TY - JOUR AN - 00719438 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED TRAFFIC FATALITIES - UNITED STATES, 1982-1989 PY - 1990/12/14 VL - 39 IS - 49 SP - p. 889-891 AB - Traffic crashes are the leading cause of death in the United States for all age groups from 1 through 34 years. Almost half of all traffic fatalities are alcohol-related, and an estimated 40% of all persons in the United States may be involved in an alcohol-related traffic crash sometime during their lives. This report summarizes data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatal Accident Reporting System on trends in alcohol-related traffic fatalities in the United States during 1982-1989. Briefly, it is reported that, from 1982 through 1989, the estimated number of fatalities in crashes in which at least one driver or nonoccupant was intoxicated decreased 12%, from 20,356 to 17,849. During the same period, the estimated number of intoxicated drivers involved in fatal crashes decreased 13%, from 16,793 to 14,644. The estimated number of drivers with low-level blood alcohol concentration (BAC) involved in fatal crashes decreased 9%, from 4,987 to 4,540; however, the percentage of total fatalities involving a driver or nonoccupant with a low-level BAC remained between 10% and 11%. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082935 AU - Shinar, David AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Impact of Court Monitoring on DWI Adjudication PY - 1990/12//Final Report SP - 52p AB - Court monitoring of Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) cases is a labor intensive effort conducted by over 300 concerned citizen groups across the U.S. The present project assessed the impact of court monitoring by analyzing the difference in court dispositions (guilty, not guilty, and dismissed) and case outcomes (jail, fine, and license suspension) between monitored cases and non-monitored cases. The data base for this study consisted of the court-tried 9137 DWI arrests in the State Of Maine within-one calendar year (1987). The results demonstrated that court monitoring is an effective tool in affecting the adjudication process. In the presence of court monitors the conviction rates of DWI offenders are higher and their case dismissal rates are lower than those of drivers not court monitored. Furthermore, once convicted, the likelihood of a jail sentence is higher and the length of the jail sentence is longer for court-monitored DWI drivers than for non-monitored drivers. KW - Adjudication KW - Conviction rates KW - Court monitoring KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Jails KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25876/DOT-HS-807-678.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607660 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM ADVISORIES PY - 1990/12 SP - 99 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation is charged to reduce the number of crashes, injuries, and fatalities on the nation's highways. NHTSA has directed its resources and energies to develop and implement a strategic "Program Priority Plan." One objective in this plan is to provide current information on effective program content for States to use in producing and assessing their traffic safety programs. This report contains the six Highway Safety Program Advisories that have been developed by NHTSA. The Program Advisories cover each of NHTSA's National 402 Priority Program areas: impaired driving, occupant protection, motorcycle safety, traffic records, police traffic services, and emergency medical services. These Advisories reflect the experience of States in traffic safety program content and highlight state-of-the-art knowledge in highway safety. The Advisories are designed as "working" documents. When implemented as a whole, the components of the Advisories provide a framework for producing and assessing a balanced highway safety program and a tool with which States can assess their own programs. KW - Advisories KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Police KW - Records management KW - Safety programs KW - State of the art studies KW - States KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625495 AU - Morris, S W AU - Morris (SW) and Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOSTERING THE USE OF THE AUTO SAFETY HOTLINE FOR DEFECTS REPORTS: A FOCUS GROUP STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 160 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sponsored a focus group study to (1) assess public perception of its Auto Safety Hotline and (2) test possible approaches for increasing public awareness. Heightened awareness will encourage the public to report possible auto safety defects, increasing NHTSA's ability to monitor, report and resolve such problems. The focus groups were conducted with participants from the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area and from Denver, Colorado. Eight focus groups were held, four with the general public and four with people who had called the Hotline. Preliminary tests of messages about the Hotline indicate that the public would be most likely to respond to a message that demonstrates how the Hotline helps and protects drivers and passengers. No member of the general public knew about the Hotline, while callers had heard of it when trying to resolve automobile problems. Thus, NHTSA must undertake a long-term publicity campaign that introduces the Hotline to the general public and maintains public awareness of it. KW - Auto safety hotline KW - Automobiles KW - Awareness KW - Defects KW - Publicity KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367984 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620465 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Moffatt, C A AU - Mitter, E L AU - Martinez, R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - PELVIC FRACTURES CRASH VEHICLE INDICATORS PY - 1990/12 VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - p. 561-569 AB - Fracture of the pelvis often results in major hemorrhage and even death in victims of motor vehicle trauma. In the hospital emergency department, diagnosing a fracture of the pelvis is difficult because the patient may be unconscious or disoriented, have multisystem injury, may not demonstrate bruising or other physical findings, and because the attendant bleeding is often retroperitoneal. This paper develops information from a diagnostic source that is currently almost unused: the vehicle. Accident statistics files from the National Accident Sampling System are used to relate pelvic fractures and dislocations with vehicle information. Collision type, occupant seating position, intrusion, entrapment, restraint use, age, and sex are analyzed as they bear upon the likelihood of pelvic fracture. Linear discriminant analysis is used to form simple equations that predict whether the patient will have a fracture or dislocation of the pelvis. KW - Age KW - Crash types KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Dislocations KW - Entrapment KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Intrusion KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Pelvis KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607666 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM 1989. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON POLICE-REPORTED TRAFFIC CRASHES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1990/12 SP - 156 p. AB - This is the second annual report of overall crash statistics produced from data collected by the General Estimates System (GES). This report presents estimates of selected national characteristics about the approximate 6,600,000 police-reported motor vehicle traffic crashes that occurred in the United States in 1989. While the data presented are not intended to be an exhaustive look at every aspect of crashes, they are an overview of many of the factors involved in the Nation's crashes. The GES obtains its data from a nationally representative probability sample selected from all police-reported crashes which occur annually. These crashes include those which result in a fatality or injury and those involving major property damage. The data in this report are arranged in three sections. Section I, Crashes, describes general characteristics of crashes such as when and how often did crashes occur, where did crashes occur, and what happened during the crash. Section II, Vehicles, concentrates on the types of vehicles involved in cashes, their action prior to a crash, and the damage to the vehicle caused by the crash. Section III, People, presents statistics about drivers, passengers, pedestrians and pedal-cyclists, including age, sex, alcohol involvement and injury severity. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607661 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE USE OF SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS FOR IMPAIRED DRIVING ENFORCEMENT PY - 1990/11 SP - 22 p. AB - Sobriety checkpoints have been a valuable tool for law enforcement's continuing fight to remove impaired drivers from the road. The purpose of the checkpoint is twofold; to apprehend impaired drivers at the physical location of the checkpoint; and secondly, to increase the "risk of apprehension" in those who might decide to drive while impaired. The legality of checkpoints has been questioned on numerous occasions in the courts. The rulings indicate that certain standards must be upheld when operating checkpoints. This report has compiled the court ruled requirements and put them together in the form of guidelines. The guidelines can be used by police agencies to formulate individual policies governing the use of sobriety checkpoints. This will put a degree of uniformity in the operation of sobriety checkpoints and give departments much needed information on the requirements and procedures they should use. This report comes at a time when many agencies are reinstituting sobriety checkpoints. The report contains guidelines to govern the establishment of departmental policy and procedure; a briefing guide that can be used for personnel staffing the checkpoints; a set of questions that can be utilized on questionnaires for public comment and feedback; and, a model policy which can be adopted by individual departments. KW - Drunk driving KW - Guidelines KW - Impaired drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Policy KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Standardization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5900/5919/checkpt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350918 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620463 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Nakayama, D K AU - Gardner, M J AU - Rogers, K D AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - DISABILITY FROM BICYCLE-RELATED INJURIES IN CHILDREN PY - 1990/11 VL - 30 IS - 11 SP - p. 1390-94 AB - Bicycle crashes are a major cause of injuries in childhood. The goal of this study was to determine the long-term disabilities caused by bicycle-related injuries, and to clarify the long-term treatment priorities of injured children. Hospital records of 372 children (ages 2-15 yr, median 9 yr; 232 boys and 140 girls) admitted with bicycle-related injuries from 1979 through 1986 provided clinical information, social service visits, in-hospital and outpatient rehabilitative interventions, and physical status at discharge. More complete evaluations were made by contacting parents by telephone (82 children), and by personal interview and physical examinations (27). Head injuries predominated (69.1%). Twelve (3.2%) died, all from major head injuries. Four suffered permanent severe impairment from cervical spinal injuries and head injuries and remain institutionalized (1.4%). One third had a persistent disability noted at the time of discharge in the medical record (33.6%), reported by telephone interview (31.7%), or confirmed by physical examination (37.0%). Still, only 11.0% received physical therapy consultations during hospitalization, and 22.8% received social service assistance. Only 39.0% were seen by a surgeon or pediatrician after discharge, and few (7.3%) received outpatient physical therapy. Cognitive or behavior changes were noted in 31.7%, many noting changes in school performance (worse in 20.7%), behavior (13.4%), and sleep, particularly nightmares (34.1%). Recurrent injuries occurred in 52 children (14.4%), of whom ten (2.8%) required further hospital admission. Bicycle-related injuries cause significant short- and long-term disabilities among children. When protocols for the rehabilitative care of injured children are absent, relatively few children receive an organized program of rehabilitative care or social services either during hospitalization or after discharge. Because this neglect of rehabilitative care may limit full recovery, a trauma center must provide rehabilitative and social services to all children with major injuries of all causes and their families. KW - Behavior KW - Bicycles KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Disabling injury KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury characteristics KW - Long term KW - Medical disability KW - Medical treatment KW - Physical disabilities KW - Physical therapy KW - Service agencies KW - Social service KW - Spinal column KW - Strategic planning KW - Time duration KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579145 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 315resented CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1984 OLDSMOBILE DELTA 88 2-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1990/11 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Oldsmobile automobile KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611083 AU - Parsons, G G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE FIRES IN TRAFFIC CRASHES AND THE EFFECTS OF THE FUEL SYSTEM INTEGRITY STANDARD. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 282 p. AB - To reduce fatalities and injuries due to fire in motor vehicle crashes, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 301 was issued. This Standard, which applies to passenger cars, light trucks, and school buses, prescribes impact test requirements aimed at reducing the chances of fuel-fed fires caused by fuel system breaching in vehicle crashes. This study is an evaluation of the effectiveness, benefits, and costs of fuel system improvements made in response to the Standard. It is based on analysis of on-road crash data from 5 States, FARS, and on information supplied by automobile manufacturers. The study found that: Standard 301 has reduced fires in passenger car crashes; the effect on burn injuries is uncertain; fatalities were not affected. For light trucks, no fire reduction was found. Fires in school bus crashes were too sparse for reliable assessment. Fires in fatal passenger car crashes have increased, primarily due to an aging vehicle fleet. Fire risk increases with vehicle age. The contributions of fire and impact forces in causing death and injury cannot be separated in crash data files. The consumer cost of FMVSS 301 ranges from $9.70 for passenger cars to $234 for Type I (conventional) school buses. KW - Automobiles KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - School buses KW - Service life KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356002 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00611071 JO - Publication of: Department of Transport, Australia PB - Department of Transport, Australia AU - Reark Research Pty Limited AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - COMMUNITY ATTITUDES TO ROAD SAFETY: COMMUNITY ATTITUDES SURVEY WAVE V SN - 0 642 51012 1 PY - 1990/11 SP - 79 p. AB - In June 1990, the fifth in a series of national surveys on community attitudes to road safety was conducted. This report contains results from Wave V and, where possible, comparative results since 1986. Issues covered in the survey include causes of road crashes, perceptions of police enforcement of road rules, attitudes to drink driving and random breath testing, driving behaviour, seat belt use and views held regarding various road user groups. KW - Attitudes KW - Australia KW - Behavior KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Perception KW - Police KW - Random breath tests KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358664 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610235 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Younger, J D AU - AAA Potomac TI - STRAIGHT ANSWERS ABOUT SAFETY SEATS AND AIRLINES PY - 1990/11 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - p. 10-12 AB - This article addresses the following questions about the use of child safety seats on commercial airliners: How important are safety seats on airplanes? Are safety seats required for kids on airliners? Even though safety seats are not required, may I still use one for my child? If I really want my child to ride in a safety seat, how can I ensure a spot? Should I ask for special seating arrangements in advance? May I use my child's regular car safety seat on the plane? KW - Air transportation KW - Child restraint systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358347 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610236 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Kelleher, A AU - AAA Potomac TI - CHOOSING THE BEST JUMPER CABLES PY - 1990/11 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - p. 14-16 AB - Jumper cables should be among every car's emergency equipment. This article provides some guidelines on how to select jumper cables and how to use them safely. Length and "gauge" (the internal diameter, or thickness) of the wires are important, as well as choosing cables according to the size of the engine they may have to get started. Also important are insulation, cable clamp design, and jumper cable rating according to the SAE rating system. A seven-step method for using jumper cables correctly is presented. KW - Guidelines KW - Jumper cables KW - Selecting KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607667 AU - Cerrelli, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1990 TRAFFIC FATALITIES - SEMIANNUAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 41 p. AB - This report contains preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for the first six months of 1990. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. The national estimates of fatalities are quite extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used accident classifiers. Most of the estimates in the report are compared to the corresponding values available for 1980, 1983 and 1989. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Long term KW - Short term KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time duration KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25815/DOT-HS-807-666.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607659 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE CATALOG, FISCAL YEAR 1991 PY - 1990/11 SP - 108 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation is charged with reducing crashes, injuries and fatalities on the nation's highways. In order to carry out this responsibility, NHTSA has developed its strategic "Program Priority Plan" and is working in partnership with the States to accomplish specific traffic safety goals over the next several years. This Catalog has been developed to present the technical guidance available through NHTSA to help achieve these national goals by providing support to State and community program efforts. The catalog identifies various services and technology transfer mechanisms which are available to assist States in developing and implementing highway safety programs. It is intended to be a manager's handbook to highway safety program technical assistance which is available through NHTSA. Each description of a technical assistance service includes: 1) the purpose; 2) special target groups; and 3) the type of assistance. The catalog is divided into the following nine major program areas: Impaired Driving; Occupant Protection; Motorcycle Programs; Pedestrian & Bicycle Safety; Traffic Records; Police Traffic Services; Emergency Medical Services; Youth Programs; and Program Assistance. KW - Adolescents KW - Bicycles KW - Catalogs KW - Development KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drivers KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Implementation KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Police KW - Records management KW - Safety programs KW - Technical assistance KW - Technology transfer KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607670 AU - Uelmen, D E AU - California Highway Patrol AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMERCIAL VEHICLE ENFORCEMENT: A GUIDE FOR POLICE TRAFFIC PERSONNEL PY - 1990/11 SP - 63 p. AB - This Guide contains information for law enforcement officers assigned to traffic duties about strategies for apprehending drivers of large trucks who commit hazardous moving violations. It provides officers with suggestions for verifying the driver's qualifications, hours-of-service record, use of safety belts, and sobriety during the enforcement stop. As traffic officers become proficient in applying the principles in the Guide, truck enforcement should become an integral part of their traffic duties. The Guide is available to police agencies that have ongoing commercial vehicle enforcement programs or as part of a traffic safety training curriculum about heavy truck enforcement. The Guide presents a somewhat complicated set of regulations and information in a simplified approach and was designed as a notebook/workbook to be used in conjunction with classroom and on-the-job training. It may also be used as a resource by officers who have already been trained in application of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and are familiar with commercial motor vehicle enforcement. The Guide is not voluminous and wordy, thereby encouraging officers to carry the Guide with them in their patrol cars after training, and to use it as a reference during enforcement contacts. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Law enforcement KW - Moving violations KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Regulations KW - State highway patrol KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350925 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601646 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OSHA TIGHTENS SAFETY BELTS ANOTHER NOTCH PY - 1990/11 VL - 90 IS - 6 SP - p. 21-22 AB - The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has proposed mandatory safety belt use and driver training for more than 35 million workers who drive on the job. It is expected that this will save 465 to 684 lives each year. It will also help prevent between 22,221 and 31,635 lost workday injuries each year. It is noted that more than 36% of workplace fatalities are the result of vehicle accidents, and occupant safety belts can prevent nearly half of these deaths. The requirements of the proposed rule are listed. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the National Transportation Safety Board have launched a new coalition to support the use of administrative license revocation in the 21 states that do not have it. Areas that such a per se law should cover are also listed. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver training KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupational safety KW - Per se laws KW - Professional drivers KW - Revocation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348711 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601647 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WRONG SIGNALS PUT RIGHT PY - 1990/11 VL - 90 IS - 6 SP - p. 24-27 AB - In Texas, an unpublicized state program to report railroad crossing signal problems has contributed to a 24% decline in crossing accidents since 1983. The program allows individuals to report, using a toll-free number, any problems of train-activated rail-highway crossing signals to the Texas Department of Public Safety, which then reports malfunctions to appropriate railroads. Signs with the 1-800 number and a signal indentification number are posted on railroad crossings on state highways. It is a cooperative effort involving state, the public and the railroads, with the common goal of improving railway-highway safety. Recommendations are made for further research. KW - Mechanical failure KW - Prevention KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626645 AU - PADMANABAN, J AU - LANGE, R C AU - RAY, R M AU - Curzon, A M AU - Cooperrider, N K AU - Failure Analysis Associates, Incorporated TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF FRONT SEAT OUTBOARD OCCUPANTS IN 1987-1989 MOTOR VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH AUTOMATIC SEAT BELT SYSTEMS PY - 1990/10/19 SP - 94 p. AB - In August 1990, the Center for Auto Safety (CAS) petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to open a defect investigation limited to GM's door-mounted automatic seat belt design. The petition requested investigation of three specific problems alleged to exist with the GM design: (1) "Defective design" of the GM automatic belt system; (2) "Physical failure" of the automatic belt system; and (3) Lack of "integrity" of the door latch mechanism. The petition alleged that failures of the type listed above resulted in injury and death of occupants who were ejected during collisions in which they wore GM's automatic seat belts. GM asked Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. (FaAA) to assist in evaluating the allegations made by CAS in its August 1990 petition and to assist in re-evaluating the performance of GM's three-point, door-mounted automatic seat belts. Briefly, some of FaAA's findings are as follows: (1) The overall fatal vehicle involvement rate and the overall vehicle accident rates of the subject GM vehicles are generally comparable to those of the peer group vehicles. (2) Ejection rates for front seat outboard occupants, ejection rates with major consequences, and fatal injury ejections are similar between the subject GM vehicles and the peer vehicles for: belted occupants, unbelted occupants, and for all occupants regardless of belt use. (3) The likelihood of fatal or major injury to belted front seat outboard occupants in the subject GM vehicles is similar to or lower than the likelihood in peer group vehicles. (4) The ejection rate for belted front seat outboard occupants in the subject GM vehicles is not distinguishable from that of peer group vehicles. (5) The ejection rate for unbelted front seat outboard occupants in the subject GM vehicles is also not distinguishable from this ejection rate for peer group vheicles. (6) After examination of all available measures of occupant restraint performance, door latch performance, or the likelihood of front seat outboard occupant injury or ejection, no significant differences were found between the subject GM vehicles and the peer group vehicles. (7) GM's automatic seat belts are as effective as the manual seat belt systems installed in 1987 to 1989 GM cars in terms of reducing the likelihood of injury to belted front seat outboard occupants. KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Crash rates KW - Defects KW - Door latches KW - Ejection KW - Failure KW - Fatalities KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622650 AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT USAGE BEFORE AND AFTER ENACTMENT OF A MANDATORY USAGE ORDINANCE (LEXINGTON-FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY). FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 24 p. AB - In the absence of a statewide law, a local ordinance was passed by the Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government mandating use of safety belts. The objective of this study was to conduct surveys before the ordinance was passed, during the implementation of the ordinance, and after the ordinance became effective on July 1, 1990. For each survey, observers collected data at 24 locations throughout Lexington. Data collected during each individual survey period were combined to give a usage rate for that survey period. Enactment of a mandatory safety belt ordinance in one county of a state where there is no statewide law was proven to be an effective means of increasing safety belt usage. Specifically, the usage rate for drivers increased from about 37% before enactment of the ordinance to approximately 76% in the two-month period after the effective date of the ordinance. The successful results obtained in Fayette County may be attributed to: 1) the efforts to educate the public about the new ordinance and the benefits of wearing safety belts and 2) the enforcement of the ordinance (214 citations written in July). KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Kentucky KW - Law enforcement KW - Local government KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ordinances KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607669 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Tippetts, A S AU - Marques, P R AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROVISIONAL DRIVER LICENSES SYSTEM FOR FOLLOW-UP EVALUATION OF MARYLAND YOUTH LICENSE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 24 p. AB - In 1985, the State of Maryland revised its Provisional Licensing Law to move back the beginning of the nighttime driving restriction from 1AM - 6AM to 12AM - 5AM and to increase the duration of the Provisional License from six months to one year. The original law, which went into effect in 1979, had led to a 5% reduction in accidents and a 10% reduction in convictions within the 16-17 year age group affected by the law. No effect on nighttime accidents was detected. The change in the law does not appear to have had any effect upon accidents or convictions generally, or upon nighttime accidents. Moving back the nighttime restriction and duration of the Provisional License neither improved upon nor detracted from the beneficial effects of the original law. Focus group discussions show police, parents, and Provisional Licensees to be favorably inclined toward the law, although they felt the nighttime driving restriction was often unobserved or encroached upon. Increasing the duration of the Provisional License from 6 to 12 months without increasing the upper age limit (18 years) may have been counterproductive since it reduced the extent to which acquisition of a regular license could be accelerated by a violation-free record, a provision believed to have contributed to the beneficial effect of the original law. KW - Convictions KW - Crashes KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver licensing KW - Duration KW - Effectiveness KW - Follow up investigation KW - Laws KW - Maryland KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Provisional licensing KW - Restrictions KW - Teenage drivers KW - Time duration KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625489 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 315 DEG CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1982 AUDI 5000 4-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1990/10 SP - 170 p. AB - Four 315 deg contoured moving barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1982 Audi 5000 4-door sedan, VIN, WAUGB043XCN061065, at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio. The following four tests were conducted on one vehicle: Test No. 900912-1, DATE: 9/12/90, time: 1330, 9.8 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 5.0 in.; Test No. 900912-2, DATE: 9/12/90, time 1500, 19.7 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 12.9 in.; Test No. 900913-1, DATE: 9/13/90, time: 1431, 19.9 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 20.2 in.; Test No. 900913-2, DATE: 9/13/90, time 1601, 45.0 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 35.8 in. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Damages KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Maximum cumulative crush KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625490 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 270 DEG CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1984 AUDI 5000 4-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1990/10 SP - 131 p. AB - Four 270 deg contoured moving barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1984 Audi 5000 4-door sedan, VIN WAUFB0444EN099818, at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio. The following four tests were conducted on the vehicle: Test No. 900924-1, DATE: 9/24/90, time: 1108, 15.2 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 5.9 in.; Test No. 900924-2, DATE: 9/24/90, time: 1446, 20.1 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 10.7 in.; Test No. 900925-1, DATE: 9/25/90, time: 936, 20.0 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 16.8 in.; Test No. 900925-2, DATE: 9/25/90, time: 1139, 40.1 mph, maximum cumulative crush: 32.4 in. KW - Algorithms KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Damages KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Maximum cumulative crush KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623511 AU - SWEATMAN, P AU - OGDEN, K AU - HAWORTH, N AU - PEARSON, R AU - Vulcan, P AU - Roads and Traffic Authority, New South Wales TI - HEAVY VEHICLE SAFETY ON MAJOR NSW HIGHWAYS: A STUDY OF CRASHES AND COUNTERMEASURES SN - 0 7240 8120 8 PY - 1990/10 SP - 26 p. AB - This report is a detailed summary of a study into heavy vehicle crashes in New South Wales, Australia. The study consisted of three parts. The first was a detailed investigation into fatal heavy vehicle crashes on the Pacific and Hume highways in 1988 and 1989; the second was a detailed examination of the Road Safety Bureau's traffic accident database for heavy vehicle crashes from 1982 to 1988; and the third was a detailed examination of relevant economic, travel and weather data from 1982 to 1988. The report is organized as follows: The NSW Heavy Vehicle Crash Problem (purpose of this report, background to the study, approach taken); Issues in Heavy Vehicle Safety; Examination of Traffic Accident Data 1982-1988; Economic Perspective; Factors in Heavy Vehicle Crashes; Countermeasures; Findings and Conclusions; and Outlook. KW - Contributing factors KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Economics KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - New South Wales KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622654 AU - ANDERSON, P AU - Rural EMS Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOBILE TRAUMA TRAINING UNIT (MTTU) MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 149 p. AB - The Mobile Trauma Training Unit (MTTU) program is an innovative approach that is designed to meet the unique training needs of emergency medical services (EMS) providers in rural States and communities. The MTTU approach addresses the basic problem of how to maintain the "hands-on" skills of rural pre-hospital EMS providers. The MTTUs are equipped to provide hands-on practice sessions to assist rural EMS providers in the development and retention of the skills necessary to respond to critical trauma incidents. This approach also provides a method to regularly deliver training that consistently meets specific objectives for all rural EMS providers in a particular geographical area of a State or region. The MTTU manual provides an overview of current MTTU programs operating throughout the country. The manual documents the MTTU concept so that other States can efficiently and cost-effectively duplicate the program. The information gathered is designed to assist those State, regional and local EMS and educational agencies that are responsible for the development and implementation of training programs for EMS personnel in the nation. The manual provides specific information on how to develop a MTTU program, with lesson plans, training equipment, instructor orientation, scheduling, session management, evaluation and cost analysis. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Manuals KW - Mobile trauma training unit KW - Rural areas KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363034 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620452 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Soderstrom, C A AU - Birschbach, J M AU - Dischinger, P C AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - INJURED DRIVERS AND ALCOHOL USE: CULPABILITY, CONVICTIONS, AND PRE- AND POST-CRASH DRIVING HISTORY (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1990/10 VL - 30 IS - 10 SP - p. 1208-14 AB - The culpability, crash-related traffic convictions, and pre- and post-crash driving records of a group of injured impaired (blood alcohol level greater than 80 mg/dl) drivers (N=58) who were admitted to a Level I trauma center were compared with a group of admitted unimpaired drivers (N=92). Both groups of drivers were 21 years of age or older, sustained moderate injuries (defined as having no injury of the brain, spinal column or cord, extremity, or pelvis with an Abbreviated Injury Score of greater than 2), and were discharged home. In the 140 crashes in which culpability was clearly defined, the impaired drivers caused a significantly greater percentage of their crashes (92.7% compared to unimpaired (64.7%) drivers (p less than 0.001). Of the 55 unimpaired drivers who were considered culpable of causing their crashes, 12.7% received a traffic conviction compared with 39.2% of the 51 culpable impaired drivers. The mean number of total pre-crash traffic violations was higher for impaired drivers than for unimpaired drivers (p less than 0.01). While the mean number of total post-crash convictions for unimpaired and impaired was not significantly different, the mean number of pre- and post-crash alcohol convictions was significantly higher for impaired drivers compared to unimpaired drivers (p less than 0.02). The data suggest that injury protects from legal prosecution and does not alter impaired driving practices. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Culpability KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364855 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620453 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Lowenstein, S R AU - Weissberg, M P AU - Terry, D AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - ALCOHOL INTOXICATION, INJURIES, AND DANGEROUS BEHAVIORS--AND THE REVOLVING EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT DOOR PY - 1990/10 VL - 30 IS - 10 SP - p. 1252-58 AB - Suicides, homicides, motor vehicle crashes, and other violent deaths and injuries are linked inextricably to alcoholism. The association of injury and alcoholism should be particularly obvious to Emergency Department (ED) physicians. We sought to determine the extent to which intoxicated patients in an ED were properly diagnosed, counselled, and referred for substance abuse care. We reviewed the charts of 153 consecutive patients seen in a teaching hospital ED who had blood alcohol levels above 100 mg%. Most were male (70%), white (62%), young (mean age, 34 years) and severely intoxicated (mean BAL, 245; range, 109-558 mg%). Forty-six percent of visits were for trauma; half of the patients were victims of violent assaults. The intoxicated patients received extensive medical and surgical management: an average of five tests or X-rays were performed per patient; 75% received at least one medication; at discharge 48% were referred for followup to medical or surgical clinics. In contrast, few patients were evaluated for dangerous behaviors or referred for treatment of alcoholism: only 19 patients (12.5%) were asked about depression, suicide, or homicide; 15% were advised to stop drinking; 13% received a referral to a psychiatrist, mental health worker, or alcohol rehabilitation facility. Forty-seven percent of patients received "stat" intravenous thiamine (although the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is rare). In contrast, only 16% received a stat on-site psychiatric consultation (although dangerous behaviors are common in alcoholics). There was a strong, statistically significant negative association between the occurrence of an injury and the decision to initiate treatment and referrals for alcoholism. The odds of receiving psychiatric care or an alcohol treatment referral by injured patients, compared to noninjured patients, was 0.28 (CI95=0.12, 0.66). ED physicians may know that alcoholism is a principal risk factor for trauma, but they are silent about it in their practices. Physician education and a coordinated approach to psychiatric evaluation and referrals are needed. Acutely intoxicated patients in the ED present an opportunity for therapeutic intervention which is usualy missed. KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Depression (Mental condition) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Homicide KW - Intervention KW - Intoxication KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Physicians KW - Psychological aspects KW - Suicide KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620470 AU - Department of Energy TI - 1991 GAS MILEAGE GUIDE: EPA FUEL ECONOMY ESTIMATES PY - 1990/10 SP - 15 p. AB - The Gas Mileage Guide is published as an aid to consumers considering the purchase of a new vehicle by the U.S. Department of Energy in compliance with Public Law 94-163. It is based on estimates of vehicle performance measured in miles per gallon (mpg) provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The mileage figures listed in this Guide are most useful when comparing vehicles. Actual mileage driving one of these vehicles may differ considerably from the predicted mileage. The vehicles listed in the Guide have been divided into three classes of cars (sedans, two-seaters and station wagons), three classes of light duty trucks (vans, small pick-ups, and large pick-ups), and three classes of special purpose vehicles (2-wheel drive, 4-wheel drive, and cab chassis). By using this Guide one can estimate the average yearly fuel cost for the vehicle being purchased. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Four wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Light trucks KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Station wagons KW - Statistics KW - Vans KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620471 AU - Blower, D AU - Pettis, L AU - Sullivan, K P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1987 (VERSION OCTOBER 19, 1990) PY - 1990/10 SP - 122 p. AB - This report provides weighted and unweighted one-way frequencies for all the vehicles in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1987. This file combines the coverage of the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data with the detail of the Office of Motor Carrier (OMC) data. Where no OMC report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo weights, and lengths. Some sampling was done in selecting the cases for interview. Half the cases were sampled where the FARS body type and vehicle trailering variables indicated the vehicle was a straight truck or a tractor with one trailer. All other cases that could not be matched with an OMC report were selected for interview. The sampling has only a negligible effect on the accuracy of population estimates derived from the file. Tractors accounted for 69.2% of the power units. Tractors with twin trailers made up only 4.4% of the involvements. Only 21.0% of the accidents occurred on Interstate highways. Night and twilight comprised 39.7% of the accidents. This dataset has 5,275 cases, up 0.6% from 5,244 last year. KW - Data collection KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Interviewing KW - Light trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Night KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Twilight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362356 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620499 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - McSwain, N E AU - Belles, A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - MOTORCYCLE HELMETS--MEDICAL COSTS AND THE LAW (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1990/10 VL - 30 IS - 10 SP - p. 1189-99 AB - Since 1975, 26 states have repealed or modified their motorcycle (M/C) helmet laws. Louisiana (LA) reinstated the M/C helmet law in 1982. The medical and financial impact of repeal in Kansas (KS), reinstatement in LA (accident, fatality, and critical injury rates) have been studied through 1987. Current FARS data and studies from KS, LA, 10 states and 5 countries are compared and reported. Without M/C helmet legislation, the user rate drops from 99% to 50%. With reinstatement, the user rate rises to greater than 95%. Average hospital stay (days) for helmeted (H) riders is 5.8, non-helmeted (NH), 11.8. Fatality rate/1,000 M/C registrations is 6.2 NH, 1.6 H. Changes effected through M/C helmet legislation: fatality rate was 1.17 (1981), falling to 0.44 (1987) with legislation (62% decrease)(LA); 66% change Colorado, 42% Oklahoma; fatality rate/1,000 accidents changed 28% from 42.68 NH to 30.81 H; injury accidents 84% to 73%, critical injury reduction 44% (1981 to 1987). Risk of head injury: NH 2.07 greater than H. Risk of a fatal accident: NH 1.44 greater than H. Accident rate is less with M/C helmet legislation than without (19% KS, 48% LA). The medical costs (LA 1981 to 1987) decreased 48.8%. Length of stay decreased 37%. The major impact hospital stay greater than 20 days: 80% decline. Cost of long-term disability greater than 30 days: 81.2% decrease (LA). Average disability was 26.7 vs. 51.1 days (KS); 25.5 H required hospitalization per 100 accidents vs. 41.6 NH. Medical costs: NH 306% greater than H (KS). Based on 1989 dollars, $120.8 million of additional medical care and rehabilitation expenses per year were due directly to non-use of helmets (U.S.); 60-82% of NH riders have no insurance; $4.9 billion was absorbed by the public in the form of increased taxation, higher insurance costs, and lost taxes. M/C helmet legislation decreases medical costs. In this era of spiraling health care costs, legislation mandating the use of protective helmets should be considered as a viable alternative to raising taxes. KW - Before and after studies KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Health care KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Kansas KW - Laws KW - Louisiana KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Medical costs KW - Motorcyclists KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistics KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620480 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Hart, T C AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - SEAT BELT AWARENESS PROGRAM PY - 1990/10 VL - 59 IS - 10 SP - p. 20-21 AB - Voluntary compliance with seat belt laws is waning. During spot checks, police officers in South Windsor, Connecticut, observed that only 1 person out of every 15 wore a seat belt. To address the problem, the South Windsor Police Department implemented a Seat Belt Awareness Program. This is an educational/enforcement program designed to encourage residents to use seat belts. This article briefly discusses the program development, implementation, and results. KW - Awareness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Police KW - Safety programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611086 AU - Natl Assoc Governors' Hwy Safety Representatives TI - COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS: CASE STUDIES OF TEN STATE INITIATIVES 1989-90 PY - 1990/10 SP - 123 p. AB - A Community Traffic Safety Program (CTSP) is a program administered by an established unit in the community, sustained over time, with public and private input and participation in an action plan to solve one or more of a community's traffic safety problems. This publication documents the State perspective and strategies on CTSPs. It features the CTSP initiatives in California, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Texas, Virginia, and Washington. These States represent a mixture of rural/urban, centralized/decentralized technical assistance, and large/small grants. The data presented document the State Highway Safety Office rationale for establishing the CTSPs, the process used, and the means of support. At the conclusion of each case study a contact person who can provide more detail is given. KW - California KW - Case studies KW - Communities KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Massachusetts KW - Missouri KW - New Jersey KW - North Carolina KW - North Dakota KW - Ohio KW - Programs KW - Regional planning KW - State planning KW - States KW - Strategy KW - Texas KW - Traffic safety KW - Virginia KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611080 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES - 1990 AND BEYOND PY - 1990/10 SP - 31 p. AB - This report briefly reviews the history of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) leadership role in their development. It then examines the current emphasis of NHTSA's EMS demonstration, and state and community grant programs and gives specific highlights of current and future EMS program initiatives. An EMS Bibliography is provided, including abstracts, along with a list of EMS training materials available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Appendices list NHTSA EMS Division Staff, NHTSA Regional Offices, and State EMS and Governors' Highway Safety Offices. KW - Bibliographies KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Future developments KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - History KW - Training KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608568 AU - Campbell, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ANALYSIS OF SIDE IMPACT TEST DATA COMPARING SID AND BIOSID. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 20 p. AB - This paper presents the results of an analysis of 12 full-scale side impact crash tests that were conducted to compare the responses of the SAE BioSID with the NHTSA SID. Dummies were tested in the front and the rear seat with both a baseline (production) door interior and a 3-inch-thick Arcel 512 (trademark) foam pad. The responses of the two dummies were significantly different. Peak rib accelerations were higher for the BioSID in the front seat. In the rear seat, peak rib accelerations were lower for the BioSID. However, the values of the Thoracic Trauma Index from the two dummies were not significantly different when tested in the front seat. The addition of padding significantly reduced the Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI), peak rib accelerations, and peak pelvis acceleration in both the front and rear seat for both dummies. For the BioSID, the addition of padding produced significantly greater rib compression and Viscous Criterion in the front seat, but not in the rear seat. In general, the acceleration-based measures indicated that the padding used in these tests would reduce the potential for injury, while the compression-based measures indicated the opposite. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Doors KW - Dummies KW - Front seats KW - Rear seats KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734533 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENFORCING CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY LAWS: EIGHT COMMUNITY STRATEGIES PY - 1990/09 SP - 51 p. AB - During 1987-88, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) awarded minigrants of $5000 each to demonstrate different techniques to enforce child passenger safety laws. NHTSA has long believed that police departments would enforce child passenger safety laws more comprehensively if they realized (1) how effective correctly used safety seats are saving lives and (2) how influential police can be in getting the public to comply with child passenger safety laws. NHTSA felt that the lessons learned from the minigrant programs described in this publication would be of special use to local police agencies in increasing their enforcement of child passenger safety laws. The sites were selected for conditions and populations that are represented throughout the country. All grant recipients were law enforcement agencies. The objectives of the program were to: increase the use of safety seats or safety belts for young children; reduce the number of child safety seats that are being used incorrectly; and promote continued use of safety seats until age five. Each police department took its own approach, according to local needs and values. From these minigrant programs it was learned that in order to maximize enforcement efforts, certain activities should be part of the overall strategy. These are: (1) Media coverage; (2) Training of law enforcement officers; (3) Information activities targeted to certain audiences; (4) Information activities coinciding with community events; (5) A safety seat loaner program; (6) Public Service Announcements; and (7) Special promotional items with a logo. In particular, the enforcement efforts of the police departments increased the correct use of safety seats in the demonstration sites. The use of safety belts by older children also increased. There were secondary benefits as well. Community relations were enhanced as the public realized how concerned the police were about the health and safety of their children. The child passenger safety enforcement efforts strengthened the relationship of the police departments with the media, the schools, health care providers, community organizations, and other governmental agencies. KW - Benefits KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Child seat belts KW - Communities KW - Demonstration programs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Information dissemination KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Misuse KW - Police KW - Police departments KW - Police training KW - Promotion KW - Public relations KW - Public service announcements KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25880/DOT-HS-807-631.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721553 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Harding, P M AU - Laessig, R H AU - Field, P H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF THE INTOXILYZER 5000: A COMPARISON OF BLOOD- AND BREATH-ALCOHOL RESULTS IN WISCONSIN DRIVERS PY - 1990/09 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - p. 1022-28 AB - Intoxilyzer (Trademark) 5000 and blood-alcohol results from drivers arrested for operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated and for related offenses were compared during a two-year period. Three hundred and ninety-five pairs of results were studied. The breath- and blood-alcohol specimens in this study were collected within 1 hr of each other. The mean blood-alcohol concentration obtained was 0.180 g/dL, with a range from zero to 0.338 g/dL. By comparison, the mean Intoxilyzer 5000 result was 0.16 g/210 L with a range from zero to 0.32 g/210 L. Compared with the blood-alcohol result, Intoxilyzer 5000 results were lower by more than 0.01 g/210 L 67% of the time, within 0.01 g/210 L 31% of the time, and higher by more than 0.01 g/210 L 2% of the time. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breath alcohol analyzers KW - Drunk driving KW - Field performance KW - Performance KW - Test results KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00721554 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Newman, K D AU - Bowman, L M AU - Eichelberger, M R AU - GOTSCHALL, C S AU - Taylor, G A AU - Johnson, D L AU - Thomas, M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE LAP BELT COMPLEX: INTESTINAL AND LUMBAR SPINE INJURY IN CHILDREN (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1990/09 VL - 30 IS - 9 SP - p. 1133-40 AB - The "seatbelt syndrome" describes intestinal and spinal injury caused by lap-style automotive restraints. More than 2,600 children were admitted to Children's National Medical Center with blunt injury in 3 years; 395 were involved in a motor vehicle crash. Ninety-five of the crash occupants (24%) were known to be wearing safety belts. Ten children sustained a "lap belt injury": five with lumbar spine injury, four with combined lumbar spine and intestinal injuries, and one child with intestinal injury. All ten children presented with a characteristic transverse abdominal ecchymosis. The CT scan was unreliable in evaluation of both spinal and intestinal injury. Lateral radiographs were required for definitive diagnosis in eight of nine children with lumbar spinal injury. CT scan was clearly diagnostic in only one of five children with intestinal injury. Children wearing lap belts are at risk of a "lap belt complex". Lateral spine X-rays, peritoneal lavage, and early laparotomy are recommended to establish an accurate diagnosis and to decrease morbidity. KW - Abdomen KW - Abdominal injuries KW - Children KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Seat belts KW - Spinal column KW - Spinal injuries KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607668 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Walsh, W A AU - Gemini Industries, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERMINE FEASIBLE AND ACCEPTABLE AGE 21 SUPPORT PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 75 p. AB - The objective of this project was to identify programs which are feasible, acceptable, and effective in deterring adolescent drinking. To begin the project, information was collected on 22 prevention programs using a wide range of approaches. Next, a panel of 8 experts in highway safety and related fields appraised 18 generic approaches for prevention of underaged drinking (descriptions were based on the review of existing programs). A smaller set of 11 approaches was also assessed by 52 youth ages 11 through 20 who met in six focus groups. Perhaps the most important finding was that, to a great extent, the experts and the youth agreed on which programs would be most effective. Included were (1) programs which punish youth who drink by suspending their driver's license or postponing the age at which they become eligible to receive a license, and (2) improvements in the design and distribution of driver licenses in order to reduce the use of fraudulent identification to obtain alcohol. The results of this project underscore the need for reliable evaluation data on prevention programs. Future research might focus on those programs that the experts and youth agree have the greatest potential for reducing underaged drinking. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Deterrence KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk driving KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Improvements KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Suspensions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25874/DOT-HS-807-667.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677668 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - GUIDELINES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATORS: STATE AND PROVINCIAL LICENSING SYSTEMS, COMPARATIVE DATA, 1990 PY - 1990/09 SP - 181 p. AB - This publication contains comparative data for state and provincial licensing systems for the year 1990. The data are presented in the following sections: (A) Requirements for Learner's Permit; (B) Requirements for License; (C) Requirements for Renewal; (D) Driver Testing; (E) Driver Examiner; (F) Driver Improvement Program; (G) Medical Advisory Board; (H) Driver's License Administration; and (I) Compulsory Insurance/Financial Responsibility. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Data KW - Driver examiners KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving tests KW - Financial responsibility KW - Graduated licensing KW - Insurance KW - Medical advisory boards KW - Permits KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625525 AU - Klein, T M AU - Van Dyke, J AU - Surti, J AU - Walz, M AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INCREASE IN CHILD PASSENGER FATALITIES SINCE 1984. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 15 p. AB - In 1984, the number of passenger fatalities for children under 5 years old in passenger vehicles reached a low of 554, as all but four states had implemented mandatory child restraint laws. In 1985, the remaining four states implemented mandatory child safety seat usage laws. Since 1984, there has been a steady increase in the number of child passenger fatalities such that, by 1988, there were 25% more child passenger fatalities under the age of 5 years. The purpose of this study was to investigate this increase in child passenger fatalities, identifying potential contributory factors in order to understand why it has occurred. The number of children under age 5 that were involved in crashes in which a fatality occurred (not necessarily to the child) increased by 28% between 1984 and 1988, which was less than the increase in the number involved in fatal crashes (28%), indicating that the risk of a fatality did not change, or declined slightly over this time period. Restraint use by children under age 5 in the general population increased by 75% between 1984 and 1988, while restraint use in fatal accidents increased by 50% during this period. However, by 1988 only 46% of all children under the age of 5 involved in fatal crashes were reportedly restrained. Collectively, the analyses indicate that most of the increase in child passenger fatalities experienced since 1984 is a result of increases in the likelihood of their being involved in a crash. Total vehicle miles traveled increased by almost 18% between 1984 and 1988, while the number of children under age 5 that were involved in fatal crashes increased by 28% during this period. This suggests that children are experiencing increased exposure to crashes in which a fatality is likely to occur greater than expected by the overall increase in mileage traveled. These data suggest that the increase in child passenger fatalities is not a consequence of decreased child restraint usage, increased improper usage, or child restraint deficiencies. In light of the 46% child restraint usage rate in fatal crashes, it is clear that a large benefit can still be realized by increasing the use of child restraints, both safety seats and adult belts, as appropriate, for passengers of all ages. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash exposure KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Risk assessment KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626978 AU - Edwards, R AU - EVANS, D AU - Wisconsin Emergency Medical Technician Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WISCONSIN EMT ASSOCIATION: A STATEWIDE INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - v.p. AB - The Wisconsin Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT) Association implemented under contract a statewide injury prevention program by emergency medical service (EMS) providers intended to increase public awareness of the effects of impaired driving, and the importance of safety belt use and correct child safety seat use. The project's goal was to involve EMS providers on a statewide basis in highway injury prevention efforts. The results of this project indicate that EMS providers are willing and able to participate in organized injury prevention activities. The Association trained over 350 EMS volunteers as injury prevention activists and assisted them in developing highway safety injury prevention programs within their local communities. These trained volunteers provide an important resource for conducting injury prevention programs, particularly in rural communities where they represent one of the few credible organizations available to conduct such programs. EMS providers speak from first-hand experience of the disastrous results of not employing safe driving practices. The report includes a description of the injury prevention program components and sample campaign materials developed to implement the program. KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency medical services KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626657 AU - Geoplan Town Planning TI - NEIGHBOURHOOD ROAD SAFETY AND AMENITY: A LOOK AT BARRIERS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL AREA TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SCHEMES AND STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THESE SN - 1862711526 PY - 1990/09 SP - 170 p. AB - This project had two aims: to provide an information base on attitudes and other barriers to the implementation of speed control and Local Area Traffic Management (LATM) schemes in Western Sydney which the Office of Road Safety and other authorities can use in promoting such schemes; and to disseminate information on relevant research relating to speed control and LATM schemes to elected local representatives within Western Sydney and to technical staff. The following objectives directed the study: to identify the present experience of councils in Western Sydney with speed control devices and LATM schemes; to identify political, technical, attitudinal and resource problems councils are faced with in implementing speed control and LATM schemes; and to develop strategies targeted at overcoming these particular problems of implementation. Five main barriers to effective implementation of LATM in Western Sydney were identified: Poor Planning Methods; Narrow View of LATM; Lack of Educative Materials; Lack of Local Government Area-Wide LATM Strategies; and Impact of Outside Interests. Twenty recommendations are made for overcoming these barriers. KW - Attitudes KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Local transportation KW - Neighborhoods KW - Problem identification KW - Problem solving KW - Recommendations KW - Speed control KW - Strategic planning KW - Sydney (Australia) KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622632 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NETWORK OF EMPLOYERS FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY INSTRUCTOR PREPARATION WORKSHOP. PARTICIPANT'S MANUAL. PY - 1990/09 SP - 46 p. AB - The Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) Instructor Preparation Workshop is designed to teach participants how to teach the NETS Safety Management Seminar. This Participant's Manual is organized in eleven sections, as follows: (I) Introduction; (II) Understanding the NETS Seminar; (III) Facilitating Learning; (IV) Information on Training Techniques; (V) Logistics; (VI) Traffic Safety Presentations; (VII) The NETS Safety Management Seminar; (VIII) Self Awareness; (IX) Comprehensive Logistics Checklist; (X) Assessment and Follow-up Techniques; and (XI) Closing. KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Network of Employers for Traffic Safety KW - Preparation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579490 AU - Markusic, C A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 339resented CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1985 FORD ESCORT 3-DOOR HATCHBACK IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1990/09 SP - 178 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Escort automobile KW - Motor vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00575603 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Walsh, W A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERMINE FEASIBILE AND ACCEPTABLE AGE 21 SUPPORT PROGRAMS PY - 1990/09 SP - 5 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alcoholism KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Teenage drivers KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611079 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NETWORK OF EMPLOYERS FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY (NETS) SAFETY HANDBOOK PY - 1990/09 SP - v.p. AB - This handbook is intended to promote the development and implementation of an employer-sponsored comprehensive traffic safety program. It was developed by the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS), a public-private sector coalition working to develop and expand highway safety programs in the workplace. Section I of the handbook gives an overview of the current situation and explains how a traffic safety program could benefit employers. Section II describes the problem being addressed, including the employer's perspective, indirect economic losses, the community's perspective, and factors contributing to traffic deaths and injuries. Also addressed here is the legal aspect of the problem (Does an employer have a duty to insist its employees--on duty or off--refrain from drinking alcohol before driving company vehicles? And how specific must company rules against driving after drinking be?). Section III presents steps to follow when analyzing a potential traffic safety problem situation and applies these steps to several case studies. The topic of Section IV is developing a comprehensive program, from the first step of establishing a task force to the finalizing of the plan. Section V contains worksheets designed to assist with implementing a comprehensive traffic safety program. The worksheets cover the four key components in a comprehensive traffic safety program. Finally, Section IV briefly summarizes the previous sections and lists additional resources. KW - Development KW - Employers KW - Handbooks KW - Implementation KW - Programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608575 AU - Segraves, D W AU - Insurance Research Council TI - AUTO INSURANCE REFORM: PUBLIC VIEWS OF IDEAS FOR REDUCING COSTS AND SPEEDING SETTLEMENT OF AUTO INSURANCE CLAIMS PY - 1990/09 SP - 40 p. AB - This report examines public perceptions about automobile insurance, and about ideas for reducing auto insurance costs and speeding up the payment of claims. The findings are based on a countrywide survey conducted for the Insurance Research Council by The Gallup Organization. Gallup interviewed a representative sample of 1,500 persons 18 or older who were identified as "the person most or at least equally responsible for making decisions about buying auto insurance" in their households. The interviews were conducted in May and June 1990. Appendix 1 contains a copy of the survey questionnaire which consists of 27 questions. Appendix 2 provides information about the sampling methodology. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Insurance claims KW - Interviewing KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Payment KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607657 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BUCKLE UP FOR LOVE! CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY AWARENESS WEEK, FEBRUARY 10-16, 1991 PY - 1990/09 SP - 62 p. AB - The week between February 10 and February 16, including Valentine's Day, marks the annual Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week. This year's effort is designed to encourage parents and others to "Buckle Up for Love!" by correctly protecting their children in child safety seats and belts on every motor vehicle trip. It also focuses attention on increasing support for enforcement of laws for child safety seats and safety belt use. The overall goal of this year's Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week is to increase the level of child safety seat and safety belt use toward achieving a minimum 70% correct use rate by 1992. This booklet is an Idea Sampler, providing tips on how to carry out the 1991 Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week campaign. Among the contents are mass media programs, law enforcement programs, worksite and employer programs, school and child care programs, association and civic group programs, health and medical programs, fact sheets, logo art work, a listing of state child safety seat laws, a shopping guide for child and infant safety seats, resources for child passenger safety programs, and a sample proclamation and press release. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Child safety KW - Community action programs KW - Data KW - Education and training KW - Employers KW - Health care facilities KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Medical offices KW - Natural resources KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Schools KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607641 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER: NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING AWARENESS WEEK, DECEMBER 9-15, 1990 PY - 1990/09 SP - 38 p. AB - This booklet is designed to help with planning and administrative activities during National Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Week, 1990. It is based on the experiences of the first eight years of the Awareness Week observance and provides practical advice on what to do to make the efforts put forth pay off. The booklet's goal is to save lives. The theme for the 1990 Awareness Week campaign is again that of the "Designated Driver". There are four chapters: (1) A History of Awareness Week; (2) Status of the DWI Problem in 1990; (3) Great Ideas from Last Year's Campaign; and (4) Media Techniques. KW - Awareness KW - Designated driver concept KW - Designated drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Mass media KW - Prevention KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607642 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY MANAGEMENT SEMINAR. INSTRUCTOR GUIDE PY - 1990/09 SP - v.p. AB - This is the instructor's guide for the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) Safety Management Seminar. The primary purpose of the seminar is to reduce the nation's number of deaths and injuries caused by motor vehicle crashes. The seminar provides factual information on the magnitude and scope of the traffic crash problem, with emphasis on the economic consequences of the problem to employers. Focus is directed toward drunk/impaired driving and the failure to use safety belts as the two leading causes of traffic deaths and injuries. Other issues discussed are speeding and pedestrian accidents. The Instructor's Guide has six sections: (I) Introduction and Overview; (II) The Problem From the Employer's and Community's Perspective; (III) Potential Problem Situations; (IV) Developing A Comprehensive Program; (V) Taking the Next Step; and (VI) Seminar Conclusion. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Employers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Nets safety management seminar KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607644 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A FOUR SEASONS GUIDE FOR SAVING LIVES PY - 1990/09 SP - v.p. AB - This guide was prepared as part of the curriculum package for the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) Safety Management Seminar. An overview of the direct and indirect costs of motor vehicle crashes reveals that accidents are costing employers more and more each year. Each work-related employee fatality is estimated to cost the employer an average of $110,500 in workers' compensation and a like amount for uninsured costs. Injuries cost thousands more in health care and lost productivity. An important part of the solution to this problem is a year round highway safety program based in the workplace. This guide provides information on establishing such a program. It is presented in five sections: (1) The High Cost of Crashes; (2) The Case for Safe Driving; (3) The Major Elements of a Comprehensve Highway Safety Program; (4) Four Seasons of Highway Safety: Saving Lives All Year; and (5) Using Positive Incentives. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Employers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Nets safety management seminar KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607643 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INSTRUCTOR PREPARATION WORKSHOP. INSTRUCTOR GUIDE PY - 1990/09 SP - v.p. AB - This is the instructor's guide for the Network of Employers for Traffic Safety (NETS) Instructor Preparation Workshop. The contents are presented in the following eleven sections: (I) Introduction; (II) Understanding the NETS Seminar; (III) Facilitating Learning; (IV) Information on Training Techniques; (V) Logistics; (VI) Traffic Safety Presentations; (VII) NETS Safety Management Seminar Presentations; (VIII) Safety-Awareness; (IX) Comprehensive Checklist; (X) Assessment and Follow-up Techniques; and (XI) Closing. KW - Education and training KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Nets safety management seminar KW - Preparation KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607656 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOVING AMERICA SAFELY: THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY AMINISTRATION'S PRIORITY PLAN, 1990 - 1992 PY - 1990/09 SP - 48 p. AB - This report contains the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) three-year plan for reducing the number of motor vehicle crashes in the Nation and minimizing the consequences of those crashes that occur. It builds upon the goals enumerated by the President and embodied in the Statement of National Transportation Policy developed under the leadership of Samuel K. Skinner, the Nation's tenth Secretary of Transportation. The plan details how NHTSA will implement this policy and provides milestones for the agency within six functional areas that are the focus of its activities: motor vehicle safety, other motor vehicle initiatives, occupant protection, impaired driving, other traffic safety initiatives, and technology and innovation. KW - Fuel conservation KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Motor vehicles KW - National transportation policies KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation policy KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607658 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - SAFER STREETS AHEAD: A COMMUNITY HANDBOOK TO PREVENT IMPAIRED DRIVING PY - 1990/09 SP - 69 p. AB - This handbook was developed to encourage the development and growth of community action groups concerned with combatting impaired driving. It has three purposes, depending on the needs of the reader. First, it may be used to serve as a "how-to-guide" for individuals who want to start a community action group in a community where one does not exist. Second, it may be used to strengthen an existing group that focuses on impaired driving, and to provide new ideas for membership growth, successful preventive activities, fundraising, and evaluation of efforts. Third, it may be used to help members of an existing civic, social, or religious group introduce the issue of impaired driving into the group's activity agenda for the first time. There are five chapters. Chapter One, Community Action Groups: Reclaiming the Streets, gives an overview of the different types of community action groups and differentiates between prevention and intervention efforts. Chapter Two, Dreams Into Reality: Getting It All on Paper, provides practical information on how to conduct a community assessment and how to develop a plan that includes an overview, statement of need, mission, goal, objectives and deadlines, and budget. It also contains a sample plan that may be used as a practical guide. Chapter Three, Strength in Numbers: Uniting Prevention Efforts, tells how to motivate key professionals--including State and local government representatives, business leaders, law enforcement personnel, health care professionals, sellers and servers of alcoholic beverages, and media professionals--to join the community action group. It also provides helpful tips on finding funds to support activities. Chapter Four, Action!, explores how community action groups can undertake well-planned efforts through public information, education, training assistance programs, enforcement, and legislation. Chapter Five, Evaluation: Looking Back to Plan Ahead, provides information on how to measure success in order to guide future direction. It also makes some predictions about the maturation of community action groups over the next decade. Chapter Five is followed by a resource section that includes fact sheets, a parent/teenager safety agreement helpful resource lists, activity suggestions, and tips for hosting safe parties. KW - Assistance programs KW - Community action programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Grant aid KW - Handbooks KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intervention KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Motivation KW - Natural resources KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00570770 AU - Stewart, M G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF METHODS AND COSTS TO MARK VEHICLE PARTS FOR THEFT PREVENTION.: VOLUME II PY - 1990/09 SP - 21 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Parts KW - Vehicle theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336222 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600809 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY SYMPOSIUM PY - 1990/09 VL - 90 IS - 5 SP - p. 20-21 AB - This article briefly discusses some of the presentations at the symposium to develop short-term highway safety strategies. Held June 12 through 14, 1990, state, local and private treffic safety experts met to identify countermeasures that could be accomplished within two years. More than 50 recommendations were developed in 5 categories: corridor idenification and improvement; pedestrian safety; commercial motor vehicle safety; reducing accident severity; and improving driver performance. A Federal Highway Administration source indicates that the agency will focus on corridor improvement and pedestrian safety. Background papers on corridor improvement, and pedestrian safety are discussed, as well as drunk driving and court rulings. KW - Conferences KW - Corridors KW - Countermeasures KW - Courts KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348272 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600806 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Burden, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY GOES TO SCHOOL PY - 1990/09 VL - 90 IS - 5 SP - p. 7-9 AB - Statistics show that traffic trauma takes 20 times more children's lives than drugs and kidnappings combined, and more children lose their lives while biking or walking than riding cars. A child traffic safety education program initiated with the help of the Florida Department of Transportation is described. The program aimed at making all children predictable and competent to deal with traffic for life. Today, more than 100 of the 225 schools in Dade County offer 12 lessons per year in traffic safety education. Nearly 400 schools are offering the program in 8 of the largest of Florida's 67 counties. The program is being offered in grades 3, 4, and five. The program harnesses the time and talent of grade school physical education teachers and aids. The history of the development of the program is described. It is suggested that administrators from other states attend Florida's training courses, study the curriculum and see how lessons are taught. The principles can then be applied in the administrators' own settings. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Florida KW - School children KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348269 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600808 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH TESTING UP AGAINST THE WALL PY - 1990/09 VL - 90 IS - 5 SP - p. 13-16 AB - As consumers have become more safety conscious, so have automakers and the federal govermnent. The article discusses whether existing auto crash tests hold up well under rigorous safety examination. The basic models of crash tests are discusssed: 30 mph frontal crash test by automakers; and a 35 mph crash test by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The inadequacy of the tests and the dummies used are noted. The lack of tests to measure side impact is also noted. The importance of side-crash testing may grow as the installation of air bags blur differences among cars in frontal crashes. KW - Automobile industry KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600807 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - O'Neil, B AU - Keith, J D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGH SCHOOL DRIVER EDUCATION DEBATED PY - 1990/09 VL - 90 IS - 5 SP - p. 10-12 AB - Author O'Neil holds that high schol driver education causes crashes by putting 16-year-olds on the road. O'Neil notes that extensive research shows that trying to reduce crash involvement by drivers of any age through training is largely unsuccesful. There is evidence that availability of such programs result in teenagers getting their licenses sooner than they otherwise would. Author Keith notes that high schol driver education helps save lives by starting youngsters on the path of good driving habits. The high school driver education system faces a critical shortage of certified driver education teachers. It is urged that administrators direct funds to continue such programs. It is argued that reduced emphasis on quality driver education has contributed to trafic fatalities. KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - High schools KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00743750 AU - Partyka, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARISONS OF BELT EFFECTIVENESS IN PREVENTING CHEST, HEAD, AND FACE INJURY IN FRONT AND REAR IMPACTS PY - 1990/08/16 SP - 9 p. AB - A review of data from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) indicates that safety belts are very effective in reducing chest, head, and face injuries in rear impacts - both over all injury sources and for just those injuries caused by contact with frontal components of the car. Belt use is associated with fewer chest, head, and face injuries for car drivers in vehicles with frontal damage and in vehicles with rear damage. Belted drivers had: 53% fewer injuries to these body regions in frontal impacts, and 41% fewer in rear impacts compared to the experience of unbelted drivers in the same crash type. No adjustments have been made for differences in crash severity by belt use, so the estimates provided here may overstate the effectiveness of belts in preventing injuries to these body regions. This limitation applies to both damage areas, but the bias may be larger for drivers of cars with frontal damage because of the tendency of unbelted drivers to speed. Belt use is also associated with fewer chest, head, and face injuries caused by contact with frontal components (such as the windshield or steering assembly), whether the car received damage to the front or rear. Belted drivers had: 61% fewer of these injuries in frontal impacts, and 54% fewer in rear impacts compared to unbelted drivers in the same crash type. The data examined here suggest that safety belts protect drivers in rear impacts against chest, head, and face injury in general and for contacts with frontal components. The estimated effectiveness in preventing chest, head, and face injury from frontal components is about as high in rear impacts (54%) as in frontal impacts (61%), suggesting that safety belts are providing effective protection in rear impacts. KW - Chest injuries KW - Evaluation KW - Face KW - Facial injuries KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Seat belt effectiveness KW - Seat belts KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/471711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756380 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PREVENT PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS: PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN PY - 1990/08 SP - 2 p. AB - This sheet discusses prevention of pedestrian accidents of preschoolers and elementary school children. It is addressed to the parents of the children. Some preventative measures mentioned include: supervision of preschoolers, teaching by explaining, teaching by example, and praising and encouraging children for safe actions. The section addressed to parents of elementary school children presents myths and facts about crossing the street. Both sections emphasize making sure children look both ways before crossing; not crossing until they see that the street is completely clear of cars; continuing to look as one crosses the street. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Elementary school students KW - Parent materials KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Preschool children KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - School children UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619458 AU - GARROTT, W R AU - Rockwell, T H AU - KIGER, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ERGONOMIC RESEARCH ON SCHOOL BUS CROSS VIEW MIRROR SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 221 p. AB - The research studied the problems and the effectiveness of existing cross view school bus mirror systems. Interviews were conducted with 49 Columbus, Ohio school bus drivers to ascertain their evaluations of the use and perceived effectiveness of various mirror systems. Six commercially available cross view mirrors were selected for the study. These mirrors were used to make the seven cross view mirror systems (a system is made up of 2 to 4 cross view mirrors) that were evaluated. The field of view of each cross view mirror system was measured in a laboratory environment with the mirrors mounted on each of three different types of buses. Cameras at different eye positions were used to locate targets for both front and side fields of view. The directly observable field of view of each bus was also determined. A driver object detection study was conducted in the field using eight bus drivers and six of the mirror systems with simulated children. Performance measures included child detection and location as well as driver glance frequency and duration. The results of the laboratory field of view measurements were confirmed by the subsequent driver object detection study. The mirror systems composed of wide angle mirrors (the Banana, Elliptic, and Quadrisphere) allowed the driver to see, with acceptable image clarity, much more of the area around the bus that was not in the driver's direct field of view than did the three, narrower field of view mirrors studied. KW - Cross view mirrors KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Mirrors KW - Ohio KW - Rearview mirrors KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716833 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE ACCIDENT REPORT FORMS CATALOG 1990 PY - 1990/08 SP - 207 p. AB - This publication contains a consolidation of accident report forms used by all the States. Its purpose is to provide a comparative accident data reference document for use by the States, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Regional Offices, other Federal agencies, and private organizations. Ultimately, it is hoped that the States will collect reasonably uniform accident data. Many States have upgraded or revised their accident report forms since the publication of the State Accident Report Forms Catalog was updated in 1988. In the future, this publication will be updated and reprinted every second or third year to maintain its timeliness and relevance. Please note the addition of the National Governors' Association (NGA) "Supplemental Truck and Bus Accident Report" in this edition. KW - Crash reports KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Revisions KW - Standardization KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600754 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECT OF CAR SIZE ON FATALITY AND INJURY RISK IN SINGLE-VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1990/08 SP - 41 p. AB - In recent years, as cars have been reduced in size and weight relative to vehicles produced before the early 1970s, there has been a heightened interest in determining the effects of these changes on motor vehicle safety. To address these questions, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has begun a series of studies on this issue. The investigation is planned to encompass all crash modes, including single-vehicle crashes, multi-vehicle crashes, and collisions of cars with trucks. As of August 1990, two analyses of single-vehicle crashes have been completed: a report on fatality and injury risk in single-vehicle nonrollover crashes and a report on rollover propensity and fatality risk. Both studies look only at passenger cars, not light trucks, vans or multipurpose vehicles. The results of both studies are summarized and discussed here; the reports themselves accompany the summary. KW - Automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment KW - Rollover crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623508 AU - BORECZKY, J AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - PHOTOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF AYDIN CONTROLS 8980 CRTS. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 22 p. AB - This report describes measurements taken for three Aydin Controls 19-inch color CRTs. Measurements of uniformity (center and four corners for 6 colors), color (32 combinations in the center), and reflectance (at four angles) were made using a Photo Research PR-1980A photometer, with each measurement taken on two of the three units. The display units were reasonably uniform although corner luminances were always below those measured in the center, with worst case values being 76% and 65% for the two displays. Colors were fairly consistent between displays, and there were no differences due to location (other than the luminance differences just mentioned). The settings for white had a slight bluish tint to them. Reflectance was 98% for the polished glass face vs. 33% for the non-glare coated display (both measured at 0 degrees incidence). These measurements suggest the displays examined are adequate for control room use. KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Color KW - Displays KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Luminous intensity KW - Measurement KW - Photometry KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622630 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PREVENT BICYCLE ACCIDENTS: A MESSAGE FOR PARENTS PY - 1990/08 SP - 4 p. AB - Each year 1200 bicyclists are fatally injured and over 1/2 million bicycle related injuries are treated in hospital emergency rooms. This message for parents provides information on how they can help stop these tragedies. Specific actions suggested include: choosing and wearing bicycle helmets; choosing the right bike; teaching the child to stop and look before entering the road; obeying traffic laws and bicycle rules of the road; and never allowing a child to ride at night or with audio headphones. Also provided is information on the five common bicycle and motor vehicle collisions. KW - Awareness KW - Bicycles KW - Children KW - Crash causes KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Parents KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622631 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GENERAL ESTIMATES SYSTEM 1988. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON POLICE-REPORTED TRAFFIC CRASHES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1990/08 SP - 152 p. AB - This is the first annual report of overall crash statistics produced from data collected by the General Estimates System (GES). This report presents estimates of selected national characteristics about the approximate 6,900,000 police-reported motor vehicle traffic crashes that occurred in the United States in 1988. While the data presented are not intended to be an exhaustive look at every aspect of crashes, they are an overview of many of the factors involved in the Nation's crashes. The GES obtains its data from a nationally representative probability sample selected from the estimated 6.9 million police-reported crashes which occur annually. These crashes include those which result in a fatality or injury and those involving major property damage. The data in this report are arranged in three sections. Section I, Crashes, describes general characteristics of crashes such as how often and when crashes occur, where crashes occur, and what happened during the crash. Section II, Vehicles, concentrates on the types of vehicles involved in crashes, their action prior to a crash, and the damage to the vehicle caused by the crash. Section III, People, presents statistics about drivers, passengers, pedestrians and pedalcyclists, including age, sex, alcohol involvement and injury severity. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Cyclists KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00579026 AU - GARROTT, W R AU - Rockwell, T H AU - KIGER, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ERGONOMIC RESEARCH ON SCHOOL BUS CROSS VIEW MIRROR SYSTEMS PY - 1990/08 SP - 221 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Buses KW - Evaluation KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611084 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR BRAKING EFFICIENCY VARIATION WITH OEM COMPONENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 62 p. AB - Five significantly different passenger car models were studied to determine the degree to which their front/rear brake force distribution and braking efficiency (or ability to utilize roadway friction without wheel lock up) varied. In order to evaluate the variability that manufacturers must contend with when designing braking systems, each of the five vehicle models was evaluated with 10 different sets of new original equipment (OE) proportioning valves and brake linings. Proportioning valves for each test were measured on a laboratory test bench to determine their input-output pressure characteristics prior to installing them on the vehicle. Each of the five vehicles with each set of OE brakes was road-tested with torque transducers at five different vehicle speeds (3, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mph) and with a low-speed (3 mph) European-style roller brake tester. In addition to the torque transducer and roller tester measurements on all of the 10 brake sets, five to eight brake sets for each vehicle were tested on an in-road transducer measurement system (RTP) at 40 mph. In order to determine the degree to which brake balance and braking efficiency vary for vehicles in use, a large sample of vehicles with the same braking systems as the five test vehicles used in the new burnished OE brake set evaluations were rented from consumers and tested on the roller tester and the RTP. Results of this research effort indicate that brake force output varies considerably. For four of the ten brakes evaluated, the variation was more than plus or minus 20% from the mean value. This was primarily due to variability in the performance of the brake linings. In spite of this large variation in brake force output, braking efficiency typically varied about plus or minus 10% from its mean value. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake linings KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Original equipment manufacturers KW - Performance KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356003 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610237 JO - Publication of: Department of Transport, Australia PB - Department of Transport, Australia AU - Sweatman, P F AU - Ogden, K J AU - HAWORTH, N AU - Vulcan, A P AU - Pearson, R A AU - Monash University AU - Office of Road Safety, Australia AU - Roads and Traffic Authority, New South Wales TI - NSW HEAVY VEHICLE CRASH STUDY FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT SN - 0 642 51403 8 PY - 1990/08 SP - 303 p. AB - This study was commissioned by the New South Wales Road Safety Bureau and the Federal Office of Road Safety to examine the causes of crashes involving heavy vehicles in New South Wales, Australia in 1988 and 1989 and to suggest countermeasures. The study included a retrospective examination of 83 fatal crashes involving heavy vehicles on two New South Wales highways, an analysis of mass data on heavy vehicle crashes in the State from 1982 to 1988, and an analysis of traffic, freight movement and environmental factors. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - New South Wales KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607636 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHAT IS KILLING OUR CHILDREN? ACCIDENTS PY - 1990/08 SP - 4 p. AB - This pamphlet points out how the Emergency Medical Services System is helping to the solve the problem of accidental death and injury to children. Part of the tragedy involves traffic crashes, which are the leading cause of death for all children between 6-14 years old. Preventive measures include knowing your emergency number and when to use it, learning CPR and basic first aid, and using safety belts and child safety seats. KW - Brochures KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607664 AU - Kebschull, B K AU - Weir, D H AU - Zellner, J W AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROLLOVER, BRAKING, AND DYNAMIC STABILITY--MODIFIED SUSPENSION VEHICLES, FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 114 p. AB - A study was performed to investigate the dynamic response properties of modified suspension pickup trucks and utility vehicles in particular open loop steering and braking maneuvers. Three example vehicles were tested, a 1985 Toyota pickup, a 1986 Chevrolet D-20 pickup, and a 1986 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer; in both their OE configurations and with extensive suspension, chassis, and tire modifications using aftermarket components. These modifications tended to increase the cg height, widen the track, decrease braking gain, increase suspension compliance, and possibly lead to greater loads on suspension components. Outriggers were used to prevent rollover, and an automatic vehicle controller was used to input large, repeatable and rapid open loop maneuvers. Each vehicle configuration was tested in 5 maneuvers, including straight line braking, trapezoidal steering, braking in a turn, steady state turning, and sinusoidal steering. Full scale test results are presented to show the effect of vehicle modifications on sublimit and limit performance in these maneuvers. A nonlinear computer simulation was developed to model large amplitude motions and simulate various open loop maneuvers, on flat and level roadways. Measurements were made of all the parameters necessary for the simulation of 3 OE and 6 modified vehicle configurations. KW - Aftermarket KW - Braking KW - Chassis KW - Driving KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuvering KW - Modifications KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Test results KW - Tires KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607665 AU - Kebschull, B K AU - Weir, D H AU - Zellner, J W AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROLLOVER, BRAKING, AND DYNAMIC STABILITY--MODIFIED SUSPENSION VEHICLES, FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: APPENDICES A-D PY - 1990/08 SP - 220 p. AB - A study was performed to investigate the dynamic response properties of modified suspension pickup trucks and utility vehicles in particular open loop steering and braking maneuvers. Three example vehicles were tested, a 1985 Toyota pickup, a 1986 Chevrolet D-20 pickup, and a 1986 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer; in both their OE configurations and with extensive suspension, chassis, and tire modifications using aftermarket components. These modifications tended to increase the cg height, widen the track, decrease braking gain, increase suspension compliance, and possibly lead to greater loads on suspension components. Outriggers were used to prevent rollover, and an automatic vehicle controller was used to input large, repeatable and rapid open loop maneuvers. Each vehicle configuration was tested in 5 maneuvers, including straight line braking, trapezoidal steering, braking in a turn, steady state turning, and sinusoidal steering. Full scale test results are presented to show the effect of vehicle modifications on sublimit and limit performance in these maneuvers. A nonlinear computer simulation was developed to model large amplitude motions and simulate various open loop maneuvers, on flat and level roadways. Measurements were made of all the parameters necessary for the simulation of 3 OE and 6 modified vehicle configurations. KW - Aftermarket KW - Braking KW - Chassis KW - Driving KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuvering KW - Modifications KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Test results KW - Tires KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607654 AU - Bohan, B F AU - Teret, S P AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LEGAL ISSUES REGARDING POLICE AND SEAT BELTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 55 p. AB - Police officers comprise a high risk group for motor vehicle related injuries. They also are a significant factor in motivating the public to wear seat belts. For these two reasons, seat belt use by policemen is of importance. This report identifies and discusses the legal issues surrounding the use and non-use of seat belts by police officers. The report is organized into six sections. First, a short background section discusses the significance of the relationship between police and seat belt usage. Second, seat belt usage laws are analyzed. Third, issues revolving around seat belts are examined within the context of potential lawsuits by and against police officers and their employers. Fourth, actual lawsuits involving these parties and issues are discussed. Fifth, employee discipline and worker compensation issues are examined. Sixth, recommendations are made concerning the role of law, litigation, and liability as motivating factors for altering individuals institutional behavior. KW - Case studies KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Personnel management KW - Police KW - Utilization KW - Workers compensation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603063 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYMPOSIUM ON EFFECTIVE HIGHWAY ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES, JUNE 12-14, 1990. PROCEEDINGS PY - 1990/08 SP - 255 p. AB - The Symposium on Effective Highway Accident Countermeasures was held in Washington, D.C., on June 12-14, 1990. The Symposium was hosted by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The Symposium's objectives were to identify the most effective and practical short-term (within 2 years) countermeasures to highway accidents and to develop strategies for their implementation. The Symposium focused on five areas of highway safety: improving pedestrian safety, reducing accident severity, improving driver performance and control, improving commercial motor vehicle safety, and identifying and improving highway corridors. This publication summarizes the presentations and workshop reports. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway corridors KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716830 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT: INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1990 AUTOMOBILES PY - 1990/07 SP - 26 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents results of the collision coverage loss experience of 1990 model year passenger vehicles during their first months of availability. It is based on collision coverage and loss data supplied by 11 insurers. Descriptions of the sources and nature of the data used are presented. The data analysis methods are presented as well, and definitions are provided. A complete list of vehicle series designations by make and size class is included. KW - Automobiles KW - Collision statistics KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Model year KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623538 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - FACTS, 1990 EDITION PY - 1990/07 SP - n.p. AB - Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among Americans 1-34 years old. Fatal crashes occur more often during some times of the day, week, and year than at other times. They involve some age groups more than others. They involve males more often than females. This edition of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Facts highlights such comparisons, based on analysis of data from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Fatal Accident Reporting System. Included in this packet are Facts Sheets covering the following: General Facts; Alcohol; Bicycles; Children; Elderly; Motorcycles; Passenger Vehicles - Occupant Deaths; Pedestrians; Roadside Hazards; State by State - Number and Type of Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths; Teenagers; Tractor-Trailers; Vehicle Size; Child Restraint Laws; DUI/DWI Laws; Helmet Use Laws; and Safety Belt Laws. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Bicycles KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Per se laws KW - Roadside KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622633 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A 1987 CHEVROLET CAVALIER 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 33.5 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - v.p. AB - This test report documents a crash test to evaluate the response of BioSid dummies in a moving deformable barrier into stationary vehicle side impact crash test. Testing was conducted on a 1987 Chevrolet Cavalier 4-door Sedan at the TRC Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was June 4, 1990 and the ambient temperature was 49 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363904 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608537 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Pollack, C V AU - Pollack, S B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - INJURY SEVERITY SCORES IN DESERT RECREATIONAL ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE TRAUMA PY - 1990/07 VL - 30 IS - 7 SP - p. 888-892 AB - A retrospective analysis of 1,259 patients injured in all-terrain vehicle accidents over a 2-year period was performed. All patients presented to the same community hospital Emergency Department, located near a major desert off-road vehicle recreational area. The patients were characterized by demographics and Injury Severity Score (ISS). There were 2,149 recorded injuries. Mean ISS plus or minus standard deviation for all patients was 5.07 plus or minus 4.93; among patients admitted for inpatient care, 9.83 plus or minus 6.46. ISS was independent of vehicle type (two, three, or four wheels). In this setting, injuries sustained by children were not disproportionately more severe than those sustained by adults. Where documented alcohol use was associated with higher ISS, and the use of helmets was associated with less severe head and facial injuries. The most common diagnoses in this series were integumental injuries and fractures, frequently involving the face and extremities. KW - Age KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Crashes KW - Demographics KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Face KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Recreational facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607662 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A 1988 TOYOTA TERCEL 4-DOOR HATCHBACK AT 33.5 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - v.p. AB - This test report documents a crash test to evaluate the response of BioSid dummies in a moving deformable barrier into stationary vehicle side impact crash test. Testing was conducted on a 1988 Toyota Tercel 4-door hatchback at the TRC Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.3 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the rear seating position. The test date was June 13, 1990 and the ambient temperature was 85 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Hatchback KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600528 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROTECTING OUR OWN. COMMUNITY CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY PROGRAMS. SECOND EDITION PY - 1990/07 SP - 78 p. AB - This manual was prepared for professionals or volunteers engaged in state or local child passenger safety programs, those who work with pregnant women, infants, small children, school children, or teenagers, and parents who want to start a project to promote child passenger safety in their community or organization. It is designed to provide the tools for accomplishing the major tasks confronting child passenger safety advocates today. Chapter One describes what people have done in their communities, working through schools, businesses, civic organizations, and law enforcement or health agencies to accomplish these tasks. Chapter Two provides details on organizing a project and carrying it out. Chapter Three gives the answers to the common, yet often confusing questions that parents ask about using safety seats and belts. Appendix A contains several specialized technical guides related to the use of safety seats. Appendix B lists the multitude of program materials available to help get the message across. Appendix C provides a list of people and organizations that can provide assistance. A bibliography and glossary complete the text. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Community action programs KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344028 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00497544 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BIG WHEELS PY - 1990/07 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-17 AB - It is noted that qualified truck drivers at the wheel are one of the most important factors in highway safety, and that low pay, longer working hours, and strict traffic laws are contributing to a high turnover among truck drivers. Driving schools and trucking companies are gearing efforts to recruit new drivers. New drivers lack experience, and young drivers have 5 times the risk of fatal accident involvement. Just-in-time shipping practices have also added to the problem. An encouraging development is the creation of the commercial driver's license (CDL). A truck driver will have to pass a written test to drive a truck weighing more than 26,000 pounds. CDLs will be part of the new Commercial Driver's License Information System which wil record infractions. There also appears to be a trend toward certifying truck-driving schools and formal training of new drivers. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/313079 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00497545 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Malone, M P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALTERNATE FUELS SPARK NEW CONCERNS PY - 1990/07 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 18-21 AB - The article notes that the search for alternative fuels involves and analysis of their costs, their safety and health risks, and the likelihood of consumer acceptance. Methanol, an alcohol fuel is the considered the least costly and have the least impact on delivery systems. Its safety concerns, however, could be serious: it burns without a visible flame, is toxic, and consumers would have to fuel twice as often. Other disbenefits are also noted. Compressed natural gas is also discussed, and current experiments in Canada are noted. The electric car may be the safest. The ethanol-gasoline blend, gasohol, is also discussed, and it is noted, scores the most points in the area of consumer acceptance. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Compressed natural gas KW - Costs KW - Electric vehicles KW - Gasohol KW - Health KW - Methanol KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/313080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00497546 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT RECORDS A LOT TO HUSK PY - 1990/07 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 22-23 AB - The article describes how new furniture in the Nebraska Department of Roads Highway Safety Division office is making record-keeping more accurate and productive. Information contained in the accident report has direct bearing on the design of highways, location of signage, traffic control, and the elimination of hazards. Fully adjustable keyboards and monitors can be raised, lowered or tilted to adapt to the operator's height and reach to reduce operator's stress. Wrapround work stations put materials within easy reach. It also provides ample work surfaces for laying out maps and other materials necessary for preparing accident reports. A significant improvement is reported in the accuracy of data entry as a result of the new furniture and other office improvements. KW - Crash reports KW - Personnel KW - Recordkeeping KW - Work environment KW - Workplace layout UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/313081 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00497547 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL AGENCIES UNVEIL HIGHWAY AGENDA FOR THE 199S. WASHINGTON WORLD PY - 1990/07 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 24-25 AB - The agenda on traffic safety issued in the wake of the National Transportation Policy is discussed. The Transportation Policy's safety goals are stated, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's plans are listed. The latter plans relate to the following: side collisions; safety requirements for light trucks, vans, etc.; child safety; license suspension; impaired driving; drunk driving programs; safety belt use; and helmet laws. The Federal Highway Administration's safety goals are discussd. An improved driver registry to track problem drivers, and fuel economy standards for cars are discussed. KW - Children KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fuel consumption KW - Helmets KW - Impaired drivers KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Side crashes KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation policy KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/313082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00497543 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - WOLTMAN, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIGNS OF TROUBLE PY - 1990/07 VL - 90 IS - 4 SP - p. 8-11 AB - The article emphasizes the importance of better sign maintenance. This goal can be achieved with three rules: use the best, most durable materials available; implement a systematic program of inspection and replacement as described in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program report no. 157; and follow the recommendations of the Transportation Research Board's report no. 218, 'Transportation in an Aging Society.' It is noted that changes in attitudes to tort claims has created concerns for traffic agencies, and the question of accouuntability has spurred efforts to determine standards by which to judge the problem of adequate traffic signs. Comments are made in this regard on the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Liability KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Materials KW - Standards KW - Tort liability KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/313078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082928 AU - McKnight, A James AU - Marques, Paul R AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Host and Server Determination of Alcohol Intoxication Level PY - 1990/06/08/Final Report SP - 99p AB - An Impairment Estimation Procedure (IEP) was developed from a set of alcohol impairment cues found to be associated with measured blood alcohol concentrations. Some 24 cues representing social behavior, physical appearance, and motor coordination, obtained by observing 149 drinkers in social situations, were divided into two categories: those corresponding to moderate impairment (BAC .04-.08) and those corresponding to severe impairment (BAC >.08). Observers using the IEP estimated impairment more accurately than those not using it when impairment was manifest in both breath tests and field sobriety measures. The superiority of the IEP-guided observers was greatest in identifying moderately impaired drinkers, particularly those considered not impaired by unguided observers. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol blood tests KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Appearance KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Intoxication KW - Measurement KW - Motor skills KW - Physical coordination KW - Social factors UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25890/DOT-HS-807-639.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620478 AU - Campbell, K L AU - Wolfe, A C AU - Blower, D F AU - Waller, P F AU - Massie, D L AU - RIDELLA, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS IN SUPPORT OF COLLISION AVOIDANCE TECHNOLOGIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 94 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of an effort to develop and rank collision scenarios. Review of existing literature showed that there has been relatively little work in this area. In exploring and building collision scenarios, police-reported accident files from Michigan and Washington were used, along with data from the National Accident Sampling System, and the Crash Avoidance Research Data file. The project focused on common accidents of ordinary drivers. Ultimately, the project was restricted to passenger car accidents which did not involve pedestrians or pedalcyclists, and drivers who had not been drinking or indicated to have been driving recklessly. An 18-level collision configuration variable was constructed which included the number of vehicles involved, their relative orientation, intent to turn, relation to intersection, and traffic control at the intersection. Distributions of this variable were determined for driver age, area type (urban or rural), road type, and light condition. The distributions were quite stable across the four data sets. Five collision types--single-vehicle, nonintersection; crossing paths at signalized intersection; crossing paths at non-signalized intersection; driveway/parking related; and same direction, non-intersection--accounted for about two-thirds of the accidents. A sample of Michigan police reports was drawn for each of the five collision types. Among other findings, these case studies suggested that in collisions at non-signalized intersections, older drivers often stopped and then pulled out in front of oncoming traffic, while younger drivers more often failed to stop at all. Overall, the case studies suggested that a collision typology based on vehicle movement might be most useful in developing crash avoidance technology. KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Classification KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Driveways KW - Forecasting KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Intersections KW - Lighting KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Parking KW - Rural areas KW - Signalized intersections KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607663 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BIOSID DUMMY MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER INTO A 1987 NISSAN SENTRA 2-DOOR SEDAN AT 33.5 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - v.p. AB - This test report documents a crash test to evaluate the response of BioSid dummies in a moving deformable barrier into stationary vehicle side impact crash test. Testing was conducted on a 1987 Nissan Sentra 2-door sedan at the TRC Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.3 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was May 9, 1990 and the ambient temperature was 74 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Passenger cars KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Sedan KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620535 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1990 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1990/06 SP - 65 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State and Provincial driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Provinces of Canada, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver licenses KW - Fees KW - Puerto Rico KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611060 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - 1989 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR CRASH FACTS PY - 1990/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This report is a study of the data compiled from all North Dakota motor vehicle crash reports in 1989. Included are the following: Introduction; Did You Know?--General Crash Statements; Cost of Traffic Crashes; Fatalities, North Dakota and National Fatality Rate; Fatal Crashes/Fatalities by County 1989--Map; Persons Killed and Injured by County; Reportable Crashes by County; Motor Vehicle Fatalities on Major Holidays; Restraint Device Usage and Ejection of Occupants; Total and Fatal Crashes by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities; North Dakota/Out-of-State Driver Involvement; Age and Sex of Persons Injured; Age and Sex of Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes; Crash Involvement by Age, Sex, and License of Driver; Fatality Blood Alcohol Concentration Levels; Traffic Violations/Convictions; Crashes by Type of Driver Violation; Crash Summary by Month; Crashes by Light Conditions; Road Surface and Weather Conditions - Fatal Crashes, Injury Crashes, and All Crashes; Type of Motor Vehicle Crashes; Reportable Crashes by City; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Crashes by Object Struck, by Urban Population, and by Roadway; and Non-Traffic Crashes. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Non-traffic crashes KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Out of state KW - Population KW - Restraint systems KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611087 AU - Olson, P L AU - Aoki, T AU - Battle, D AU - FLANNAGAN, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A HEADLIGHT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TOOL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 94 p. AB - This report summarizes four investigations carried out to assist in the development and evaluation of a headlighting visibility model developed by NHTSA. In the first study the adaptation level of drivers was measured under various conditions. It was found that the levels calculated by the model are generally too low. In the second study data were developed on discomfort glare in order to obtain a more accurate estimate for use in the model. In the third and fourth studies, comparisons were made between the visibility of pedestrian and delineation targets as measured in the field and predicted by the model. These results suggest that the model is reasonably accurate for pedestrian targets with drivers aged 35, but significantly in error for older drivers (65+). There was also a significant discrepancy in the case of delineation targets. However, the data from the delineation studies were themselves quite inconsistent, so recommendations for corrections cannot be made with any degree of confidence. KW - Accuracy KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Aged drivers KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance evaluations KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356006 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608536 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Inder, T AU - Geddis, D C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF INFANT CAR RESTRAINTS PY - 1990/06 VL - 22 IS - 3 SP - p. 297-300 AB - Over a six-week period 100 mothers in Dunedin, New Zealand obtained General Motors infant car seats from a rental scheme. In interviews conducted in the maternity hospital, before the seats had been used, the mother's perceptions of the comfort and ease of use of the seat were recorded. All mothers rated the seats as very safe. From details of 2,830 car trips undertaken by these mothers while their infants were 0-3 months old and from a further 687 journeys by 85 of those mothers when their infants were 4-6 months old we found that an infant car seat was used for only 72% of journeys with the younger infant compared to 91% of journeys with the older infant. Those mothers who had rated the seat - before ever using it - as appearing uncomfortable or difficult to use were less likely to make use of it. The seat was least likely to be used when the mother was going out for more than two hours in the evening for some purpose that involved only a short car journey. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Infants KW - Influence factors KW - New Zealand KW - Telephone influence factors KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607646 AU - Holder, H AU - Wagenaar, A AU - Saltz, R AU - Mosher, J AU - Janes, K AU - C and H Resource Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE SERVER LIABILITY AND THE REDUCTION OF ALCOHOL-RELATED PROBLEMS: EVALUATION OF DRAM SHOP LAWS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - v.p. AB - The project was an evaluation of the potential for the legal liability of alcoholic beverage servers to stimulate preventative serving practices and thus reduce alcohol-involved traffic problems. Legal analyses of judicial and legislative actions within individual states determined that states could be ranked according to their relative level of liability exposure. Utilizing both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, the project found that in states ranked highest in server liability there was more publicity about such liability, greater awareness and concern among licensed establishment owner/managers, and differential serving practices compared to states with lowest liability exposure. A time series analysis in one state, Texas, which had experienced a dramatic change in server liability (from relatively little to relatively high) and significant accompanying publicity had a statistically significant drop in alcohol-involved traffic crashes as a result. The project concluded that server liability with incentives for preventative serving practices had more potential for reducing alcohol-involved traffic problems than strict liability alone. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Awareness KW - Case studies KW - Crash exposure KW - Dram shop laws KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Exposure KW - Highway safety KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Liability KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25833/DOT-HS-807-629.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607645 AU - Holder, H AU - Wagenaar, A AU - Saltz, R AU - Mosher, J AU - Janes, K AU - C and H Resource Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE SERVER LIABILITY AND THE REDUCTION OF ALCOHOL-RELATED PROBLEMS: EVALUATION OF DRAM SHOP LAWS. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 32 p. AB - The project was an evaluation of the potential for the legal liability of alcoholic beverage servers to stimulate preventative serving practices and thus reduce alcohol-involved traffic problems. Legal analyses of judicial and legislative actions within individual states determined that states could be ranked according to their relative level of liability exposure. Utilizing both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, the project found that in states ranked highest in server liability there was more publicity about such liability, greater awareness and concern among licensed establishment owner/managers, and differential serving practices compared to states with lowest liability exposure. A time series analysis in one state, Texas, which had experienced a dramatic change in server liability (from relatively little to relatively high) and significant accompanying publicity had a statistically significant drop in alcohol-involved traffic crashes as a result. The project concluded that server liability with incentives for preventative serving practices had more potential for reducing alcohol-involved traffic problems than strict liability alone. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Awareness KW - Case studies KW - Crash exposure KW - Dram shop laws KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Exposure KW - Highway safety KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Liability KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25878/DOT-HS-807-628.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607632 AU - Datta, T K AU - Guzek, P AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM USE IN 19 U.S. CITIES 1989 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 79 p. AB - This study continued to monitor the use of occupant restraint systems and motorcycle/moped helmet use in 19 U.S. cities during 1989. A total of 69,232 observations of automobile drivers indicated an overall driver safety belt use rate of 46.3%. The driver safety belt use rate in areas that have mandatory use laws was 57.5% for female drivers and 44.0% for male drivers. Whereas in areas with no use law, driver safety belt use rate was 39.3% for female drivers and 28.6% for male drivers. The passenger observation indicated that 67.3% of the infants, 69.9% of the toddlers, 43.5% of the subteens, 28.9% of the teens and 45.2% of the adults were restrained. Child safety seats were observed being used for 81.3% of the infant and 80.5% of the toddler passengers. Correct toddler safety seat installation was recorded at a rate of 80.5%. In areas with motorcycle helmet use laws 97.9% of the operators and 98.0% of the passengers used helmets. Helmet use in areas with no helmet use laws was 44.2% for operators and 31.1% for passengers. Automobilies equipped with automatic belt systems had an overall driver belt use rate of 84.8%. The motorized shoulder belt system that could not be disconnected displayed the highest use rate of 97.9%. The lowest automatic system use rate of 71.6% was observed from the lap and shoulder belt combination with disconnect. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Child restraint systems KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607630 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PLANNING COMMUNITY PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAMS: AN AGENDA FOR ACTION PY - 1990/06 SP - 34 p. AB - This planning guide was developed to assist communities in either the integration of a pedestrian safety component into an existing community traffic safety program, or the development and implementation of an independent pedestrian safety program where no community traffic safety program exists. It describes the principles of comprehensive planning and coordination, problem analysis, and community assessment. Also included are guidelines for conducting strategy work sessions and for conducting an evaluation of a pedestrian safety program. A list of recommended resources is provided along with copies of pedestrian safety assessment forms. KW - Community action programs KW - Coordination KW - Guidelines KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602643 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT FROM THE CONFERENCE ON THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY DATA, FEBRUARY 25 - MARCH 1, 1990, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA PY - 1990/06 SP - 85 p. AB - The Conference on the Collection and Analysis of State Highway Safety Data was held in San Diego, California, on February 25 through March 1, 1990. Its purpose was to encourage States to undertake improvements in the quality and utility of state data by: Demonstrating the benefits to be obtained for State and local highway safety activities from analyses of State data; Enhancing the analytic skills of those who use State data; and, Informing the collectors and keepers of State data of methods for improving its quality and consistency. The conference was organized into plenary sessions, called General Analysis Sessions, and smaller, instructionally oriented Workshops. General Analysis Sessions featured presentations by specialists in different areas of highway safety who demonstrated ways in which State highway safety data are used to support State and local highway safety programs. The Workshops provided instruction in various topics that were chosen to enhance skills and increase the knowledge of the attendees with regard to issues associated with the use of State data for problem identification and countermeasure evaluation. At a plenary Concluding Session, a panel expressed opinions about the Conference and future needs in highway safety analysis. This report provides a brief synopsis of each of the presentations in the General Analysis Sessions and of the material covered in each of the Workshops. KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Consistency KW - Data KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - States KW - Utility KW - Utility theory KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602642 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FORUM ON YOUTH TRAFFIC SAFETY INITIATIVES, JULY 9-13, 1989, WASHINGTON, D.C. PY - 1990/06 SP - 45 p. AB - The Forum on Youth Traffic Safety Initiatives was held in Washington, D.C., in July 1989. It was attended by traffic safety experts from almost all U.S. States and territories, as well as governmental officials, representatives of the private sector, and members of the youth traffic safety research community. The purpose of the forum was to develop an Agenda for Action. This publication contains highlights of the forum presentations, the Agenda for Action that was developed by the forum participants, and concluding remarks on what lies ahead in the continuing efforts to improve youth traffic safety. KW - Adolescents KW - Children KW - Conferences KW - Recommendations KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601382 AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Sivak, M AU - GELLATLY, A W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - REARWARD VISION, DRIVER CONFIDENCE, AND DISCOMFORT GLARE USING AN ELECTROCHROMIC REARVIEW MIRROR PY - 1990/06 SP - 30 p. AB - Electrochromic rearview mirrors can provide continuous levels of reflectivity and unobtrusive, automatic control. The availability of this technology has increased the importance of understanding how to select the best level of reflectivity for a given set of lighting conditions. For night driving with glare from following headlights, the best reflectivity level will always depend on a tradeoff among several variables. This study was designed to help clarify what variables are important and how they should be quantified. Twenty subjects, 10 younger and 10 older, performed a number of visual tasks while viewing stimuli through an electrochromic rearview mirror. Subjects were seated in an automobile mockup in a laboratory and the reflectivity level of the mirror was changed before each of a series of discrete trials. On each trial, subjects saw reflected in the mirror a visual acuity stimulus and a glare source of varying intensity. They performed three tasks: (1) judgment of the location of a gap in the acuity stimulus, (2) rating of their subjective confidence in the gap judgment, and (3) rating of the discomfort they experienced from the glare source. Results showed that: (1) visual performance decreased with decreasing reflectivity approximately as a linear function of log reflectivity, (2) subjects' confidence consistently underestimated their actual performance but otherwise accurately reflected the effect of reflectivity on performance, and (3) the effect of reflectivity on discomfort glare is not fully predicted by its effect on illumination at the subject's eye point. Implications of these findings for mirror design include: (1) the continuous reflectivity control provided by electrochromic mirrors should be of value in achieving optimal tradeoffs in the presence of glare, and (2) at least for discrimination tasks, even though changes in reflectivity are automatic and subtle, subjects recognize the resulting changes in seeing ability. KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Electrochromic rear view mirrors KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Human subject testing KW - Night KW - Performance KW - Psychological tests KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Reflectivity KW - Subjective tests KW - Variables KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601389 AU - ROGERSON, P AU - Keall, M AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - THE MELBOURNE ON-ROAD EXPOSURE SURVEYS: 1984, 1985, 1986 AND 1988 SN - 0-7306-1353-4 PY - 1990/06 SP - 106 p. AB - These roadside surveys were conducted during May and June and consisted of short interviews (not longer than 35 seconds while the traffic lights were on "red") on high volume roads. An observer as well as an interviewer collected data on age, sex, licence type, transmission of test vehicle, seating position, seat belt usage, vehicle ownership, purpose of journey, transmission of vehicle, use of "L" and "P" plates, vehicle make and registration. The results are presented as percentages of total distance travelled by sub-groups of the driving population. The information collected relates to distances driven on arterial roads in the survey area (38 out of 52 local government areas) during a typical week in a non-holiday period. It is probably a reasonable assumption, however, that the results would generalise to the whole of Melbourne. The exposure data presented in this report can be used to estimate the relative risk of accident for various groups of drivers, car occupants or vehicles. The frequency of various groups in the total population can be used to assess the size of a particular road safety problem. Hence the results can be used to identify problems and quantify the expected outcome of suggested countermeasures. KW - Age KW - Crash exposure KW - Data collection KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Melbourne (Australia) KW - Risk assessment KW - Roadside KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Surveys KW - Trip length KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497335 AU - Dalrymple, G D AU - Hsia, H-S AU - RAGLAND, C L AU - Dickman, F B AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHEELCHAIR AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINT ON SCHOOL BUSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 116 p. AB - This report presents the findings of a literature survey, wheelchair hardware survey, wheelchair usage on school buses survey and assessment of current worldwide standards to address securement of wheelchairs on school buses and other modes of public transportation. This research was performed to assess the current wheelchair securement and occupant protection systems on school buses to support possible future rulemakings. Several foreign and international organizations have recently issued standards for wheelchair and occupant securement. This report explores the potential application of these standards to FMVSS 222, "School Bus Seating and Crash Protection." Although data in this report are relevant to FMVSS 222, it was also prepared to disseminate information that may be useful to other standards organizations, wheelchair manufacturers, school bus manufacturers and school districts. KW - Anchors (Mooring devices) KW - Data collection KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - School buses KW - Standards KW - Surveys KW - Tie-down anchors KW - Tiedowns KW - Utilization KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629095 AU - Bohan, B F AU - Teret, S P AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SEAT BELTS AND THE LAW: MANDATORY USE LAWS AND THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF NON-USE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 92 p. AB - This report analyzes the current legal status of the seat belt defense in civil actions. Particular emphasis is given to factors which have altered the evolution of the seat belt defense since 1982, the most significant being the passage of laws mandating belt use in a majority of the states. The report is organized into three sections. The first section provides the background necessary to an understanding of the nature and applications of the seat belt defense, and the benefits and detriments of the seat belt defense and mandatory use laws (MULs). The second section includes a State-by-State analysis of the current status of the seat belt defense. The final section examines the seat belt defense and MULs in the context of broader public policy considerations regarding injury prevention. KW - Injuries KW - Injury prevention KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Manual safety belts KW - Non-use of safety belts KW - Public policy KW - Safety KW - Seat belt defense KW - States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611062 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT: AN ANALYSIS OF TOTAL LOSSES, 1984-88 MODELS PY - 1990/05 SP - 24 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) special report presents information on total losses under collision coverages involving 1984-88 passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. Overall, claims representing total losses have increased from about 4% of all collision claims for 1984 models to about 6% for 1988 models. For the more recent model years, more than one-fourth of all collision loss dollars were paid for total losses. Total losses are strongly related to vehicle size with smaller vehicles experiencing much higher rates of total losses. KW - Automobiles KW - Liability insurance KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Total losses KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608591 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Drummond, F C AU - Pizzola, P A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AN UNUSUAL CASE INVOLVING THE INDIVIDUALIZATION OF A CLOTHING IMPRESSION ON A MOTOR VEHICLE PY - 1990/05 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - p. 746-752 AB - In the case reported herein, the authors compared two articles of clothing (a belt and pants) with the impression found on the bumper of an automobile alleged to have impacted a pedestrian, thereby causing his death. The following aspects of the clothing corresponded to sites in the impression: the weave pattern of the pants and belt loop, stitching of the belt loop, orientation of the belt and belt inscription with respect to the pants, and individual characteristics on the border of the belt. This unusual combination of features allowed an individualization to be made between the impression of the motor vehicle and the clothing of the victim. KW - Bumpers KW - Case studies KW - Clothing KW - Forensic medicine KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602641 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS, NATIONAL OCCUPANT PROTECTION CONFERENCE, JANUARY 29-FEBRUARY 1, 1990, FORT WORTH, TEXAS PY - 1990/05 SP - v.p. AB - The National Occupant Protection Conference was held from January 29 to February 1, 1990, in Fort Worth, Texas, and was attended by approximately 200 professionals from the fields of law enforcement, adjudication, education, mass communications, and highway safety program management. The purpose of the conference was to assess the effectiveness of occupant protection programs in the United States and to plan future directions. For the most part, participants came from State and local programs and were experienced in occupant protection program operations and management. This summary of the proceedings describes the state of the art in highway safety programs to promote greater occupant protection use and presents the participants' conclusions and recommendations about gaining further significant increases in belt use. Also included, as Appendix 1, are the recommendations made for occupant protection at the U.S. Department of Transportation's Traffic Safety Summit, which was held on April 1-3, 1990. Although developed separately, they are highly supportive of and consistent with the conclusions reached at the National Occupant Protection Conference. KW - Conferences KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Programs KW - Recommendations KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602640 AU - Cerrelli, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1989 TRAFFIC FATALITIES, PRELIMINARY REPORT. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 44 p. AB - This report provides detailed preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities for 1989. The results are based on incomplete reporting but adjustments have been made to account for this. Trend data is presented for both traffic fatalities and fatality rate. An extensive set of estimates are provided at the national level together with summary statistics at the State and Regional level. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. All estimates are compared to the corresponding values for 1988, 1983, and 1980. KW - Classification KW - Crash types KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Helmets KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Human characteristics KW - Land use KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passengers KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601388 AU - SULLIVAN, G AU - Wise, A AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - BICYCLE HELMET USAGE RATES IN VICTORIA 1983-1990 SN - 0-7306-1385-2 PY - 1990/05 SP - 47 p. AB - The 1990 bicycle helmet surveys of primary and secondary school children cycling to and from school showed that the helmet wearing rates of primary school students have remained stable at 74.8% in the metropolitan area, and increased to 64.4% in the regional centres. The helmet wearing rates of secondary school children are much lower, increasing to 24.7% in the metropolitan area and 25.7% in the regional centres. The helmet wearing rates for commuter cyclists decreased slightly to 43.5% in the metropolitan area and increased to 14.5% in the regional centres. There has been a significant increase in helmet wearing amongst recreational cyclists in the metropolitan area, to 32.2%, but it has remained steady at 17.3% in the regional centres. The helmet wearing rates for adults and primary school-aged cyclists riding recreationally are much less than when commuting to school or work. In both the metropolitan and country areas, footpath cyclists of all ages have lower helmet wearing rates than cyclists on roads. KW - Commuters KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Helmets KW - Recreation KW - Rural areas KW - School children KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344514 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601361 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Reddy, K AU - Furer, M AU - West, M AU - Hamonic, M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - CAROTID ARTERY DISSECTION SECONDARY TO SEATBELT TRAUMA: CASE REPORT PY - 1990/05 VL - 30 IS - 5 SP - p. 630-633 AB - A postmortem report of a patient with traumatic internal carotid artery dissection, along with evidence strongly suggestive of a car seatbelt as a causative factor, is presented. In this 5-ft subject, the shoulder harness could have been high, over the anterior cervical area. The authors feel this mechanism deserves consideration as one of the important causes of traumatic carotid dissection. If supported by further studies, remedial measures in the form of changes in seatbelt design, or the use of alternate protective measures may be warranted. KW - Carotid artery dissection KW - Case studies KW - Design KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348568 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601373 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - McBay, A J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DRUGS AND TRANSPORTATION SAFETY - LETTER TO THE EDITOR PY - 1990/05 VL - 35 IS - 3 SP - p. 523-529 AB - In this letter to the editor, the author supports his belief that widespread random testing of transportation workers is not a cost-effective way of improving the safety, health, performance, and productivity of those workers. He cites several cases of drug testing following a transportation accident (air, rail, and highway) where the test results were questionable and where the media gave much publicity to worker drug use, but failed to do so to the actual findings of more extensive investigations which revealed other causes, such as fatigue or failure to exercise due care. He cites the National Master Freight Agreement Drug Testing Program as an example of the confused efforts at trying to interpret the meaning of marijuana concentrations. KW - Air transportation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drug tests KW - Highway transportation KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Random breath tests KW - Random drug testing KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600534 AU - GELLATLY, A W AU - Weintraub, D J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - USER RECONFIGURATIONS OF THE DE BOER RATING SCALE FOR DISCOMFORT GLARE PY - 1990/05 SP - 21 p. AB - This study evaluated the de Boer rating scale for discomfort glare. The aim was to odetermine if the scale was effective in rating discomfort glare and, if not, what modifications are necessary to improve the scale. The hypothesis was that the de Boer scale was not optimal for rating the true psychological effect of discomfort glare by American observers. Two tasks were performed by each subject. The first task was an ordering of the verbal descriptors, in which the subject ordered the five verbal descriptors from the scale in the order they thought the scale should run. The second task was to number the scale they created. The results indicate that (1) there is a problem with the way the de Boer scale is numbered, and (2) some of the verbal descriptors are confusing and can lead to improper scaling of glare. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the de Boer scale is not the optimal scale for rating discomfort glare by American observers, and research on an improved scale is necessary. KW - De boer rating scale KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Glare KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600541 AU - SAYERS, M W AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Guy, Y AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - CHRYSLER/UMTRI WIND-STEER VEHICLE SIMULATION--USER'S MANUAL, VERSION 1.4. VOLUME II PY - 1990/05 SP - 127 p. AB - The Wind-Steer model is a time-based simulation of the handling performance of a passenger car in response to steer inputs from a driver and external wind conditions. The simulation includes the aerodynamic properties of the vehicle, a closed-loop driver model, and vehicle chassis characteristics. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Chassis KW - Crosswinds KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Human machine systems KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600540 AU - SAYERS, M W AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Guy, Y AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - CHRYSLER/UMTRI WIND-STEER VEHICLE SIMULATION--USER'S MANUAL, VERSION 1.4. VOLUME I PY - 1990/05 SP - 55 p. AB - The Wind-Steer model is a time-based simulation of the handling performance of a passenger car in response to steer inputs from a driver and external wind conditions. The simulation includes the aerodynamic properties of the vehicle, a closed-loop driver model, and vehicle chassis characteristics. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Chassis KW - Crosswinds KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Human machine systems KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600529 AU - Filkins, L D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EVALUATION PLAN: JACKSON COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/05 SP - 35 p. AB - An evaluation plan for the Jackson County (Michigan) Comprehensive Traffic Safety Program is presented, and the program is reviewed briefly. The overall evaluation strategy recommended for the program consists of three parts. The first part comprises performance evaluations of each of the individual countermeasure projects participating in the program. The second part is a performance evaluation of the entire program to determine whether the overall goals of the program (other than reduction in the frequency and severity of crashes) have been achieved. The final part consists of an effectiveness evaluation of the entire program to determine the long-term, bottom-line impact on crashes. Recommendations are presented for the crash and exposure databases to be used, for the comparison counties, and for the variables and time periods to be analyzed. KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Programs KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344029 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496401 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE 21ST CENTURY BEGINS TO ROLL PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 22-23 AB - President Bush's and Transportation Secretary Skinner's comprehensive national transportation policy is discussed. The policy would focus federal highway spending on major arteries and impose new responsibilites on states and local governments for building and maintaining local roads. It urges states and localities to hike gasoline taxes and rely more on revenue generated through tolls, transportation taxes and other user fees. Highlights of the policy relating to the following areas are discussed: safety; highways; tolls and taxes; mass transit; hazardous material; trucking; and research. The government registration of child safety seats is discussed, as well as management deficiencies in the Department of Transportation program to test transportation workers for drug use. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drugs KW - Federal government KW - Hazardous materials KW - Local government KW - State government KW - Taxation KW - Tolls KW - Transportation policy KW - Trucking KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312516 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496400 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Hannigan, M J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUNNY DRUNKS ON THE ROCKS PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-22 AB - California's cluster of anti-DUI (driving under the influence) legislation in 1989 is noted. The combinatiion of the laws, aggressive enforcement and energetic public awareness campaigning has resulted in a high level of recognition of DUI as a serious problem. Other anti-DUI activities are also noted. Of the anti-DUI laws, the one with the greatest potential for diminishing the incidence of drunk driving is the one establishing the 0.8 threshold for drunk driving. A campaign to educate California's 20 million drivers concerning the impairment potential of low-level alcohol consumtion is also noted. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312515 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496397 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - LAUERSDORF, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ALL TOO USUAL PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-11 AB - The history of alcohol consumption in America is briefly described, and 'dram shop' laws of the mid-19th century are noted. Such laws take action against a bar owner if an intoxicated consumer caused injury, and the owner may be confronted with an assessment of damages and license sanctions. To forestall such actions, the managers of bars, restaurants and other alcohol-related establishments are arranging for server-intervention training for their employees. One of the first such programs initiated by the Wisconsibn Office of Highway Safety is noted. The Alcohol Server Knowledge (ASK) program developed by the National Safety Council is described. The program's 4-hour sessions cover responsible alcohol service, the need for such service, preventing intoxication, and intervening with intoxicated patrons. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol servers KW - Alcohol use KW - Drinking establishments KW - Laws KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312512 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496398 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE PARADOX PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 12-14 AB - The article notes hat police traffic chases killed 255 in one year, and expresses concern about police pursuits and their outcomes. It describes how law enforcement agencies across the nation are beginning to write policies and debate ways to control the deadly force of speeding vehicles in police chases. Many unnecessary chases are intitated by police departments where there is no policy governing pursuit. Attention is drawn to a publication: 'Police Pursuit Driving: Controlling Responses to Emergency Situations.' Steps that police departments need to take in order to properly control pursuits are listed and discussed. KW - Emergencies KW - Fatalities KW - Police KW - Policy KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312513 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496399 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Malone, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GAMES SPEEDERS PLAY PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 16-19 AB - The article discusses the conflict between those charged with maintaining safety on the highways and drivers who regularly exceed speed limits. The battle is fought on two fronts: the technological and psychological. The combination of technological advances in enforcement with an active public relations campaign seems to offer the best hope of winning on both fronts for traffic safety professionals. The use of detectors to detect police detectors is discussed. A new device is described that is based on a combination of conventional radar and large camera with telephoto lens and is mounted in the back of a small truck or station wagon parked in an area where speeding is a problem. The legality of presuming the owner was the driver at the time of the traffic violation is also discussed. Speed limits need to be realistsic if drivers are expected to comply with them. KW - Detectors KW - Highway safety KW - Radar devices KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312514 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496402 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CARS CAN REVERSE DRUNK DRIVERS PY - 1990/05 VL - 90 IS - 3 SP - p. 25-27 AB - In 1989 more than 20 states introduced legislation to permit or require the use of interlocks by convicted drunk drivers. The interlock system connects a breath analyzer to a vehicle's electrical system. The driver must blow into the system, pass a BAC (blood alcohol concentration) test at a pre-set level, and use a breath code for the intended driver only, in order for the vehicle to start. In jurisdictions across the country, law enforcement and probation officers have witnessed the effectiveness of ignition interlocks. Studies in Colorado, Ohio, and Pennsylvania are described which provide additional support for the use of the devices. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Ignition systems KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607650 AU - BROEN, N L AU - Weir, D H AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE RESPONSE SENSITIVITY OF AN EXAMPLE ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM TO CHANGES IN LINING FRICTION. TECHNICAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1990/04 SP - 64 p. AB - Full scale straightline brake and brake in turn tests were performed on both high and low mu surfaces with an example automobile equipped with an antilock brake system (ABS). Several different sets of brake pads were tested to measure the effect of brake pad friction level on the response and performance of the example ABS. Preliminary tests were performed to estimate the brake pad friction coefficients, which ranged from 0.27 to 0.45 in the front and from 0.30 to 0.52 in the rear. Similar braking tests were accomplished with a temporary spare tire mounted successively at the front and rear. The results show that there was no systematic effect of varying pad friction on ABS response, and that the stopping distances did not change by a substantial amount over the brake pad frictions tested. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake linings KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Friction KW - Performance KW - Response KW - Sensitivity KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607651 AU - BROEN, N L AU - Weir, D H AU - Dynamic Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE RESPONSE SENSITIVITY OF AN EXAMPLE ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM TO CHANGES IN LINING FRICTION. TECHNICAL REPORT. VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1990/04 SP - 575 p. AB - Full scale straightline brake and brake in turn tests were performed on both high and low mu surfaces with an example automobile equipped with an antilock brake system (ABS). Several different sets of brake pads were tested to measure the effect of brake pad friction level on the response and performance of the example ABS. Preliminary tests were performed to estimate the brake pad friction coefficients, which ranged from 0.27 to 0.45 in the front and from 0.30 to 0.52 in the rear. Similar braking tests were accomplished with a temporary spare tire mounted successively at the front and rear. The results show that there was no systematic effect of varying pad friction on ABS response, and that the stopping distances did not change by a substantial amount over the brake pad frictions tested. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake linings KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Friction KW - Performance KW - Response KW - Sensitivity KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607635 AU - Lacey, J H AU - MARCHETTI, L M AU - Stewart, J R AU - Murphy, P V AU - Jones, R K AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMBINING ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLIC INFORMATION TO DETER DWI: THE EXPERIENCE OF THREE COMMUNITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 62 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of three field tests of the concept of combining enforcement with public information and education (PI&E) activities to achieve general deterrence of driving while intoxicated (DWI). Test communities were Clearwater/Largo, Florida, Indianapolis, Indiana and Boise, Idaho. Each community identified several specific DWI enforcement techniques to implement and PI&E materials were developed that highlighted those specific enforcement techniques. The programs were implemented in each community for approximately a one year period and measures of public awareness, reported drinking driving behavior and crash experience were examined in the test communities and comparison communities. The test programs represented a variety of enforcement and PI&E approaches as dictated by local conditions. Similarly there were varying effects of the programs. The salient enforcement technique associated with program effectiveness was the use of checkpoints. Overall command emphasis was also found to be important. A comprehensive PI&E program using public service ads, hard news coverage and community appearances was also associated with program success while reliance on a single PI&E approach was less likely to achieve desired results. Methodological issues in implementing and evaluating such interventions are also discussed. KW - Awareness KW - Crashes KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Information dissemination KW - Law enforcement KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Security checkpoints UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25816/DOT-HS-807-601.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607638 AU - Soderstrom, C A AU - Dischinger, P C AU - Ho, S M AU - Shankar, B S AU - University of Maryland, Baltimore AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF ALCOHOL USE AMONG 165 INJURED MOTORCYCLE DRIVERS TREATED AT MARYLAND TRAUMA CENTERS: CLINICAL AND CRASH PERSPECTIVES INCLUDING CRASH CULPABILITY ASSESSMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 50 p. AB - For a one year period in 1987-88, 203 injured motorcycle drivers were admitted for treatment to a Maryland trauma center, of whom 165 had determined blood alcohol levels (BALs). Police reports of these cases were obtained and crash culpability in relation to alcohol use was determined. Over one-half (53.3%) of the drivers were BAL positive, with 73.9% with a BAL greater than 100 mg% (=0.1% alcohol). One-third of underaged drivers tested positive for alcohol. For victims who survived a crash long enough to be transported to and admitted to a trauma center there was no association between alcohol use and injury severity, length of hospitalization, mortality, discharge to home, or the presence of a brain injury. A deleterious effect of alcohol on survival is suggested by the finding that 9 of 13 victims (69.2%) who died at the scene of injury or within 4 hours of admission tested positive for alcohol. A significant negative association was found between helmet use and alcohol use among the 111 drivers in which helmet use was known (p less than 0.001). A greater percentage of nonhelmeted (45.5%) drivers sustained brain injuries compared to helmeted (33.3%) drivers. Alcohol use was significantly higher in cyclists involved in single (67.1%) vehicle crashes compared to multiple (43.2%) vehicle crashes (p less than 0.002). Positive BAL (82.7%) drivers were culpable at a significantly greater rate than negative BAL drivers (45.7%) of causing the crashes in which they were injured (p less than 0.001). Alcohol use (68.6%) was associated with a significantly higher culpability rate for drivers in multiple vehicle crashes compared to non use (28.6%) (p less than 0.002). The impact of alcohol use on the clinical course of injured drivers appears to be most apparent in the pre-hospital environment. Such use predisposes to injury. That predisposition is heightened by less frequent use of helmets, and a decreased ability to safely operate a motorcycle alone or in traffic involving other vehicles. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Crashes KW - Culpability KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Motorcyclists KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571045 AU - BROEN, N L AU - Weir, D H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE RESPONSE SENSITIVITY OF AN EXAMPLE ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM TO CHANGES IN LINING FRICTION.: VOLUME I PY - 1990/04 SP - 58 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571328 AU - BROEN, N L AU - Weir, D H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE RESPONSE SENSITIVITY OF AN EXAMPLE ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM TO CHANGES IN LINING FRICTION.: VOLUME II, APPENDICES PY - 1990/04 SP - 575 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601364 AU - Arup Transportation Planning TI - 1989 RURAL TOWN RESTRAINT USE SURVEY SN - 0-7306-1329-1 PY - 1990/04 SP - 55 p. AB - The survey entailed observation of seatbelt wearing, age, sex and seating position of vehicle occupants stopped at intersections or service stations. The type of vehicle and type of occupant restraint was also noted. A total of 31,529 vehicles were observed at 10 sites in each of 12 towns in Victoria. This resulted in 51,017 usable occupant observations during October-November 1989. Wearing rates were lower in rear seats, seats not fitted with inertial reel belts, utilities and panel vans and service stations compared with intersections. There was not much variation with time-of-day or day-of-week. Major variation in wearing rates were observed with age and seating position. Rates were lowest for 5-7 years old, but rose progressively with age group for older occupants. Child restraints were worn at higher than the average rate. Comparing wearing rates in 6 out of the 12 towns showed that the overall wearing rate has increased from 80.0% in 1988 to 87.3% in 1989. Seatbelt wearing rates have increased in the 3 towns in the La Trobe Valley from 90.2% in 1987 to 94.4% in 1989. Overall, rural town restraint use was 88.8%, varying from 83.4% in Avoca to 93.1% in Morwell. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Gender KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rural areas KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Towns KW - Utilization KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344482 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601378 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Reid, A B AU - Letts, R M AU - Black, G B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - PEDIATRIC CHANCE FRACTURES: ASSOCIATION WITH INTRA-ABDOMINAL INJURIES AND SEATBELT USE PY - 1990/04 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 384-391 AB - Seven cases of Chance fractures of the spine in children are presented, with their association to intra-abdominal injuries secondary to seatbelt use. A discussion and review of the literature suggest an increasing frequency of this particular injury with a high association given the clinical sign known as the "seatbelt sign." Also reviewed is the association of intra-abdominal injuries secondary to seatbelt restraints, and particular attention is paid to the concurrence of intra-abdominal injury with Chance fractures of the spine. The unique features of the pediatric anatomy in relation to the design of the adult seat restraint as it relates to the vertebral fracture and intra-abdominal injuries are noted. A review of the literature discusses the development of a classification for this flexion-distraction type of vertebral injury, and supports our experience of the increasing frequency of these particular injuries with increasing seatbelt use. KW - Abdomen KW - Children KW - Design KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Spinal column KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348583 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601377 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Andersen, J A AU - MCLELLAN, B A AU - Pagliarello, G AU - Nelson, W R AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE RELATIVE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL AND SEATBELT USAGE ON SEVERITY OF INJURY FROM MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1990/04 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 415-417 AB - Seatbelt usage has been consistently documented to decrease mortality and injury severity from motor vehicle crashes (MVC); however, conflicting results are available comparing mortality and injury severity, and blood alcohol positivity. Prospective testing on all MVC admissions showed that 51.5% of the non-belted, and 22% of the shoulder-belted drivers had a positive blood alcohol content (p less than 0.001). A comparison of belted and non-belted MVC drivers revealed a significantly higher mean length of stay (LOS) (p less than 0.05) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) (p less than 0.01) for the non-belted drivers. A comparison of groups positive and negative for blood alcohol revealed no significant differences in LOS or ISS, suggesting that these parameters are related to seatbelt use and not alcohol consumption. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mortality rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348582 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601362 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - MCLELLAN, B A AU - Vingilis, Evelyn AU - Liban, C B AU - Stoduto, G AU - McMurtry, R Y AU - Nelson, W R AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL TESTING OF MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH ADMISSIONS AT A REGIONAL TRAUMA UNIT PY - 1990/04 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 418-421 AB - Motor vehicle crashes remain a leading cause of death and injury in the industrialized world. Alcohol consumption is implicated as a major factor in fatal motor vehicle crashes (MVCs), but only poor estimates of blood alcohol concentrations among nonfatally injured crash victims are available. A 3-year study was undertaken at a Regional Trauma Unit to determine the demographics, injury severity, and alcohol positivity of motor vehicle crash victims. Between August 1, 1986 and July 31, 1989, 825 motor vehicle crash victims were available for study; 368 drivers were admitted to the unit within a period of 4 hours. Of 715 patients tested for alcohol, 31.0% were positive. A total of 333 drivers were tested for blood alcohol; 128 (38.4%) were positive. The mean blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at admission for the drivers was 145.6 mg/100 ml; the estimated mean BAC at crash was 180.9 mg/100 ml. The mean age of BAC positive drivers was 31.4 years, compared to a mean age in the BAC negative drivers of 35.2 years (p less than 0.02). Male patients represented 76.6% of the drivers, yet represented 83.6% of the BAC positive drivers (p less than 0.05). There was a marked seasonal variation in BAC positivity, with 46.1% of drivers positive during the summer months. Alcohol appears to be a significant factor in nonfatal MVCs. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Demographics KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Injury severity KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348569 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601384 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - MARING, W AU - Van Schagen, I AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AGE DEPENDENCE OF ATTITUDES AND KNOWLEDGE IN CYCLISTS PY - 1990/04 VL - 22 IS - 2 SP - p. 127-136 AB - A number of factors related to bicycle accidents were studied, namely, knowledge of priority rules, attitude and self-reported behavior regarding traffic rules, and general opinions about the safety of the traffic behavior of cyclists and drivers. In order to get an indication of the influence of these factors at different stages of the life span, subjects ranging from 9 to 83 years of age were represented in the study. The relationship between age and the various measures was found to be U-shaped in most cases. The older cyclists and the 9 to 11 year olds, the two groups that are most at risk, were deficient regarding knowledge while showing the most positive attitudes. Implications with respect to possible countermeasures are discussed. KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Knowledge UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348586 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601376 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - MacDonald, R L AU - Schwartz, M L AU - Mirich, D AU - Sharkey, P W AU - Nelson, W R AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL SPINE INJURY IN MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH VICTIMS: HOW MANY X-RAYS ARE ENOUGH? PY - 1990/04 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 392-397 AB - As delay in diagnosing unstable cervical spine injuries unnecessarily exposes patients to risk of neurologic injury, it is often recommended that complex radiologic investigations be performed on alert patients with neck pain, tenderness, or neurologic deficit despite normal plain radiographs. The optimal investigation of patients unable to reliably provide such information is less clear. How many X-rays are enough to clear the cervical spine? In order to answer this question, a retrospective review of 775 motor vehicle crash (MVC) victims was conducted. 92 (12%) sustained cervical spine injury. 16 of these injuries were missed initially and, in a further 18 cases, the lateral cervical spine X-ray was wrongly interpreted as positive. 55% of patients with cervical injury had a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of less than 15 on admission. Lateral radiographic visualization of the complete cervical spine (including a swimmer's view as required) had a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 97%. The addition of open mouth (OM) and anteroposterior (AP) views detected all patients with unstable fractures except one man with a head injury who was unable to provide clinical clues to the diagnosis, but who suffered no additional harm as a result. A single lateral X-ray of the cervical spine is inadequate to exclude cervical spine injury in severely traumatized patients and the addition of OM and AP views still failed to identify unstable fractures in one of 385 patients in this series of MVC victims with GCS less than 15. The cervical spine may be cleared in MVC patients by excellent, complete lateral visualization of the cervical spine plus OM and AP views at the risk of missing significant fractures in fewer than 1% of patients. KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Spinal column KW - Traffic crashes KW - X rays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600533 AU - Cebon, D AU - Winkler, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - University of Cambridge TI - A STUDY OF ROAD DAMAGE DUE TO DYNAMIC WHEEL LOADS USING A LOAD MEASURING MAT. VOLUME 1: EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME, MULTIPLE-SENSOR WEIGH-IN-MOTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 138 p. AB - A wheel load measuring mat of total length 38 m, incorporating 96 capacitative strip Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) sensors was installed on a test track. A total of 650 test runs was performed on seven different articulated heavy vehicles, for a range of speeds between 8 km/h and 80 km/h. The wheel force data were analyzed to investigate the performance of the individual sensors and the design and performance of WIM arrays with up to six sensors. The strip sensors were found to be very reliable and to measure the dynamic wheel loads with an accuracy of better than 4%, based on the root mean square of the variance from the true value. A theory was developed for the design of multiple-sensor WIM systems and the experimental results were found to agree closely with the theoretical predictions. It is concluded that a good design for multiple-sensor WIM systems is to use 3 sensors, spaced evenly along the road. The sensors should be spaced according to a simple formula which depends only on the average traffic speed. The expected static axle load estimation errors for such a system are likely to be 30% to 50% of the errors of a single-sensor WIM system. KW - Accuracy KW - Axle loads KW - Estimating KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Reliability KW - Sensors KW - Spacing KW - Speed KW - Test tracks KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Weigh in motion KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600539 AU - Blower, D F AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - Campbell, K L AU - Stamatiadis, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE MICHIGAN HEAVY TRUCK STUDY. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/04 SP - 20 p. AB - This report presents an analysis of the travel, crash frequencies, and crash rates of large trucks registered in Michigan. The project focused on the travel and crashes of Michigan-registered trucks in Michigan. The travel data are from the UMTRI Michigan Truck Trip Information Survey (MTTIS). Crash frequencies are from the computerized file of police accident reports maintained by the Michigan State Police, supplemented by data on the state-of-registration of involved trucks compiled by Michigan State University. The project was undertaken jointly by UMTRI and the Michigan State University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. The research approach and survey methods are described. Estimates of the travel and population of Michigan-registered tractors are presented, along with crash frequencies for several subsets of interest. The factors addressed in the risk analysis are: truck type, crash severity (fatal, injury, property-damage-only (PDO)), road type (limited access, major artery, other), urban/rural, day/night. The results indicate that the bobtail tractor configuration has the highest risk on all parts of the Michigan highway system. Crash rates for singles and doubles are quite similar overall, though the doubles rate is higher for casualty crashes on major artery and other roads. Limited access roads had the lowest rates, followed by major arteries, and other roads. Crash rates were lower in urban areas than rural. Overall, daytime rates were higher than nighttime. Casualty crash rates were higher at night, but PDO rates were higher during the day in both urban and rural areas, but particularly urban. Traffic density appears to explain the higher overall daytime rate. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Days KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicles KW - Night KW - Risk analysis KW - Rural areas KW - Size KW - Travel KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600538 AU - Blower, D F AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - Campbell, K L AU - Stamatiadis, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE MICHIGAN HEAVY TRUCK STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 168 p. AB - This report presents an analysis of the travel, crash frequencies, and crash rates of large trucks registered in Michigan. The project focused on the travel and crashes of Michigan-registered trucks in Michigan. The travel data are from the UMTRI Michigan Truck Trip Information Survey (MTTIS). Crash frequencies are from the computerized file of police accident reports maintained by the Michigan State Police, supplemented by data on the state-of-registration of involved trucks compiled by Michigan State University. The project was undertaken jointly by UMTRI and the Michigan State University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. The research approach and survey methods are described. Estimates of the travel and population of Michigan-registered tractors are presented, along with crash frequencies for several subsets of interest. The factors addressed in the risk analysis are: truck type, crash severity (fatal, injury, property-damage-only (PDO)), road type (limited access, major artery, other), urban/rural, day/night. The results indicate that the bobtail tractor configuration has the highest risk on all parts of the Michigan highway system. Crash rates for singles and doubles are quite similar overall, though the doubles rate is higher for casualty crashes on major artery and other roads. Limited access roads had the lowest rates, followed by major arteries, and other roads. Crash rates were lower in urban areas than rural. Overall, daytime rates were higher than nighttime. Casualty crash rates were higher at night, but PDO rates were higher during the day in both urban and rural areas, but particularly urban. Traffic density appears to explain the higher overall daytime rate. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Days KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicles KW - Night KW - Risk analysis KW - Rural areas KW - Size KW - Travel KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600532 AU - Lee, N S AU - Schneider, L W AU - Ricci, L L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - REVIEW OF SELECTED LITERATURE RELATED TO SEATING DISCOMFORT. SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1990/04 SP - 103 p. AB - This literature review incorporates published research of anatomical, behavioral, biomechanical, and physiological studies related to automotive seating comfort. It summarizes key literature related to seating design and criteria and reviews comfort issues in automotive seating. The report is divided into five sections: Driving Posture, Pressure Distribution and Hemodynamics, Vibration, Subjective Evaluation, and Practice in Industry. KW - Anatomy KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Physiological aspects KW - Posture KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Reviews KW - Seats KW - State of the art studies KW - Subjective analysis KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496509 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S TRAFFIC SAFETY SUMMIT, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, APRIL 1-3, 1990. SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS PY - 1990/04 SP - 115 p. AB - Included in this Summary of the Proceedings of the Traffic Safety Summit are the following: Message from the President of the United States; Charge to the Summit by the Secretary of Transportation; Recommendations in four areas: (1) drunk and drugged driving, (2) speed, grade crossings, and other hazardous moving violations, (3) occupant protection, and (4) commercial motor vehicle safety; Final Remarks by the Secretary of Transportation; and four Appendices: (1) Invocation, (2) Summit Agenda, (3) Summit discussion topics and issues, and (4) Summit participants. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Child restraint systems KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Moving violations KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Recommendations KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610230 AU - Serafin, C AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DRIVER PREFERENCES FOR INSTRUMENT PANEL LIGHTING LEVELS PY - 1990/03 SP - 126 p. AB - This report identifies driver preferences for instrument cluster luminance/contrast levels. Thirty drivers (10 young Americans, 10 older Americans, and 10 Japanese) participated. Judgments (minimum, preferred, maximum, and dazzling) were obtained at nine sites along a 17-mile route in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Each driver provided judgments for 5 test conditions (daytime--electronic cluster, with and without sunglasses; nighttime--electronic, green analog, and white analog clusters). An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) of contrast ratios showed significant differences between the 3 clusters at night (electronic=178:1, green=82:1, and white=51:1). A t-test revealed significant differences between the electronic panel with (14:1) and without sunglasss (11:1). For the 5 conditions (with sunglasses, without sunglasses, electronic, green, and white), the preferred ratios were 14:1, 11:1, 186:1, 77:1, and 44:1, respectively. As expected, the order of the judgments from low to high contrast ratios was minimum (30:1), preferred (67:1), maximum (84:1), and dazzling (88:1). The maximum and dazzling judgments, however, were not significantly different. This was a function of the limited luminance range of the clusters, since 30% of the time the highest setting was not sufficient for the maximum judgment and 67% of the time it was not high enough for dazzling. Thus the contrasts for these two judgments were underestimated. Differences were found between young (64:1) and older (70:1) Americans, but not between American men and women or American and Japanese drivers. Prediction equations developed for contrast explain at least 84% of the variability for the preferred, maximum, and dazzling judgments. KW - Age KW - Analysis of variance KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Contrast KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Equations KW - Ergonomics KW - Forecasting KW - Human factors KW - Instrument panels KW - Luminous intensity KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607655 AU - Bragdon, D AU - Grant, J AU - National Commission Against Drunk Driving AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANTI-DRUNK DRIVING PROGRAM INITIATIVES: A PROSPECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF FUTURE PROGRAM NEEDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - 127 p. AB - This report reviews what has occurred at the state and local level regarding drunk driving since the publication of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving (PCDD) report in 1983, and identifies the countermeasures that have been implemented, the problems that have been encountered, and the programs that are still required to bring about further reductions in drunk driving crashes. Four questions are addressed: 1) To what extent have the PCDD recommendations been implemented? 2) What obstacles have been encountered in efforts to implement drunk driving countermeasures? 3) How can these obstacles be addressed and overcome? 4) What else is needed to bring about further reductions in the incidence of drunk driving? The report is divided into four main sections. In the first section, the progress that states and communities have made in implementing the 39 PCDD recommendations is assessed. Findings about the perceptions of state officials and leading citizen activists are then presented. From these findings, four major obstacles that hinder attempts to reduce drunk driving and deserve priority attention are isolated. Finally, recommendations are offered on how these major obstacles might be overcome, along with some further suggestions for drunk driving initiatives. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Implementation KW - Local government KW - Needs assessment KW - Problem identification KW - Recommendations KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571218 AU - HAUG, E J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A NATIONAL ADVANCED DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 1990/03 SP - 337 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Electronic equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602638 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY 1989: A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE PY - 1990/03 SP - 145 p. AB - This report of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) was prepared to update the state-of-knowledge about alcohol and highway safety. It is the fourth in a series of NHTSA-sponsored reviews of this field. Its focus is on new developments and trends in the field. It is concerned with documents published from January, 1983, through November, 1989, but is more than a literature review in that it attempts a more extensive than usual synthesis of current knowledge and, in some instances, develops new data and performs additional analyses to help fill gaps or answer questions about the methods or results of a study. Over 2,000 documents were identified in the course of the literature search, and 756 were retained as references. There are six chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction. Chapters 2 through 5 deal respectively with the nature of the drunk driving problem, the effect of alcohol on the human body and driving performance, the characteristics of persons who drink and drive, and programs designed to reduce the incidence or consequences of drinking-driving. The report's major conclusions and its recommendations for research are given in Chapter 6. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Crashes KW - Deterrence KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Physiological aspects KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic safety education KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25893/DOT-HS-807-557.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602639 AU - McPherson, K AU - Michael, J AU - Spurgeon, C AU - O'Reilly, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR LICENSING SYSTEM (1989 EDITION) PY - 1990/03 SP - 25 p. AB - This 1989 edition of the Motorcycle Operator Licensing System manual updates and revises the 1981 edition, which was an update of the original manual that was published in 1974. The manual was written for motor vehicle administrators who wish to improve the effectiveness of their state's motorcycle operator licensing program. It presents an optimal model for system design and administration. The model synthesizes both scientific research and empirical evidence, balancing the most recent theories of what should work with 20 years of experience in what does work. The 1989 edition contains the third generation model. KW - Administration KW - Driver licensing KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602650 AU - HAUG, E J AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY AND CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A NATIONAL ADVANCED DRIVING SIMULATOR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/03 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the results of a study to establish technical feasibility and develop a conceptual design for an advanced national research and shared-use driving simulation research facility. Included are discussions of the study objectives, methodology used, and results of the study. Technical feasibility of a world-class driver-in-the-loop ground vehicle driving simulator is demonstrated, based on recent dramatic advances in the supporting technologies of high-speed parallel computing, high-fidelity motion simulation, computer image generation, and recursive dynamics formulation. A conceptual design for a National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) to meet the needs of the U.S. Department of Transportation, including specifications for major subsystems, is presented, along with an in-depth discussion of driving simulator applications and research issues. The estimated development, construction, and operation costs for the NADS are also provided. KW - Applications KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Facilities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - National Advanced Driving Simulator KW - Specifications KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601381 AU - Sivak, M AU - Weintraub, D J AU - FLANNAGAN, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - NONSTOP FLYING IS SAFER THAN DRIVING PY - 1990/03 SP - 11 p. AB - The relative safety of driving and flying is important in many situations that involve selecting a mode of transportation. The traditional view, that flying via scheduled airlines is safer than driving, has recently been challenged by Evans et al. (1989). They concluded that for a low-risk driver it is safer to drive on rural Interstate highways (the safest roads) than to fly if the trip length is less than 616 miles. We reestimated the fatality probabilities for flying by taking into account that the risk of flying is dependent on the number of nonstop segments flown, but, for all practical purposes, is independent of the length of the trip. Our calculations indicate that for average or high-risk drivers it is always safer to fly than to drive. Furthermore, even for a low-risk driver, nonstop flying is safer than driving on rural Interstates for a trip distance of more than 310 miles; the corresponding break-even distances for flights that involve two and three segments are 620 and 930 miles, respectively. KW - Air transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Decision making KW - Driving KW - Flight characteristics KW - Hazards KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Nonstop flights KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Transfers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601383 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DRIVING SIMULATORS: A CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1990/03 SP - 35 p. AB - This bibliography contains 245 references to documents concerned with the application of or the design of driving simulators. The documents date from 1974 to the present and are arranged according to the following subject areas: Alcohol/Drugs; Design; Driver Education; Handicapped/Disabled; Human Performance; Human Stress/Fatigue; Risk Taking; Signs/Signals; and Vision. A Corporate Author Index is provided. KW - Bibliographies KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Design KW - Disabled drivers KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Risk taking KW - Signals KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Traffic signs KW - Vision KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344506 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601379 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Parybyk, A E AU - Kobus, H J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PLASTIC AUTOMOBILE BUMPER BARS USING FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR), PYROLYSIS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY (PGC), AND ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY MICROANALYSIS COMBINED WITH A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM-EDX) PY - 1990/03 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - p. 281-292 AB - A collection of 28 plastic automobile bumper bars has been examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC), and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis combined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX). FTIR identified 8 polymer classes in the collection. Polypropylene-based (PP) plastics and polyurethane (PUR) plastics were the most common with approximately three quarters of the samples being of these types. PGC provided additional discrimination between the samples in the collection, particularly for the PUR samples, defining a total of 13 categories. SEM-EDX was the most discriminatory technique used and resulted in 17 categories being identified. However, the combination of the 3 techniques of FTIR, PGC, and SEM-EDX was recommended as the preferred approach as it provided a high degree of discrimination with 25 categories identified. Vehicle identification via analytical profiles of bumper bar materials was not possible, and consequently, the establishment of a database using such information for investigative purposes could not be recommended. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Electron microscopy KW - Forensic medicine KW - Fourier transforms KW - Gas chromatography KW - Identification systems KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Materials characterization KW - Plastics KW - Properties of materials KW - Pyrolysis KW - Vehicle identification numbers KW - X ray analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348584 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601370 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Donovan, D M AU - Umlauf, R L AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - BAD DRIVERS: IDENTIFICATION OF A TARGET GROUP FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED PREVENTION AND EARLY INTERVENTION PY - 1990/03 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - p. 136-141 AB - Individuals arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) have been targeted for preventive intervention of alcohol-related problems. However, high rates of diagnosed alcoholism among DWI arrestees suggest a need to identify individuals at risk earlier in the developmental process. The present study investigates one such group, namely male "bad drivers" with a history of multiple nonalcohol-related driving convictions. Over 11% of a sample of 254 men identified as bad drivers during an index year received an initial DWI arrest over a subsequent 3-year follow-up period. This was over five times greater than the rate of initial DWI arrest among a representative sample of men from the general driving population over the same time period. The same high rate of subsequent DWI arrest among drivers having four or more driving offenses within the index year was replicated in a 1% probability sample of over 39,000 drivers from the general driving population. Those individuals from the original group of 254 bad drivers who received an initial DWI had significantly higher levels of drinking at the time of their original identification as bad drivers than did those who did not receive a DWI. The results were discussed in terms of early identification and preventive interventions within the population of bad drivers. KW - Alcoholism KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Intervention KW - Prevention KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496506 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAMPLE STATE ADMINISTRATIVE DRIVER LICENSE SUSPENSION FORMS PY - 1990/03 SP - 82 p. AB - In an effort to assist states that may have recently adopted or expect to adopt administrative per se, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has collected sample copies of forms and a brief description of the administrative procedures from selected states with in-place programs. This publication reports on forms and procedures used in 14 states. From a review of state programs, and based upon discussions with state officials, it appears that the most efficient and financially self-sufficient programs probably are those that: (1) Do not stay the revocation pending a hearing or judicial review; and (2) Require the officer to pick up the offender's driver's license and issue a temporary driving permit. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Per se laws KW - Revocation KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496507 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL EMPLOYEES BUCKLE UP IDEA SAMPLER PY - 1990/03 SP - 64 p. AB - This publication is an "Idea Sampler", particularly appropriate for Federal agencies, that provides guidelines for promoting the 1990 "Buckle Up America!" campaign. The campaign's theme is "Belts and Bags -- A Winning Combination." A key feature of the 1990 "Buckle Up America!" campaign is the new nationwide 70%+ Honor Roll. Various groups that have achieved at least 70% use will be honored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) by being placed on the 70%+ Honor Roll. Also honored by NHTSA will be employees who were "Saved-By-The-Belt or Bag". Included in this publication are specific guidelines for applying for the 70%+ Honor Roll and for nomimating "Saved-By-The-Belt or Bag" survivors. Many tips are given on how to carry out the 1990 "Buckle Up America!" campaign in the worksite, how to use positive incentives successfully, and how to promote safety efforts. In addition, fact sheets, a list of state safety belt laws, a resource listing, a sample memo, and much more are included. KW - Air bags KW - Guidelines KW - Manual safety belts KW - Promotion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721314 AU - Hiltner, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BOOSTER SEAT SUITABILITY FOR CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGES AND COMPARISON OF STANDARD AND MODIFIED SA103C AND SA106C CHILD DUMMIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 71 p. AB - A sled test program was conducted for two purposes: 1) to examine the suitability of shield type booster seats for children spanning the age and size ranges recommended by manufacturers and 2) to compare the performance of standard three and six year old dummies with the performance of the same types of dummies with modified abdomens. All of the tests were conducted on a HYGE sled and approximated Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 213 dynamic test procedures. For booster seat suitability, nine different booster seats were tested using three dummies, the TNO P3/4, SA103C and SA106C, representing nine month old, three year old and six year old children. Suitability is assessed based on the performance of each dummy with respect to the applicable criteria extracted from FMVSS 213. For the modified versus standard dummy comparison, the average performance of standard three and six year old dummies are compared with the same types of dummies which have UMTRI modified abdomens. The effects of the presence of the UMTRI abdomen on the performance of each dummy are determined statistically using a sample of eight and seven different booster seats, respectively. KW - Abdomen KW - Booster seats KW - Child dummies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - FMVSS 213 KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496505 AU - Copenhaver, M AU - GUERRIER, J AU - CHING, H AU - Allen Corporation of America AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PHOTOMETRIC AND ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS ON IN SERVICE TRUCK TRAILERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 172 p. AB - Photometric (luminous intensity) and electrical (voltage and amperage) measurements were taken on a sample of 561 heavy trucks at weigh stations located at: Dumfries, VA; New Market, MD; Woodburn, OR; and Brownsville, TN. The distribution of vehicles sampled was: Single unit dump trucks, 15; tractor/semitrailers (vans), 178, (flatbeds), 132, and (tanks), 62; doubles, 112; and triples, 62. Readings were taken at idle (700 RPM) and 1100 RPM with all the vehicle's electrical equipment operating. All observed readings decreased as the number of units in the vehicle combination increased. Significant proportions of the observed vehicles had voltage readings below the nominal amount of 12 volts. SAE J586 "Stop Lamps for Use on Motor Vehicles," calls for a nominal luminous intensity reading of 80 for stop lamps at the H-V measurement point (the location at which these observations were made). Few observed vehicles emitted that much light. KW - Data collection KW - Double trailers KW - Dump trucks KW - Electrical measurement KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Luminous intensity KW - Photometry KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Triple trailers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611075 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STAND OUT! RIDE TO BE SEEN PY - 1990/02 SP - 6 p. AB - Riding to be seen is essential to safe motorcycle riding. More than one half of all motorcycle accidents occur because the motorist simply "did not see the motorcyclist coming." This brochure provides safety tips for motorcyclists on how to ride to be seen. Topics mentioned include the use of color on helmets and clothing, the use of reflectors on helmets and motorcycles, the use of high beam headlights and daytime running lights, and awareness of high-risk situations. KW - Awareness KW - Brochures KW - Clothing KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Running lights KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611076 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DECIDE BEFORE YOU RIDE: DON'T DRINK AND RIDE PY - 1990/02 SP - 6 p. AB - Injuries and deaths are high for motorcyclists who have been drinking. This brochure explains why this is so and cautions motorcyclists to control their drinking (don't drink; set a limit; pace yourself) and control their riding when they know they will be drinking (leave the bike at home; get a ride home/pick up bike later; wait). KW - Awareness KW - Brochures KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611077 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVE AWARE WE'RE OUT THERE PY - 1990/02 SP - 6 p. AB - Half of all motorcycle accidents involve a driver like you. Almost two-thirds of these accidents are caused, not by the motorcyclists, but by the driver. The driver either does not see the oncoming motorcyclist at all or does not see him/her in time to avoid an accident. Drivers also contribute to another 10% of motorcycle accidents where the motorcycle is the only vehicle involved. This brochure examines why drivers don't see motorcyclists, what situations are high-risk (where accidents are most likely to occur), and how drivers can be more aware of motorcyclists. KW - Awareness KW - Brochures KW - Drivers KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355998 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608544 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - OLKKONEN, S AU - HONKANEN, R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL IN NONFATAL BICYCLE INJURIES PY - 1990/02 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - p. 89-96 AB - To assess the risk of nonfatal bicycle injury related to blood alcohol concentration (BAC) an unmatched case-control study was conducted in Helsinki in 1986. Eligible cases were the 140 adults injured either in motor vehicle or other bicycle accidents occurring between 3 P.M. and 10 P.M., who arrived at hospital within six hours of injury. Seven hundred bicyclists from the street were randomly selected as controls. BAC was measured with a breathalyzer. A major difference in alcohol involvement was found between cases (24.1%) and controls (4.0%). The injury risk estimate (odds ratio) of an inebriated bicyclist was at least ten-fold at BACs above 100 mg/dl compared to a sober bicyclist. Alcohol increased the bicyclist's risk of injury from falling more than from collision. As an unprotected road user, an inebriated bicyclist greatly increases his own risk of injury but seldom causes danger to other road users. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Cyclists KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354295 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608540 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Lee, S-t AU - Lui, T-N AU - Chang, C-N AU - Wang, D-J AU - Heimburger, R F AU - Fai, H-D AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - FEATURES OF HEAD INJURY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY--TAIWAN (1977-1987) PY - 1990/02 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - p. 194-199 AB - Certain features of head-injured patients admitted to the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan during the period 1977 to 1987 were reviewed. The most common causes of injury were motorcycle accidents (56.3%) and street accidents with pedestrian injury (29.47%). The age groups with the greatest incidence of injury were aged 16-20 yr, 21-25 yr, and 25-30 yr. The pedestrian group involving the highest incidence of injury was less than 10 yr of age. Overall mortality was 17.26%. The injured pedestrian group had the highest mortality (19.1%). Initial clinical assessment was recorded using the Glasgow Coma Scale. Head-injured patients with a GCS less than or equal to 8 had a mortality in the injured pedestrian group of 46%, whereas the mortality rate in the motorcycle accident group was 41%. Additional features studied were time of occurrence of injury and pattern of injury. Information gathered from this study would suggest the need to establish a Head Injury Prevention Program in Taiwan. This of course implies major cooperation among the providers of health care delivery, the medical profession, legislators, and the government at all levels. KW - Age KW - Developing countries KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Mortality rates KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Taiwan KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607627 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA'S HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NUMBER 9--STOPPING DISTANCES OF 1988 HEAVY VEHICLES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 33 p. AB - A 1978 ruling by the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals effectively eliminated the stopping distance requirements in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 121, Air Brake Systems. Recent interest in reestablishing heavy vehicle stopping distance requirements resulted in the need to evaluate the braking performance capability of current vehicles. This report describes testing to determine straight line stopping capability of two single unit trucks and six truck tractors. The single unit trucks were tested empty and fully loaded while the truck tractors were tested bobtail, with an empty and with a fully loaded trailer. Tests were conducted to determine the effect of automatic front axle limiting valves (ALV), bobtail proportioning systems (BPS) and antilock braking systems (ABS). All tests were straight line stops from 60 mph on a dry concrete surface. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automatic limiting valves KW - Bobtail proportioning systems KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Stopping distances KW - Testing KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607637 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF BRAKING REGULATIONS--REPORT NUMBER 7: TESTING TO EVALUATE WHEEL LOCK SEQUENCE AND TORQUE TRANSDUCER PROCEDURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 78 p. AB - This report describes testing to evaluate a wheel lock sequence test proposed by the GRRF as a means of "screening" vehicles for front or rear bias. A more complete procedure using torque wheels, which can be used to determine the braking efficiency, was also evaluated. The results of the two test procedures were compared to determine if the procedures would agree. Five passenger cars were tested using their original equipment proportioning valves and in some cases retested using adjustable proportioning valves to simulate near ideal or rear biased brake balance. The wheel lock sequence tests were conducted on three surfaces with differing coefficients of friction and each vehicle's tires were tested on a traction trailer on each surface to allow a direct comparison of the procedures. The testing was conducted by four drivers to assess the sensitivity to driver application. The vehicles were also tested on a road transducer plate facility as a separate measure of brake balance. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Torque KW - Transducers KW - Wheel lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607653 AU - Sanders, M S AU - Shaw, B AU - Nicholson, B L AU - MERRITT, J AU - Essex Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF GLARE FROM THE CENTER-HIGH-MOUNTED STOP LIGHT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 60 p. AB - The purposes of this project were (1) to survey a representative sample of rear lighting systems in passenger cars and assess the range of typical Center-High-Mounted Stop Light (CHMSL) designs being used; and (2) to study the discomfort and disability potentially associated with glare produced by CHMSLs. Two lab studies of glare were conducted. The first used a red glare source mounted inside a viewing box. The second study used a simulation of the rear lights of an automobile as the glare source. A survey of 77 cars showed wide variability in the sizes and shapes of CHMSLs. CHMSLs have about half the illuminance and twice the luminance of a single lower brake light. Viewbox results showed median BCD corresponded closely with the median luminance associated with a DeBoer discomfort glare rating of 5. DeBoer scale values were linearly related to the log luminance of the source. Age did not correlate with discomfort glare rating, but did correlate with disability glare. Based on the simulation experiment, six of 12 cars photometrically surveyed had CHMSLs that met or exceeded the median intensity associated with a DeBoer rating of 3 - Disturbing. KW - Age KW - Center high-mounted stop lamps KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Glare KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - Human factors KW - Laboratory tests KW - Physical disabilities KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00570725 AU - SHELTON, TST AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF FATAL AND NONFATAL CRASHES INVOLVING MEDIUM AND HEAVY TRUCKS IN 1988 PY - 1990/02 SP - 44 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00570835 AU - Planek, T W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPLORATION OF IMPACT MEASURES OF SAFETY BELT USE LAWS PY - 1990/02 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Laws and legislation KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601371 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Stutts, J C AU - WILLIAMSON, J E AU - Whitley, T AU - Sheldon, F C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - BICYCLE ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES: A PILOT STUDY COMPARING HOSPITAL- AND POLICE-REPORTED DATA PY - 1990/02 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - p. 67-78 AB - Bicycle accident and injury data collected by two different samples of North Carolina hospital emergency rooms during the summers of 1985 and 1986 are examined and compared with state police-reported bicycle accident data for the same time periods. Of the 649 emergency room treated bicyclists, 62% were children aged 5-14 and 70% were male. 19% of the riders suffered moderate or worse injuries (AIS greater than or equal to 2), and 6% were hospitalized. In contrast, less than half of the police-reported accidents involved riders under 15 years of age, 85% of the riders were male, and two-thirds suffered moderate or worse injury. Whereas virtually all of the police-reported accidents involved a motor vehicle, less than a fifth of the emergency room cases did. Only 10% of the emergency room cases were duplicated on the state accident files. It is estimated that 800 children ages 0-19 are hospitalized annually in North Carolina for bicycle-related injuries, and an additional 13,300 children receive emergency room treatment. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Police UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600553 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - CRC LOW- AND INTERMEDIATE-TEMPERATURE DRIVEABILITY PROGRAM USING GASOLINE-ALCOHOL BLENDS PY - 1990/02 SP - 210 p. AB - A cooperative test program was conducted in 1986 and 1987 to characterize the relationship between cold-start and warmup driveability and gasoline volatility parameters of T sub 10, T sub 50, and T sub 90 distillation temperatures. Hydrocarbon-only and gasoline-alcohol blends were tested. The test program was divided into two phases: the intermediate-temperature (40 deg F to 60 deg F) phase was conducted in Paso Robles, California, from October 13 through November 14, 1986; and the low-temperature (10 deg F to 40 deg F) phase was conducted in Brainerd, Minnesota, from January 19 through February 18, 1987. Driveability was better with higher volatility fuels, and at intermediate ambient temperatures. Fuel-injected vehicles exhibited better driveability than carburated vehicles. Driveability with hydrocarbon-only gasolines was significantly better than gasoline-ethanol blends, and gasoline-methanol:TBA blends. Compared with gasoline-methanol:TBA blends gasoline-ethanol blends gave significantly better driveability. Regression equations which relate volatility to vehicle cold-start and warmup driveability were developed for both temperature phases. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carburetion KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Driveability KW - Equations KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Regression analysis KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle tests KW - Volatility KW - Warmup UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600542 AU - WILSON, C B AU - Stoke, C B AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville TI - MOTOR VEHICLE IGNITION INTERLOCKS: IN-VEHICLE DEVICES THAT MONITOR ALCOHOL LEVELS OF MOTOR VEHICLE OPERATORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/02 SP - 59 p. AB - This project was initiated at the request of the Department of Motor Vehicles as a response to House Joint Resolution 378 (1989). The resolution requested an evaluation of research studies on ignition interlocks and a determination of possible benefits to the Commonwealth of Virginia from using this technology to control drunken driving. A survey of other states found that since the first law was enacted in California in 1986, another 15 states have passed some form of legislation dealing with the installation of ignition interlock devices. These laws primarily target recidivists, persons younger than 21, and offenders with a very high BAC. Sanctions are applied at the discretion of the court as a supplemental condition of probation or license restriction. These state statutes also deal with BAC threshold levels, tampering with the devices, insurance, and liability limits. A number of legal and economic issues that must be considered if Virginia initiates an ignition interlock program are discussed in the report. These issues include the authority of the state, equal access for indigents, tort liability, operational costs, administrative costs, and costs to defendants. Product information from manufacturers and the results of laboratory studies indicate that the devices currently on the market would fulfill the needs of an interlock program. The operational characteristics, reliability, and accuracy of these devices are sufficient for use by defendants convicted of drunken driving. Although a number of states have passed legislation and have established ignition interlock programs, very little is known about the actual operations of these programs because they have not been in existence very long. Some preliminary data suggests that the programs might have had a positive impact on safety, but no definitive result is currently available because a thorough evaluation has yet to be completed for even one program. It is recommended that Virginia delay legislative action until the results of mandated ongoing evaluations in other states are completed. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Evaluation KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Laboratory tests KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Reliability KW - Surveys KW - Test results UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36784/90-R11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344042 ER - TY - SER AN - 00568002 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Van Dyke, J TI - VOLKSWAGEN RESTRAINT SYSTEMS AND FATALITY RATES PY - 1990/02 AB - TABLE 1. FATALITY RATES BY RESTRAINT SYSTEM TYPE AND ACCIDENT YEAR MANUAL VS. AUTOMATIC RESTRAINTS, 1975-1988 KW - Automobiles KW - Seat belts KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/331019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00563098 AU - Copenhaver, M AU - GUERRIER, J AU - CHING, H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PHOTOMETRIC AND ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS ON IN SERVICE TRUCK TRAILERS PY - 1990/02 SP - 172 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Lighting KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623515 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LABORATORY INDICANT TEST PROCEDURE: NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM PY - 1990/01/01 SP - v.p. AB - This laboratory test procedure provides the specifications for conducting New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) and Standard Enforcement Indicant Program 35 mph frontal barrier impact testing under a joint composite program sponsored by the following three offices within the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA): (a) Office of Market Incentive (OMI); (b) Office of Crashworthiness Research (OCR); and (c) National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA)/Accident Investigation Division (AID). The contract laboratories are directed by this test procedure to use a special test parameter which is an impact velocity of 35 plus or minus .5 mph (NOTE: This is 5 mph greater than the impact velocity specified for FMVSS Nos. 208/212/219/301). This increased impact velocity is specified in order that the NHTSA can obtain new car assessment and research data, and the 35 mph crash tests will be viewed as "indicant tests" for FMVSS Nos. 208, 212, 219 (Partial), and 301. KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - New car assessment program (Ncap) KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00585256 AU - Mahmoud, W M AU - SHAMS, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER AIRBAG MODEL OF DEPLOYMENT AND OCCUPANT INTERACTION PY - 1990/01 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air bags KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607629 AU - Mahmoud, W M AU - SHAMS, T AU - Patel (VH) Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER AIRBAG MODEL OF DEPLOYMENT AND OCCUPANT INTERACTION. VOLUME 2: INPUT DESCRIPTION AND PROGRAM MANUAL PY - 1990/01 SP - 24 p. AB - This report describes the work done in developing a passenger side airbag model to be used with the Articulated Total Body (ATB) computer simulation program. It describes the input requirements and format for the input to the new bag model. It also describes the changes made to the program. These include descriptions of the new subroutines added to the program, modifications to original subroutines, and the new data structures. This is the second of two reports constituting the final report. The first volume is a complete description of the analytical model used in the program. KW - Air bags KW - Analytical models KW - Articulated total body KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Input KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passengers KW - Simulation KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607628 AU - Mahmoud, W M AU - SHAMS, T AU - Patel (VH) Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER AIRBAG MODEL OF DEPLOYMENT AND OCCUPANT INTERACTION. VOLUME 1: FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 64 p. AB - This report describes the work done in developing a passenger side airbag model to be used with the Articulated Total Body (ATB) computer simulation program. It describes both the analytical model for the bag and the corresponding work done in incorporating the model into the ATB source code. The principal enhancements in the model are a new thermodynamic model of the bag, a new description of bag deployment and a modified calculation of penetration of the bag by body or vehicle segments. This is the first of two reports constituting the final report. The second volume describes the new input requirements and a programmers' guide. KW - Air bags KW - Analytical models KW - Articulated total body KW - Mathematical models KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passengers KW - Simulation KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571220 AU - Smith, M F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACTORS RELATED TO INCREASING SAFETY BELT USE IN STATES WITH SAFETY BELT USE LAWS: THIRD ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS, 1989 PY - 1990/01 SP - 12 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Laws and legislation KW - Public opinion KW - Seat belts KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336435 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601375 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Benito, M C AU - Garcia, F AU - Fernandez-Quero, L AU - Lajara, A AU - Jardon, E AU - Frias, I AU - Manzanos, A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - LESION OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY CAUSED BY A CAR SAFETY BELT PY - 1990/01 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - p. 116-117 AB - A description is given of a case of complete obstruction of the internal carotid in a patient wearing a lap-shoulder belt. This was presumed due to direct contusion of the vessel at the C2 level. KW - Carotid artery dissection KW - Case studies KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348580 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601380 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - von Bremen, A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE COMPARISON OF BRAKE AND ACCELERATOR PEDALS WITH MARKS ON SHOE SOLES PY - 1990/01 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-24 AB - The driver of a motor vehicle that was involved in a collision may sometimes be identified by marks on shoe soles or pedals. Forceful contact of an automotive pedal with a shoe sole may leave characteristic features on either or both. An optical method was developed to compare these features that are illustrated with 15 photographs. Four cases are discussed in detail and conclusions are given. KW - Accelerators (Devices) KW - Brake pedals KW - Case studies KW - Drivers KW - Examinations KW - Forensic medicine KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Optical methods KW - Pedals KW - Shoes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348585 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601360 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - GORSKI, Z M AU - German, A AU - NOWAK, E S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF SEAT BELT LOADING MARKS PY - 1990/01 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - p. 69-79 AB - In moderate to severe collisions, large decelerations and hence large forces are generated. Various components of the seat belt system are loaded, and physical evidence of this loading may be observed long after the collision event. Such witness marks result from interaction between different components of the restraint system, or between the restraint and portions of the vehicle interior. Detailed examination and analysis of such marks can establish whether or not the seat belt was in use, and also the precise manner in which the seat belt was worn. Such investigative techniques are critical for evaluating the collision performance of occupant restraint systems, and for positively identifying cases of restraint system misuse. This paper reviews the types of physical evidence which may be observed to determine restraint usage. KW - Evidence KW - Forensic medicine KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601365 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Balderas, L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - HYDROPLANING WITH LIGHTLY-LOADED TRUCK TIRES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/01 SP - 89 p. AB - A mobile dynamometer device was used to make measurements of the traction performance of truck tires operating at very light loads on wetted pavements. A baseline set of tests covered the influences of velocity, inflation pressure, pavement type, tire type and tire model on traction levels. The tests employed either single or dual tires mounted ahead of the test specimens in order to "wipe" water from the paths of the test specimen tires in a manner analogous to actual truck installation. A second set of tests employed a large sample of tires that had been worn through normal usage in trucking fleets. The tests using fleetworn specimens covered a range of tread depths, providing results upon which to consider the appropriateness of federal regulations stipulating minimum tread depth values for interstate trucking. Results indicate that hydrodynamic phenomena do indeed influence the traction performance of lightly-loaded truck tires on wet pavement at conventional highway speeds. These influences are observed for rear-mounted tires despite the wiping action resulting from tires mounted at front-axle positions. Lightly-loaded truck tires were seen to lose 50 to 70% of their "as-new" traction capability when approaching the federally-stipulated minimum in tread depth. KW - Hydroplaning KW - Inflation KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Regulations KW - Testing KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Trucks KW - Velocity KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600524 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM 1990 CRASHWORTHINESS DATA SYSTEM: DATA COLLECTION, CODING, AND EDITING MANUAL PY - 1990/01 SP - v.p. AB - This is the thirteenth edition of the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) Data Collection, Coding, and Editing Manual. The NASS consists of 36 teams of accident researchers situated throughout the U.S. At each site, or Primary Sampling Unit (PSU), the accident research team researches a probability sample of police reported accidents involving passenger cars, light trucks, and vans which were towed, according to the police report, from the scene due to damage. This system has been termed the Crashworthiness Data System (CDS). Zone centers have been established to provide for the quality control of the CDS data collected and the technical management of the teams within their zone. The purpose of this manual is to provide PSU team members, zone centers, the Transportation Safety Institute NASS Training Program Coordinator, and the National Center for Statistics and Analysis with a consistent, standardized set of instructions for sampling accidents and collecting, coding, and editing the data. The manual includes seven substantive sections: Introduction; Description of the Sampling Frame; Overview of Sampling Activities; Overview of Information to be Collected on Sampled CDS Accidents; CDS Submission Instructions; GES (General Estimates System) Quality Control and Submission Instructions; and Coding Instructions. The Appendices contain (1) the Uniform Symbols for Scene Marking, (2) the Uniform Symbols for Accident Diagramming, (3) the Photography Instructions, and (4) the listing of Variable Computer Formats. