AND IMPARTS A "CHOCKING ACTION" TO STABILIZE THE COARSE AGGREGATE. THE HIGH ASPHALT CONTENT PROVIDES FOR MIXTURE DURABILITY AND THE HIGH AIR VOID CONTENT PROVIDES FOR ADEQUATE SUBSURFACE WATER DRAINAGE. THE DESCRIBED METHOD IS RELATIVELY NEW, BUT HAS BEEN USED SUCCESSFULLY ON SEVERAL FHWA, R&D DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE PROPOSED METHOD PROVIDES TECHNOLOGICAL IMPROVEMENTS OVER OTHER EXISTING METHODS, AND ITS USE IS RECOMMENDED FOR IMMEDIATE EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION. /FHWA/ KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Fine aggregates KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133973 AU - Kashuba, E N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY PLANNING TECHNICAL REPORT TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYZING PROXIMITY TO HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1974/01 IS - 35 SP - 38 p. AB - The procedures and computer program presented in this report provide a method for analyzing the proximity of various land activities to highway systems. Utilizing a coded highway network, this program allows the user to determine the minimum time or distance from every zone centroid to a specified highway system. Each centroid is then sorted by its associated impedance from lowest to highest. Additional data, such as population or economic data, may then be merged with its respective coordinate. Finally summary tables are printed out in a user specified format. The program has considerable flexibility in allowing the user to designate almost any type of system, or type of data he cares to specify. This report contains samples of possible applications of the program. Additionally, complete documentation of program operation and a sample card deck setup is provided. KW - Classification KW - Computer programs KW - Highway classification KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Land KW - Land classifications KW - Networks KW - Proximity KW - Road networks KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00216007 AU - Berman, H A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON THE CORROSION OF CONCRETE REINFORCING STEEL AND ON THE PH OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION PY - 1974/01 SP - 24 p. AB - THE ELECTRICAL HALF-CELL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT IS A VALID TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING THE EXISTENCE OF CORROSION IN THE STEEL REINFORCEMENT OF CHLORIDE-CONTAINING CONCRETE. THE VOLTAGE WHICH IT MEASURES IS NOT DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE. THE ONLY EFFECT OF THE SALT ON THE VOLTAGE IS AN INDIRECT ONE, CAUSED BY THE TENDENCY OF SODIUM CHLORIDE TO INITIATE THE CORROSION PROCESS IN STEEL. CORROSION IN SATURATED CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION EXPOSED TO AIR OCCURED AT A SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION AS LOW AS 0.03 M. THIS THRESHOLD CONCENTRATION WAS RAISED TO 1.0 M WHEN OXYGEN WAS EXCLUDED. TO DETERMINE WHETHER PH CHANGE MIGHT CONTRIBUTE TO THE CAUSE OF CORROSION, MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE IN A CARBON DIOXIDE-FREE ATMOSPHERE ON THE CHANGE IN PH PRODUCED BY THE ADDITION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE TO SATURATED CALCIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION. THE PH OF SATURATED CALCIUM HYDROXIDE DECREASED WITH INCREASING NAC1 CONCENTRATION UP TO 2.4 M NAC1, THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATION STUDIED, AND INCREASED WITH DECREASING NAC1 CONCENTRATION. SMALL ADDITIONS OF NAC1 TO CHLORIDE-FREE SATURATED CALCIUM HYDROXIDE UP TO A CONCENTRATION OF 0.008 M ACTUALLY PRODUCED AN INCREASE IN PH. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT PH REDUCTION MAY BE A CONTRIBUTIN FACTOR IN STEEL CARROSION IN CONCRETE, BUT DO NOT CONCLUSIVELY PROVE THAT IT IS. NEVERTHELESS, THEY SUGGEST THE DESIRABILITY OF INVESTIGATING THE ADDITION OF ALKALINE MATERIALS TO CONCRETE AS MEANS OF RESTORING A SUITABLE PH AND THEREBY PREVENTING STEEL CORROSION. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion KW - pH value KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Resistivity method KW - Salts KW - Sodium chloride UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/105959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265064 AU - Tseng, W AU - Penzien, J AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING BRIDGE DESIGN METHODOLOGY IN PROVIDING ADEQUATE STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE TO SEISMIC DISTURBANCES. PHASE II: ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF LONG MULTIPLE-SPAN HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1974/01 SP - 329 p. AB - This report is the second in a series to result from the investigation, "An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Existing Bridge Design Methodology in Providing Adequate Structural Resistance to Seismic Disturbances", sponsored by nonlinear analytical procedures are described for Administration. Descriptions are given to the analytical investigations of the seismic response of long, multiple-span, highway bridge structures of the type which suffered heavy damages during the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971. Linear and nonlinear mathematical modeling of this type of bridge structural system is presented. A three-dimensional elasto-plastic flexural column model suitable for modeling the coupled inelastic behavior of reinforced concrete bridge columns is described in detail. A nonlinear mathematical model for simulating the nonlinear discontinuous behavior of bridge expansion joints is also presented. Then, appropriate linear and determining the seismic response of this type of bridge structure. Nonlinear seismic responses are presented for three prototype long, multiple-span, reinforced concrete highway overcrossing structures. Parameter studies carried out on these bridges are described, and the analytical results are presented, discussed, and correlated with the apparent prototype behavior observed during the San Fernando earthquake. Finally, based on the analytical seismic responses presented, general conclusions and recommendations related to the fundamental seismic design methodology of long, multiple-span highway bridges are deduced and summarized. This report is the second in a series. The others in the series are: Phase No.: I, FHWA No.: 73-13, Short Title: Literature Survey, NTIS (PB) No. (if available): (not yet available). /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Expansion joints KW - Highway bridges KW - Inelastic action KW - Inelastic stress KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00097440 AU - Marsh, W C AU - Hubert, D M AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - THE PREDICTION OF DRIVING RECORD FOLLOWING DRIVER IMPROVEMENT CONTACTS PY - 1974/01 SP - 144 p. AB - The post-contact driving records of 13,594 male negligent operators (NOs) were predicted using three data sources: prior driving record, NOs' questionnaire responses, and interview information supplied by Driver Improvement Analysts (DIDs). NOs attending group meetings and individual hearings filled out two questionnaires -- one which elicited factual data and another which requested NOs to report their feelings. After each hearing, DIA made a prediction about NO's probability of improvement and completed a questionnaire. Equations predicting post-contact accidents and convictions were constructed based on stepwise, multiple regression analyses using half of the sample. Of the accident prediction equations, only the one based solely on prior driver record variables successfully cross-validated. Equations using variables from all three data sources predicted convictions in the cross-validation sample, and two out of the three conviction equations also predicted cross-validation accidents. No significant improvement in accuracy of prediction was made by "tailoring" equations to different contact groups in the construct sample. DIAs, in general, could not predict accidents although there was slight evidence that a few DIAs could. In contrast, most DIAs were able to predict convictions to a limited degree. The results concerning DIA prediction were not cross-validated. Pertinent research from clinical psychology and driver behavior disciplines was reviewed. /FHWA/ KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver records KW - Driver training KW - Forecasting KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00095740 AU - Jackson, C A AU - Feldt, G V AU - Technology, Incorporated AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - MECHANICAL STRAIN RECORDER ON A CONNECTICUT BRIDGE PY - 1974/01 SP - 187 p. AB - Mechanical strain recorders were installed on a Connecticut highway bridge. Evaluation of the first eight weeks of test results indicate that the recorders experienced some operational problems. An adequate comparison of strain range data was obtained between the mechanical and electrical strain systems; however, the repeatability of the mechanical strain recorders in recording the smaller strain ranges was not demonstrated satisfactorily. The ability of the mechanical strain recorders to record the higher strains of interest should be evaluated during Test Phase III. /FHWA/ KW - Bridges KW - Evaluation KW - Machinery KW - Mechanical equipment KW - Recorders KW - Recording instruments KW - Reproducibility KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain gages KW - Strains KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/32086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265180 AU - Marshall, B P AU - Kennedy, T P AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - TENSILE AND ELASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS PY - 1974/01 SP - 74 p. AB - This report describes the results of an investigation of the tensile and elastic properties of highway pavement materials. Cores of four types of materials obtained from recently constructed highway pavements were obtained and tested. Experimental estimates of the tensile and elastic properties (tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and Poisson's ratio) of these materials were made using the indirect tensile test. In addition, the variation in the tensile and elastic properties which can be expected along the design length of a roadway was estimated. /FHWA/ KW - Highway pavement KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Materials KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavements KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00265047 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Lytton, R L AU - Epps, J A AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS RELEVANT TO PAVEMENT CRACKING IN WEST TEXAS PY - 1974/01 SP - 92 p. AB - Environmental variables important in pavement cracking studies are catalogued for west Texas. This portion of the state is shown to receive the most severe environmental changes. Results from other studies, mainly in Canada, are interpreted in terms of the information gathered for west Texas. These data indicate that pavement deterioration in west Texas is more likely the result of thermal fatigue than low temperature cracking. Environmental influence in previously is discussed. Moisture redistribution is related to the Thornthwaite Moisture Index. This index predicts moisture-suction levels in the subgrade which may dry out the base course causing shrinkage cracking. A regression analysis verified the applicability of these indices to west Texas. /FHWA/ KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Environmental impacts KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Soil suction KW - Thermal fracture KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264012 AU - Epperson, W V AU - Harano, R M AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AN EVALUATION OF SOME ADDITIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WARNING LETTERS PY - 1974/01 AB - The primary objectives of the study were to determine the effectiveness of two types of warning letters and an information pamphlet in reducing the subsequent collision and conviction records of pre-negligent drivers. An additional study objective was to determine the effectiveness of a follow-up reinforcement letter sent to collision and conviction free drivers. The results six months subsequent to treatment showed no significant treatment effects on convictions, but a positive pamphlet effect on collisions. The follow-up reinforcement analysis for collision and conviction free drivers showed no significant treatment effects on collisions. On convictions, however, there was a main effect attributable to type of warning letter as well as an interaction between type of warning letter, pamphlet condition, and follow-up reinforcement. No treatment conditions were significantly influenced by subject characteristics. KW - Convictions KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Follow up investigation KW - Human characteristics KW - Negligence KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic conviction KW - Warning letters KW - Warnings (Police operations) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264008 AU - Graves, R A AU - Bowling, R E AU - Georgia Department of Transportation TI - HIGHWAY LITTER IN GEORGIA PY - 1974/01 SP - 92 p. AB - An analysis of highway litter in Georgia was made to determine the volume and composition along Georgia's highways and how it is affected by the factors of A.A.D.T., geographic region, functional highway classification, and season of the year. The volume and composition of highway litter in the vicinity of recreation areas and high traffic generators was also studies. A questionnaire was developed and sent to other states for studying successful litter collection and prevention programs. Using regression analysis, predictive equations were developed for each field division of the state and season of the year for correlating A.A.D.T. with litter volume and pieces of litter. KW - Classification KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Litter KW - Prevention KW - Regions KW - Regression analysis KW - Seasons KW - Volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/136274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00264011 AU - Harano, R M AU - Hubert, D E AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AN EVALUATION OF CALIFORNIA'S "GOOD DRIVER" INCENTIVE PROGRAM PY - 1974/01 AB - Drivers who were free of collisions and convictions over a one year prior period were sent a letter notifying them of a 12 month license extension issued as a "reward" for this accomplishment. They were also told that at the end of the following year should their records again be clean, they would be recontacted and given a second extension. The results of this Reward Program indicated no reliable influence on subsequent traffic convictions and various detrimental effects on subsequent collisions compared to uncontacted controls. Drivers having one or more prior entries were involved in an incentive program. These drivers were sent a letter describing their eligibility for a 12 month license extension which would be granted provided their records remained free of collisions and convictions over the subsequent year. The results of this Incentive Program indicated no significant effects on subsequent convictions, but various beneficial effects on subsequent collisions compared to controls. KW - Convictions KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Extension KW - Good drivers KW - Incentives KW - Low risk drivers KW - Prevention KW - Rewards KW - Safety KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/138398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263552 AU - Missouri State Highway Commission TI - MOISTURE, DENSITY AND SLOPE REQUIREMENTS IN HIGH FILLS PY - 1974/01 SP - 38 p. AB - Eight soils commonly used in highway construction in Missouri were selected for study based on diversity in geologic origin, areal distribution and range in physical characteristics. Physical indices, consolidation and shear strength characteristics were determined. Theoretical pore pressures possible in field conditions were calculated based upon procedures outlined by Hilf. Effective stress stability analyses were performed to relate molding moisutre at constant compactive effort to height of fill, angle of slope and factor of safety. In all cases, saturated strengths were assumed as a limiting condition. Potential settlements were related to molding moistures at constant compactive effort for various heights of fill. Limited investigation was made of the effects of variable compactive efforts. Results of the study are believed to be in reasonable agreement with limited data available from case studies. /FHWA/ KW - Consolidation KW - Density KW - Fills KW - Ground settlement KW - Height KW - Pore pressure KW - Properties of materials KW - Safety factors KW - Shear strength KW - Slopes KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Stresses UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP71-9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262569 AU - Goble, G G AU - Moses, F AU - Pava, A AU - Case Western Reserve University TI - FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND LABORATORY TESTING OF BRIDGE COMPONENTS PY - 1974/01 SP - 126 p. AB - There has recently been major impetus for recording strain histories on highway bridge elements. The reasons include fatigue code modifications, introduction of more fatigue sensitive steel alloys and bridge details, rapid growth in truck weights and volumes and instances of bridge fatigue cracks. This study has been designed to improve the state-of-the-art in bridge measurement systems by expanding both the quantity and the type of information recorded in a bridge study. For each truck crossing, the measurement system developed herein records truck type, headway, lane and velocity. Button boxes are used by field personnel to place the information on analog tape for automatic computer processing. Ten bridges were studied for periods of 12-24 hours each. For each bridge, the report contains histograms of bridge stress ranges at 8 gages and a histogram of truck headways. Data on one bridge in conjunction with a nearby weighting station shows it is feasible to use the bridge measurement system to directly weight trucks in motion and automatically record and process data on gross truck weight, axle length and tandem axle loads. The stress ranges recorded for all bridges studied indicate a wide margin against fatigue failure based on laboratory tests. Data from the project is being used to formulate a more rational fatigue bridge loading model. No laboratory testing was performed during this phase of the project. KW - Axle loads KW - Base exchange KW - Bridges KW - Clay KW - Data collection KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Ions KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Soil chemistry KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00262680 AU - Gulden, W AU - Georgia Department of Transportation TI - INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSES OF PAVEMENT FAULTING ON THE GEORGIA INTERSTATE SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT NO. 2: PAVEMENT FAULTING STUDY PY - 1974/01 SP - 80 p. AB - A study is being conducted by the Georgia Department of Transportation to determine the extend and causes of pavement faulting occurring on the State's Interstate System. This interim report describes the results of some of the investigations being conducted in connection with this study. Slab sections were removed at eight locations to determine the condition of the base and shoulder adjacent to the pavement. Tracer sands were placed several months prior to removal and the movements of the particles was also examined and documented. Observations were also made with regard to maintenance efforts to reduce faulting in severely affected areas. Possible design changes which could reduce the faulting rate are discussed in this report and some performance data is presented on experimental sections which incorporated some of the design changes. It is concluded in the report that the faulting of joints in Georgia is the result of erosional effects produced by the combination of free water and repeated passage of heavy axle loads. It was also concluded that a general loss of material from the top of the base and the shoulder was occurring through the shoulder joint and to a lesser extent through the contraction joint. /FHWA/ KW - Base KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Defects KW - Drainage KW - Erosion KW - Faulting KW - Loads KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263046 AU - Felrice, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINANCING FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAYS PY - 1974/01 IS - 34 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper which describes the procedures involved in the financial operations of the Federal-aid highway program, traces the flow of authority from authorizing legislation through reimbursement. The empowerment to conduct a Federal-aid highway program comes from the authorization acts (highway acts). Apart from the basic substantive legislative pronouncements, they also contain authorizations, the sums which are to be used for administering and conducting the highway program. Administrative funds are deducted from the authorizations prior to apportionment. The deduction mormally comprises about 2 percent of the total authorizations. sums apportioned are available for obligation immediately upon apportionment and remain available until 2 years after the end of the fiscal year. After the period of availability ends, unobligated sums (except for Interstate Systems) lapse. Interstate funds are reapportioned among other states. The only constraint on availability is that the limitation on obligations imposed by the Office of Management and Budget must not have been exceeded. This limitation is a ceiling on the amount of obligations that can be incurred in a fiscal year. It has no relation to any fiscal year authorization but only to amounts obligated within a particular fiscal year. Such amounts may be composed of 3 or 4 fiscal year authorizations because of the length of time the apportionments are available and became of the differing rates of obligation by the state. Reimbursement is permitted through an apportionment act with the liquidating cash coming from the Highway Trust fund. KW - Administration KW - Authority KW - Costs KW - Districts and authorities KW - Federal aid highways KW - Financing KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway administration KW - Highway operations KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Methodology KW - Reimbursable costs KW - Responsibilities KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261664 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CARPOOLING CASE STUDIES: COMPUTERIZED CARPOOL MATCHING AT FHWA HEADQUARTERS AND BALTIMORE FEDERAL EXECUTIVE BOARD CARPOOLING PILOT PROJECT PY - 1974/01 SP - 31 p. AB - This paper describes the administration of carpools for the Federal Highway Administration inWashington and the Baltimore Federal executive Board carpooling pilot project and how they began. It includes the letters that went out to inform the employees about carpools the questionnaires about mode of transportation to work, place of residence, willingness to participate in a carpool and maps. KW - Administration KW - Buspools KW - Carpools KW - Energy KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Programs KW - Questionnaires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261662 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL FOR EVALUATING PRIORITY OPERATIONS ON FREEWAYS: A SUMMARY PY - 1974/01 SP - 25 p. AB - This paper describes the PRIFRE model. It is a lane priority model developed to evaluate one way priority lane operations, to calculate total travel time and compare regular freeway and priority lane operation times, to calculate and compare total vehicle-miles accumulated under normal and priority operation, to calculate and compare a variety of accompancy shifts, number of priority lanes, modal splits and growth periods. The model can be used for evaluating priority lane operations, reversible lane operation and for planning urban freeway systems. KW - Bus priority KW - Carpools KW - Computers KW - Energy KW - Mathematical models KW - Modal split KW - Models KW - Occupancy KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263038 AU - Nece, R E AU - Northeast Corridor TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF BRIDGE PIER RIPRAP PRACTICE IN WASHINGTON STATE PY - 1974/01 SP - 85 p. AB - A field study at seven bridge sites was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the current method of riprap protection of bridge piers used in Washington State. The method consists of using protective riprap as a streambed--level scour arrester, with the riprap being dumped into place in an excavation surrounding the pier and with the top of the riprap stone being placed at streambed level. Three solid wall and four single circular cylindrical shaft piers were studied. Field methods are described, and correlation with hydraulic data are included where possible. Generally the method seems to have worked well, as little loss or subsidence of riprap was noted; however, some of the bridges are fairly new and have not yet been subjected to major floods. On the basis of field observations, a modification is suggested for minimizing possibilities of scour concentrations between piers. Suggestions are included for routine inspection and maintenance of bridge piers and foundations in streams, and for more early attention to hydraulic considerations in pier location. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge piers KW - Field studies KW - Hydraulics KW - Protection KW - Riprap KW - Scour UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00261829 AU - Lucas, MSP AU - Kansas State University, Manhattan TI - THICK FILM SENSORS FOR MOISTURE MEASUREMENT IN HIGHWAY MATERIALS PY - 1974/01 SP - 26 p. AB - The design, development, fabrication, packaging and operating characteristics of two thick film moisture sensors intended for permanent installation in highway, substructures are described. These sensors can be attached to wire leads or connected to special, buried micropower radio transmitters. The first type of sensor is a glass insulated, coplanar, interdigitated thick film capacitor with line widths and spacings of 7 mils. The operation of this sensor depends upon the fact that the dielectric constant of water is about 80 while that of a normal, completely dry soil is about 2.6; the presence of water in the soil causes a change in the effective dielectric constant which can be measured by the capacitor and calibrated in terms of water content by weight. A second type of sensor makes use of the observation that the thermal conductivity of a soil depends upon moisture content. This sensor consists of a thick film heater and thermistor fabricated on opposite sides of an alumina substrate. If a fixed power input is applied to the heater, the temperature of the sensor increases to a steady state value which depends upon the thermal conductivity of the surrounding medium. This temperature increase can then be calibrated in terms of the soil moisture content. /FHWA/ KW - Calibration KW - Capacitors KW - Dielectric properties KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Moisture content KW - Radio transmission KW - Substructures KW - Thermal conductivity KW - Thickness KW - Transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/134976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00260315 AU - Stratfull, R F AU - Spellman, D L AU - Halterman, J A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - FURTHER EVALUATION OF DEICING CHEMICALS SN - 44B1063 PY - 1974/01 SP - 35 p. AB - Severe corrosion of reinforcing steel and concrete deterioration in reinforced concrete bridge decks caused by salt applied to the decks to control ice and snow has prompted a search for a noncorrosive deicing chemical suitable for maintenance use. Seventeen candidate chemicals have been evaluated. Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP) exhibited good frost preventing properties and two years of limited field testing on bridge decks is reported. A skidding car method of coefficient of friction is presented. The test results of sodium formate used as a deicer and its detrimental effect on concrete is evaluated. /NTIS/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Salts KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Snow and ice control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/129694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00263004 AU - Kewish, R W AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - EVALUATION OF INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR LATEX PAINTS PY - 1974/01 IS - 1 SP - 29 p. AB - A search for better latex paints is being made. Exposure tests of twenty latex paints on concrete and wood are in progress. With the development of X-ray techniques for the measurement by diffraction or fluorescence of the thickness of thin films of material, there is the possibility that thin films of paints may be the basis for accelerated outdoor-exposure durability tests. This is being investigated. A rapid disappearance of calcium carbonate and of zinc oxide from such thin films of paint has been demonstrated. Results indicate that zinc is still present but evidently in another form. KW - Concrete KW - Crash exposure KW - Diffraction KW - Exposure KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Latex KW - Paint KW - Testing KW - Thickness KW - Wood KW - X ray fluorescence KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/135662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00211887 AU - Smith, R W AU - Rice, J M AU - Spelman, S R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF OPEN GRADED ASPHALT FRICTION COURSES PY - 1974/01 SP - 43 p. AB - THIS NEW DESIGN TECHNIQUE IS OFFERED AS A LOGICAL APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF OPEN-GRADED ASPHALT FRICTION OVERLAYS. THE CONCEPT USED IS THAT THE OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSE CONSISTS PREDOMINANTLY OF A NARROWLY-GRADED COARSE AGGREGATE FRACTION WITH A SUFFICIENTLY HIGH INTERSITIAL VOID CAPACITY TO PROVIDE FOR A RELATIVELY HIGH ASPHALT CONTENT, A HIGH AIR VOID CONTENT, AND A RELATIVELY SMALL FRACTION OF FINE AGGREGATE. THE COARSE AGGREGATE FRACTION PROVIDES THE STRUCTURE OF THE COMPOSITE MIXTURE WHILE THE FINE AGGREGATE FRACTION ACTS AS A FILLER AND IMPARTS A "CHOCKING ACTION" TO STABILIZE THE COARSE AGGREGATE. THE HIGH ASPHALT CONTENT PROVIDES FOR MIXTURE DURABILITY AND THE HIGH AIR VOID CONTENT PROVIDES FOR ADEQUATE SUBSURFACE WATER DRAINAGE. THE OVERALL SIMPLICITY OF THE METHODOLOGY AND THE LOW CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN REQUIRED LABORATORY EQUIPMENT CONTRIBUTES TO ITS SUITABILITY FOR ACCEPTANCE ON A NATIONAL LEVEL. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt content KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fine aggregates KW - Friction KW - Graded coarse aggregate KW - Graded fine aggregate KW - Interstitial pressure KW - Methodology KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Subsurface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/94578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514126 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95 reconstruction, Middleton to Newburyport : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514125 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-2, US-71 to Taylor County line, Page County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514124 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90, Asahel Curtis Interchange to Snoqualmie Summit, King County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514123 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30, Pacific St upgrading, improvement, Taft St to Erie St, Lexington : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514122 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40 construction, SR-39 and US-66 improvements, Quay County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514121 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - 12th Ave North, Fargo : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514120 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-62 and SH-80A, Fort Gibson : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514119 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Coos Bay-Roseburg Hwy, Winston-Shady Interchange section, Douglas County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514118 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-81 reconstruction, Madison north and south : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514117 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-14 construction over Cameron Pass : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514116 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 25 realignment, reconstruction, Aldrich Lane vicinity, Laurel : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514115 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-76 relocation, Holmes County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514113 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-20, South Bend bypass, SR-331 to Elkhart County line, St.Joseph County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514112 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 725 completion, St.Louis County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F; Adequate housing for displaced residents B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514111 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-8, Spring Creek Drive, Lincoln/Oneida counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514110 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - M-21 from M-24 to Wadhams, Lapeer/St.Clair counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514109 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - LA-15, Chase-Winnsboro Hwy, Franklin Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514108 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Northwest bypass road construction connecting Route 116 at Hadley-Amherst town line to Route 9 at East St in Amherst : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514107 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Central Ave/26th St/Westview Drive/29th St improvement, Wyandotte County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514106 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-14A, Big Horn County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514105 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90, St.Regis east and west, Mineral County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514104 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-39, Sterling Road to Springfield, Bingham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514103 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-7 relocation, Belmont/Jefferson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514102 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Bryan Drive Bypass, Horry/Georgetown counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513251 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-35 freeway construction and relocation, Gallia County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513250 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-83 west bypass (proposed), Minot : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513249 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-41 (SR-90) Tamiami Trail improvements, SR-826 (Palmetto Expressway) to US-1, Dade County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513248 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 500 construction, Center : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513247 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-81 reconstruction, Grant/Lafayette counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513246 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30 replacement, Lava to Lund to Alexander to Bancroft, Bannock County / Caribou County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513245 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-13, Third St bridge replacement, Wilmington : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513244 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95 extension, Caton Ave to Russell St, Baltimore : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513243 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-44 improvement, realignment, Sandoval County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513242 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-6126, Dickerson Road to Jackson Road, Davidson/Sumner counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513241 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - County Hwy 6 (Mississippi St) reconstruction, Fridley : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513240 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Oxnard and San Buenaventura transportation facilities improvements, Ventura County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513239 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - 71st St and Metcalf Ave intersection improvement, Overland Park : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513238 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-41A improvement, Madisonville to Earlington, Hopkins County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513237 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-380 and 70, 2nd St from Sunset Ave to AT&SF Railroad, Roswell : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513236 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-300, Gregg County line northwest to US-271, Gilmer : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513235 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-142 (IL-97) widening, resurfacing, Menard/Sangamon counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513234 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90 Sloway east and west, I-90 Superior west and F-254(10) Superior-La Vista : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513233 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-9 widening, relocation, Horry County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513232 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - K-96 proposed new location improvement to freeway standards, Wichita : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512327 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 65 interchange, Benton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512326 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 100, Lamoille County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512325 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - North Freeway, Hamilton St to Lake St, Omaha : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512324 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95, center leg of the Inner Loop Freeway : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512323 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Anchorage-Fairbanks Hwy Denali Rest Area, Matanuska-Susitna Borough : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512322 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-408 and FAP-413, Morgan County / Scott County / Pike County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512321 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-407 supplemental freeway construction, Adams County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512320 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-471, Thompson Falls-west, Sanders County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512319 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-56 improvements from Live Oak St to Woodridge St and SH-35 construction from Live Oak St to Calhoun St, Houston : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512318 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30 construction, Kearney east, Buffalo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512317 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-1385(2) 4-lane collector route, Cobb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512316 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-31 bridge replacement, reconstruction, Berrien County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512315 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - East Blvd extension, Pontiac : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512314 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-55-155 relocation, Taylorsville to Fisherville : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512313 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1033, section A02 (US-322-22) widening, Macedonia to Lewistown : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512311 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-35 from I-440 to US-66, Oklahoma City to Edmond : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511419 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-80/Macombs Dam Interchange, Reconstruction : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511418 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-295, Belt Loop construction around Jacksonville, Duval County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511417 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-641, Murray-Benton Road relocation, Calloway/Marshall counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511416 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Outer belt freeway (proposed), US-76/378 bypass east and west, Sumter : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511415 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Indian River bridge construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511414 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-S-1095, Olive-Sample St interchange construction, South Bend : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511413 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-220, Guilford/Randolph counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511412 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-71 improvement, Colorado County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511411 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Lee County Route 53 (Wire Road) location approval, Auburn : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511410 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-14 realignment, widening, US-66 to SR-44, Bernalillo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511409 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Southeast Blvd widening, 29th Ave to 14th Ave, Spokane : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511408 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-199 development, Carter County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511407 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-110 to Auburn University Road location approval, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511406 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-2000-2180, Lane St proposed widening, I-85 to Cannon Blvd, Kannapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511405 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-521 widening, Lancaster County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511404 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - 13th St SE extension improvements, Mission St SE-Bellevue St SE section, Salem : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511403 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-57, Milwaukee to Green Bay, Ozaukee/Sheboygan/Manitowoc/Brown counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511402 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Beaufort River crossing (proposed), Beaufort : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511401 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 363 interchange construction, Temple : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511400 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-59 and 96 improvements, Shelby County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511399 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Elmira north-south arterial construction, Chemung County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final[1992] KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511398 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-3 improvements and bridge, Benewah County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511397 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-105 (Hecksher Driver) upgrade, Jacksonville : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511396 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route-61, Doolittle Drive widening, Davis St to Hegenberger Road, Alameda County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511395 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - N-15 and US-6 between Dorchester and Milford : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511394 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Freeway 561, I-80 to US-30, Scott County / Clinton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511393 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Freeway 520 construction, Delaware County / Dubuque County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511389 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-34, Kaufman County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510519 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-616, bridge over Licking River at Visalia, Kenton/Campbell counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510518 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-59, Morris bypass improvement, Stevens County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510516 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-19, Nogales-Tucson Hwy, Santa Cruz County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510515 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-281 proposed hwy, Hidalgo County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510514 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-278 (FAS-2210) reconstruction, conversion, I-65 to Main St, Cullman County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510513 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Monroe Blvd extension, Ogden : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510512 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Avery Drive upgrading, SH-51/SH-97 intersection to Arkansas River bridge, Tulsa-Sand Springs : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510511 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-330 Expressway upgrading, Jasper County / Story County / Marshall County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Finding of no significant impact for improvement of Iowa 330 B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510510 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - County Road 17 interchange, Pelham to Cahaba River, Shelby County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final, FDsup KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510509 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-10 improvement, Otter Tail County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510508 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1015 construction, Traffic Route 119, Uniontown vicinity to West Virginia state line : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510506 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-95, Esmeralda/Nye counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510505 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-15 alternative routes, Butte-Boulder : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Final supplemental 4(f) evaluation (1980) Fsup KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510504 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - IL-28 and I-71 bridge replacement, Ottawa : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510503 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1053, LR-513, Philipsburg corridor study, Centre/Clearfield counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510502 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Gibson Blvd improvement, Yale Blvd to Carlisle Blvd, Albuquerque : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510501 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-43/9/39 relocation, Carrollton, Carroll County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510500 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-20 construction, Montclair Road to Old Leeds Road, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510499 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-71, Blountstown Hwy construction from I-10 to US-90, Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510498 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-45, 143rd St to 179th St, Cook County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510497 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-101, Green Timber Road : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510496 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-43 improvements, Calvert to Sunflower, Mobile County / Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510495 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-53 and USH-8, Barron/Chippewa counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510494 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SD-34, Lake/Moody counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510493 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-45 improvement, Graves/McCracken counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510492 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-151 construction, Dane/Columbia/Dodge counties and STH-73 construction, Dodge County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510491 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Air quality guidelines for implementing section 109(j) : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510489 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-440, Oklahoma City : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510487 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-580 and SR-238 widening, Livermore-Amador Valley, Alameda County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final; Summary of air quality findings B1; Air quality impact report, 2nd sup (1974) B2 KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510486 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Gallagher-Hess one-way st and Hess Ave reconstruction, Saginaw : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510485 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Range Line Road new hwy, AL-163 to Island Road, Mobile County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510484 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-288, Bellfort to Elgin : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510483 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-80N, Caldwell Interstate, Northwest Connector, Canyon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510482 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-18 and US-151, Dodgeville to Mt.Horeb, Iowa/Dane counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510481 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-71 expressway construction, US-20 to IA-3, Sac County / Buena Vista County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510480 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-75, Cherokee Expressway, Tulsa : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510479 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-119, Appalachian Corridor F, Letcher County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510478 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 71 relocation, Maryville, Nodaway County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509595 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-74,76,17 proposed reconstruction, Alligator Creek to Belville : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509593 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-6/IL-47 reconstruction, Grundy County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509592 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-81 bridge construction, Haysville to Wicheta, Sedgwick County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509591 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Chena Hot Springs Road reconstruction, Mile 21 to Mile 55, Interior District : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509590 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-86 reconstruction in Vernon, Tolland and Willington : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509589 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - CA-99 conversion, Stanislaus County, Modesto : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509588 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Ruthby Road, Penn Central and B&O RR grade separations (Maintenance #352), New Castle County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509587 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-10 (I-10 tunnel to Mobile Bay), US-31/US-90 (Tensaw River Bridge to Battleship Parkway), Mobile County / Baldwin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509586 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Abbott Drive, Ave G at Iowa state line to Browne St/19th St east intersection, Omaha : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509585 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1052, section 1, Cross Valley Expressway, Luzerne County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509584 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Sawmill Creek Road improvement, Sitka to Pulp Mill : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509583 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-64, Rocky Mountain bypass, Nash/Edgecombe counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft,Frev KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509582 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-93, Littleton, NH to Waterford, VT : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509581 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Main St bridge construction, Chippewa Falls : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509580 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-70, Capitol Ave grade separation, Wilkins St to Ray St Kenwood Ave intersection, Indianapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509579 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-15, Dillion South and Dillion connector : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509578 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-35, US-290, Spur 69 highway improvement, Austin : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509577 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-200 upgrading from Yulee to Amelia River bridge, Nassau County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509576 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 63/Route VV/I-70 relocation, Boone County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509575 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-33 improvement, Washington/Dodge counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509574 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-557 : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509573 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-14 resurfacing, Beadle County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509572 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-311 from High Point to Winston-Salem, Guilford/Forsyth counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509571 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-259 from Daingerfield to Lone Star : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509570 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-17, Holt-Peterson Road, Tuscaloosa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509569 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-101, Randall Road interchange, intersection replacement, Thurston County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509568 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Debarr Ave (Airport Heights Drive to Muldoon Road) and Boniface Parkway (Debarr Ave to Glenn Hwy), Greater Anchorage Area Borough : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final(in F) KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509567 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-65 from Bondurant to County Road F-18, Polk County / Jasper County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509566 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-70 construction of the second bore of Eisenhower Tunnel : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509565 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-75 reconstruction, Zilwaukee Bridge, Saginaw River, Saginaw County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509563 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Garden State Parkway, Proposed access ramps to Metropark Station from SR-444, Woodbridge : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508705 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 7 intersection construction, Benton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508704 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - CR-65c, Bridge St reconstruction, St.Johnsville : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508703 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-56 (Viola-Gillingham Road) bridge replacement, Richland County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508702 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Arcata Freeway SH-101 improvement from 7th St in Arcata to Arlington Way overhead, Humboldt County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508701 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Intercity steel truss bridge, Pasco-Kennewick : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v), Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508700 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - New Cut Road reconstruction, Louisville : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508699 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-270 near Columbus, 138kV transmission line construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508698 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 25 improvement, Dunklin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508697 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Charlotte Ave extension, Franklin St to Lancaster Ave, Monroe : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508696 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-20/I-26 connector, Lexington/Richland counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508695 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-91, Caledonia County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508694 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-26, Mitchell to Scotts Bluff : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508693 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-93, Hillsborough/Merrimack counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508692 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5, Pacific Hwy, Battle Creek-Talbot Road section, Marion County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508690 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - WV-2 and I-470, Wheeling : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508689 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Copper River Highway : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508688 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-42 bypass reconstruction, Algood : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508687 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Cross Island Hwy construction from East Airport Road to Frederiksted, St.Croix : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508686 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Freeway 520, Black Hawk County / Buchanan County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508685 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-409 (US-50) improvement, Centralia to Xenia, Marion/Clay counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508684 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40 construction, NC-9 at Black Mountain to Ridgecrest : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508683 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-16, Narrows Bridge to Sinclair Inlet : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508682 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-24 relocation, Fayetteville to SR-1006, Cumberland County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508681 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50 improvements, Loogootee to Bryantsville, Daviess/Martin/Lawrence counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508680 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Rock Springs Circumferential Route (Belt Loop) : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508679 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-36, Brown/Doniphan counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508678 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-153 and 94 Spur, Chickamauga Dam bridge widening and new Tennessee River bridge and connector route construction, Hamilton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508677 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Missouri River bridge and approaches near Winifred : environmental impact statement PY - 1974///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293001 ER -