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Instructions KW - Manuals KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Sampling KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600526 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER. BUCKLE UP AMERICA! MAY 21-28, 1990. BELTS AND BAGS--A WINNING COMBINATION PY - 1990/01 SP - 82 p. AB - The 1990 BUCKLE UP AMERICA! Idea Sampler provides a collection of successful ideas for the week-long campaign to encourage everyone in the United States to buckle up, to correctly buckle children into child safety seats, and to learn more about the new automatic crash protection systems available. The theme for this year's week (May 21-28) is "Belts and Bags--A Winning Combination." Many of the ideas contained in this sampler focus on educating the public about how safety belts and air bags work together as "A Winning Combination" to provide maximum safety. A key feature of the 1990 Buckle Up America! campaign is the new nationwide 70%+ Honor Roll. States, cities, communities, businesses, schools -- various groups that have achieved at least 70% use -- will be honored by NHTSA by being placed on the 70%+ Honor Roll. Included in the sampler are many tips on how to carry out the 1990 Buckle Up America! campaign, suggestions for enlisting community support, logo art work, fact sheets, a list of state safety belt laws, a resource listing, sample proclamation -- and much more. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600554 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - CRC VOLATILITY PROGRAM ON THE EFFECT OF OXYGENATED FUELS AND ALTITUDE ON COLD-START DRIVEABILITY AT LOW AMBIENT TEMPERATURES PY - 1990/01 SP - 192 p. AB - The 1988 CRC driveability program investigated the effects of altitude and fuel oxygenates at low ambient temperature upon cold-start driveability with vehicles equipped with various fuel systems. This program was conducted because of the use of gasoline-oxygenate blends to reduce ambient air carbon monoxide levels. The test program was divided into two phases. A high-altitude phase was conducted near Denver, Colorado, from January 11 through February 10, 1988, at an altitude of 5,486 ft; and a low-altitude phase was conducted in Brainerd, Minnesota, from March 4 through March 31, 1988, at an altitude of 1,226 ft. Test temperatures were 10 deg F to 40 deg F. Twenty-four vehicles chosen to represent a variety of engines and fuel systems tested twelve test fuels, including hydrocarbon-only fuels, gasoline-ethanol blends, and gasoline-MTBE blends. The altitude change between the two sites was found to have no statistically significant effect on driveability for the overall fleet. Driveability performance decreased statistically significantly with declining ambient temperatures. For the overall fleet, the oxygenate-containing fuels evaluated performed poorer than hydrocarbon-only fuels at a statistically significant level. In the throttle-body-injected and new carbureted vehicle groups, however, only the matched-volatility ethanol blends gave poorer driveability performance than the hydrocarbon-only fuels at a statistically significant level. In port-fuel-injected vehicles, none of the oxygenate-containing fuels gave different performance than the hydrocarbon-only fuels at a statistically significant level. For the old carbureted vehicle group, all the oxygenate blends gave poorer performance than the hydrocarbon-only fuels at a statistically significant level. The effect of volatility level was statistically significant; as expected, increeasing T sub 10 and/or T sub 50 gave poorer performance. KW - Altitude KW - Carburetion KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Driveability KW - Ethanol KW - Ethers KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel injection KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Fuels KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Low temperature KW - Methyl ether KW - Oxygenates KW - Performance evaluations KW - Throttle body injection KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle tests KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00563989 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEDERAL REGULATIONS NEEDING AMMENDMENT TO STIMULATE THE PRODUCTION AND INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC SOLAR VEHICLES: A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1990/01 SP - 149 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile industry KW - Electric vehicles KW - Laws and legislation KW - Solar cells KW - Transportation equipment industry KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496503 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - "TEAMSPIRIT" PROGRAM MANUAL PY - 1990/01 SP - v.p. AB - This manual is a practical guide for individuals, groups and communities interested in implementing a TeamSpirit Program, a program designed for high school students for the prevention of alcohol and drug abuse. Much of the information and organizational materials in this manual are derived from experience gained in the course of demonstrating the program at the 1989 TeamSpirit Leadership Training Conference in Dallas, Texas. In addition, the manual reflects a considerable contribution from the Youth Risk Prevention Project of the Virginia State Department of Education, which sponsors a similar program. The manual is divided into eight chapters and has three appendices. The first three chapters discuss the TeamSpirit Program design and basic planning and organization issues involved in developing the program in a community. The next four chapters focus on the Leadership Training Conference and give practical, detailed "how to" information. Chapter Eight provides an outline of post-conference tasks. Appendix A includes sample documents derived primarily from the Dallas TeamSpirit demonstration. Appendix B is the Curriculum Guide for the workshops conducted during the Conference. An outline is provided for each workshop topic, along with basic handout materials. It is assumed that whoever presents a workshop will have considerable experience with the topic presented and may have additional handouts and activities for their workshops. Appendix C is the actual contents of the Conference Notebook used at the Dallas Conference. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Drug abuse KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - High schools KW - Manuals KW - Prevention KW - Teamspirit program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496499 AU - American Academy of Family Physicians AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IS 40 YEARS OF YOUR LIFE WORTH 3 SECONDS OF YOUR TIME? PY - 1990/01 SP - 6 p. AB - This pamphlet answers questions that patients most often ask their doctors about the use of safety belts: Do I need to wear a safety belt when I'm just going around the corner? Isn't a good defensive driver safe without a belt? Isn't it safer to be thrown clear of the car? What if the car catches fire or lands in water? Can I be sure the belt will work? What is the proper way to wear safety belts? While I'm pregnant, won't the belt harm my baby? If I buy a car with air bags, can I stop using the safety belt? Do I really need a child safety seat? Do rear seat passengers need to wear safety belts? KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496500 AU - American Academy of Family Physicians AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IS 40 YEARS OF A PATIENT'S LIFE WORTH 40 SECONDS OF YOUR TIME? PY - 1990/01 SP - 6 p. AB - This pamphlet points out the reasons why physicians should encourage their patients to use safety belts, gives suggestions on how to convince patients to use safety belts, dispels some myths about safety belts, and lists resource materials on belt use (brochures, door knob hangers, course materials) available from the American Academy of Family Physicians. KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496508 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS. JANUARY 1990 PY - 1990/01 SP - 35 p. AB - This Fourteenth Annual Report to the Congress summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1989 regarding the implementation of applicable Sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), as amended (the Act). Section 502(a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report each year. Included in this rpeort are sections summarizing rulemaking activities during 1989 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). KW - Corporate average fuel economy KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulation KW - Regulations KW - Rule making KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496504 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUNG ADULT HIGHWAY SAFETY PLAN PY - 1990/01 SP - 42 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) young adult highway safety program is designed to reduce motor vehicle fatalities and injuries among the 15-24 year old population. It involves extensive research and program activity. The program was built upon a model initially developed as part of NHTSA's anti-drunk driving program. The Young Adult Highway Safety Model addresses the young adult highway safety problem in the areas of enforcement, adjudication, supervision, legislation, licensing, school-based programs, school-based extra-curricular programs, community based programs, and work based programs. An analysis of the safety problems young adults face shows that four areas deserve priority attention: alcohol and other drugs, occupant protection, driver licensing, and motorcycles. KW - Adjudication KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Driver licensing KW - Drug abuse KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Programs KW - Supervision KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310178 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492174 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - TANNAHILL, J AU - SMITH, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATES' EXPERIENCE WITH INEXPERIENCED DRIVERS PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-21 AB - The driving problems of young drivers is attributed to driving inexperience, excessive driving during high-risk hours, risk taking, and poor driving judgment. A provisional licensing program developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to help this situation is described. A program implemented by the Maryland Department of Motor Vehicles to evaluate this program is also described. It found a 10% reduction in traffic conviction for 16- and 17-year-old provisionally licensed drivers. A provisional driver licensing program implemented by the California Department of Motor Vehicles reduced the rate of crashes involving 15- to 17-year-olds by 5.3%. An improved driver-licensing program for young drivers developed by NHTSA and the American Association of Motor Vehicles is described. It is also noted that a lower blood alcohol level is appropriate for a provisional license program, and all such drivers should be required to wear safety belts. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Provisional licensing KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307081 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492175 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OSHA TIGHTENS SAFETY BELTS PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 22-24 AB - The preparation of regulations on seatb-belt use by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is noted, as well as regulations requiring light trucks and vans to meet the same safety standards as passenger cars. The Department of Transportation Secretary's objectives in improving transportation safety and developing a transportation policy statement is discussed. The NHTSA will speed rule making regarding improved side-impact standards for passenger cars, and safety standards compliance by foreign cars. It is noted that traffic deaths have increased by an average of 15% on rural roads that raised the speed limit from 55 to 65. Greater compliance with posted speed limits needs to be enforced. Federal incentives for toughening highway safety are encouraged. The constitutionality of Police sobriety check points is also discussed. A coalition formed by the insurance companies and consumer advocates will work for lower speed limits and other safety measures. KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Regulations KW - Speed limits KW - Vans KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492171 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Castelli, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATES OF INTOXICATION PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 11 AB - The results are tabulated and summarized of a survey of drunk drivers. Thus, drunk drivers are most common in Wisconsin, Nebraska, Montana, Minnesota and Texas, and safety belts are least used in the Dakotas, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Wisconsin also leads the nation in 'binge drinking.' Nationally, 15.3% of the respondents were binge drinkers. These and other drinking and driving facts are noted. KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Statistics KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307078 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492173 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Schuessler, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LOOKING WITHOUT SEEING PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-17 AB - This article tells how having 20/20 vision is not enough. Beyond seeing straignt ahead, a driver must have good peripheral vision as well as depth perception. Night vision is also vital. The dangers of the twilight period are noted. The findings of researchers relating night vision are described. Tips are given relating to traffic safety for drivers. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Night vision KW - Peripheral vision KW - Research KW - Traffic safety KW - Twilight KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492176 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - MANSFIELD, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY IN THE HEARTS AND MINDS OF THE PUBLIC PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-27 AB - The keynote addresses and sesssion topics of the National Safety Council's 77th annual Congress and Exposition are reported in this article. The Council president, Gilchrest encouraged safety and health professionals to make safety competitive in the 1990s when it will have to compete with other issues for management attention. Another keynote speaker emphasized the need to strike a balance between acceptable risks, costs and benefits. The Labor Secretary Dole provided an update of the Department's activities. The head of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration noted issues high on the OSHA agenda. The Transportation Secretary Skinner outlined the Department's goals. KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Occupational safety KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492169 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Malone, M P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIR BAGS AT LAST PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-9 AB - The article notes that in the 1990 automobile models, air bags, at least on the driver's side, will be offered as standard equipment on 2.2 million new automobiles. It also notes the need for consumer education to explain the role air bags will play in reducing the chance of serious injury and death in head-on collisions. The article also describes how air bag development has been marked by initial consumer rejection and contiuned confusion concerning their operation. A number of other safety features that are now in the late stages of development are also noted: traction control; heads-up display; collision-avoidance warning system; four wheel steering; night vision enhancement; active suspensions, and breath analyzer interlock. KW - Air bags KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Automobiles KW - Breathalyzers KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Four wheel drive KW - Head up displays KW - Night vision KW - Safety education KW - Safety equipment KW - Traction KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492170 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WHAT'S REALLY HAPPENING OUT THERE? PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 10 AB - This is a survey of 'Traffic Safety' readers to learn about what's happening in the streets, such as trends that readers become aware of before they are recorded in the statistics. The survey covers amenities and options that are added to a basic unit and features that have more than one effect: for exapmle, anti-lock brakes protect a driver from running into something, but may make it harder for a following vehicle to brake in time to avoid a rear-end collision. The survey covers the following: air bags; seat belts; anti-lock brakes; 4-wheel steering; cruise control; power windows; power locks; power seats; telephones CB radios; tape decks; tinted glass; trailer hitches; compact spare tires; and emergency tire-changing systems. KW - Air bags KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Citizen band radio KW - Data collection KW - Four wheel drive KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307077 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00492172 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIFE RISKY IN THE CLOSED LANE PY - 1990/01 VL - 90 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-16 AB - Althorugh work zones line only a fraction of the nation's miles of roadway, hundreds of people die in them annually. Most accidents involve vehicle collisions with barriers or other fixed objefts, and most occur at night. During the day, the most frequent type of fatal accident is between vehicles. This article reports on finding new ways to protect workers and motorists traveling near work sites. Missouri's efforts in this area are summarized. It includes safety slogans, traffic signs, and programs to encourage motorists to drive carefully, including public relations campaigns. New equipment concepts to help make work zones safer are noted. Effort by the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) to generate ideas to design new ways to protect highway workers is described. A project under contract to the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) is noted. Some of the creative ideas resulting from research include a portaable barrier to protect workers; a trailer to transport sand-filled drums quickly from work site to work site; and an audible warning mechanism to alert workers. KW - Audible warning devices KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Construction safety KW - Public relations KW - Safety programs KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01404090 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Summary of medium and heavy truck crashes in 1990 PY - 1990 IS - DOT HS 807 953 SP - 60p AB - Medium and heavy trucks-trucks with gross vehicle weight ratings over 10,000 pounds - drove 150 billion miles in 1990, 7 percent of the 2.1 trillion miles driven by all vehicles in this year. In contrast, trucks comprised only 3 percent of the Nation's motor vehicle fleet. On a per registered vehicle basis, combination trucks drove an average of 60,000 miles each in 1990, while single-unit trucks averaged 13,000 miles, and passenger vehicles averaged 11,000 miles. Medium and heavy trucks comprised 3 percent or 328,000 of the 11 million vehicles involved in crashes of all severities in 1990. For fatal crashes, however, 4,761 (8 percent) of the 59,193 vehicles involved were trucks. A total of 5,254 people lost their lives in truck crashes, but only 13 percent of them were truck occupants. Of the 130,000 people injured in truck crashes, only 26 percent were truck occupants. Alcohol involvement was reported by police for only 1 in every 30 truck drivers involved in fatal crashes in 1990, compared to almost 1 in every 4 passenger vehicle drivers involved in fatal crashes. Taking into consideration all crash severities, passenger vehicle drivers were about 8 times more likely per driver to be charged for being under the influence of alcohol or drugs than were truck drivers. KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident severity KW - Accident statistics KW - Blood alcohol content KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Drink driving KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality rate KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicle driver KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Human characteristics KW - Statistics KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Usa KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle kilometre KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1171874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738707 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONDUCTING SOBRIETY CHECKPOINT OPERATIONS (VHS 1/2 INCH) (VIDEO) PY - 1990 SP - n.p. AB - This VHS video, 1/2 inch, color, 26 minutes playing time, presents basic operational procedures for effectively conducting legal and safe roadside sobriety checkpoints. Topics covered include: preparation briefing, site set-up, initial driver screening and detailed investigation. KW - Driver screening KW - Driving tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Investigations KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Studies KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719441 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STATISTICS '89. ROAD ACCIDENTS JAPAN PY - 1990 SP - 67 p. AB - This statistical report, compiled under the supervision of the Traffic Bureau, National Police Agency, Japan, provides accident statistics for Japan. The following categories are covered: Road Traffic Situation; Traffic Accidents: Trends; Traffic Accidents and Casualties in 1989; Control of Traffic Violations; Traffic Regulations and Controls; Driver's License; and Reference Information. KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Driver licenses KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violations KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454100 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00719353 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONFERENCE ON THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY DATA, FEBRUARY 25-MARCH 1, 1990, AGENDA PY - 1990 SP - 26p AB - This is the Agenda for the Conference on the Collection and Analysis of State Highway Safety Data, which was held in San Diego, California, on February 25 through March 1, 1990. It contains an agenda summary, which lists the day and time for each conference session, followed by a detailed agenda providing additional information on each session, including the session objective, moderator, session overview, presenters, and brief presentation summaries. U1 - Conference on the Collection and Analysis of State Highway Safety DataNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationSan Diego, California StartDate:19900225 EndDate:19900301 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Conferences KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/458263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716872 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1986. TITLE XII, PUBLIC LAW 99-570 PY - 1990 SP - 20 p. AB - This publication contains the text of Public Law 99-570--Oct. 27, 1986, known as Title XII--Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986. There are nineteen sections, beginning with Section 12001 - Short Title, and concluding with Section 12019 - Definitions. KW - Commercial motor vehicle safety act 1986 KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00847452 AU - PRITZ, HOWARD B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HYBRID III MULTI-POINT THORACIC DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT SENSORS. PY - 1990 IS - PB94-165107 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Equipment KW - Simulation KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/545508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626680 AU - Schoon, C C AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - AFTER SEVEN YEARS RIMOB IN PRACTICE: AN EVALUATION OF THE DUTCH IMPACT ATTENUATOR RIMOB PY - 1990 SP - 39 p. AB - Since 1982 about 170 RIMOB impact attenuators have been installed on the medians and shoulders of motorways in the Netherlands. The Dutch RIMOB is an impact attenuator with crumpling tubes to absorb the collision energy. This report is an evaluation study of this type of attenuator. It is concluded that RIMOB performs satisfactorily in collisions. It is recommended that RIMOB performance data continue to be collected. Also, recommendations are made regarding installation changes. KW - Building KW - Crash cushions KW - Data collection KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Netherlands KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623547 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - HIGHWAY FACT BOOK 1990 PY - 1990 SP - 24 p. AB - This booklet is an annual publication of the Highway Users Federation and the Automotive Safety Foundation. It is a handy reference for persons concerned about the quality of highway transportation and traffic safety. Tables and figures are presented showing data on the following: Growth Trends; Demographic Changes; Commuting Trends; Motor Vehicle Travel by Purpose; Total U.S. Transportation Expenditures; Annual Highway Expenditures; Highway Trust Fund Authorizations--FY'90; Sources of Highway Funds--1988; Sources of Federal Highway Trust Fund Money--FY'88; Annual Highway Expenditures Per Vehicle Mile of Travel; Dedication of Highway User Taxes; State Motor Fuel Taxes and Gasoline Use Per Capita; Road and Street Mileage and Travel; Urban Interstate Congestion; Highway Pavement and Bridge Deficiencies; Comparison of VMT and Total Capital Spending; Intercity Truck Freight Movement; Crude Oil Resources and Imports; Gasohol Facts--1988; Safety Belt & Child Safety Seat Use; States With Safety Belt Laws; Drunk Driving Countermeasures; Traffic Deaths and Death Rates; Potential Future Fatalities; Speed Limits; Percentage of Licensed Drivers 65 and Above; Motor Vehicle Fleet 1970-1987; and National Passenger Car Fleet by Age Groups. KW - Authorizations KW - Commuting KW - Crude oil KW - Deficiencies KW - Demographics KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Freeways KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway pavement KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Natural resources KW - Pavements KW - Registration KW - Statistics KW - Taxation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation KW - Travel KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trip purpose KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363388 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620457 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Bener, A AU - Jadaan, K S AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ATTITUDES OF DRIVERS TOWARDS USAGE OF SAFETY SEAT BELTS IN KUWAIT PY - 1990 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 101-107 AB - The use of safety seat belts has been proven universally to be one of the most protective means against injuries resulting from road traffic accidents, but no detailed study has been conducted to assess seat belt use in Kuwait. The aim of this paper was to investigate the attitudes, knowledge and practice of drivers towards safety belt use in Kuwait. A total of 700 patients were seen and treated in the accident and emergency departments of different hospitals, between December 1989 and June 1990. This study showed that there were no significant differences between the cases (20%) and control (25%) with regard to wearing safety seat belts. Also, the majority of case (43.6%) and control (40.9%) groups stated that the seat belt is the most protective measure against severe injuries and road traffic accidents. Finally, there is very strong support for the mandatory use of safety seat belt by case (43.7%) and control (50%) groups. KW - Attitudes KW - Drivers KW - Kuwait KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364860 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620459 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Hingson, R H AU - HOWLAND, J AU - Schiavone, T AU - Damiata, M AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - THE MASSACHUSETTS SAVING LIVES PROGRAM: SIX CITIES WIDENING THE FOCUS FROM DRUNK DRIVING TO SPEEDING, RECKLESS DRIVING, AND FAILURE TO WEAR SAFETY BELTS PY - 1990 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 123-132 AB - Six Massachusetts communities have initiated comprehensive traffic safety programs in their communities to reverse the trend of increases in fatal and injury crashes. The programs include: education about traffic safety issues in the school, public education targeting all age groups, increased police enforcement, and a business for safety program to reduce drunk driving and increase safety belt use. A coordinator in the Mayor's office and a set of community task forces with public officials and private citizens oversee the programs. An evaluation program is assessing traffic safety problems in each at the outset of the program, and community progress in reducing those problems. An initial evaluation indicated that speeding and related risky driving behaviors at intersections, such as accelerating at yellow lights and running red lights were much more common behaviors than drunk driving, and that these behaviors were increasing in program cities and were disproportionately found in drivers who rarely wear safety belts. The program has expanded its initiatives beyond drunk driving reduction to include these other behaviors as well. KW - Behavior KW - Communities KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Intervention KW - Local government KW - Manual safety belts KW - Massachusetts KW - Public participation KW - Reckless drivers KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk taking KW - Safety programs KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364862 ER - TY - SER AN - 00620496 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HUMAN FACTORS AND SAFETY RESEARCH RELATED TO HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION 1990 SN - 0-309-05060-X PY - 1990 IS - 1281 SP - 175 p. AB - This Record is divided into three parts, each covering a distinct research area: (1) driver performance; (2) pedestrians; and (3) motorist information systems. The papers in Part 1 are as follows: Performance Differences on Driving and Laboratory Tasks Between Drivers of Different Ages, T.A. Ranney and N.H. Pulling; T-Intersection Simulator Performance of Drivers with Physical Limitations, K.M. Hunter-Zaworski; Behavioral Model of Freeway Exiting, J. Fazio, R.M. Michaels, W.R. Reilly, J. Schoen, and A. Poulis; Operational Effects of Larger Trucks on Rural Roadways, C.V. Zegeer, J. Hummer, and F. Hanscom; Assessment of Current Speed Zoning Criteria, D.L. Harkey, H.D. Robertson, and S.E. Davis; Effect of the 65-mph Speed Limit on Speeds in Three States, M. Freedman and J.R. Esterlitz; Rural Accident Rate Variations with Traffic Volume, J.W. Hall and O.J. Pendleton; Relationship of 65-mph Limit to Speeds and Fatal Accidents, A.J. McKnight and T.M. Klein; and Preliminary Assessment of the Increased Speed Limit on Rural Interstate Highways in Illinois (Abridgment), C.S. Sidhu. Part 2 includes the following papers: Measurement of Pedestrian Flow Data Using Image Analysis Techniques, Y-J. Lu, Y-Y. Tang, P. Pirard, Y-H. Hsu, and H-D. Cheng; Estimating and Updating Flows on Pedestrian Facilities in the Central Business District, P.N. Seneviratne and M. Javid; Non-Euclidean Metrics in Nonmotorized Transportation, C.J. Khisty; and Relationship Between Child Pedestrian Accidents and City Planning in Zarqa, Jordan, A.H. Al-Balbissi, M.T. Aboul-Ela, and S. Sammour. Part 3's papers are: Operational Effectiveness of Truck Lane Restrictions, F.R. Hanscom; Motorist Comprehension of Signing Applied in Urban Arterial Work Zones, M.A. Ogden, K.N. Womack, and J.M. Mounce; Motorist Understanding of and Preferences for Left-Turn Signals, J.E. Hummer, R.E. Montgomery, and K.C. Sinha; Motorist Information Systems and Recurrent Traffic Congestion: Sensitivity Analysis of Expected Results, H.N. Koutsopoulos and T. Lotan; and Motorist Behavior and the Design of Motorist Information Systems, M.J. Wenger, J.H. Spyridakis, M.P. Haselkorn, W. Barfield, and L. Conquest. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Age KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Estimating KW - Fatalities KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Impaired drivers KW - Interstate highways KW - Left turns KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Pedestrian flow KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Personnel performance KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Truck lanes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1990/1281/1281.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364894 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620485 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - Hale, A R AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - SAFETY AND SPEED: A SYSTEMS VIEW OF DETERMINANTS AND CONTROL MEASURES PY - 1990 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 59-65 AB - This paper presents an overview from a systems perspective of the problem of speed and safety in road transport. It reviews the adverse effects from speed and the levels at which intervention can be planned to influence speed. It concludes by proposing questions for further study and discussion to arrive at a rational and integrated decision-making framework for the choice and achievement of desired speed. KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highway safety KW - Intervention KW - Research KW - Speed KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620477 AU - Western Australia University TI - PROCEEDINGS, INAUGURAL ANNUAL CONFERENCE, ROAD ACCIDENT PREVENTION RESEARCH UNIT, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA, 11 JUNE 1990 PY - 1990 SP - 185 p. AB - Following opening addresses by the Hon. K.W. Wilson, MLA, Minister for Health and Mr. R.M. Evans, Chairman of Directors, R.A.C. Insurance Pty. Limited, these proceedings contain the conference papers. The papers are organized according to topic. Part A, covering road safety strategies, contains the following papers: Strategies for Getting Road Safety Measures Implemented, Keynote Address, A.P. Vulcan; Reducing Traffic Injuries in America: U.S. Objectives and Strategies, D. Sleet; and Promising Countermeasures for the Prevention of Traffic Accidents in Western Australia, D.I. Smith. Part B addresses human factors in the following papers: Road Safety Education in Australian Schools - An Analysis of Some Key Dissemination and Implementation Practices, C.J. Marsh and N.H. Hyde; The Human Factors Approach to Improving Pedestrian Safety, P.K. Arnold, R.G. Bennett, and L.R. Hartley; and Training Young Drivers, D. Milech, D.J. Glencross, and L.R. Hartley. Finally, Part C examines specific accident issues in the following papers: The Road Environment and Traffic Safety, G.J. Moore; Random Breath Testing and How to Get it to Work Properly, R.J. Homel; and Hospital Inpatient Accident Costs for Road Traffic Accident Casualties in Western Australia, 1988, M.J. Giles. KW - Accident costs KW - Adolescents KW - Australia KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Prevention KW - Random breath tests KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362362 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620456 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - WATSON, P AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - MOTORCYCLE CASUALTIES - A TIME BOMB? HOW LONG IS THE FUSE? PY - 1990 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 95-99 AB - Motorcyclists are far more likely to be injured in an accident than car drivers. Increased usage of motorcycles brings a disproportionate increase in total road casualties. This could be a problem for the developing countries as their transport increases. Car safety has improved due to legislation requirements, but motorcycles have received little attention. International agreements could reduce the introduction of new safety requirements and publication of research results can be hampered by product liability laws. Vehicle engineering can improve motorcycle safety, but progress on adoption of safety features is uncertain. KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Liability KW - Motorcycles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364859 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620486 JO - IATSS Research PB - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences AU - SABEY, B E AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - ACCIDENT ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY PY - 1990 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 35-42 AB - This paper begins with a discussion of the principles of accident analysis. The objectives of accident analysis are outlined and the different levels of investigation explained. Then a more detailed discussion of the methodology to be employed at each level is presented. Final discussion concerns the potential for unification of databases or methodology, including achievements to date, technical and institutional barriers to be overcome, and the purpose of unification. KW - Crash analysis KW - Level of investigation KW - Methodology KW - Standardization KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364884 ER - TY - SER AN - 00620472 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SAFETY RESEARCH: ACCIDENT STUDIES, ENFORCEMENT, EMS, MANAGEMENT AND SIMULATION 1990 SN - 0-309-05052-9 PY - 1990 IS - 1270 SP - 119 p. AB - A variety of papers related to highway safety research are presented in this Record. The Record is organized in two parts. Part 1 deals with accident studies related to roadway, traffic, and truck characteristics; Part 2 includes reports of research on enforcement, emergency medical services (EMS), safety management, and simulation. The following papers are in Part 1: Accidents Involving Vehicles Parked on Shoulders of Limited-Access Highways, K.R. Agent and J.G. Pigman; Highway Accidents in Construction and Maintenance Work Zones, J.G. Pigman and K.R. Agent; Safety of One-Way Urban Streets, I. Hocherman, A.S. Hakkert, and J. Bar-Ziv; Safety Comparison of Types of Parking on Urban Streets in Nebraska, P.T. McCoy, M. Ramanujam, M. Moussavi, and J.I. Ballard; Role of Road User and Roadway Geometrics in Road Accidents in Jordan, A.H. Balbissi; and Truck Accident Involvement With and Without Front-Axle Brakes: Application for Case-Control Methodology, M.E.H. Lee-Gosselin, A.J. Richardson, and G. Taylor. Part 2 contains the following papers: Public Opinion Regarding Photo Radar, M. Freedman, A.F. Williams, and A.K. Lund; Public Attitudes Toward Traffic Regulation, Compliance, and Enforcement in Urban Areas of the United Kingdom, P.M. Jones; Building an Accident Report Data Base for Local Agencies, J.L. Lubkin, T.L. Maleck, D.P. Relyea, and K.H. Tsuchiyama; Allocating Highway Safety Funds, D.B. Brown, R. Bulfin, and W. Deason; Emergency Medical Service Rescue Time in Fatal Road Accidents, H. Brodsky; Validation of Vehicle Stability and Control Simulations, G.J. Heydinger, W.R. Garrott, J.P. Chrstos, and D.A. Guenther; and Low-Cost Part Task Driving Simulator Using Microcomputer Technology, R.W. Allen, A.C. Stein, B.L. Aponso, T.J. Rosenthal, and J.R. Hogue. KW - Attitudes KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brakes KW - Construction sites KW - Crashes KW - Databases KW - Development KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driving simulators KW - Front-axle brakes KW - Fund allocations KW - Geometric design KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - One way traffic KW - Parked vehicles KW - Parking KW - Radar KW - Research KW - Road user characteristics KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic regulations KW - Travelers KW - Trucks KW - Urban highways KW - Vehicle front end UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1990/1270/1270.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620498 AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - YOUTH AND DRUGS: SOCIETY'S MIXED MESSAGES PY - 1990 SP - 182 p. AB - This volume, the sixth in a series of prevention monographs of the Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, examines past and present societal influences that have fostered the continued use of licit and illicit drugs by Americans from virtually every walk of life. The volume presents the analyses and viewpoints of prevention and communications experts on how "mixed messages" are often sent to American youth regarding acceptable use of alcohol and other drugs. It analyzes public and private sector policies, practices, and regulatory initiatives aimed at reducing and eliminating alcohol and other drug problems. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Drug abuse KW - Governments KW - Highway safety KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Private enterprise KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620464 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - BEAUCHAMP, Y AU - Stobbe, T J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE EFFECTS OF FACTORS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE IN THE EVENT OF AN UNEXPECTED ROBOT MOTION PY - 1990 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - p. 83-96 AB - This study evaluates factors that could affect human performance in the event of an unexpected robot motion. The results of the study demonstrated many things. First, robot speed and task had an important impact on robot overrun distance. A longer overrun distance was observed with both increasing robot speed or task complexity. Second, illumination affected subject's performance; a longer overrun distance was observed with a low illumination level (10 Lux). Overrun distance, however, remained unaffected with increasing illumination level above 100 Lux. Furthermore, unexpected robot motions initiated in the peripheral field resulted in a longer overrun distance than motions initiated in the central field. The analysis of the robot speed by illumination interaction suggested that a low illumination level may further increase overrun distance with increasing robot speed. The analysis also suggested that when increasing robot motion speed, the overrun distance increases with low background-to-robot-arm luminance contrast ratios. KW - Human beings KW - Impacts KW - Luminous intensity KW - Overruns KW - Performance KW - Robots KW - Unexpected robot motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364867 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620458 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Harwin, E A AU - Brewer, H K AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLE ROLLOVER STABILITY AND ROLLOVER RISK USING THE NHTSA CARDFILE ACCIDENT DATABASE PY - 1990 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 109-122 AB - Statistical confirmation of the important relationship between vehicle rollover stability, as defined by the ratio of half track width to center of gravity height, and rollover rate, as defined by the ratio of rollovers per single vehicle accident (RO/SVA) expressed as a percent, has been established using data extracted from the automated police accident reports of three states. A consistent and robust relationship between this measure of stability and single vehicle crashes involving rollover was found by means of linear regression analysis techniques. The relationship of this stability factor with the rollover per registered vehicle rate further substantiates the tendency for this type of crash to be associated with vehicles possessing a low rollover stability index. KW - Crash reports KW - Hazards KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Motor vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - Rollover crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620479 AU - Wright, B AU - Wright, D G AU - MasterMedia Limited TI - DARE TO CONFRONT: HOW TO INTERVENE WHEN SOMEONE YOU CARE ABOUT HAS AN ALCOHOL OR DRUG PROBLEM SN - 0-942361-21-0 PY - 1990 SP - 239 p. AB - Over 30 million Americans are addicted to alcohol or other drugs. One out of every three families is a victim. This book shows anyone how to use the step-by-step methods of professional interventionists to motivate drug-dependent people to accept the help they need right now. It teaches: what causes addiction and how it progresses; how to identify a dependency on a mind-altering drug; how to stop enabling the addiction; how to prepare yourself for an intervention; how to actually conduct the confrontation; how to locate the best recovery resources in your area; and how to support the recovery to improve the quality of your own life. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drug abuse KW - Intervention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362364 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620469 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - PROCEEDINGS OF ROAD SAFETY AND TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT IN EUROPE IN GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN, SEPTEMBER 26-28, 1990 PY - 1990 IS - 362A SP - 178 p. AB - Papers presented at the seminar were as follows: Opening Speech (Faerm, G); Motorization and Trends in Road Traffic (Lenz, K-H); Traffic Environment - The Nature of the Problem? (Thunberg, B); Traffic Safety Facing Year 2000 - A Challenge for the Automotive Industry (Persson, JC); Use of Simulation to Improve Vehicle Design (Badin, F and Maillard, P); Vehicle Development and Road Safety (Michalik, C); Role of the Motor Vehicle in Traffic Engineering of the Future (Voy, C); Automotive Crash Safety Engineering -Time for a New Approach? (Mellander, H); Daimler-Benz Driving Simulator - Research for Road Safety and Traffic Environment (Schill, V and Kading, W); VTI Driving Simulator - Trends and Experiences (Nordmark, S); Protection Effects of Child Restraints - Experiences from Accidents and Sled Tests with Carry-Cots (Glaeser, K-P, Langwieder, K and Hummel, T). KW - Automobile industry KW - Child restraint systems KW - Conferences KW - Driving simulators KW - Europe KW - Highway safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364872 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00611074 JO - Publication of: Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine TI - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE, PROCEEDINGS, 34TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, SCOTTSDALE, ARIZONA, OCTOBER 1-3, 1990 PY - 1990 SP - 548 p. AB - Thirty-nine papers presented at the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 34th annual conference are included. Three of these papers are bound separately. Topics addressed are as follows: clinical injury studies; alcohol - medical and legal consequences; traffic injury costs; seat belts - usage, effectiveness and crash testing; vehicle crashworthiness and injury assessment studies; the use of clinical data to study injury mechanisms; experimental biomechanical research; transplantable organs; exposure measure; injury scaling; patient triage; vision, drugs and fatigue - empirical and experimental studies; and bicycle and motorcycle helmet design. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Accident costs KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Helmets KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Legal factors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Patient triage KW - Testing KW - Transplantable organs KW - Utilization KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610222 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '90 SN - 0317050809 PY - 1990 SP - 96 p. AB - This annual report presents facts and figures on passenger cars, motor trucks, and motor buses for 1989. The contents are organized as follows: Overview; Production, Sales and Registrations; Ownership and Usage; and Economic and Social Impact. An index is provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Economic impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610217 AU - Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles TI - 1989 VIRGINIA TRAFFIC CRASH FACTS PY - 1990 SP - 62 p. AB - This report presents facts and figures on Virginia traffic accidents in 1989. The report is organized as follows: Glossary; 1989 Quick Facts About Virginia; Virginia Crashes 1989; Virginia Driving Trends - Summary 1980-1989, Deaths on Major Holidays, Leading Death Causes 1988, Monthly Crashes/Fatalities/Injuries, and Economic Cost 1984-1988; and Virginia Crash Summaries 1989 - Fatalities, Injuries, Crashes, Driver Action, Drinking Condition, Physical Condition, Age, Sex, Vehicle Action, Defect, Environment, Weather, Light, Traffic Controls, Vehicle Type, Safety Belts/Child Safety Seats, Accident Type. In 1989 there were 999 fatalities, a 6.55% decrease from 1988, and 79,310 persons injured, a 2.03% increase from 1988. A total of 143,155 traffic crashes were reported, a 0.81% decrease from 1988. Alcohol-related accidents resulted in 480 fatalities, an 8.05% decrease from 1988, and 13,341 persons injured, a 5.86% decrease from 1988. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Child restraint systems KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Defects KW - Drunk driving KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle type KW - Vehicles KW - Virginia KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355702 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610218 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROADSIDE SAFETY 1990 SN - 0-309-05007-3 PY - 1990 IS - 1258 SP - 121 p. AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Signs on Breakaway Barricades--Wind and Crash Tests, T.D. Davis; Evaluation of Small-Sign Systems from Existing Crash Test Data, L.D. Breaux and J.R. Morgan; Crash Test of Modified Texas C202 Bridge Rail, T.J. Hirsch and P. Romere; Performance Level 2 Bridge Railings, C.E. Buth, T.J. Hirsch, and C.F. McDevitt; Aesthetically Pleasing Concrete Beam-and-Post Bridge Rail, T.J. Hirsch, C.E. Buth, and D. Kaderka; Wyoming Tube-Type Bridge Rail and Box-Beam Guardrail Transition, K.K. Mak, R.P. Bligh, and D.H. Pope; Rollover Caused by Concrete Safety-Shaped Barrier, K.K. Mak and D.L. Sicking; Development of an IBC MK-7 Barrier Capable of Restraining and Redirecting an 80,000-lb Tractor Van-Trailer, T.J. Hirsch and K.K. Mak; Performance Evaluation of a Movable Concrete Barrier, D.L. Glauz; and Temporary Asphalt Medians for Two-Lane, Two-Way Operation, B.H. Cottrell, Jr. KW - Asphalt KW - Barricades KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Medians KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Signs KW - Small signs KW - Temporary asphalt medians KW - Testing KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610244 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1990 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1990 SP - 49 p. AB - This publication provides a comprehensive source of motorcycle statistics. Included are statistics on market volume, manufacturers and distributors, the retail marketplace, motorcycle usage, and the motorcycle owner. Scooters and all terrain vehicles are included; mopeds and nopeds are excluded. Other national motorcycle organizations and State motorcycle dealers associations are listed and a subject index is provided. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Distributors KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Industries KW - Market research KW - Market volume KW - Marketing KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Retail trade KW - Sales KW - Scooters KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355735 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610239 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Ejsmont, J A AU - Sandberg, U AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - INFLUENCE ON TIRE/ROAD NOISE EMISSION BY VEHICLES OF DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION PY - 1990 IS - 357A SP - 41 p. AB - The report presents an investigation of test vehicle influence on the results of tire/road noise measurements. The experiments were conducted by testing the same set of tires on four different, compact cars and another set of tires on four bigger cars. The cars were selected to be different in age, condition, type, etc. Despite a great variation in car type and construction the differences of the measured A-weighted sound levels were very small. Some interesting differences in noise spectra were, however, noticed for cars of unusual construction and/or in slightly impaired condition. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Compact automobiles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Service life KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - Vehicle age KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610233 AU - HUIJBERS, JJW AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - UTILISATION OF SECURITY HELMETS FOR TWO-WHEELED VEHICLE RIDERS PY - 1990 SP - 108 p. AB - This report deals with safety helmets of two-wheeled vehicle riders in the European Community (EC). Recommendations are presented regarding 1) the improvement of the safety of drivers/passengers of two-wheelers by the use of a helmet, and 2) legislation dealing with the safety requirements of helmets and their use. The report is based on information obtained from a questionnaire sent to twelve EC Member States and a literature study. It was found that the wearing of helmets by two-wheeled vehicle riders leads to less serious head injuries and makes a major contribution to road safety, assuming they are worn correctly and meet certain requirements. There are clear indications that helmets are not worn properly, especially by moped-riders. Effective legislation on the use and on the requirements of helmets are not harmonized between EC Member States. Sharp variations exist also on maximum speeds, the minimum age of riders and the required licenses. Only a part of EC Member States have accepted the ECE 22 international certification standard. KW - Europe KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Misuse KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608572 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1989 PY - 1990 SP - 43 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident statistics for the state of Arizona for the year 1989. The contents are organized as follows: Highlights and historical trends; Geographic location (Accidents by counties, cities, state highways); Accident descriptions (Accidents by type, time, day, month, multi-vehicle, light, weather, road conditions, and road characteristics); Motor vehicle and driver characteristics (Registration, vehicle type, physical condition, licensed drivers, age of drivers, driver errors, killed and injured by vehicle type, sex of driver, and residence of driver); Alcohol-related accidents (Age of drivers, type of accident, road conditions, lighting, month, time, and day); Pedestrian and pedalcyclist (Age, sex, and action of victims, physical condition, history); Motorcycle accidents (Age, physical conditions, helmets, accident type, time, week, month); and School bus accidents (Injuries, fatalities, history). KW - Age KW - Arizona KW - Bicycles KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Road conditions KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607634 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION USAGE AND ENFORCEMENT. PARTICIPANT MANUAL PY - 1990 SP - 81 p. AB - This Participant Manual was developed as part of a workshop on Occupant Protection Usage and Enforcement for law enforcement personnel. The manual is to be given to each participant. It presents supporting information that will be covered during the workshop, allows participants to record their ideas during the workshop, and gives participants a resource for reviewing ideas after the workshop. KW - Guidelines KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Personnel KW - Police KW - Utilization KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607633 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION USAGE AND ENFORCEMENT. FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL PY - 1990 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains guides, manuals and other material to be used in conducting a workshop for law enforcement personnel on Occupant Protection Usage and Enforcement. The workshop was designed to promote use of occupant protection devices by law enforcement officers and to enlist their support in enforcing the occupant protection laws. The Administrator's Guide provides an introduction to and an overview of the the half-day workshop. The Opinionnaire provides a copy of the form to be used in the survey of workshop participants as to their opinions on matters related to occupant protection usage and enforcement. The Instructor's Manual outlines the goals and objectives of the workshop and provides details of what is to be covered in the workshop sessions. The Participant's Manual, given to the workshop participant, presents supporting information that will be covered during the workshop and provides the participant with a resource for reviewing ideas after the workshop. The fifth section of the publication contains viewgraphs. The sixth and final section is a guide developed specifically for police executives/managers interested in developing progressive occupant protection programs within their agencies and communities. KW - Guidelines KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Personnel KW - Personnel management KW - Police KW - Utilization KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607631 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY RESCUE GUIDELINES FOR AIR BAG-EQUIPPED CARS PY - 1990 SP - 8 p. AB - This is a pamphlet briefly describing emergency rescue guidelines for air bag-equipped cars. Also included are a series of questions and answers on the subject, a list showing vehicle identification number codes for driver- and passenger-side air bags, and a list of deactivation times for air bag back-up power supply by automobile make. KW - Air bags KW - Brochures KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Fires KW - Guidelines KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Vehicle occupant rescue UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571216 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT FROM THE CONFERENCE ON THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY DATA, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, FEBRUARY 26-MARCH 1, 1990 PY - 1990 SP - 50 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Conferences KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571215 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDED TO IMPROVE SAFETY AND MOBILITY OF OLDER DRIVERS, AUGUST 23-24, 1989, LISTER HILL CONFERENCE CENTER, NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, BETHESDA, MARYLAND PY - 1990 SP - 110 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobile drivers KW - Conferences KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602637 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANUFACTURERS' INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHILD SAFETY SEATS. 1990 EDITION PY - 1990 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is a collection of the user's instructions that were provided with every model of child safety seat sold in the United States since 1981. This collection is intended to be used by highway safety specialists for diagnosing problems and providing advice to parents concerning the installation and use of child safety seats. There are four sections: (1) Introductory pages, General Recall List and Table of Contents; (2) Safety Seat Instruction Sets for General Population Children; (3) Safety Seat Instruction Sets for Children with Special Needs; and (4) Appendix - related materials designed to broaden general knowledge of safety seats. KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Facilities KW - Industries KW - Installation KW - Instructions KW - Recall campaigns KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345459 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601359 JO - Reports from Liikenneturva 36/1990 PB - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland AU - HAMALAINEN, V AU - Hassel, S-O AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - THE GIANT SPEED-INDICATING DISPLAY IN POLICE TRAFFIC CONTROL SN - 951-9151-83-4 PY - 1990 SP - 40 p. AB - On the initiative of the Turku and Pori Division of the Mobile Police an experiment was carried out on Highway 1 in the Province of Turku and Pori in order to develop the traffic control carried out by the police. A giant speed-indicating display was used in the experiment, which took place in connection with other traffic control activities. The display was attached to a speed radar and mounted on the roof of a police car standing parked beside the road. Passing drivers were able to see their speeds on the display and check the accuracy of their speedometers. By the road, after the speed display, there was a sign indicating that intensified traffic control was taking place. Furthermore, there was always at least one control point visible 3-17 km from the display unit. The experiment was carried out between April 11 - May 29, 1989. During this period, actions were taken on Highway 1 on about 20 days. Drivers were also informed about the experiment through the mass media, where it was given general coverage. This study investigates the effects of the experiment on the speed of cars and the incidence of overtaking as well as the experiences of the police on the action. On the stretch of road after the display the speeds were clearly lower during the experiment than before or after it. Also, over 10 km after the display the decrease of speeds was quite obvious. In particular all serious cases of speeding decreased and thus the experiment increased the opportunities for the police to deal with all the speeding offences detected. Also the incidence of overtaking decreased during the experiment. In a comparative situation right after the experiment the occurrences of overtaking had not gone back to their previous level, as predicted. KW - Displays KW - Information display systems KW - Passing KW - Police KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348566 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601374 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Milosevic, S AU - MILIC, J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SPEED PERCEPTION IN ROAD CURVES PY - 1990 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-23 AB - This study assessed drivers' perception of their driving speed on curves. A total of 206 drivers estimated their vehicle speed in the central part of a sharp-left curve with a small radius of 75 m and a super-elevation of 5.5%. A comparison of the mean speed estimates given by drivers after having passed the curve with their actual speeds at the central point of the curve (recorded by radar) showed that drivers underestimated their vehicle speeds. Speed estimation was more accurate for drivers who saw warning and speed limit signs. In general, experienced drivers and middle-aged drivers reported less accurate speed estimates than younger, less experienced drivers. KW - Accuracy KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Driver experience KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Estimates KW - Highway curves KW - Perception KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Speed signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601307 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE THEFT REPORT: PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES. 1987, 1988, AND 1989 MODELS PY - 1990 SP - 53 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance theft losses involving 1987, 1988, and 1989 model year passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. Data are given for frequency of loss, average size of loss, and average loss payments per insured vehicle. The results include the complete spectrum of theft losses occurring under comprehensive coverage ranging from the theft of items from the vehicle to the theft of the vehicle itself. A complete list of the individual vehicle series included in this report is contained in Appendix A and definitions are provided in Appendix B. KW - Automobiles KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Statistics KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344417 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600558 JO - Publication of: AB Svensk Bilprovning PB - AB Svensk Bilprovning AU - AB Svensk Bilprovning TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS 1990. PERIODIC INSPECTIONS 1989. MAKE BY MAKE ACCOUNT OF THE DEFECTS IN PASSENGER CARS OF THE 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985 AND 1987 MODELS PY - 1990 SP - 205 p. AB - This publication summarizes the inspection results of 3,880,159 periodic inspections carried out during 1989 on vehicles in Sweden. The vehicle fleet is dominated by passengers cars and accordingly the main part of this report is devoted to them. It contains a presentation of inspection results for 78 car types of the 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985 and 1987 models. A novelty in this year's report is the separate accounting of combi models. Two things should be especially observed when reading this year's report. As a part of the increased efforts to preserve the environment, a special check was introduced in 1989 of the exhaust emission control systems in cars of model year 1976 and later. This includes a function-check of the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) systems in cars which have such equipment. Also since 1989 stricter assessments of defects in the headlamp cleaning systems in cars from model year 1981 have been made. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600527 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1989 TO DECEMBER 31, 1989 PY - 1990 SP - 193 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during calendar year 1989 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 182 recall campaigns involving 6,070,592 domestic motor vehicles, 55 recall campaigns involving 962,776 foreign motor vehicles, 31 recall campaigns involving 4,175,705 units of domestic equipment, 5 recall campaigns involving 4,153 units of foreign equipment, 11 recall campaigns involving 115,545 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00568513 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM: 1990 CODING AND VALIDATION MANUAL (REV. 4 90 ) PY - 1990 SP - 371 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Classification KW - Fatalities KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/330611 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495757 JO - Safety and Health PB - National Safety Council AU - Naughton, T AU - National Safety Council TI - SNOWMOBILES CAN BE SAFE VEHICLES. OFF THE JOB PY - 1990 VL - 133 IS - 1 SP - p. 46-47 AB - Snowmobiles can be safe vehicles when used as intended, and accidents can be reduced if snowmobilers are aware of the hazards facing them and act in a responsible manner. Snowmobilers are urged to be familiar with the laws and regulations that apply to them, and basic training and knowledge are prerequisites for the beginning operator. Thorough familiarity with the owner's manual is urged. The article offers tips on how hazards may be avoided. KW - Hazards KW - Safety KW - Snowmobiles KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372115 AU - Tire Industry Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Automobile Association AU - American Driver & Traffic Safety Education Assn AU - American Petroleum Institute AU - National Safety Council AU - National Tire Dealers and Retreaders Association TI - NEW CONSUMER TIRE GUIDE. THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT AUTO TIRE CARE AND SAFETY PY - 1990 SP - 11 p. AB - Contents: Tire placard and safety warning; Your own tire pressure gauge; Inspect your tires regularly; Good driving habits; Vehicle conditions affecting tires; Replacement tire selection; The sidewall story; Tire combinations -- Front and rear wheel drive vehicles; Cold weather driving; Tire dealer assistance. KW - Automobile dealers KW - Cold weather KW - Combinations KW - Consumers KW - Dealers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Equipment replacement KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Inflation KW - Inspection KW - Pressure gages KW - Replacement KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732399 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Walsh, W A AU - Harold Russell Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USERS' GUIDE TO NEW APPROACHES AND SANCTIONS FOR MULTIPLE DWI OFFENDERS PY - 1989/12 SP - 149 p. AB - This guide describes nine new approaches for reducing recidivism among multiple DWI offenders: dedicated detention facilities, diversion programs, electronic monitoring, ignition interlock systems, intensive probation supervision, publishing offender names, special license tags, victim restitution, and weekend intervention programs. Data on 33 programs that use these approaches were collected through telephone discussions, correspondence, and site visits to 11 programs. Information presented on each approach includes: the number and types of offenders served, staffing requirements, costs, funding sources, program requirements, and effectiveness. Selected program descriptions illustrate how each approach can be implemented. A table lists key characteristics of all 33 programs studied, e.g., cost, number of offenders served, program duration, etc. The approaches provide a much wider range of options for dealing with DWI offenders than traditional sanctions such as jail, fines, license suspension, and probation. They also have appealing features, e.g., many cost less than jail; offenders tend to complete the programs; many monitor offenders very closely, which provides security while alleviating jail overcrowding. The most important shortcoming of the approaches is that reliable data on post-program recidivism is rarely available. More information about the study methods and findings appears in a companion report: Assessment of Multiple DWI Offender Restrictions. KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Costs KW - Dedicated detention facilities KW - Diversion programs (Dwi offenders) KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic monitoring (Dwi offenders) KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - License plates KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Multiple dwi offenders KW - Offender names publishing KW - Probation KW - Program requirements KW - Recidivism KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Repeat offenders KW - Sanctions KW - Selection and appointment KW - Special license tags (Dwi offenders) KW - Victim compensation KW - Weekend intervention programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607647 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND PAYOUTS FOR 1987-1988 DESIGNATED HIGH THEFT RATE PASSENGER CARS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1989/12 SP - v.p. AB - This volume, Volume II, of the final report on insurance premiums and payouts for 1987-1988 designated high theft rate passenger cars contains the four appendices to accompany Volume I. Appendix A contains tables showing the theft rates for insured vehicles stratified by calendar year, vehicle age, make and series. Appendix B contains tables showing thefts and recoveries of insured vehicles stratified by calendar year, vehicle age, make, series and model. Appendix C contains tables showing average loss payments for stolen vehicles stratified by calendar year, vehicle age, make, series and model. Appendix D contains graphs showing trends in automobile comprehensive premiums during 1983-1988. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Insurance KW - Insurance rates KW - Losses KW - Payment KW - Recovery KW - Tables (Data) KW - Theft KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00604252 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - Bare, C AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF INTERMEDIATE TRIPPED VEHICLE ROLLOVER MODEL (ITRS). FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 209 p. AB - This report describes the development of the Intermediate Tripped Rollover Simulation (ITRS) which can be used to investigate the rollover behavior of vehicles impacting a roadside curb. The eight degree-of-freedom ITRS model consists of sprung and unsprung masses interconnected through suspension elements. The ITRS model accounts for complete forward, lateral and directional dynamics and is capable of simulating vehicle skidding motion, simultaneous and oblique impact of the front and rear wheels with a curb, and subsequent tripped rollover under a variety of initial conditions. The ITRS vehicle model has been thoroughly examined for the energy exchanged between the vehicle components. Two energy based rollover functions were developed and examined to assess their ability to predict rollover. It has been shown that, if tripped rollover is to occur at critical speed, the dynamic criteria for rollover become satisfied when vehicle roll angles equal 9.5 and 11.5 degrees for impact angles of 0 and 25 degrees, respectively. The influence of all design parameters on vehicle rollover stability during both side and oblique impacts has been determined using the percentage sensitivity functions. The sensitivity results demonstrate that geometrical, mass and impact deformation characteristics have the largest influence on vehicle rollover propensity in tripped rollover situations. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Curbs KW - Forecasting KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Research KW - Rollover crashes KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608571 AU - FLANNAGAN, M AU - Sivak, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - NIGHTTIME EFFECTIVENESS OF REARVIEW MIRRORS: DRIVER ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR PY - 1989/12 SP - 23 p. AB - The availability of new technology for antiglare rearview mirrors has increased the importance of understanding how people react to glare from rearview mirrors, and what the tradeoffs between visibility and glare reduction should be. We conducted a survey of attitudes toward and use of prism mirrors to determine what guidance that information might offer for future mirror design. The major findings are that (1) there is a high level of awareness and use of prism mirrors, but (2) the benefits obtainable from the antiglare setting of the prism mirror are not fully utilized. The reasons for this suboptimal use appear to be (1) a lower than desirable level of reflectivity on the antiglare setting, and (2) failure to make the required manual adjustments of the mirror setting. KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Behavior KW - Benefits KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Glare KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reflectivity KW - Surveys KW - Utilization KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351370 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608532 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Ward, R AU - Kahn, J AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - CHP'S NEW TOOL: ALCOHOL BREATHALYZER PY - 1989/12 VL - 53 IS - 12 SP - p. 32-33 AB - In a continuing effort to combat the growing problem of driving under the influence of alcohol, the California Highway Patrol (CHP) is evaluating a new tool designed to be used in the field to sample the breath of a suspected drunk driver. The Preliminary Alcohol Screening (PAS) device, about the size of a deck of cards, can measure an individual's blood-alcohol level at the time of the stop. The breath sample is gathered by having the individual blow into a small tube attached to the portable hand-held unit. In seconds, a digital readout accurately tells the officer the person's blood-alcohol level. The PAS devices will be dispersed throughout the state and used in a one-year evaluation program. Initially, 815 of the devices are being distributed, but the ultimate goal is for every CHP unit on the road to be equipped with the breath analyzer. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - California KW - Drunk driving KW - Field tests KW - Law enforcement KW - Performance evaluations KW - Police patrol KW - State highway patrol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608576 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - PUBLIC ATTITUDE MONITOR 1989: A SURVEY OF PUBLIC ATTITUDES ON AUTO INSURANCE RATES, SEAT BELTS, ATTORNEY ADVERTISING, HOMEOWNER'S INSURANCE, AND INSURANCE CLAIM FRAUD PY - 1989/12 SP - 35 p. AB - This edition of the Public Attitude Monitor (PAM) series reports findings from the All-Industry Research Advisory Council's (AIRAC's) tenth annual survey of public opinion on issues affecting the property-casualty insurance industry. The 1989 survey was conducted by The Roper Organization, Inc., an independent survey research firm. Roper drew a sample representative of households in the continental United States and conducted in-home interviews with 1,484 adults age 18 or older. Interviews took place during the periods May 20-25 and May 30-June 10, 1989. The 1989 survey focused on a variety of public policy issues including the cost of auto insurance and ways to make auto insurance more affordable, attitudes towards laws requiring seat belt usage, perceptions regarding attorney advertising and its effect on the number of liability claims and on the cost of auto insurance, public awareness of coverage under a standard homeowner's policy, and perceptions about the incidence of insurance claim fraud. In addition, AIRAC continued to follow trends in the number of licensed vehicles and the percentage of vehicles uninsured. Appendix 1 contains a copy of the 1989 PAM questionnaire. Appendix 2 provides a description of the sampling methodology employed by the Roper Organization. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Awareness KW - Costs KW - Coverage KW - Data collection KW - Fraud KW - Insurance claims KW - Interviewing KW - Laws KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Manual safety belts KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00570955 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND PAYOUTS FOR 1987-1988 DESIGNATED HIGH THEFT RATE PASSENGER CARS.: VOLUME I PY - 1989/12 SP - 89 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 KW - Rates KW - Risk assessment KW - United States KW - Vehicle theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00570873 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF INSURANCE PREMIUMS AND PAYOUTS FOR 1987-1988 DESIGNATED HIGH THEFT RATE PASSENGER CARS.: VOLUME II PY - 1989/12 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Rates KW - Risk assessment KW - United States KW - Vehicle theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602644 AU - Blackburn, R R AU - MORAN, R AU - Glauz, W D AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UPDATE OF ENFORCEMENT TECHNOLOGY AND SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 100 p. AB - Information was collected and analyzed on recent advances in speed enforcement technology and enforcement strategies employing these technologies. Both automated and manually operated equipment was reviewed, and both radar and nonradar technologies were included. Automated enforcement of red light violations was also examined. The new technologies are all foreign, and are being employed widely throughout the world. All of them have the capability of automatically photographing the vehicle that the equipment identifies as being in violation. Most of the systems use some sort of radar, either a narrow beam cross-the-road-technology or a short range, low power down-the-road technology. One new system incorporates digital signal processing, and can simultaneously track multiple vehicles in several lanes. All of the systems represent technical advances over the state of the art used in Europe and elsewhere 10 years ago. Recently, some of this equipment has been placed in use in a few communities in the United States. The most recent experiences have been well received by the public and the courts. In some cases new legislation has been passed dealing explicitly with this technology. It appears that the use of this type of equipment and the related enforcement strategies is a viable alternative to traffic law enforcement in the United States. The equipment described is not endorsed nor is any device recommended over another. KW - Automation KW - Foreign KW - Legal factors KW - Photography KW - Radar KW - Radar applications KW - Speed measurement KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600531 AU - Bareket, Z AU - Fancher, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - REPRESENTATION OF TRUCK TIRE PROPERTIES IN BRAKING AND HANDLING STUDIES: THE INFLUENCE OF PAVEMENT AND TIRE CONDITIONS ON FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 114 p. AB - This study addresses the influences of frictional properties between tire tread and pavement. A semi-empirical model of the shear force properties of truck tires is used to illustrate the influences of tread groove depth, roadway skid number, and the mean texture depth of the pavement on the lateral and longitudinal forces generated by truck tires. An existing tire model is described; additions to the model providing an enhanced representation of frictional properties are also discussed. Empirical formulas based on information published in the literature are used to represent the frictional characteristics of "poor wet roads." The influences of vertical load, forward velocity, slip angle, and longitudinal slip are included in the analyses. KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Shear forces KW - Shear stress KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600535 AU - Portans, I AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - THE EFFECT OF PENALTY SEVERITY ON THE BAHAVIOUR OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS SN - 0 7241 7334 X PY - 1989/12 SP - 30 p. AB - This paper examines the effect of introducing new heavier Traffic Infringement Notice (TIN) penalties in Victoria in May 1987 on the subsequent enforcement levels for seven specific offences. Based on the findings of other studies, there was an expectation that the increased fines might have resulted in a reduced number of TINs being issued by Police in Victoria relative to previous enforcement levels if the penalties are considered inappropriate. Although a 12% reduction was observed, this was not a direct result of the increased penalties (using four criteria), but reflected an enforcement cycle which would have occurred regardless of changes to the penalties. KW - Behavior KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Police KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600537 AU - ARMOUR, M AU - CARTER, R E AU - CINQUEGRANA, C S AU - GRIFFITH, J R AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - STUDY OF SINGLE VEHICLE RURAL ACCIDENTS (VOLUME 2) - ROAD AND ROADSIDES REPORT SN - 0-7241-7319-6 PY - 1989/12 SP - 103 p. AB - The Victorian Study of Single Vehicle Rural Accidents was carried out between June 1987 and January 1989. The aim of this report is to look at the road design and roadside factors involved in the accidents investigated. This was achieved by examining individual accidents and by comparing accident site properties with those of control sites and the road network. The results of the study showed that unsealed shoulders, narrow lanes and low skid resistance were associated with increased accident risk. KW - Crash investigation KW - High risk locations KW - Highway design KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside KW - Rural areas KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496502 AU - Pfefer, R C AU - Stenzel, W W AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE SAFETY IMPACT OF THE 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT - A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS. FINAL GRANT REPORT PY - 1989/12 SP - 132 p. AB - The project examined the effects of the national maximum speed limit change on vehicular speeds and safety on 1200 miles of rural interstate highways in the state of Illinois, where the increase from 55 to 65 mph occurred in May of 1987. The speed limit increase does not apply to trucks. Analyses were made of speed data from four individual speed monitoring sites, and the aggregate of 15 sites, on rural interstate roads. The results indicate that there was an increase in the 85th percentile speed of passenger vehicles, on the order of four, or five, miles per hour, correlated with the change in the law. There was not similar evidence of any change in truck speeds. There was also no strong evidence that the speed variance was affected by the law change. The frequency of all accidents increased on the order of 14%, in correlation with the law change. However, the same evidence could not be found for increases in either the frequency of serious accidents, or the accident rate. Furthermore, there was no strong evidence that speed differentials between trucks and cars were affected, or the car-truck accident experience changed. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Automobiles KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Highway safety KW - Illinois KW - Impacts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Speed differential KW - Speed limits KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496498 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM 1988. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1988 PY - 1989/12 SP - v.p. AB - This publication presents information on fatal traffic accidents and fatalities in the United States based on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data file for 1988. Similar information, from 1982 through 1987, is included for comparison purposes where appropriate. Data for 1987 has been updated. Chapter 1 presents a fatality overview, including information on trends and demographics. Chapters 2 through 10 cover the following topics, respectively: alcohol and safety belts; 1988 fatality profile; state statistics; accidents; vehicles; occupants; non-occupants; emergency medical services; and classifications of accident data. A glossary is provided. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash severity KW - Cyclists KW - Demographics KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcyclists KW - Pedestrians KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173239 AU - Skinner, David AU - Borener, Sherry AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 65 mph Speed Limit: Analysis of Fatal Accident Injury Severity PY - 1989/11//Project Memorandum SP - 19p AB - Several studies of the fatality experience in the 38 states that implemented a 65 mph speed limit on Rural Interstate highways in 1987 concluded that the higher speed limit has caused fatalities to increase. This relationship between the speed limit and fatalities was found when the experience of all these states was considered simultaneously. Another perspective has been used as well, mainly in more informal analyses. These analyses examined the fatality experience of one state to draw conclusions about that state, and often, by inference, other states. These efforts have produced mixed results. The small and variable numbers of Rural Interstate fatalities makes individual state analyses difficult. This study seeks to extend the studies of the group experience of states that raised the speed limit along three lines: (1) including all 1988 data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) to look for effects on occupant fatalities. Most studies used data only for 1987. (2) examining not only occupant fatalities, but the injury severity distribution of all occupants in fatal accidents. (3) using the added data to try to learn more about the way in which speed affects the number and severity of accidents. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Injury severity KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33400/33402/33402.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933357 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490297 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Frisbie, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CURING THE CRASH RASH PY - 1989/11 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - p. 23-26 AB - The article describes how researchers are trying to develop safer and better roads by researching the development of pavements that are more durable and that resist icing. The research is being conducted by the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). In cooperation with transnportation officials in 50 states, SHRP selected 1,000 test sites across the nation where pavement deterioration will be studied. It is an intensive effort to develop better and incident-free pavement. To help reduce polishing, low-temperature cracking, moisture susceptibility and rutting, SHRP will develop new asphalt specifications; research will attempt to relate measurable characteristics of asphalt binder to its performance in a pavement structure. The improvement of skid resistance is also being studied. Commercial products that will accomplish this are discussed. The concept of automated highways which will include wires, coded chips or nails in the pavement are also discussed. KW - Asphalt KW - Automated highway systems KW - Durability KW - Highway safety KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Skid resistance KW - Specifications KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732400 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Walsh, W A AU - Harold Russell Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF PARENTAL PROGRAM STRUCTURES FOR DETERRING ADOLESCENT DRINKING AND DRIVING. VOLUME I: REPORT ON FOCUS GROUPS WITH PARENTS PY - 1989/11 SP - 97 p. AB - The objective of this project was to determine the feasibility of developing programs to assist parents in preventing driving after drinking among their children. The project began with a literature review to learn what information about developing parent prevention programs was already available. Next, three focus groups were held with parents of adolescents in order to obtain information not in the literature. Finally, results from the first two activities were used to generate a list of possible topics and delivery systems for parent prevention programs, and opinions about these options were obtained from parents in a fourth focus group. Tentative conclusions from the three data sources included these: no rigorous evaluation data exist to show that parent prevention programs succeed or fail; parents believe youth drinking-driving is a very serious problem, but do not appear willing to spend much time participating in prevention efforts for their children; parents are interested in many kinds of prevention information, especially parenting skills (e.g., how to stimulate family discussions about drinking-driving). More detail about the literature review appears in a companion report: "Identification of Parental Program Structures for Deterring Adolescent Drinking and Driving. Volume II: Literature Review". KW - Drunk driving KW - Focus groups KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Parents KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25826/DOT-HS-807-555.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732401 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Walsh, W A AU - Harold Russell Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF PARENTAL PROGRAM STRUCTURES FOR DETERRING ADOLESCENT DRINKING AND DRIVING. VOLUME II: LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1989/11 SP - 61 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of developing programs for assisting parents in preventing driving after drinking among their children. This report contains results from a literature review conducted in order to identify information relevant to developing such prevention programs and the key issues for which information was lacking. Findings from focus groups conducted with parents of adolescents appear in a companion report: "Identification of Parental Program Structures for Deterring Adolescent Drinking and Driving. Volume I: Report on Focus Groups with Parents". This review concentrated on literature published in the last decade, reviews of studies, literature that directly concerned preventing driving after drinking, empirical studies, and material about prevention in the U.S. The literature provided little guidance in developing prevention programs to aid parents. Findings included the following: (1) few studies address how parents can prevent adolescent drinking or drinking-driving; (2) there are few rigorous and positive evaluations of any types of substance abuse prevention efforts; (3) parents feel youth drinking-driving is a major problem, but appear to underestimate drinking and drinking-driving among their own children; (4) adolescents indicate that parents do influence their drinking, but parents tend to feel they have little impact and therefore, many take few actions to try and control teen drinking. KW - Drunk driving KW - Focus groups KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Parents KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25825/DOT-HS-807-556.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607648 AU - Galfond, G AU - Lawrence, P AU - Lanphear, J AU - Wheeler, J AU - Pacific Consultants AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND LOCAL SURVEY ON AUTO THEFT ARRESTS AND OUTCOMES AND ON THEFT REPORTING/RECOVERY PROCEDURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 116 p. AB - This survey collected information on: methods and procedures used for collecting, compiling and disseminating information on theft and recovery of vehicles; the experience of state and local officials in making arrests and prosecuting persons for motor vehicle theft related violations. The information was collected in support of the report to the Congress on the effects of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984. Theft arrest and court files were sampled at seven high motor vehicle theft cities in the U.S. A nationwide survey of State and local officials involved in combatting motor vehicle theft was conducted to obtain the remaining information. There was not a sufficient number of motor vehicle theft arrest and conviction cases found in the sample to conduct a statistical analysis. Case experiences for those found are described in the report. The national survey did yield information on the experience of law enforcement officers, motor vehicle administration officials, and district attorneys concerning procedures used to conduct investigations, make arrests and prosecute, sentence and convict motor vehicle thieves. KW - Arrests KW - Automobiles KW - Convictions KW - Data collection KW - Law enforcement KW - Local government KW - Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 KW - Prosecution KW - Recovery KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Theft KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622645 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Hammer, M C AU - Dowling, A M AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE NEW YORK STATE 21 ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 162 p. AB - The 21 Enforcement Program was initiated by the New York State Liquor Authority (SLA) to encourage increased enforcement of the 21-year-old alcohol purchase age law. Under this law, a person providing an alcoholic beverage to an underage person is subject to criminal charges; if the crime takes place in an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic beverages, the establishment is subject to sanctions by the SLA. The level of 21 enforcement conducted by police agencies in three program counties increased substantially during the program period, July-December 1987, when compared to a pre-program period; dramatic increases occurred in the number of servers and sellers arrested for 21 violations and the number of establishments referred to the SLA. Similar increases did not occur in two comparison counties. The positive changes during the program were not sustained by any of the police agencies during a post-program period. Generally, the 21 enforcement conducted by agencies that regularly used underage persons as undercover agents was more productive and cost-effective than the enforcement conducted by other agencies. The managers of establishments licensed to sell alcohol perceived that enforcement and the risk of arrest for 21 violations had increased. Most managers were also aware of the use of underage agents and stated that they had begun to proof patrons more strictly. Although the program produced extremely positive enforcement results, the measures of the program's impact on drinking and driving by underage persons produced mixed results. This may indicate that the program was implemented too briefly or that many of the underage persons who drink and drive obtain alcoholic beverages from others. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Arrests KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal drinking age KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) KW - Purchasing KW - Undercover agents KW - Violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25812/DOT-HS-807-719.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611078 AU - Glass, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE FOR COORDINATION OF NATIONAL EMERGENCY MEDICAL SYSTEMS (EMS) AND INJURY CONTROL INFORMATION RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PY - 1989/11 SP - v.p. AB - This is the report of the July 8, 1989 consensus meeting of private sector organizations on ways and means to improve coordination of their respective programs for dissemination of national EMS and injury control information. The organizations agreed that a national online computerized directory of EMS and injury control information was essential for this purpose. Discussions led to the formation of a Coalition to accomplish this objective. It will also promote other activities to improve public access to and dissemination of information needed for the evaluation and improvement of EMS and injury control programs in the United States. The Coalition decided that its management would be based on consensus guidelines established by the members and that membership would remain open to other interested organizations involved with the management of EMS and injury control information. The Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., National Study Center for Trauma and EMS was selected as the central coordinating agency for the Coalition. The Coalition resolved to seek Federal assistance in the development of its guidelines, and in promoting the use of the Coalition's national directory for listing EMS and injury control information developed through Federal agency efforts together with information from private sector sources. KW - Computers KW - Conferences KW - Conservation KW - Coordination KW - Emergency medical services KW - Information dissemination KW - Information systems KW - Injuries KW - On line computers KW - Private enterprise KW - Resource management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357742 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608530 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Kraus, J F AU - Morgenstern, H AU - Fife, D AU - Conroy, C AU - Nourjah, P AU - American Public Health Association TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL TESTS, PREVALENCE OF INVOLVEMENT, AND OUTCOMES FOLLOWING BRAIN INJURY PY - 1989/11 VL - 79 IS - 3 SP - p. 294-299 AB - Data were collected on all residents of San Diego County, California, who were hospitalized for or died from a brain injury in 1981. The objectives were to assess the frequency of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) testing and the associations of BAC prevalence with the external cause of the brain injury and case outcome. We found that high BAC levels were most frequent among brain-injured subjects between the ages of 25 and 44 and among those subjects involved in motor vehicle crashes and assaults. Contrary to expectations, injury severity and hospital mortality were inversely related to BAC level, controlling for other predictors. We believe that these inverse associations might be due to differential rates of BAC testing by severity. Among brain-injured survivors with more severe injuries, however, we found that BAC level was positively associated with the prevalence of physician-diagnosed neurological impairment at discharge and with the length of hospitalization. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354281 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608526 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Ruskey, J AU - Lieberman, M E AU - Shaikh, K A AU - Talucci, R C AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - UNUSUAL SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY LACERATIONS RESULTING FROM LAP-SHOULDER SEATBELT TRAUMA: CASE REPORTS PY - 1989/11 VL - 29 IS - 11 SP - 3 p. AB - While the impact of seatbelts on injury is favorable, their use is also associated with unique and previously unrecognized patterns of injury. Two cases of combined subclavian and vertebral artery injury, when lap shoulder harness restraints were used, are presented. KW - Case studies KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354277 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608533 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Dabdoub, G AU - Severin, P AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE IDENTIFICATION OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS THROUGH BODY PRIMER CHARACTERIZATION PY - 1989/11 VL - 34 IS - 6 SP - 10 p. AB - Primer layers of domestic and foreign automobiles were studied according to color and layer sequences used by the various manufacturers. This was achieved by collecting paint samples, sanding them, examining them under a stereomicroscope, and performing various spot tests. The data were tabularized and grouped according to color and layer sequences. This method is expected to aid in the identification of many automobiles. KW - Automobiles KW - Color KW - Forensic medicine KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Industries KW - Paint KW - Primers (Materials) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354284 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608525 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Chedid, M K AU - Deeb, Z L AU - Rothfus, W E AU - Abla, A A AU - Sherman, R L AU - Maroon, J C AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - MAJOR CEREBRAL VESSELS INJURY CAUSED BY A SEATBELT SHOULDER STRAP: CASE REPORT PY - 1989/11 VL - 29 IS - 11 SP - p. 1601-03 AB - Major cerebral arterial injury may result from penetrating or blunt trauma. In blunt trauma, clinical suspicion of such injury may not be raised, especially if the cranial CT scan is negative. We report a case of a seatbelt shoulder strap to the neck resulting in injury to three major cerebral vessels as demonstrated by cerebral angiography. Although the initial cranial CT scans were negative, a cerebral infarction ultimately developed. The patient was managed conservatively and recovered most of her functions. The importance of clinical suspicion and cerebral angiography is stressed. KW - Case studies KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Neck UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354276 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490295 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALONE AT SIX O'CLOCK PY - 1989/11 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - p. 18 AB - Drinks offered as part of a happy hour promotion in bars have contributed to many traffic deaths, and more than half the states have either banned happy hours or have legislation pending. Some bars now compete by offering free appetizers, that customers may like even better. A recent survey found a decline in alcohol consumption apparently balanced by increases in mineral water and food consumption. The advertising industry does not defend destructive alcohol promotion. It is noted that advertising wants public trust and support, the times demand that it find ways to be responsive and show understanding in the marketing of potentially dangerous products. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Laws KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302517 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490296 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - ELDRITCH, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BAD TURNS PY - 1989/11 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - p. 8-11 AB - Studies have shown that although right turn on red, rtor, has eased traffic delays, increased intersection capacity and reduced fuel consumption, it has increased the relative frequencies of crashes involving right turns as compared to the ralative frequencies of crashes not involving right turns. It has had an adverse effect on pedestrian crashes. Also, rtor predstrian-accident increases were shown to be 30% for children, 100% for adults, and 110% for the elderly. It is noted that the true impact of rtor remains debatable. Adding to the situation is that many motorists persist in rtoring even where there is a sign saying No Turn On Red, and certain circumstances encourage these violations. A Transportation Research Board report on the subject is noted. Factors that encourage motorists to rtor without stopping are listed. Better signs to help pedestrian safety, and other traffic control features to help pedestrian safety are noted. KW - Aged KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Right turn on red KW - Right turns KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302518 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490292 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - McNulty, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RIGHT STEPS PY - 1989/11 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - p. 11-12 AB - The article describes Walk Alert, the National Pedestrian Safety Program designed to educate both the pedestrians and drivers on actions they can take to reduce their chances of being involved in a pedestrian accident. The three pronged pogram focuses on safety education, engineering (traffic signals, signs, sidewalks) and law enforcement. Service and community groups are offered background information guidelines and materials that can be used to teach pedestrian safety to any age group from preschoolers to older adults. The article describes actions that could help reduce the number of pedestrian accidents among preschoolers, elementary school children ages 5 to 9, upper elementary school children ages 10 to 14, junior high schoolers, high schoolers ages 14 to 19, and adults. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Drivers KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Preschool children KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - School children KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302514 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490294 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - McCarthy, G R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUN SETS ON THE SUNDOWNER PY - 1989/11 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - p. 17-18 AB - It is noted that the Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission's (ABCC) promulgation regulations may have helped make Massachusetts roads among the safest in America. The law banned 'happy hours,' in a continuing campaign against drunk driving. Research and testimony from city officials, bar owners and private citizens was overwhelmingly in favor of a happy hour ban. The lower drink prices and limited duration of the happy hour encouraged more drinking in shorter time periods. The specific prohibitions of the regulation are listed. The ABCC has also directed its attention to the unruly activity of patrons aboard licensed ships, the so called 'booze cruises,' and the carnage they have subsequently caused on the highways. The ABCC promulgated regulations designed to control the excessive drinking problem and to emphasize that ship owners would be held to the same standards as land-based drinking establishments. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Happy hour KW - Laws KW - Massachusetts KW - Recreation KW - Ships UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302516 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490291 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUNG IDEAS ABROAD PY - 1989/11 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - p. 22 AB - Information is discussed that was presented at an international symposium held in Amsterdam by the International Drivers' Association. The proceedings are published by the Royal Society of Medicine Services Limited. Experience in West Germany, Finland, New Zealand, France, Britain, Australia and Switzerland are noted. A French study focused on the problem of getting home after a party. In Britain, one reason young people drive under the influence is that they are unable to estimate how much alcohol would cause impairment. In Switzerland, young drivers lose their license for addiction and are required to get treatment and abstain for about a year before being allowed to drive again. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Conferences KW - Driver impairment KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Penalties KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302513 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490293 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - LEVINSON, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GOTCHA PY - 1989/11 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - p. 13-15 AB - The article describes how in Israel, a network of automatically triggered cameras placed at selected intersections in the main cities detect drivers who entered or crossed intersections while the traffic signal was red; 20,00 tickets for violations were mailed in 1988. The network, which has operated for 20 years, has proved itself an effective traffic enforcemet tool. Details of the operation are described. The Traffic Light Photograhy Laboratory of the Israel National Police unloads and processes the cameras at least once every 10 days. The maintenance program for the system is described. Problems that have arisen with the system are noted. It is noted that with 'right on red,' detectors can be positioned to select specific traffic lanes or placed at strategic points underground to avoid photographing legal turns on red from the right lane. KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Right turn on red KW - Right turns KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic violators KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302515 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601386 JO - Publication of: AGB:McNair PB - AGB:McNair AU - Anderson, P R AU - Adena, M A AU - INTSTAT Australia Pty Ltd TI - CAR AND ARTICULATED TRUCK SPEEDS BEFORE AND AFTER JULY 1988 SN - 0-642-51307-4 PY - 1989/11 SP - 133 p. AB - This report compares the speeds of cars and articulated trucks before and after the change in heavy vehicle speed limit from 90 km/h to 100 km/h on 1 July 1988 at 62 sites throughout Australia. Both articulated truck and car speeds increased at most sites from before the speed limit change to after the change. The mean speeds of cars and articulated trucks were closer after the change compared with before for most sites. There was little evidence of differences between two-lane and four-lane roads or between roads with car speed limits of 100 km/h and 110 km/h. It was estimated that overall the car-truck speed difference had decreased by 0.7 km/h from 8 to 7 km/h. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Before and after studies KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Speed differential KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601638 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF DOOR LOCKS AND ROOF CRUSH RESISTANCE OF PASSENGER CARS - FEDERAL MOTOR VHEICLE SAFETY STANDARDS 206 AND 216. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/11 SP - 283 p. AB - This evaluation analyzes the effectiveness and benefits of stronger door locks and roof structures in rollover crashes of passenger cars. It also estimates the cumulative effect on fatality risk - for unrestrained occupants in rollover crahess - of all safety standards and vehicle modifications of the 1963-82 era. The study is based on statistical analyses of FARS, Texas, NCSS, NASS and MDAI data and roof crush tests on pre- and post-standard 216 cars. It was found that door latch improvements implemented during 1963-68 save an estimated 400 lives per year, reducing the risk of ejection in rollover crashes by 15%. The shift from hardtops to pillared cars, in response to Standard 216, saves an estimated 110 lives per year. KW - Door latches KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Hardtop KW - Rollover crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600523 AU - Schneider, L W AU - King, A I AU - BEEBE, M S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS: THORAX - ABDOMEN DEVELOPMENT TASK. INTERIM REPORT: TRAUMA ASSESSMENT DEVICE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PY - 1989/11 SP - 200 p. AB - While the thorax (i.e., ribcage) of the Hybrid III ATD is significantly improved over that of its predecessor, Hybrid II, additional design changes are needed to achieve improved interaction with, and injury assessment from, the variety of restraint/vehicle environments that are encountered in vehicle impact testing. The scope of these modifications includes not only the ribcage and thorax, but also the shoulder, spine, and abdomen components. In preparation for design and development of new and improved ATD torso components, it was considered important to define the performance requirements and specifications of the new system. This document sets forth design goals and specifications for an improved thorax/spine/shoulder/abdomen system of a frontal impact test dummy and presents the data and rationale upon which these requirements are based. As new biomechanical response and injury data are collected, and as additioonal analyses of old data increase our understanding of human response and injury tolerance for impact environments, the design requirements set forth in this document may require updating and modification. KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometry KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Quality of work KW - Shoulder KW - Specifications KW - Spinal column KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00563598 AU - Schneider, L W AU - King, A I AU - BEEBE, M S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN PROCEDURES AND SPECIFICATIONS: THORAX - ABDOMEN DEVELOPMENT TASK : INTERIM REPORT : TRAUMA ASSESSMENT DEVICE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PY - 1989/11 SP - 182 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Abdomen KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Injuries KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/324619 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00489478 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - McKnight, A J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THINKING YOUNG PY - 1989/11 VL - 89 IS - 6 SP - p. 19-22 AB - The per mile accident rate of young, immature, inexperieced drivers exceeds that of any other age group save those beyond age 75. The Highway Safety Forum has accepted a list of action items, prioritized as follows: provisional licensing; alcohol-free driving; strengthening driver education; sharpening the perception of risk; networking among community organizations; use of vehicle instrumentation; greater parental supervision; and increased enforcement. Each of these areas are discussed in this article. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Parents KW - Perception KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/301989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173232 AU - Mengert, Peter AU - Borener, Sherry AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Overall Fatality Risk to the Public at Large to National Weight Mix of Passenger Cars PY - 1989/10//Final Report SP - 33p AB - This report addresses the question of the effect on the fatality risk to the public at large due to shifts in the weight distributions of passenger cars. For example if the weight of the average passenger car were decreased would fatalities increase? If so, by how much? Past studies have stressed the effects on occupants. But even if heavier cars are safer for their occupants the effect on occupants of other vehicles and pedestrians may be affected differently. In this study fatalities are normalized by registrations in 6 passenger car weight classes. On remultiplying by hypothetical numbers of registered vehicles, fatality projections pertaining to hypothetical fleet mixes can be calculated and compared. When fatalities from various base years are used a range of estimates can be formed in an attempt to examine the basic question. When this program is carried out using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) fatal accident data for the years from 1978 to 1987 the estimates indicate that the heavier hypothetical fleet (based on a 1978 mix) is probably safer for the public as a whole than the lighter hypothetical fleet (based on 1987). A quantitative estimate is hard to justify, but our results very roughly suggest a 3% advantage in safety for the heavier fleet. When the results are broken down by accident type they are variable: fatalities in single vehicle accidents would probably be considerably less in the heavier fleet while pedestrian deaths may actually be less for the lighter fleet. Because of the difficulty of the question and the inability to control confounding factors all estimates here must be considered tentative and no great accuracy should be ascribed to them. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Risk analysis KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle fleets KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33400/33406/33406.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607649 AU - Jordan, W A AU - Godley, C J AU - Associated Management Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BODY/REPAIR SHOP VISITS TO DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION OF REPLACEMENT PARTS SOURCES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/10 SP - 26 p. AB - This study gathered information from a cross section of the auto repair industry to determine the distribution of replacement parts sources. The data gathered is in support of the report to the Congress on the effects of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984. Nine sites were visited located in six states: Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts. The study found that original equipment manufacturers (OEM) parts are the most often used where major replacement parts are required. Because of ill fits as reported by the shops visited, aftermarket parts were the least often selected to replace major damaged parts. There has been no change in the distribution of replacement parts sources before and after the introduction of the parts marking standard. Insurance companies have become more involved in the auto body/repair industry since the standard went into effect - respondants indicated that insurance companies are involved in the repair/replace decisions and put ceilings on the price of replacement parts. KW - Aftermarket KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Insurance industry KW - Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 KW - Original equipment manufacturers KW - Parts KW - Prices KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00584010 AU - PRASAD, A K AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OLDMISS ALGORITHM ANALYSIS PY - 1989/10 SP - 93 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash iii computer program KW - Crashworthiness KW - Mathematical models KW - Oldmiss computer program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00576282 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE EFFECTS OF THE 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT THROUGH 1988 PY - 1989/10 SP - 212 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608577 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - UNINSURED MOTORISTS PY - 1989/10 SP - 67 p. AB - This study examines the extent of the uninsured motorist problem in the United States, the types of laws in effect to encourage financial responsibility, the effectiveness of these laws, and the provisions of Uninsured Motorist (UM) and Underinsured Motorist (UIM) coverages that affect the amount of insurance available to insureds. This study is an update of a study of uninsured motorists conducted by the All-Industry Research Advisory Council (AIRAC) in 1984. While a number of data sources are used, this report relies principally on information collected by the National Association of Independent Insurers and the Insurance Services Office, Inc., on insurance claims. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Coverage KW - Effectiveness KW - Financial responsibility KW - Insurance claims KW - Laws KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Underinsured motorists KW - Uninsured motorists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351377 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608581 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Muller, A AU - American Public Health Association TI - BUSINESS RECESSION, ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION, DRINKING AND DRIVING LAWS: IMPACT ON OKLAHOMA MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES AND FATAL CRASHES PY - 1989/10 VL - 79 IS - 10 SP - p. 1366-70 AB - In 1982, Oklahoma enacted a series of drinking and driving laws. In the ensuing years, motor vehicle fatalities and fatal crashes were reduced by one-third. Factors contributing to this reduction were examined using interrupted time series analysis of monthly rates of motor vehicle deaths and fatal crashes for the period January 1980 to December 1986. Decreasing per capita alcohol consumption and increased unemployment apparently account for most of the fatality and fatal crash reduction in Oklahoma. The enactment of two traffic safety laws--one specifying the illegal blood alcohol concentration level (BAC law) and the other facilitating license withdrawal from suspected drunk drivers (administrative per se law)--together reduced Oklahoma traffic deaths and fatal crashes by about 9%. The effectiveness of the laws appeared to be greatest in the first two years following their enactment. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Oklahoma KW - Per se laws KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Time series analysis KW - Unemployment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608580 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - BAUM, H M AU - LUND, A K AU - Wells, J K AU - American Public Health Association TI - THE MORTALITY CONSEQUENCES OF RAISING THE SPEED LIMIT TO 65 MPH ON RURAL INTERSTATES PY - 1989/10 VL - 79 IS - 10 SP - p. 1392-95 AB - As of April 1987, states were permitted to raise the speed limit on rural interstates to 65 mph without incurring federal sanctions; 38 states elected to do so in 1987. Fatality data for the months when the new limit was in effect in 1987 were compared with fatalities in the same months of 1982-86 on rural interstates and other rural roads. Fatalities on rural interstates in the states with increased speed limits in 1987 were conservatively estimated to be 15% higher than they would have been if the states had retained the 55 mph limit (95%CI=6, 24). Among states that retained the 55 mph limit, fatalities on rural interstates were 6% lower than expected (95%CI=-23, 13). KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Fatalities KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Mortality rates KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608582 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Rockett, IRH AU - Smith, G S AU - American Public Health Association TI - HOMICIDE, SUICIDE, MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH, AND FALL MORTALITY: UNITED STATES' EXPERIENCE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE PY - 1989/10 VL - 79 IS - 10 SP - 5 p. AB - U.S. mortality data on motor vehicle crashes, falls, suicide, and homicide for 1980 are compared with corresponding data for France, Japan, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. Unadjusted and age-specific death rates are presented, together with age-adjusted rates of years of life lost (YLL). A large male excess in rates is typical outside the fall category. Motor vehicle crashes are the predominant cause of YLL, and the United States manifests the highest YLL rates for each sex. U.S. fall death rates at the older ages are exceeded by those of France and West Germany. The elderly generally manifest the greatest risk of suicide; American females exhibit a unique rate decline after ages 45-54 years, however. Beyond early adulthood, U.S. suicide rates are lower than those of France, Japan, and West Germany. U.S. homicide rates dwarf those of the comparison countries with 16- to 29-fold differentials separating prime-risk American males aged 25-34 years from their foreign counterparts. KW - Fatalities KW - France KW - Germany KW - Japan KW - Mortality rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601385 JO - Publication of: AGB:McNair PB - AGB:McNair AU - Barnard, P O AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - HOW SOME ADVANCES IN ECONOMETRICS MIGHT BE USED IN ROAD CRASH ANALYSIS SN - 0-642-51291-4 PY - 1989/10 SP - 117 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to review the potential for applying some recent advances in econometrics, particularly in the analysis of categorical data, to road accident research. This report should interest (a) those involved in the analysis of road accident data, (b) those involved in road accident research, and (c) statisticians and econometricians with an interest in the analysis of categorical data. The major conclusions are that the set of statistical techniques termed quantal response models, and extensions to these techniques, appear especially suited to the analysis of road accident data in that they possess an intuitively appealing theoretical framework, they can be estimated using individual data, thus providing certain statistical advantages and survey economies, and they offer considerable flexibility. KW - Crash analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Econometrics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601637 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEAM. RESPONSIBLE ALCOHOL MANAGEMENT FOR PUBLIC ASSEMBLY FACILITIES: GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING, IMPLEMENTING AND EVALUATION YOUR PROGRAM PY - 1989/10 SP - 55 p. AB - This publication is intended to help the owners and managers of public assembly facilities evaluate the effectiveness of implementing TEAM (Techniques for Effective Alcohol Management). It consists of 4 sections. The Introduction provides an overview of TEAM, and describes how the program operates. Each of the 5 segments of the TEAM program are then described. The implementation of TEAM is also described. The last section describes how to determine if TEAM has been well implemented in the facility. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Drinking establishments KW - Drunk drivers KW - Implementation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344641 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601387 JO - Publication of: Western Australia University PB - Western Australia University, Australia AU - Milech, D AU - Glencross, D AU - Hartley, L AU - Western Australia University, Australia TI - SKILLS ACQUISITION BY YOUNG DRIVERS SN - 0-642-51339-2 PY - 1989/10 SP - 38 p. AB - The majority of the report consists of a literature review of past research into the nature of perception, interpretation and skilled response in young drivers. Consideration of the research suggests that the development of mature driving can be illuminated by considering research into the fundamental nature of expertise, or expert performance, in other activities. The report concludes by raising a number of questions about driving skill acquisition considered within the context of the development of expertise. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Reviews KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601636 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BUCKLE UP FOR LOVE. NATIONAL CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY AWARENESS WEEK FEBRUARY 11-17, 1990 PY - 1989/10 SP - 61 p. AB - This idea sampler offers several suggestions based on the 1990 theme, Buckle Up for Love, to assist individuals and organizations to conduct a community effort. Included in this publication are tips on how to carry out the 1990 Buckle Up for Love campaign, and how to enlist community support, logo art work, fact sheets, a list of state child passenger safety laws, a resource listing, a sample proclamation, etc. Samples of each are included. Law enforcement memorandums are included, as well as facts and resources for child passenger safety. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Public participation KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494296 AU - Smith, M F AU - Moran, Bill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RECOMMENDED CHILD SAFETY SEAT ENFORCEMENT GUIDELINES PY - 1989/10 SP - 24 p. AB - The document presents suggestions and examples for planning, developing, implementing and evaluating a local enforcement and public information and education program to increase the use and correct use of child safety seats. The guidelines represent the culling of activities used by communities to increase the use of safety belts and child safety seats. Much of the information and data resulted from an evaluation of child safety seat programs conducted by nine local enforcement agencies. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Guidelines KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety programs KW - Safety standards KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491964 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF THE 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT THROUGH 1988. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1989/10 SP - 265 p. AB - The Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act of 1987, enacted on April 2, 1987, allows states to raise the speed limit up to 65 mph on Interstate roads passing through areas with fewer than 50,000 people. Between April 6, 1987 and July 1, 1988, forty states raised the speed limit to 65 mph on most of their rural Interstate roads. At this time, 89% of the nation's rural Interstate system (28,838 of 32,280 total miles) are posted at 65 mph. In addition, 1,132 miles of the urban Interstate system are posted at 65 mph. Available data show that the number of rural Interstate fatalities and the rural Interstate fatality rate increased after the speed limit was raised to 65 mph. Statistical models were used to refine the estimates of these changes by including additional historical information about the relationships between fatalities and travel. It is estimated that rural Interstate fatalities increased 16% in 1987 compared to 1986 (for the full year, in states that raised the speed limit at some time in 1987); the increase was 10% after accounting for travel increases on these roads. It is estimated that these fatalities increased 31% in 1988 compared to 1986 (in states that raised the speed limit during 1987); the increase was 21% after accounting for travel increases. Thus, about one-third of the fatality increase is attributed to greater travel, and about two-thirds is attributed to other factors (primarily to greater speed). Speed surveys show that average speeds and the percent of traffic traveling at high speeds increased. 18 states provided travel speed data for their 65 mph rural Interstate roads, and statistical models were used to interpret these data. The models suggest that two important changes occurred on the rural Interstates. First, the percent of traffic traveling at very high speeds increased (from 6% in the fall of 1986 to 16% in the fall of 1988 for vehicles traveling faster than 70 mph). Second, the variation among the travel speeds of vehicles on the road increased. The standard deviation of vehicle travel speeds was 6.0 mph in 1986 and 6.7 mph in 1988. The effects of these two changes were to increase the likelihood and severity of traffic collisions. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Speeding KW - Statistics KW - Traffic speed KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719445 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - AN OVERVIEW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE PY - 1989/09 SP - 28 p. AB - This booklet describes the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) and its research programs in biosciences, engineering research, truck transportation research, human factors, injury analysis and prevention, marine systems, automotive transportation, statistical research, and transportation data collection and analysis. UMTRI was established to address the problem of motor vehicle injury. While most of UMTRI's research continues to focus on highway transportation, some effort is being devoted to marine and air transport as well. In addition to examining safety issues, UMTRI is concerned about the general health and vigor of the transportation industry, which in turn affects the nation's competitive strength and the vigor and welfare of our society as a whole. More than 100 UMTRI faculty, staff, and students are working on approximately 83 research projects, sponsored by 40 different governmental agencies or industry organizations as of the date of this publication. KW - Biology KW - Biosciences KW - Crash data KW - Crash injury research KW - Engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors KW - Injury research KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Research KW - Science KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - Trucking KW - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625486 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS: A CONSENSUS STATEMENT PY - 1989/09 SP - 14 p. AB - This document provides a generic definition of a Community Traffic Safety Program (CTSP), and identifies critical characteristics believed to be common to the variety of CTSPs around the country. Indicators, or ways of deciding whether a CTSP possesses a characteristic, are also proposed. What has been learned to date is that a CTSP is also a process that fosters planning, coordination, collaboration, implementation, and evaluation of a variety of countermeasure programs within a cross-section of the community's leadership. The countermeasure programs include drunk driving, occupant protection, pedestrian, bicycle, and motorcycle safety, traffic records, speed and traffic enforcement, and emergency medical services. The "programs" are a combination of effective countermeasure strategies including, but not limited to, public information and education, enforcement and adjudication, engineering, and ordinances and legislation. The goal of a CTSP is to establish a long-term, community-based, self-sustaining traffic safety program that is responsive to changes in traffic safety problems and priorities. The intended purpose of this paper is to provide the traffic safety community with a common overview of the CTSP concept which can serve as a tool for implementing and improving it while, at the same time, aiding in research on the topic. Above all, its major purpose is to contribute to the further development of Community Traffic Safety Programs. KW - Adjudication KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Characteristics KW - Countermeasures KW - Definitions KW - Drunk drivers KW - Emergency medical services KW - Engineering KW - Legislation KW - Motorcycle safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcycling KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Ordinances KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Public information programs KW - Records management KW - Safety programs KW - Speed limits KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25806/DOT-HS-EPX-038.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634189 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF TRAINING STANDARDIZED FIELD SOBRIETY TESTING: THE STP INSTRUCTOR TRAINING SCHOOL. STUDENT INSTRUCTOR MANUAL PY - 1989/09 AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/375559 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608516 JO - Motor AU - Dale, M AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - EYE ON ELECTRONICS PY - 1989/09 VL - 172 IS - 3 SP - p. 28, 32 AB - A study done by the Battery Council International (BCI) trade group showed that in one sample of scrapped batteries, 16% were still usable. This article provides guidelines on how to get the longest possible service life out of the battery. It begins with a discussion of the correct use of the battery tester, then discusses the selection and installation of the battery. KW - Building KW - Electric batteries KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Selecting KW - Service life KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354267 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608515 JO - Motor AU - Savasta, B AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - AIR BAG ETIQUETTE PY - 1989/09 VL - 172 IS - 3 SP - 5 p. AB - This article addresses the following questions concerning air bags: How do they work? Which cars have air bags? And, what are the diagnostic capabilities of the system should the dash-mounted warning light indicate a problem? Although there are slight differences among air bag systems (mainly in the electronics and the number and position of the sensors), the basic components used are virtually identical across the board. All systems have an inflator module located in the steering wheel hub. When an igniter squib detonates, it generates a thermal reaction which, in turn ignites an extremely fast-burning sodium azide-based propellant placed in the inflator. As the propellant burns, it releases a large quantity of nitrogen gas, which causes the air bag to inflate and emerge from the module. The entire process takes about 50 milliseconds. Multiple sensors in the engine and passenger compartments detect an impact. There are two types of sensors--a normal crash sensor and a "safing" sensor. Air bag deployment won't take place unless inputs from at least one of the crash sensors and a safing sensor are received simultaneously. Chrysler, Ford, and GM cars that have air bags are identified, and disarming procedures are discussed. GM disarming procedures differ from those for Fords and Chryslers. KW - Air bags KW - Availability KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Design KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diagnostics KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354266 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608517 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Jones, A W AU - Schuberth, J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - COMPUTER-AIDED HEADSPACE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY APPLIED TO BLOOD-ALCOHOL ANALYSIS: IMPORTANCE OF ONLINE PROCESS CONTROL PY - 1989/09 VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - p. 1116-27 AB - This paper describes the analysis of ethanol in blood specimens from suspect drunk drivers and the associated quality assurance procedures currently used in Sweden for legal purposes. Aliquots of whole blood from two separate Vacutainer (registered trademark) tubes are diluted with 1-propanol as internal standard before analysis by headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) with three different stationary phases: Carbopak B, Carbopak C, and 15% Carbowax 20 M. The actual HS-GC analysis, the integration of chromatographic peaks, the collection and processing of results, as well as the quality control tests involve the use of computer-aided techniques. The standard deviation of analysis (y) increased with concentration of ethanol in the blood specimen (x), and above 0.05 mg/g the regression equation was y equals 0.0033 plus 0.0153x. The prosecution blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) is the mean of three separate determinations made by different laboratory technicians working independently with different sets of equipment. A deduction is made from the mean analytical result to compensate for random and systematic errors inherent in the method. At BACs of 0.5 and 1.5 mg/g, which are the statutory limits in Sweden, the allowances currently made are 0.06 and 0.09 mg/g, respectively. Accordingly, the reduced prosecution BAC is less than the actual BAC with a statistical confidence of 99.9%. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Gas chromatography KW - Information processing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354268 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601366 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Windle, M AU - MILLER, B A AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOLISM AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMATOLOGY AMONG CONVICTED DWI MEN AND WOMEN PY - 1989/09 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - p. 406-413 AB - Interrelationships between DSM-III-based alcoholism diagnostic groups and depressive symptomatology were assessed for a sample of 461 convicted DWI offenders. The highest rate of depressive symptomatology was reported by persons diagnosed as alcohol dependent, and such findings were robust across male and female offenders. However, a significant interaction effect was found in which alcohol-dependent women reported higher levels of depressive symptomatology than alcohol-dependent men. With the exception that men reported significantly more previous DWI arrests than women, few differences were found between the gender groups with respect to a range of demographic variables, alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. KW - Alcoholism KW - Depression (Mental condition) KW - Drunk driving KW - Females KW - Males UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600543 AU - Zutshi, I AU - Cavallo, A AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - EVALUATION OF THE "KEEP LEFT UNLESS OVERTAKING" REGULATION PY - 1989/09 SP - 60 p. AB - On 1 March 1988, a regulation was passed which made the previously advisory "Keep Left Unless Overtaking" (KLUO) zones (indicated by signs) regulatory. These signs are placed only on high-standard sections of urban and rural freeways and divided arterial roads in rural and "outer" urban areas where there is a limited need to be in the right hand lane for right turns, parking and standing in the left lane is also not allowed, and where moderate traffic volumes prevail. Signs are also located where climbing and overtaking lanes are provided. This study examined whether there were any effects of the regulation and accompanying publicity and enforcement on driving behaviour at freeway and divided arterial road locations throughout Victoria. There was a significant increase in the proportion of cars travelling in the left lane after the regulation was introduced. Specifically, there was a 3.6% increase at KLUO zones and a 5.0% increase at similar locations where KLUO zones do not apply, for cars overall. For free speeding cars there was an increase of 7.4% in left lane usage where advisory KLUO zones became regulatory and a 12.0% increase at similar locations where KLUO zones do not apply. A marginal increase was detected for trucks, the majority of which already travel in the left lane (almost 90%). Two factors were found to be associated with left lane usage. The increases in left lane usage is characteristic of motorists who drive at/or below the speed limit. Additionally, the traffic volume on a route is directly related to the degree of left lane usage. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Impacts KW - Passing KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Utilization KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496497 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN IMPROVED DRIVER ENTRY SYSTEM FOR YOUNG NOVICE DRIVERS PY - 1989/09 SP - 36 p. AB - Because of the nature of the young driver problem, a way must be found to gradually integrate novice drivers into the traffic environment in a manner that enables them to gain knowledge, skill, and experience over a period of time under controlled conditions. In particular, their exposure to high risk situations (such as nighttime driving) should be reduced until they have acquired the necessary knowledge and skill to operate a motor vehicle safely. In addition, the manner in which they learn driving skills should be enhanced, for example, by the use of parent and/or guardian supervised driving practice. A provisional driver licensing system will accomplish this. This report presents an improved provisional driver license program developed by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators Driver License and Driver Control Committee. It is designed to improve novice driver entry into the traffic system. The report was prepared specifically for the "Guidelines for Motor Vehicle Administrators" series. KW - Driver licensing KW - Guidelines KW - Provisional licensing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496501 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - 1989 TRAFFIC FATALITIES - SEMIANNUAL REPORT. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 40 p. AB - This report contains preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for the first six months of 1989. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. The national estimates of fatalities are quite extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used accident classifiers. Most of the estimates in the report are compared to the corresponding values available for 1980, 1983, and 1988. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. The preliminary estimates in this report are for the first six months of 1989 and do not reflect the trends and patterns for the entire year. Preliminary estimates for the full year will be available in a similar report in the spring of 1990. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Helmets KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Land use KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00559470 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1989 TRAFFIC FATALITIES: SEMIANNUAL REPORT PY - 1989/09 SP - 31 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/323471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082947 AU - Voas, Robert B AU - McKnight, A James AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - An Evaluation of Hardship Licensing for DWIs. Volume II: Effect on General and Special Deterrents PY - 1989/08//Final Report SP - 77p AB - The research described in this report attempted to assess the effects of offering hardship licenses to drivers under suspension for drinking/driving offenses. The results of this research lead to the following conclusions: Court Operations - Changes in the law that increase the use of suspensions do not affect arrest or conviction rate. Any concern that the inability to offer hardship licenses will have an adverse affect upon enforcement or adjudication of drinking driving offenses appears unwarranted. Employment - Less than 2% of drivers suspended for drinking and driving show substantiated job loss. Since the rate of reported job loss for DWIs is the same for suspended and unsuspended drivers, any adverse effect on employment can be attributed to the drinking or the conviction rather than to the suspension. General Deterrence - Issuance of a hardship license does not appear to undermine the value of license suspension in deterring drivers in general from drinking-driving offenses. Drivers who lack knowledge as to the availability of hardship licenses are not additionally deterred by the information that such licenses are not available. Specific Deterrence - Issuance of hardship licenses to suspended drivers increases the amount of driving and hence the exposure to traffic violations and accidents, except in states requiring special insurance coverage, where it is the safer drivers who tend to seek hardship licenses. Neither full suspension nor hardship licensing appears to affect recidivism for DWI offenses. KW - Adjudication KW - Countermeasures KW - Court operations KW - Deterrence KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Employment KW - Evaluation KW - Hardship driver licenses KW - Highway safety KW - Recidivism KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25804/DOT-HS-EPX-037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00796939 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND TRENDS FOR POLICE MANAGERS PY - 1989/08 SP - 57 p. AB - This guide has been developed specifically for police executives/managers interested in developing progressive occupant protection programs within their agencies and communities. It may be used alone or to complement two courses developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Police Fleet Safety Seminar, for commanders, fleet managers and administrators and Occupant Protection Usage and Enforcement, for all law enforcement officers. It is organized into two major parts. The first section, Safety Belt Use in Your Department, addresses the need for protecting the personnel assets of your department, and reducing liability. The second section, Safety Belt Use in Your Community, outlines the leadership responsibility placed on the police executive by the community. These components are so strongly interrelated that one cannot be effectively performed without the other. KW - Fleet safety KW - Guidelines KW - Leadership KW - Liability KW - Managerial personnel KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Occupational safety KW - Police KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754938 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVERS: AN ALCOHOL AND PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MESSAGE PY - 1989/08 SP - 3 p. AB - This pamphlet, addressed to drivers, cautions them to be more aware of pedestrians who have been drinking alcohol. The pamphlet notes that each day more than 40 pedestrians are injured and 9 are killed. It cautions the drivers to avoid drinking alcohol, themselves, and to watch for sudden unexpected movements by pedestrians. Mentioned also, are making eye contact with pedestrians as they cross the street, and working to lengthen the "walk" signal. KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Eye contact KW - Fatalities KW - Impaired pedestrians KW - Injuries KW - Intoxication KW - Pedestrian injuries KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic signals KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754939 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GENERAL AUDIENCE: AN ALCOHOL AND PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MESSAGE PY - 1989/08 SP - 3 p. AB - This pamphlet, addressed to a general audience, discusses alcohol use by pedestrians. It notes that 40 pedestrians are injured and 9 are killed every day in alcohol related traffic accidents. It discusses care that pedestrians can take, including: Limit the amount of alcohol you consume. Use extra caution at intersections. Wear light colored clothing at night. Work to increase the length of "walk" signals. Be patient when attempting to cross a busy road. KW - Alcohol use KW - Clothing KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Impaired pedestrians KW - Injuries KW - Intersections KW - Intoxication KW - Pedestrian injuries KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic signals KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754937 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SENIOR CITIZENS: AN ALCOHOL AND PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MESSAGE PY - 1989/08 SP - 4 p. AB - This pamphlet is addressed to senior citizens who walk after they have been drinking. It notes that senior citizens have the highest pedestrian death rates, and that alcohol is a major factor in pedestrian injuries and fatalities. It cautions individuals to be careful in the following ways: Limit the amount of alcohol you plan to consume. Use extra caution at intersections. Be patient when attempting to cross a busy road. Wear light colored clothing at night. Lobby to have the "walk' signal lengthened. KW - Aged KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Impaired pedestrians KW - Injuries KW - Intersections KW - Intoxication KW - Pedestrian injuries KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic signals KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719447 AU - Mowrer, F W AU - Milke, J A AU - CLARKE, R M AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - HEAVY TRUCK FUEL SYSTEM FIRE SAFETY STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 143 p. AB - This report addresses the nature and consequences of truck accidents that result in fire. This analysis indicates that, although fires involving trucks are rare, they are unusually lethal events, especially for heavy truck occupants. Analysis also suggests that fuel system integrity may be involved as a factor in some fire related accidents, but clearly is not responsible for all the fires in which heavy trucks are involved. This study addresses the physical and chemical aspects of fires involving truck fuel systems and includes a discussion of the various components of typical truck fuel systems and their apparent breach vulnerability. Based on a failure modes and effects analysis and a fault tree analysis, the results of this study suggest that improvements might be possible that could reduce even further the likelihood of fires that are the result of truck crashes. KW - Failure analysis KW - Fault tree analysis KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Improvements KW - Truck crashes KW - Vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454106 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00626694 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Fuchs, S AU - Barthel, M J AU - Flannery, A M AU - Christoffel, K K AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - CERVICAL SPINE FRACTURES SUSTAINED BY YOUNG CHILDREN IN FORWARD-FACING CAR SEATS PY - 1989/08 VL - 84 IS - 2 SP - p. 348-354 AB - Child passenger safety restraint laws have reduced the number of children killed or injured in motor vehicle accidents in the past few years. However, the increased use of child safety seats has brought with it an increase in the misuse of these devices. High cervical spine injuries sustained by five children less than 2 years of age while in forward-facing car seats are described. In the cases of three children, the car safety seat use was correct. Misuse of car seats and anatomic and biomechanical factors in the cervical spines of infants and young children appear to have contributed to the occurrence of these previously rare injuries. Like seat belts, car safety seats are now a factor in child passenger injury characteristics, and therefore, car safety seat design merits reevaluation. In light of this development, public and parent education by health care professionals concerning the correct use of car safety seats is necessary. KW - Anatomy KW - Biophysics KW - Cervical spine injuries KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fractures KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Misuse KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622629 AU - Johnson, A K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TWO PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS TO ANALYZE IMPACT INJURY DATA. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 12 p. AB - Impact injury data are not, in general, suitable for statistical analysis by least squares, because the data are not observations from normal probability distributions. The principle of maximum likelihood can be used as an alternative, but requires that the appropriate probability distribution be specified. Two appropriate distributions are developed, one for thoracic fractures and another for the Appreviated Injury Scale. A data sample for each of these two types of data is analyzed by the principle of maximum likelihood in conjunction with the appropriate probability distribution. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Data analysis KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Maximum likelihood KW - Maximum likelihood method KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00578876 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Rood, D H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NEW YORK STATE POLICE 55 MPH SPEED ENFORCEMENT PROJECT PY - 1989/08 SP - 128 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aviation KW - New York (State) KW - Police operations KW - Police traffic services KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/338368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00575788 AU - Johnson, A K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TWO PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS TO ANALYZE IMPACT INJURY DATA PY - 1989/08 SP - 11 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611049 AU - KING, M J AU - South Australia Department of Transport, Australia TI - RANDOM BREATH TESTING IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: OPERATION AND EFFECTIVENESS IN 1988 SN - 0 7243 4706 2 PY - 1989/08 SP - 32 p. AB - This is the fourth calendar year report on random breath testing (RBT) and covers police operations, publicity, and the effectiveness of RBT in reducing alcohol involvement in accidents in 1988. RBT was doubled in April 1987, with the aim of testing an average of one in three licensed drivers each year. This was achieved (299,651 drivers tested), although variations in testing and detection rates according to region and type of police operation are worth following up. The intense publicity given to increased RBT in 1987 was not sustained in 1988. Alcohol involvement in casualty accidents was examined, using blood test results for drivers injured in accidents. Alcohol involvement was defined as the involvement of at least one driver with a blood alcohol concentration of at least 0.08 g/100 ml. Data were only available for 1987 and 1988 and showed little change. However, breakdowns by month, region and severity showed that there was an initial effect of increased RBT in 1987 which wore off to some extent in 1988. The effect persists in at least some areas. KW - Australia KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Random breath tests KW - Safety KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355966 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608546 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Reath, D B AU - Kirby, J AU - LYNCH, M AU - Maull, K I AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - INJURY AND COST COMPARISON OF RESTRAINED AND UNRESTRAINED MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH VICTIMS (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1989/08 VL - 29 IS - 8 SP - p. 1173-77 AB - The use of active motor vehicle restraints is a topic of current public and legislative debate. To better define the effects of restraint systems on injury severity, the following study was undertaken. Parametric statistical tests were used for data analyses. For a 6-mo period beginning Feb. 1, 1987, all motor vehicle crash victims treated in the emergency unit were entered into the study (n=613). There were 290 unrestrained subjects (UR), 254 restained subjects (R), and 69 were excluded because restraint usage information was unobtainable. Unrestrained victims were younger (mean age, UR=28, R=32; p less than 0.05), and were more often male (UR=65%, R=51%; p less than 0.05). Hospitalization was more frequently required for unrestrained crash victims (UR=59%, R=26%; p less than 0.05). Length of hospital stay (LOS), including ICU confinement, was also extended (mean LOS, UR=13, R=10), but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Injury Severity Scores (ISS) and Abbreviated Injury Scales (AIS) were tabulated and compared. Mean ISS was significantly higher for unrestrained victims (UR=8.28, R=4.44; p less than 0.05), and a higher proportion of unrestrained victims had scores greater than 15 (UR=20%, R=7%; p less than 0.05). Mean AIS was higher in all regions, although the difference did not consistently reach statistical significance. An analysis of hospital charges and distribution of methods of payment indicate both significantly greater mean hospital charges (UR=$9,631, R=$3,429; p less than 0.05) and a greater proportion of potentially unreimbursed accounts (UR=36%, R=27%; p less than 0.05) in the unrestrained group. Conclusions: The use of safety belts by motor vehicle occupants reduces injury severity and the need for hospitalization. Accordingly, hospital charges and LOS are proportionally less for restrained motor vehicle crash victims. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Gender KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354297 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608574 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - PLESS, I B AU - Verreault, R AU - Tenina, S AU - American Public Health Association TI - A CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST INJURIES IN CHILDHOOD PY - 1989/08 VL - 79 IS - 8 SP - p. 995-998 AB - We identified children ages 0 to 14 years injured in traffic as pedestrians or bicyclists in Montreal, Canada. Two hundred children with injuries who received a score of 2 or more on the Maximum Abbreviated Injury Severity scale were considered as cases and compared with 400 uninjured children seen in the same hospitals for non-traumatic reasons. Systematic, blinded interviews and tests were conducted with parents to determine the role of a series of social, familial, personal, and behavioral characteristics. After adjustment for age, gender and socioeconomic area of residence, logistic regression analyses showed higher risks of injury to be related to fewer years of parents' education, a history of accident to a family member, an environment judged as unsafe, and poor parental supervision. Absence of physical health problems, fewer family preventive behaviors and reported lack of cautiousness were also related to a higher risk, whereas neither aggressivity nor behavioral disturbance, whether internalizing or externalizing, showed any such relation. These data suggest that the child's personality and behavior are weaker risk factors for pedestrian and bicyclist injuries than are family and neighborhood characteristics. KW - Behavior KW - Case studies KW - Characteristics KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Families KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Neighborhoods KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Personality KW - Regression analysis KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607640 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Rood, D H AU - State University of New York, Albany AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE NEW YORK STATE POLICE 55 MPH SPEED ENFORCEMENT PROJECT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 137 p. AB - In response to increasing highway speeds, the New York State Police undertook a comprehensive speed enforcement program focusing on interstates in the upstate region of New York. A special target was "professional speeders", drivers who exceed the speed limit by the widest margins and are able to evade the police through the use of radar detectors and CB radios. The project provided for a structured implementation of ten different innovative and more traditional enforcement strategies and a comparison of the effectiveness and productivity of the strategies. In addition, the impact of increased speed enforcement on vehicle speed and crashes was assessed. Speeders tended to be male, under 35 years of age and driving passenger vehicles. In general, the strategies, such as aerial enforcement, that did not use radar were more effective and productive with professional speeders than strategies using radar. The exception was the single-Trooper radar operation called routine enforcement. Although the strategies involving the airplane had higher costs per ticket, such other benefits as general deterence effects, should also be considered. The cost per ticket of even the most expensive strategy was still much less than the average fine collected from speeders. The results of the project indicate that the State Police were successful in targeting professional speeders and that this success was reflected in decreasing numbers of drivers traveling at the highest rates of speed, and ultimately in reductions in the number of fatal crashes and in the number of fatalities and serious injuries suffered. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Aerial speed enforcement KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Impacts KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicles KW - New York (State) KW - Productivity KW - Radar KW - Speed KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601631 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD PASSESNGER SAFETY PLAN PY - 1989/08 SP - 12 p. AB - This document presents the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's updated plan of child passenger protection activities. It brings together ideas from the public meetings and docket with Agency studies and programs already underway or planned. The plan has been organized according to two major objectives: increasing overall and correct use of child passenger protection systems; and ensuring effectiveness of existing systems. This report gives project descriptions, and public information and education projects, and behavioral research projects. Child passenger data are also presented. KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passengers KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601632 AU - Wilke, D T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT DOOR VELOCITY MEASUREMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 26 p. AB - This report contains the results of an effort to measure the door velocity in one vehicle. A 1985 4-door Chevrolet Celebrity was impacted in the proposed National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) side impact crash test configuration. The side impact dummies normally used in such a test were excluded, which allowed for the use of shaft-type linear displacement transducers for door motion measurement. Differentiation of the displacement/time data from the above transducrs, adjusted for the motion of the car body, produced velocity/time histories at both the driver thorax and H-point locations. This gave door velocities at these locations. Other instruments were also evaluated to determine their utility for accurate door motion measurement. These included string-type linear displacement potentiometers rated for 100g accelerations and door mounted accelerometers. KW - Accelerometers KW - Crashworthiness KW - Drivers KW - Impact studies KW - Measuring instruments KW - Potentiometers KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600555 AU - Bennett, C R AU - National Roads Board, New Zealand TI - THE NEW ZEALAND VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS MODEL (RELEASE 3.1) PY - 1989/08 SP - 196 p. AB - The New Zealand Vehicle Operating Costs (NZVOC) Model is a computer model which predicts vehicle operating costs for use in economic analyses. In October 1988 Release 3.0 of the NZVOC Model was completed (Bennett, 1988). For Release 3.0 the FORTRAN code of the model was substantially changed and a number of modifications were made to the model. This report discusses Release 3.1 of the NZVOC Model. This release is virtually identical to Release 3.0, except for changes to the way of calculating the depreciation costs. There have also been changes to a parameter in the commercial vehicle tyre consumption model, corrections to the adjustment factors for the HDM-III fuel model, and changes to the intermediate output from the speed change cycle cost calculations. The contents of this report supersede all previous material on the NZVOC Model. Chapter 1 contains an introduction. In Chapter 2 a discussion of the representative vehicles used in the model is given. Chapter 3 presents the speed prediction models and gives an overview of how the NZVOC Model considers speeds in its calculations. Chapter 4 presents the different fuel consumption models used in the model. Chapter 5 discusses the non-fuel operating cost relationships. The speed change cycle methodology is presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 gives illustrations of the various operating cost predictions. Chapter 8 contains conclusions and recommendations. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Light trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - New Zealand KW - Operating costs KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Speed changes KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496494 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - EFFECT OF CHILD OCCUPANT PROTECTION LAWS ON FATALITIES. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 10 p. AB - In 1978, child safety seats and adult safety belts used by children under five years old saved 3% of those who would have been killed if no one had used the devices. By 1988, children's use of safety seats and belts had risen enough that 26% of those at risk were saved. During these eleven years, the number of states with child occupant protection laws increased from one (in 1978) to fifty (in 1985) plus the District of Columbia. The 1981 to 1984 fatality experience was used to estimate the incremental benefit to a state of having a child occupant protection law in any one year. During these four years, 19% of those who would have been killed (if no one used a safety seat or belt) in states with child occupant protection laws were saved by safety seats and belts. In contrast, only 10% were saved in states without laws. The difference between these two numbers (9%) is an estimate of the immediate benefit to a state of passing a child occupant protection law. However, because these laws contribute to the increasing use of safety seats and belts by young children, their cumulative and potential benefits are much greater. KW - Benefits KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496495 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1986 PY - 1989/08 SP - 105 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, as amended. The report is for the period January 1, 1986 through December 31, 1986. During this period, NHTSA continued its policy of addressing highway safety through a balanced approach, concentrating on solutions involving both the vehicle and the driver. Emphasis was continued on efforts to reduce drunk driving and increase the use of occupant protection systems. In addition to highway safety programs, the agency continued its research and rulemaking efforts to improve motor vehicle safety technology. Priorities in the crash avoidance area included lighting, signalling, mirror systems, conspicuity, brakes (particularly for heavy duty trucks) and international harmonization of safety requirements. NHTSA also continued to emphasize improved frontal crash protection, particularly with respect to contact with the steering assembly, and side impact protection. Efforts were also continued in the area of accurately identifying safety-related defects in motor vehicles and ensuring that defects are corrected in the shortest possible time. Other NHTSA activities during this period concerned fuel economy enforcement, vehicle theft prevention, new car assessments, data collection and analysis by NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis, and various administrative actions. KW - Administration KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Fuel conservation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Programs KW - Theft KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496496 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1986 PY - 1989/08 SP - 120 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) under the Highway Safety Act of 1966. The report covers the period January 1, 1986 through December 31, 1986. The report is divided into two parts. Part I contains information on the NHTSA highway safety program activities in the following areas: overall trends in highway safety and overview of major changes 1985-1986; 402 program management; 402 program activities; 1986 State program 402 activities - alcohol safety, emergency medical services, traffic records, occupant protection, alcohol research, alcohol incentive grants, safety belt usage, National Occupant Protection Program, Federal Motor Vehicle Standard No. 208, child safety seats, employer safety belt usage programs, state occupant protection activities, drunk or impaired driving, alcohol-related prosecution, adjudication and sanction activities, state and local drunk and impaired driving activities, "Targets of Opportunity", drunk and drugged driving awareness week, prevention and intervention, "Team", Team accomplishments in 1986, police traffic services, J. Stannard Baker Award, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), injury prevention, trauma system development, improvements in the quality of care, pupil transportation, driver licensing, the driver license compact, the nonresident violator compact, classified driver licensing, driver education, uniformity of traffic laws, pedestrian safety, motorcycles, enforcement of the 55 mph speed limit, older drivers, and bicycle safety. Also included in Part I are various agency activities in support for highway safety, such as the National Driver Register. Part II contains information on highway safety activities within the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), including the FHWA Section 402 Program for FY 1986 and the FHWA Section 403 Program for FY 1986. KW - Highway safety KW - Programs KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495183 AU - Kessler, J AU - Stolzfus, D AU - Monk, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN HEAD IMPACT ZONES ON LATE MODEL CARS AND LTV'S PY - 1989/08 SP - 53 p. AB - The study is part of an effort by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to explore whether there are reasonable and practicable ways to reduce the number of pedestrian head injuries. It has been previously shown that the region of the vehicle top surface which will most likely be impacted by a pedestrian's head is determined by the stand ing height of the pedestrian and the frontal geometry of the vehicle. A term called the 'wraparound distance' (WAD) is used to denote this impact region on a vehicle. Also in previous studies, an adult zone and a child zone have been defined. These are the regions most likely to be impacted by the two age groups, and are determined by the WAD of the two respective groups. The study documents the location of the adult and child impact zones on 36 late model vehicles. The vehicles were chosen to be representative of the fleet on the basis of sales figures. The location of the adult zon relative to the rear hood edge/cowl region was documented along with several other measurements of interest. KW - Adults KW - Age KW - Children KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian characteristics KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Traffic restraint KW - Vehicle age KW - Vehicle bodies KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle restrictions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490613 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STATE MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/08 SP - 100 p. AB - This publication contains the results of a federally mandated evaluation by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the effectiveness of State motor vehicle safety inspection programs in (1) reducing highway crashes that result in injuries and deaths, and (2) limiting the number of defective or unsafe motor vehicles on the highways. A NHTSA task force reviewed relevant literature, studied existing Periodic Motor Vehicle Inspection (PMVI) programs, conducted site visits to selected PMVI and non-PMVI States, and analyzed NHTSA's crash data bases. In addition, two public hearings were held and comments requested from the public through two separate notices published in the Federal Register. It was found that there was no conclusive evidence in the literature that PMVI programs are, or are not, effective in reducing crashes. Currently, 21 States and the District of Columbia have PMVI programs. Fourteen PMVI States and the District of Columbia, and 18 non-PMVI States inspect for emissions. In the PMVI jurisdictions, there is considerable variation in the equipment items inspected, and in the procedures, rules and regulations for inspections. Analysis of the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data and State crash data files failed to show any evidence in the crash data examined which would suggest that PMVI programs affect the crash involvement rates of older vehicles compared to newer vehicles. Analysis of data concerning vehicle component failures from the Crash Avoidance Research Data file (CARDfile) for four States indicated that non-PMVI States reported a higher percentage of old and new crash-involved vehicles with component failures. Tire failures accounted for the majority of the increased percentage of component failures reported in the non-PMVI States. The task force found that PMVI was effective in limiting the number of poorly maintained vehicles on the highways. An attempt to correlate this with a reduction in crashes on the highways failed to show any significant effect of PMVI. KW - Defects KW - Effectiveness KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Unsafe motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00555258 AU - WILLKE, D T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT DOOR VELOCITY MEASUREMENT PY - 1989/08 SP - 26 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/317418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554545 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECT OF CHILD OCCUPANT PROTECTION LAWS ON FATALITIES PY - 1989/08 SP - 9 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash injuries KW - Fatalities KW - Laws and legislation KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/317142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554153 AU - Mengert, P H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF ROLLOVER RISK PY - 1989/08 SP - 24 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Center of mass KW - Dynamics KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/316934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412931 AU - Miller, T R AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Research and Development TI - 65 mph: winners and losers PY - 1989/07 IS - DOT HS 807 451 SP - 26p AB - The 65 mph speed limit costs at least as much time as it saves, when the years lost to deaths, injuries, and travel delays are compared to the years of travel time saved. The out-of-pocket costs and benefits of raising the speed limit to 65 mph are roughly equal. In addition, the burden is not shared evenly. The time costs of 65 are paid primarily by those unfortunates involved in crashes and the out-of-pocket costs by their insurers, while the benefits are shared by all (A). KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Speed control KW - Speed control KW - Travel time KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173157 AU - Mengert, Peter AU - Borener, Sherry AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Overall Fatality Risk to the Public at Large to National Weight Mix of Passenger Cars PY - 1989/07//Draft Report SP - 31p AB - This report addresses the question of the effect on the fatality risk to the public at large due to shifts in the weight distributions of passenger cars. For example if the weight of the average passenger car were decreased would fatalities increase? If so, by how much? Past studies have stressed the effects on occupants. But even if heavier cars are safer for their occupants the effect on occupants of other vehicles and pedestrians may be affected differently. In this study fatalities are normalized by registrations in 6 passenger car weight classes. On remultiplying by hypothetical numbers of registered vehicles, fatality projections pertaining to hypothetical fleet mixes can be calculated and compared. When fatalities from various base years are used a range of estimates can be formed in an attempt to examine the basic question. When this program is carried out using FARS fatal accident data for the years from 1978 to 1987 the estimates indicate that the heavier hypothetical fleet (based on a 1978 mix) is probably safer for the public as a whole than the lighter hypothetical fleet (based on 1987). A quantitative estimate is hard to justify, but our results very roughly suggest a 3% advantage in safety for the heavier fleet. When the results are broken down by accident type they are variable: fatalities in single vehicle accidents would probably be considerably less in the heavier fleet while pedestrian deaths may actually be less for the lighter fleet. Because of the difficulty of the question and the inability to control confounding factors all estimates here must be considered tentative and no great accuracy should be ascribed to them. KW - Crash data KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Risk analysis KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle fleets KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33400/33407/33407.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602651 AU - Bascunana, J L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE VARIABILITY OF THE BRAKING EFFICIENCY OF NEW, ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT BRAKE SETS INSTALLED IN THE SAME VEHICLE. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 76 p. AB - This report evaluates statistically the variability of braking efficiency obtained with new, original equipment (OE) brake sets, installed successively in the same vehicle. The analysis separates the components of braking efficiency variability caused by: 1) production variability among brake sets (due to differences in materials, machining, and assembling); and 2) measuring errors (pertaining to the braking measurement methods and measuring personnel). The data were obtained using three different methods: torque wheels, a low speed roller dynamometer, and "Road Transducer Plates" (RTP). The data were taken after burnishing each new brake set according to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 105. The most accurate results were provided by the torque wheel measurements conducted simultaneously on the four wheels. With this type of measurement the variability of braking efficiency was due more to brake set differences than to measuring errors. Conversely, with the low speed roller dynamometer, and with the RTP method, braking efficiency variability was due more to measuring errors than to brake set differences. Because the measuring errors were randomly distributed, the braking efficiency means yielded by the three measuring methods were not statistically different (at the significance level of 0.1). However, due to the larger measuring errors of the low speed roller dynamometer and the RTP methods, the 95% confidence limits of the individual braking efficiencies for these methods were wider than for the torque wheel method. KW - Accuracy KW - Braking performance KW - Dynamometers KW - Errors KW - Measuring methods KW - Original equipment brake sets KW - Road transducer plates KW - Statistical analysis KW - Torque KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623537 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - IIHS FACTS 1989 PY - 1989/07 SP - n.p. AB - Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among Americans 1-34 years old. Fatal crashes occur more often during some times of the day, week, and year than at other times. They involve some age groups more than others. They involve males more often than females. This edition of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Facts highlights such comparisons and describes the problem of motor vehicle crash deaths. The information is based largely on analysis of data from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Fatal Accident Reporting System. Included in this packet are Facts Sheets covering the following: General Facts; Alcohol; Bicycles; Children; Elderly; Motorcycles; Occupants; Pedestrians; Roadside Hazards; Teenagers; Tractor-Trailers; and Vehicle Size. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Bicycles KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Children KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Roadside KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623535 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - 1988 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR CRASH FACTS PY - 1989/07 SP - 27 p. AB - This report is a study of the data compiled from all North Dakota motor vehicle crash reports in 1988. Included are the following: Introduction; Did You Know?--General Crash Statements; Cost of Traffic Crashes; Fatalities, North Dakota and National Rates; Fatal Crashes/Fatalities by County 1988--Map; Persons Killed and Injured by County; Reportable Crashes by County; Motor Vehicle Fatalities on Major Holidays; Restraint Device Usage and Ejection of Occupants; Total and Fatal Crashes by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities; North Dakota/Out-of-State Driver Involvement; Age and Sex of Persons Injured; Age and Sex of Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes; Crash Involvement by Age, Sex, and License of Driver; Fatality Blood Alcohol Concentration Levels; Traffic Violations/Convictions; Crashes by Type of Driver Violation; Crash Summary by Month; Crashes by Light Conditions; Road Surface and Weather Conditions - Fatal Crashes, Injury Crashes, and All Crashes; Type of Motor Vehicle Crashes; Reportable Crashes by City; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Crashes by Object Struck, by Urban Population, and by Roadway; and Non-Traffic Crashes. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Non-traffic crashes KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Out of state KW - Population KW - Restraint systems KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00580405 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF CENTER HIGH MOUNTED STOP LAMPS BASED ON 1987 DATA PY - 1989/07 SP - 71 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - Lighting KW - Signals KW - Signals and signaling, automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/342752 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00611906 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Fox, G R AU - Hayward, J S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EFFECT OF HYPERTHERMIA ON BREATH-ALCOHOL ANALYSIS PY - 1989/07 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - p. 836-841 AB - Mild hyperthermia to the extent of a 2.5 deg C increase above normal body temperature was produced by immersion of ethanol-intoxicated subjects in a warm water bath. Hyperthermia did not influence the blood-alcohol decay curve of the subjects. Hyperthermia did cause a significant distortion of the breath-alcohol decay curve, up to as much as a 23% increase above blood-alcohol concentration. The magnitude of this distortion effect was calculated to be an 8.62% increase in breath-alcohol concentration over blood-alcohol concentration for each deg C increase in core body temperature. The forensic relevance of these results is that further support is given to previous recommendations that temperature monitoring be included in procedures for breath-alcohol analysis. This leads to the recommendation that mouth temperature be measured before breath sampling to screen for abnormal body temperature and to allow for potential use of a "temperature correction factor". This modification to existing analytical procedures would optimize the reliabilty of breath-ethanol analysis for prediction of blood-ethanol concentration. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Human subject testing KW - Hyperthermia KW - Intoxication KW - Reliability KW - Temperature KW - Values in measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486076 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF CENTER HIGH MOUNTED STOP LAMPS BASED ON 1987 DATA. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 77 p. AB - Center High Mounted Stop Lamps (CHMSL) have been standard equipment on passenger cars since September 1, 1985, as required by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108. The purpose of CHMSL is to safeguard a car from being struck in the rear by another vehicle: whenever brakes are applied, the CHMSL warns drivers of following vehicles that they must slow down. This report evaluates the effectiveness, benefits and costs of CHMSL based on their on-the-road experience during calendar year 1987, when approximately 1/4 of the passenger car fleet in the United States was CHMSL equipped. The effectiveness analysis is based on police reported accident files from 11 States. Cost estimates are based on detailed engineering analyses of 30 production CHMSL assemblies. It was found that: CHMSL equipped cars were 17% less likely to be struck in the rear while braking than cars without CHMSL (confidence bounds: 13-21%); when all cars on the road have CHMSL, they will prevent 126,000 police reported accidents, 80,000 nonfatal injuries and $910,000,000 in property damage per year; CHMSL add $10.48 (in 1987 dollars) to the lifetime cost of owning and operating a car; and at the effectiveness levels observed in the 1987 data, the CHMSL is a very cost effective safety device. KW - Benefits KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Crash reports KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - High-mounted brake lights KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297640 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00611058 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Jones, A W AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPECIFICITY OF BREATH-ALCOHOL ANALYZERS USED FOR CLINICAL AND MEDICOLEGAL PURPOSES PY - 1989/07 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - p. 842-847 AB - This paper deals with the application of three kinds of breath-alcohol analyzer for clinical and medicolegal purposes. The limited specificity for analyzing ethanol in expired breath has given misleading information with potential serious consequences. Three different methods of alcohol analysis are reported: semiconductor sensing (Alcotest 7310), electrochemical fuel cell (Alcolmeter SM-1), and infrared (IR) absorptiometry (IR Intoximeter 3000). Methanol could not be distinguished from ethanol with any of these breath-test instruments. When nonspecific techniques of ethanol analysis are used, the results must be considered with caution when interfering substances expelled in breath cannot be excluded. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohols KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Case studies KW - Drunk driving KW - Errors KW - Ethanol KW - Interference KW - Methanol KW - Specificity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611051 AU - Aoki, T AU - BATTLE, D S AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE SUBJECTIVE BRIGHTNESS OF RETROREFLECTIVE SIGN COLORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 20 p. AB - Previous research has provided evidence that the nighttime conspicuity of retroreflective signs depends to a significant degree on the color of the sign. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the color of retroreflective signing materials was a significant factor in their judged brightness. A laboratory study was conducted in which subjects viewed pairs of sign panels side by side. One panel was set at a constant luminance, the other was adjustable. A full pair-comparison was run, using six standard sign colors (white, yellow, red, green, blue, and orange). The results show that the subjects judged red, green, blue, and orange about equal, and brighter (by a factor of about 1.5 to 2.5) than white and yellow. KW - Brightness KW - Color KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials KW - Night KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355968 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00611057 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Janicki, E AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - DETROIT SPEEDS UP RESEARCH ON MULTI-FUEL CARS AND ELECTRICS PY - 1989/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 16-19 AB - This article discusses the latest efforts by Ford Motor Company, General Motors Corporation, and Chrysler Corporation in the area of electric cars and multi-fuel vehicles. Such efforts have received impetus from skyrocketing automotive fuel prices, as well as the growing concern over air pollution and America's dependence on foreign petroleum. Ford is demonstrating a multi-fuel Taurus sedan called the "Flexible Fuel Vehicle" and a battery-powered van, the "ETX-II Aerostar". Chrysler has converted a LeBaron GTC convertible into a methanol-powered vehicle. General Motors has active electric vehicle programs in progress and is continuing its research on methanol-powered Chevrolet Corsica models. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Development KW - Electric vehicles KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Methanol KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611059 AU - Campbell, K L AU - Smith, E J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE JAMA SIDE IMPACT TEST DATA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 51 p. AB - This report presents the results of an analysis of 16 full-scale side impact crash tests that were conducted by the Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association. The objective is to examine the influence of the major factors distinguishing the proposed U.S. and European passenger car side impact test procedures on the resulting injury measures. The factors addressed are the dummy, the moving deformable barrier, and the impact angle of the barrier. Each of the factors examined had substantial effects on the injury measures. For the front seat position, the design of the EEVC barrier face and the EUROSID rib structure combined to produce a Thoracic Trauma Index 80% higher than in the U.S. test. Conversely, the EEVC barrier face produced a resultant peak pelvic acceleration 131 g's (74%) lower than the U.S. test. When the results from the Japanese tests were compared with similar tests conducted by the U.S. manufacturers the differences were inconsistent. Some combinations of dummy and test procedure indicated that the injury measures were much higher in the Japanese compact car as compared to the full size U.S. car, while other combinations of dummy and test procedure showed similar injury numbers for the two cars. These results underscore the importance of the differences in the proposed U.S. and European side impact tests and the obstacles to international harmonization. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crashes KW - Differences KW - Dummies KW - Europe KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Japan KW - Side crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610246 AU - Fancher, P AU - Mathew, A AU - Campbell, K AU - Blower, D AU - Winkler, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TURNER TRUCK HANDLING AND STABILITY PROPERTIES AFFECTING SAFETY. FINAL REPORT - VOLUME I - TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/07 SP - 207 p. AB - Based on a review of large-truck performance and safety literature, discussions with persons involved with manufacturing or using trucks, and computer analyses and limited testing of prototype and baseline vehicles, this study provides findings and recommendations aimed at the following objectives: 1) identify vehicle and/or component parameters and size and weight allowances (that is, "design attributes") that will mitigate the crash and injury risk and enhance the operational safety of Turner trucks; 2) identify the environment--traffic, roadway, and weather--within which Turner trucks can be safely operated; 3) assess crash and injury risks of Turner trucks in comparison with those of the trucks they would be expected to replace; and 4) establish minimum performance and handling standards for Turner trucks that seek to limit crash risk to tolerable levels while encouraging innovation in new truck and component design. KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Mitigation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating environment KW - Recommendations KW - Risk assessment KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Turner trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610247 AU - Fancher, P AU - Mathew, A AU - Campbell, K AU - Blower, D AU - Winkler, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TURNER TRUCK HANDLING AND STABILITY PROPERTIES AFFECTING SAFETY. FINAL REPORT - VOLUME II - APPENDICES PY - 1989/07 SP - 238 p. AB - Based on a review of large-truck performance and safety literature, discussions with persons involved with manufacturing or using trucks, and computer analyses and limited testing of prototype and baseline vehicles, this study provides findings and recommendations aimed at the following objectives: 1) identify vehicle and/or component parameters and size and weight allowances (that is, "design attributes") that will mitigate the crash and injury risk and enhance the operational safety of Turner trucks; 2) identify the environment--traffic, roadway, and weather--within which Turner trucks can be safely operated; 3) assess crash and injury risks of Turner trucks in comparison with those of the trucks they would be expected to replace; and 4) establish minimum performance and handling standards for Turner trucks that seek to limit crash risk to tolerable levels while encouraging innovation in new truck and component design. KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Mitigation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating environment KW - Recommendations KW - Risk assessment KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Turner trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571066 AU - Bascunana, J L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE VARIABILITY OF THE BRAKING EFFICIENCY OF NEW, ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT BRAKE SETS INSTALLED IN THE SAME VEHICLE PY - 1989/07 SP - 68 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Evaluation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600536 AU - Wise, A AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - BICYCLE HELMET USAGE RATES IN VICTORIA 1983-1989 SN - 0 7241 7322 6 PY - 1989/07 SP - 66 p. AB - The 1989 bicycle helmet surveys of primary and secondary school children cycling to/from school showed that the helmet wearing rates of primary school students have increased to 73.8% in the metropolitan area, and to 56.2% in the regional centres. The helmet wearing rates of secondary school children are much lower, remaining stable at 12.7% in the metropolitan area and increasing to 19.0% in the regional centres. The helmet wearing rates for commuter cyclists increased to 48.8% in the metropolitan area and to 11.7% in the regional centres. There have been small increases in helmet wearing amongst recreational cyclists, to 20.7% in the metropolitan area and to 17.5% in the regional centres. The helmet wearing rates for adults and primary school-aged cyclists riding recreationally are less than half of those when commuting to school/work/shops. In both the metropolitan and country areas, footpath cyclists of all ages have lower helmet wearing rates than cyclists on roads. KW - Adolescents KW - Bikeways KW - Commuters KW - Cyclists KW - Helmets KW - Recreation KW - Rural areas KW - School children KW - Statistics KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554229 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES, 1988 PY - 1989/07 SP - 24 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/316973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489473 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. APRIL 1, 1987 TO JUNE 30, 1987 PY - 1989/06/30 SP - 40 p. AB - This publication provides summary tabulations of motor vehicle safety recall campaigns for second quarter 1987, followed by details of domestic vehicles and of foreign vehicles. KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623516 AU - Donelson, A C AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - THE ALCOHOL-CRASH PROBLEM AND ITS PERSISTENCE: THE NEED TO DEAL EFFECTIVELY WITH THE HARD CORE OF DRINKING DRIVERS PY - 1989/06/08 SP - 29 p. AB - The general purpose of this paper is to emphasize, once again, the need to approach impaired-driving problems "systematically". Specific aims are to document the persistence of the alcohol-crash problem in Canada and to indicate a principal cause: drivers with drinking problems. Despite concerted efforts based on deterrence (harsher penalties for offenders, stricter enforcement) or primary prevention (education, alcohol-control policies), it would appear that this high-risk group of drivers continues to account for a large portion of the alcohol-crash problem. To deal effectively with them will require comprehensive programs that cut across boundaries defined by the statutory mandates of agencies involved with impaired-driving problems. Moreover, a truly systematic approach will demand structural changes and new processes specific to the challenge posed by problem-drinking drivers. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholism KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485693 AU - PLANK, G AU - Weinstock, H AU - Coltman, M AU - Lee, H AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METHODOLOGY FOR THE CALIBRATION OF AND DATA ACQUISITION WITH A SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM ACCELERATION MEASUREMENT DEVICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 302 p. AB - This report describes a methodology for calibrating and gathering data with a six-degree-of-freedom acceleration measurement device that is intended to measure head acceleration of anthropomorphic dummies and human volunteers in automotive crash testing and head impact trauma studies. Error models (system equations) were developed for systems using six accelerometers in a coplanar (3-2-1) configuration, nine accelerometers in a coplanar (3-3-3) configuration and nine accelerometers in a non-coplanar (3-2-2-2) configuration and the accuracy and stability of these systems were compared. In particular, an array of linear accelerometers in the non-coplanar (3-2-2-2) configuration was found to be most stable (computationally) and is treated in great detail. A methodology for determining the system coefficients in the laboratory is described. A correction algorithm is also described that is used to correct data taken in the field using the coefficients obtained in the laboratory. The model was verified under various input and computational conditions. Results of parametric sensitivity analyses which included parameters such as system geometry, coordinate system location, data sample rate and accelerometer cross axis sensitivities are presented. Recommendations to optimize data collection and reduction are given. Complete source listings of all of the software developed are presented. Portions of this report have appeared previously as internal documentation at the Transportation Systems Center. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accuracy KW - Algorithms KW - Biophysics KW - Calibration KW - Crash injury research KW - Data collection KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Human beings KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Measuring instruments KW - Methodology KW - Optimization KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607652 AU - BARANCIK, J I AU - Kramer, C F AU - Thode, H C AU - Brookhaven National Laboratory AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MOTOR VEHICLE INJURIES IN SUFFOLK COUNTY, NEW YORK BEFORE AND AFTER ENACTMENT OF THE NEW YORK STATE SEAT BELT USE LAW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 115 p. AB - A population-based study of hospital and medical examiner reported vehicular trauma was conducted to determine the efficacy of the New York Law which compared pre-law 1984 occurrence and severity patterns with those of post-law 1985. Vehicles and occupants covered by the Law were identified primarily by matching the hospital cases with official crash reports; 95% of the covered cases (N=2152) were matched. From a census of medical examiner's cases covered by the Law (N=192), all were matched. During October 1984, pre-law observed seat belt usage in Suffolk County was 16%. A nearly fourfold increase in usage was observed in January 1985, when the Law was first enforced; in April of that year observed usage declined to 54%; by September usage dropped to 44%. The initial sharp increase in usage patterns during the first quarter of 1985 was coupled with an estimated 20% decrease in vehicular injury occurrence rates for drivers of vehicles covered by the Law. The proportion of drivers with head and brain injuries decreased by 32% and all facial injuries, including those of the forehead, decreased 28%. In contrast, cervical strain and facial fractures increased during that period. Over the entire 1985 post-law study period, similar changes in injury patterns were evident. Covered drivers across all ages experienced reductions of 18% in head and brain injury, 17% in facial injuries and 20% in forehead injuries; however, they also incurred a 35% increase in cervical strain. These findings demonstrate a clear shift in the pattern of injuries and a concomitant decline in their severity. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that promulgation and enforcement of belt use laws are contributing to a reduction in the overall occurrence of vehicular injuries and the severity of head injuries. KW - Back KW - Before and after studies KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Cervical strain KW - Drivers KW - Epidemiology KW - Face KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury types KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Neck KW - Suffolk County (New York) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25808/DOT-HS-807-638.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625485 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TAKING THE LEAD: A STUDENT TRAFFIC SAFETY ACTION HANDBOOK PY - 1989/06 SP - 28 p. AB - This handbook includes skills and activities that can help make the efforts of any traffic safety student leader a success. The handbook is divided into four chapters and a resource section. Chapter I, Getting Started, tells how to develop a clear, factual message about safety. Chapter II, Setting Goals, explains how to develop the skills needed to establish goals and prepare action plans. Chapter III, Safety Activities, contains traffic safety ideas with insight into what has worked well for other groups (and what has failed). Chapter IV, Putting It All Together, explains how to pull all the parts of the project into an organized whole--a strong effort that will survive even after the student leader has graduated. The resources section, Resources for Student Leaders, contains reproducible handouts of background information, fact sheets or fun quizzes to distribute to the group, information that can be used in speeches or in articles for the school newspaper--and much more. At the back of the handbook additional resources are listed, such as organizations that can be contacted for additional information and an annotated film list. KW - Handbooks KW - Leadership KW - Natural resources KW - Strategic planning KW - Students KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611054 AU - ROGERSON, P AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - ACCIDENT RISK OF FIRST YEAR DRIVERS: AUTOMATIC V. MANUAL TRANSMISSION SN - 0-7241-7329-3 PY - 1989/06 SP - 37 p. AB - The endorsement of Victorian driver licences for automatic transmission vehicles was removed in July 1984. A thousand first year drivers who had police reported accidents were separated into four groups depending on whether the licence test or the accident involved an automatic or manual car. The accident proportions were then compared with the proportions of distances travelled by drivers in these groups. The resulting relative risk of accident per distance travelled for each of the four groups was estimated and weak evidence was found to indicate a higher accident risk for drivers who took the driving test in an automatic car and subsequently drove a manual car. The extra casualty accidents were spread throughout the first year and hence any difference could extend into the second year of driving. Any extra accidents, however, were not numerous enough to change the overall proportion of 18 year old drivers (necessarily first year drivers) involved in accidents during 1977 to 1988. There was some evidence to suggest that the proportion of first year drivers who take the test in an automatic car and then drive a manual car has increased slightly from 1986 to 1988. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Crashes KW - Driving tests KW - Manual transmissions KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Risk assessment KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610242 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Molnar, L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SEAT BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: SPRING 1989. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 63 p. AB - Results of a direct observation study of safety belt use in Michigan conducted in April 1989 were compared with results of eleven previous surveys (December 1984; April, July, and December 1985; April, July, and December 1986; April, July, and November 1987; and May 1988). In the current survey, 17,574 occupants in 12,184 cars and light trucks were observed between March 27 and April 16, 1989. Use of safety belts did not change between May 1988 and April 1989. Front-seat restraint use among all motorists observed was 45.6% in April 1989 compared to 45.1% in May 1988 (the difference of 0.5 percentage points is not statistically significant because the estimates have a margin of error of plus or minus 2.8%). By age group, use rates were as follows in April 1989 (all seat positions): 62.7% among occupants age 0-3; 36.2% among occupants age 4-15; 36.6% among occupants age 16-29; 46.5% among occupants age 30-59; and 51.9% among occupants age 60 and older. Females continued to exhibit higher restraint use than males, 50.1% versus 38.8% in the current survey. As in previous surveys, restraint use varied by region of the state. Safety belt use has remained stable since December 1985 when use among front-seat occupants was 44.5%. Finally, front-seat belt use among those age 16 and over remains significantly higher than it was before Michigan's mandatory use law took effect (45.2% in April 1989, versus 18.3% in December 1984). KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Gender KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610215 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REAR SEAT LAP/SHOULDER BELT RETROFIT KIT REPORT. REPORT TO THE COMMITTEES ON APPROPRIATIONS, U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND U.S. SENATE PY - 1989/06 SP - v.p. AB - This report, prepared in response to congressional directives, concerns rear seat lap/shoulder belt retrofit kits. It is organized in the following manner: Section I is an introduction, outlining the requirements set forth in the congressional directives. Section II discusses the actions taken by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to inform the public of the availability of rear seat lap/shoulder belt retrofit kits. Section III describes manufacturers' actions regarding retrofit kits for rear seat lap/shoulder belts. It discusses the current and future availability of retrofit kits and the non-availability of retrofit kits. Section IV analyzes the manufacturers' actions in making available retrofit kits, as described by the manufacturers in response to NHTSA's request for information. Section V offers concluding remarks. KW - Availability KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - Rear seats KW - Retrofitting KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357722 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608567 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Pal, J M AU - Brown, R A AU - Fleiszer, D M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE VALUE OF THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE AND INJURY SEVERITY SCORE: PREDICTING OUTCOME IN MULTIPLE TRAUMA PATIENTS WITH HEAD INJURY PY - 1989/06 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - p. 746-748 AB - This retrospective study of multiple trauma patients requiring SICU admission was undertaken to determine to what extent, if any, head injury affected patient outcome. One hundred seventy such patients with head injuries had further analysis. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) values at approximately 5 hours postinjury were evaluated, and the Glasgow Outcome Scale was determined 1 month postinjury. A good recovery was seen in 99% of the 87 patients with GCS 15-13. This fell to 71% of the 24 patients with GCS 12-9. Among 59 patients having a GCS below 9, 41% died and an additional 17% had a poor recovery, leaving only 35% with an eventual good outcome. By using both Injury Severity Score and GCS at 6 hours postinjury, physicians will be more accurate in assessing outcome of multiple trauma patients with head injuries. KW - Forecasting KW - Glasgow Coma Scale KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Survival UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354318 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608560 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Preston, B AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - CHILD PEDESTRIAN CASUALTIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CASUALTIES ON THE JOURNEY TO OR FROM SCHOOL IN MANCHESTER AND SALFORD, ENGLAND PY - 1989/06 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - p. 291-297 AB - There are two separate facets of the casualty rates for child pedestrians in Great Britain that require explanation. (1) The casualty rate for child pedestrians aged 11-14 years is higher than the rate for those aged 5-10 years. In Manchester and Salford the casualty rate for the older age group is higher for children on the journey to or from school but at nonschool times the casualty rate is lower for those aged 11-14 years than for those aged 5-10 years. It is suggested that the high casualty rate for older children is connected with the school journey, which is longer to secondary than to primary schools. (2) The casualty rate for the older age group has increased in recent years. Comparing the casualty rates at school and nonschool times in Manchester and Salford in 1969 and 1987 suggests that this increase is due to an increase in accidents on the school journey. KW - Children KW - Crash rates KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School children KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354311 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608561 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Sjogren, H AU - Bjornstig, U AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES AMONG ELDERLY PEOPLE: INCIDENCE, CAUSES, SEVERITY, AND COSTS PY - 1989/06 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - p. 233-242 AB - People aged 60 years or older (1,313 injured) treated for unintentional injuries at the emergency department of the Regional Hospital in Umea, Sweden, over a period of one year were included in the material. The injury, fracture, and mortality rates per 1,000 persons aged 60 years or over were 57, 31, and 0.6, respectively. The causes of injuries were falls (70%), vehicle accidents (10%), and other (20%). Injury incidence, severity of injuries, proportion of injuries that were fractures, femur neck fracture frequency, duration of hospitalization, and mean costs of medical care increased with age of patients. Women had a higher injury rate, more severe injuries, longer duration in hospital, and higher cost of medical care than men. The cost of medical care of this group of elderly, making up 15% of all injured in the primary admission area, was SEK 14 million (1 U.S. $ equals 6 SEK); this being almost half the cost for all injured. Since the elderly population, especially the very old, is expected to increase in the future, prevention of falls (taking up 80% of total treatment costs) and vehicle accidents (causing the most critical injuries) is of utmost importance. KW - Aged KW - Costs KW - Fatalities KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Medical costs KW - Mortality rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Sweden KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354312 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608566 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Vestrup, J A AU - Reid, JDS AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - A PROFILE OF URBAN ADULT PEDESTRIAN TRAUMA PY - 1989/06 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - p. 741-745 AB - The interaction between the pedestrians, drivers, and vehicles involved in pedestrian trauma often receives less attention than motor vehicle occupant accidents. To better define these factors, records of 161 pedestrians admitted to two urban university hospitals were reviewed. There were 87 females and 74 males. Females were older, with a median age of 62 years, compared to 43 years for males. Alcohol was a factor in 39 (52%) males and ten (12%) females. The mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 14.6, with injuries most commonly to the extremities in 135 (84%), external surfaces in 103 (64%), and the head and neck in 71 (44%). There were 18 deaths (11.2%) with a mean ISS of 40.3. Of the 143 survivors, 18 (12.5%) with a mean age of 68.4 years required placement in long-term care facilities. Elderly survivors also had longer hospital stays, consuming 51% of all hospital days. Driver information from the governmental universal automobile insurance agency was available for 134 accidents. Drivers failed to yield the right of way in 31 instances (23%). Fifteen (11%) were driving without due care and five (4%) at an unsafe speed. Nine (7%) had documented alcohol involvement. Forty drivers (30%) incurred a total of 50 traffic charges. Previous driving records were available for 109. Forty-six (42%) had been involved in two or more previous accidents and 40 (37%) had five or more previous citations for moving violations. Pedestrian action at road intersections was recorded in 75 accidents. Twelve (16%) were crossing against a signal light the remainder at both signal controlled and uncontrolled intersections were rightfully occupying the intersection. It is concluded that female pedestrians were often older and that male pedestrians frequently had been drinking. Elderly pedestrian victims had a greater impact on the hospital care system. Many drivers had poor previous driving records and were not following the rules of the road at the time of the injury events. These findings may be useful in targeting specific groups for prevention programs. KW - Age KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash causes KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488310 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES 1988. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 30 p. AB - This report presents estimates of alcohol involvement in fatal traffic crashes that occurred during 1988. Several comparisons of alcohol involvement for the period 1982-1988 are presented to investigate changes and trends. The data are abstracted from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and represent a combination of actual blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test results and estimated BAC distributions for those drivers and non-occupants for whom no BAC test results are available. The estimates are made using a model developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493995 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - Boehly, W A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PAPERS ON CAR SIZE: SAFETY AND TRENDS PY - 1989/06 SP - 106 p. AB - The five papers in the volume describe analyses of car size safety (differences in the number and severity of injuries and in the number of fatalities) and car size trends (changes in the relative numbers of small and large cars and their use). All five were written between December 1988 and May 1989. Four of these papers (describing seat belt effectiveness by car weight class, occupant fatalities by car weight class and changes over time, an investigation of the consistency of car weight reporting, and registration-based fatality rates) were written as partial preparation for the fifth. This fifth was an exploration of the relative safety of cars in single vehicle nonrollover accidents presented by the Experimental Safety Vehicle Conference. KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Safety factors KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558110 AU - Bowman, B L AU - ROUNDS, D A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM USAGE IN THE TRAFFIC POPULATION: 1988 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1989/06 SP - 122 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles drivers KW - Crashes KW - Motorcycling KW - Seat belts KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554845 AU - PETERSON, B S AU - SURSI, P L AU - GLANCE, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GLASS-PLASTIC GLAZING FOR SIDE WINDOW EJECTION REDUCTION PY - 1989/06 SP - 332 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive materials KW - Crashworthiness KW - Plastics KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Windows (Vehicles) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/317261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554899 AU - Finn, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF THE COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE OF AUTOMATIC SAFETY BELT SYSTEMS AMONG SELECTED 1988-1989 MODEL YEAR AUTOMOBILES PY - 1989/06 SP - 56 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/317297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00553652 AU - PLANK, G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - METHODOLOGY FOR THE CALIBRATION OF AND DATA ACQUISITION WITH A SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM ACCELERATION MEASUREMENT DEVICE PY - 1989/06 SP - 302 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00728464 AU - FRANK, J F AU - FLORES, A L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ACCURACY OF EVIDENTIAL BREATH TESTERS AT LOW BACS. TECHNICAL NOTE PY - 1989/05 SP - 13 p. AB - This Technical Note reports on the low blood alcohol concentration (BAC) laboratory testing of seven evidential breath testers widely used by law enforcement. The findings indicated that these devices are just as accurate at low BACs in the 0.020-0.040% range as they were when tested at 0.050%, 0.100%, and 0.150% against the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) model specifications for evidential breath testers. In the field, the high quality performance of evidential breath testers is contingent on their proper maintenance and use by trained and knowledgeable operators. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Field performance KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/465347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493997 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 270 DEG CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1985 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY 4-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1989/05 SP - 82 p. AB - Three contoured moving barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1985 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door sedan. KW - Algorithms KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611056 AU - Stoke, C B AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville TI - AN OBSERVATIONAL SURVEY OF SAFETY BELT AND CHILD SAFETY SEAT USE IN VIRGINIA - THE 1988 UPDATE PY - 1989/05 SP - 55 p. AB - Observational surveys of safety belt use in Virginia have been conducted in two series. The first covered 1974 through 1977, and the second 1983 through 1988. This report is concerned only with the latter series and encompasses use rates that are the result of passage of the Child Safety Seat Law (Senate Bill 413), which went into effect on January 1, 1983, and the Mandatory Use Law (MUL) (House Bill 1210), which went into effect on January 1, 1988. Observed belt usages are analyzed according to a number of occupant, vehicle, and geographic characteristics. Each of these is discussed in a separate section of the report. There were gradual increases in safety belt use in the urban areas between 1983 and 1987. Subsequent to the effective date of the state MUL, there was a sharp rise in use rates. In 1988, 68.9% of the urban drivers and 50.8% of the urban passengers used a safety belt. Use rates in the towns were much lower than those for the urban areas, but there also was a large increase in usage rates subsequent to the MUL. Although there were large differences in the belt use rates among the towns surveyed, 55.8% of the town drivers and 37.1% of the town passengers were belt users in 1988. The combined statewide rates were 65.5% for drivers and 46.8% for passengers--rates of use nearly double the pre-MUL rates of 34.3% and 28.9%. A number of other findings are presented in the report. Among these are the following: (1) belt use was highest in the northern area of the state; (2) there was little difference in use rates throughout the day; (3) approximately two-thirds of all the infants were in safety seats; (4) 37.5% (1987) and 21.4% (1988) of the child seats were misused in an obvious way; and (5) with the exception of infants, older adults had the highest rates of use in 1988. It was concluded that passage of the Child Safety Seat Law and the MUL had a major positive influence on safety belt use rates in Virginia. KW - Aged KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Infants KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Passengers KW - Rural areas KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36766/89-R28.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355974 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00611069 JO - Insurance Review (New York) PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Weber, D O AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - NO-FAULT'S SECOND COMING PY - 1989/05 VL - 50 IS - 5 SP - p. 22-28 AB - This article reviews the history of no-fault insurance in the U.S. Enthusiasm for auto no-fault lagged in the U.S. until 1964, when University of Michigan law professor Alfred Conard and several colleagues published a study showing that under the traditional tort litigation system, insurance adminstration costs, court costs and lawyers' fees ate up more than 50 cents of every dollar actually expended to compensate people hurt by cars. The U.S. Department of Transportation declared in 1971 that the existing system was inefficient, overly costly, incomplete and slow, and that it allocated benefits poorly, discouraged rehabilitation and overburdened the courts and the legal system. In the mid-1970s, however, the no-fault bandwagon came to a sudden halt. Three states (Pennsylvania, Nevada and South Carolina) scrapped their no-fault laws. Reasons for this are discussed, including the U.S. DOT's finding that insurance premiums in no-fault states actually rose faster from 1976 to 1983. No-fault's strongest selling point has always been the contention that by reducing the transaction costs of lawsuits, it enables insurers to cut their premiums significantly. Today, as several states are pondering no-fault, a new wrinkle confronts them--University of Virginia law professor Jeffrey O'Connell suggests that drivers should simply be allowed to choose whichever kind of insurance they want: either first-party no-lawsuit no-fault or traditional third-party liability coverage. This article concludes with a brief explanation of how such a system would work. KW - History KW - No fault insurance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358663 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610228 JO - Public Affairs Pamphlets PB - Public Affairs Committee AU - Brenton, M AU - Public Affairs Committee TI - THE OLDER PERSON'S GUIDE TO SAFE DRIVING. PUBLIC AFFAIRS PAMPHLET NO. 641 SN - 0-88291-078-7 PY - 1989/05 SP - 25 p. AB - This pamphlet provides information that should be of interest to the older driver. Topics addressed include the following: the risk of overconfidence in past driving experience; the accident experience of older drivers; the demands of driving; how aging affects driving; the effect of medical conditions (e.g., arthritis, heart disease) on driving; driving situations that trouble older drivers the most; tips for safer driving in bad weather; driving defensively; long-distance driving; avoiding pedestrian accidents; the use of seat belts and air bags; continuing education and driver training; safety factors to consider when buying a new car; buying insurance; when to stop driving; and working for a safe driving environment. KW - Aged drivers KW - Air bags KW - Auditory perception KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Deaf persons KW - Defensive drivers KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver experience KW - Driver training KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Education KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Hearing loss KW - Highway safety KW - Intercity travel KW - Long distance travel KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Physical fitness KW - Reaction time KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization KW - Vision KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358346 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608534 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Rivara, F P AU - Reay, D T AU - BERGMAN, A B AU - U.S. Public Health Service TI - ANALYSIS OF FATAL PEDESTRIAN INJURIES IN KING COUNTY, WA, AND PROSPECTS FOR PREVENTION PY - 1989/05 VL - 104 IS - 3 SP - p. 293-297 AB - Pedestrian fatalities caused by motor vehicles in King County, Washington, over a 12-month period were reviewed to examine the potential for prevention by various strategies. Cases were identified through the King County Medical Examiner's Office. Between April 1, 1985, and March 31, 1986, a total of 38 pedestrians died of motor vehicle injuries. The victims were generally children (N=11), the elderly (N=13), or intoxicated adults (N=9). Supervision of the child was inadequate in 64% of the children's deaths. The driver was at fault in deaths of seven children, five adults, and three elderly persons. None of the children and only one of the elderly victims was injured at night. The majority of injuries occurred on major thoroughfares; only 16% occurred on residential streets. Possible strategies for prevention appear to include improved enforcement of pedestrian right-of-way laws, changes in vehicle design, modification of the environment (particularly in urban areas), and improved training programs for children. KW - Adults KW - Aged KW - Case studies KW - Children KW - Crash causes KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Intoxication KW - Law enforcement KW - Modifications KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention KW - Right of way KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354285 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608584 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Kupferschmid, J P AU - Weaver, M L AU - Raves, J J AU - Diamond, D L AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THORACIC SPINE INJURIES IN VICTIMS OF MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1989/05 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - p. 593-596 AB - Spinal cord injury can be devastating. Cervical spine roentgenography has been recommended in all severe multisystem trauma patients but little attention has been given to the thoracic spine. In a series of 266 motorcycle accident victims, seen over a 42-month period, 13 cases of thoracic spine injury were identified. During this same time interval four cases of cervical spine injury were identified. Eleven of the 13 cases involved a catapulting ejection from the motorcycle and resultant axial loading to the thoracic spine. Thoracic spine injuries are more common in these patients and therefore the thoracic spine should be immobilized until full thoracic spine roentgenography can be carried out. KW - Crashes KW - Ejection KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycles KW - Spinal column KW - Thoracic spine KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608570 AU - Sivak, M AU - Ensing, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - HUMAN FACTORS CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF TRUCK LIGHTING, SIGNALING, AND REARVIEW MIRRORS PY - 1989/05 SP - 29 p. AB - This analytical research dealt with human factors considerations in the design of truck lighting and signaling, and rearview mirrors. The analyses began with describing the relevant differences between cars and trucks in terms of the vehicles and the operating environments. Next, the potential functional implications of these differences were discussed. That was followed by brief descriptions of potential countermeasures to the problems. Finally, research topics that address the problems and the potential countermeasures were outlined. KW - Countermeasures KW - Design KW - Ergonomics KW - Headlamps KW - Human factors KW - Problem identification KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Signal lights KW - Signals KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608578 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - CATASTROPHIC NO-FAULT AUTO INJURY CLAIMS: SURVEY OF PIP SERIOUS INJURY CLAIMS IN MICHIGAN, NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA PY - 1989/05 SP - 31 p. AB - This study provides information on a small but costly segment of the auto injury population--persons who survive the crash with catastrophic injuries. The best insurance records on such cases are found in Michigan, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which enacted no-fault laws providing unlimited medical benefits during the 1970s. The All-Industry Research Advisory Council (AIRAC) has been tracking a sample of catastrophically injured auto accident victims in those three states since 1978, and has also made periodic inquiries to measure the accumulation of such cases over time. More than 5,000 open auto injury claims with total expected payments of $100,000 or more were reported by 22 participating insurance companies as of January 1, 1988. These companies represent about 70% of the market for private passenger automobile insurance lines in Michigan, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Total expected payments associated with the 5,076 claims were more than $2.6 billion. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Catastrophic injuries KW - Data collection KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Michigan KW - New Jersey KW - No fault insurance KW - Payment KW - Pennsylvania KW - Personal injury protection KW - Protection KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602647 AU - Rizer, A L AU - OBERGEFELL, L A AU - KALEPS, I AU - Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory TI - SIMULATIONS OF VEHICLE DYNAMICS DURING ROLLOVER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/05 SP - 97 p. AB - The capability to predictively simulate vehicle rollover dynamics using the Articulated Total Body (ATB) model was developed and validated using the results of two controlled automobile rollover crash tests. The vehicle was modeled as a single rigid body with vehicle contact surfaces approximated by (hyper)ellipsoids. Appropriate vehicle mass, center of mass, rotational inertial properties, initial conditions, and the interactive geometry between the vehicle and the crash environment were specified. The events simulated were a multiple crash/rollover in which a vehicle was induced to roll by a ramped guardrail and a rollover which was initiated by an active rollover test device developed by the national Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The results of these computer simulations were compared with high-speed film coverage of the tests using computer graphics images of the predicted vehicle positions. Also compared were the linear and angular accelerations, velocities, displacements, and kinetic energies. The simulated results compared well to the test results. Particularly good agreement was achieved for vehicle position in time. Angular velocities also showed good agreement. Poorest agreement was between the simulated and measured vehicle accelerations. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Testing KW - Validation KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344841 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601363 JO - Publication of: AGB:McNair PB - AGB:McNair AU - Fitzgerald, R W AU - Fitzgerald (RW) and Associates TI - RURAL TRUCK SPEED DIFFERENTIALS. THE 1986/87 NATIONAL STUDY SN - 0-642-51251-5 PY - 1989/05 SP - 224 p. AB - This study aimed to examine the effect of the increase in the heavy vehicle speed limit from 80 to 90 km/h on 1 January 1987. Articulated vehicle mean free speeds were found to have increased in four States; car speeds remained stable. The speed differential between cars and articulated vehicles was reduced from 10 to 8 km/h. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Impacts KW - Increase KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Speed differential KW - Speed limits KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00568260 AU - Rizer, A L AU - OBERGEFELL, L A AU - KALEPS, I AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIMULATIONS OF VEHICLE DYNAMICS DURING ROLLOVER PY - 1989/05 SP - 93 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dynamics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/330475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600522 AU - Burgett, A AU - GARDNER, P AU - Matteson, L AU - Stewart, G AU - Ulman, M AU - Van Iderstine, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION FOR A ROADWAY ILLUMINATION PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT IN FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD NO. 108, "LAMPS, REFLECTIVE DEVICES AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT" PY - 1989/05 SP - v.p. AB - The report describes the work done to develop a performance oriented roadway illumination performance requirement for motor vehicles. Based on analysis of data from nighttime crashes, priorities were established for addressing the nighttime vision needs of drivers. Models were developed to simulate night driving crash scenarios with the result being minimum and maximum levels of illumination on targets in the driver's field of view. A condensation was made to reduce the total number of points for use in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108, "Lamps, Reflective Devices and Associated Equipment". KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Headlamps KW - Luminous intensity KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Night KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Strategic planning KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00557805 AU - WOLCOFF, C AU - HALLMAN, M AU - MONAHAN, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF MEDIA COVERAGE OF INCREASING THE SPEED LIMIT TO 65 MPH PY - 1989/05 SP - 18 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Mass media KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554299 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 270resented CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1983 FORD TEMPO 4-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1989/05 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Mathematical models KW - Tempo automobile KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554626 AU - Rockwell, T H AU - KIGER, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SURVEY OF RAILROAD INDUSTRY PERCEPTIONS REGARDING NEEDED LOCOMOTIVE CAB DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1989/04/10 SP - 83 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Locomotives KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/317174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01411755 AU - Brown, D AU - Maghsoodloo, S AU - McArdle, M E AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - The safety impact of the 65 mph speed limit: a case study using Alabama accident records PY - 1989/04 IS - DOTHS807-425 SP - 119p AB - This study investigated the effects of the change of the speed limit on rural Interstate roadways from 55 to 65 mph in Alabama, which took effect on August 1, 1987. The primary source of data was the accident records, which were compared for several test and control areas as well as one year time periods before and after. Traffic volume and speed data were also analyzed to properly interpret the results of the accident data analyses. Both average speed and traffic volume increased more on the rural Interstates than on other roadway types. Significant increases in PDO and injury type accident frequencies were correlated with the speed limit change. Spillover effects were found on 55 mph Interstates but not on other roadway types. Several other factors were analyzed, including weather, vehicle type, roadway character, number of vehicles, collision events, and the use of seat belts (A). KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident record KW - Case studies KW - Case study KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash records KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Speed control KW - Speed control KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1179553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486077 AU - Cerrelli, E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1988 TRAFFIC FATALITIES, PRELIMINARY REPORT. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 44 p. AB - This report provides detailed preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities for 1988. The results are based on incomplete reporting but adjustments have been made to account for this. Trend data are presented for both traffic fatalities and fatality rate. An extensive set of estimates is provided at the national level together with summary statistics at the State and Regional level. All estimates are compared to the corresponding values for 1987, 1983, and 1980. KW - Estimates KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716835 AU - Hawley, H V AU - Tannahill, W J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LICENSING THE OLDER DRIVER: A SUMMARY OF STATE PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 32 p. AB - Driver licensing practices and procedures within the States which have a differential impact on older drivers are summarized. Actions based on advanced age alone as well as routine licensing functions that disproportionally affect older persons are examined within the context of the basic licensing system. Programs of special interest in three States are also briefly described. The report concludes that the determination of what, if any, differential licensing requirements and procedures can be justified by advanced age alone should begin by focusing attention on the evaluation of those currently in effect and that long term research should be directed toward the development of better methods to identify high-risk drivers on the basis of performance capability, particularly as it is affected by age-related functional impairments. KW - Age KW - Age factor in driving KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - High risk drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453639 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608585 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - McCoy, G F AU - Johnstone, R A AU - Duthie, R B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - INJURY TO THE ELDERLY IN ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1989/04 VL - 29 IS - 4 SP - p. 494-497 AB - It is widely accepted that the elderly are more vulnerable to trauma than other groups. We examined our records of more than 6,000 accident cases, 312 over 65 years of age, and found that not only were older people more likely to sustain more serious injury in any given accident, but that the risk to life was significantly greater for a given injury severity. The mortality rate for all grades of injury rose from approximately 1% in the age group less than 20 years old to almost 11% in the age group more than 70. As none of the existing injury scales take age into account when predicting the outcome, it is suggested that such scales should be weighted to reflect more accurately the likely outcome of injury in the elderly. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Aged KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Mortality rates KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601626 AU - Brown, D B AU - Maghsoodloo, S AU - McArdle, M E AU - Auburn University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE SAFETY IMPACT OF THE 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT: A CASE STUDY USING ALABAMA ACCIDENT RECORDS. FINAL GRANT REPORT PY - 1989/04 SP - 115 p. AB - This study investigated the effects of the change of the speed limit on rural Interstate roadways from 55 to 65 mph in Alabama, which took effect on August 1, 1987. The primary source of data was the accident records, which were compared for several test and control areas as well as one year time periods before and after. Traffic volume and speed data were also analyzed to properly interpret the results of the accident data analyses. Both average speed and traffic volume increased more on the rural Interstates than on other roadway types. Significant incrases in PDO and injury type accident frequencies were correlalted with the speed limit change. Spillover effects were found on 55 mph Interstates but not on other roadway types. Several other factors were analyzed, inlcuding weather, vehicle type, roadway character, number of vehicles, collision events, and the use of seat belts. KW - Case studies KW - Crash records KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494036 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 270 DEGREE CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1985 CHRYSLER LEBARON 5-DOOR HATCHBACK IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1989/04 SP - 118 p. AB - Four 270 degree contoured moving barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the Crash III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1985 Chrysler LeBaron 5-door hatchback, VIN 1C3BH4809FN101781, at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio. Results of four tests conducted on one vehicle are provided. KW - Algorithms KW - Barrier types KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Contours KW - Impact studies KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601634 AU - Thibault, L AU - Gennerelli, T AU - Galbraith, J AU - University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia TI - ISOLATED TISSUE MODELS FOR USE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUE FAILURE CRITERIA. VOLUME 2. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03/15 SP - 275 p. AB - The response of isolated tissue to mechanical deformation is studied in order to produce failure criteria with the physiology of the system rather than the structure. The use of a cellular model provides a method for broadening the definition of failure and concurrently uncovering the fundamental processes of trauma. The functional and structural effects of uniaxial loading on an isolated neural tissue were studied using the giant axon of the squid Loligo Pealei. An apparatus capable of applying controlled loads to a viable isolated tissue and monitoring its physiological response was designed. The details of the study are described. The state of functional impairment that occurs as a result of deformation, suggests alterations in membrane permeability and a conceptual model of the process is presented. This research has produced an isolated tissue model of neural injury as a function of high strain rate uniaxial extension. By using membrane potential as a determiner of injury, the data is shown to correlate with clinically observed spectrum of dysfunction in terms of both severity and time course. KW - Animals KW - Biological factors KW - Brain KW - Environmental impacts KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Living things KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Physiological aspects KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601635 AU - Thibault, L AU - Gennerelli, T AU - Hunter, C AU - University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia TI - A MEMBRANE MODEL TO SERVE AS THE BASIS FOR CELLULAR INJURY AND TISSUE FALURE CRITERIA. VOLUME 3. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03/15 SP - 163 p. AB - A variety of cells including neurons, endothelial cells, bone cells, and smooth and muscle cells exhibit physiologic responses to dynamic mechanical laoding. This is an investigation of the first stage of these reposnes, and the alterations in the ionic conductance of a cell membrane caused by varying the mechanical tension imposed upon it. Cell membranes were modeled by lipid bilayers and gramicidin channels. A system was developed that allows study of the effects of uniform hydrostatic tension on the conductance of lipid bilayer membranes under variable strain rate conditions. The conductance of single gramicidin channels was not affected by membrane tension. However, increasing membrane tension resulted in increased conductance of the lipid bilayer in those cases in which the initial, unstressed, conductance exceeded a certain value. These and other findings are discussed. KW - Biological factors KW - Biophysics KW - Brain KW - Concussion KW - Environmental impacts KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Living things KW - Physiological aspects KW - Research KW - Shock (Pathology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601633 AU - Thibault, L AU - Gennerelli, T AU - Margulies, S AU - University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia TI - ANIMAL, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR USE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED HEAD INJURY CRITERIA. VOLUME 1. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03/15 SP - 283 p. AB - Integration of physical, analytical and animal models for diffuse axonal injury (DAI) with clinical and isolated tissue data shed light on the complex relationship between head motion and prolonged unconsciousness. Simple physical models of the head were used to investigate the influence of head size, brain shape, brain/skull adhesion and applied load on tissue injury (as indicated by 'intracranial' deformation). Deformation patterns of models accelerated at levels known to produce DAI were comapred to pathology data. Large deformations occurred in regions at high risk to injury. Animal data for DAI scaled to man using the physical and analytical models generated in this work led to the development of the first threshold for DAI in man. The modelling methods put forth in this work set the stage for similar investigations of other types of diffuse head injury, leading to the development of a family of injury-specific thresholds for man. KW - Animals KW - Brain KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Skull fractures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494357 AU - Thibault, L AU - Gennarelli, T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BRAIN INJURY: A RESEARCH INITIATIVE TO DEVELOP IMPROVED HEAD INJURY TOLERANCE CRITERIA. SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03/15 SP - 17 p. AB - Head injury is a leading cause of the morbidity and mortality associated with automobile crashes, and other forms of trauma due to blunt impact. This report serves as an executive summary of 3 other volumes describing a multi-year effort to understand at a fundamental level the actual mechanism of brain injury. This report also contains a complete list of all publications produced as a result of the research described. KW - Brain KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611055 AU - Streff, F M AU - Schultz, R H AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - CHANGES IN POLICE-REPORTED INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH MICHIGAN'S SAFETY BELT LAW: 1988 UPDATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 45 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to evaluate the intermediate-term effects of Michigan's safety belt law on police-reported injuries and to monitor trends in motor vehicle crash injury frequencies and rates. In addition, the aggregate economic savings to the people of the State of Michigan produced by decreased fatalities and injuries following implementation of the law were estimated. Monthly frequencies of crash-induced injuries and fatalities from January 1978 through December 1987 were analyzed using time-series methods. Exposure to injury risk was controlled by including aggregate frequency of crashes as a covariate in time-series models. Effects of economic conditions on traffic crashes were controlled by including an index of unemployment as a covariate in the models. The following statistically significant effects were associated with the safety belt law: (a) in crashes of minor severity, 14.6% reduction in B-level injuries and 11.0% reduction in C-level injuries; (b) in crashes of moderate severity, 16.8% reduction in A-level injuries, 11.6% reduction in B-level injuries, and 10.7% reduction in C-level injuries; (c) in severe crashes, 6.3% reduction in fatalities, 11.8% reduction in B-level injuries, and 4.7% reduction in C-level injuries; and (d) in all crashes, 14.0% reduction in B-level injuries, 8.3% reduction in C-level injuries, and 6.4% reduction in injuries to front-seat occupants. Based on these results, Michigan's adult safety belt law from July 1985 through December 1988 has prevented 31,710 injuries, a cost savings of $734.72 million. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Michigan KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Savings KW - Statistics KW - Time series analysis KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610248 AU - Streff, F M AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Molnar, L J AU - Schultz, R H AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - MICHIGAN OMNIBUS STATE SAFETY SURVEY: FALL 1988. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 220 p. AB - The 1988 Omnibus State Safety Survey is part of a multi-year study providing periodic information on highway safety attitudes, perceptions, and reported behaviors of adult residents throughout the State of Michigan. The latest survey wave was conducted in the fall of 1988 (N=760). The telephone survey instrument contained 57 questions on six broad highway safety topics including: (1) vehicles, police, and roads; (2) travel speeds; (3) driver licensing and education; (4) heavy trucks; (5) alcohol consumption and alcohol-impaired driving; and (6) occupant protection. A dual-frame probability sample was used to maximize response rates. Majority support was found for 16 major traffic safety policies, and majority support was not found for nine other policies. Opinions were evenly divided on four issues. Stratification of responses by survey year, age, sex, and voting status revealed significant differences. Results are of interest to those considering alternative policies and programs to reduce injuries, and to those monitoring injury relevant behaviors such as alcohol consumption, safety belt use, and speeding. KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk driving KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Michigan KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Police KW - Policy KW - Public opinion KW - Questionnaires KW - Roads KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610243 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - COMPENSATION FOR AUTOMOBILE INJURIES IN THE UNITED STATES. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS PY - 1989/03 SP - 15 p. AB - The All-Industry Research Advisory Council published in 1979 a two-volume report, "Automobile Injuries and Their Compensation in the United States," which for the past 10 years has provided a unique and indispensable data base for almost all analyses of the auto injury compensation system in this country. The current study is intended to update that data base and to draw from it analyses relevant to today's concerns about the operation of auto injury compensation systems. This report, as did the one in 1979, shows the kinds of injuries being reported to auto insurers and the amount being paid for those injuries under different coverages and different kinds of auto compensation laws. It also provides a factual basis for making comparisons among individual states, and for measuring changes that have occurred over the past 10 years. Most of the analysis contained in this report is based on results of a countrywide survey of automobile injury claims closed during the Spring and Summer of 1987. Some 34 leading writers of auto insurance participated, providing detailed information on 46,694 claims paid under the five principal auto injury coverages (bodily injury liability, uninsured motorist, underinsured motorist, medical payments and personal injury protection). Additional information on cost trends was obtained from the Fast Track Monitoring System and from the statistical compilations of the Insurance Services Office, Inc., the National Association of Independent Insurers, and other organizations. The study reveals that injuries caused by auto accidents have become much more costly during the 1977-1987 decade. Injury claims have become more frequent in a number of states, and the average cost per claim has escalated at a rate faster than the cost of most other goods and services. States with the highest auto injury costs per insured car were New Jersey, California, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Arizona, Massachusetts, Nevada, District of Columbia, Louisiana and Connecticut. States with the lowest auto injury costs were Nebraska, Wyoming, Kansas, Idaho, South Dakota, Iowa, Maine, North Dakota, Arkansas and Alabama. KW - Accident costs KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile insurance KW - Compensation KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Employee compensation KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355734 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608527 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Renaud, L AU - Suissa, S AU - American Public Health Association TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF SIMULATION GAMES IN TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION OF KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN PY - 1989/03 VL - 79 IS - 3 SP - p. 307-309 AB - Using a simulation game designed to teach children to obey certain traffic safety rules, an experimental study was conducted with 136 five-year-old children in four Quebec schools. Within each classroom, subjects were randomly divided into four groups: three intervention groups and one control group. Each of the experimental groups was subjected to a different intervention with outcome measured using three instruments related to attitudes, behavior, and transfer of learning of pedestrian traffic safety. Results suggest that simulation games including role-playing/group dynamics and modeling/training can change attitudes and modify behavior in the area of pedestrian traffic safety in children of this age. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Game theory KW - Learning KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354278 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608558 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Bates, M E AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - THE EFFECT OF REPEATED OCCASIONS OF ALCOHOL INTOXICATION ON TWO PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE VISUAL DISCRIMINATION OF MOVEMENT PY - 1989/03 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - p. 143-154 AB - The focus of this study was the effect of repeated episodes of alcohol intoxication on two processes involved in visual movement discrimination: visual sensitivity and decision-making. Four female subjects were asked to discriminate between a stationary light signal and one that changed position in the center of a dark visual field. Prior to each of 15 alcohol testing sessions, a dose of .66 ml of 95% USP ethanol per kg body weight was administered to each subject and BAL was sampled frequently within sessions. Differences in subjects' pre- and post-alcohol performance were evaluated within the framework of a psychophysical model that mathematically characterizes the problem of movement discrimination and yields independent estimates of visual sensitivity and decisional aspects of subjects' performance. Evidence for specificity in the development of sensory versus decisional process tolerance to intoxication effects was found. The major result was that each subject made large and statistically reliable shifts in decisional criteria during the time course of the blood alcohol curve within alcohol testing sessions, even when visual sensitivity had adapted to alcohol intake effects. The results of this study illustrate the utility of tracing acute intake effects over repeated occasions of intoxication, and empirically testing subjects' assumed decisional strategies when modeling these effects. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Decision making KW - Human subject testing KW - Motion KW - Performance evaluations KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608559 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Nagoshi, C T AU - Wilson, J R AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - LONG-TERM REPEATABILITY OF HUMAN ALCOHOL METABOLISM, SENSITIVITY AND ACUTE TOLERANCE PY - 1989/03 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - p. 162-169 AB - Thirty-eight subjects in the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees (CARTA) were brought back between 3 and 39 months after their initial testing to be retested on a shortened version of the standard CARTA procedures. As before, subjects were given a dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg) calculated to bring their blood alcohol level (BAL) to near 100 mg/dl, but no topping doses were administered in the retests to maintain BALs near peak for 3 hours, as was done previously. Repeatability (test-retest correlation) for alcohol clearance rate was near zero, repeatability for time to peak BAL was 0.36 and that for peak BAL was 0.50. Repeatabilities of prealcohol baseline scores were generally high (median 0.55) for the shortened battery of physiological, motor coordination, perceptual speed and reaction time measures. Repeatabilities were near zero for sensitivity scores (median 0.02) and were low for acute tolerance scores (median 0.10) and perceived intoxication (median 0.27). These findings are highly consistent with an earlier report on repeatabilities of responses to alcohol over a 1-month time interval. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Human subject testing KW - Long term KW - Metabolism KW - Repeatability KW - Sensitivity KW - Time duration KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354310 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608529 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Robertson, L S AU - American Public Health Association TI - RISK OF FATAL ROLLOVER IN UTILITY VEHICLES RELATIVE TO STATIC STABILITY PY - 1989/03 VL - 79 IS - 3 SP - p. 300-303 AB - The risk of fatal rollover of utility vehicles per 100,000 registered vehicles relative to cars during 1982-87 was strongly correlated to the static stability of the vehicles. Distance between the center of the tires divided by twice the height of center of gravity explained 62% of the variation in fatal rollover rates where rollover was the first harmful event. Statistical controls for 20 major risk factors indicated no correlations that would deflate the correlation between stability and rollover. Low stability utility vehicles roll over more often on the road suggesting that the lateral force of turning is often the tipping force. KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Motor vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - Rollover crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354280 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608531 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Worden, J K AU - Flynn, B S AU - Merrill, D G AU - Waller, J A AU - Haugh, L D AU - American Public Health Association TI - PREVENTING ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVING THROUGH COMMUNITY SELF-REGULATION TRAINING PY - 1989/03 VL - 79 IS - 3 SP - p. 287-290 AB - A community education program was designed to train the individual drinker to self-regulate his or her blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) below a level of impairment (.05 g/dl or 11 mmol/L). Drink calculators (cardboard wheels and wallet cards) were disseminated to customers of bars and licensed beverage outlets; bartenders and counter clerks were trained to demonstrate use of the calculators and demonstrations were presented in television spots. Program components were evaluated in three matched Vermont communities, one receiving the full community education program, one receiving the TV spots only, and one serving as control. After six months of intervention, a roadside survey of nighttime drivers (N=892) indicated 5.3% fewer drivers with BACs above 0.05 g/dl in the community program group and 1.0% fewer in the TV-only group compared to the control group; however, substantially fewer drivers were found above .00 BAC in either program community than in the control. Drivers reporting heavy drinking and youthful drivers both indicated higher utilization of the materials than did other drivers. Although limited in scale and duration, this study suggests that a community education program can be effective in preventing alcohol-impaired driving. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Community action programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Intervention KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Self evaluation KW - Self testing KW - Television KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354282 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608528 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Foss, R D AU - American Public Health Association TI - EVALUATION OF A COMMUNITY-WIDE INCENTIVE PROGRAM TO PROMOTE SAFETY RESTRAINT USE PY - 1989/03 VL - 79 IS - 3 SP - p. 304-306 AB - A program was designed and evaluated to determine the feasibility of implementing an incentive campaign to promote safety restraint use, primarily among children up to age 13. During a five month period, community residents were eligible to win monthly prizes and a grand prize by buckling up all automobile occupants when driving. Systematic monitoring of traffic and a telephone survey indicate that the program was minimally effective, reaching the attention of only about half the families with children in the community despite extensive advertising. Effects of the program on seat belt use closely paralleled airing of radio announcements, appear to have been confined primarily to children under age four, and tailed off somewhat after the initial response. KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601625 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES 1987. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 21 p. AB - This report describes the magnitude of the alcohol related fatal crash problem in the United States, highlights the circumstances under which fatal crashes are associated with alcohol, and presents recent trends in alcohol related fatal traffic crashes. Data are presented which describe the general characteristics of these crashes, and their participants. The data were obtained from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). Blood alcohol concentration tests form the basis for the stastistics. Because of the large number of cases where BAC is missing, a statistical procedure is employed to estimate BAC for those cases where it is unknown. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600516 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSENSUS REPORT ON IMPAIRED DRIVING PY - 1989/03 SP - 15 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), U.S. Department of Transportation, sponsored a consensus workshop on promoting impaired driving as a public health issue. The one-day workshop was held in Washington, D.C., on April 12, 1988, and was attended by 20 participants and nine observers. For the first time, representatives from the traffic safety, public health, and medical fields met to develop a common strategy for implementing impaired driving prevention activities. The consensus statement, which is presented in this report, can be used by health, medical, and highway safety professionals in promoting national, state, and local programs responsive to this issue. The statement reflects the current thinking regarding the roles of the three professions, settings that are appropriate for implementing programs, and strategies that are most effective in reducing impaired driving. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600515 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FISCAL YEAR 1987 ANNUAL EVALUATION REPORT. SUMMARY PY - 1989/03 SP - 39 p. AB - This report presents an overview of the information provided by 52 States and Territories in the Fiscal Year 1987 Annual Evaluation Reports (AERs) of their Highway Safety Program activities. Financial information provided by the States and Territories is included. The report is organized by Program Area and begins with a National overview of State and Community Highway Safety events as represented both by the amount of project activity, i.e., number of projects that occurred in each Program Area, and by Program Area expenditures. This is followed by a summary of each Priority Program, and a short discussion of the types of activities that took place in support of these projects. A brief summary of projects reported in the non-priority program areas is also included. KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financial expenditures KW - Highway safety KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - States KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600517 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMUNITY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAMS. CASE STUDIES OF COUNTY AND SMALL CITY PROGRAMS - 1988 PY - 1989/03 SP - 41 p. AB - With the assistance of State Highway Safety Offices, planned community traffic safety programs with a comprehensive program design are underway in several States. Although relatively new, these programs have the potential for simultaneously addressing a variety of local traffic safety problems. The purpose of this publication is to document Community Traffic Safety Programs in a variety of counties and small cities around the country. Lead agencies or organizations vary in each of the seven case studies, as well as program components. In Suffolk County, New York, the County Executive's Office has taken the lead. In Stillwater, Oklahoma, and Kent, Washington, the police department is administering the program. Task Forces are guiding programs in Hamilton County, Indiana, and Roanoke, Virginia. Missoula, Montana, and Butte County, California, have designated the health department as the lead agency. All the programs have active participation citizen advisory groups or task forces and elected officials. Most are addressing education, enforcement and engineering concerns. KW - Case studies KW - Community action programs KW - Counties KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Law enforcement KW - Public participation KW - Small cities KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600556 AU - ELLIOTT, B AU - South Australia Department of Transport, Australia TI - EFFECTIVE ROAD SAFETY CAMPAIGNS: A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK PY - 1989/03 SP - 80 p. AB - This handbook is a summary companion volume of a much larger and more detailed set of guidelines on effective road safety campaigns produced for the South Australian Department of Transport, the Federal Office of Road Safety, the Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales, and the Road Traffic Authority of Victoria. In essence, it presents an overview. It is designed as a practical, stand-alone work which would be of interest to anybody involved in any decision relating to a mass media campaign. It is a summary of what history teaches about past successes and failures. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Highway safety KW - Mass media KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496510 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL PREVENTION CURRICULUM FOR EMS PROVIDERS PY - 1989/03 SP - 181 p. AB - The purpose of this training program is to involve emergency medical services (EMS) professionals in prevention efforts in their states and local communities. First, it educates the EMS professional about the historical aspects of alcohol and alcohol addiction. Secondly, it serves as a tool which can be used to assist the EMS professional in delivering a message to other EMS professionals and to the general public emphasizing the risk involved with alcohol-impaired driving. This course has been developed with three target groups in in mind: (1) the peers of the EMS professional; (2) youth groups, especially high school juniors and seniors; and (3) the general public through clubs, civic and religious organizations, and others. The course is divided into three lessons or areas of importance. The first lesson, "Alcohol Consumption and Related Problems," focuses on the general effects of alcohol on society, community health, morbidity and mortality rates, and individuals. It discusses the effects of alcohol on the human body and also points out the effects on the whole body system, not just one system. The second lesson, "Alcohol and Driving," specifically deals with the effect alcohol has on individual driving performance and what impact that has on the general public. It discusses the legislative actions taken by national, as well as many state and local governments, to either prevent or deter citizens from driving while impaired. The third lesson, "Prevention/Intervention," helps to explain what role EMS can have in the field of prevention/intervention and alcohol-impaired driving. It discusses how each EMT can take an active role in networking and in the prevention and intervention of alcohol-impaired driving. KW - Alcohol use KW - Curricula KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Health KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intervention KW - Legislation KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496490 AU - Flick, M A AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF BRAKING REGULATIONS - REPORT NUMBER 6: TESTING TO ADDRESS SURFACE FRICTION AND VEHICLE BRAKING EFFICIENCY COMMENTS TO THE SNPRM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 95 p. AB - This report describes testing conducted to address certain comments to the Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (SNPRM) for FMVSS 135 (Notice 4) regarding surface friction measurement and vehicle braking efficiency. Traction trailer tests were conducted comparing two reference tires, the ASTM E501 and the Standard Reference Test Tire (SRTT), on five surfaces at various speeds at seven different times. Tests were also conducted on seven passenger cars to evaluate the ECE Regulation 13 Annex 13 test procedure for determining peak coefficient of friction and braking efficiency. The results of the Annex 13 peak coefficient of friction measurements were compared to traction trailer tests with the same tires and the Annex 13 efficiency measurements were compared to results of tests on a Road Transducer Plate (RTP) facility. KW - Braking KW - Braking performance KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Ece regulations KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Friction KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496488 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF A FLAT FRONTAL BARRIER IMPACT OF A FORD MUSTANG CONTAINING A RETROFIT DRIVER'S AIRBAG SYSTEM PY - 1989/03 SP - 86 p. AB - A 30 mph flat frontal barrier impact test was conducted on a 1986 Ford Mustang 3-door hatchback at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio on February 16, 1989. A retrofit driver's airbag system was installed in the vehicle prior to the impact test. The ambient temperature was 70 deg F. KW - Air bags KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Retrofitting KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485610 AU - WILSON, D C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMETS IN PREVENTING FATALITIES. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 8 p. AB - Based on data from 1982 through 1987 FARS, motorcycle helmets are estimated to be 29% effective in preventing fatalities. A matched-pairs technique was used to produce the effectiveness estimates of motorcycle helmets by comparing the probability of fatalities of drivers and passengers under helmeted and unhelmeted conditions. The general methodology employed in this analysis has been utilized in numerous reports to estimate the effectiveness of various restraint systems, for example, Evans and Frick (1988) and Partyka (1988). KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485695 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES 1987. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 21 p. AB - This report describes the magnitude of the alcohol related fatal crash problem in the United States, highlights the circumstances under which fatal crashes are associated with alcohol, and presents recent trends in alcohol related fatal traffic crashes. Data are presented which describe the general characteristics of these crashes, and their participants. The data in this report were obtained from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) maintained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. FARS data includes the results of chemical blood alcohol tests administered to drivers involved in fatal crashes where they are availbable from police. These blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) tests form the basis for the statistics contained in this report. Because of the large number of cases where BAC is missing, a statistical procedure is employed to estimate BAC for those cases where it is unknown. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25794/DOT-HS-807-401.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495182 AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INJURY SEVERITY AND MEASURED RESPONSE FOR PEDESTRIAN HEAD IMPACTS PY - 1989/03 SP - 36 p. AB - Reconstructions of pedestrian accidents were previously performed. The analysis of the data was presented in the form of functional relationships between measured/computed Head Injury Criterion responses and the probability of death. The probability of death was estimated from the three highest AIS values according to an approach presented by Ullman, et al. A potential for error exists in that the Ullman study was based upon injuries to all body regions, whereas the pedestrian accident reconstructions were based upon only head injuries. The study addresses the probability of death based upon the 2 or 3 highest AIS levels to the head. The differences were found to be relatively small. KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Reconstruction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494338 AU - Hiltner, E C AU - MacLaughlin, T F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD SEATING TEST PROCEDURE DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 65 p. AB - A sled test program was conducted to re-examine the test procedure for evaluating child safety seats relative to Federal Motor Vehicle safety Standard 213. A sled buck representing the rear seat of a typical late model automobile was developed and several parameters were investigated, primarily to determine whether or not the FMVSS 213 procedures should be updated to better represent today's seating and/or crash environment. Dummies representing 6 month, 3 year, and 6 year old children were tested in infant, toddler/convertible, and booster child safety seats. The effects of several vehicle seating, restraint, and crash parameters were measured. Significance of these parameter effects was estimated by comparing response variations from parameter changes with corresponding variation attributable to experimental repeatability. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Infants KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493998 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 270 DEG CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1983 HONDA PRELUDE 2-DOOR COUPE IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1989/03 SP - 148 p. AB - The purpose of the four 270-degree contoured moving barrier impact tests was for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. The 1983 Honda Prelude was equipped with a 1.8 liter, 4-cylinder, transverse gas engine with a 5-speed manual transmission. The intended total test weight of the vehicle was 2096 pounds. The actual weight was 2096 pounds. The contoured moving barrier actual weight was 2616 pounds, frontal width was 62.5 inches, hood height was 30.0 inches, bumper width was 6.0 inches and centerline bumper height to ground was 17.0 inches. The contoured moving barrier was intended to impact the driver's side of the vehicle at 270 degrees. The leading edge of the contact was to be 27.7 inches forward of the vehicle's center of gravity. The crash event was recorded by three high-speed cameras. KW - Algorithms KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00559363 AU - Thibault, L AU - Gennarelli, T A AU - Margulies, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANIMAL, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR USE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED HEAD INJURY CRITERIA.: VOLUME I PY - 1989/03 SP - 283 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Brain KW - Crash injuries KW - Head KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/323415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558061 AU - Thibault, L AU - Gennarelli, T A AU - Galbraith, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ISOLATED TISSUE MODELS FOR USE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUE FAILURE CRITERIA.: VOLUME II PY - 1989/03 SP - 275 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Brain KW - Crash injuries KW - Head KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558085 AU - Thibault, L AU - Gennarelli, T A AU - Hunter, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A MEMBRANE MODEL TO SERVE AS THE BASIS FOR CELLULAR INJURY AND TISSUE FAILURE CRITERIA.: VOLUME III PY - 1989/03 SP - 163 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Brain KW - Crash injuries KW - Head KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00550490 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES, 1987 PY - 1989/03 SP - 21 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/311809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00550514 AU - WILSON, D C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMETS IN PREVENTING FATALITIES PY - 1989/03 SP - 8 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyling KW - Safety KW - Safety hats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/311816 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01415118 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Older drivers, the age factor in traffic safety PY - 1989/02 IS - DOT HS 807 402 SP - 20p AB - The report presents an overview of the traffic safety problem in relation to the age of the driver. Emphasis is placed on the older drivers. Crash involvement rates are developed for each age group of drivers based on their estimated annual travel. The consequences of these crashes, in terms of injuries and fatalities, are analyzed to assess the contribution of older ages to the safety problem (A). KW - Accident analysis KW - Age KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Aged driver KW - Aged drivers KW - Aged person KW - Crash analysis KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Road safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01415117 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - 1988 traffic fatalities - semiannual report PY - 1989/02 IS - DOT HS 807 405 SP - 40p AB - This report contains preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for the first six months of 1988. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. The national estimates of fatalities are quite extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used accident classifiers. Most of the estimates in the report are compared to the corresponding values available for 1980, 1983 and 1987. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. The preliminary estimates in this report are for the first six months of 1988 and do not reflect the trends and patterns for the entire year. Preliminary estimates for the full year will be available in a similar report in the spring of 1989 (A). KW - Accident statistics KW - Accident type KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Human characteristics KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Persons and personal characteristics KW - Road type KW - Road user characteristics KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics KW - Types of roads KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623533 AU - Leasure, W A AU - Williams, S F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANTILOCK SYSTEMS FOR AIR-BRAKED VEHICLES. THE THIRTY-FIFTH L. RAY BUCKENDALE LECTURE SN - 0-89883-446-5 PY - 1989/02 SP - 73 p. AB - When a heavy vehicle driver (or in fact a driver of any vehicle) makes a brake application that is too "hard" for conditions -- especially when the vehicle is lightly loaded or empty and/or the road is wet or slippery -- he is likely to lock some or all of his wheels. Under these conditions, the tractor can jackknife or the trailer can swing out of its lane (if it is a combination-unit vehicle) or the truck can spin out (if it is a single-unit vehicle). Incorporation of an antilock brake system addresses the wheel lock and resultant control loss. Using a well-maintained air-brake system of current design as the baseline, this paper identifies the potential benefits that can be accrued from the use of antilock technology; traces the evolution of antilock braking technology from the rail and air industries to application to highway vehicles, including the effect that U.S. regulatory and/or legal actions had on this development; and describes the status of current technology in terms of the components, system performance, reliability, and test procedures for quantifying the performance enhancement provided by antilock. KW - Air brakes KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Benefits KW - Components KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Technology transfer KW - Test procedures KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Wheel lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497049 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROVISIONAL LICENSING PROGRAMS FOR YOUNG DRIVERS: TOPICAL PAPERS BY LICENSING EXPERTS, INCLUDING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1989/02 SP - 76 p. AB - A series of papers is presented on traffic safety and driver licensing programs affecting young novice drivers. The first two papers were presented by State driver licensing officials on their States' provisional driver licensing programs at regional and national motor vehicle administrator conferences. The first describes the California program and the other paper describes and presents the evaluation results of the Maryland program. The next two papers summarize the safety benefits of certain provisional licensing activities and describe the graduated approach to initial licensing. They were presented by recognized research and evaluation experts at the Provisional Driver License Workshop, held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, October 1986. The last paper provides the initial results of a follow-up study of the benefits of the NHTSA sponsored Dekalb County, Georgia, driver education evaluation project, reported at the American Driver and Traffic Safety Association Annual Conference, held in Spokane, Washington, August 10, 1987. An Annotated Bibliography of selected abstracts is included. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Bibliographies KW - Driver age KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Licenses KW - Provisional licensing KW - Teenage drivers KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610245 AU - Olson, P L AU - BATTLE, D S AU - Aoki, T AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DRIVER EYE FIXATIONS UNDER DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 16 p. AB - The eye fixations of six individuals were measured while driving on straight and curved sections of road, night and day, and with and without a car in front of them. Eye fixations on straight sections were distributed uniformly over the road, while on curves they tended in the direction the vehicle would be turning. At night fixations were concentrated relatively near the vehicle, in the area illuminated by its headlamps. Fixations averaged longer duration at night as well. When a lead vehicle was present, it dominated the attention of the drivers, especially at night and on straight sections of road. KW - Car following KW - Days KW - Drivers KW - Duration KW - Eye fixations KW - Geometric segments KW - Highway curves KW - Highways KW - Night KW - Parts of roads KW - Straight sections, highways KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608569 AU - Green, P AU - Goldstein, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DRIVER PREFERENCES FOR SECONDARY CONTROLS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 56 p. AB - This report describes a further analysis of driver preference for nine controls reported in "Driver Preferences for Secondary Controls", P. Green, J. Kerst, D. Ottens, S. Goldstein, and S. Adams, 1987, Final Report, UMTRI-87-47 (HS-040 578; TRIS 600530). In that experiment 109 drivers sat in a mockup and placed switches for 24 functions where they wanted them. The additional analyses provided in this report examine the following question: For secondary controls in small cars, what is the relationship between the switch type, location, and preferred method of operation? Specifically, when both the function and zone are fixed, which types of switches do drivers prefer and how do they want them to operate? Also examined is the statistical significance of differences in preferences. The nine functions are: beam switch; cruise on/off; cruise resume; cruise set; front wiper; front washer; lights on/off; optical horn; and panel bright. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Instrument panels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600508 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER. BUCKLE UP AMERICA! MAY 22-29, 1989. THE WINNING COMBINATION PY - 1989/02 SP - 54 p. AB - The 1989 BUCKLE UP AMERICA! Idea Sampler provides a collection of successful ideas for the week-long campaign to encourage everyone in the United States to buckle up, to use belts correctly, and to protect children in correctly used child safety seats on every motor vehicle trip. The theme for this year's week (May 22-29) is "The Winning Combination." The specific winning combination being featured is high safety belt use rates and the phase-in of automatic crash protection, such as air bags and automatic belts. The Idea Sampler also contains suggested activities for projects specifically addressing the several common goals of the participating organizations who are supporting this year's BUCKLE UP AMERICA! Week. "The Winning Combination" is also the title of a new NHTSA film on the use of air bags and automatic belt systems in tandem with manual systems. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496489 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - 1988 TRAFFIC FATALITIES - SEMIANNUAL REPORT. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 40 p. AB - This report contains preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for the first six months of 1988. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. The national estimates of fatalities are quite extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used accident classifiers. Most of the estimates in the report are compared to the corresponding values available for 1980, 1983, and 1987. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. The preliminary estimates in this report are for the first six months of 1988 and do not reflect the trends and patterns for the entire year. Preliminary estimates for the full year will be available in a similar report in the spring of 1989. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Classification KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Helmets KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Land use KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496486 AU - Cerrelli, E AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - OLDER DRIVERS, THE AGE FACTOR IN TRAFFIC SAFETY. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 24 p. AB - The report presents an overview of the traffic safety problem in relation to the age of the driver. Emphasis is placed on the older drivers. Crash involvement rates are developed for each age group of drivers based on their estimated annual travel. The consequences of these crashes, in terms of injuries and fatalities, are analyzed to assess the contribution of older ages to the safety problem. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25829/DOT-HS-807-402.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496491 AU - BURGER, W J AU - Smith, R L AU - Ziedman, K AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUPPLEMENTAL ELECTRONIC IN-CAB TRUCK DISPLAYS: AN INVENTORY OF DEVICES AND APPROACHES TO THEIR EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - v.p. AB - Today's medium-heavy truck driver, in many situations, operates under a heavy visual and attention workload. The driver's primary task is to maneuver his vehicle safely to its destination--a task which requires, at times, virtually uninterrupted visual monitoring of the roadway and relevant traffic events. Over the past few years there has been significant growth in the availability and use of supplemental electronic display devices. Most are clearly of benefit to drivers or fleet operators by virtue of their enhancement of operating efficiency, lower operating cost, driver control and maintenance scheduling, to list but a few. The inherent complexity of the driver-user/device interface, however, may be such that use of such devices during driving will decrease safety by increasing crash involvement, since they compete with the primary task of continuous roadway monitoring. A study was undertaken to 1) inventory current and near-term electronic supplemental in-cab displays, 2) estimate their use in the 1990s by truck type, and 3) identify alternative strategies for their evaluation relative to their compatibility with safe truck operation. Over 50 supplemental in-cab devices were identified and described and are classified under the following headings: Single/Integrated Display Systems; Vehicle Information Systems; Vehicle Navigation Systems; Vehicle Positioning Systems; Text Communication Systems; and Vehicle Safety Systems. Visual, motor and cognitive processing demand on the driver/user was estimated. A preliminary examination indicates that many devices impose a very heavy demand on the user and are designed to be used during driving, a situation which clearly will lead to decreased truck safety. The anticipated proliferation of such devices will no doubt lead to a broad highway safety problem. Short and long range objectives and safety evaluation strategies are outlined and a plan for research to describe and quantify current truck driver workload, fundamental to any subsequent safety evaluation, is presented. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Driver workload KW - Drivers KW - Electronic display devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Information display systems KW - Trucks KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558617 AU - BUCHANAN, L T AU - MCCLANATHAN, H AU - McKnight, A J AU - Waller, P F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROVISIONAL LICENSING FOR YOUNG DRIVERS: TOPICAL PAPERS BY LICENSING EXPERTS, INCLUDING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1989/02 SP - 70 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Driver licenses KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/323138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600521 AU - SMITH, M AU - Hedlund, J AU - Blatt, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACTORS RELATED TO INCREASING SAFETY BELT USE IN STATES WITH SAFETY BELT USE LAWS: SECOND ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS 1988 PY - 1989/01 SP - 15 p. AB - This report is the second in a series of four annual reports to the Congress on provisions of state safety belt use laws and other programmatic factors related to increasing safety belt use levels. The first Congressional Report reviewed what was known about why some states and communities have achieved higher belt use than others under their belt use laws. It concluded that effective, well-publicized belt law enforcement is the major key to achieving greater belt use. The report identified the gaps in our knowledge of how best to conduct these programs and suggested research and demonstration activities necessary to fill these gaps. This second annual report describes the research and demonstration activities implemented to test alternative enforcement strategies and publicity approaches. This effort will help the NHTSA define the characteristics of effective programs for dissemination to other police agencies and communities. KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Publicity KW - States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623521 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH PRIORITY NATIONAL PROGRAM AREA (HPNPA): TRUCK/HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1989/01 SP - 4 p. AB - A significant amount of current and proposed research will be carried out to provide an improved understanding of the impact of large trucks on highway safety and traffic operations. This pamphlet describes the objective, scope, and background of this truck/highway safety research; summarizes current activities, including research in progress and technology transfer; and outlines plans for future research and technology transfer. KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Research KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363359 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620536 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Zino, K AU - AAA Potomac TI - A CLOSER LOOK AT BELTS AND AIR BAGS PY - 1989/01 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-11 AB - On 1989 models, car makers are offering four different automatic seat belt systems and two air bag systems (for driver's side only, and for both passenger's and driver's sides). This article provides information on the four distinct designs of automatic seat belts and discusses how air bags work. A table listing 1989 models with air bags and whether they come as standard equipment or option packages is included. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Availability KW - Design KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608586 AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - 1987 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR CRASH FACTS PY - 1989/01 SP - 27 p. AB - The name of this annual publication has been changed this year from Accident Facts to Crash Facts to reflect an important change of attitude by the general public--a death on the highway is no longer considered "just an accident" but is viewed as a "preventable crash." This report is a study of the data compiled from all North Dakota motor vehicle crash reports in 1987. Included are the following: Introduction; Did You Know?--General Crash Statements; Fataliies--State and National Rates; Cost of Traffic Crashes; Map--Fatal Crashes/Fatalities by County; Persons Killed and Injured by County; Reportable Crashes by County; Motor Vehicle Fatalities on Major Holidays; Restraint Device Usage and Ejection of Occupants; Total and Fatal Crashes by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities; North Dakota/Out-of-State Driver Involvement; Age and Sex of Persons Injured; Age and Sex of Drivers Involved in Fatal Crashes; Crash Involvement by Age, Sex and License of Driver; Fatality Blood Alcohol Concentration Levels; Traffic Violations/Convictions; Crashes by Type of Driver Violation; Crash Summary by Month; Crashes by Light Conditions; Road Surface and Weather Conditions - Fatal Crashes, Injury Crashes, and All Crashes; Type of Motor Vehicle Crashes; Reportable Crashes by City; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Crashes by Object Struck, by Urban Population and by Roadway; and Non-Traffic Crashes. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Out of state KW - Population KW - Restraint systems KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608539 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Farrow, J A AU - Brain Information Service TI - EVALUATION OF A BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION TO REDUCE DWI AMONG ADOLESCENT DRIVERS PY - 1989/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 61-72 AB - New adolescent drivers are at risk for dangerous driving in general and DWI specifically because of multiple risk factors which have been identified in previous research. This report describes an evaluation of a DWI prevention module and 2 three-hour school-based reinforcement sessions with a set of adolescent pre-drivers. 343 adolescent pre-drivers (mean age of 15.9 yr) were exposed to a new DWI prevention module (10 hr) in their Traffic Safety Education classes and the concepts and skills were reinforced (3 hr) at 6 and 12 mo in the classroom. The curriculum focused on risk identification and skill instruction to avoid situations leading to DWI. A control group (N=150) was assessed prior to their drivers training class and at 12 mo. A sub-group of "high-risk" individuals was identified initially and was involved in an intensive out-of-school summer conference to deal with the factors associated with their high-risk status. Results of analysis of cross sectional and longitudinal data are presented for all subjects over a 12-mo study period. Experimental subjects and controls were matched with respect to demographic and family characteristics, although experimental subjects smoked more cigarettes and had somewhat more experience with adults and siblings who drink and drive and they drank more beer than control subjects. Self-reported behavior showed expected rises in some target behaviors (traffic citations, driving intoxicated, increased driving hours, etc.) compared to controls who endorsed these behaviors less often. There were significant improvements in target behaviors among high-risk adolescents attending the intensive summer conference compared to those high-risk subjects who were invited but did not attend. The results of this program evaluation are discussed in terms of the efficacy of behavioral interventions to reduce adolescent risky driving/DWI and problems related to implementing and evaluating such programs. KW - Adolescents KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Driver training KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Intervention KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354290 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608542 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Roberts, D F AU - Brain Information Service TI - THE IMPACT OF MEDIA PORTRAYALS OF RISKY DRIVING ON ADOLESCENTS: SOME SPECULATIONS PY - 1989/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-20 AB - Do television and motion picture portrayals of risky driving affect viewers' driving behavior? Unfortunately, no empirical studies directly address this question. However, research on observational learning demonstrates that humans acquire much of their information about human behavior from observing social models, and that these are frequently symbolic models portrayed in the mass media. It is also evident that attitudes and behaviors acquired from media portrayals depend on interactions among characteristics of the stimulus (e.g., the specific television content), of the observer (e.g., the specific needs and abilities of the viewer), and of the environment (e.g., external conditions operating during viewing and/or during performance). A growing literature on television's influence on a variety of diverse social attitudes and behaviors (e.g., sex-role attitudes, aggressive behavior, helping behavior, etc.) makes it reasonable to expect that driving behaviors may also be affected. Indeed, there is good reason to hypothesize that the exciting, entertaining, but often inappropriate driving behavior frequently portrayed in films and on television is particularly likely to influence teenage viewers. The abilities and needs of adolescents, as well as the social milieu in which they operate, may render them particularly susceptible to media portrayals of risky driving. This paper explores the mechanisms governing observational learning in the context of (a) characteristics of media portrayals of driving behavior, (b) characteristics of adolescent viewers, and (c) characteristics of the social environment in which adolescents are likely to observe and perform driving behaviors. In the absence of prior empirical research, the paper is speculative; its goal is hypothesis development. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Impacts KW - Mass media KW - Risk taking KW - Social values KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354293 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608543 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Geller, E S AU - Brain Information Service TI - INTERVENING TO INCREASE CHILDREN'S USE OF SAFETY BELTS PY - 1989/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 37-59 AB - The safety belt use of children and adults was observed at three community sites (a Montessori school, skating rink, and fast food restaurant) immediately before and after the Virginia belt use law (BUL). At each location, safety belt use by both children and adults increased significantly, but only remained at record high levels at the school where a safety belt education program had been implemented before the BUL. This intervention program involved preschool children playing roles in a safety belt skit. Not only did these active participants increase their belt use after the skit, but after watching the play, primary school children and the parents of the preschoolers increased their use of safety belts significantly. Follow-up research during a summer recreational program at three schools compared three different reward contingencies added to five 30-min participative educational sessions designed to motivate children to buckle up. At one school, 34 children were rewarded for being buckled up in their vehicles after the intervention activity; at another school, 26 children received the same rewards for participating in the educational program; and at the third school, 28 children received these prizes at the start of each program, without any stated response contingency. The children rewarded for program participation scored significantly higher on participation indices, but the rewards for safety belt use did not increase the beneficial effects of the educational programs, which were significant for both children and their parents. By recording vehicle license plate numbers, we were able to pair children with their parents and identify these pairs at another community site (i.e., the drive-through area of a fast food restaurant, where program participants redeemed coupons for free meals). With this procedure, we showed immediate generalization effects of the interventions, but no long-term maintenance of the target response. Another study evaluated a safety belt campaign that targeted children and parents at three community swimming pools. This lifeguard-delivered program involved the signing of "buckle-up promise cards" that could be displayed in vehicles as a reminder of a personal commitment to use a safety belt. Advantages of including direct rewards for safety belt use were shown. KW - Adults KW - Before and after studies KW - Children KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Education KW - Incentives KW - Intervention KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608545 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - ATKIN, C K AU - Brain Information Service TI - TELEVISION SOCIALIZATION AND RISKY DRIVING BY TEENAGERS PY - 1989/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-11 AB - Television is considered to be an influential force across many domains of adolescent attitudes and behaviors, such as aggressiveness, substance abuse, sexuality, gender roles, politics, and materialism. However, the role of TV messages in informally socializing youthful drivers has been largely overlooked by investigators studying both media effects and risky driving (although some research attention has focused on purposive messages such as drunk driving public service campaigns). Due to the paucity of empirical evidence relating television viewing to risky driving, this paper will emphasize theoretically based predictions of the likely effects of entertainment and commercial advertising content on teenagers, focusing on drunk driving and riding behavior, safety belt buckling, social intervention to prevent drunk driving, and perceptions of normative practices involving risky driving, drinking patterns, and safety belt usage. Relevant data from the author's research will be introduced at several points to provide preliminary findings on the subjects of (a) the impact of alcohol advertising on drinking and driving, (b) the effects of entertainment programming on drunk driving intervention orientations, and (c) high-risk driving and safety belt portrayals in prime-time television content. KW - Adolescents KW - Advertising KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Impacts KW - Intervention KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Social values KW - Teenage drivers KW - Television KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354296 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608547 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Casey, C AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - DRIVING DRUNK PY - 1989/01 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - p. 32-37 AB - The story of a 21-year-old woman who, several hours after a champagne brunch, caused an accident in which the other driver was killed, is told from her arrest on the scene of the accident to her trial outcome. Part of her sentencing required 500 hours of community service. Through a program sponsored by the California Highway Patrol, her community service is performed by speaking before audiences of high school students, relating all the details of her ordeal, in an effort to prevent its happening to them. KW - Arrests KW - Community service KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Prosecution KW - Public service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354298 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608538 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Hingson, R AU - Heeren, T AU - Morelock, S AU - Brain Information Service TI - EFFECTS OF MAINE'S 1982 .02 LAW TO REDUCE TEENAGE DRIVING AFTER DRINKING PY - 1989/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-36 AB - On June 23, 1983, Maine implemented an automatic one year driver's license suspension for any person under age 20 identified by police as driving with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) above .02. Previously teenagers and adults could legally drive with BACs up to 0.10 (about 5 drinks in an hour for a 150 lb person). Five hundred 16- to 19-year-olds in Maine and 500 in Massachusetts for comparison were interviewed in a July, 1983, anonymous random digit dial telephone survey. They were asked about their own drinking and driving behavior and traffic crash involvement prior to the law. Surveys of 1000 16- to 19-year-olds in each State annually for three post-law years asked similar questions for comparison. In the first post-law year over 1400 Maine teenage licenses were suspended and over 1200 in the second year. After the law, only 40-50% of Maine's 16- to 19-year-olds learned that it was illegal to drive after more than one drink and two-thirds did not know that they could lose their license if they drove after more than one drink. Maine teens who understood the law drove less often after drinking than other teens. Overall the frequency that Maine teenagers reported driving after drinking and heavy drinking declined significantly after the .02 law relative to Massachusetts teens and adults in Maine. During the first three post-law years the annual average of teenage night fatal crashes in Maine was 20% lower relative to the four pre-law years. In comparison adult night fatal crashes rose 2%. However, teen night fatal crashes also declined 29% after the law in Massachusetts and the difference between states was not significant. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data collection KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Maine KW - Massachusetts KW - Surveys KW - Suspensions KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354289 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601372 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - WOLFSON, M AU - Brain Information Service TI - THE CITIZENS' MOVEMENT AGAINST DRUNKEN DRIVING AND THE PREVENTION OF RISKY DRIVING: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT PY - 1989/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 73-84 AB - This paper examines the recent citizens' movement against drunken driving as an approach to the prevention of risky driving. By 1985, the movement included two national umbrella organizations, a number of regional and statewide coalitions, and over 450 local organizations. In 1985, many local anti-drunken driving citizens' groups (ADDCGs) pursued state legislation designed to (1) restrict the availability of alcoholic beverages; (2) enhance the deterrent qualities of drinking-driving laws; and (3) generally improve traffic safety. Most ADDCGs were involved in efforts to persuade law enforcement agencies to more vigorously enforce drinking-driving laws. Most ADDCGs were also heavily involved in public education efforts. While these strategies suggest that these local groups may have some promise of influencing the incidence of drinking and driving, a preliminary analysis found no evidence that the presence and selected characteristics of ADDCGs resulted in reduced county-level fatal accident rates in 1985. KW - Citizen groups KW - Crash rates KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Groups KW - High risk drivers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496478 AU - Womble, K AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - THE IMPACT OF MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS ON FATAL CRASH INVOLVEMENTS: AN UPDATE OF THE NHTSA ANALYSES. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 9 p. AB - This report updates a 1985 NHTSA analysis of the impact minimum drinking age laws have on the fatal crash involvements of affected drivers. The original analysis utilized 1975-1982 fatal accident data in thirteen states to conclude that minimum drinking age laws were responsible for a 13% reduction in fatal crash involvements of affected drivers. The present report utilizes fatal accident data through 1986, or a second law change in a state, whichever came first, for the thirteen states included in the original analysis. With the additional data the estimated reduction in fatal crash involvements was 12%. It is not possible to determine whether this difference represents a change in effectiveness, or is the result of having a larger pool of data for the analysis. KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Impacts KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496479 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING... PY - 1989/01 SP - 13 p. AB - This is a consumer information report containing tire quality gradings. Included are treadwear, traction, and temperature grades. The grade designations are required by government regulations and are designed to be used for comparative purposes only. All passenger car tires must conform to federal safety requirements in addition to these grades. KW - Temperature grades KW - Temperature gradients KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction grades KW - Treadwear grades KW - Uniform tire quality grading standard UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481067 AU - POLLARD, J AU - Sussman, E D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EXAMINATION OF SUDDEN ACCELERATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes the results of a study to identify and evaluate factors which could potentially cause or contribute to the occurrence of "Sudden Acceleration Incidents" (SAI). SAI are defined in this report as unintended, unexpected, high-power accelerations from a stationary position or a very low initial speed accompanied by an apparent loss of braking effectiveness. Ten vehicles with above average SAI complaint rates were selected for particular scrutiny. In the course of conducting this study, the Transportation Systems Center: (1) convened a panel of independent experts in various disciplines related to SAI concerns to review this material with TSC; (2) collected the relevant literature and case documentation on the vehicles; (3) studied the fuel-systems, braking systems, and driving controls of the vehicles; (4) performed appropriate tests and experiments or arranged for their conduct at NHTSA's Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTC); and (5) documented the findings and conclusions, as follows: (1) No malfunctions were found which could cause high engine power without opening the throttle. (2) Certain malfunctions were identified which could cause throttle opening or sticking, but these would be readily detectable in post-SAI investigation. (3) Other malfunctions were found that could cause modest increases in engine power, some of which would be difficult to detect in an investigation. These malfunctions could not directly cause an SAI but might startle the driver into a pedal misapplication (depression of the accelerator instead of, or in addition to, the brake pedal). (4) Vehicle pedal design features were identified which might increase the probability of a pedal misapplication. All the vehicles with high SAI-complaint rates which were measured were found to possess pedal designs conducive to pedal misapplication. KW - Brake pedals KW - Complaints KW - Design KW - Driver control response function KW - Driving KW - Inspection KW - Mechanical failure KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sudden acceleration incidents KW - Vehicle tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33400/33403/33403.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479560 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT TO CONGRESS ON THE EFFECTS OF THE 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT DURING 1987 PY - 1989/01 SP - v.p. AB - This is the first of three annual reports to Congress on the safety impact of the 65 mph speed limit. This report indicates an increase of fatalities on all rural interstate highways during calendar year 1987, but emphasizes that with only one year of data, it is too early to draw any conclusions as to the long term effect of the increased speed limit on fatalities. There are substantial variations in state data; of the 38 states that raised the speed limit, 27 had an increase in fatalities during the time the increased speed limit was in effect in 1987 compared to the same time period in 1986, while 11 states had no increase, or a decrease in rural interstate fatalities. Likewise, of the 10 states that retained 55 mph, 6 remained unchanged or had a fatality increase in 1987 compared to 1986, and 4 had decreases. Collectively, the 38 states that raised their speed limit had a 19% average increase in rural interstate fatalities. A large portion (64%) of this increase is from only 6 states. The 10 states that retained 55 mph also had an increase in fatalities on their rural interstates of 7%. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Rural areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/288067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00827095 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF TRAINING IN STANDARDIZED FIELD SOBRIETY TESTING THE SFST INSTRUCTOR TRAINING SCHOOL: STUDENT- INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL.. PY - 1989 IS - PB93-114742 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Drunk driving KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - Sobriety checkpoints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/516588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825283 AU - Harding, Wayne M AU - APSLER, ROBERT AU - WALSH, WENDI A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - APSLER, ROBERT. AU - WALSH, WENDI A. AU - HAROLD RUSSELL ASSOCIATES, INC. UNDER CONTRACT NO. TI - ASSESSMENT OF MULTIPLE DWI OFFENDER RESTRICTIONS PY - 1989 IS - PB92-184308 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - States KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25802/DOT-HS-807-615.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00825284 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GET THE TEAM SPIRIT! TEAM 1988 PROGRESS REPORT. PY - 1989 IS - PB92-186857 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/515727 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623542 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - PROCEEDINGS OF ROAD SAFETY IN EUROPE IN GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN, 12-14 OCTOBER 1988 -- OPENING, ROAD/RAIL CROSSING PY - 1989 IS - 341A SP - 159 p. AB - Papers presented at the seminar were as follows: Road Safety Work in the ECMT, H-J. Frobose; Road User and Information Technology, K. Rumar; DRIVE: The New RTD European Community Program for an Integrated Road Transport Environment (IRTE) in Europe, F. Karamitsos; Presentation of the EUREKA and CARMINAT-program, G. Dobias; Railroad/Highway Grade Crossing Safety: Issues as the Result of a Major U.S. Accident Invertigatory Study, W. Gossard; Drvier Behaviour at Open Level Railroad Crossings Protected with Flashing Warning Lights, E. Tenkink; Determining Factors for the Choice of Protection Systems for Level Crossings, B. Furustam; Study of Road Accidents at Automatic Road/Rail Crossings, M. Forestier; The Socio-Economic Effects of Eliminating Highway-Railway Grade Crossings, K. Sjolinder; Red Light Violations at Rail/Road Crossings, R.D. Wittink; and Fatal Train Accidents at Level Crossings in Denmark in the Eighties, G. Kejla. KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Crash analysis KW - Denmark KW - Drivers KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic systems KW - Europe KW - Fatalities KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Highway safety KW - Information technology KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Selecting KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366394 ER - TY - SER AN - 00620474 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRUCK TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY ISSUES SN - 0-309-04971-7 PY - 1989 IS - 1249 SP - 42 p. AB - This Record examines four aspects of trucking in the following papers: Impacts of the Trucking Industry Deregulation on Shippers' Preferences, K. Kang; Operational Considerations Relating to Long Trucks in Urban Areas, P.H. DeCabooter and C.E. Solberg; Methodology for Evaluation of Truck Weight Regulation Enforcement Programs, B.G. Bisson and D.J. Gould; Comparison of Accident Rates for Two Truck Configurations, P.P. Jovanis, H-L. Chang, and I. Zabaneh; and Use of Time Series Analysis To Forecast Truck Accidents, S. Khasnabis and S.H. Lyoo. KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Deregulation KW - Forecasting KW - Law enforcement KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Shippers KW - Time series analysis KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic managers KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Urban areas KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364875 ER - TY - SER AN - 00620475 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SAFETY ISSUES: PEDESTRIANS, LAW ENFORCEMENT, SEAT BELTS, ELDERLY DRIVERS, AND ECONOMICS SN - 0-309-04806-0 PY - 1989 IS - 1210 SP - 71 p. AB - This Record highlights several aspects of highway safety in the following papers: Pedestrian/Vehicle Conflicts: An Accident Prediction Model, S.E. Davis, H.D. Robertson and L.E. King; Traffic Accidents Involving Accompanied and Unaccompanied Children in the Federal Republic of Germany, J.H. Kloeckner, R. Lamm, E.M. Choueiri, and T. Mailaender; Characteristics of Pedestrian Accidents in Montreal Central Business District, P.N. Seneviratne and E.M. Shuster; Calibration of an Infrared Pedestrian Counting System for Shopping Malls, G.K. Kuah; Guidelines for Utilization of Police Officers in Traffic Control and Enforcement on Urban Freeways, J.M. Mounce and R.Q. Brackett; Safety Belts and Tur Signals: Driver Disposition and the Law, J.D. Fricker and R.J. Larsen; Highway Accident Patterns in Michigan Related to Older Drivers, F.X. McKelvey and N. Stamatiadis; and Short-Term Effects of Safety-Related Recalls on New Vehicle Purchase Decisions: An Empirical Analysis, P.S. McCarthy. KW - Aged drivers KW - Central business districts KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Decision making KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Patterns KW - Pedestrian counts KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Police KW - Purchasing KW - Recall campaigns KW - Shopping centers KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Turn signals KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Utilization KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620451 AU - Michigan Department of State Police TI - ALCOHOL RELATED FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STUDY, MICHIGAN, JANUARY-DECEMBER 1988 PY - 1989 SP - 19 p. AB - This report presents and analyzes statistics on alcohol related fatal motor vehicle accidents in Michigan for the year 1988. Some highlights from the report are as follows: There were 705 alcohol related fatal traffic accidents out of a total of 1,522 fatal traffic accidents (46.3%) during the year 1988. Those 705 alcohol related accidents claimed a total of 793 lives, or 46.5% of the total highway fatalities. A total of 2,383 drivers were involved in fatal traffic accidents; 29.5%, or 702, of those drivers involved in fatal traffic accidents had been drinking. Of the 2,383 drivers who were involved in fatal accidents, 896 drivers, or 37.6%, had blood alcohol concentration (BAC) tests performed. Of the 896 drivers who received BAC tests, 406, or 45.3%, exceeded .10% by weight, the legal presumptive level. Young drivers, aged 24 years and under, accounted for 35.2% of all "had been drinking" drivers in fatal accidents. Younger drivers had lower levels of alcohol in their blood, yet they had higher involvement in fatal accidents, strongly suggesting that young drivers are more vulnerable to traffic accidents when drinking is involved. Other statistics in this report show fatal accidents by accident type, by month, by time of day/day of week, by hazardous violations committed, and by county. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Counties KW - Crash types KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Michigan KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362330 ER - TY - SER AN - 00620476 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN AND TESTING OF ROADSIDE SAFETY DEVICES SN - 0-309-05005-7 PY - 1989 IS - 1233 SP - 183 p. AB - This Record contains the following 17 papers on roadway safety features: Movable Concrete Median Barrier Risk Analysis, J.E. Bryden and N.J. Bruno; High Containment Steel Bridge Parapet With Transition to a Safety Fence, I.B. Laker; Delineation of Urban Freeway Gore Area Crash Cushions in Texas, F.T. Creasey, G.L. Ullman, and C.L. Dudek; Development of Guardrail Extruder Terminal, D.L. Sicking, A.B. Qureshy, and H.E. Ross, Jr.; Connecticut Narrow Hazard Crash Cushion, J.F. Carney, III; Vehicle Impact Testing of Lightweight Lighting Standards, R.L. Stoughton, A. Abghari, J.P. Dusel, J.L. Hedgecock, and D.L. Glauz; Development of a Slotted-Rail Breakaway Cable Terminal, D.L. Sicking, A.B. Qureshy, and H.E. Ross, Jr.; Validation of a Surrogate Vehicle for Luminaire Support Certification Testing, A.G. Hansen, M.W. Hargrave, and C.R. Hott; Computer-Based Methodolgy for the Generalized Design of the Connecticut Impact Attenuation System, D.S. Logie, J.F. Carney, III, and M.H. Ray; Field Study to Establish Truck Escape Ramp Design Methodology, J.C. Wambold; Development of an Improved Highway-Vehicle-Object-Simulation Model for Multi-Faced Rigid Barriers, H.S. Perera; Applications of Barrier VII in Design of Flexible Barriers, R.P. Bligh and D.L. Sicking; Prediction of Rollovers Caused by Concrete Safety-Shape Barriers, H.S. Perera and H.E. Ross, Jr.; Improved Method for Determining Vehicle and Occupant Kinematics in Full-Scale Crash Tests, M.H. Ray and J.F. Carney, III; Development of Kansas Guardrail to Bridgerail Transition Designs Using BARRIER VII, C.Y. Tuan, E.R. Post, S. Ataullah, and J.O. Brewer; Case Study: Poles in the Urban Clear Zone, D.S. Turner and T. Barnett; and Survey of State Utility Manual Clear Zone Provisions, D.S. Turner, J.V. Walters, J.M. Hutt and J.E. Patrick. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Breakaway cable terminals KW - Breakaway supports KW - Bridge railings KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Delineation KW - Escape lanes KW - Freeways KW - Gore KW - Gore area KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Highway delineators KW - Impact tests KW - Kinematics KW - Lighting columns KW - Luminaires KW - Median barriers KW - Parapets KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing KW - Transition zones KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611063 AU - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn of the U.S., Inc TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '89 SN - 0317050809 PY - 1989 SP - 96 p. AB - This annual report presents facts and figures on passenger cars, motor trucks, and motor buses for 1989. The contents are organized as follows: Overview; Production, Sales and Registrations; Ownership and Usage; and Economic and Social Impact. An index is provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Economic impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610227 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - INSURANCE INSTITUTE FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY - TWENTY YEARS OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS PY - 1989 SP - 48 p. AB - This publication presents a concise history of the accomplishments of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety over the twenty-year period 1969-1989. Highlights are included of the Institute's work and its payoffs, some of which were realized long after the research was conducted. KW - History KW - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610231 AU - Lindeijer, J E AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS (DRL). A MASTER PLAN FOR AN EVALUATION STUDY IN THE NETHERLANDS PY - 1989 SP - 48 p. AB - This master plan contains the basic research activities to enable a sound evaluation study of the effect of daytime running lights (DRL). Its aims are to: 1) provide an overview of the projects as well as activities and their interrelationships; 2) provide insight into the outcome of the overall study; 3) show how the results of this study may be used; and 4) define the nature, scope and organization of the activities. The plan is divided into the following projects: (Project A) Evaluation: accident study; (Project B) Evaluation: use of DRL; (Project C) Evaluation: public acceptance; (Project D) Theoretical interpretation; (Project E) Demonstration project Dordrecht; (Project F) International guidance for the Dutch study; (Project G) Guidance for the development of technical aids; and (Project H) Cost-benefit analysis and reporting. KW - Acceptance KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cooperation KW - Crashes KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Research KW - Technology KW - Theory KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355720 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610226 JO - Publication of: Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine TI - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE, IN COOPERATION WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND AND THE MARYLAND INSTITUTE FOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES, PROCEEDINGS, 33RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND, OCTOBER 2-4, 1989 PY - 1989 SP - 439 p. AB - Thirty-seven papers presented at the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) 33rd annual conference are included. Topics addressed are as follows: alcohol and other drugs - injury, accidents, drinking driver; pediatric trauma; environmental issues - 65 mph; trucks - accidents, fatal accidents, violations; crash characteristics of middle age and elderly drivers; injury severity and disability assessment, scoring and societal costs; and occupant crash protection - child safety seats, safety belt use laws, comfort, airbags. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Age groups KW - Aged drivers KW - Air bags KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Comfort KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Disabling injury KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury characteristics KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Middle-aged persons KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Utilization KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358345 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610221 JO - Publication of: Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland PB - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland AU - Arajarvi, E AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - MAXILLOFACIAL, CHEST AND ABDOMINAL INJURIES SUSTAINED IN SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS SN - 951-9151-76-1 PY - 1989 SP - 102 p. AB - In Finland the Boards of Accident Investigation of Insurance Companies investigated in detail almost all severe traffic accidents involving one or more victims dying within 30 days of the accident. The basic materials used in the present studies consisted of 3564 fatalities between 1972 and 1983 and 4169 fatalities between 1972 and 1985 investigated by the boards. Maxillofacial injury was the most important cause of death in 20 cases between 1972 and 1983, and in 84 cases maxillofacial injury was one of the three most important causes of death. Thirteen of those 84 victims had reached the hospital and had then died within 30 hours. Case records of these 13 victims were analysed, focusing especially on the mechanism leading to the fatal outcome. The immediate cause of death in victims who died of maxillofacial injury was aspiration of blood. There was no evidence of obstruction of the upper airways by either a crushed maxilla or a retropositioned tongue in any of the cases. The combined effect of brain concussion or contusion with bleeding facial injury may lead to asphyxia and can be fatal even after reaching the hospital. Chest injuries were the second-most-important cause of death in motor traffic accidents and led to death in 207 seatbelt wearers between 1972 and 1985. Autopsy and hospital case records were manually analysed. Aortic ruptures (37.1%), heart ruptures (28.4%), bilateral lung contusions (31.3%) and lacerations (15.5%) were the four most common chest injuries leading to the fatal outcome. The most important chest injury leading to the fatal outcome was rupture of the aorta, representing 98 cases. Exact information as to rupture localization and size was available in 68 cases. A comparison with 72 randomly chosen unbelted victims who died in comparable accidents indicated that unbelted victims were more apt to sustain aortic ruptures in the ascending part of the aorta (often caused by the steering wheel), while seatbelt wearers more often suffered ruptures of the distal descending aorta associated with thoracic vertebral fractures. During the period 1972-1983, 30 seatbelt wearers died, abdominal injury being the leading cause of fatal outcome. Liver injuries were the major abdominal cause of fatality. KW - Abdomen KW - Fatalities KW - Finland KW - Injuries KW - Injury classification KW - Manual safety belts KW - Maxillofacial injury KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610238 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - 1988 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS, STATE OF NEBRASKA, ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1989 SP - 32 p. AB - This annual report provides an overview of Nebraska's traffic accident data for 1988. It is organized as follows: Part I - Overview; Part II - 1988 Data; and Part III - Accident Trends. In 1988, there were 234 fatal accidents, 14,892 injury accidents and 24,272 property damage only (PDO) accidents in Nebraska. There were 22,214 persons injured and 261 fatalities. Further data are provided on: first harmful event, surface condition, type of roadway, day of week, time of accident, age of drivers and casualties, injury severity by restraint usage, motorcycle fatalities, driver sex, vehicle body style, intersection and non-intersection accidents, alcohol involvement, and contributing circumstances. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Contributing factors KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Intersections KW - Loss and damage KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycles KW - Nebraska KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610232 AU - SCHREUDER, D A AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF STREET LIGHTING AND THE TRAFFIC SAFETY. A PRELIMINARY STUDY PY - 1989 SP - 43 p. AB - The preliminary study of the relationship between the level of street lighting and traffic safety consisted of three parts: (1) a state-of-the-art study; (2) a survey of the energy saving measures taken to date; and (3) a pilot study. Part 1 involved an update of a 1983 literature survey. This additional literature survey has been published (Schreuder, 1988). Part 2, a survey of energy saving measures taken to date, was accomplished by the bureau for industrial and professional research INDIS, and the results have been published. The conclusions from the first two parts of the preliminary study supported the recommendation to undertake the third part of it as well. The third part, a pilot study, is discussed in this report. It deals with the relationship between accidents and lighting characteristics. The pilot study was made in three towns in the Netherlands: Leeuwarden, Amsterdam-West and Utrecht. As data from Utrecht were delayed, this report is based on the data from Leeuwarden and Amsterdam-West. KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Relationships KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608588 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1988 PY - 1989 SP - 40 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident statistics for the state of Arizona for the year 1988. The contents are organized as follows: Highlights and historical trends; Geographic location (Accidents by counties, cities, state highways); Accident descriptions (Weather and road conditions, first harmful event, time, day, month, multi-vehicle accidents); Motor vehicle and driver characteristics (Registration, vehicle type, licensed drivers, physical condition, age of drivers, accident causes); Alcohol-related accidents (Age of drivers, history, type of accident, time elements); Pedestrian and pedalcyclist (Age and action of victims, physical condition, history); Motorcycle accidents (Age, physical conditions, helmets, accident type, time); and School bus accidents (Injuries, fatalities, history). KW - Age KW - Arizona KW - Bicycles KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Road conditions KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608583 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1989 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1989 SP - 48 p. AB - This publication provides a comprehensive source of motorcycle statistics. Included are statistics on market volume, manufacturers and distributors, the retail marketplace, motorcycle usage, and the motorcycle owner. Scooters and all terrain vehicles are included; mopeds and nopeds are excluded. Other national motorcycle organizations are listed and a subject index is provided. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Distributors KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Industries KW - Market research KW - Market volume KW - Marketing KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Retail trade KW - Sales KW - Scooters KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351384 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608518 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Rodriguez, L AU - Bogett, W R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SCALING INJURY SEVERITY AND EFFECTS PY - 1989 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 73-83 AB - When assessing products to be introduced into the stream of commerce, judgments must be made which consider and balance many characteristics of the product system, including the safety of users and bystanders. Many guidelines and criteria exist for quantifying product performance, maintainability, reliability, cost, and so on, but safety is not easily measured in objective terms. Experience in courts has shown that the traditional methods of safety evaluation tend to be unacceptable to society as represented in juries. In the opinion of the authors, one of the main reasons for this is that traditional methods do not include a societal perspective. These methods of evaluation tend to concentrate on the costs and benefits from a business perspective and do not adequately treat the viewpoint and values of society. This paper discusses the development of a weighting scale that indicates the effects of product-related injury severity levels relative to one another when assessed from society's perspective as reflected by jury verdicts returned in personal injury litigation. It suggests an approach that allows consideration of this societal perspective in the evaluation of safety-related concerns and their potential resolutions. KW - Externalities KW - Injury severity KW - Litigation KW - Social benefits KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608573 AU - KRAAY, J H AU - Dijkstra, A AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE: FROM TRAFFIC HUMPS TO INTEGRATED URBAN PLANNING PY - 1989 SP - 15 p. AB - As is already known, many traffic and transport problems over the last 20 years have for a large part been caused by a strong increase in the ownership and use of motor cars. The core of this problem lies with the large amount of space taken up by motorised traffic, the danger to traffic safety particularly for pedestrians, cyclists and moped riders, the experience of traffic safety and damage to the environment. These problems are most urgent in urban areas. In this paper an overview is given of infrastructural measures in the Netherlands over the last 15 years. Their feasibility and their consequences for traffic safety are stated. In addition to the clearly positive results which can be achieved by using diverse measures in residential areas, reference is made to the fact that around 80% of accidents take place on the main traffic arteries in cities and that this is an area in which more progress can be made. Reducing the number of traffic accidents is one single aspect of improving traffic amenities. Environmental aspects are also influenced positively through effects such as less exhaust fumes and less noise and vibrations. Above all, the opinions about the traffic environment improve. An area-geared approach to traffic safety has more chance of succeeding than taking incidental measures. It is also becoming increasingly apparent that an integrated municipal approach to traffic safety, by a concentration of forces at various municipal levels, for example, is more effective. Local civic organisations should also participate in this concentration. KW - Arterial highways KW - City planning KW - Environmental impacts KW - Improvements KW - Safety KW - Streets KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351372 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608514 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Kalsher, M J AU - Geller, E S AU - Clarke, S W AU - Lehman, G R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SAFETY BELT PROMOTION ON A NAVAL BASE: A COMPARISON OF INCENTIVES VS. DISINCENTIVES PY - 1989 VL - 20 SP - p. 103-113 AB - Media campaigns employing incentives or disincentives to promote safety belt use were studied by applying an ABA reversal design at two large naval bases with safety belt use mandates in effect. The base police delivered each type of intervention by issuing warning tickets for the disincentive program or by entering the license plate numbers of vehicles with drivers buckled up in a prize drawing for the incentive program. At one navy base (with a daily entrance/exit traffic volume of approximately 75,000 vehicles), the use of safety belts increased from a baseline of 51% (33,173 observations) to 61% (28,517 observations) during the 4-week incentive program. At the other base (with a daily entrance/exit traffic volume of approximately 46,000 vehicles), the baseline belt use of 55% (17,221 observations) increased to 79% (18,305 observations) during the 3-week disincentive phase. The greater impact of the disincentive program was due almost entirely to a dramatic increase in belt use when vehicles entered the gates guarded by Marines. The impacts of the interventions were equivalent with regard to belt use: (1) on the base, (b) when vehicles exited the base, and (c) during postintervention follow-up phases. Males and females increased their safety belt use equivalently during the incentive and disincentive phases; but when the campaigns ended, females showed significantly more response maintenance than males. Cost-effectiveness comparisons are discussed, as well as specific needs for follow-up investigation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Disincentives KW - Effectiveness KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601068 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDED TO IMPROVE SAFETY AND MOBILITY OF OLDER DRIVERS. HELD AT THE LISTER HILL CONFERENCE CENTER, NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE, BETHESDA, MARYLAND, ON AUGUST 23-24, 1989 PY - 1989 SP - 110 p. AB - The document synthesizes the proceedings of the conference on 'Research and Development Needed to Improve safety and Mobility of Older Drivers,' held August 23 and 24, 1989. A key objective of the conference was to identify the research required to minimize older driver risk while maximizing older driver mobility. Specifically, conference participants presented and reviewed the latest research findings in functional areas related to driving abilities. They also identified researchable issues that apply specifically to the needs of the older driver. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Driver age KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Mobility KW - Needs assessment KW - Personnel performance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25807/DOT-HS-807-554.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602645 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TWELFTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, MAY 29 - JUNE 1, 1989, GOTEBORG, SWEDEN. PROCEEDINGS, VOLUME 1 PY - 1989 SP - 805 p. AB - This publication contains the papers from the Twelfth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. There are two volumes. This volume, Volume 1, contains the welcoming address, keynote address, government status reports, and papers from the following technical sessions: 1A: Motor Vehicle Safety of Children and the Elderly; 1B: Heavy Truck Safety; 2A: Frontal Crash Protection; 2B: Accident Investigation and Data Analysis; 3A: International Harmonization--The Current Approach and The Future; 3B: Future Motor Vehicle Safety Research Needs; and 4A: Biomechanics and Dummy Development. Papers that were not presented (identified as Written Only Papers) are included. The panel discussions are also included. KW - Aged KW - Anthropometry KW - Biophysics KW - Children KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Research KW - Safety vehicles KW - Standardization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602646 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TWELFTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, MAY 29 - JUNE 1, 1989, GOTEBORG, SWEDEN. PROCEEDINGS, VOLUME 2 PY - 1989 SP - 691 p. AB - This publication contains the papers from the Twelfth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. There are two volumes. This volume, Volume 2, contains papers from the following technical sessions: 4B: Crash Avoidance; 5A: Side Impact Occupant Protection; 5B: Evaluation and Assessment; 6A: Pedestrian Impact Protection; and 6B: Motorcycle Safety. Papers that were not presented (identified as Written Only Papers) are included. The panel discussions are also included. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Assessments KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety KW - Safety vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601810 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES (12TH). HELD IN GOETEBORG, SWEDEN ON MAY 29-JUNE 1, 1989. VOLUMES 1 AND 2 PY - 1989 SP - 1495 p. AB - The report is a 2-volume set of proceedings which detail the safety research efforts underway worldwide. The conference took place May 29-June 1, 1989 in Goteborg, Sweden and was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Research KW - Safety programs KW - Safety vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601624 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER. A PILOT TEST PROGRAM. A REPORT TO CONGRESS. FEBRUARY 1989 PY - 1989 SP - v.p. AB - This document reports on the 1-yuear pilot test program of the National Driver Register (NDR) electronic referal system as required by the NDR Act of 1982. The purpose of NDR is to prevent the issuance of driver's licenses to drivers whose licenses have been withdrawn or denied, especially those convicted of drunk driving. This document describes the background to the study, the problem driver pointer system (PDPS), the pilot test program, findings and conclusions. The findings and conclusions address the technology utilized, and the achievements, and projected accomplishments. KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver records KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - National Driver Register KW - Problem drivers KW - Revocation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496487 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1988 TO DECEMBER 31, 1988 PY - 1989 SP - 157 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during calendar year 1988 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 152 recall campaigns involving 3,170,281 domestic motor vehicles, 45 recall campaigns involving 1,315,100 foreign motor vehicles, 26 recall campaigns involving 7,296,603 units of domestic equipment, 2 recall campaigns involving 208 units of foreign equipment, 11 recall campaigns involving 213,562 domestic tires, and 1 recall campaign involving 1,413 foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496493 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1989 TO MARCH 31, 1989 PY - 1989 SP - 58 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during the first quarter of 1989 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483931 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WINNING COMBINATION: AN ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUG, AND TRAFFIC SAFETY HANDBOOK FOR COLLEGE CAMPUSES PY - 1989 SP - 374 p. AB - A manual is presented which provides detailed guidance on setting up alcohol and drug abuse programs on college campuses with an emphasis on traffic safety. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - College students KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Handbooks KW - Manuals KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493999 AU - ElHabash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 180 DEG FIXED FLAT BARRIER IMPACTS OF A 1983 FORD THUNDERBIRD 2-DOOR COUPE IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1989 SP - 82 p. AB - The purpose of the three 180-degree fixed flat barrier impact tests was for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. The 1983 Ford Thunderbird was equipped with a 3.8 liter, 6-cylinder, inline gas engine with a 3-speed automatic transmission. The intended total test weight of the vehicle was 3582 pounds. The actual weight was 3563 pounds, including 250 pounds of steel plate ballast secured in each driver's and right front passenger's side. The crash event was recorded by two high speed cameras. KW - Algorithms KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493996 AU - ElHabash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 270 DEG CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1985 NISSAN SENTRA 2-DOOR COUPE IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1989 SP - 95 p. AB - Three contoured moving barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the CRASH III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1985 Nissan Sentra 2-door coupe. KW - Algorithms KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494035 AU - ElHabash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF 270 DEGREE CONTOURED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT INTO A 1983 FORD TEMPO 4-DOOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1989 SP - 95 p. AB - Three 270 degree contoured moving barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the Crash III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1983 Ford Tempo 4-door sedan, VIN 2FABP21R2EB119435, at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio. Results of three tests conducted on one vehicle are provided. KW - Algorithms KW - Barrier types KW - Contours KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Impact studies KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490308 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUPERGIRL. TEACHERS GUIDE PY - 1989 SP - 3 p. AB - This guide and educational kit is a novel approach to motor vehicle safety for use in classrooms. The guide consists of 5 sections. The first section, 'un-making the myths' comments on some widely held safety myths. The second, 'what are your risks?' helps students evaluate the extent of their own risk of health and injury problems. The next sections, 'how fast are you?' and 'how strong are you?' shows what happens in a crash and help them better appreciate the fact that safety belts do make a difference. The last section consists in surveying the students for what they would do. KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Students KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489474 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROJECT GRADUATION. FRIENDS FOR LIFE PY - 1989 SP - 24 p. AB - This pamphlet describes Maine's Project Graduation, an effort to promote chemical-free graduation parties, initiated by a team of school and comminity members, kids and adults. The highly successful effort was launched in 1980, and spread to 86 schools. In 1983, in the 6-week period during which the project operated (May 15 through June 30), not a single teenager died in an alcohol- or drug-related crash. It is described as a process including a series of events - parties and other activities - and relationships between students, adults and the community. The final ingredient in planning a successful project is publicity. Feature films video games, video concerts, sunrise breakfasts, weight lifting, saunas, miniature golf, and even hot air balloons are some events that may be included. Suggestions are made on getting the project started and organized. An appendix describes more ways to maximize success among students and parents. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Students UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299091 ER - TY - SER AN - 00553551 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - PARTYKA, S C TI - PROJECTED LIVES SAVINGS FROM GREATER BELT USE PY - 1989 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashes KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318280 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608587 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - PREMATURE MORTALITY DUE TO ALCOHOL-RELATED MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC FATALITIES - UNITED STATES, 1987 PY - 1988/12/16 VL - 37 IS - 49 SP - p. 753-755 AB - In 1987, an estimated 23,630 persons were killed in alcohol-related motor vehicle traffic crashes. These fatalities accounted for an estimated 783,304 years of potential life lost (YPLL) before age 65. Estimates were based on data recorded by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), and they represented 55.3% of all YPLL due to motor vehicle traffic crashes. Males accounted for more than three-quarters of the YPLL due to alcohol-related and alcohol-intoxication-related motor vehicle traffic crashes. In 1987, the alcohol-related motor vehicle traffic YPLL rate per 100,000 persons was 366.8. Males had an alcohol-related motor vehicle traffic YPLL rate that was 3.4 times that for females. KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Mortality rates KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States KW - Years of potential life lost UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732398 AU - Farina, A J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF TWO PASSIVE ALCOHOL SENSOR DEVICES PY - 1988/12 SP - 26 p. AB - Passive alcohol sensing devices are designed to detect the presence of alcohol in a person's normally-expelled breath; they are "passive" in that one is not required to blow into a mouthpiece as with conventional breath test devices. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) tested two such devices [Lion Alcolmeter PAS and a modified version of the Alcolmeter, the P.A.S. (trademark)] in the laboratory in two separate studies. The effects of several operational variables (subject-to-sensor distance, breath force, temperature, alcohol concentration level, crosswinds, and potential contaminants) on device performance were examined. The main finding was that each device was able to discriminate among differing alcohol air samples to a useful degree under laboratory conditions. Testing confirmed the need for strict adherence to recommended operating procedures regarding storage temperatures, avoidance of crosswinds, and proper measurement distance. Quality control was a problem in the P.A.S. (trademark) prototypes. The NHTSA findings are limited in that they were conducted under laboratory conditions which do not reflect all the factors relevant to use of these devices. Issues such as quality control, long-term reliability, evasive strategies of non-cooperating drivers, and the legal status of passive-sensing technology were not formally examined. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Operating rules KW - Passive alcohol sensors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prototypes KW - Quality control KW - Random breath tests KW - Sensors KW - Variables UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25787/DOT-HS-807-394.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611065 AU - Hagge, R A AU - Marsh, W C AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPACT OF PROVISIONAL LICENSING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 107 p. AB - California Senate Bill 483 (Chapter 776, 1982) authorized the California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) to establish a demonstration Provisional Driver License Program for drivers under 18 years of age. DMV implemented this program on October 1, 1983. The present report addresses the impact of provisional licensing on 1) statewide accident rates of young teenagers in California, 2) individual driver records of young teenage licensees, and 3) administrative process measures related to individual drivers. An evaluation of the provisional postlicensing control system is also included. The findings of the study provide evidence that provisional licensing reduced by 5.3% the rate of accidents involving 15-17-year-old drivers. This effect represents an accident avoidance of 2,436 per year. Evidence was also found that the program annually prevented 1,666 accidents, 1,023 convictions for serious offenses, and 27,638 total convictions, and that provisional postlicensing control significantly contributed to these positive effects. It is recommended that provisional licensing be continued and that California consider a variety of program enhancements. KW - California KW - Crash rates KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Impacts KW - Prevention KW - Provisional licensing KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610241 AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EFFECT OF THE 65-MPH SPEED LIMIT ON VEHICLE SPEEDS IN MICHIGAN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 96 p. AB - This report describes a study of vehicle speeds on various highways in the State of Michigan before and after the change to 65 mph was implemented. Speed measurements were made at a number of sites on various classes of roads on three occasions, once before the effective date of the speed change, and twice after. The results of the study indicate that speed changes on freeways where the speed limit was increased averaged 1 to 2 mph. There was some evidence of a speed increase of about the same magnitude on other four-lane roads linked directly to these freeways. There was no evidence of a carryover to nearby two-lane roads. KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Before and after studies KW - Four lane highways KW - Freeways KW - Impacts KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Speed changes KW - Speed measurement KW - Traffic speed KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608579 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - ATTORNEY INVOLVEMENT IN AUTO INJURY CLAIMS PY - 1988/12 SP - 54 p. AB - This study examines the growing involvement of attorneys in the settlement of various kinds of injury claims that arise from automobile accidents, with the main focus on claims made to auto insurance companies. The findings are based on two countrywide surveys conducted by National Family Opinion, Inc. (NFO). A total of 20,000 households were screened from October 1985 through March 1986 to identify those in which a household member had been involved in an auto accident within the previous three years. Respondents also were asked whether anyone had sustained an injury in the crash and whether or not they had talked with an attorney. Some 8,586 households were identified as having been involved in injury-producing auto accidents between October 1982 and March 1986. NFO surveyed 6,400 of those households in September 1986, seeking detailed information about the auto accidents, injuries, economic losses, sources and amounts of reimbursement, involvement of attorneys, and satisfaction with the attorneys and amounts of reimbursement received. Appendix 1 explains the survey methodology. A copy of the survey questionnaire is provided in Appendix 2. KW - Attorneys KW - Automobile insurance KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Questionnaires KW - Reimbursable costs KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351379 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608535 JO - Insurance Review (New York) PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Waddell, J AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - INTOXICATING RESULTS? PY - 1988/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 9-10 AB - Over the past two years, several states have passed laws giving judges an alternative to traditional sentences for first-time drunk-driving offenders: require an "ignition interlock" be installed in their vehicle. Ignition interlock is a device that connects a car's electrical system to a breath analyzer that the driver must blow into to start the car. The system senses breath alcohol and prevents vehicle ignition over a preset limit. The cost of the unit, an average of $42 a month, is usually paid by the offender. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is evaluating the device and, at present, supports the use of ignition interlock in tandem with traditional sanctions, but does not endorse their use as an alternative sentence. KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Drunk driving KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Laws KW - Prevention KW - States KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600511 AU - Monk, M W AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - WILLKE, D T AU - Cohen, D S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOOR LATCH INTEGRITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 99 p. AB - In a study done by the Chi Associates, Inc., moderate correlations were found between the longitudinal and lateral latch failure loads of a vehicle's side door latch and the ejection rate associated with that vehicle. The failure loads were obtained through testing, following the procedures (but not the load limits) outlined in the Laboratory Procedure for FMVSS 206. Ejection rates were calculated using the ejection data from the FARS accident data file and registration data from the POLK data file. This report contains the findings of an investigation done by the Vehicle Research and Test Center (VRTC) to explore the possibility that such a relationship exists. The results of the Chi Associates' study were reviewed and additional testing was conducted in an attempt to validate their findings. Latches from fifteen of the models examined in the earlier study were tested as well as those from ten additional models. Ejection rates were found for all twenty-five models and regressions were performed to determine the levels of correlation between ejection rate and possible independent variables, including latch failure loads and vehicle curb weight. This report concludes an initial phase of this program. Laboratory and data analysis efforts are continuing to investigate door latch integrity. KW - Door latches KW - Ejection KW - Failure KW - Loads KW - Regression analysis KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Variables KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600518 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT TO THE CONGRESS - STATE SAFETY BELT USE GOALS AND PROGRAM STRATEGIES TO INCREASE BELT USE AS REPORTED BY THE STATES IN JULY 1988 PY - 1988/12 SP - 84 p. AB - This report was prepared by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in response to a request by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees. An interim report, which summarized the belt use goals and strategies reported by the States in June 1987, was transmitted to the House and Senate by letter dated April 11, 1988. In June 1988, NHTSA again asked the States to review their goals and strategies of a year ago, and to revise and refine them where necessary. These responses form the basis for this expanded report. In addition, the States were asked to look specifically at what they planned to do to increase occupant protection usage among the hard-to-reach "high risk groups" which are likely to be involved in motor vehicle crashes; such as those living in rural areas, the economically disadvantaged, and youths from 15-24 years of age. KW - Adolescents KW - Disadvantaged persons KW - Drivers KW - Low income groups KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Programs KW - Rural areas KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Strategy KW - Teenage drivers KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496484 AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF STEERING ASSEMBLY COUNTERMEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 166 p. AB - The objective of this research program was to conduct dynamic sled tests to evaluate the safety performance of steering assembly countermeasures, tested individually, in combinations, and as complete systems. In addition, dynamic tests were performed to evaluate the current recommended steering control test procedure, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 203 (Procedure SAE J944a) to determine if it can distinguish between the performance of the various countermeasures and to ascertain if the responses from this test procedure indicate the same trends as the data from the dynamic sled tests. The first requirement of this program was to develop and statically test modified steering system components for the 1981 Chevrolet Citation and 1979 Ford Granada. The modified components were evaluated in a series of 21 sled tests at 30 mph using a Hybrid III dummy. Also developed were two special steering systems called Benefit 1 and Benefit 2 which were tested in a series of eight sled tests. An evaluation of the current steering control test procedure in FMVSS No. 203 was performed with a Tuffy dummy and the torso of a Hybrid III dummy impacted into various steering assemblies at 15 mph and 20 mph. Sixteen baseline sled tests were conducted with the Citation and Granada body bucks. After the evaluation runs of all the modified components, a "best" system, composed of optimum component properties, was developed. The steering systems which ranked highest, based on an evaluation of dummy chest acceleration, chest deflection, and abdominal deflection, were the Benefit 1 and 2 systems. KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Countermeasures KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic tests KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sled tests KW - Steering KW - Steering assembly KW - Steering control KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496480 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION. CURRENT AS OF JANUARY 1, 1989. SEVENTH EDITION PY - 1988/12 SP - 493 p. AB - This Digest is designed for use by anyone interested in State laws related to alcohol/drug use and highway safety. Except as indicated, it provides the reader with the status of such state laws as of January 1, 1989. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Digest also includes two appendices, using the State Law Summary's format, giving (1) the Uniform Vehicle Code's alcohol and drug driving offense provisions and (2) certain criteria for Federal Alcohol Incentive Grant Funds under 23 USC Section 408. KW - Adjudication KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Sanctions KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482417 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIVES SAVED BY CHILD RESTRAINTS FROM 1982 THROUGH 1987. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 22 p. AB - Estimates derived from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) indicate that restraints are very effective in preventing infant (under one year old) and toddler (one through four years old) fatalities. It is estimated that fatality reductions from restraint use between 1982 and 1987 were: 69% for infants in child safety seats; 47% for toddlers in child safety seats; and 36% for toddlers in adult belts. Because many restraints are incorrectly or incompletely used (as reported from detailed observation survey), potential effectiveness is probably higher than the estimates provided here. As child restraint use has increased, the annual number of lives saved has also increased. Based on the methods described here, child safety seats and adult belts used by infant and toddler passenger vehicle occupants saved an estimated: 75 lives in 1982; 105 lives in 1983; 126 lives in 1984; 153 lives in 1985; 166 lives in 1986; and 213 lives in 1987. Child restraints could save many more lives, but use is still low in serious accidents. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Infants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Statistics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25766/DOT-HS-807-371.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480960 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM 1987. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1987 PY - 1988/12 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains information on fatal traffic accidents and fatalities in the United States based on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data file for 1987. Similar information, from 1982 through 1986, is included for comparison purposes where appropriate. Data for 1986 have been updated. The following chapters are included: (1) 1987 fatality overview; (2) alcohol and safety belts; (3) 1987 fatality profile; (4) state statistics; (5) accidents; (6) vehicles; (7) occupants; (8) non-occupants; (9) emergency medical services; and (10) classifications of accident data. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash severity KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Manual safety belts KW - Non-occupants KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558609 AU - TRAVALE, D J AU - LEVAN, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1988 HYUNDAI EXCEL GL 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1988/12 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Excel automobile KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558610 AU - TRAVALE, D J AU - LEVAN, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1988 CHEVROLET CAPRICE 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1988/12 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Caprice automobile KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558468 AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOOR LATCH INTEGRITY PY - 1988/12 SP - 91 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/323078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00445309 AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOOR LATCH SECURITY PY - 1988/12 SP - 91 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/260545 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01414520 AU - Van Dyke, J AU - Womble, K AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - The impact of minimum drinking age laws on fatal crash involvements, an update of the NHTSA analysis PY - 1988/11 IS - DOT HS 807 349 SP - 7p AB - This report updates an analysis of the effectiveness of minimum drinking age laws in preventing traffic fatalities among affected age groups originally performed by NHTSA in 1985. The original analysis utilized fatal accident data in thirteen states to conclude that minimum drinking age laws were responsible for a 13 per cent reduction in fatal accident involvements involving affected drivers. The present report utilizes fatal accident data through 1986, or the second change in legal minimum drinking age for the thirteen states included in this original analysis. A slight reduction in estimated effectiveness of 1 per cent was found. It is not possible to determine whether this difference represents a change in effectiveness, or is the result of having a larger pool of data for the analysis (A). KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident statistics KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Drink driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Minimum drinking age KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610249 AU - Blower, D F AU - Campbell, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - MICHIGAN TRUCK TRIP INFORMATION SURVEY (VERSION OCTOBER 28, 1988). FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 64 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in the October 28, 1988, version of the Michigan Truck Trip Information Survey. The survey was conducted on a sample drawn from Michigan registration files of truck tractors with an empty weight over 6,000 pounds. Part 1 documents the truck file, and contains vehicle-level information on the sample of medium and heavy truck tractors selected for study. Part 2 documents the trip file and contains travel information taken on four random days over a period of one year for each vehicle. Overall, the truck file includes information on 1,055 tractors. During the survey year, these tractors took 8,464 trips, which are documented in the trip file. The total travel of the tractors on Michigan roads on survey days was 470,017 miles. KW - Data KW - Data collection KW - Michigan KW - Surveys KW - Travel KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355740 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490090 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Abbott, L AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - PURSUIT DRIVING PY - 1988/11 VL - 57 IS - 11 SP - p. 7-11 AB - Each year, the California Highway Patrol (CHP) makes over 4 million vehicle enforcement stops. A significant number of these vehicle stops escalate into a pursuit situation. How an officer responds during a pursuit can mean the difference between life or death. In a pursuit study conducted by the CHP and published in 1983, of 683 pursuits studied, 130 (19%) of the violators attempted to flee to avoid being arrested for driving while under the influence. Other common reasons included avoiding a citation, fleeing in a stolen vehicle, and avoiding an arrest for a penal code violation. The first stage in a pursuit is the decision of whether or not to stop the violator. The second stage is when the violator becomes aware of the officer's intention to pull the car over and he or she decides to evade arrest. The third and final stage is when the officer decides to pursue the violator. Conditioning, attitude, and training each play an important role in bringing a pursuit to a conclusion without injury to the officer, the suspect, or the public. Also important is a comprehensive written pursuit policy to enhance the officer's ability to make key judgment decisions during a pursuit. Each of these requirements is discussed in detail in this article. KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Police pursuit driving KW - Policy KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600510 AU - WILLKE, D T AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT SUB-SYSTEM TEST DEVELOPMENT: MVMA THORACIC IMPACTOR TEST PROCEDURE AND EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 108 p. AB - In the last several years, much attention has been devoted to the subject of side impact safety in passenger cars. An earlier study performed by the VRTC investigated the feasibility of performing sub-system, or component, level tests to assess thoracic injury potential in cars. During fiscal year 1985, the MVMA sponsored the development of a thoracic sub-system test device and associated procedures. This device was borrowed and installed at the VRTC. This report contains the findings from a study done to evaluate the MVMA impactor and its associated procedures. This required the development of additional test procedures and parameters by the VRTC. The impactor/procedures were evaluated on their function as a hardware/software/data acquisition system, as well as on their ability to produce responses that could be used for thoracic injury assessment. Three series of tests were performed using the impactor. First, its capability to distinguish between padded and unpadded door conditions was examined. Next, its ability to distinguish among various cars and between good and poor door/side structure designs was explored. Also, the results of one of the series of sub-system tests were compared to those from corresponding side impact crash tests. Finally, general usage of the device allowed for evaluation on various mechanical and software aspects of the impactor and its operating systems. KW - Crash injury research KW - Doors KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Impactors KW - Side crashes KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle padding KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558590 AU - TRAVALE, D J AU - LEVAN, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1988 PONTIAC BONNEVILLE 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1988/11 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Bonneville automobile KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481068 AU - FRANK, J F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FURTHER LABORATORY TESTING OF IN-VEHICLE ALCOHOL TEST DEVICES PY - 1988/11 SP - 20 p. AB - This technical report presents the results of laboratory testing of three models of commercially available in-vehicle alcohol test (IVAT) devices. These devices are designed to prevent persons with alcohol on their breath above a preset threshold from starting and driving a car. The models tested were: The Autosense, the Guardian Interlock and the Safety Interlock devices. Features of these devices designed to make them more difficult to circumvent were also evaluated. Laboratory findings indicate that, except for one of the Guardian units, the IVAT devices tested consistently identified low as well as high BAC users (0.04% or above) who followed instructions. Regarding the use of bogus breath samples as a circumvention strategy, none of the devices was totally successful in protecting against this circumvention strategy. However, the one unit with a temperature sensor, Safety Interlock, demonstrated that such a sensor, set at the appropriate temperature range, can make it more difficult to circumvent the device. Regarding the use of filtered air samples as a circumvention strategy, none of the devices was totally successful in protecting against this circumvention strategy. However, the Autosense device, with its higher pressure requirement, protected againt one type of filtered air sample. The Guardian Interlock device, with its Controlled Breath Pulse Access (CBPA), is the only device which imposes a start-up requirement on its users. Preliminary tests using a small sample of sober, volunteer subjects suggests that this strategy may be helpful in deterring or preventing a sober bystander from starting someone's car. In summary, even with special features designed to prevent circumvention, it can be concluded that a motivated individual, with preplanning and some knowledge, can fool the devices tested. However, it is inappropriate to generalize these results to all current or future units. Additionally, these data do not address how well these devices will perform under real-world field conditions. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25798/DOT-HS-807-333.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558589 AU - TRAVALE, D J AU - LEVAN, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1988 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1988/11 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Taurus automobile KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558611 AU - TRAVALE, D J AU - LEVAN, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1988 CHEVROLET SPRINT 3-DOOR HATCHBACK AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1988/11 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Side crashes KW - Sprint automobile KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490810 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE COMMUNITY & LAW ENFORCEMENT. TEAMING UP TO SAVE LIVES PY - 1988/11 SP - 12 p. AB - The importance of establishing an occupant protection program to increase use of safety belts and child safety seats is pointed out, and it is noted that such a program should include an information and education campaign, community participation and involvement of law inforcement agenices. This booklet provides information which will help community leaders schedule their first meeting with law enforcement officials and work together to increase compliance with child safety seat and safety belt use laws. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Community action programs KW - Compliance KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Police UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490087 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - HOW TO SOLVE RAINY DAY CAR PROBLEMS PY - 1988/11 VL - 52 IS - 11 SP - p. 37-38 AB - Moisture in the ignition system causes most wet-weather vehicle difficulties. As a car is driven in the rain, water splashes into the engine compartment and can short out the engine's spark plugs. Heat from the engine also can cause condensation to form and enter the ignition system, causing the engine to fail. Suggestions for solving these rainy-day problems are: (1) a sputtering vehicle should be moved out of traffic, be put in neutral, accelerator pedal depressed slightly to cause the engine to idle fast, and, if the engine runs smoothly within a minute, be returned to the road; (2) a stalled car that will not restart should be towed to where a mechanic is available to diagnose to the problem and, if it is due to moisture, to dry the parts thoroughly. Additional information is provided in this article concerning proper car maintenance to prepare for wet-weather driving. KW - Automobiles KW - Engine hesitation KW - Engine operation KW - Engine performance KW - Engine power loss KW - Ignition systems KW - Moisture content KW - Power loss KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Rain KW - Spark plugs KW - Storms KW - Troubleshooting KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302329 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490069 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Engs, R C AU - Hanson, D J AU - U.S. Public Health Service TI - UNIVERSITY STUDENTS DRINKING PATTERNS AND PROBLEMS: EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF RAISING THE PURCHASE AGE PY - 1988/11 VL - 103 IS - 6 SP - p. 667-673 AB - An extensive review of the literature on college students' drinking patterns and problems since the mid-1930s revealed no radical changes over the past several decades. However, during the past 10 years, drinking and problems related to drinking and driving have gradually decreased among college students. Results of a study of students at the same 56 colleges and universities throughout the United States (3,145 in 1982-83, 2,797 in 1984-85, and 3,375 in 1987-88) revealed few changes in collegiate drinking patterns and problems attributable to the nationwide increase in the minimum age for alcohol purchase. There was a decline in the proportion of students who drank in the period during which the law changed. However, the proportion of students categorized as heavy drinkers remained constant over time and the proportion of underage students (81%) who drank was higher than the proportion of legal age students who drank (75%). Of 17 problems related to drinking, all but 5 remained stable over the time periods. Three of the problems represent the continuation of an established trend of fewer students indicating drinking and driving-related problems. As discussed in this paper, creative alcohol programming can assist in controlling alcohol abuse among college students. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - College students KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Patterns KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302318 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490070 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Williams, G D AU - Grant, B F AU - Stinson, F S AU - Zobeck, T S AU - Aitken, S S AU - NOBLE, J AU - U.S. Public Health Service TI - TRENDS IN ALCOHOL-RELATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY PY - 1988/11 VL - 103 IS - 6 SP - p. 592-597 AB - Two major trends regarding alcohol use and consequences of alcohol abuse in the United States are showing significant improvement. Continued declines are evident in age-adjusted rates of liver cirrhosis mortality, and per capita alcohol consumption is at its lowest level in 15 years. Two other trends, however, are less clear. After declining in 1982 and continuing through 1984, alcohol-related morbidity--as measured by principal diagnoses listed on short-stay, community hospital discharges--showed a slight increase in 1985. Similarly, after declining every year but one since 1981, alcohol-related motor vehicle fatalities showed a significant increase in 1986. The downward trends suggest that progress is being made in efforts to reduce alcohol-related deaths and morbidity, but there are no easy explanations for any of the trends. Reductions in liver cirrhosis death rates may reflect coding changes in liver disease categories, less chronic heavy drinking, or better medical care. Lower per capita alcohol consumption may indicate the public's increased awareness of drinking risks or the aging of the U.S. population. Ironically, the recent increase in alcohol-related motor vehicle fatalities may reflect stronger enforcement of drunk driving laws and increased BAC (blood alcohol content) testing. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Mortality rates KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608548 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Carley, L AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - WHEN A SIMPLE ALIGNMENT BECOMES A REPEAT JOB, THERE MAY BE AN OVERSIGHT PY - 1988/10 VL - 60 IS - 10 SP - 4 p. AB - This article offers some guidelines for doing a front end alignment. It reviews the three conditions that must be met for a four-wheeled vehicle to travel in a straight line, then discusses how to achieve each of these conditions. KW - Front end alignment KW - Guidelines KW - Vehicle front end KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354299 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608555 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Fife, D AU - Whitfield, R A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - HISTORICAL CHANGES IN MOTOR VEHICLE DEATH RATES AMONG THE ELDERLY PY - 1988/10 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - p. 393-398 AB - Motor vehicle death rates among the elderly decreased substantially between 1940 and 1980, while the number of registered motor vehicles in the United States increased fourfold and death rates from motor vehicle injury changed little for the entire population. The annual death rate per 100,000 males aged 75-79 declined from 120 in 1940 to 41 in 1980. Much of the decrease can be attributed to reduced pedestrian deaths. Rates for other elderly age and sex groups showed similar patterns but the rates were lower and the changes smaller. Displaying age-specific motor vehicle death rates by birth cohort provides a graphic demonstration that these death rates have decreased markedly for all age groups 60 and older. Implications and possible causes of this decrease are discussed. KW - Aged KW - Death rate KW - Fatalities KW - History KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Time series KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354306 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608523 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - AUTO INSURANCE: WHAT COVERAGES DO YOU NEED? WHICH COMPANIES OFFER BETTER SERVICE? WHICH COMPANIES OFFER LOWER PREMIUMS? PY - 1988/10 VL - 53 IS - 10 SP - p. 622-636 AB - Given the potentially high cost of auto insurance, it makes sense to shop for it at least as carefully as you would shop for an auto. This report (1) provides information on which types of auto insurance coverage to buy, (2) rates the claims service provided by 51 insurance companies, and (3) compares the premiums of the largest insurers in 10 states, ranked by quality of claims service. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Coverage KW - Insurance KW - Insurance rates KW - Level of service KW - Service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354274 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608549 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Carley, L AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - THINGS HAVEN'T CHANGED: STILL A NEED TO HAVE ALL FOUR WHEELS IN LINE PY - 1988/10 VL - 60 IS - 10 SP - p. 10-13 AB - The primary objective of four-wheel alignment, which some prefer to call "total" wheel alignment, is to align all four wheels so they're not only square with their partner, but so they're also square to the wheels on the other axle and square to the vehicle's centerline. This article offers some guidelines for achieving four-wheel alignment. KW - Guidelines KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Wheel alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354300 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608550 JO - Insurance Review (New York) PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Crawford, A P AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - "OPERATION GREENLIGHT" MADE CAR THIEVES SEE RED PY - 1988/10 VL - 49 IS - 10 SP - 4 p. AB - In a joint undertaking that represents a significant trend in cooperation between the insurance industry and law enforcement, Continental, Prudential Property and Casualty Company, and Crum & Foster put up approximately $100,000 for "Operation Greenlight", a sting operation that recovered over 200 stolen cars and resulted in the conviction of 70 defendants. These cooperative ventures, however, sometimes evoke mixed feelings. For example, Operation Greenlight did not result in any direct benefit to Continental. The only benefit obtained by Continental was crime deterrence and the prospect that criminals, the insurance industry and the public itself would begin to think differently about insurance-related crimes. In that light, the company feels its effort has been a tremendous success. Another area of concern is fake paperwork. Bringing the crooks capable of forging and marketing legal and financial documents to justice is considerably more complex than a hit-and-run sting. It demands a more sustained effort. Cooperation between the insurance industry and law enforcement is absolutely essential. Today statewide insurance fraud task forces exist in nine states. KW - Automobiles KW - Cooperation KW - Deterrence KW - Fraud KW - Insurance industry KW - Law enforcement KW - Safety KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601621 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF FRONTAL BARRIER IMPACTS OF A 1985 FORD ESCORT 3-DOOR HATCH BACK IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REPORMATION PY - 1988/10 SP - 154 p. AB - Six 0 deg flat frontal barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the crash III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1985 Ford Escort 3-door hatchback, VIN IFABP0446W212463, at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio. Six tests were conducted on one vehicle at speeds of 10.1, 19.8, 19.9, 18.2, 19.3, and 30.0 mph. The average cumulative crush were as follows: 2.5, 11.4, 17.0, 21.1, 28.2, and 52.3 respectively. KW - Algorithms KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashworthiness KW - Ford automobile KW - Ford Escort KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496492 AU - Elias, J AU - Hamilton, M AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL CHILD PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION -- THORACIC IMPACT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 47 p. AB - As part of the Pedestrian Protection Program, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is conducting research to reduce pedestrian thoracic injury from contact with vehicle face regions. This initial study addresses child pedestrians in which translational, lateral impact occurs. Accident cases involving small children (ages 2 to 13 years old) were reconstructed in the laboratory using a component surrogate thoracic device developed at the Vehicle Research and Test Center. From these reconstructions, relationships between several injury criteria and observed injury severity levels were developed. Presented in this report are short descriptions of the development of the surrogate thoracic device and the reconstruction methodology. Tentative threshold values are presented for peak chest compression, average rib/spine accelerations (TTI kernel value), and the viscous injury criterion. KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Surrogate thoracic devices KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00484625 AU - Bell, S C AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT VEHICLE ANTILOCK BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM. REPORT NO. 2. EVALUATION OF A FULLY MECHANICAL, TWO CIRCUIT, TWO SENSOR SYSTEM PY - 1988/10 SP - 58 p. AB - Tests were run to evaluate the braking performance of a fully mechanical two circuit, two sensor antilock brake system. Straight line stops, stops in a turn and stops in a lane change were utilized in this evaluation. Test surfaces included dry asphalt, wet asphalt, wet smooth troweled concrete, wet highly polished concrete, wet sealed (Jennite) asphalt and a split (left to right) coefficient of friction roadway. Test speeds ranged from 35 to 60 mph and the vehicle was run empty as well as fully loaded to its Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). Panic (constant pedal force in excess of 100 lbs) and driver best effort (pedal force modulated to keep vehicle under driver directional control) brake applications were made for each test condition. For the panic applications, stops were made with the ABS both active and inactive. Best effort stops were all performed with the ABS off. Additionally the EEC 71-320 Annex X brake tests were run to become familiar with the European method of evaluating antilock brake systems. The report describes the test program and analyzes the data to determine the braking performance gains provided by the antilock system. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Field tests KW - Light vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Speed KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic speed KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558591 AU - TRAVALE, D J AU - LEVAN, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1987 CHEVROLET CAVALIER 4-DOOR SEDAN AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1988/10 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Chevrolet Cavalier KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491053 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER TO PROMOTE OBSERVANCE OF NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVER AWARENESS WEEK. 1988 PY - 1988/10 SP - 39 p. AB - This idea sampler provides a variety of suggestions and alternatives for fighting the problem of drunk and drugged driving. It is a compilation of some of the nation's best and most successful projects. It is also intended to serve as a catalyst for public information and education plans. The basics of planning activities related to the campaign are listed. Continuing programs are described, and sections are presented on the following: drinking and driving facts; the use of safety belts; editorials and announcements for the media; and sources of help and information. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Manual safety belts KW - Media KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490086 AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Campbell, B J AU - Stewart, J R AU - Stutts, J C AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - NORTH CAROLINA'S OCCUPANT RESTRAINT LAW: A THREE YEAR EVALUATION PY - 1988/10 SP - 81 p. AB - This report describes the results of an evaluation of the effectiveness of North Carolina's occupant restraint law with respect to (1) changes in belt use in the population at large; (2) injury reduction in crashes; and (3) enforcement activities at the state and local level. The principal findings are as follows: (1) belt usage during the pre-law baseline period was 25%, during the 15-month warning ticket phase ranged from 41 to 49%, and during the $25 citation phase hit a high of 78% and leveled off at around 60% nearly 1.5 years later, with current usage at nearly 64%; (2) during the 15-month warning phase, serious and fatal injuries to Covered Occupants showed a reduction of 5.4%, and during the $25 citation phase a 14.6% reduction from the forecasted level; and (3) the level of enforcement by the Highway Patrol was 9666 warnings per month during the warning ticket phase, and 4130 $25 citations per month during the first 21 months of the citation phase. The following conclusions were drawn: North Carolina has reached and maintained one of the highest levels of statewide belt usage seen in the United States; serious injury and fatality reduction has been consistent with the comparatively high level of observed belt usage; since the law went into effect (i.e., October 1, 1985), injury reductions are estimated at 179 fewer fatalities, 4343 fewer serious injuries, and 5821 fewer moderate injuries; using motor vehicle accident costs recommended by the Federal Highway Administration, the injury and fatality reductions would represent a savings of over $500 million from October 1985 through June 1988; and there is a need for increased enforcement (particularly at the local level) along with public information and education. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - North Carolina KW - Occupant restraint KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Restraint systems KW - Savings KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490091 AU - Campbell, K L AU - Smith, E J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MVMA SIDE IMPACT TEST DATA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 143 p. AB - Results of a statistical analysis of 40 full-scale side impact tests conducted by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA) to evaluate National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and European test procedures are presented. The first 16 tests were conducted with the NHTSA side impact dummy following the NHTSA-proposed test procedures. The remaining 24 tests were conducted with the European side impact dummy, and included both the NHTSA and European test procedures, as well as a combination of the two. The objectives of the tests were to determine the ability of the test procedures and dummies to discriminate the effects of deliberate changes in the test vehicle, and to evaluate the compatibility of the NHTSA and European test procedures. The effect of door padding was highly significant under all conditions tested for many of the dummy measures (particularly upper body). The ability of the EUROSID to detect the stiffened vehicle side structure was inconsistent. Some of the lower body measures were able to discriminate the changes in side structure when the European barrier face was used. When tested according to the NHTSA procedure, most of the dummy injury measures were higher for the EUROSID as compared to the NHTSA SID. Among the injury measures, the Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) in particular, and deceleration measures in general, had smaller variances and discriminated effects with greater statistical significance. Variability was substantially greater for the Viscous Criterion and deflection measures. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compatibility KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Dummies KW - Europe KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Measurement KW - Side crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing KW - Thoracic trauma index KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Variables KW - Vehicle padding KW - Viscosity KW - Viscous criterion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00550077 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF FRONTAL BARRIER IMPACTS OF A 1985 FORD ESCORT 3-DOOR HATCHBACK IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REFORMATION PY - 1988/10 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Escort automobile KW - Mathematical models KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490808 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES PY - 1988/09/30 SP - 49 p. AB - Tabulated information is presented of recall campaigns and ordering data. Domestic vehicles covered here include those from AM General Corporation, Camp, Chrysler, Coleman, Fleetwood, Flxible, Fontaine Modification, Ford Motor, Freightliner, General Motors, Harley-Davidson, Holiday Rambler, Mack Trucks, Paccar, Thomas Built Buses, Volvo, and Winnebago. Foreign vehicles covered here include those from American Honda, Bayerische Motoren, Cx Automotive, Iveco Truck, Land Rover, Prevost Car, Saab-Scandia, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Western Star Trucks. Domestic equipment (Dana, Holland Hitch, Midas International, RBW Industries, TRW, Victor) and domestic tires (Cooper Tire and Rubber, Firestone Tire and Rubber) are also coverred. KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490092 AU - Cam Rungie and Associates Pty Limited TI - RURAL IN-TOWN RESTRAINT USE SURVEY 1988 PY - 1988/09/08 SP - 27 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study undertaken to determine levels of restraint use by the occupants of passenger vehicles and their derivatives in rural centres of South Australia and metropolitan Adelaide. The study was designed specifically to: compare levels of restraint use between three rural centres of South Australia; contrast daytime levels of restraint use in metropolitan Adelaide in June 1988 with comparable levels of restraint use in June 1987; and compare the levels of restraint use in rural areas with metropolitan Adelaide. A total of 8620 vehicles were surveyed in June 1988 providing a total of 12339 observations of restraint use. The results indicate that in Mt Gambier, 17% of drivers, 19% of front seat passengers and 26% of rear seat passengers do not use restraints. For the Riverland, 26% of drivers, 31% of front seat passengers and 39% of rear seat passengers no not use restraints. For Whyalla, 13% of drivers, 18% of front seat passengers and 36% of rear seat passengers do not use restraints. For metropolitan Adelaide, 6% of drivers, 8% of front seat passengers and 30% of rear seat passengers do not use restraints. When the levels of restraint use observed in Adelaide are compared to the results of a random daytime survey of restraint use conducted in June 1987, the levels of restraint use observed in June 1988 are higher for all three categories of seating position. For drivers restraint use increased by 5.7% from 88.0% to 93.7% For front seat passengers restraint use increased 7% from 84.9% to 91.9%. For rear seat passengers restraint was increased 11.7% from 57.8% to 69.5%. KW - Australia KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Increase KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Rural areas KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607639 AU - Stewart, M G AU - DeBrabant, H R AU - Lieberman, W W AU - Heitsch, R F AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF METHODS AND COSTS TO MARK VEHICLE PARTS FOR THEFT PREVENTION: VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 141 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to provide cost data and information for use in determining the total cost to the consumer for anti-theft parts marking for the 1987 model year. All cost evaluation information has been compiled from components used in the manufacturing of anti-theft tags and application by manufacturers on required components of vehicles. KW - Costs KW - Marking KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parts KW - Prevention KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00580407 AU - Preusser, D F AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Ulmer, R G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOLLOW-UP EVALUATION OF WISCONSIN'S 1982 DRINKING AND DRIVING LAW PY - 1988/09 SP - 36 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/342754 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00611052 JO - Publication of: Department of Transport, Australia PB - Department of Transport, Australia AU - OVE ARUP and Partners TI - SURVEY OF OCCUPANT RESTRAINT: STAGE 2 SN - 0 642 51187 X PY - 1988/09 SP - 54 p. AB - This study was commissioned to provide information on seat belt wearing rates in the Northern Territory and in provincial towns in Victoria and New South Wales. Data were obtained through observation of restraint use in Alice Springs and Darwin and in six towns in each of Victoria and New South Wales. A strict sampling frame was followed that ensured as far as possible that a representative sample of road users in the surveyed towns was obtained. The results of this survey were found to be very similar to those of the Stage 1 survey. This lends credence to the conclusion that the results of the two surveys are representative of conditions in provincial towns in Australia. KW - Australia KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358659 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608521 JO - Motorland PB - California State Automobile Association AU - California State Automobile Association TI - MAPPING THE ROUTE TO LOWER INSURANCE RATES: REFORM OR REGULATION? PY - 1988/09 VL - 109 IS - 5 SP - p. 16-19 AB - Spiraling insurance rates in California have prompted a flurry of initiatives to take the issue directly to the voters. As this article went to press, four such initiatives had qualified for the November ballot. Two of these initiatives propose to cut the high legal costs of California's system for compensating auto accident victims by reforming the system. The other two concede that system costs may be high but argue those costs do not fully explain recent rate hikes. They propose increased regulation as a solution to the problem. This article discusses each of these initiatives in greater detail, providing summaries of major provisions of the four initiatives, and including the California Legislative Analysts's estimate of the cost of each measure. KW - California KW - Change KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Insurance rates KW - Legislation KW - Rate regulation KW - Rates KW - Regulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354272 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608520 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Begley, C E AU - Biddle, A K AU - U.S. Public Health Service TI - COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SAFETY BELTS IN TEXAS SCHOOL BUSES PY - 1988/09 VL - 103 IS - 5 SP - p. 479-485 AB - Although safety belts have been shown to reduce the risk of serious injury or death in automobile crashes, evidence of their effectiveness in school buses is uncertain. In this paper, the potential costs and benefits of mandatory safety belts in Texas school buses are estimated, based on the assumption that their effectiveness is less than or equal to rear seatbelt effectiveness in autos. Costs are based on both retrofitting old buses with belts and installing them in new buses. Benefits include the direct and indirect (forgone earnings) cost-savings from preventable injuries and fatalities. Results indicate that a law mandating safety belts in Texas school buses would not be cost-beneficial. Annual benefits would exceed the annual costs of installing belts in new school buses. However, the benefits would not be large enough to compensate for the first-year costs associated with retrofitting old buses. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Retrofitting KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608524 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - CAR CLINIC: AIRING AIR BAGS; PROMISES TO KEEP; POPPING PAINT; MISSING A DIAGNOSIS PY - 1988/09 VL - 165 IS - 9 SP - p. 20, 22 AB - This article provides answers to consumer questions concerning air bags, installing seat covers on Chrysler cars, causes of paint blistering, and excessive engine vibration. Regarding air bags, the following questions are answered: Who repacks a bag after it deploys? Do you consider repacking to be a job for the Saturday mechanic? If the job has to be done by a professional technician, how long will the customer have to be without the car? Is an air bag effective in side-impact accidents? And, can I get an air bag installed in my present car? KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608554 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Mittleman, R E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - CERVICAL AIRWAY INJURIES AS A RESULT OF IMPACT WITH STEERING WHEEL RIM PY - 1988/09 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - 8 p. AB - Motor vehicle occupants may suffer severe airway injuries as the result of impaction with the steering wheel, dashboard, windshield, backseat, and seat belt. Although the steering column is well recognized as a general site of injury infliction, less attention has been directed to components which may be the actual focal point of contact, such as the steering wheel rim. Two cases of cervical airway injury as a result of impact with the steering wheel rim are presented, including one instance of complete laryngotracheal transection. Correlation of injury with crash and post crash sequences as well as the damaged vehicle will often provide excellent crash injury reconstruction. KW - Case studies KW - Cervical airway KW - Forensic medicine KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Steering wheel rim KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354305 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608563 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Beerman, K A AU - Smith, M M AU - Hall, R L AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - PREDICTORS OF RECIDIVISM IN DUIIS PY - 1988/09 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - p. 443-449 AB - The prior driving records of 397 drivers arrested for drinking and driving in the year 1983 were examined with the purpose of comparing biographical factors and variables relating to driving history and arrest circumstance between recidivist and nonrecidivist drinking drivers. Of these drivers, 174 (44%) had more than one arrest within a 12-year study period, while 223 (56%) had only one. Significant differences were found among drivers with different numbers of drinking and driving offenses. Drivers with one or two DUII (driving under the influence of intoxicants) arrests had more nonmoving traffic violations than drivers with three or more DUII arrests. Drinking and driving offenders with higher levels of arrests were more likely to be unemployed, to have a past criminal record, to be arrested for drinking and driving on a weekday during afternoon and early evening hours, to drive with a suspended or revoked license and to refuse a blood alcohol level determination test. In this study DUII offenders with four or more arrests fit the descriptive model of alcoholism. KW - Alcoholism KW - Arrests KW - Crimes KW - Driver records KW - Driving without a license KW - Drunk driving KW - Employment KW - Forecasting KW - Recidivism KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608562 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - George, W H AU - PHILLIPS, S M AU - Skinner, J B AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ANALOGUE MEASUREMENT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION: EFFECTS FOR TASK TYPE AND CORRESPONDENCE WITH SELF-REPORT MEASUREMENT PY - 1988/09 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - p. 450-455 AB - Properties of a widely used measure of analogue alcohol consumption, the taste-rating task, were investigated. It was predicted and found that the taste-rating task led to more frequent sipping, smaller sip volume and a steeper decline in sipping across the 15 min drinking period than a procedurally similar tavern-evaluation task. These data demonstrate that the taste-rating task conveys implicit "how to drink" demands that seem to alter natural drinking topography. Examination of the correspondence between self-report and analogue consumption revealed that preexperimental estimates of typical drinking were significant yet modest predictors of analogue consumption. Moreover, postexperimental estimates of analogue consumption revealed that subjects accurately self-reported laboratory drinking, with taste-rating subjects showing more accuracy. Limitations of taste-rating methodology and directions for further investigation of analogue consumption measures are discussed. KW - Alcohol use KW - Measurement KW - Taste-rating task UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354313 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608519 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Sumchai, A AU - Eliastam, M AU - Werner, P AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - SEATBELT CERVICAL INJURY IN AN INTERSECTION TYPE VEHICULAR COLLISION PY - 1988/09 VL - 28 IS - 9 SP - p. 1384-88 AB - The seatbelt syndrome represents a spectrum of traumatic entities reported in restrained survivors of sudden impact decelerations, who may exhibit bruising of the torso along the site of seatbelt placement. The case is presented of a patient sustaining cervical spine dislocation and quadriplegia attributed to impingement upon a 3-point attachment harness restraint. KW - Case studies KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Spinal column KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607570 AU - Kallieris, D AU - Mattern, R AU - Wismans, J AU - Heidelberg University, West Germany AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARISON OF HUMAN VOLUNTEER AND CADAVER HEAD-NECK RESPONSE IN FRONTAL FLEXION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 74 p. AB - The study compared post-mortem human subject (PMHS) tests conducted at the University of Heidelberg with volunteer tests conducted by the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory (NBDL) in New Orleans. Two PMHS test series similar to the volunteer frontal impacts were carried out, one having an impact severity identical to the most severe human volunteer tests, the second series with higher exposure levels. As a result of the compared collectives in regard to the injury severity, one can determine that the volunteers as well as the PMHS, with some exceptions, suffered minor spinal column injuries. The film analysis shows that the head rotations are larger for the PMHS than for the volunteer tests. Vertical displacements and rotations of T1 are also larger in the PMHS tests than in the volunteer tests. The partly different kinematics and loadings behavior of the test subjects can be obviously explained by differences of muscular tensions in the PMHS and the volunteer test groups. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Frontal crashes KW - Human subject testing KW - Injury severity KW - Kinematics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601620 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REPORT OF FRONTAL BARRIER IMPACTS OF A 1986 FORD TAURUS 4-DOOR SEDAN IN SUPPORT OF CRASH III DAMAGE ALGORITHM REPORMATION PY - 1988/09 SP - v.p. AB - Five 0 deg flat frontal barrier impact tests were conducted for research and development in support of the crash III damage algorithm reformulation. These tests were conducted on a 1986 Ford Taurus 4-door sedan, VIN IFABP29UOGA124513, at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio. Five tests were conducted on one vehicle at speeds of 9.6, 19.8, 20.1, 18.6 and 30.0 mph. The average cumulative crush were as follows: 2.5, 8.1, 14.1, 18.3, and 29.6 respectively. KW - Algorithms KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashworthiness KW - Ford automobile KW - Ford Taurus KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476035 AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - WAVEFORM GENERATOR SIGNAL PROCESSING SOFTWARE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 172 p. AB - This report describes the software that was developed to process test waveforms that were recorded by crash test data acquisition systems. The test waveforms are generated by an electronic waveform generator developed by MGA Research Corporation under contract to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. This waveform generator provides precise, repeatable signals designed to test the performance characteristics (amplitude and timing accuracy, and frequency response) of a data acquisition system. The waveform characteristics, processing algorithms, and instructions for use of the software are described in this report. Complete source listings are provided. KW - Algorithms KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Generators KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Software KW - Testing KW - Waveform KW - Waveform analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496482 AU - Preusser, D F AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Ulmer, R G AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOLLOW-UP EVALUATION OF WISCONSIN'S 1982 DRINKING AND DRIVING LAW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 45 p. AB - A previous study examined the deterrent effects of Wisconsin's 1982 law mandating three to six month license suspension for first-time convicted drinking drivers. This earlier study found that: crashes and violations were reduced during the first three to six months following conviction for convicted drinking drivers (i.e., during the period of suspension); there was statewide reduction in alcohol related crashes for the years 1982 to 1985 suggesting an overall or general deterrent effect of the law; and a 1985 media program in Milwaukee was successful in increasing motorist awareness of the law. The present study extended the analysis of subsequent crashes and violations for convicted drinking drivers to 24 months from the 12 months covered in the original study. The results showed that the effects reported in the earlier study were not diminished during the longer time period. The present study also extended the statewide alcohol related crash data to the year 1986 and found a continuation of the earlier reported crash reduction. Lastly, the present study re-examined driver knowledge and attitudes in Milwaukee and found some continuing effects of the 1985 media program. KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Deterrence KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Knowledge KW - Laws KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recidivism KW - Safety KW - Sanctions KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00559647 AU - Kallieris, D AU - Mattern, R AU - Wismans, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARISON OF HUMAN VOLUNTEER AND CADAVER HEAD-NECK RESPONSE IN FRONTAL FLEXION PY - 1988/09 SP - 68 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Neck UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/323572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558364 AU - TRAVALE, D J AU - LEVAN, W E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1988 TOYOTA TERCELL SIC 5-DOOR LIFTBACK SEDAN AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1988/09 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Tercel automobile KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/325065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479541 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S TRAFFIC SAFETY PLAN FOR OLDER PERSONS PY - 1988/09 SP - 20 p. AB - This plan describes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's views on how to approach the traffic safety issues of older persons. It provides a comprehensive, coordinated program for improving the safety of older persons taking account of the trade-off between safety and mobility. It incorporates the agency's response to the expected recommendations of the Transportation Research Board's study "Improving the Safety and Mobility of Older Persons," as well as other work on the safety of older persons deemed necessary based on an internal planning effort. It includes projects in problem identification, occupant protection, driver licensing, pedestrian safety, consumer information, and vehicle safety. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Consumer information KW - Driver licensing KW - Mobility KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Planning KW - Problem identification KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00554861 AU - McKnight, A J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF A HOST RESPONSIBILITY PROGRAM PY - 1988/09 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education and training KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25791/DOT-HS-807-380.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00440242 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WAVEFORM GENERATOR SIGNAL PROCESSING SOFTWARE PY - 1988/09 SP - 162 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Equipment KW - Testing KW - Waveform KW - Waveform analysis KW - Waveform recognition KW - Waveguides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/253423 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623559 JO - AutoWeek PB - Crain Automotive Group AU - Abrahamson, D AU - Crain Automotive Group TI - TEENS AND CARS: A LETHAL MIX PY - 1988/08/08 VL - 38 IS - 32 SP - p. 17-23 AB - Statistics show that teenage drivers, and in particular male teenage drivers, are at high risk of being involved in a fatal traffic accident. Though those 16 to 19 represent less than 7% of the U.S. population, they account for 17% of all auto fatalities; teenage drivers are responsible for five times as many crash deaths per license holder as drivers over 35; and many of these deaths are young passengers--three-quarters of all passengers killed in cars driven by teenagers are teenagers themselves. Following a review of the statistics, this article discusses two countermeasures that are making a difference. One is restricted licenses. The Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration's experience with provisional licenses for teenagers is offered as an example. Results to date are encouraging--a 10% decrease in traffic convictions and a 5% reduction in accidents. The other countermeasure is Parents. Parents must be more involved in their teenagers' early experiences behind the wheel and not rely so much on school-based driver ed. One study has shown a high correlation between young men's driving records and the driving records of their fathers. In automotive terms, there are many obvious "adult behaviors" that parents can evidence to affect the driving survival of their children. The list of useful things to do is almost endless. And there is one cardinal Don't: Do not, either upon his sixteenth birthday or upon graduation, simply give your son a car. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - Parents KW - Provisional licensing KW - Restrictions KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173208 AU - Salvatore, Santo AU - Mengert, Peter AU - Walter, Robert AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CARDfile Data Base Representativeness Phase I: General Characteristics including Populations, Vehicles, Roads, and Fatal Accidents PY - 1988/08//Project Memorandum SP - 100p AB - This report details the results of an analysis performed to evaluate the representativeness of the Crash Avoidance Research accident data base (CARDfile). The accident records for 1983 and 1984 from six states (Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington) were combined into one data base that now contains 3.2 million accidents that involved 5.6 million vehicles.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) Office of Crash Avoidance (NRD-50) has been using CARDfile to evaluate crash avoidance concepts and to assist in program development. In order to make the best use of CARDfile, it is important to understand how well the accident experience derived from the six CARDfile states represents that of the nation as a whole. KW - Crash avoidance research KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33395/33395.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625487 AU - Pezoldt, V J AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE IMPACT OF RADAR DETECTORS ON HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 139 p. AB - As part of a program to examine the relationship between highway traffic safety and the use of radar detectors, comparisons were made between speed distributions when a detectable radar transmission was present and when it was not. The impact of detectors on speeds varied as a function of the states sampled, highway facility type and vehicle classification. The influence of detectors is seen in reductions in the magnitude of three speed parameters when a detectable radar signal is broadcast. Reductions were observed in mean speed, variability among vehicle speeds and the proportion of vehicles exceeding the speed limit. In general, these reductions are most evident where traffic densities are lower, on higher class facilities where speed limits are higher, and among trucks. The data analyzed for this effort clearly show an influence of radar detectors on traffic behavior when radar is present. This influence can have a negative impact on speed enforcement. Definitive conclusions about the larger issue of the relationship between detectors and traffic safety, however, require resolution of serious methodological issues. The magnitude of the potential negative effect of detectors on traffic safety may be insufficient to warrant further efforts in this regard. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Classification KW - Data analysis KW - Drivers KW - Highway classification KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Radar detectors KW - Speed control KW - Speed distribution KW - Speed reduction KW - Speeding KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620516 AU - Pezoldt, V J AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE IMPACT OF RADAR DETECTORS ON HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY. DRAFT FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 138 p. AB - As part of a program to examine the relationship between highway traffic safety and the use of radar detectors, comparisons were made between speed distributions when a detectable radar transmission was present and when it was not. The impact of detectors on speeds varied as a function of the states sampled, highway facility type and vehicle classification. The influence of detectors is seen in reductions in the magnitude of three speed parameters when a detectable radar signal is broadcast. Reductions were observed in mean speed, variability among vehicle speeds and the proportion of vehicles exceeding the speed limit. In general, these reductions are most evident where traffic densities are lower, on higher class facilities where speed limits are higher, and among trucks. The data analyzed for this effort clearly show an influence of radar detectors on traffic behavior when radar is present. This influence can have a negative impact on speed enforcement. Definitive conclusions about the larger issue of the relationship between detectors and traffic safety, however, require resolution of serious methodological issues. The magnitude of the potential negative effect of detectors on traffic safety may be insufficient to warrant further efforts in this regard. KW - Average travel speed KW - Classification KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Mean-time speed KW - Radar detectors KW - Speed distribution KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362403 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620531 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEMS: SHOPS NEED TO PREPARE FOR THE COMING INVASION PY - 1988/08 VL - 60 IS - 8 SP - 4 p. AB - Anti-lock brake systems prevent wheel-lockup and loss of steering control during panic stops. That is what makes ABS (adaptive brake system) an increasingly popular feature on today's vehicles, which, in turn, is why automotive service technicians have to get up to speed on ABS diagnosis and repair. While only about 4% of 1988 models have ABS, the percentage is expected to grow fast and reach the point where all product lines will be equipped with ABS by the mid-1990s. The three primary systems in use today are described in this article, along with suggestions about where to look first when diagnosing an ABS complaint. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Design KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diagnostics KW - Repairing KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364912 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608552 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Pal, J M AU - Mulder, D S AU - Brown, R A AU - Fleiszer, D M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - ASSESSING MULTIPLE TRAUMA: IS THE CERVICAL SPINE ENOUGH? (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1988/08 VL - 28 IS - 8 SP - p. 1282-84 AB - This retrospective study of multiple trauma patients sustaining spinal column fractures was done to assess whether evaluation of the cervical spine alone is adequate. Sixty-three such patients were identified and further descriptive analyses performed. The majority of spinal fractures occurred not in the cervical spine, but in the thoracic and lumbosacral spine areas. Since a number of these spinal fractures have associated neurologic complications, only by prompt evaluation of the entire spinal column can further injuries be prevented. Based on our data, we feel that patients with multiple injuries and an altered sensorium should have the entire spine protected and evaluated radiologically before being cleared. KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Spinal column KW - Thoracic spine KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354303 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608551 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Hamdy, C R AU - DHIR, A AU - CAMERON, B AU - JONES, H AU - Fitzgerald, GWN AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - SNOWMOBILE INJURIES IN NORTHERN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR: AN 18-YEAR REVIEW (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1988/08 VL - 28 IS - 8 SP - p. 1232-37 AB - The charts of 310 consecutive patients with snowmobile injuries admitted to Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital, St. Anthony, Newfoundland, during the years 1969 through 1986 were reviewed in order to determine the causes and possible ways of prevention of these injuries. There were 237 males and 73 females. Most patients were less than 30 years of age (73%). Drivers represented 57% of the injured. Falling off the machine and collisions were responsible for 60% of the injuries; 3.0% were due to mechanical failure of the snowmobile. The lower limbs and head and neck regions were most commonly affected (42.6 and 27.6%, respectively); less than 10% of the patients were wearing helmets at the time of the accident. We conclude that the human factor was responsible for the majority of the injuries. We recommend enforcement of legislation, intensification of public education about the hazards of driving snowmobiles, and modifications in the design of the engine, especially to provide increased protection for the lower limbs. KW - Age KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Falls KW - Gender KW - Ground transportation crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Human factors KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Mechanical failure KW - Motor vehicles KW - Neck KW - Recommendations KW - Snowmobiles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354302 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608553 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Roye, W P AU - Dunn, E L AU - Moody, J A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - CERVICAL SPINAL CORD INJURY--A PUBLIC CATASTROPHE (WITH DISCUSSION) PY - 1988/08 VL - 28 IS - 8 SP - p. 1260-64 AB - Cervical spine cord injuries continue to be a major cause of death and disability for trauma victims. Motor vehicle trauma results in 500 to 650 quadriplegic patients per year. Most of the patients are cared for at Level I trauma centers which may not have a dedicated rehabilitation facility. Long-term rehabilitation, nursing care, and financial support remain difficult areas in the overall management of these injuries. Seventy-one cervical spine fracture patients were admitted to this medical center over a 2-year period. Twenty-two patients had a neurologic injury, 15 quadriplegic patients, and seven with incomplete deficits. Vehicular trauma was the etiology in 14 injuries; gunshot wounds in five; falls in three. Twelve of these 22 patients had associated injuries, including chest and abdominal trauma. Prolonged stays in the intensive care unit were common (avg.=13.5 days). Bronchoscopy (8/22 patients) and aggressive pulmonary care were constantly needed. Six patients died in the intensive care unit. The average hospital stay of the survivors was 45 days. Three of the 16 surviving patients were ventilator dependent at the time of discharge. Ten patients were discharged to a rehabilitation center, one to a nursing home, and five went home (one on a ventilator). The total hospital charges were $1,250,000. No financial resources were available for five of the 16 surviving patients. Four patients had resources which covered less than 50% of the total charges. Average hospital charges for survivors were $50,370. Maximum reimbursement using all outlier days under DRG 5 would be $12,385. The financial support of initial hospitalization, rehabilitation, and nursing care for these quadriplegic patients is a serious national health care issue. KW - Costs KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Medical costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Spinal column KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354304 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490043 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Preusser, D F AU - LUND, A K AU - Williams, A F AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - BELT USE BY HIGH-RISK DRIVERS BEFORE AND AFTER NEW YORK'S SEAT BELT USE LAW PY - 1988/08 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - p. 245-250 AB - Belt use among drivers traveling on limited access highways was observed before and after New York's mandatory seat belt use law. The results showed that high-speed drivers had lower belt use rates before the law and increased their belt use less in response to the law. Belt use rates before the law were 25%, 29%, and 28% for the high-, medium-, and low-speed groups as compared with 51%, 64%, and 57%, respectively, after the law. High-speed drivers also had inferior previous driving records, confirming their higher risk of motor vehicle crash involvement. KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment KW - Speed KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601618 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING AWARENESS WEEK. A REPORT ON ACTIVITIES DURING 1987 PY - 1988/08 SP - 28 p. AB - This publication presents States' activities during the 6th annual observance of National Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Week which was coordinated in all 50 States by the U.S. Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Every State tried something new or innovative during the Week which other States can use in planning activities in 1988. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601339 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - DIESEL PARTICULATE EXTRACT STUDY. PART II PY - 1988/08 SP - 77 p. AB - Through cooperative research, the Chemical Characterization Panel of the CRC-APRAC Program Group on Composition of Diesel Exhaust has worked to improve characterization of unregulated diesel emissions, and to validate chemical analysis methods for measuring diesel exhaust constituents. This report presents the results of Part II of the CRC-APRAC Diesel Particulate Extract Study, which expanded the previous research to heavy-duty diesel engines operating under transient test conditions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Heavy-Duty Diesel Certification Test Procedures. In 1981, the Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA) and the U.S. EPA Mobile Sources Laboratory (Ann Arbor) initiated a cooperative program to determine inter-laboratory and test-to-test variability of heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust emissions for the Transient Test and 13-Mode Steady-State Cycle Tests. Six heavy-duty diesel engines, typical of production engines in the early 1980s with rated power ranging from 150 to 285 kw (200 to 380 hp), were used in the program. The EMA-EPA round-robin afforded an opportunity to the CRC Chemical Characterization Panel to extend its extraction and characterization studies to include samples involving laboratory and engine variability involving the U.S. EPA Transient Test for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heavy duty engines KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Particulates KW - Test results KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496476 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1985 PY - 1988/08 SP - 141 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) under the Highway Safety Act of 1966. The report covers the period January 1, 1985 through December 31, 1985. The report is divided into two parts. Part I contains information on the NHTSA highway safety program activities in the following areas: highway safety program standards; 402 program management; 402 program activities; alcohol research; alcohol incentive grants; occupant protection; National Occupant Protection Program; Standard No. 208; child safety seats; corporate/employer safety belt usage program; state occupant protection activities; drunk and impaired driving; state and local drunk driving activities; "Targets of Opportunity"; drunk and drugged driving awareness week; prevention and intervention; "TEAM"; police traffic services; emergency medical service; pupil transportation; driver licensing; the driver license compact; the nonresident violator compact; classified driver licensing; administrative adjudication of traffic infractions; driver education; uniformity of traffic laws; pedestrians; motorcycles; enforcement of the 55 mph speed limit; and older drivers. Also included in Part I are various agency activities in support for highway safety, such as the National Driver Register. Part II contains information on highway safety activities within the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), including the FHWA Section 402 Program for FY 1985 and the FHWA Section 403 Program for FY 1985. KW - Highway safety KW - Programs KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496475 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1985 PY - 1988/08 SP - 123 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, as amended. The report is for the period January 1, 1985 through December 31, 1985. During this period, NHTSA continued its policy of addressing highway safety through a balanced approach, concentrating on solutions involving both the vehicle and the driver. Emphasis was placed on efforts to reduce drunk driving and increase the use of occupant protection systems. Financial and technical support was provided to the States for the implementation of age-21 laws, in addition to other alcohol countermeasures. The agency's occupant protection program combined education, enforcement, incentives and news media support to help States and communities in their efforts to increase the usage of safety belts and child safety seats. In addition to highway safety programs, the agency continued its research and rulemaking efforts to improve motor vehicle safety technology. Priorities in the crash avoidance area included lighting, signalling, mirror systems, conspicuity, brakes (particularly for heavy duty trucks) and international harmonization of safety requirements. NHTSA also continued to emphasize improved frontal crash protection, particularly with respect to contact with the steering assembly, and side impact protection. Efforts were also continued in the area of accurately identifying safety-related defects in motor vehicles and ensuring that defects are corrected in the shortest possible time. Other NHTSA activities during this period concerned fuel economy enforcement, vehicle theft prevention, uniform tire quality grading, new car assessments, data collection and analysis by NHTSA's National Center for Statistics and Analysis, and various administrative actions, such as increased employment of women in support of the President's mandate to upgrade the status of women in the Federal workforce. KW - Administration KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Fuel conservation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Programs KW - Theft KW - Tires KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00558827 AU - THUR, G M AU - PATERSON, D J AU - REILLY, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LOW TENSION PISTON RINGS AND ROLLER CAM FOLLOWER FOR ENGINE FRICTION REDUCTION: COSTS OF RETOOLING AND FUEL ECONOMY BENEFITS PY - 1988/08 SP - 20 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motors KW - Piston rings KW - Pistons (Engines) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/323230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490816 AU - Lee, S N AU - Fell, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S FIELD ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES PY - 1988/08 SP - 49 p. AB - This report describes and discusses in detail the accident investigation programs of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) from 1968 through 1987. One of NHTSA's present programs, the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) is described. This report describes recent changes in the NASS program and gives details on the design of 2 parts of the NASS: the Crashworthiness Data System (CDS) and the General Estimates System (GES). It is noted that all levels of data will be needed in the future to answer the important highway safety questions: mass data, sampled investigations, and clinical in-depth reports. One or two major systems cannot handle the demand. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Highway safety KW - History KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Safety programs KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490679 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NASS (NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM): RESEARCH ON MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES AND INJURIES TO SUPPORT SAFETY PROGRAMS (PAMPHLET) PY - 1988/08 SP - 2 p. AB - This pamphlet explains what the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) is, how it works, and how NASS information is used. The two parts of the NASS, the Crashworthiness Data System and the General Estimates System, are described. KW - Brochures KW - National Accident Sampling System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490809 AU - Bowman, B L AU - ROUNDS, D A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM USAGE IN THE TRAFFIC POPULATION. 1987 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 126 p. AB - This study continued to monitor the use of occupant restraint systems and motorcycle/moped helmet in 19 U.S. cities during 1987. A total of 272,857 observations of automobile drivers indicated an overall driver safety belt use rate of 42.3%. The driver safety belt usage rate in areas that have mandatory use laws was 49.8% compared to a 29.8% usage in areas with no use laws. Observations of passengers relating to age, and infant seat usage are also discussed. In areas with motorcycle helmet use laws 92.0% of the drivers and 80.5% of the passengers used helmets. Helmet use in areas with no laws was 42.2% for drivers and 29.0% for passengers. Automobiles equipped with automatic belt systems had an overall driver belt use rate 91.6%. The lowest automatic system use rate of 77.1% was observed from the combination lap and shoulder belt combination with disconnect. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drivers KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passenger restraints KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490813 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANNUAL EVALUATION OF NHTSA PROGRAMS PY - 1988/08 SP - v.p. AB - Information is covered on 1199 projects with 9844 activities in 10 regions and 40 states. Four program elements dominate in the 402 funded programs: management, education and training; public information, and enforcement. Graphs and charts are used to illustrate the information. KW - Education KW - Information dissemination KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490085 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1988 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1988/08 SP - 52 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State and Provincial driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Provinces of Canada, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver licenses KW - Fees KW - Puerto Rico KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00443799 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION FACTS PY - 1988/08 SP - 3 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Seat belts KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/260028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00443798 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUNK DRIVING FACTS PY - 1988/08 SP - 3 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/260027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601335 AU - Struik, M AU - Alexander, K AU - Cave, T AU - Fleming, A AU - LYTTLE, J AU - STONE, A AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT PROJECT REPORT NO. 4: LITERATURE REVIEW OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS SN - 0-7306-03830 PY - 1988/07 SP - 55 p. AB - This report provides a literature review of factors contributing to pedestrian accidents. Two previous reports have provided the objectives and background to the Pedestrian Accident Project. It examines two pedestrian accident models of precipitating factors in pedestrian accidents. It then focusses on the role of alcohol as a major predisposing factor. Age-related and environmental predisposing factors are also examined. This report provides a contextual back-drop to two forth-coming reports analysing the results of the Pedestrian Accident Study and providing a range of countermeasures addressing the pedestrian accident problem. KW - Age KW - Contributing factors KW - Environment KW - Intoxication KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344442 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601340 JO - Publication of: AGB:McNair PB - AGB:McNair AU - AGB:McNair TI - COMMUNITY ATTITUDES TO ROAD SAFETY: COMMUNITY ATTITUDES SURVEY WAVE III SN - 0-642-51171-3 PY - 1988/07 SP - 48 p. AB - AGB:McNair was commissioned by the Federal Office of Road Safety to conduct Wave III of a national survey on community attitudes to road safety. This report contains results from Wave III, and where possible comparative results since 1986. Issues covered in the survey include attitudes to drink driving, the acceptance of random breath testing, causes of road crashes, safe driving skills, perceptions of police enforcement and views held regarding various road user groups. KW - Attitudes KW - Australia KW - Communities KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor skills KW - Perception KW - Random breath tests KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601334 AU - Struik, M AU - ROGERSON, P AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT PROJECT REPORT NO. 5: METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL RESULTS SN - 0-7306-0375X PY - 1988/07 SP - 161 p. AB - The report outlines the method used in conducting the study of pedestrian accidents and the operational difficulties encountered. The results have been grouped into sections to facilitate presentation, with the minimum of verbal description and discussion. The report is presented as a resource document and further analysis of individual issues will be published separately, together with ensuing recommendations for countermeasures to combat pedestrian accidents. KW - Analysis KW - Methodology KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601336 AU - Bowler, M A AU - TORPEY, S AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE VICTORIAN BABY SAFETY BASSINET LOAN SCHEME SN - 0-7306-0367-9 PY - 1988/07 SP - 56 p. AB - A statewide Baby Safety Bassinet Loan Scheme was introduced in Victoria in 1985 following a successful pilot scheme. By the end of December 1987, 13 thousand bassinets had been distributed. This represents one-fifth of the annual number of births in the State. An evaluation of the scheme concluded that the safety benefits of the scheme have been demonstrated by a high usage level of infant restraints, by accident data and by the results of re-testing used restraints. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Infants KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476034 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM 1986. A REPORT ON TRAFFIC CRASHES AND INJURIES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1988/07 SP - 77 p. AB - This is the eighth annual report of the National Accident Sampling System (NASS), presenting national characteristics of traffic crashes in the United States. The report includes summary statistics on approximately 6,400,000 police-reported crashes that occurred in 1986. The national estimates, which are produced from statistically-weighted sampled cases, are based on investigation of over 13,000 traffic crashes in 1986. Section I describes NASS operations. Further details are presented in Appendices A through F, which discuss the NASS sample design, zone centers and crash investigation sites, data elements, the size of the database and the reliability and accuracy of survey techniques. Section II concentrates on the priority safety areas of alcohol and safety belt use. A brief discussion of each area is presented with tables and figures. Section III serves as a reference on crash data for 1986. Data are presented in tabular form, without text, on the broad range of topics covered by NASS, in sections: crashes, drivers, passenger cars and their occupants, light trucks and vans and their occupants, medium and heavy trucks and their occupants, motorcycles and their riders, non-occupants, and injuries and their consequences. KW - Accuracy KW - Automobiles KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medium trucks KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Utilization KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496477 AU - Flick, M A AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA'S HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NUMBER 8 -- COMPARISON OF THE BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF A U.S. AND A EUROPEAN COMBINATION VEHICLE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 71 p. AB - Differences in the regulations for heavy duty vehicles built in the U.S. and in Europe as well as differences in design philosophies, the way the vehicles are used and the environments in which they are operated has resulted in differences in the vehicles themselves. This report describes tests to compare the braking performance of a "typical" U.S. and a European vehicle in a wide range of braking situations. One five axle U.S. tractor semitrailer combination and one five axle European tractor semitrailer combination were used as test vehicles. Tests were conducted with bobtail tractors (no trailer), with an empty trailer, a half loaded trailer and a fully loaded trailer. The report describes the test site, test vehicles, test procedures and the results of the tests. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Europe KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Test tracks KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486859 AU - Moskowitz, H AU - Robinson, C D AU - SRA Technologies, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LOW DOSES OF ALCOHOL ON DRIVING-RELATED SKILLS: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE PY - 1988/07 SP - 111 p. AB - A large scale review of the experimental literature on alcohol effects on skills related to driving, considered 177 citations and explored the evidence of alcohol effects on reaction time, tracking, concentrated attention, divided attention performance, information processing capabilities, visual function, perception, psychomotor performance, and also on driver performance measures. Impairment in all areas was significant by BACs of 0.05% and first appeared in many areas by 0.02% to 0.03%. Thus, scientific evidence suggests no lower limit can be placed on alcohol impairment of driving-related skills. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Reaction time KW - Reviews KW - Vision UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25752/DOT-HS-807-280.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480600 AU - Bell, S C AU - Radinski, W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT VEHICLE ANTILOCK BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM. REPORT NO. 1. EVALUATION OF AN ELECTRONIC FOUR SENSOR THREE CIRCUIT INTEGRATED SYSTEM PY - 1988/07 SP - 64 p. AB - The report examines the braking performance enhancements possible with the installation of a particular antilock brake system (ABS) in a light hydraulically braked test vehicle. Evaluations were distance of the test vehicle with its ABS operational to that with it disabled. A broad range of test conditions, including various braking and turning maneuvers on various surfaces from various speeds were utilized. The vehicle was tested empty and fully loaded. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Electronics KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490814 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESOURCE LIST OF SPANISH LANGUAGE MATERIALS ON TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1988/07 SP - n.p. AB - Spanish language materials on traffic safety are listed here and represent a collection submitted by the Governor's Highway Safety Representatives to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1988. Each item is listed together with the audience it is targeted for, and the contact agency. It is noted that since Spanish speaking communities speak different dialects, a publication or video available in Texas may not be relevant to a community in New York. The list will be revised and reissued periodically. KW - Safety education KW - Spanish language KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300023 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490050 JO - SEARCH AU - Frost, L L AU - General Motors Corporation TI - SAFETY RESEARCH AT THE GENERAL MOTORS RESEARCH LABORATORIES: EXAMINING THE CAUSES AND CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE CRASHES AND INJURY PY - 1988/07 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - 8 p. AB - Although safety research and testing is being conducted by virtually all of the General Motors Corporation's operating divisions and staffs, the General Motors Research Laboratories (GMRL) has served as a focal point for safety research at GM since the late 1950s. This article reviews the various areas of GM safety research, including the following: vehicle crashworthiness development; injury biomechanics research; development of methods to measure head injury; development of a new injury criterion known as the "Viscous Criterion" to predict injuries to organs such as the liver, spleen, heart, and other soft tissues; development of the double pair comparison method which uses fatal crash data to determine how certain characteristics of vehicle occupants will affect their probability of death if they're in an auto crash; and development of driver warning and crash avoidance technologies. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Biophysics KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data analysis KW - Development KW - Fatalities KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Viscosity KW - Viscous criterion KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490080 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT: INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1988 AUTOMOBILES PY - 1988/07 SP - 28 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents results of the collision coverage experience of 1988 model year passenger cars during their first months of availability. The 1988 models show large variations in collision loss results among individual vehicle series. Claim frequencies ranged from 6.0 to 16.9 claims per 100 insured vehicle years; average loss payments per claim ranged from about $800 to $3,500; and average loss payments per insured vehicle year were from $66 to $436. Even among cars of the same size class and body style, there were large variations in the results for individual vehicle series. Collision coverage claim frequencies varied inversely with car size (i.e., collision claim frequencies tended to decrease with increasing car size). The overall average loss payment per claim increased four percent for 1988 over 1987 models and the claim frequency increased by one percent, resulting in an increase of approximately $9 in the average loss payment per insured vehicle year. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Insurance claims KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490073 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Kearney, S A AU - GUPPY, A AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON SPEED PERCEPTION IN A CLOSED-COURSE DRIVING SITUATION PY - 1988/07 VL - 49 IS - 4 SP - p. 340-345 AB - The present study examined the effect of alcohol on the perception of speed in a closed-course driving situation. Male subjects (N equals 24) classified with respect to previous drinking experience were used in the experiment. Each subject was tested on a speed estimation task at blood alcohol levels (BALs) of 0 and 100 mg/dl. Subjects were required to decelerate from a constant speed of 30 mph to a target speed of 20 mph under two conditions: using their speedometer and being deprived of its use. Of interest were the subjective judgments made under the latter conditions. Results show that there was no significant effect of alcohol on the perception of speed. The expected interaction between previous drinking experience and alcohol dose was found to be nonsignificant. Overall, a significant difference in performance between the two speedometer conditions indicated that subjects overestimated the target speed when they were not given access of their speedomater. Possible explanations and implications of these findings are discussed and future directions for research are suggested. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Human subject testing KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490081 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT: INSURANCE INJURY LOSS EXPERIENCE IN EIGHT STATES WITH SEAT BELT LAWS, 1983-86 MODELS PY - 1988/07 SP - 47 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report provides insurance injury loss experience in eight states with seat belt laws. These eight states are Connecticut, Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Texas. The frequency of injury claims by occupants of relatively new cars (1983-86 model years) before and after each of the eight states enacted mandatory seat belt laws are presented. Although there is evidence from several studies that state seat belt laws have reduced the frequency of serious and fatal injuries by about 5-10 percent, the present study found no clear cut evidence of comparable reductions in personal injury protection coverage claims in the model cars studied. Principal findings are as follows: Post-law injury claim frequencies were generally lower than pre-law results in Michigan, Connecticut, and New Jersey. Post-law injury claim frequencies were either comparable to, or greater than, pre-law injury claim frequencies in New York, Texas, Florida, Kansas, and Maryland. In Michigan, claim frequencies were lower for the two 12-month post-law periods regardless of the size of the injury claim. Post-law frequencies in Connecticut were lower for all injury claims and for those exceeding $250 and $500. New Jersey frequencies were slightly lower during the first 12-month post-law period for all injury claims and those above $250. Based on reported observations of changes in belt use, the post-law injury claim frequency reductions in Michigan were larger than expected from the seat belt use law alone, which strongly suggests that other factors are influencing the results. The percentage of collision coverage claims also having an injury claim was generally lower in the post-law period in New York, New Jersey, Michigan, and Connecticut. In Texas, this percentage increased during the post-law period. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Before and after studies KW - Connecticut KW - Fatalities KW - Florida KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Kansas KW - Laws KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Manual safety belts KW - Maryland KW - Michigan KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) KW - Personal injury protection coverage KW - Texas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490811 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES PY - 1988/06/30 SP - 55 p. AB - Tabulated information is presented of 1988 (second quarter) recall campaigns and ordering data. Domestic vehicles covered here include those from Blue Bird Body, Chrysler, Eldorado Motor, Establishment Industries, Fleetwood, Ford Motor, Freightliner, General Motors, Gillig, Hawkins Motor Coach, Honey RV, Mack Trucks, Navistar, Paccar, Flxible Corporation, Thomas Built Buses, Travelcraft, Utilimaster, and Volvo GM Heavy truck, and Volvo White Truck. Foreign vehicles covered here include those from Alfa Romeo, American Honda, Isuzu, Kawasaki, Subaru of America, Volvo of America, and Yamaha International. Domestic and foreign equipment is covered as well as domestic tires. KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490093 AU - McGregor (Ian) Marketing P/L TI - EVALUATION OF ADULT AND CHILD RESTRAINT PROGRAMS - 1988 PY - 1988/06/23 SP - 81 p. AB - This research evaluated two elements of the government's 1988 program to increase restraint use: a press and radio campaign aimed at young adults (relating to crash forces, a fine increase and perception of enforcement levels) and a television and press campaign aimed at parents (relating to a fine increase and enforcement). Specific research objectives were as follows: recall of publicity campaigns; knowledge of, and attitudes to, the increased fine; perceptions of the level of enforcement of the restraint use laws; knowledge of the restraint use laws; and self reported behavioural changes resulting from the campaigns. The research took the form of telephone interviews with 300 young persons and 300 parents chosen at random from the Adelaide telephone District directory, and was conducted during late May and early June 1988. Key findings of the Parents' Survey: 8.9% were spontaneously aware of the recent publicity campaign and 66.9% when fully prompted, with television being the most frequent source; 11.8% claimed to have modified their behaviour as a result of the campaign (15.0% in 1987); 8.6% admit to travelling with unrestrained children (26.0% in 1987); the fine amount was generally considered acceptable; 24.9% believe it is legal to carry more passengers than the number of restraints available (15.7% in 1987); and perceptions of the level of enforcement of seat belt laws have declined dramatically. Key findings of the Young Persons' Survey: awareness of the publicity campaign was 14.3% spontaneously, and 65.1% when fully prompted, with television advertising being the primary source of awareness (although television was not used in this campaign); recall of "Facts" and "Imagination" radio commercials was 52.8% and 29.2%, respectively; recall of newspaper ads was 12.3%; 19.6% indicated that their behaviour had changed as a result of the campaign; 72.0% claim to now always wear a seat belt; reaction to the fine was that it was too high (26.2%), about right (59.5%) or too low (14.3%); 19.9% were aware that a person becomes legally responsible for restraint use at 16; 12.3% believe it is legal to carry more passengers than there are restraints; and perceptions of enforcement levels are similar to those found in the adult survey. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Australia KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Modifications KW - Parents KW - Publicity KW - Radio KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - Television KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414879 AU - Kirkpatrick, M AU - Baker, C C AU - Heasly, C C AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - A study of daytime running light design factors PY - 1988/06 IS - DOT HS 807 193 SP - 89p AB - Prior research has suggested that use of daytime running lights (DRL) on operating vehicles can reduce the frequency and severity of collisions. Possible DRL implementations include high beam headlamps (with reduced intensity), low beam headlamps, turn signals, parking lamps and dedicated DRL lamps. Questions have, therefore, arisen regarding the impact on DRL effectiveness of a number of lamp design features and parameters. Research issues involve the effects on vehicle conspicuity under daytime illumination but also potential negative consequences of DRL such as masking of adjacent turn signals and glare under dawn/ dusk conditions. The objective of the effort reported here was to obtain data on perceptual effects of DRL intensity, lamp area, color, number of lamps and lamp/ background contrast in the above areas. Three experiments were performed to investigate human performance as functions of these design parameters in tasks involving peripheral vehicle detection, turn signal detection and rearview mirror discomfort glare produced by DRL. Detection distance for a vehicle approaching at a 15 degree peripheral angle was influenced primarily by DRL intensity in the range from 0 to 2000 cd and was greater for dual separated lamps than for a single center mounted one. Amber lamps resulted in greater detection distances than did clear ones for lamps having areas of 50 to 100 sq cm. This trend was reversed for 200 sq cm lamps. Decrements in probability of turn signal detection were associated primarily with lamp area. Rearview mirror discomfort glare was mainly a function of DRL intensity. Ratings of the degree of glare and the probability of electing to dim the mirror increased regularly with intensity from 500 to 2000 cd. A recommended DRL intensity distribution was developed based on the data (A). KW - Conspicuity KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Daytime running lights KW - Road user performance KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00935875 AU - Pincemaille, Y AU - Trosseille, X AU - Mack, P AU - Brun-Cassan, F AU - Tarriere, C AU - Renault, B AU - Breton, F AU - Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Biomecanique AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF RELATIONSHIOPS BETWEEN PHYSICAL PARAMETERS NAD NEURO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO HEAD IMPACT PY - 1988/06 SP - 235 p. AB - In order to obtain data related to human head tolerance, a specific methodology for volunteer boxers was developed. Five training fights were performed with boxers whose head was equipped with accelerometric measurement devices. A set of blows was selected on the basis of cinematographic recording and accelerometric requirements. As regards kinematics, there were more blows given on the left side of the boxers' head than on the right side; the linear accelerations at the head center of gravity and HIC values were moderate; angular velocities and accelerations reached maximum values of respectively 48 rad/s and 16000 rd/s2. In complement of physical measurements, tests of Event Related Potential Assessment of Attention and Orienting Reaction were performed. Clinical examinations of the boxers before and after the fight did not reveal any anomaly in their behaviour. This very sophisticated analysis only indicated a small effect in one parameter after the fight - the ability to detect and to react towards stimuli delivered in the right ear was partially impaired, although the behaviours of the boxers remain in the normal range. The conclusions are necessarily limited, given the small number of subjects and it would be of great interest in the future to continue along this line of research. KW - Accelerometers KW - Biophysics KW - Boxers (Sport) KW - Boxing (Sport) KW - Head KW - Human beings KW - Human subject testing KW - Impact KW - Kinematics KW - Neurology KW - Physical condition KW - Physiology KW - Tolerance (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/725551 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490068 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - KEEPING SCHOOL BUS DRIVERS OFF DRUGS PY - 1988/06 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - p. 58-60 AB - The current situation with drugs and school bus drivers is a threat to the children on school buses. There is the possibility of federal drug screening laws, and there is widespread drug and alcohol usage among adults and teens. Against this backdrop, fleet managers must tackle the problem of establishing drug testing programs. This article discusses the comprehensive employee drug screening program set up by Durham Transportation in Rosemead, California, the fifth largest private school bus contractor in the United States, with more than 1,500 vehicles operating in California, Texas and Washington. Also included is a discussion of the test methods used by PharmChem Laboratories, Incorporated, near San Francisco, who does the drug testing for Durham Transportation. KW - Drug tests KW - Programs KW - School bus drivers KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601630 AU - Kessler, J W AU - Hoyt, T A AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN HEAD INJURY REDUCTION CONCEPTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 37 p. AB - The paper describes the current status of work to develop vehicle designs which reduce pedestrian head injury severity. The development of techniques used to simulate head impacts on vehicle surfaces is briefly described. Tests were conducted on production hoods and fenders to (1) determine the head injury potential of common hood and fender impact regions, and (2) understand how specific geometric and/or material characteristics influence injury severity and might be altered to reduce the severity of head impacts. Accident reconstruction research results indentified an injury criterion which enables headform test reponses to be related to injury severity with a high degree of confidence. A large variation in predicted head injury severity was identified in production car testing. This indicated that a significant safety improvement might be achieved if all vehicles performed as well as the best vehicle tested. KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Pedestrians KW - Severity KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344634 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601353 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - WRIGHT, C C AU - Abbess, C R AU - Jarrett, D F AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ESTIMATING THE REGRESSION-TO-MEAN EFFECT ASSOCIATED WITH ROAD ACCIDENT BLACK SPOT TREATMENT: TOWARDS A MROE REALISTIC APPROACH PY - 1988/06 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - p. 199-214 AB - Until recently, the evaluation of engineering remedial measures at road accident Black Spots was seen as a routine exercise. However, the regression-to-mean effect has been found to distort comparisons between before-and-after accident data to a significant extent, and for this and other reasons the problem can no longer be considered as straightforward. Various methods for applying corrections for regression-to-mean have been proposed. They rely on various assumptions about the data which have not been properly investigated or justified. These assumptions relate to the nature of the distribution of mean accident rates between sites, the nature of the population from which the sites are drawn, and the validity of using total accident frequencies as evaluation criteria. The aim of this paper is to investigate the validity of the assumptions, to assess the robustness of the results which are based on them, and to put forward some suggesstions for improving the quality of the results. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Effectiveness KW - Estimating KW - High risk locations KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Regression analysis KW - Treatment KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348560 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601352 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Wood, T AU - MILNE, P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - HEAD INJURIES TO PEDAL CYCLISTS AND THE PROMOTION OF HELMET USE IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA PY - 1988/06 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - p. 177-185 AB - Bicycle accidents account for approximately 1,200 reported injuries and 30 deaths each year in the State of Victoria, Australia. Head injuries constitute 33% of reported injuries and cause 80% of fatalities. Helmet wearing promotion campaigns conducted by the Victorian Road Traffic Authority and involving substantial contributions from many voluntary and commercial groups in the community have resulted in significant increases in the wearing rates of approved bicycle helmets. These increases in helmet wearing rates have been accompanied by significant reductions in the rate of head injuries among bicycle accident victims. The promotion program is outlined and the changes in helmet wearing rates detailed. KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Promotion KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348559 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601354 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - EXAMINATION OF SOME POSSIBLE BIASES IN DOUBLE PAIR COMPARISON ESTIMATES OF SAFETY BELT EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1988/06 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - p. 215-218 AB - Biases in double pair comparison estimates of safety belt effectiveness due to two effects (noncoding of some surviving passengers, and driver/passenger impact during crashes) are investigated by calculating effectiveness from fatality frequencies assumed altered by the biases. Noncodingsurviving right-front passengers does not affect estimates for drivers, but does overestimate slightly passengr effectiveness. Two biasing driver/passenger contact effects occur for right-side impacts--a "cushioning" effect (risk to unbelted driver is reduced by striking passenger rather than the vehicle interior) and a "missile" effect (passenger risk is increased by being struck by untestained driver). Cushioning and sissile effects bot reduce estimates; their combined effects could cause right-side impact effectiveness to be underestimated by as much as 20% (probably much less). Correcting for all effects increases the overall estimate from 42.6% to 43.2%. Thus, to the nearest percent, the result is still that if all presently unbelted drivers and right-front-seat passengers were to become wearers, fatalities to this group would decline by 43 (plus or minus 3) %. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Effectiveness KW - Estimates KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348561 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601351 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - BRODSKY, H AU - Hakkert, A S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - RISK OF A ROAD ACCIDENT IN RAINY WEATHER PY - 1988/06 VL - 20 IS - 3 SP - p. 161-176 AB - A number of methods have been proposed for measuring the added risk of a road accident during rainy weather. These methods are reviewed here, and two of them are applied, with adjustments, to data from Israel and the United States. Their accuracy, however, is limited because surrogates have to be used for traffic exposure to rain. Nevertheless, results do indicate that the added risk of an injury accident in rainy conditions can be substantial: two to three times greater than in dry weather. And when a rain follows a dry spell the hazard could be even greater. KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Hazards KW - Israel KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rainfall KW - Risk assessment KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600544 AU - Zeltner, K AU - Ratanaproeksa, P AU - Goldstein, S AU - Adams, S AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - SELECTED ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS OF THE LEGIBILITY LITERATURE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 65 p. AB - This report is a refinement of the report "Legibility Abstracts from the UMTRI Library" (Adams, Goldstein, Zeltner, Ratanaproeksa, and Green, 1988) which contained 121 abstracts pertaining to legibility. Twenty-eight of these abstracts were particularly relevant to the legibility of automobile displays, and have been extensively edited for this report. Also included are full citations, critiques by the authors, a section summarizing key findings from the literature review, and indices by title, author, keyword and UMTRI Library number. The abstracts included herein differ from traditional abstracts in that they include figures and tables from the original articles, emphasize quantitative and engineering applications to the problems of legibility, and provide additional analysis of the results of certain articles by the authors of this review. Some key articles identified by the review include: Hind, Tritt, and Hoffmann (1976), for its analysis of the factors affecting legibility; Van Nes and Bouma (1980), for its numeral design recommendations; Howett (1983), for its letter height estimation procedures; and Foster (1980), for its review of legibility research. This document will serve as background material for those designing experiments on the legibility of instrument panel displays. KW - Abstracts KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Displays KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Legibility KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496485 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOUTH DAKOTA INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAM BY EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIANS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 17 p. AB - In June 1987, the South Dakota Emergency Medical Technicians (EMT) Association, a volunteer organization, was awarded an injury prevention grant from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The intent of the grant was to involve emergency medical service (EMS) providers statewide in a highway safety prevention program. The South Dakota EMT Association decided to concentrate prevention efforts in two areas: drinking drivers and failure to use safety belts. An education plan was developed that included the involvement of each of the 126 licensed EMS providers who employ over 4000 EMTs and paramedics. This report describes the program developed, known as the "Major Trauma" program, which so far has been presented over 30 times. KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485388 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PAPERS ON VICTIM AGE--PEDESTRIANS AND OCCUPANTS PY - 1988/06 SP - 170 p. AB - The five papers in this volume describe analyses of fatally injured pedestrians and occupants by age, based on traffic accident data. All five were written between June 1983 and May 1988. The topics addressed include fatality odds when drivers of different ages are involved together in an accident, number of fatalities by type (standardized by population counts and number of nonfatal injuries), and changes in fatalities over time (by victim age and vehicle type). The principal accident data sources are the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS), and the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). Paper titles are: Comparison by Age of Drivers in Two-Car Fatal Crashes; Traffic Victim Age and Gender Distributions; Traffic Deaths of Older Teenagers from 1975 through 1986; Traffic Deaths of Young Children from 1975 through 1986; and Pedestrian Fatalities by Victim Age and Striking Vehicle Type from 1975 through 1986. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Children KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - National crash severity study KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle type UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33400/33401/33401.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00484501 AU - Hoyt, T A AU - MacLaughlin, T F AU - Kessler, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTIONS-HEAD IMPACTS PY - 1988/06 SP - 65 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is conducting research to develop methods of reducing pedestrian head injury due to automobile hood contact at speeds less than or equal to 30 mph (48 kph). The development of techniques used to simulate head impacts on vehicle surfaces is described in the paper. The first task analyzed a set of pedestrian cadaver tests. The second task completed an extensive set of accident reconstructions. The results of the best adult accident reconstructions were used to establish correlation between test responses and injury severity experienced in the accidents. Using impactor response as input, two head injury prediction techniques were found to correlate well with actual injury severity. KW - Cadavers KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490812 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INDUSTRY AND CONSUMER RESPONSE TO NEW FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTOMATIC OCCUPANT PROTECTION. PHASE II REPORT: SURVEY OF CONSUMER PREFERENCES AMONG AUTOMATIC SAFETY BELT SYSTEMS AND SALES IMPACTS OF AUTOMATIC SAFETY BELT SYSTEMS. REPORT TO CONGRESS. JUNE 1988 PY - 1988/06 SP - v.p. AB - In accordance congressional requirement, the Department of Transportation conducted a statistically valid survey to measure consumer preferences among automatic safety belt (ASB) designs offered in 1987 and the impacts of those designs on automobile sales. This report presents the survey findings of consumer preferences among ASBs and an analysis of sales impacts. The study approach is also described, KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Consumers KW - Industries KW - Sales KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490818 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - "OFF LIMITS" A REFERENCE GUIDE FOR IMPROVING COMPLIANCE WITH POSTED SPEED LIMITS PY - 1988/06 SP - v.p. AB - This reference guide is an aid to law enforcement officials, governors' highway safety representatives and highway safety planners in determining how speed compliance programs might be strengthened through additional enforcement, integrated into existing priority traffic safety programs, and/or enhanced with a strong public information and education program that supports the enforcement strategies being used within the state and community. A fact sheet is included on the physical and traumatic consequences of speeding. The various chapters cover compliance, implementing an enforcement program, strategies, community involvement, and public information and education. KW - Community action programs KW - Compliance KW - Publicity KW - Safety education KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300024 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00490089 AU - HAWORTH, N L AU - Triggs, T J AU - Grey, E M AU - Monash University TI - DRIVER FATIGUE: CONCEPTS, MEASUREMENT AND CRASH COUNTERMEASURES SN - 0-642-51155-1 PY - 1988/06 SP - 132 p. AB - This report addresses the topic of driver fatigue, an issue which is receiving increasing attention in the road safety field. A range of subject areas is reviewed in detail, including concepts and theories directly related to fatigue, the measurement of fatigue, factors contributing to the onset and development of fatigue, the degree to which fatigue is associated with road crashes, countermeasures having potential for offsetting the degrading effects of fatigue on safety, and an identification of research issues having promise for reducing the role of fatigue in crashes. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Measurement KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490065 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - WHEELCHAIR TIE-DOWN SYSTEMS EVOLVE PY - 1988/06 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - p. 22, 24- AB - Despite the fact that 40,000 school buses are used to transport handicapped children daily, there is no federal standard for the crashworthiness of wheelchair tie-down systems and few states have testing requirements for wheelchair tie-downs. Aeroquip Corporation, a Lawrence, Kansas, based manufacturer of wheelchair tie-downs, started in the business after one of its distributors used its cargo tie-downs for some wheelchair passengers. Today Aeroquip builds a system consisting of two main components: tracks made of high strength steel about 5 in. wide and slotted every 2 in., which are bolted to the floor of the school bus; and webbing, which is usually made of polyester or nylon. The standard tie-down method for wheelchairs today is the four-point attachment system. In this system, four straps are attached to strong points on the wheelchair's vertical posts. The straps are attached low to the ground in order to lower the wheelchair's center of gravity and provide more balance. The Aeroquip tie-down system, E-Z-ON vest and the Q'Straint wheelchair and occupant restraint system have all passed 30 mph sled impact tests. Warnings have been issued about mixing the securement systems of different manufacturers, which may cause injuries when accidents occur. Additional information is provided in this article on sled impact testing, the issue of forward facing versus side facing wheelchairs, and studies underway in New York and Michigan on the transportation of handicapped children. KW - Development KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - School buses KW - Sled tests KW - Standards KW - Tie-down systems KW - Tiedowns KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00443913 AU - Lee, S N AU - Fell, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NHTSA'S FIELD ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES PY - 1988/06 SP - 49 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash investigation KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/260073 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00611061 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Williamson, T AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - JENNIFER MACMONAGLE, "MOST OF ALL, I LOVE TO DANCE." PY - 1988/05 VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - p. 36-40 AB - Jennifer MacMonagle is confined to a wheelchair. Following a party at which her friend's mother allowed the kids to drink as much as they wanted, she climbed into the bed of a pickup and, soon after, the intoxicated driver lost control in an accident that killed two other teenagers in the vehicle and left Jennifer with a broken back. Now Jennifer tells her peers her story, urging them not to drink or take drugs and drive. She speaks at California's Friday Night Live (FNL) program assemblies and rallies. Although she did not drink, a friend did and her life has been changed forever. A total of 21 California counties have adopted the FNL program. Since its inception in October 1984, the number of driving under the influence deaths and injuries caused by teenagers ages 14 to 18 has dropped significantly. This article highlights some of the accomplishments of the FNL program, which has received strong support from many California communities and the California Highway Patrol. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - High schools KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358662 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601350 JO - Motorland PB - California State Automobile Association AU - California State Automobile Association TI - SAFETY BELTS...BE SURE YOU'RE USING THEM CORRECTLY PY - 1988/05 VL - 109 IS - 3 SP - p. 12 AB - Many of those who buckle up don't do it correctly. Safety belts can do their job best only if there is no slack in the belt. The belt should fit comfortably, but snugly, across your lap and chest. The lap belt should ride low on your hips, and the shoulder belt should fit snugly across your shoulder and chest with no slack. A belt worn with the shoulder strap tucked under the arm not only offers no upper body protection, but is dangerous as it can cause injuries to ribs and internal organs in an accident and may not keep you from hitting the steering wheel or windshield. KW - Guidelines KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348557 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601346 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Janicki, E AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - EVOLUTION OF THE AUTOMOBILE ANTENNA PY - 1988/05 VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - p. 60-65 AB - This article discusses the development and evolution of the automobile antenna. Among the antennas described are the 1930s car-top antenna, the 1930s rod antenna, the 1960s and 1970s windshield antenna, the 1960s and 1970s "active" or "integrated" antenna, and the 1980s heated backlite antenna. KW - Antennas KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Design features KW - History UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348555 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601356 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Reines, H D AU - Bartlett, R L AU - Chudy, N E AU - Kiragu, K R AU - McKnew, M A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - IS ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT APPROPRIATE FOR VICTIMS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS: THE SOUTH CAROLINA HIGHWAY TRAUMA PROJECT PY - 1988/05 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - p. 563-570 AB - There is continuing controversy over the use of Advanced Life Support (ALS) in the treatment of multisystem injury. In this study, performed to define the role of ALS in the management of motor vehicle accidents (MVA), 538 ambulance run reports (ARR) and hospital records of patients involved in MVA in South Carolina for 1983 were examined. Of these, 248 were reviewed in depth by a trauma review committee (TRC). Paramedics were present in 81% (93% urban, 80% rural) of cases. ALS crews averaged 24.8 minutes on the scene compared to 18.1 minutes for Basic Life Support (BLS). It took 6 minutes longer to transport rural patients than urban patients (15.7 vs. 9.6 min). Total EMS time (response, on scene, transport) was 46 plus or minus 20 minutes. Extrication increased on-scene time from 20.5 to 31.1 minutes. Endotracheal intubation attempts were 67% successful and IV's were placed in 88% of attempts. 32% of ALS patients demonstrated an increased blood pressure en route compared to 12% of BLS patients. The TRC felt prehospital care was beneficial in 85% of cases, while 11.7% had inappropriate or inadequate care. Resuscitation and ALS in MVA appears to be beneficial in the treatment of multisystem trauma in a rural state. KW - Advanced life support KW - Crash victims KW - Data analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Multisystem trauma KW - Resuscitation KW - Rural areas KW - South Carolina KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348563 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601344 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Schofield, D L AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - LEGAL ISSUES OF PURSUIT DRIVING PY - 1988/05 VL - 57 IS - 5 SP - p. 23-29 AB - The purpose of this article is to discuss the legal issues involved in police vehicular pursuits and identify the factors that should be considered by law enforcement organizations in policy development, training, and supervision of pursuit situations. High-speed pursuit driving often poses a greater risk to innocent citizens than police use of a deadly weapon. The hazards inherent in a vehicular pursuit to officers, suspects, and other motorists must be balanced against the need for immediate apprehension. Despite some differences in State laws, the basis for most pursuit-related liability is negligence. Pursuit litigation usually focuses on whether the police acted prudently and reasonably under the circumstances. Most State laws provide that police drivers operating a pursuit vehicle are under a legal duty to drive with due regard for the safety of others and may be liable for the consequences of their negligent or reckless conduct. The first section of this article discusses some general principles of liability applicable to police pursuits, including: (1) Duty owed, (2) proximate cause, (3) immunity, (4) Federal Civil Rights Act, (5) suits by injured officers, and (6) criminal prosecutions. The second section discusses eight factors that determine liability in a particular pursuit situation. The final section discusses departmental responsibility for liability reduction in the areas of (1) policy development, (2) training, (3) supervision, and (4) evaluation and documentation. KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Driving KW - Evaluation KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Negligence KW - Police KW - Police pursuit driving KW - Policy KW - Supervision KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348554 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601355 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Knudson, P AU - Frecceri, C A AU - DeLateur, S A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - IMPROVING THE FIELD TRIAGE OF MAJOR TRAUMA VICTIMS PY - 1988/05 VL - 28 IS - 5 SP - p. 602-606 AB - The Trauma Scores, CRAMS scales, and mechanisms of injury of 500 trauma patients were evaluated for their ability to identify a seriously injured patient. Serious injury was defined as one of the following: Injury Severity Score (ISS) greater than 15, or emergency-room Trauma Score less than or equal to 14, or injuries requiring greater than 3 days hospitalization, or death. With the addition of specific mechanisms of injury (auto vs. pedestrian accident at greater than 5 mph, motor vehicle accident at greater than 40 mph, motorcycle accident at greater than 20 mph, or a major assault), the sensitivity of a field Trauma Score of less than 14 could be improved from 45% to 75%, with a reasonable specificity of 40%. With these same mechanisms, the sensitivity of a CRAMS scale of less than or equal to 8 increased from 66% to 93%, with a specificity of 30%. The addition of these mechanisms of injury to standard field triage scoring appears to improve the identification of seriously injured patients while retaining an acceptable level of overtriage. KW - Crash victims KW - Field triage KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Machines KW - Mechanisms KW - Sensitivity KW - Trauma score UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469071 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERIM REPORT ON THE SAFETY CONSEQUENCES OF RAISING THE SPEED LIMIT ON RURAL INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS PY - 1988/05 SP - 88 p. AB - A study is reported which is the first attempt to assess the effects of speed limits on highway safety. The study employs several analytical techniques. One approach compares the crash experience on rural Interstates before and after introduction of the 65 mph speed limit and examines differences between states that increased speed limits and those that did not. As background for these comparisons, rural Interstate fatalities, as well as fatalities on other road systems over the period 1982-1987, are presented. An assessment of changes in the nature of rural Interstate crashes is presented. To complement the comparisons made in the study, a mathematical model using 12 years of fatality data was developed. The model estimates 1987 rural Interstate fatalities based on the historical relationship between rural Interstate fatalities and fatalities on other highways. The model was used to estimate 1987 rural Interstate fatalities in the first 28 states that raised the speed limit. The estimated fatalities are compared with the actual fatality experience after the speed limit was raised. The 9 sections of this report give details of the study. KW - Before and after studies KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Mathematical models KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480598 AU - Farina, A J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL FOR APPLICATION OF CORNEAL RETINAL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS TO DETECT ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE: A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1988/05 SP - 33 p. AB - Congress authorized the Secretary of Transportation to: '...test a new drug and alcohol testing technology which measures corneal retinal potential as exhibited in the brain function wave form...to determine the potential for applying such technology and devices in preventing drug and alcohol related traffic deaths'. The new technology resides in a single commercial device which the NHTSA arranged to test. However, the device continues to undergo development and a lapse in its scheduling prevented any testing by the government in time for the report. Consequently, NHTSA's examination is based upon a review of existing data and information provided by the developers rather than an active test of the technology. KW - Alcohol use KW - Drugs KW - Examinations KW - Eye KW - Measuring instruments UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25767/DOT-HS-807-282.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490825 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUR TIME TO SHINE. PLANNING GUIDE PY - 1988/05 SP - 26 p. AB - This is a kit which presents a variety of materials to help in planning and conducting activities in honor of Emergency Services Week. The kit includes a planning guide; fact sheets; and public service announcement campaign materials. The various sections cover the following: enlisting help; proclamation; press conference; public service announcements; media options; communication channels; coordination with safety organizations; influential groups; children and senior citizens; financial support; expression of appreciation; and special projects. KW - Aged KW - Children KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Mass media KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490817 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY OF SELECTED DRUNK DRIVING LEGISLATION ACTIVITIES. A COMPENDIUM OF LISTS AND MAPS PY - 1988/05 SP - 79 p. AB - Maps and lists are presented which were developed from reviews of State laws and court decisions. The maps and lists are intended to aid in visualizing the current national status of the issues related to drunk driving legislation: testing; implied consent; sobriety checkpoints; open container; illegal per se; preliminary breath tests; admnistratives per se; youthful offenders; madatory fine, suspensions, etc.; impoundment; mandatory jail; anti-plea bargaining; habitual offenders; death-related offenses; dram shop; victim compensation; happy hour; and 408 grants. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Compensation KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Employee compensation KW - Grant aid KW - Laws KW - Maps KW - Penalties KW - Per se laws KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490820 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE ACCIDENT REPORT FORMS CATALOGUE 1988 PY - 1988/05 SP - 212 p. AB - Presented here is a consolidation of accident report forms used by all the states. It is intended to provide a comparative accident data reference document for use by the States, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Regional Offices, other Federal agencies, and private organizations. This publication will be updated and reprinted every second or third year to maintain its timeliness and relevance. KW - Crash reports KW - Forms (Documents) KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299693 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490046 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Stein, H S AU - Jones, I S AU - American Public Health Association TI - CRASH INVOLVEMENT OF LARGE TRUCKS BY CONFIGURATION: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY PY - 1988/05 VL - 78 IS - 5 SP - p. 491-498 AB - For a two-year period, large truck crashes on the interstate system in Washington State were investigated using a case-control method. For each large truck involved in a crash, three trucks were randomly selected for inspection from the traffic stream at the same time and place as the crash but one week later. The effects of truck and driver characteristics on crashes were assessed by comparing their relative frequency among the crash-involved and comparison sample trucks. Double trailer trucks were consistently overinvolved in crashes by a factor of two to three in both single and multiple vehicle crashes. Single unit trucks pulling trailers also were overinvolved. Doubles also had a higher frequency of jackknifing compared to tractor-trailers. The substantial overinvolvement of doubles in crashes was found regardless of driver age, hours of driving, cargo weight, or type of fleet. Younger drivers, long hours of driving, and operating empty trucks were also assoicated with higher crash involvement. KW - Age KW - Commodities KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Double trailers KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Empty trucks KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Freight transportation KW - Jackknifing KW - Less than truckload traffic KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302302 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490054 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Hingson, R AU - Levenson, S M AU - Heeren, T AU - Mangione, T AU - Rodgers, C AU - Schiavonne, T AU - Hertz, R P AU - American Public Health Association TI - REPEAL OF THE MASSACHUSETTS SEAT BELT LAW PY - 1988/05 VL - 78 IS - 5 SP - p. 548-552 AB - In November 1986, the Massachusetts mandatory seat belt use law was repealed in a referendum by a 53% to 47% vote. In an anonymous random digit telephone survey of 1,046 adults in Massachusetts in summer 1986, while the law was in effect, 61% of respondents had said they would vote in favor of the law. A post-repeal follow-up of 80% of these persons revealed initial supporters and opponents of the law were equally likely to vote, but 15% of the summer supporters switched their opinions and voted for repeal, compared to only 4% of summer opponents who switched. In addition, a separate survey of 167 households that had refused to answer the summer survey indicated that survey nonrespondents were more likely to vote against the law than for it. Those opposing the law saw it as an infringement on personal liberty and believed it was not effective in reducing injury and death. KW - Accuracy KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Massachusetts KW - Repeal KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00445281 AU - OBERGEFELL, L A AU - KALEPS, I AU - Ryerson, J R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIMULATIONS OF ROLLOVER TESTS PY - 1988/05 SP - 64 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/260533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480558 AU - Compton, R P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL FOR APPLICATION OF IGNITION INTERLOCK DEVICES TO PROHIBIT OPERATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES BY INTOXICATED INDIVIDUALS PY - 1988/05 SP - 46 p. AB - The report contains a historical overview of the interest in ignition interlock devices and of the early devlopment and research on different types of devices. It provides a description of current technology, its use, the results of some laboratory testing of current devices, a description of current state legislative and judicial activity, a discussion of the problems this technoloy must overcome, and an assessment of the effectiveness and potential for applicaton in preventing alcohol impaired driving. The report concludes that the technology is feasible but there is not yet sufficient evidence available to judge the effectiveness of the devices in deterring alcohol impaired driving. KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Ignition systems KW - Impaired drivers KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25800/DOT-HS-807-281.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082931 AU - Jones, R K AU - Joksch, H C AU - Lacey, J H AU - Schmidt, H J AU - Mid America Research Institute Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Field Evaluation of Jail Sanctions for DWI PY - 1988/04/29/Final Report SP - 80p AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Tennessee's two-day mandatory jail sanction for first-offense DWI on general deterrence, special deterrence, and the operation of the drinking-driver control system. The authors' analysis of general deterrence analyzed accident data from Tennessee and two comparison states without mandatory jail penalties, Alabama and Kentucky, were used to provide quantitative measures of the highway safety effect. In addition, data were collected to determine driver awareness of the mandatory jail law, and whether the law has had any effect on self-reported drinking-driving behavior. The recidivism analysis examined the recidivism rates of Tennessee drivers convicted of DWI before and after the introduction of the mandatory jail law. The analysis of the effects of mandatory jail on the drinking-driver control system was accomplished through two case studies, one in Chattanooga and the other in Nashville. Recidivism analyses were also conducted in these two locations. The major finding of this study is that the jail sanction had an initial effect on drunk-driving recidivism in Tennessee, but no measurable effect on alcohol-related crashes. The authors recommend more testing of mandatory jail in Tennessee in conjunction with a large-scale and continuing program of public information and education. Only then can the general-deterrent effect, if any, be measured. Pending the outcome of these tests, the authors recommend that states exercise caution in adopting mandatory jail as a sanction for drunk driving. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Field studies KW - Highway safety KW - Jails KW - Mandatory KW - Recidivism KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25800/25813/DOT-HS-807-325.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082945 AU - Skinner, D AU - Hoxie, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - Effects of Seatbelt Laws on Highway Fatalities: Update - April 1988 PY - 1988/04//Project Memorandum SP - 9p AB - This report gives the results of five updates to the publication "Effects of Mandatory Seatbelt Use Laws on Highway Fatalities in 1985" (DOT-TSC-NHTSA-87-3) by Paul Hoxie and David Skinner of the Transportation Systems Center. The original work estimated the effects of seatbelt laws on highway fatalities through December 1985. At that time, nine states and the District of Columbia had implemented laws. The average reduction among law-covered fatalities was found to be 6.7 percent. This average reduction was found to be stronger (about 12 percent) in the first three months after implementation than in subsequent months. As additional Fatal Accidents Reporting Systems (FARS) data became available for 1986 in three-month installments, four updates were done. Since then one update was done using the first nine months of 1987 FARS data. As more FARS data becomes available the estimated effect will again be updated. Each update is an attempt to track the effects of seatbelt laws on fatalities. This ongoing monitoring process is a way of detecting any trends in the effect which may be developing. Two types of econometric models are used in determining these seatbelt-law effects: (1) a national model; and (2) a group of individual state models for the larger seatbelt-law states. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Econometric models KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality Analysis Reporting System KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Mandatory KW - Seat belts KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25796/DOT-TSC-HS870-PM-5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719436 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY PROGRAMS FOR LIGHT TRUCKS AND MULTIPURPOSE PASSENGER VEHICLES. REPORT TO THE COMMITTEES ON APPROPRIATIONS, U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND U.S. SENATE PY - 1988/04 SP - 35 p. AB - The House Committee on Appropriations of the U.S. Congress requested that a report be prepared by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to describe occupant containment and protection research for multipurpose passenger vehicles. This report responds to that request, and includes light trucks as well as multipurpose passenger vehicles. In addition to a description of the research activities requested by the Committee, the report describes safety regulatory activities which are planned or recently completed, to bring the Congress up to date on progress since the "Light Truck and Van Safety" report was transmitted to the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations in May 1987. The present report is divided into three major sections. The first updates the crash data analysis contained in the earlier report referred to above to include data for 1986. The second section provides information on supporting research in these areas for light trucks and multipurpose passenger vehicles. The third section describes the regulatory activities directed at light truck and multipurpose passenger vehicle safety, many of which were previously mentioned in the earlier report. KW - Crash data KW - Data analysis KW - Light trucks KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611050 AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - Kaiker, P S AU - Lehman, R J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - STEERING SYSTEM ABDOMINAL IMPACT TRAUMA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 87 p. AB - A series of impact tests to the abdomen and thorax of unembalmed cadavers was conducted using a rigid, curved steel bar to simulate the lower portion of the steering wheel rim. The test matrix used involved impacts to different regions of the thorax and abdomen at different impact velocities and with several low-velocity impacts on each subject prior to conducting high-velocity impact. These test conditions were originally established to investigate the effects of various test conditions (e.g., pressurization versus no pressurization) and variability in test results among subjects under similar conditions. Subsequent to data collection, the goals of the project were changed to focus on evaluation of different proposed injury criteria. Analysis routines were developed to calculate values for the different injury criteria but, because of the multiple impacts on each subject and differences in impact locations between tests, and because of the high correlations among the different injury criteria for the test conditions, evaluation and comparison of the proposed injury criteria could not be meaningfully made. The test results point out the importance of the location of the impact to liver injury, and provide new data on force-deflection characteristics for the mode of impact used in these tests. KW - Abdomen KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Speed KW - Steering wheels KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355967 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490045 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Janssen, W H AU - Tenkink, E AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - CONSIDERATIONS ON SPEED SELECTION AND RISK HOMEOSTASIS IN DRIVING PY - 1988/04 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 137-142 AB - Risk-taking behavior by drivers is put within the context of a general model of utility maximization by speed choice. It is shown that so-called "risk homeostasis" is possible only under very restrictive conditions. Under more general conditions, risk compensation can occur; that is, the safety effects expected from engineering measures will be discounted to a considerable degree by shifts in behavior. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Mathematical models KW - Risk assessment KW - Risk homeostasis KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302301 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490060 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - OFOSU, J B AU - Abouammoh, A M AU - Bener, A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A STUDY OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN SAUDI ARABIA PY - 1988/04 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 95-101 AB - In Saudi Arabia, with its rapid expansion of road construction and increase in the number of vehicles, road traffic accidents are becoming a serious public health problem. The object of this paper is to discuss the magnitude of this problem and to compare the situation with that of other rich, developing countries which have also had rapid expansion of road construction and increase in the number of vehicles. It appears that Saudi Arabia has lower accident rates but higher casuality and fatality rates than Kuwait. KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Saudi Arabia KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302311 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490059 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Namdaran, F AU - Elton, R A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A STUDY OF REPORTED INJURY ACCIDENTS AMONG NOVICE MOTORCYCLE RIDERS IN A SCOTTISH REGION PY - 1988/04 VL - 20 IS - 2 SP - p. 117-121 AB - A study is reported of the effect of sex, age, cubic capacity, and training on the rate of reported injury accidents in a cohort of 304 first time learner motorcycle riders resident in the Lothian and Borders of Scotland in 1983. Motorcycle in this paper includes all types of registerable two wheeled motor vehicle. Injury accidents as reported by the police were observed in this cohort over an average period of one year. The overall reported injury accident rate within the cohort was 8.2 per hundred riders. This rate does not seem to be markedly different to the Scottish rate for all riders. It was found that the cubic capacity of the motorcycle was the single most important risk factor of the four studied. The risk was disproportionately high in the 200+ cc category. Lower reported injury accident rates were observed for females and trained riders but these differences did not reach statistical significance mainly due to the low numbers of these two categories within the cohort. Contrary to popular assumption, younger riders within this cohort did not have higher injury accidents. A large proportion of the riders who had been involved in injury accidents within the cohort and who had registered 50 cc motorcycles were found to be riding higher capacity (mainly 200+ cc) motorcycles at the time of accident. There was a very low uptake of motorcycle training (7.3%) by the cohort. Approximately 15% of the cohort was female, a higher percentage than those reported by other studies. KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Driver training KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - Novices KW - Risk assessment KW - Scotland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601617 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SCHOOL DISTRICT TRAFFIC SAFETY: A STUDY OF CURRENT CURRICULUM AND PRACTICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 60 p. AB - An assessment was made of the current status of educatonal programs related to traffic safety currently offered in public schools. The study focused on 2 areas: seatbelt use, and the problems of drinking and driving. A survey instrument was developed to collect information relevant to these topics. This publication presents tabulated data on eductional programs regarding seatbelt use and other traffic safety issues, as well as educational programs regarding driving and alcohol use. It is noted that 80.5% of the responding school districts include some seatbelt safety education at the elementary and/or secondary level, with the majority of these including the topic at the senior high level as part of the drivers' education curriculum. These and other findings are noted. Several appendices present additional data on the topics. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety education KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344624 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601358 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Sood, S AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - SURVEY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING INJURY AMONG RIDERS INVOLVED IN MOTORIZED TWO-WHEELER ACCIDENTS IN INDIA: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 302 CASES PY - 1988/04 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 530-534 AB - Two-wheeler trauma in developing countries differs in some respects when compared to that in developed countries. A total of 302 cases involved in motorcycle, scooter, and moped accidents were analyzed. There were 201 drivers and 101 passengers. Injury severity scores (ISS), overall number of wounds, and number of fractures were studied. Motorcycle riders had a significantly higher ISS than did scooter riders. Persons involved in collisions with other powered vehicles had 36% more fractures and higher ISS than those involved in accidents where no collision occurred with a powered vehicle. Female passengers, sitting sideways, and involved in collisions, sustained fewer injuries than did a comparable group of male passengers who sat astride; the ISS of female passengers was also lower. Helmet users had a much lower incidence and severity of head injury than riders who did not use helmets. Turbans appeared to offer partial protection from head injury. KW - Crashes KW - Developing countries KW - Females KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - India KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Males KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passengers KW - Scooters KW - Turbans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600520 AU - Wolfe, H AU - Shuman, L AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RURAL EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES SYSTEM PROJECT STUDY. FINAL REPORT: VOLUME II PY - 1988/04 SP - 149 p. AB - This volume describes the conceptualization of a computer simulation model for evaluating the effects of various countermeasures in rural emergency medical services (EMS) systems. The design of RURALSIM permits decision makers to examine an existing EMS system and to determine the potential changes in the system that would occur as the result of introducing specific options or countermeasures. The concept development for the simulation model takes into consideration such factors as the potential demand by various patient types; e.g., cardiac, trauma, obstetric, burn, etc., for EMS services. It also considers the geography, the sociodemographic characteristics of the area, the availability of primary, secondary, and tertiary care facilities, the number of EMS personnel, their level of training, equipment available, number, type, and location of vehicles, continuing education, citizen CPR programs, citizen awareness campaigns, data systems, regional and local organizations, and other factors. For each factor a decision is made as to whether it is best handled directly as a variable in the model, or indirectly, as a constraint or parameter of the system. The report concludes with the description of the factors selected for computer simulation, the measures of performance generated for each simulation run, and the criteria leading to the selection of the simulation programming language SIMULA for use for the development of RURALSIM. This report is the second of six volumes of the final report on the development, validation, field testing and modificaiton, and case studies of applications of a Rural Emergency Medical Services Simulation Model (RURALSIM). KW - Case studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Development KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Field tests KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Planning KW - Rural areas KW - Simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600519 AU - Wolfe, H AU - Shuman, L AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RURAL EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES SYSTEM PROJECT STUDY. FINAL REPORT: VOLUME I PY - 1988/04 SP - 180 p. AB - RURALSIM is designed as an aid for system planners for evaluating different modes of delivery of prehospital emergency medical services (EMS). By using the model to simulate proposed system components, a system planner is able to analyze the effects of changes in prehospital EMS components in terms of a series of EMS response performance measures. The model thus provides a relatively inexpensive, quick, and efficient means to assist in the planning of an EMS system, or to evaluate the potential effects of changes in existing system elements, such as vehicle placement and relocation strategies, vehicle dispatching policies, and alternative forms of prehospital care. RURALSIM also permits evaluation of an EMS System response to changes in EMS demand such as occur with seasonal fluctuations in populations in resort areas or to sudden surges in demand resulting from multiple injury accidents at a mine or industrial site. Under separate sponsorship, RURALSIM was modified for evaluation of urban systems and used to evaluate 18 different resource allocation alternatives for a large Northeast city (population 700,000). The results of this application of EMS simulation to an urban area also are contained in this report. This report is the first of six volumes of the final report on the development, validation, field testing and modificaiton, and case studies of applications of a Rural Emergency Medical Services Simulation Model (RURALSIM). KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Field tests KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Planning KW - Rural areas KW - Simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600552 AU - SAYERS, M W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DYNAMIC TERRAIN INPUTS TO PREDICT STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF GROUND VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 114 p. AB - This report presents a study and evaluation of the technology and methodologies available for predicting the response of mobile ground equipment to dynamic input from terrain roughness. The purpose of the report is to develop a technical foundation for the subsequent formulation of military specifications for durability of ground vehicles used at air bases. The report reviews the techniques and methods that have been used successfully to (1) model and analyze vehicle response to road roughness, (2) characterize pavement inputs to various vehicle models, (3) develop a standard roughness scale--the International Roughness Index (IRI), and (4) measure pavement profile, road roughness, and vehicle response. Specialized instruments are described for the measurement of road profile. The modeling of road inputs is further developed, based in part on extensive measured profile data. In particular, the correlation between the left- and right-hand wheeltrack profiles is modeled to match actual road data. The report concludes by relating technology and methods to the Air Force environment. A standard road representation is tentatively proposed, with several types of roughness that are most relevant for predicting vehicle response and possible failure. Considerations are given for measuring profile, adopting a roughness index, and validating vehicle analyses. KW - Air bases KW - Durability KW - Forecasting KW - Military vehicles KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness KW - Specifications KW - Terrain KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475949 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stutts, J C AU - Stewart, J R AU - Rodgman, E A AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OVERREPRESENTATION OF SEAT BELT NON-USERS IN TRAFFIC CRASHES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - v.p. AB - This project was carried out to examine the overrepresentation of non-users of seat belts in crashes, and to make programmatic recommendations for increasing belt use. Specifically, its goals were: (1) to determine whether belt non-users are overrepresented in crashes, and whether these crashes are different from the crashes of belt users; and (2) to contact non-users to learn about their reasons for non-use and to identify programs that might bring about a change in their behavior. Two surveys of North Carolina drivers were conducted: a short mailback survey distributed to 10,000 drivers in conjunction with ongoing statewide belt use observations, and a more in-depth telephone interview of a specially selected subsample of 200 drivers drawn from the mailback returns. The first (mailback) survey was conducted in June/July 1987, six months after initiation of the $25 fine for non-use of seat belts. The telephone survey followed in late October/November. This report contains an extensive presentation and discussion of the survey results. Specific recommendations growing out of the project are: (1) national television special programming of one hour in duration should be developed to deal with the topic of seat belts; (2) there needs to be more interaction with NASCAR, the national stock car racing association, in various seat belt promotions; (3) more research and demonstration projects are needed that concern learning how to increase the level of seat belt law enforcement; and (4) the auto industry should strive to develop belt systems that are more comfortable, acceptable, and have a better fit. KW - Behavior KW - Comfort KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Interviewing KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Promotion KW - Questionnaires KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - Television KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25799/DOT-HS-807-326.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485547 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATUS REPORT ON PRIORITY PROGRAMS PY - 1988/04 SP - 56 p. AB - In 1983, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) published a Safety Priority Plan setting forth an ambitious program to fulfill its commitment to reducing the deaths and injuries from motor vehicle accidents. However, as the 1983 Plan recognized, the setting of priorities is an ongoing and dynamic process requiring changes in response to new data or research results. Thus, while NHTSA's overall direction has not changed significantly since the 1983 Plan was published, changes have been made to specific projects and milestones to meet these new conditions. This document reports on the status of many of the most significant programs now underway. It provides background on why the programs are "priorities", what approach is being taken, and what milestones are expected to be reached within the next 2-3 years. The highway safety programs include: alcohol and drugs; emergency medical services; motorcycle safety; National Driver Register; occupant protection; Section 402 grant program; speed; and traffic records. The vehicle safety programs include: frontal protection; harmonization; heavy truck safety; lighting; light truck safety; passenger car braking and stability; passenger car side protection; rollover protection; and theft prevention. The programs including both highway and vehicle activities include: Centers for Disease Control Program; child safety; consumer information; crash data; elderly drivers; and pedestrian safety. KW - Aged drivers KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Motorcycles KW - National Driver Register KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Records management KW - Safety programs KW - Section 402 grant program KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics KW - Strategic planning KW - Theft KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482714 AU - Anikeeff, P T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TARGETS OF OPPORTUNITY: COMMUNITY BASED ALCOHOL PROGRAMS PY - 1988/04 SP - 116 p. AB - The report describes a comprehensive community-based program-Targets of Opportunity (TOP)-addressing the drinking and driving concerns within a particular community. The program incorporated six elements: (1) General deterrence: public information, education and enforcement (short-term); (2) Community focus; (3) Systems approach; (4) Financial self-sufficiency; (5) Citizen support; and (6) Prevention (long-term). Each TOP was given $50,000 to provide evaluation of the project for a 2-year period; countermeasure operations were supported by state, local and 402 funds. The ten sites selected as the Targets of Opportunity included: (1) Wichita, KS; (2) Spokane, WA; (3) Coconino and Yavapai counties, AZ; (4) Nassau County, NY; (5) Springfield and Waukegan, IL; (6) Miami-Dade County, FL; (7) Salt Lake County, UT; (8) Baton Rouge, LA; (9) Lynn, MA; and (10) the State of Delaware. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap, alcohol safety action program KW - Community action programs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480532 AU - Flick, M A AU - Radinski, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BRAKING PERFORMANCE OF THIRTEEN LIGHT TRUCKS PY - 1988/04 SP - 211 p. AB - A Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (SNPRM) has recently been issued for a braking regulation for passenger cars (FMVSS 135 Notice 4). The report describes testing of light trucks (not currently included in the rulemaking) to the proposed FMVSS 135 Notice 4 procedure in order to investigate the feasibility of using the procedure for these vehicles and to develop a data base for future rulemaking. Additionally, tests were conducted to measure the brake balance and center of gravity heights of the vehicles. Thirteen vehicles were tested to cover the range of size and configuration. The report includes discussions of the test vehicles, test site, test procedures and test results. KW - Braking performance KW - Compliance KW - Light trucks KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480561 AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECT OF BRAKE ADJUSTMENT ON BRAKING PERFORMANCE PY - 1988/04 SP - 127 p. AB - Past research has shown the stopping performance of vehicles equipped with air brake systems to be very dependent on brake adjustment. The Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance (CVSA) and the Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carrier Standards (OMCS) have recognized this fact and adopted brake adjustment inspection criteria for placing motor vehicles out of service. The report describes tests to investigate the effect of brake adjustment on braking performance by means of stopping distance tests on one single-unit truck and two tractor/trailer combinations, brake dynamometer tests and computer simulation. Descriptions of the vehicles, test site, and test procedures are given along with discussions of the test and simulation results. The test results can serve as the basis for evaluating the appropriateness of the current out-of-service criteria for brake adjustment with regard to vehicle safety. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Stopping distances KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479526 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER. BUCKLE UP AMERICA, MAY 23-30, 1988 PY - 1988/04 SP - 158 p. AB - The week of May 23 through May 30, which includes the long Memorial Day travel weekend, is once again being designated as BUCKLE UP AMERICA! Week. Traffic safety proponents across the country will be encouraging people to use safety belts in their car and to properly buckle children into child safety seats. This Idea Sampler provides a collection of efforts that have been successful in the past. It also contains suggested activities for projects specifically addressing the several common goals of the participating organizations who are supporting this year's BUCKLE UP AMERICA! Week. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Promotion KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490695 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: MOTORCYCLE SAFETY HELMETS PY - 1988/04 SP - 4 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on motorcycle safety helmets. It covers helmet effectiveness, certification, styles, fit, chin straps, eye protection, and color. Also discussed is when to replace a helmet. KW - Certification KW - Chin straps KW - Color KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Face shields KW - Helmets KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490815 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SECOND WORKSHOP ON IN-VEHICLE ALCOHOL TEST DEVICES. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 16 p. AB - A 1-day workshop sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration brought together safety-interested persons including manufacturers, legislators, judges, researchers, safety-related program personnel, and the public to review new developments in the state of the art of in-vehicle alcohol test devices. Information was exchanged about recent developments and applications. The following topics were covered: legislation and ongoing programs; in-vehicle alcohol test devices, developments and certification testing; field evaluation research; and information needs and methods for exchange. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Certification KW - In vehicle testing devices KW - Laws KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing equipment KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299689 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490083 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Jones, A W AU - Brain Information Service TI - ENFORCEMENT OF DRINK-DRIVING LAWS BY USE OF "PER SE" LEGAL ALCOHOL LIMITS: BLOOD AND/OR BREATH CONCENTRATION AS EVIDENCE OF IMPAIRMENT PY - 1988/04 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 99-112 AB - The use of punishable BAC limits has long been considered the most effective countermeasure to driver behaviour under the influence of alcohol (Ross, 1985; Ziporvn, 1985; Council on Scientific Affairs, 1985). Most developed nations enforce drinking-and-driving laws that rely on a definition of impairment in terms of the concentration of alcohol in a motorist's blood (BAC). Two basically different drink-driving statutes are in effect: (i) illegal per se limits of alcohol concentration in a specimen of blood, breath, or urine, and (ii) presumptive laws that merely presume guilt if the result of analysis is above the prescribed legal limit. Other information about the driving incident may be presented in evidence and can influence the outcome of the trial. An important distinction therefore stems from the fact that presumptive laws are rebuttable whereas per se statutes are not (Ziporvn, 1985). In practice, illegal per se laws are easier to enforce because they offer a clearcut definition of when an individual is breaking the law. The result of forensic analysis therefore becomes the sole deciding factor needed as evidence to gain a conviction for driving under the influence of alcohol. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk driving KW - Evidence KW - Impaired drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Per se laws KW - Presumptive laws KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302327 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490074 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Katayama, T AU - AOKI, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - A FUZZY CONTROL MODEL FOR MOTORCYCLE RIDERS PY - 1988/04 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - p. 16-21 AB - A fuzzy control model for motorcycle riders is proposed and its feasibility is examined by comparison of simulations with experiments. In this model, the rider is supposed to control the motorcycle by means of only a steering torque which is determined by deviations from desired path and a rolling angle of motorcycle. Two sets of fuzzy rules are used to determine the steering torque. This model is applied to a single lane change maneuver, and it is shown that this fuzzy model is applicable to describe the control action of riders. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Driving KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lane changing KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00555240 AU - Hunter, W W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OVERREPRESENTATION OF SEAT BELT NON-USERS IN TRAFFIC CRASHES PY - 1988/04 SP - 57 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles KW - North Carolina KW - Seat belts KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/317406 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490075 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - NAKAHAMA, R AU - HASHIMOTO, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - EFFECT OF VEHICLE BODY CRASHWORTHINESS ON OCCUPANT INJURIES PY - 1988/04 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - p. 52-57 AB - The predominant factors affecting occupant injury during a crash are vehicle crashworthiness, occupant restraint system and so on. The parametric study of vehicle crashworthiness by finite element method (FEM) is not easy to carry out. The mathematical simulation which is rather incomplete as a simulation method allows us to conduct parametric studies and can give us some ideas of how to improve vehicle crashworthiness. Both methods, when combined, compensate each other and lead us toward the effective development of safe vehicles. Here, a parametric study has been conducted with a mathematical model of a vehicle and then the outputs have been applied to the occupant kinematics model in order to determine the effectiveness of vehicle crashworthiness. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Finite element method KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302324 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490082 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Hingson, R AU - HOWLAND, J AU - Morelock, S AU - Heeren, T AU - Brain Information Service TI - LEGAL INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE DRUNKEN DRIVING AND RELATED FATALITIES AMONG YOUTHFUL DRIVERS PY - 1988/04 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 87-98 AB - From 1980 to 1985 over 400 local chapters of citizens groups concerned with drinken driving were founded nationwide, media coverage of the drinken driving problem increased exponentially, and over 500 legislative changes were passed to reduce fatal crashes involving drunken drivers. The most common changes were increases in the legal drinking age and passage of per se legislation to increase convictions. Forty-nine states have now raised the age to 21 and over 30 states passed per se laws bringing the national total to over 40. Drinking age increases have generally been credited with 10 to 15% declines in fatal crashes in the targeted age groups, but effects are variable from state to state and many teens circumvent these laws by having others purchase alcohol for them or by purchasing from liquor outlets that do not ask for age identification. Per se laws have not been as extensively studied. International experience suggests these laws can produce short term fatal crash declines, but lack of police and court enforcement compromises long-term reduction in drunken driving and fatal crashes. In Maine a 1981 per se law produced initial fatal crash declines, particularly among young drivers. However, these outcomes were short-lived because the public did not perceive an increase in the likelihood that drunken drivers would be stopped by police. Also, police speed enforcement declined during the post-law period. Nationwide from 1980 to 1985 fatal crashes involving intoxicated drivers declined more than other fatal crashes especially among teenage drivers. Media attention to drunken driving, formation of new citizen groups concerned with the problem, and the numbers of new drunken driving laws passed peaked between 1983 and 1985. But from 1985 to 1986 alcohol related traffic fatalities increased 7% among all age groups and 14% among teenagers 15 to 17 years of age. Other traffic fatalities rose only 3%. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Long term KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Per se laws KW - Safety KW - Short term KW - Teenage drivers KW - Time duration KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490084 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - HOMEL, R AU - CARSELDINE, D AU - Kearns, I AU - Brain Information Service TI - DRINK-DRIVING COUNTERMEASURES IN AUSTRALIA PY - 1988/04 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 113-144 AB - Australian road fatalities are currently at their lowest level for many years. It is argued that one reason for this decline is the success of random breath testing (RBT) and random stopping programs in some parts of Australia. Evidence is presented that RBT in New South Wales has been a remarkably successful law, with a 36% decline in alcohol-related fatalities which has been sustained for more than four years. Survey data support the conclusion that RBT has had a powerful and sustained deterrent impact. The effects of RBT and other legislative initiatives are evaluated in the context of non-legislative countermeasures currently operating or planned in Australia. Countermeasures reviewed include rehabilitation programs for convicted offenders, publicity and education programs, and modifications to the physical and social environments. It is concluded that although a dramatic impact of non-legislative countermeasures cannot yet be demonstrated, they have the potential to bring about a significant reduction in alcohol-related casualties. In particular, the careful analysis of routes to remove key roadside hazards such as poles and trees and the reduction in alcohol consumption through restrictions in availability may prove particularly effective. Given evidence that RBT in New South Wales may be beginning to reinforce moral sanctions against drinking and driving, it is possible that drink-drive educators and those involved in rehabilitation programs in Australia will be faced with more receptive audiences in the future. KW - Alcohol use KW - Australia KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Publicity KW - Random breath tests KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Removal KW - Restrictions KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Trees UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00443989 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1987 TRAFFIC FATALITIES: PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 83 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/260086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490821 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1988 TO MARCH 31, 1988 PY - 1988/03/31 SP - 46 p. AB - Tabulated information is presented of recall campaigns for the first quarter of 1988. Domestic vehicles covered here include those from American Motors Corporation, Chrysler, Ford Motor, Georgie Boy Manufacturing, Grumman Allied, Grumman Olson, Holiday Rambler, Mack Trucks, Paccar, Navistar International, Neoplan, and Wayne. Foreign vehicles covered here include those from Bayerische Motoren, Isuzu, Jaguar Rover Triumph, Kawasaki, Land Rrover, Subaru, Toyo Kogyo, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Western Star Trucks. Domestic equipment is included, as well as foreign equipment and tires. KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490094 AU - Trembath, R AU - Cam Rungie and Associates Pty Limited TI - SURVEY OF RESTRAINT AVAILABILITY PY - 1988/03/31 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the results of a study undertaken to assess the level of restraint availability amongst passenger vehicles in the Adelaide metropolitan area. A total of 2,005 vehicles were sampled at 10 separate locations in metropolitan Adelaide. The results indicate that front seat restraints were available in 99.2% of vehicles surveyed. Of these, 85.7% were inertia reel belts, 14.2% were lap sash belts and 0.1% were lap belts. Rear seat restraints were available in 94.8% of vehicles surveyed. Of these, 45.4% were inertia reel, 54.2% were lap sash belts and 0.4% were lap belts. Centre rear seat restraints were available in 81.8% of vehicles. In the front, a seat was present in 116 vehicles. For these vehicles, a centre front seat restraint was available in 52.6% of vehicles. Vehicles observed in areas with a low socioeconomic rating were more likely not to have restraints fitted than vehicles observed in areas with a high socioeconomic rating. Further details of the survey are included in the report. KW - Australia KW - Availability KW - Data collection KW - Front seats KW - Manual safety belts KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Rear seats KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Supply KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496481 AU - Perez, C AU - Smith, J T AU - Metro-Dade Fire Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DADE COUNTY TRAUMA TASK FORCE: A MULTI-SYSTEM COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03/04 SP - 335 p. AB - The Dade County Trauma Task Force, under contract with NHTSA, was charged with the responsibility of conducting a comparative analysis of selected trauma systems across the U.S. Members were to formulate an action plan for Dade County by providing recommendations based on what was identified in the other communities as successful. A secondary benefit of this study is that other communities might utilize this document to assist with the development of their trauma system. The components of trauma systems were studied in seven communities throughout the U.S. While each had some of the desirable political, medical, financial, and prehospital elements of a fully functioning trauma system, none was perfect for Dade County to duplicate. Four major components were identified for trauma systems to be successful: (1) a management and organizational structure must be in place; (2) funding sources must be established for each level of operation; (3) support from the medical community is essential to assure the long-term success of a trauma system; and (4) an effective prehospital system must be in place to assure system access and quality patient care. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical services KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Miami-Dade County (Florida) KW - Recommendations KW - Trauma systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310158 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01402392 AU - Jarvis, J R AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Heavy vehicle antilock braking systems in Australia PY - 1988/03 IS - DOT HS 807 269 SP - 55-68 KW - Anti lock braking KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Attitude KW - Attitudes KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Fleet management KW - Fleet management KW - Freight transport KW - Freight transportation KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170176 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608565 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Scott, D AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - FOOTLOOSE SHIFTING PY - 1988/03 VL - 232 IS - 3 SP - p. 64-65 AB - With the introduction of lower-cost electronic control units to fine tune clutch action, three promising new electronic clutch systems have emerged from Germany, England, and France. This article provides a brief description of each. KW - Clutches KW - Electronic clutch systems KW - Electronic equipment KW - France KW - Germany KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490049 AU - TORPEY, S AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE REVISED DRIVER LICENCE WRITTEN TESTING SYSTEM SN - 0-7306-0311-3 PY - 1988/03 SP - 53 p. AB - A new driver licence written testing system was introduced in Victoria in 1985. It consisted of an instruction manual, "The Victorian Traffic Handbook," and two sets of tests. Drivers are tested for their learner permit and again for their probationary licence. An evaluation using indirect criteria was conducted. The results showed a significant increase in scores on a knowledge test at both the learner permit and probationary licence stage. Results from a test designed to measure behavioural intentions were less clear. KW - Australia KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Knowledge KW - Recently qualified drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601347 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY: MONITORING PRACTICES TO SHOW COMPLIANCE WITH SPEED LIMITS SHOULD BE REEXAMINED PY - 1988/03 SP - 30 p. AB - The General Accounting Office (GAO), in response to a congressional request, made a study of (1) state plans and practices for monitoring compliance with the 55 mph speed limit, (2) Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) oversight of state monitoring programs, and (3) state efforts to enforce motorist compliance with the 55 mph speed limit. GAO also studied the relation of the monitoring program to improved highway safety. The study was accomplished by reviewing the speed monitoring programs of 6 states that had different experiences in meeting the compliance requirement and different equipment for data collection: Arizona, Idaho, Maine, Maryland, New York, and Vermont. Briefly, GAO found the following: The six states had monitoring programs that were generally in compliance with applicable regulations, and the monitoring stations were, for the most part, located in accordance with FHWA guidelines. However several monitoring sites were found that were inappropriately located. Corrective action is being considered at these locations. FHWA's initial active involvement in the development and implementation of state monitoring plans has decreased. In some states FHWA's role is limited to reviewing state annual reports and recommending certification for compliance or the imposition of sanctions. The states differ in the amount of effort spent in enforcing the 55 mph speed limit, but GAO found little relationship between speed limit enforcement activities and the level of motorist compliance. More importantly, GAO found that the speed monitoring aspect of the program does not correspond well with the primary objective of the 55 mph national speed limit, which is to improve highway safety. Researchers at several state departments of transportation, as well as analysts at the National Academy of Sciences, have suggested alternate ways to measure compliance and assess penalties, such as putting greater weight on very high speed violations and violations on less well-designed roads. This review indicates that these alternate approaches contain elements that could improve the current speed monitoring program. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Compliance KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Monitoring KW - Oversight KW - Penalties KW - States KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477039 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM, 1986. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1986 PY - 1988/03 SP - 232 p. AB - The publication presents information on fatal traffic accidents and fatalities in the United States based on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data file for 1986. Similar information, from 1981 through 1985, is included for comparison purposes where appropriate. Data for 1985 has been updated and may not agree exactly with the data that appeared in earlier versions of the FARS Annual Report. KW - Crash analysis KW - Databases KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496629 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A MODEL FOR ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC SAVINGS FROM INCREASED MOTORCYCLE HELMET USE PY - 1988/03 SP - 25 p. AB - This report describes a methodology that can be used with state specific crash injury data to estimate the safety and economic benefits that would result from taking measures which increase motorcycle helmet usage. This method basically involves a three step process: first, the determination of the incidence of death and injury now experienced in the state; second, determining the potential for improvement through increased helmet usage in the particular state; and third, combining the potential safety benefits with their associated economic costs. While the resulting estimate provides a reasonable "order of magnitude" indicator of safety and economic benefits that could result from increased motorcycle helmet use, it should not be characterized as a precise prediction of these savings. KW - Economic benefits KW - Estimating KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Methodology KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496630 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A MODEL FOR ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC SAVINGS FROM INCREASED SAFETY BELT USE PY - 1988/03 SP - 35 p. AB - This report describes a methodology whereby individual states can estimate the deaths and injuries that could be prevented and the economic cost savings that could result if measures are taken which increase safety belt use. This method basically involves a three step process: first, determining the incidence of death and injury now experienced in the state; second, determining the potential safety improvement through increased belt usage in the particular state; and thirdly, combining the potential safety benefits with their associated economic costs. While the resulting estimates provide a reasonable "order of magnitude" indicator of safety and economic benefits that could result from increased safety belt use, they should not be characterized as a precise prediction of these savings. KW - Economic benefits KW - Estimating KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Methodology KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496631 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A MODEL FOR ESTIMATING ECONOMIC COSTS FROM MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES IN STATE AND LOCAL JURISDICTIONS PY - 1988/03 SP - 9 p. AB - State and local jurisdictions can make a rough estimate of their local economic costs from motor vehicle crashes by multiplying their specific fatality count by $1.3 million. This assumes that local accident characteristics are similar to the national average. In many instances, this will not be the case. A more accurate estimate of economic costs incurred in a specific jurisdiction can be made by following the simple steps outlined in this paper. The first step is to determine the incidence of death, injury, and property damage now experienced in the specific jurisdiction; the second step is to combine this incidence with the associated per unit economic costs which are provided in the paper. The resulting estimate should provide a reasonable "order of magnitude" indicator of economic costs. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Estimating KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490822 AU - Compton, R P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USE OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES AND HIGHWAY SAFETY: A REPORT TO CONGRESS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 45 p. AB - This report reviews the relationship of drug use to highway safety. It identifies the information needed to determine the nature and magnitude of the drug and highway safety problem and reviews the major methodological problems. The report describes the best information on the incidence of drug usage by drivers involved in crashes, and summarizes the findings from research on the behavioral effects from drugs, and studies using driving simulators. General conclusions are presented on the role of drugs in highway safety. KW - Behavior KW - Drugs KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299695 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490040 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Ross, D F AU - Pihl, R O AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOL, SELF-FOCUS AND COMPLEX REACTION-TIME PERFORMANCE PY - 1988/03 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - p. 115-125 AB - The effects of alcohol, expectancy and state-trait varieties of public self-focus on complex reaction-time performance were evaluated. The procedure crossed a 2 (expectancy) x 2 (dose) modified balanced-placebo design with two levels of public self-awareness (normal versus high). A median split procedure performed on public and private self-consciousness scale scores served to evaluate trait effects. Results indicated that subject's task performance was best understood as an interaction between his subjective experience of intoxication-sobriety, his beliefs concerning what he had drunk and the salience of situational standards toward effortful performance. Public self-consciousness proved to mediate the behavioral expression of conventional expectancies concerning drunken comportment. Interactions between alcohol, expectancy and self-focus are discussed in terms of an interactive model of drunken comportment. KW - Behavior KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intoxication KW - Psychological aspects KW - Reaction time KW - Self-focus UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302296 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490055 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - RISK OF FATALITY FROM PHYSICAL TRAUMA VERSUS SEX AND AGE PY - 1988/03 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - p. 368-378 AB - No large-scale epidemiologic study to investigate how sex and age affect fatal trauma risk from the same impact has been possible previously because large numbers of people are rarely subject to sufficiently similar major physical insults. This paper describes such a study, made possible by two recent developments: first, the availability of a large data file, the Fatal Accident Reporting System, which gives information on more than one third of a million people fatally injured in traffic crashes; second, a new technique, the double-pair comparison method, which, by focusing on vehicles containing two occupants, at least one of whom is killed, allows appropriate inferences to be made from such data. Fatality risk versus sex and age was determined for ten categories of vehicle occupants (unbelted car drivers, helmeted motorcycle passengers, etc.). Similar effects were found for different occupants, indicating that basic physiologic response (not confined to traffic fatalities) is being measured. It is found that fatality risk is about 25% greater for females than for similar aged males from about age 15 to 45 years. At younger and older ages males are more at risk. For both sexes, fatality risk is least at age 20 years. At age 70 it is about three times what it is at age 20. KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Physiological aspects KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302307 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490041 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Margolis, J L AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN MAINE PY - 1988/03 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - p. 395-399 AB - All-terrain vehicles (ATV) are designed for off-road vocational or recreational use. Their popularity has increased steadily, but only recently has information accumulated concerning morbidity and mortality associated with the use of these vehicles. The 221 ATV accidents reported in Maine during 1985 are reviewed to more fully characterize the trauma associated with ATV accidents. These data are compared with reports from other geographical areas and recommendations made regarding ATV use. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Mortality rates KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302297 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490058 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - GULLBERG, R G AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF TRUNCATED BREATH-ALCOHOL TEST MEASUREMENTS PY - 1988/03 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - p. 507-510 AB - The reporting of breath-alcohol measurements truncated to two decimal places is a form of computational error. The magnitude of the error can range from 0.000 to 0.009 g/210 L. The truncation error will follow a uniform distribution. A total of 500 breath-alcohol test measurements were evaluated to determine the distribution of the third digit. There are 10 possible discrete values for the third digit. The frequency of each third digit was found to range from 44 for the lowest to 57 for the highest. The data closely approximated the uniform distribution. To conform exactly with the uniform distribution, there would have to be 50 of each decimal value. Given that the third digit approximates the uniform distribution, one cannot attach a greater probability to a particular third-digit value as opposed to another. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Errors KW - Forensic medicine KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490063 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Greene, M A AU - Metzler, M H AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - TRAUMA ASSOCIATED WITH THREE AND FOUR-WHEELED ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES PY - 1988/03 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - p. 391-394 AB - Death or serious injury may occur as the result of accidents involving three- and four-wheeled recreational vehicles. Thirty-two cases of such trauma requiring hospitalization at the University of Missouri Hospital were reviewed, and followup questionnaires sent to each patient. Head and extremity trauma was nine times as frequent as torso injuries. Males were injured in 81% of the cases, and the average age of all patients was 18.6 years. Fifty percent required intensive-care monitoring and 74% required surgery. Two patients died of head injuries. Of the 25 survivors who responded to the questionnaires, 44% reported either inability to return to work or substantial interference with daily living due to their injuries. Inexperience riding the vehicle, prior use of alcohol, and lack of protective riding apparel were frequently cited as contributing factors in these injuries. KW - Age KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Arm KW - Contributing factors KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Questionnaires KW - Three wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302313 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00490088 AU - McCaul, K A AU - McLean, A J AU - Kloeden, C N AU - Hinrichs, R W AU - University of Adelaide TI - STUDY OF HEAD INJURIES IN CHILDREN SN - 0-642-51091-1 PY - 1988/03 SP - 41 p. AB - The literature describing the biomechanical response of children to impact is reviewed. The results of a computer simulation of a real child pedestrian impact using the computer program MADYMO are presented. The results of this simulation show good agreement with currently accepted tolerance levels for head impact in children. KW - Anthropometry KW - Biophysics KW - Children KW - Computer programs KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Simulation KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302330 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490053 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Ungerleider, S AU - BLOCH, S A AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - PERCEIVED EFFECTIVENESS OF DRINKING-DRIVING COUNTERMEASURES: AN EVALUATION OF MADD PY - 1988/03 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - p. 191-195 AB - Drunken driving has become widely recognized as a serious social problem. In recent years, several citizen activist groups have emerged to combat this problem. The leadership of 212 chapters of an organization called Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) was surveyed to obtain data on chapter emphasis, satisfaction, future involvement and perception of most effective countermeasures. On measures of perceived effectiveness of various countermeasures, chapter leaders ranked strong legal penalties and strict enforcement of driving while intoxicated (DWI) laws as most effective compared to prevention and treatment measures. Findings suggest a shift in emphasis toward a more criminal justice orientation. KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Interviewing KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Penalties KW - Prevention KW - Surveys KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302305 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490062 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bruhn, C AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - TODAY'S TOUGH BRAKES PY - 1988/03 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - p. 35, 37- AB - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 121 stipulates the minimum standards required for braking systems on vehicles equipped with air brake systems, including trucks, buses, and commercial trailers. The regulation centers around specified stopping distances for trucks and buses, as well as the requirement for anti-lock design. This article reviews the current brake designs used in school buses. The discussion covers shoe brake systems, air brake systems, anti-lock brake systems, and brake retarders. Also mentioned is a course offered by Bendix, H.V.S. (Elyria, Ohio), which trains mechanics how to install, maintain, and troubleshoot air brake systems. The training materials cover everything from the fundamentals of brakes to maintenance schedules for fleet managers. Bendix has six mobile training units that each carry an operating air brake display. Four inserts accompany this article: Giving School Children A Brake; Increase Safety During Loading; The Saga of FMVSS 121; and Accessories Improve Brake Performance. KW - Air brakes KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake components KW - Brake retarders KW - Brake shoes KW - Brakes KW - Bus maintenance KW - Buses KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Mechanics KW - School buses KW - Training KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082943 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Report to Congress on Provisions of State Safety Belt Use Laws and Other Programmatic Factors Related to Increasing Safety Belt Use Laws PY - 1988/02 SP - 41p AB - In the Department of Transportation's 1987 supplemental appropriation, Congress directed the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to begin a comprehensive, systematic research program to evaluate safety-belt laws. In particular, NHTSA is to identify and evaluate those statutory provisions and other programmatic factors that result in the most significant increases in safety-belt use. NHTSA is to report its results annually through 1990. This initial report begins by discussing what NHTSA now knows about why some states and communities have achieved higher belt use than others under their belt use laws. The available information is far from complete, and the second section outlines the gaps in the current knowledge. The final section presents a research plan to address these gaps. KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway safety KW - Safety programs KW - Seat belts KW - State laws KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25785/DOT-HS-EPX-035.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842134 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601342 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - HOWLAND, J AU - Hingson, R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOL AS A RISK FACTOR FOR DROWNINGS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE (1950-1985) PY - 1988/02 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-25 AB - The authors identified 36 English language studies (1950-1985) on alcohol and drownings. The majority of these were descriptive, reporting on the percent of drowning victims positive for alcohol upon autopsy. Most studies fell into one of three categories: Type A--complete ascertainment, duration of submergence specified; Type B--complete ascertainment, duration of submergence unspecified; Type C--partial ascertainment. Among Type A studies, percent of positives for alcohol ranged from 29% to 47%. Among Type B studies, percents ranged from 15% to 69%. Among Type C studies, percents ranged from 18% to 86%. It is concluded that (1) between 25% and 50% of adult drowning victims have been exposed to alcohol and that (2) without data on the frequency of alcohol consumption among non-victims engaged in aquatic activities, the causal role of alcohol in drownings is uncertain. Suggestions for further research are offered. (Included in the statistics are drownings involving boating and driving.) KW - Alcohol use KW - Boating KW - Driving KW - Drowning KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348552 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601343 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Langley, J D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE NEED TO DISCONTINUE THE USE OF THE TERM "ACCIDENT" WHEN REFERRING TO UNINTENTIONAL INJURY EVENTS PY - 1988/02 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-8 AB - Inconsistencies in the common usage of the words "accident" and "injury" are examined. The practical difficulties in applying some commonly accepted definitions are illustrated. It is shown how common notions of "accident" are not supported by the facts and are counterproductive to preventive measures. It is argued that the phrase "injury control" provides a more comprehensive perspective of the problem than the phrase "accident prevention", but its use also has disadvantages. It is concluded that health professionals should discontinue using the term "accident" and associated phrases, when referring to unintentional injury events. KW - Crashes KW - Definitions KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600545 AU - Sayer, J R AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSTRUMENT PANEL SYMBOLS: DO DRIVERS PREFER ALTERNATIVES OVER THOSE IN THE ISO STANDARD? PY - 1988/02 SP - 118 p. AB - Suggestions for pictographic symbols for identifying automotive controls and displays were obtained from 32 drivers. A total of 142 symbol candidates were developed from these suggestions for 25 functions. Subsequently, 104 people at a driver licensing office ranked these candidates and corresponding symbols in ISO Standard 2575 from best to worst in terms of how well the candidates represented the functions of interest. Based on those data the authors recommend replacing the ISO symbols for the lighter, fog lights, hood release, master lighting switch, and temperature. The authors also recommend continuing to seek alternatives for the front defrost, hazard, headlamp cleaner, high beam headlamps, unleaded fuel, parking lights, rear defrost, windshield washer, and windshield washer/wiper. KW - Automobiles KW - Control KW - Displays KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - International KW - International standards KW - Recommendations KW - Standards KW - Symbols UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600548 AU - Adams, S AU - Goldstein, S AU - Zeltner, K AU - Ratanaproeksa, P AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - LEGIBILITY ABSTRACTS FROM THE UMTRI LIBRARY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 97 p. AB - This report cites all documents relating to legibility in the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) Library. For each of these documents, the authors, title, UMTRI Library catalog number, and an abstract are provided. In addition, indexes are provided by author, title, and UMTRI catalog number. This report identifies 121 documents which have the UMTRI Library code PMKL (Legibility). Among these documents are 41 technical reports, 16 conference proceedings, 59 journal articles, and 5 books. The documents cited within this report are primarily concerned with highway sign or license plate design, but touch upon a variety of issues, including letter size, legend and background luminance, luminance contrast, legend and background color, and viewer acuity. This report will be used to develop a literature review on the legibility of text on automobile instrument panels. KW - Abstracts KW - Automobiles KW - Backgrounds KW - Color KW - Contrast KW - Design KW - Displays KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Legibility KW - Lettering KW - Letters KW - License plates KW - Luminous intensity KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Size KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496627 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES SYSTEM REVIEW OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - v.p. AB - In an effort to evaluate their Emergency Medical Services (EMS) program, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Department of Health, requested the assistance of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in establishing a technical assistance team which would review Puerto Rico's EMS provider training program, the regional communication system, and the trauma system, as well as make specific recommendations on proposed Section 402 expenditures relating to EMS. Region II and the Division of Emergency Medical Services of NHTSA collaborated in establishing a team with specific expertise in trauma systems, facilities, training, and communications. The findings of the Technical Team are contained in this report. The Team found an EMS system that exceeded expectations. Briefly, the Team's major findings are as follows: Quality assurance and evaluation are critical tools for the EMS manager. Steps must be taken to implement a well-functioning and structured quality assurance and evaluation program. The need was found for comprehensive EMS and trauma legislation. There is some confusion about licensing, standards of practice, level of care, and authority/jurisdiction, all of which comprehensive EMS legislation could solve. The involvement of surgeons at all levels of planning and operations was conspicuous by their absence. Trauma is a surgical disease and surgeons must be involved. An organization was found whose success is based on the effectiveness of strong leadership and personality. Development of a management system, with well defined roles and responsibilities, and with appropriate delegation of responsibility will assure the longevity of the program. The Guajataca training facilities is an excellent concept and program. The team found the concept of integrating emergency medical technicians, nurses, and physicians together in an educational situation to be excellent, and a positive aspect of the EMS system. This facility and concept has great potential for the Spanish speaking countries in South America and should be pursued. KW - Communications KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Legislation KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Puerto Rico KW - Quality assurance KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490681 AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPERATOR'S MANUAL FOR WAVEFORM GENERATOR MODEL RPG-6236-A. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 36 p. AB - The waveform generator, described in this manual, provides a reference signal standard for use in testing the performance of crash test data acquisition systems. During the test, the waveform generator provides the signal inputs to the data acquisition system under test. The signals recorded by the data acquisition system are processed by a general purpose digital computer to yield the performance characteristics of the data acquisition system tested. This operators manual provides instructions for use of the waveform generator. KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Impact tests KW - Manuals KW - Operator KW - Operators (Persons) KW - Testing KW - Waveform generators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490693 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: BUCKLE UP IN THE BACK SEAT PY - 1988/02 SP - 4 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on buckling up in the back seat. It describes the proper use of rear seat lap belts, indicates those states which have laws that require rear seat passengers to buckle up, and provides a chart that shows which passenger cars, light trucks, and multi-purpose passenger vehicles already have rear seat lap/shoulder belts and which will have them in the next few years. KW - Automobiles KW - Laws KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Rear seats KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490692 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: SAFETY BELTS PROPER USE PY - 1988/02 SP - 2 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on the proper use of safety belts. It emphasizes the avoidance of excessive slack in the belt system and what to do if the shoulder belt is too snug. It tells how to get rid of excess slack and cautions the user to check the vehicle owner's manual for detailed instructions on the amount of slack considered safe for that model. KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490052 AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - 3M Company TI - MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ADEQUATE NIGHTTIME CONSPICUITY OF HIGHWAY SIGNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 122 p. AB - A laboratory and field study were conducted to assess the minimum luminance levels of signs to ensure that they will be detected and identified at adequate distances under nighttime driving conditions. A total of 30 subjects participated in the field study, driving a car on public roads, and reporting when they could identify the test signs, which were positioned at random points along the side of the road. Variables considered were: surround complexity, subject age, retroreflective efficiency, and sign color. A study was also carried out to measure the effect of subject expectancy. All of the independent variables, including color, were found to have an effect on sign conspicuity. For example, sign retroreflectivity had to be increased by a factor of about ten to achieve equivalent conspicuity when going from areas of low to high complexity, and a factor of about three to compensate for the effect of subject age. The colors red, orange, green, and blue had substantially greater conspicuity than did yellow with equivalent retroreflectivity. Possible reasons for the latter finding are discussed. Minimum retroreflectivity recommendations are presented for stop signs, construction area warning signs, warning signs, and overhead guide signs, together with the rationale for their development. KW - Age KW - Color KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Field tests KW - Human factors KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminous intensity KW - Night KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Recommendations KW - Retrodirective reflection KW - Retroreflection KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility KW - Warning signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490047 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Molnar, L J AU - Businski, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SEAT BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: FALL 1987. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 63 p. AB - Results of a direct observation study of seat belt use in Michigan conducted in November 1987 were compared with results of nine previous surveys (December 1984, April, July, and December 1985, April, July, and December 1986, and April and July 1987). In the current survey, 17,580 occupants in 12,210 cars and light trucks were observed between October 26 and November 15, 1987. The main finding was that use of seat belts changed little between July 1987 and November 1987. Front-seat restraint use among all motorists observed was 48.1% in November 1987, compared to 46.6% in July 1987. The increase is not statistically significant since the estimates have a margin of error of plus or minus 2%. All age groups exhibited marginal increases from the previous survey wave except the age group 0-3 which showed a small decline. Use rates were as follows in November 1987 (all seat positions): 67.8% among occupants age 0-3; 39.3% among occupants age 4-15; 38.8% among occupants age 16-29; 48.9% among occupants age 30-59; and 58.0% among occupants age 60 and older. Females continued to exhibit higher restraint use than males, 52.6% versus 42.0% in the current survey. As in previous surveys, restraint use varied by region of the state. Seat belt use has remained stable since December 1985 when use among front-seat occupants was 44.5%. Finally, front-seat belt use among those age 16 and over remains significantly higher than it was before Michigan's mandatory use law took effect (48.0% in November 1987, versus 18.3% in December 1984). Additional surveys are scheduled for 1988. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Gender KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490061 AU - Stoke, C B AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville TI - A SURVEY OF CHILD SAFETY SEAT AND SAFETY BELT USE IN VIRGINIA: THE 1987 UPDATE PY - 1988/02 SP - 51 p. AB - Observational surveys of belt use by the motoring public in Virginia have been conducted in two series: (1) 1974-1977 and (2) 1983-1987. Only the latter data are presented in this report. Each year data were collected in the Roanoke, Northern Virginia, Richmond, and Tidewater areas. In 1987, nine small communities were added to the survey sites: three each in the western, valley, and southside areas of the state. Observed belt usages are analyzed according to a number of occupant, vehicle, and geographic characteristics. Each of these is discussed in a separate section of the report. Belt use in the urban areas increased each year, and in 1987, 40.4% of the drivers and 32.9% of the passengers were using some form of safety restraint. Use rates in the towns were much lower than those in the urban areas. While there was considerable variability in the use rates among the towns surveyed, the overall town rates were 20.2% for drivers and 19.5% for passengers. Urban and town rates were combined and treated as statewide rates. These statewide rates were 34.3% for drivers and 28.9% for passengers. There are a number of other findings presented in the report. Among these are the following: (1) belt use is highest in the northern area of the state; (2) in the last two years, there was little difference in the rates of use throughout the day; (3) each year, over two-thirds of all infants were in child safety seats, but in 1987, 37.5% were incorrectly restrained; and (4) in 1987, young adults had the highest rates of use. It was concluded that passage of the Child Safety Seat Law by the Virginia General Assembly has had a continuing major positive influence on the use of child safety seats. It was further concluded that a number of other factors have combined to raise safety belt usage by other vehicle occupants, and these voluntary rates have approached levels comparable to usage rates in states with mandatory usage laws. It is recommended that additional state and local effort to increase safety belt use should be directed at small communities and in the western area of the state. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Misuse KW - Passengers KW - Small towns KW - Surveys KW - Towns KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Vehicle type KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36719/88-R15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00445644 AU - Mak, K K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OBLIQUE ANGLE CRASH TESTS OF LOADED HEAVY TRUCKS, INTO AN INSTRUMENTED WALL PY - 1988/02 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fuel systems KW - Testing KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/262001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600549 AU - Bowman, M J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE "UMIVOR" MANUAL: VERSION 03 PY - 1988/01/01 SP - 242 p. AB - This report documents the investigation practices, editing conventions, and reference materials in preparing Multi-disciplinary Accident Investigation reported case vehicles for processing into the Transportation Research Institute's Accident Data Bank. The text documents the January 1, 1988 revised interpretations of each variable and includes expanded reference materials for use with the UMIVOR (University of Michigan In-depth Vehicle and Occupant Report Form). The UMIVOR is designed to be used primarily for passenger cars, multi-purpose passenger vehicles, light trucks (including pickups), and vans. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Light trucks KW - Manuals KW - Multidisciplinary KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Vans KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490051 AU - Bowman, M J AU - GREEN, J A AU - SCOTT, R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - IN-DEPTH VEHICLE OCCUPANT REPORT PY - 1988/01/01 SP - 54 p. AB - The University of Michigan In-depth Vehicle Occupant Report (UMIVOR) is a form for the field recording of vehicle damage and occupant injuries sustained in motor vehicle traffic accidents. The report was developed by UMTRI as a new concept in accident reporting which includes, in part, modified portions of current reporting forms. The report is designed to be used primarily for passenger cars, light trucks, and vans. It is modular in nature so that future modifications of the format can be made easily by adding new modules or by dropping old ones. Provisions have been made in the administrative module to include optional user-defined elements. The report is also designed for data entry and computerization with specific module identifiers and column numbers. All measurements are recorded in metric units. The current format of the report is the result of extensive internal development, discussions with many end-user groups, and operational use in actual field situations. The report is accompanied at UMTRI by an interpretation/documentation manual and computer programs to produce working data sets from the field-recorded data. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forms KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299295 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01417855 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Alcohol involvement in fatal traffic crashes 1986 PY - 1988/01 IS - DOT HS 807 268 SP - 22P KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident statistics KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Drink driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490824 AU - Wolff, P AU - Barth, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - ABT Associates, Incorporated TI - TRAUMA SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - v.p. AB - A study has been made to see if there are any true trauma systems, how the manner in which trauma centers are designated affects trauma patients, what the financial impacts of trauma systems are on prehospital services and on hospitals. It was found that the manner of trauma center designation affects a trauma system: the stronger the designation, the better the system is likely to be. A trauma system increases costs of prehospital care; it puts burdens on hospitals. Three major institutional factors promote development of a trauma system: legislative action, leadership by the regional EMS agency (including participation by the local community in decision-making, cooperation of the physician community, cooperation of the hospitals), and solution to the problem of unfunded trauma care. It is recommended that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration work with and strengthen each of these institutional factors. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Costs KW - Finance KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Public relations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300026 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623550 JO - Australian Road Research Board Special Report PB - ARRB Group Limited AU - Charlesworth, K D AU - CAIRNEY, P T AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING UNSAFE DRIVING ACTIONS SN - 0 86910 327 X PY - 1988/01 SP - 131 p. AB - This study investigates techniques for studying the incidence of unsafe driving actions (UDAs) in both the accident and normal driving population in an attempt to develop an overall plan for measuring relative crash risks of UDAs. Stage 1 re-analyzed the Adelaide in-depth study (McLean et al. 1979) coding driver behaviour with definitions from previous studies. During this procedure it became apparent that an improved system for assigning UDAs was required. This led to the development of a flow chart technique which was found to be both reliable and sufficiently detailed. Stage 2 applied the flow chart technique to police crash report forms. This resulted in too many "unknown" responses to flow chart decisions. A pilot study suggests that additional information held at Police Headquarters may be the most successful way to re-attempt Stage 2. Stage 3 piloted several techniques for observing UDAs in the normal driving population. KW - Behavior KW - Crash reports KW - Drivers KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Hazards KW - High risk drivers KW - Risk assessment UR - http://arrbknowledge.com UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00571219 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN FRONTAL INTERIOR IMPACT FOR UNRESTRAINED FRONT SEAT OCCUPANTS OF CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS PY - 1988/01 SP - 319 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Impacts KW - Instrument panels KW - Seat belts KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/336434 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601348 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Janicki, E AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - CRASH TESTS FOR SIDE COLLISIONS PY - 1988/01 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - p. 63 AB - The Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA) has created new comprehensive tests that hopefully will lead to impact standards for side collisions. Special door beams, which automakers started to install several years ago, have not proven adequate, and padding inside the doors hasn't been effective either. A new type of test dummy named Eurosid has been devised to give manufacturers more insight into what actually happens to humans in side-impact accidents. Eurosid is a male, weighs 167 pounds, and is filled with computerized sensors. These sensors measure how hard various parts of the body are pushed into obstacles inside the car. The collision tests simulate an accident in which a car starting through an intersection at about 15 mph is hit in the side by a vehicle going 30 mph. Some early side-impact tests have resulted in changes in weld locations and door hinges. Studies also indicate that changes in interior padding may produce a more favorable effect than changes in structural design. KW - Crashes KW - Doors KW - Dummies KW - Hinges KW - Impact tests KW - Interior KW - Location KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Testing KW - Vehicle padding KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476004 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Goldfein, J AU - Harold Russell Associates, Incorporated AU - Social Science Research and Evaluation, Incorporat AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ASSESSMENT OF RIDE SERVICE PROGRAMS AS AN ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 97 p. AB - Ride Service Programs, frequently called safe ride or dial-a-ride programs, attempt to reduce alcohol-related crashes by providing alternative transportation to drinkers who would otherwise drive while intoxicated. This study identified 325 Ride Service Programs across the country; 52 were studied in detail through telephone discussions and review of written materials. Twelve of the 52 were also visited. This report discusses the operation of Ride Service Programs: staffing, the types of transport used (cabs, buses, tow trucks, etc.), procedures for delivering rides, funding, etc. It also discusses problems programs may encounter and possible solutions for them. Four major conclusions are reached. First, Ride Service Programs are widely available: they exist in many states, many operate every day, etc. Second, they are relatively easy to develop and maintain: many types of organizations operate them, there are many sources of funding, etc. Third, Ride Service Programs are used frequently - some provide hundreds of rides per year. Fourth, the effectiveness of these programs in reducing Driving While Intoxicated remains unknown. Topics for future research are suggested. The introduction describes two other reports about this study: a directory listing 325 programs and a users' guide which includes descriptions of the 12 programs that were visited. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Intoxication KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Paratransit services KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Ride service programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476005 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Goldfein, J AU - Harold Russell Associates, Incorporated AU - Social Science Research and Evaluation, Incorporat AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A USERS' GUIDE TO RIDE SERVICE PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 158 p. AB - Ride Service Programs, frequently called safe ride or dial-a-ride programs, attempt to reduce alcohol-related crashes by providing alternative transportation to drinkers who would otherwise drive while intoxicated. This study identified 325 Ride Service Programs across the country; 52 were studied in detail through telephone discussions and review of written materials. This report discusses the operation of Ride Service Programs: staffing, the types of transport used (cabs, buses, tow trucks, etc.), procedures for delivering rides, funding, etc. It also discusses problems programs may encounter and possible solutions for them. Twelve programs that were visited are described at length. Four major conclusions are reached. First, Ride Service Programs are widely available: they exist in many states, many operate every day, etc. Second, they are relatively easy to develop and maintain: many types of organizations operate them, there are many sources of funding, etc. Third, Ride Service Programs are used frequently - some provide hundreds of rides per year. Fourth, the effectiveness of these programs in reducing Driving While Intoxicated remains unknown. Topics for future research are suggested. The introduction describes two other reports about this study: a directory listing 325 programs and a technical research report that provides details about the methods that were used. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Intoxication KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Paratransit services KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Ride service programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496557 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING... PY - 1988/01 SP - 14 p. AB - This is a consumer information report containing tire quality gradings. Included are treadwear, traction, and temperature grades. The grade designations are required by government regulations and are designed to be used for comparative purposes only. All passenger car tires must conform to federal safety requirements in addition to these grades. KW - Temperature grades KW - Temperature gradients KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction grades KW - Treadwear grades KW - Uniform tire quality grading standard UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496621 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES TRAINING PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - v.p. AB - The Pediatric Emergency Medical Services Training Program (PEMSTP) was established through the cooperative efforts of the Department of Health and Human Services' Division of Maternal and Child Health and the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. It was designated as a Demonstration Project to increase the prehospital knowledge and skills of Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) about pediatric emergencies on a national scale. Children have special needs in an emergency because of their small anatomy and physiologic responses to illness and injury. Traditionally, the curriculum guidelines for EMT programs have focused on the prehospital care of adults, with only a small portion (3%) of training time dedicated to pediatrics. The PEMSTP was expected to develop a pediatric prehospital care curriculum which could become the national standard for EMT basic training. Once the curriculum was developed, the project was expected to train 90 EMT Instructors who would be the national pool of instructors for the dissemination of the pediatric information to prehospital care providers. Instructors from every state were to be included in this group. In addition, the project was expected to evaluate the replicability of the training in EMS regions nationally. This report summarizes the activities of the PEMSTP over the past three years, with particular emphasis on activities during the past year. KW - Children KW - Curricula KW - Demonstration projects KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Education KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Instructors KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496556 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM 1988 CRASHWORTHINESS DATA SYSTEM: DATA COLLECTION, CODING, AND EDITING MANUAL PY - 1988/01 SP - v.p. AB - This is the 11th edition of the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) Data Collection, Coding, and Editing Manual. The NASS consists of 36 teams of accident researchers situated throughout the U.S. At each site, or Primary Sampling Unit (PSU), the accident research team researches a probability sample of police reported accidents involving passenger cars, light trucks, and vans which were towed, according to the police report, from the scene due to damage. This system has been termed the Crashworthiness Data System (CDS). Zone centers have been established to provide for the quality control of the CDS data collected and the technical management of the teams within their zone. The purpose of this manual is to provide PSU team members, zone centers, the Transportation Safety Institute NASS Training Program Coordinator, and the National Center for Statistics and Analysis with a consistent, standardized set of instructions for sampling accidents and collecting, coding, and editing the data. The manual includes seven substantive sections: Introduction; Description of the Sampling Frame; Overview of Sampling Activities; Overview of Information to be Collected on Sampled CDS Accidents; Form Logs; Submission Instructions; and Coding Instructions. The Appendices contain (1) the Uniform Symbols for Scene Marking, (2) the Uniform Symbols for Accident Diagramming, (3) the Photography Instructions, and (4) the listing of Variable Computer Formats. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Instructions KW - Manuals KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Sampling KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496619 AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IACP TRAFFIC DATA REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 43 p. AB - This report is a prototype created to satisfy the following objectives: (1) Fill the need for a single national level comprehensive source of police traffic services management information; (2) Allow state and local law enforcement agencies an improved ability to compare their performance levels with those of agencies of similar size or jurisdictional demographic composition; and (3) Allow state and local law enforcement an enhanced capability of reviewing aggregate traffic experience data for evaluating current police traffic service programs and planning future police traffic service programs. The data come from 77 contributing state, municipal and county police departments and highway patrols. The report is divided into two sections, with state agency data being separated from municipal and county data. 76 different data elements, reflecting primarily accident and enforcement action data from these agencies are arranged in 15 separate tables for each section. The information is extremely comprehensive. Basic data (number of vehicle accidents, fatal accidents, injury accidents) and more specific data (pedestrian/pedalcycle accidents, fatalities, number of drunk driving arrests - to name but a few) are recorded where available. KW - Arrests KW - Cyclists KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Motorcyclists KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Speeding KW - State highway patrol KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496620 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION IN FRONTAL INTERIOR IMPACT FOR UNRESTRAINED FRONT SEAT OCCUPANTS OF CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 343 p. AB - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 201, Occupant Protection in Interior Impact, regulates the performance of certain vehicle interior surfaces in crashes. During the 1960's and early 1970's, the manufacturers generally modified instrument panels of cars and light trucks, installing padding, reducing the rigidity of panel structures and extending the panel downward and toward the passenger. This evaluation analyzes the effectiveness and benefits of instrument panel improvements in frontal crashes of cars and light trucks. It also estimates the cumulative fatality reduction - for unrestrained front seat occupants in frontal crashes - for all safety standards and vehicle improvements of the 1964-84 era. The study is based on statistical analyses of FARS, NCSS and NASS accident data and MVMA2D computer simulations of occupants impacting the instrument panel in frontal crashes. It was found that: (1) The instrument panel improvements of the 1965-75 era reduced fatality risk and serious injury risk by nearly 25% for unrestrained right front passengers of cars in frontal crashes, saving up to 700 lives per year; (2) A preliminary analysis of light trucks indicates close to 25% reduction of fatality risk between model years 1968 and 1976, for unrestrained right front passengers in frontal crashes; and (3) All the passenger car standards and improvements of the 1964-84 period, other than safety belts, save about 2200 driver and front seat passenger fatalities per year in frontal crashes. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Frontal crashes KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Instrument panels KW - Interior KW - Light trucks KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - National crash severity study KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Simulation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496628 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE BARRIER IMPACT TESTING WITH HYBRID III DUMMIES IN A 1987 FORD ESCORT 5-DOOR HATCHBACK. TEST REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 132 p. AB - A 30 mph flat frontal barrier impact test was conducted on a 1987 Ford Escort 5-door hatchback at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio on December 16, 1987, using Hybrid III driver and passenger dummies. The barrier impact velocity was 29.5 mph. The ambient temperature was 62 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Test results KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496622 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR EMS PROVIDERS IN MONTANA ON TRAUMA PREVENTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 37 p. AB - The Critical Illness and Trauma (CIT) Foundation responded to a request for proposal (RFP) from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration calling for the design, development and conduct of a statewide program, "to provide technical assistance to Emergency Medical Service (EMS) providers on trauma prevention". The CIT Foundation proposed to conduct such a program in cooperation with the agencies who were currently active in promoting highway traffic safety issues within Montana. Two training programs were proposed aimed at increasing the awareness and encouraging the promotion of trauma prevention by EMS Providers. The educational sessions were conducted at two successive semi-annual statewide educational conferences sponsored by the Montana EMS Association. Additionally, the CIT Foundation proposed to develop literature that would be "Montana" specific and link EMS with the current occupant safety system networking effort in state. During the initial phase of the project, up to and including the first training program, the primary focus of the project was on the utilization of occupant safety systems in both private and emergency vehicles. During the second phase of the project, the focus broadened to include other highway traffic safety issues such as alcohol consumption and driving, utilization of motorcycle helmets, and awareness of the EMS system. Highlights of the project included: strong attendance and satisfaction with the two training programs, a successful incentive contest with the winner attending a national EMS conference, the positive integration of EMS providers into the networking system which contributed, in part, to the passage of the mandatory safety belt law, and, lastly, a significant increase in the awareness of EMS providers relative to the importance of their role in trauma prevention issues. KW - Awareness KW - Conferences KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Documents KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Montana KW - Prevention KW - Publications KW - Safety KW - Technical assistance KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00484627 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF MDB (MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER): MDB-TO-CAR-SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1985 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY AT 33.1 MPH PY - 1988/01 SP - 93 p. AB - The test report documents a side impact test conducted to evalate various methods of determining door velocity. Testing was conducted on a 1985 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door sedan at the TRC Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.1 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. The test date was January 7, 1988 and the ambient temperature was 14 deg F. KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490682 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMS NETWORKING FOR PREVENTION: FINAL REPORT ON EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES NETWORKING FOR PREVENTION IN FLORIDA PY - 1988/01 SP - n.p. AB - A grant was awarded to the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, Office of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) on May 31, 1985, to assist them in developing a comprehensive prevention program to be administered by EMS providers, to increase public awareness, particularly teenagers, of the issues of driving while under the influence of alcohol and drugs, and use of safety belts. This publication briefly describes some of the activities that have taken place to date. Included are two attachments: the script for a video written by a local county EMS Explorers group and a local high school drama club; and an Instructor's Guide entitled "EMS-Networking for Prevention." KW - Adolescents KW - Awareness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Florida KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490689 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: AUTOMATIC CRASH PROTECTION: YOUR CHOICE IN 1988 PY - 1988/01 SP - 4 p. AB - This Fact Sheet contains information on automatic crash protection devices available on new cars in 1988. It describes automatic safety belts, air bags, and head restraints. A chart is provided showing which automobiles already have automatic crash protection devices, which kind they have, and, if they do not have such devices, when in 1988 they will be available. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobiles KW - Availability KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Headrests KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490690 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (NCAP) 1987 PY - 1988/01 SP - 4 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's New Car Assessment Program (NCAP). NCAP is an experimental program to test vehicles to see how well they perform during a crash. Included is information on how the vehicles to be tested are selected, what happens when model years change, and how vehicles are tested. A figure is provided showing head injury levels during NCAP tests in 1987 of certain subcompact, compact, mid-size and large cars, and station wagons, trucks, vans and multiple purpose vehicles. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - New Car Assessment Program KW - Station wagons KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Testing KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490819 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES 1986. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 22 p. AB - The estimates of alcohol involvement in fatal traffic crashes that occurred during 1986 are presented. Several comparisons of alcohol involvement for the period 1982-1986 are presented to investigate changes and trends. The data are from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and represent a combination of actual blood alcohol concentration (BAC) test results and estimated BAC distributions for those drivers and non-occupants for whom no BAC test results are available. The estimates are made using a model developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25795/DOT-HS-807-268.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490694 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: AUTO SAFETY DEFECTS & RECALLS PY - 1988/01 SP - 4 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on how to find out if a vehicle has had a safety defect recall, how to determine if a used car has had a defect corrected or not, and where to report a safety-related problem with a vehicle or vehicle equipment. A chart is provided showing information on recall campaigns over the last five years that involved more than 100,000 cars. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299632 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490064 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Mueller, B A AU - Rivara, F P AU - BERGMAN, A B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - URBAN-RURAL LOCATION AND THE RISK OF DYING IN A PEDESTRIAN-VEHICLE COLLISION PY - 1988/01 VL - 28 IS - 1 SP - p. 91-94 AB - Statewide data from two sources were used to compare the pedestrian-vehicle collision injury and fatality rates for urban and rural areas of Washington State from 1981 through 1983. Although the rates of pedestrian injuries are higher in urban areas, the pedestrian fatality rate in rural areas is higher for nearly all age groups, and at all posted speeds. Multiple logistic regression was carried out to measure the risk of dying once involved in a pedestrian-vehicle collision in rural areas compared to the risk for urban areas. This relative risk was seen to be elevated (RR equals 2.3; 95% CI equals 2.0-2.6) even after controlling for the effects of age and sex of the pedestrian, and posted speed of the vehicle. When explored further it was seen that a larger proportion of fatalities died out of the hospital and within the first hour after injury in rural areas than in urban areas. It is possible that Emergency Medical Services care is less rapidly available and that accessibility to trauma centers is more limited in rural areas. KW - Accessibility KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Availability KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Hospitals KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Regression analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural areas KW - Speed limits KW - Supply KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00487959 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS: NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR PASSENGER CARS TO MEET A DYNAMIC SIDE IMPACT TEST FMVSS 214 PY - 1988/01 SP - 328 p. AB - The analysis describes a proposed amendment to FMVSS 214 (Side Door Strength) which would require passenger cars to meet a new dynamic test. NHTSA is proposing a test in which a passenger car must protect its occupants in a full-scale crash test in which the car is struck in either side by a moving barrier simulating another vehicle. Test dummies would be positioned in the target car to measure the potential for injuries to an occupant's thorax and pelvis. This side impact analysis reviews the proposed dynamic test procedure, the moving deformable barrier, the side impact dummy, the injury criteria, and the costs and benefits of various alternatives which NHTSA believes can meet the proposed requirements and will improve safety in side collisions. Test results from some passenger cars undergoing the dynamic test procedure, as well as test results from vehicles with increased padding and structure are presented and analyzed. The target population, in terms of the number of injuries and fatalities in side impacts, and the estimated benefits of padding and structural improvements are estimated. KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Shock resistance KW - Side crashes KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00444220 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMINIZATION I.E., HARMONIZATION OF MDB: MDB-TO-CAR-SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26resented CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1985 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY PY - 1988/01 SP - 94 PP IN V AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Celebrity automobile KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/261843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00443580 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Goldfein, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A USERS' GUIDE TO RIDE SERVICE PROGRAMS PY - 1988/01 SP - 158 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Paratransit services KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/261801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477686 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE BARRIER IMPACT TESTING PY - 1988/01 SP - 135 p. AB - A 30 mph flat frontal barrier impact test was conducted on a 1987 Ford Escort 5-door hatchback at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio on December 16, 1987, using Hybrid III driver and passenger dummies. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00427605 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE BARRIER IMPACT TESTING WITH HYBRID III DUMMIES IN A 1987 FORD ESCORT 5-DOOR HATCHBACK PY - 1988/01 SP - 114 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Escort automobile KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400615 AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - National Automotive Sampling System crashworthiness data system (1992/94+) PY - 1988 KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident type KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash types KW - Crashworthiness KW - Crashworthiness KW - Damage KW - Injury rate KW - Injury rates KW - Injury severity KW - Injury severity KW - Restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Seat belt KW - Seat belts KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Usa KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716834 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JULY 1, 1988 TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1988 PY - 1988 SP - 62 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during the third quarter of 1988 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 42 recall campaigns involving 1,010,998 domestic motor vehicles, 11 recall campaigns involving 310,583 foreign motor vehicles, 6 recall campaigns involving 136,395 units of domestic equipment, no recall campaigns involving foreign equipment, 3 recall campaigns involving 187,246 domestic tires, and no recall campaigns involving foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623506 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - WHITE PAPER ON TRANSPORTATION SAFETY IN JAPAN '88. ABRIDGED EDITION PY - 1988 SP - 67 p. AB - This publication contains two sections which are referred to as books. Book 1 examines trends in road traffic accidents in Japan and the promotion of traffic safety countermeasures. Book 2 discusses the actual condition of traffic accidents and actual status of traffic safety policies for roads, railways, the maritime industry, and aviation in Japan. KW - Aviation KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway transportation KW - Japan KW - Maritime industry KW - Policy KW - Railroad transportation KW - Shipbuilding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623534 AU - Michigan Department of State Police TI - ALCOHOL RELATED FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STUDY, MICHIGAN, JANUARY-DECEMBER 1987 PY - 1988 SP - 19 p. AB - This report presents and analyzes statistics on alcohol related fatal motor vehicle accidents in Michigan for the year 1987. Some highlights from the report are as follows: There were 692 alcohol related fatal traffic accidents out of a total of 1,452 fatal traffic accidents (47.7%) during the year 1987. Those 692 alcohol related traffic accidents claimed a total of 808 lives, or 49.5% of the total highway fatalities. A total of 2,262 drivers were involved in fatal traffic accidents; 30.7% or 695 of those drivers involved in fatal traffic accidents had been drinking. Of the 2,262 drivers who were involved in fatal accidents, 843 drivers, or 37.3%, had blood alcohol concentration (BAC) tests. Of the 843 drivers who received BAC tests, 366, or 43.4%, exceeded .10% by weight, the legal presumptive level. Young drivers, aged 24 years and under, accounted for 35.3% of all "had been drinking" drivers in fatal accidents. Younger drivers had lower levels of alcohol in their blood, yet they had higher involvement in fatal accidents, strongly suggesting that young drivers are more vulnerable to traffic accidents when drinking is involved. Other statistics in this report show fatal accidents by accident type, by month, by time of day/day of week, by hazardous violations committed, and by county. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Counties KW - Crash types KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Michigan KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363373 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620502 JO - Publication of: Auburn House Publishing Company PB - Auburn House Publishing Company AU - Williams, A F AU - LUND, A K AU - Auburn House Publishing Company TI - PREVENTING AUTOMOBILE INJURY: NEW FINDINGS FROM EVALUATION RESEARCH. CHAPTER 3 - MANDATORY SEAT BELT USE LAWS AND OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION IN THE UNITED STATES: PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS (WITH COMMENTS AND DISCUSSION) SN - 0-86569-185-1 PY - 1988 SP - p. 51-89 AB - This chapter begins with a discussion of the problem of getting people to wear seat belts, including the failure of educational programs, belt use incentives, belt use laws in other countries, the U.S. approach, and passage of state seat belt laws. The discussion then turns to the effects of laws on fatalities and injuries to date. The final section of this chapter examines future prospects, with comments on the prospect of more state laws, the potential for changes in existing laws, the possible higher use rates in states with laws, and the impact of automatic restraints and air bags. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Fatalities KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Injury control KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367242 ER - TY - SER AN - 00620497 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION ORGANIZATION AND SYSTEMS PLANNING SN - 0-309-04763-3 PY - 1988 IS - 1206 SP - 51 p. AB - This Record contains the following papers: Regional Public Transportation Organizations, D.S. Schwager, D. Lysy, and E. Krett; Survey of Indiana State Legislators' Views of Transit, K.C. Sinha, M.J. Doherty, and J.N. Parsons; State Modal System Plans as Technical Issue Documents--A New Role, D.S. McLeod; Multi-Modal and Highway Systems Plan, R.F. Kennedy and K. Balkus; Integrating Planning Theory in Graduate Transportation Education, C.J. Khisty; and Accuracy and Other Factors Affecting a Continuous Vehicle Occupancy Monitoring Program, C. Ulberg and E. McCormack. KW - Education KW - Monitoring KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Public transit KW - Regional planning KW - Regional transportation KW - State departments of transportation KW - State planning KW - States KW - Transportation planning KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364895 ER - TY - SER AN - 00620473 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DRIVER PERFORMANCE, PEDESTRIAN PLANNING, AND BICYCLE FACILITIES SN - 0-309-04704-8 PY - 1988 IS - 1168 SP - 97 p. AB - This Record is a compendium of papers broadly related by their focus on transportation safety. The papers are as follows: A Study of Driver Noncompliance with Traffic Signals, S.R. Gordon and H.D. Robertson; Commuters' Attitudes Toward Traffic Information Systems and Route Diversion, E. Shirazi, S. Anderson, and J. Stesney; STOP AHEAD and STOP Signs and Their Effect on Driver Eye Scanning and Driving Performance, H.T. Zwahlen; Predicting Pedestrian Crosswalk Volumes, S.E. Davis, L.E. King, and H.D. Robertson; Estimating the Daily Volume of Crossing Pedestrians from Short-Counts , I. Hocherman, A.S. Hakkert, and J. Bar-Ziv; Validation of the Time-Space Corner and Crosswalk Analysis Method, J.J. Fruin, B.T. Ketcham, and P. Hecht; Accident Type Designations and Land Use Data in Pedestrian Accident Analysis (Abridgment), J.M. Witkowski; Safety Impacts of Bicycle Lanes, R.L. Smith, Jr., and T. Walsh; Evaluation of the Burke-Gilman Trail's Effect on Property Values and Crime (Abridgment), P. Lagerwey and B. Puncochar; Bicycle Accidents: An Examination of Hospital Emergency Room Reports and Comparison with Police Accident Data, J.C. Stutts, J.E. Williamson, and F.C. Sheldon; National Survey of Metropolitan Bicycle-on-Train Programs and a Proposal for the San Francisco Bay Area CalTrain System (Abridgment), R. Hooson; Nonmotorized Urban Transport in India, V.S. Pendakur; Motorcyclists: Who They Are and Why They Do What They Do, P.J. Cooper and J.P. Rothe; and A Heuristic Shortest-Path Method for Emergency Vehicle Assignment--A Study on the Mexico City Network, R. Sivanandan, A.G. Hobeika, S.A. Ardekani, and P.B. Lockwood. KW - Attitudes KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bicycles KW - Commuters KW - Compliance KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Crimes KW - Crosswalks KW - Data analysis KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Estimating KW - Eye movements KW - Forecasting KW - Land use KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pedestrian density KW - Pedestrian volume KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Personnel performance KW - Property values KW - Stop ahead signs KW - Stop signs KW - Time-space concept KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic signals KW - Trails KW - Warning signs UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1988/1168/1168.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364874 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620505 JO - Publication of: Auburn House Publishing Company PB - Auburn House Publishing Company AU - HOWLAND, J AU - Auburn House Publishing Company TI - PREVENTING AUTOMOBILE INJURY: NEW FINDINGS FROM EVALUATION RESEARCH. CHAPTER 6 - SOCIAL NORMS AND DRUNK DRIVING COUNTERMEASURES (WITH COMMENTS) SN - 0-86569-185-1 PY - 1988 SP - p. 163-196 AB - In this chapter recent trends in drunk driving social activism, legislative countermeasures, drinking and driving behavior, and alcohol-related traffic fatalities are briefly summarized. The chapter then assesses what evaluation research tells us about the effectiveness of some public policies to deter drunk driving. Finally, an attempt is made to reconcile research findings with observed trends and to suggest directions for future research. KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Injuries KW - Injury control KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public policy KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Social values KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367245 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620506 JO - Publication of: Auburn House Publishing Company PB - Auburn House Publishing Company AU - Phelps, C E AU - Auburn House Publishing Company TI - PREVENTING AUTOMOBILE INJURY: NEW FINDINGS FROM EVALUATION RESEARCH. CHAPTER 7 - ALCOHOL TAXES AND HIGHWAY SAFETY (WITH COMMENTS) SN - 0-86569-185-1 PY - 1988 SP - p. 197-230 AB - Taxation of alcohol to reduce drinking-related vehicle crashes represents an idea with growing support. This chapter addresses the question of what is the "right" tax, concluding that the "right" tax is difficult to estimate with precision at present, because we lack good data on the drinking patterns and responsiveness of adults, and we lack clear understanding of the associations between drinking and driving for all age groups. Four previous studies that have attempted to assess directly the effects of alcohol taxes on vehicle crash fatalities are summarized, followed by a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Data analysis KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury control KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Taxation KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367246 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620501 JO - Publication of: Auburn House Publishing Company PB - Auburn House Publishing Company AU - Campbell, B J AU - Campbell, F A AU - Auburn House Publishing Company TI - PREVENTING AUTOMOBILE INJURY: NEW FINDINGS FROM EVALUATION RESEARCH. CHAPTER 2 - INJURY REDUCTION AND BELT USE ASSOCIATED WITH OCCUPANT RESTRAINT LAWS SN - 0-86569-185-1 PY - 1988 SP - p. 24-50 AB - This chapter discusses the following topics: the progress and status of seat belt legislation in the United States; fatality changes associated with belt laws; injury reduction associated with belt laws in Illinois, Michigan, North Carolina, New York, and Texas; changes in belt use associated with the law; the association between enforcement and belt usage; factors that produce large shifts in national fatalities; and why belt law benefits aren't greater. Concluding remarks address the controversy regarding occupant restraint issues, publicity, and the characteristics of the target population. KW - Benefits KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury control KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - User characteristics KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367241 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620503 JO - Publication of: Auburn House Publishing Company PB - Auburn House Publishing Company AU - Graham, J D AU - Henrion, M AU - Auburn House Publishing Company TI - PREVENTING AUTOMOBILE INJURY: NEW FINDINGS FROM EVALUATION RESEARCH. CHAPTER 4 - CHOOSING AUTOMATIC RESTRAINT DESIGNS FOR THE 1990S (WITH COMMENTS) SN - 0-86569-185-1 PY - 1988 SP - p. 90-115 AB - This chapter describes simulation models designed to quantify the lifesaving and economic consequences of alternative restraint design choices for model year 1990 cars. The analysis provides information relevant to the following questions: Are automatic restraints desirable in a mixed environment of voluntary and mandatory belt use and, if so, which design if preferable? What research should be conducted in the next several years to assist decision makers in both DOT and the auto industry as they consider automatic-restraint policy for the 1990s? The chapter begins with the selection of two value frameworks, proceeds with a description of two corresponding simulation models, continues with a presentation of modeling results and key sources of uncertainty, and concludes with a discussion of research and regulatory implications. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Choice models KW - Design KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Injury control KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367243 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620504 JO - Publication of: Auburn House Publishing Company PB - Auburn House Publishing Company AU - Garber, S AU - Auburn House Publishing Company TI - PREVENTING AUTOMOBILE INJURY: NEW FINDINGS FROM EVALUATION RESEARCH. CHAPTER 5 - MINIMUM LEGAL DRINKING AGES AND HIGHWAY SAFETY: A METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE (WITH COMMENTS) SN - 0-86569-185-1 PY - 1988 SP - p. 116-162 AB - Empirical literature on the highway safety impacts of minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) policies has focused primarily on the question: Based on the available evidence, how effective are MLDAs in promoting highway safety? This emphasis reflects the important objective of informing today's policy decisions. In contrast, the review in this chapter is aimed at improving the scientific quality of the research that will inform policy decisions years in the future--another important objective. Accordingly, the focus is methodological. First, the decision problem of an idealized policy-maker is briefly considered. This facilitates the exposition of various general issues relevant to enhancing the usefulness of future studies and provides a foundation for the analyses that follow. One issue raised--controlling for other factors--is fundamental and merits extensive consideration. (The remainder of the chapter emphasizes this issue.) Four general approaches to control are then described. Motivations offered in the literature for choices of general method and means of implementation are also reviewed. Next, the heart of the chapter critiques each approach and selected studies applying them. In particular, the focus is on the development of the conditions under which each method would succeed in isolating the policy-relevant component of an observed highway safety outcome. The chapter concludes with some general comments concerning promising and less promising research strategies. KW - Decision making KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Injury control KW - Legal drinking age KW - Methodology KW - Policy KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Research KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367244 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620507 JO - Publication of: Auburn House Publishing Company PB - Auburn House Publishing Company AU - Kamerud, D B AU - Auburn House Publishing Company TI - PREVENTING AUTOMOBILE INJURY: NEW FINDINGS FROM EVALUATION RESEARCH. CHAPTER 8 - EVALUATING THE NEW 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT (WITH COMMENTS) SN - 0-86569-185-1 PY - 1988 SP - p. 231-262 AB - The topic of this chapter is the evaluation of the new law permitting speed limits up to 65 mph on rural interstate highways. A previous study (by the author) of the 55 mph speed limit is discussed in order to identify the various costs and benefits and provide a framework for viewing the resulting trade-off. In summary, the following propositions are made: New data sources will permit more accurate measurement of speed limit effects than was possible with the 55 mph limit; If the National Research Council's findings for the 55 mph limit are applicable, the trade-off will turn on the fatality risk and personal travel time effects, and hence on one's values of life and time; For purposes of research, speed monitoring should be continued on the 65 mph roads as well as on those still posted at 55 mph; When sufficient data become available, several methods should be used for safety impact assessment and the results compared; and, An in-depth study of rural interstate accidents would be welcome. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Injury control KW - Interstate highways KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel time KW - Value of life KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620508 JO - Publication of: Auburn House Publishing Company PB - Auburn House Publishing Company AU - Graham, J D AU - Latimer, E AU - Auburn House Publishing Company TI - PREVENTING AUTOMOBILE INJURY: NEW FINDINGS FROM EVALUATION RESEARCH. CHAPTER 9 - THEMES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS SN - 0-86569-185-1 PY - 1988 SP - p. 263-276 AB - In this final chapter, the major themes of the book are restated and the book's recommendations for future research are outlined. Concluding comments address the long-term scientific challenge of the national injury problem. KW - Evaluation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Injuries KW - Injury control KW - Long term KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Time duration KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620533 AU - Huelke, D F AU - Sherman, H W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATIC SHOULDER BELTS INJURY REDUCTION IN TOYOTA CRESSIDA CRASHES. IN: AUTOMATIC OCCUPANT PROTECTION SYSTEMS PY - 1988 SP - p. 95-103 AB - This report presents nineteen cases of detailed field accident investigations of Toyota Cressida crashes wherein the automatic shoulder belt was worn. Specifics of the accidents and the injuries sustained by the passively restrained occupants are detailed. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobiles KW - Case studies KW - Crash investigation KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363753 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620500 JO - Publication of: Auburn House Publishing Company PB - Auburn House Publishing Company AU - Graham, J D AU - Auburn House Publishing Company TI - PREVENTING AUTOMOBILE INJURY: NEW FINDINGS FROM EVALUATION RESEARCH. CHAPTER 1 - INJURY CONTROL, TRAFFIC SAFETY, AND EVALUATION RESEARCH SN - 0-86569-185-1 PY - 1988 SP - p. 1-23 AB - This book relates the emerging interest in injury control to two fields of scholarly research: the science of traffic safety and quantitative methods of program evaluation. The central premise of the book is that injury control, while currently dominated by political advocacy, can gain greater credibility by developing analytical linkages to these established fields of scientific inquiry. In this introductory chapter, the reader is offered a broad overview of the science of traffic safety and state-of-the-art approaches to evaluating traffic injury countermeasures. KW - Countermeasures KW - Evaluation KW - Injuries KW - Injury control KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611067 AU - Wegman, F AU - Oppe, S AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - ON THE WAY TO INTEGRATED ROAD SAFETY PROGRAMMES. PAPER PRESENTED TO THE 3RD PRI WORLD ROAD SAFETY CONGRESS, JUNE 11-14, 1988, MONTREAL, CANADA PY - 1988 SP - 18 p. AB - The problematic nature of road safety and the limited possibilities to deal with it, together with the conclusion that the time of far-reaching measures is over, lead to the conclusion that more integrated programs have to be implemented to improve road safety. For developing countries, it is a question of how to learn from experiences in developed countries, given the cultural, social and economic context of these countries. In integrated programs the point of departure is the interdependence of the different phases of the accident process. Further discussion concerns the need for more attention to road safety, possibilities for integration, quantitative goal setting, two ways of quantitative goal setting, priorities in road safety policy, integration in traffic and transport policy, and integration in other fields of policy. KW - Developing countries KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Policy KW - Programs KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611073 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY THEORY AND RESEARCH METHODS. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE INVITED SPEAKERS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM COMMEMORATING THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INSTITUTE FOR ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH SWOV, AMSTERDAM, 26-28 APRIL 1988 PY - 1988 SP - v.p. AB - Contents: Research and Theory in Traffic Safety, FA Haight; Research on the Effect of Road Safety Measures - A Personal View (paper outline), E Hauer; Driver Models: How They Move (preliminary version), JA Michon; Statistical Models for Accident Data (abstract only), M Maher; Intervention Analysis and Structural Time Series Modelling (abstract only), AC Harvey. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Intervention KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Research KW - Statistics KW - Theory KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611066 AU - SCHREUDER, D A AU - Oud, HJC AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - THE PREDETERMINATION OF THE LUMINANCE IN TUNNEL ENTRANCES AT DAY PY - 1988 SP - 62 p. AB - In usual low-land situations, the adaptation of the visual system of drivers/observers follows without an appreciable adaptation lag the changes in the luminance of the immediate surround. This luminance may be assessed by adding the intrinsic luminance of the actual objects which are observed and the veiling luminance caused by scatter of light in the media in between. In tunnel lighting practice, only the scatter in the eye, in the windscreen of the car, and in the atmosphere need to be taken into account. For all practical daytime conditions, the required luminance in any portion of the tunnel can be assessed as being a constant fraction of this sum-luminance; the fraction being determined by the traffic situation. This system is applied in several new and renovated tunnels in the Netherlands. The high values of the luminance in the threshold zone are arrived at by applying louvres that are not sun-tight, and by artificial light. New design principles of the louvres are introduced, based on psychological studies; this involves the shape, dimensions, colour scheme, materials and marking, aimed at an optimal guidance and a minimal disturbance of the drivers. Special points are the development of a computer program for the calculation of the veiling luminance, the measurements of windscreen cut-off and the classification and characterization of short tunnels. KW - Building entrances KW - Days KW - Design KW - Entrances (Other than doors) KW - Highway tunnels KW - Lighting systems KW - Louvers KW - Luminous intensity KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnels KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611068 AU - SCHREUDER, D A AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - THE LIGHTING OF TRAFFIC TUNNELS. PAPER PRESENTED AT A MEETING OF THE SHANGHAI ASSOCIATION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SAST, OCTOBER 9 AND 12, 1987 PY - 1988 SP - 14 p. AB - When considering the daytime entrance lighting of tunnels, one must take into account one of the peculiarities of the human visual system, i.e., when the visual system adapts in a steady-state to luminance values higher than 3,000 cd/sq m the adaptation is not instantaneous. For high values (over 8,000 cd/sq m) it may take up to half a minute. This peculiarity leads to two distinct theoretical frameworks and to two distinct systems of tunnel lighting. The first theoretical framework, the steady-state theory, was developed independently by Schreuder and Narisada. The steady-state theory was the basis for the present CIE Recommendations (from 1977) and for many national codes. The second theoretical framework, the straylight theory, was developed by Adrian. The lighting system based on the straylight theory is described in the revised CIE Recommendations (in preparation). Both of these theoretical approaches are described in this paper, followed by a discussion of the CIE recommendations (old and new) and the Japanese recommendations. KW - Building entrances KW - Days KW - Entrances (Other than doors) KW - Highway tunnels KW - Lighting systems KW - Recommendations KW - Standards KW - Theory KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnels KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611053 AU - Institut National de Recherche sur les Transports et leur Securite (INRETS) TI - WORKING CONDITIONS OF DRIVERS IN ROAD TRANSPORT. PROCEEDINGS, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR TRANSPORT AND TRANSPORT SECURITY, ARCUEIL, FRANCE, 3-4 JUNE 1988 SN - 2-85782-277-4 PY - 1988 SP - 70 p. AB - These proceedings contain the discussions and papers presented at the international conference on the Working Conditions of Drivers in Road Transport, which was held at the French National Institute for Transport and Transport Security on the 3rd and 4th of June 1988. The papers are as follows: New Approaches to the Measurement of the Effects of Stress in Transport, MLI Pokorny and DHJ Blom; Sleepiness at Work: Measurement and Regulation, T Akerstedt and S Folkard; Personality Factors Related to the Control of Drowsiness, A Wedderburn; Professional Driving Safety - Fatigue, Stress and the Design of Countermeasures, N McDonald; The Long-Distance Truck Driver: Manager of Constraints, C Germain; Waiting Time and the Waiting Behaviour of Truck-Drivers, H Erke; Working Hours of European International Truck-Drivers, F van Ouwerkerk; Regulations in Seven EEC Nations Concerning Duration of Work among Long-Distance Lorry Drivers, P Morsink; Know-How in the Management of Working-Time and Safety, P. Hamelin; Truck-Drivers' Professional Career: Some Specific Types of Working Conditions Relative to the Logic of Employment and Social Origins, B Lefebvre; Medical Survey of Truck-Drivers: A Cross-Sectional Study of the Most Frequent Pathologies, M Chiron; Problem-Study of the Work of Heavy-Goods Drivers in Quebec: Work Accomplished and Future Prospects, F Ruest. KW - Behavior KW - Canada KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Europe KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Personality KW - Professional drivers KW - Regulations KW - Sleep KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Truck drivers KW - Waiting time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611072 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY THEORY AND RESEARCH METHODS. SESSION 5: TIME DEPENDENT MODELS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM COMMEMORATING THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INSTITUTE FOR ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH SWOV, AMSTERDAM, 26-28 APRIL 1988 PY - 1988 SP - v.p. AB - Contents: Macroscopic Models for Traffic and Traffic Safety (summary), S Oppe, M Koornstra and B Roszbach; Flow Optimization with Traffic Safety Constraints, A Marin and P Pablos; State Space Models in Road Safety Research, F Bijleveld, S Oppe and F Poppe; Computer Simulation of Crash Dynamics, J Wismans, P de Coo, C Huyskens and T Heijer; Evaluation Methods for Traffic Safety Aspects of New Technologies in Vehicles, BC Farber, BA Farber and M Popp; Research Methodology to Assess the Importance of Peripheral Visual Detection at Night, HT Zwahlen; Sign Luminance as a Methodology for Matching Driver Needs, Roadway Variables and Traffic Signing Materials, RL Erickson and HL Woltman; Method Floating Car: A Research Method to Study the Speed-Behaviour and Routes of Car Drivers in Residential Areas, MG Bakker; A New Method for Traffic Safety Research on Driver Distraction, G Blikman; Simulation of Casualties in Person Transport Systems, A Forsstrom. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Luminous intensity KW - Macro-models KW - Materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Night vision KW - Optimization KW - Peripheral vision KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic simulation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357740 ER - TY - SER AN - 00610220 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND ROADWAY VISIBILITY SN - 0-309-04709-9 PY - 1988 IS - 1172 SP - 103 p. AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Assessment of Existing General Purpose Data Bases for Highway Safety Analysis, K.K. Mak, J.G. Viner, and L.I. Griffin, III; Accident Data as a Tool for Highway Risk Management, D.S. Turner and C.W. Colson; Generalized Loglinear Models of Truck Accident Rates, F.F. Saccomanno and C. Buyco; Estimation of Wet Pavement Exposure from Available Weather Records, D.W. Harwood, R.R. Blackburn, D.F. Kibler, and B.T. Kulakowski; Evaluation of the Accident Rates of Male and Female Drivers, A. Polus, I. Hocherman, and E. Efrat; Highway Accidents and the Older Driver, F.X. McKelvey, T.L. Maleck, N. Stamatiadis, and D.K. Hardy; Injury Accident Prediction Models for Signalized Intersections, M. Y-K. Lau and A.D. May, Jr.; A Mobile Illumination Evaluation System, R.A. Zimmer; Fog Mitigation Update: Fog Mitigation Measures as Applied to Highway Bridge Structures, C.B. Potash and J.R. Brown; Optimization of Post Delineator Placement from a Visibility Point of View, H.T. Zwahlen, M.E. Miller, M. Khan, and R. Dunn; Effect of Bridge Lighting on Nighttime Traffic Safety, M.S. Janoff; and Driver Decision Making at Traffic Signals, R. van der Horst. KW - Aged drivers KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Databases KW - Drivers KW - Exposure KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Fog KW - Forecasting KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Luminous intensity KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Mathematical models KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mitigation KW - Pavements KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Risk management KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistics KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Trucks KW - Visibility KW - Weather KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358342 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00610225 JO - Publication of: Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine TI - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE, PROCEEDINGS, 32ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER 12-14, 1988 PY - 1988 SP - 400 p. AB - Twenty-five papers presented at the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) 32nd annual conference are included. (One of these papers is unbound and inserted at the end of the Proceedings as pages 359-391.) Topics addressed are as follows: crash injury studies; costs of crash injury; record linkage - limitations and innovations; injury severity assessment; laboratory research; restraint use and effectiveness of laws; role of alcohol on injury severity; and crash risk of certain populations (elderly drivers and persons with epilepsy). KW - Accident costs KW - Aged drivers KW - Child restraint systems KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash records KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Epilepsy KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610234 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - A CENTURY OF AUTOMOBILES: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY. SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE RESEARCH INSTITUTES: BUNDESANSTALT FUR STRASSENWESEN BAST (FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY) AND SWOV INSTITUTE FOR ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH (THE NETHERLANDS), THE HAGUE, OCTOBER 7TH 1988 PY - 1988 SP - 109 p. AB - Four introductory speeches and 10 papers presented at the mini-conference on the past, present and future of automotive safety are included in these proceedings. The mini-conference, a joint meeting of the Bundesanstalt fur Strassenwesen BASt (Federal Republic of Germany) and the Institute for Road Safety Research (The Netherlands), examined various topics related to the automobile and safety, including motor vehicle accidents, models for traffic safety, vehicle safety, crash research, traffic rules, the effectiveness of safety belts, speed and following behavior, and police enforcement of traffic laws. KW - Automobiles KW - Conferences KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Following distance KW - Following distance, of vehicles KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610240 AU - National Safety Council TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTEENTH INTERNATINAL FORUM ON TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEMS, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA, JULY 20-23, 1987 PY - 1988 SP - 392 p. AB - These proceedings provide a written record of the substance of technical talks given during the 13th International Forum on Traffic Records Systems. Areas covered include the following: National programs and issues; Traffic records support for occupant protection programs; Earmarked traffic records 402 funds - State accomplishments/new directions; EMS/traffic records; Tort liability and risk management programs; Traffic records applications in enforcement and engineering; Effective problem solving through information management; NHTSA programs; Computer mapping applications; Progress with file linkages; and New directions in truck safety - new demands for traffic records. KW - Conferences KW - Data management KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Engineering KW - File linkage KW - Fund allocations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Information processing KW - Law enforcement KW - Liability KW - Management information systems KW - Mapping KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Problem solving KW - Programs KW - Records management KW - Risk management KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Trucks KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355731 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608541 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A FURTHER EVALUATION OF THE MOTORCYCLE RIDER COURSE PY - 1988 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 187-196 AB - A more extensive evaluation than previously was made of the Motorcycle Safety Foundation's Motorcycle Rider Course. A questionnaire survey was completed by 913 persons who had taken the course between 1980 and 1983 in Illinois and by a control group of 500 motorcyclists who had not taken the course. Compared to the control group, those who had taken the course did not have a lower violation rate, a lower accident rate, a lower total cost of damage to accident-involved motorcycles, a significantly lower mean cost of injury treatment per accident, or a lower total cost of injury treatment. Those who had taken the course did have a lower mean cost of damage to the motorcycle per accident, suggesting that they were involved in less severe accidents. They also made more use of protective clothing. About 30% of those who had taken the course did not subsequently drive motorcycles. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Courses KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Driver education KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354292 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608556 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Doege, T C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ILLNESS AND CRASHES--IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP? PY - 1988 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - p. 145-150 AB - Except in the instances of alcohol intoxication and, possibly, heart disease and epilepsy, the data are meager regarding the effects of acute illness and chronic impairment as factors in motor vehicle crashes. Based on past studies and current statistics, it is estimated that each year in the U.S. perhaps 1,700 injury-producing crashes and as many as 1,500 fatalities may be due to drivers' illnesses or medical conditions other than alcohol intoxication. The designs and descriptions of most studies of this subject do not inspire confidence in their results from an epidemiologic and scientific viewpoint. Physicians should be knowledgeable about the major issues involving highway safety and about the medical qualifications their patients need to drive different types of vehicles within their home states and in interstate commerce. KW - Acute illness KW - Chronic impairments KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Medical disability KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Physical disabilities KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354307 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608522 JO - NATB Journal PB - National Automobile Theft Bureau AU - National Automobile Theft Bureau TI - MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT LAW ENFORCEMENT; VEHICLE THEFT UP 5% IN 1987; LATEST DATA LISTING HIGH THEFT RATE CARS PY - 1988 SP - p. 10-11 AB - These three brief articles address the problem of motor vehicle theft. The first lists the passenger car lines that are exempt from the mandatory marking requirements of the revised Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Standard (April 22, 1988). The second lists the percentage of theft increase or decrease for various locations across the U.S. The third lists the cars that have a high theft rate. KW - Automobiles KW - Law enforcement KW - Marking KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608589 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1987 PY - 1988 SP - 39 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident statistics for the state of Arizona for the year 1987. The contents are organized as follows: Highlights and historical trends; Geographic location (Accidents by counties, cities, state highways); Accident descriptions (Weather and road conditions, first harmful event, time, day, month, multi-vehicle accidents); Motor vehicle and driver characteristics (Registration, vehicle type, licensed drivers, physical condition, age of drivers, accident causes); Alcohol-related accidents (Age of drivers, history, type of accident, time elements); Pedestrian and pedalcyclist (Age and action of victims, physical condition, history); Motorcycle accidents (Age, physical conditions, helmets, accident type, time); and School bus accidents (Injuries, fatalities, history). KW - Age KW - Arizona KW - Bicycles KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Road conditions KW - School buses KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351393 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608557 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Sivak, M AU - Olson, P L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FIELD METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING DISCOMFORT GLARE FROM AUTOMOBILE HEADLAMPS PY - 1988 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - p. 135-143 AB - The aim of this research was to collect information and experimental data toward the development of a universally acceptable methodology for evaluating discomfort glare from vehicle headlamps. Three separate studies were performed: (a) an international survey of experts in headlighting and vision, soliciting opinions on desirable aspects of such a methodology; (b) a field evaluation of a proposed methodology at a speed of 50 km/hr (30 mph); and (c) a field evaluation at 100 km/hr (60 mph). The findings of this research suggest that the proposed methodology, which is easy to set up and implement, provides relatively reliable and valid measures of discomfort glare, and is time-efficient with respect to data collection. KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Field methods KW - Field tests KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Methodology KW - Reliability KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601337 AU - Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles TI - FLORIDA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS 1987 PY - 1988 SP - 51 p. AB - This publication contains statistics on traffic accidents in Florida for the year 1987. Compared to 1986, there was a 0.8% decrease in traffic accidents investigated and reported, a 0.6% increase in traffic fatalities, and a 1.6% decrease in injuries. 51.9% of the traffic fatalities and 15.5% of the traffic accidents were alcohol-related. In the reported cases, 27.3% of the persons involved in motor vehicle accidents were not using safety equipment. 58% of all accidents occurred in urban areas; however, 59% of all traffic fatalities occurred in rural areas. 21.9% of all traffic fatalities were pedestrians. The total property damage resulting from traffic accidents was estimated at $666,018,579. Further details are provided concerning time of accidents, driver age and sex, child injuries and fatalities, bicyclist fatalities, pedestrian fatalities and injuries, and accident location. Trends are presented in some of the areas covered. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Florida KW - Gender KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Loss and damage KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344444 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601369 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Campbell, B J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENFORCEMENT AND SEAT BELT USE PY - 1988 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 159-163 AB - A statistical association is found between the number of traffic citations for belt law violations versus observed belt use. Also, belt use is higher in primary enforcement states where officers issue such citations for belt law violations alone. In secondary enforcement states officers issue such citations only after stopping motorists for another reason. Most belt laws provide for secondary enforcement. Enforcement data were confined to the highway patrol in each state (local arrest data are rarely compiled statewide). Belt use data were based on observational survey conducted in each belt law state. KW - Compliance KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Police patrol KW - State highway patrol KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic citations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601619 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT USE AND AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE: A REPORT TO CONGRESS. 1988. PREAPRED IN RESPONSE TO THE COMMITTEE REPORT ACCOMPANYING THE 1988 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION APPROPIRATIONS BILL AS ENACTED IN THE CONTINUING RESOLUTION FOR FY 1988 PY - 1988 SP - 35 p. AB - This report describes the linkage between safety belt usage rates and automobile insurance price reductions. The report consists of 5 chapters. The study is described in chapter I. Chapter II provides relevant facts about the automobile insurance industry, with reference to what insurance covers, the way prices are set, and the major factors other than belt usage that are inducing price changes. Chapter III examines the chain's various links: usage laws; traffic fatalities and injuries; and cost savings. Chapter IV covers the cost savings that have been used to encourage greater belt use. Chapter V summarizes the report and also assesses effective ways to structure insurance price reductions as safety belt use incentives. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Costs KW - Incentives KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prices KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601338 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '88 SN - 0317050809 PY - 1988 SP - 96 p. AB - This annual report presents facts and figures on passenger cars, motor trucks, and motor buses for 1988. The contents are organized as follows: Overview; Production, Sales and Registrations; Ownership and Usage; and Economic and Social Impact. An index is provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Economic impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344445 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601357 JO - NR Technology PB - Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association AU - Derham, C F AU - Newell, R AU - Swift, P M AU - Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association TI - THE USE OF SILICA FOR IMPROVING TREAD GRIP IN WINTER TYRES PY - 1988 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-9 AB - The use of silica as a partial replacement for carbon black in treads for winter tyres has been examined. The results indicate that, if a proportion of the black is replaced by silica, the ice grip of tyres treaded with oil-extended natural rubber/butadiene rubber blends can be significantly improved without loss in wet grip and with little or no loss in wear resistance. Field trials under winter driving conditions have confirmed these findings. KW - Carbon black KW - Field tests KW - Ice KW - Improvements KW - Silica KW - Tire grip KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348564 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601367 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Preusser, D F AU - LUND, A K AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - "AND KEEP ON LOOKING": A FILM TO REDUCE PEDESTRIAN CRASHES AMONG 9 TO 12 YEAR OLDS PY - 1988 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 177-185 AB - A pedestrian safety education film titled "And Keep on Looking" and aimed at children ages 9 to 12 was evaluated in several cities. The results showed an increase in safe street crossing knowledge among 9- to 12-year-old Seattle, Washington, children. Crash reduction was assessed in a 2-year, citywide field test conducted in Milwaukee. The field test indicated a crash reduction of more than 20% for 9- to 12-year-old children in Milwaukee compared with children in areas surrounding Milwaukee and children in comparison cities. KW - Children KW - Field tests KW - Film KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348572 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601368 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Lui, K-J AU - McGee, D AU - Rhodes, P AU - Pollock, D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AN APPLICATION OF A CONDITIONAL LOGISTIC REGRESSION TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF SAFETY BELTS, PRINCIPAL IMPACT POINTS, AND CAR WEIGHTS ON DRIVERS' FATALITIES PY - 1988 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 197-203 AB - In addition to experimental trials in automotive factories, there is a fundamental need to monitor real people involved in real motor vehicle collisions to determine the impact of automotive design characteristics on injury mortality. To aid in designing future safety features for drivers' seats, data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) were used to assess the effects of safety belts, directions of crash impacts, age, sex, and car weights on motor vehicle injury fatalities. Furthermore, because the FARS includes only accidents in which there was at least one fatality, this paper introduces a multivariate approach--a logistic regression conditioned on each accident--to avoid the sampling biases inherent in the FARS. The resulting model is used to quantify the relations among the safety belts, the directions of crash impacts, and vehicle weights and their effects on fatalities. Because the proposed approach allows researchers to study many important variables simultaneously and eliminates the biases resulting from many possible confounders, the estimates presented in this paper are considered to be more precise and more firmly established than earlier estimates. The new approach to analyzing the FARS data will also be useful for investigating the effects of other risk factors or automotive characteristics on crash fatalities. KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Data analysis KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Logistic regression analysis KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Seats KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348573 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00600557 JO - Publication of: AB Svensk Bilprovning PB - AB Svensk Bilprovning AU - AB Svensk Bilprovning TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS 1989. PERIODIC INSPECTIONS 1988. MAKE BY MAKE ACCOUNT OF THE DEFECTS IN PASSENGER CARS OF THE 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984 AND 1986 MODELS PY - 1988 SP - 175 p. AB - This publication summarizes the inspection results of 3,730,021 periodic inspections carried out during the financial year 1987/88 on vehicles in Sweden. The vehicle fleet is dominated by passengers cars and accordingly the main part of this report is devoted to them. It contains a presentation of inspection results for 63 car types of the 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984 and 1986 models. In the course of the year more than 6 million observations on defects are noted at the inspections, although many vehicles have been repaired already before they are inspected. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496626 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1987 TO DECEMBER 31, 1987 PY - 1988 SP - 146 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during calendar year 1987 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. There were 150 recall campaigns involving 7,297,717 domestic motor vehicles, 49 recall campaigns involving 1,793,343 foreign motor vehicles, 38 recall campaigns involving 1,087,892 units of domestic equipment, 1 recall campaign involving 105 units of foreign equipment, 15 recall campaigns involving 40,671 domestic tires, and 1 recall campaign involving 2,445 foreign tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469055 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM. TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS JANUARY 1988 PY - 1988 SP - 27 p. AB - This report summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration during 1987 regarding implementation of applicable Sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), as amended (the Act). Section 502 (a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report by January 15th of each year. The report includes summaries of rulemaking activities during 1987 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). The report shows that overall fleet fuel economy improved for new U.S. passenger cars from 28.0 mpg in model year 1986 to 28.2 mpg in model year 1987. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - United States Congress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490823 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE 1987 - 88 ALCOHOL HIGHWAY SAFETY WORKSHOP SERIES. REFERENCE MANUAL PY - 1988 SP - v.p. AB - A glossary of highway safety terms is provided, and the following areas are covered in the various sections: alcohol/drug crash problem; alcohol highway safety program; legislation; enforcement; prosecution/adjudication/sanctions; prevention and intervention; public information and education; outreach diagnosis and assessment; youth impaired driving program; and resource self-sufficiency. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drugs KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laws KW - Publicity KW - Safety education KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Workshops KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490680 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - JULY 1988 REVISION OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ACT OF 1966 (23 U.S.C. 401 ET SEQ.) PY - 1988 SP - 39 p. AB - This is a portion of a document containing the July 1988 Revision of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 that has been removed from the complete publication and designated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration as HS-807 301. It contains the specific revisions to Chapter 4 - Highway Safety, Sections 401 through 409, and Related Highway Safety Provisions. KW - Highway Safety act KW - Revisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299621 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490078 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - JARMARK, S AU - Ljungblom, B-A AU - Turbell, T AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - INFANT CARRIERS - A TRIAL IN TWO COUNTIES PY - 1988 SP - 111 p. AB - In Blekinge (a county of Sweden) the county council allocated infant carriers to all parents. The county council of Kalmar did not. The aim of this study was to compare these two counties regarding transportation of infants in cars and to investigate if and how the children in Blekinge used their infant carriers. Furthermore, the intention was to investigate long-term effects, e.g., whether parents were inclined to procure a child seat when the child had reached the age of 9 months. All parents answered two questionnaires, one when the child was 6 and the other when it was 18 months old. These questionnaires show that the number of children using infant carriers increased significantly for children included in the infant carrier loan scheme compared to those who had to buy their own seats. It is more difficult, however, to find any long-term effects, i.e., different behaviour and attitudes among those who were offered infant carriers and those who were not. More than 90% of all parents procure child seats when their children are about 9 months old. Their attitudes towards safety and their level of observation as to children's traffic safety matters do not differ significantly. One possible explanation of the fact that there are no or very few long-term effects could be that the level of awareness of traffic safety was raised by this study and also by contemporaneous campaigns, such as the use of seat belts in the rear seat. The general use of infant carriers in Sweden has increased from 10% to 80% during this study (1984-1986). From a children's traffic safety point of view, these effects are very positive. KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Behavior KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Infants KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Parents KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Sweden KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302325 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490056 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Vilardo, F J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE ROLE OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MODEL IN INJURY CONTROL (EDITORIAL) PY - 1988 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-4 AB - It goes without saying that the epidemiologic approach has been associated with the decrease in morbidity and mortality of a variety of diseases. But does this mean that similar successes can be expected if the same techniques are applied to the control of injuries? This editorial looks at some of the fundamental assumptions of the epidemiological model, then examines their applicability to injury control. KW - Control KW - Epidemiology KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302308 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490072 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Brick, M AU - Lago, J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OBSERVATIONAL SAFETY BELT USE SURVEY PY - 1988 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - p. 87-98 AB - This paper describes the methodology for the design of an observational safety belt use survey. It highlights the innovative features of the design: (a) the use of area probability sampling; (b) the measurement of the usage rate as the ratio of the estimated time front-seat passengers are belted in eligible vehicles to the total time in eligible vehicles; and (c) the implementation of procedures to reduce nonsampling or measurement error. Discussed are the development of the sampling plan, the sampling materials, the procedures used to conduct the observations, the approach for estimation and variance computation, and results from recent surveys. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Data collection KW - Estimating KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Implementation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research KW - Sampling KW - Studies KW - Study methods KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490076 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT: INSURANCE LOSSES BASED ON GARAGING LOCATION. 1985-87 MODELS PY - 1988 SP - 17 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute special report examines passenger car insurance collision losses, theft losses, and first-party medical losses in states with no-fault insurance in relation to their normal garaging locations. The report summarizes the frequency and severity of collision, theft, and injury claims for vehicles assigned to garaging location categories based on population density classifications developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. This classification system produces a rural-urban continuum. The results, based on the loss experience of 1985-87 models, are presented by size class and body style for passenger cars. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Medical costs KW - Rural areas KW - Severity KW - Theft KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490079 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1988 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1988 SP - 48 p. AB - It is estimated that 7.5 million motorcycles, scooters, and all terrain vehicles (ATVs) are in use in the United States, as of the date of this publication. Motorcycles in the 1980s are cleaner in terms of air pollutants than motorcycles in the past. The motorcycle industry's continuing commitment to reduce sound levels has been demonstrated by the production of quiet motorcycles and aftermarket exhaust systems. The use of motorcycles and ATVs for off-highway recreation has grown significantly in the past ten years. The motorcycle industry and responsible riders understand that unrestricted vehicle use can damage certain fragile environments and that well managed facilities provide the best opportunity for off-highway recreation. The industry has been working with state and Federal government agencies to encourage intelligent land planning and management based on equitable multiple use which can benefit all outdoorsmen, including those who ride the 4.1 million motorcycles and ATVs used for off-highway recreation. This publication provides statistical data and trends within the motorcycle industry. Included are statistics on market volume, manufacturers and distributors, the retail marketplace, motorcycle usage, and the motorcycle owner. Other national motorcycle organizations are listed. KW - Age KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Distributors KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Environmental impacts KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Imports KW - Industries KW - Market share KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Retail trade KW - Sales KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299327 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490071 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Maybee, R G AU - Sullivan, K P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - MANDATORY SEAT BELT LAWS IN EIGHT STATES: A TIME-SERIES EVALUATION PY - 1988 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - p. 51-70 AB - The authors examined state-specific and aggregate effects of U.S. legislation requiring the use of seat belts among front-seat motor vehicle occupants. Effects of compulsory seat belt use on the number of occupants fatally injured in traffic crashes were examined in the first eight states adopting such laws. Monthly data on crash fatalities between January 1976 and June 1986 were analyzed using Box-Tiao intervention analysis time-series methods. Because the new laws apply only to front-seat occupants, front-seat occupant fatalities were compared with: (1) rear-seat fatalities; (2) nonoccupant fatalities (motorcyclists, pedalcyclists, pedestrians); and (3) fatalities among front-seat occupants in neighboring states without compulsory seat belt use. Exposure to risk of crash involvement was controlled by analyzing fatality rates per vehicle mile traveled. Results revealed a statistically significant decline of 8.7% in the rate of front-seat fatalities in the first eight states with seat belt laws. The fatality rate declined 9.9% in states with primary enforcement laws and 6.8% in states with secondary enforcement only. Rates of rear-seat and nonoccupant fatalities did not change when the belt laws were implemented. KW - Crash exposure KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Front seat occupants KW - Hazards KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mortality rates KW - Risk assessment KW - Time series analysis KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488402 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Molnar, L F AU - Streff, F M AU - Schultz, R H AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MICHIGAN OMNIBUS STATE SAFETY SURVEY: FALL 1987 (FINAL REPORT SEPTEMBER 1987-AUGUST 1988 PY - 1988 SP - 232 p. AB - The Omnibus State Safety Survey is a multi-year study providing information on highway safety attitudes, perceptions, and reported behaviors of adult residents throughout the State of Michigan. The first phase was conducted in 1987. The second phase reported here consisted of the implementation of the telephone survey of 1987 which covered safety topics including vehicles, police, and roads; travel speeds; driver licensing and education; heavy trucks; alcohol consumption and alcohol-impaired driving; and occupant protection. The results of the survey are presented and discussed. The results are of interest to those considering alternative policies and programs to reduce injuries, and to those monitoring injury relevant behaviors such as alcohol consumption, seat belt use, and speeding. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Michigan KW - Occupant restraint KW - Perception KW - Policy making KW - Restraint systems KW - Speed KW - Surveys KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00443880 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Firth, B W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF AUTOMATIC CRASH PROTECTION IN 1987 MODEL YEAR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1988 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Parts KW - Prices KW - Seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/261817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00428726 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPERATOR'S MANUAL FOR WAVEFORM GENERATOR, MODEL RPG-6236-A PY - 1988 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Equipment KW - Testing KW - Waveform KW - Waveform analysis KW - Waveform recognition KW - Waveguides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242441 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00716848 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - SPECIAL ISSUE: BELT USE LAWS AND HELMET LAWS PY - 1987/12/05 VL - 22 IS - 13 SP - 12 p. AB - This special issue of "Status Report" focuses on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) vehicle safety rulemaking record. The following articles are included: State Belt Use Laws Trim Deaths and Injuries; Why Are U.S. Seat Belt Use Laws Less Effective Than Others?; Shoulder Belt Slung Under the Arm Can Cause Fatal Injuries; What Kind of Campaign Promotes the Highest Belt Law Compliance?; 7,500 Lives Saved; Seat Belt Usage; High Belt Use Rates Are Linked to Enforcement; Helmet Laws: The Long Battle to Save Lives; and NCAP Tests Include 10 Cars With Automatic Crash Protection. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Compliance KW - Effectiveness KW - Helmets KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Misuse KW - New Car Assessment Program KW - Promotion KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr2213.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623514 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - FATALITIES IN REAR-IMPACTED SMALL CARS FROM 1982 THROUGH 1986 PY - 1987/12 SP - 20 p. AB - This report describes fatalities in cars struck in the rear from 1982 through 1986. It addresses the higher fatality rate of small cars in rear impacts. There appear to be two important aspects of this higher fatality rate for small cars struck in the rear. First, rear impact fatalities occur predominantly in multi-vehicle accidents. When a small car is struck in the rear, it is likely to be struck by a larger vehicle. The weight disadvantage of small cars in multi-vehicle accidents plays an important part in determining fatality outcome in rear impact collisions. Second, occupants of small cars in multi-vehicle accidents appear to be particularly vulnerable to fatality in rear impacts. The weight disadvantage of small cars appears to be less critical (though still very important) in rollover, frontal, and side damage collisions than in rear impacts. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash types KW - Fatalities KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Rear end crashes KW - Small car KW - Statistics KW - Vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363356 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00608564 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Voegelin, R AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - TECHNOLOGY MEETS THE ROAD. FOR YOUR EYES ONLY: BEHIND DEARBORN'S CLOSED DOORS PY - 1987/12 VL - 39 IS - 12 SP - p. 26-31 AB - This article discusses some of the advanced technology which can be expected in the near future from Ford Motor Company. Ford's current performance standing is built on the reputations of its turbocharged four cylinder and fuel-injected V8 engines, but a pair of six-cylinder engines are the foundation of the company's future programs. Ford is pursuing two different approaches to higher engine output: supercharging and multi-valve induction. Ford engineers are confident that they have solved the noise, reliability and fuel economy problems that have checked supercharging's appeal for mass production, and will incorporate it in the '89 Thunderbird. Ford is cooperating with Yamaha in the design of a multi-valve cylinder head that will be the basis of a SHO (Super High Output) V6--popularly dubbed the "Shogun" engine in honor of its Asian origins. A multi-valve cylinder head conversion for the Ford V6 could be the centerpiece of a "Super Taurus" option planned for 1989. In the long run, however, an all-new modular motor may prove to be Ford's powerplant of the future. Among the other Ford developments discussed are the computer-controlled dual-damping air suspension system, variable-assist power rack-and-pinion steering, the all-wheel-drive option, electro-hydraulic suspension systems, and a Service Bay Diagnostic System. KW - All wheel drive KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diagnostics KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Four wheel drive KW - Rack and pinion steering KW - Steering systems KW - Suspension systems KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/354315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600547 AU - Bos, T AU - Green, P AU - BORECZKY, J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - VIDEOTAPE ANALYSIS OF A CAD SYSTEM USER INTERFACE: A CASE STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 70 p. AB - This report analyzes the user interface for the Chrysler Designer Workstation, a wire-frame CAD program that runs on an Evans and Sutherland PS 350 workstation connected to a CDC Cyber 825 mainframe. The data for the recommendations came from time-stamped videotapes of a person learning to use the software. The time for each mouse pick, each typing action, and other actions was obtained from those tapes to determine how the user spent his time, which errors occurred (and when), and how often the user shifted between menus. The report suggests about a dozen modifications/enhancements to the user interface (adding mirror-imaging and menu bypass features, making dial actions compatible with user expectations, etc.) to make the software easier to use. The report also describes several tools (CAD prototypers, automatic logging software, task analysis utilities) that are required to support usability analysis. KW - Case studies KW - Computer aided design KW - Consumers KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Novices KW - Users KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497344 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INSTRUCTION HANDBOOK FOR COMPLYING WITH REGULATIONS ON IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLES. REVISED EDITION PY - 1987/12 SP - 27 p. AB - This handbook provides guidance to persons who import motor vehicles, or motor vehicle equipment, into the Customs Territory of the United States, under the provisions of Customs Regulation 19 CFR 12.80, Section (b)(1)(iii), which do not conform to U.S. motor vehicle safety standards. Such importations are indicated by marking box No. "3" on the import declarations, HS Form 7, which is completed at the port of entry. Importers are required to post a bond with Customs to assure that such vehicles or equipment are brought into conformity with all applicable Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) in effect on their dates of manufacture. KW - Compliance KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Handbooks KW - Imports KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496474 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - 1987 TRAFFIC FATALITIES (JANUARY-JUNE 1987). PRELIMINARY REPORT. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 45 p. AB - This report contains preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for the first six months of 1987. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. The national estimates of fatalities are quite extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used accident classifiers. Most of the estimates in the report are compared to the corresponding values available for 1980, 1983 and 1986. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. The preliminary estimates in this report are for the first six months of 1987 and do not reflect the trends and patterns for the entire year. Preliminary estimates for the full year will be available in a similar report in the spring of 1988. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Classification KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Helmets KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Land use KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496542 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Watt, W AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - PREPPING YOUR CAR FOR WINTER PY - 1987/12 VL - 70 IS - 12 SP - p. 25-28 AB - Putting your car in top-notch shape before winter is your best assurance against costly breakdowns and being stranded in the cold. This article provides some guidelines on engine tune-ups and battery checks. Also included are some winter driving tips. KW - Automobile engines KW - Driving KW - Electric batteries KW - Engine tuning KW - Guidelines KW - Preparation KW - Tune-ups KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312572 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496544 JO - Insurance Review (New York) PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - O'Reilly, M T AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - DON'T LET NEW JERSEY HAPPEN TO YOU PY - 1987/12 VL - 53 IS - 12 SP - p. 30-33 AB - New Jersey's auto insurance situation is the subject of this article. New Jersey drivers pay the nation's highest insurance premiums, averaging some $700 a year, but amounting to as much as $2,200 for a young driver in Newark insuring nothing grander than a 1985 Chevy. Attempts have been made over the last 15 years to salvage New Jersey's no-fault auto insurance program. This article offers some insights into what has gone on during this 15-year struggle, including legislative attempts to salvage the program and the response of the insurance industry. Preceding this discussion is an examination of the two most significant--and costly--features of the no-fault law: the unlimited and uncapped medical benefits an injured motorist can receive from his own insurer and an almost unlimited access to the courts for the purpose of suing other vehicle owners. KW - New Jersey KW - No fault insurance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312574 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496543 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - HAIGHT, F A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DRINKING-DRIVING: THE ROLE OF THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE INDUSTRY PY - 1987/12 VL - 19 IS - 6 SP - p. 417-418 AB - This issue of "Accident Analysis and Prevention" contains papers addressing the topic of drinking driving and the role of the alcoholic beverage industry. These comments by the Editor-in-Chief explain the source of these papers, which is as follows: In November 1984, the International Center for Transportation Studies (ICTS), based in Rome, proposed an international conference on drinking-driving. Rather than repeat well known themes, it was decided to focus on the role of the alcoholic beverage industry, worldwide. The intent was not to indict, or even to criticize the industry, but simply to start a discussion on possible social policies contingent on the recognition of the role of producers in encouraging consumption of their product. To avoid any impression of bias, papers focusing on moral culpability were excluded, and an industry representative was invited to give one of the major presentations. After several postponements by ICTS, the conference was finally cancelled in May 1986. The papers in this issue of "Accident Analysis and Prevention," except for the last two, constitute the principal invited papers for the conference. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490686 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION. SIXTH EDITION (CURRENT AS OF JANUARY 1988) PY - 1987/12 SP - v.p. AB - This Digest is designed for use by anyone interested in State laws related to alcohol and drug use and highway safety. It provides the reader with the status of such State laws as of January 1, 1988. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The Summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. It should be noted that the Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. The Digest also includes two appendices, using the State Law Summary's format, giving (1) the Uniform Vehicle Code's alcohol and drug driving offense provisions and (2) certain criteria for Federal Alcohol Incentive Grant Funds under 23 USC Section 408. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Per se laws KW - Sanctions KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490685 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY AWARENESS WEEK--IDEA SAMPLER, FEBRUARY 7-13, 1988 PY - 1987/12 SP - 82 p. AB - National Child Passenger Safety Awareness Week will be the week of February 7-13, 1988. This nationwide effort coincides with Valentine's Day--a time when many people express their love and appreciation to friends and family members. The 1988 Awareness Week offers a timely opportunity to alert parents to the critical need to "Be a Valentine for Life: Buckle-Up Your Family." The correct use of child safety seats can virtually eradicate death and injuries children suffer as passengers in traffic crashes. A concerted, new nationwide effort aims to boost correct child safety seat use to 70% by the year 1990. This Idea Sampler contains sample programs and activities that emphasize correct use of child safety seats. They are appropriate for use during the week of February 7-13, 1988, and throughout the year. KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Misuse KW - Prevention KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490684 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUNK DRIVING FILMS AND VIDEOTAPES. SECOND EDITION PY - 1987/12 SP - 38 p. AB - This is the second edition of a list of films and videotapes on impaired and drunk driving as a major cause of highway deaths and injuries. Thirty new films have been added to this list and some older entries have been deleted. The list was compiled from a review of promotional materials received from film producers and distributors. These films were not previewed, so no attempt was made to rate their quality. Each of the entries includes a synopsis, the release date, running time, and its availability in other languages. At the end of the publication there is a list of distributors along with additional preview, cost, and format information. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Film KW - Traffic safety education KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00427117 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - Bindemann, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE DESIGN ATTRIBUTES THAT AFFECT VEHICLE RESPONSE IN CRITICAL ACCIDENT SITUATIONS.: PART II, TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 220 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dynamics KW - Information processing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00427346 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUMMARY STATISTICS ON FATAL CRASHES IN 1986 PY - 1987/12 SP - 6 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00426916 AU - Nalecz, A G AU - Bindemann, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE DESIGN ATTRIBUTES THAT AFFECT VEHICLE RESPONSE IN CRITICAL ACCIDENT SITUATIONS.: PART I, USER'S MANUAL PY - 1987/12 SP - 61 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dynamics KW - Information processing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600512 AU - Burkhardt, J E AU - Shannon, J A AU - Worthington, H AU - Wozny, M C AU - Block, A W AU - Ecosometrics, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRAM ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SAFETY BELT USE. VOLUME II: RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11/13 SP - 203 p. AB - By the end of 1986, 26 states and the District of Columbia had active safety belt use laws, each supported by a variety of state and community activities. They were not equally successful, as belt-use rates ranged from 23 to 74%. To investigate these differences, this study documented the type of activities conducted by the states' implementation programs and identified specific activities at the community level that appeared to be related to higher belt use rates. The major categories of program activities were community support, employer support, public information and education, media efforts, enforcement, and adjudication. Case studies of eight communities, four with belt use above 50% and four with belt use below 50%, showed that programs in the higher-use communities maximized media market penetration, tailored and targeted messages to specific subpopulations, and showed higher levels of enforcement of safety belt violations. "Volume I: User's Summary" provides an overview of the project, descriptions of the program activities reported by the study communities, and a discussion of the activities associated with higher belt use. "Volume II: Research Report" provides detailed descriptions of the study methodology and results, tabulations of information on state programs, and charts showing activities conducted in case study communities. An appendix provides a review of 12 Model Community Program Safety Belt Projects conducted in non-law or prelaw states. KW - Adjudication KW - Case studies KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Employers KW - Implementation KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Public relations KW - States KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496483 AU - Burkhardt, J E AU - Shannon, J A AU - Worthington, H AU - Wozny, M C AU - Block, A W AU - Ecosometrics, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRAM ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH SAFETY BELT USE. VOLUME I: USER'S SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11/13 SP - 50 p. AB - By the end of 1986, 26 states and the District of Columbia had active safety belt use laws, each supported by a variety of state and community activities. They were not equally successful, as belt-use rates ranged from 23 to 74%. To investigate these differences, this study documented the types of activities conducted by the states' implementation programs and identified specific activities at the community level that appeared to be related to higher belt use rates. The major categories of program activities were community support, employer support, public information and education, media efforts, enforcement and adjudication. Case studies of eight communities, four with belt use about 50% and four with belt use below 50%, showed that programs in the higher-use communities maximized media market penetration, tailored and targeted messages to specific subpopulations, and showed higher levels of enforcement of safety belt violations. "Volume I: User's Summary" provides an overview of the project, descriptions of the program activities reported by the study communities, and a discussion of the activities associated with higher belt use. "Volume II: Research Report" provides detailed descriptions of the study methodology and results, tabulations of information on state programs, and charts showing activities conducted in case study communities. An appendix provides a review of 12 Model Community Program Safety Belt Projects conducted in non-law or prelaw states. KW - Adjudication KW - Case studies KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Employers KW - Implementation KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Public relations KW - States KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25732/DOT-HS-807-382.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173140 AU - Esterberg, Melodie A AU - Sussman, E D AU - Walter, R A AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Automotive Displays and Controls--Existing Technology and Future Trends PY - 1987/11//Final Report SP - 128p AB - This report presents overview information on high-technology displays and controls that are having a substantial effect on the driving environment. Advances in electronics and computers, in addition to cost advantages, increase the technologies' impact. The status of these displays and controls, and the concerns that may be raised in relation to safety and the driving task, are discussed. Several industry brochures and articles are reprinted as appendices, and a detailed reference list for further study is supplied. KW - Cathode ray tubes KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Driver information systems KW - Fluorescence KW - Instrument displays KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Vehicle design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33390/33390.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933367 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490269 JO - Road Rider PB - Fancy Publications Incorporated AU - Brobst, B AU - Fancy Publications Incorporated TI - TRAILER ACCIDENT SURVEY PY - 1987/11 SP - p. 42-45 AB - The results are presented of a survey of bike-trailer mishaps. The survey was designed to develop information on (1) what kinds of trailers are most involved, (2) what kind of accidents are the most common, and (3) whether the trailers contributed to the accident consequences, and if so, in what way. Although it was concluded that not enough information was generated to form any solid conclusions, some points were worthy of note: pilot error was the most common cause of motorcycle/trailer accidents; pulling trailers is not clearly unsafe, but probably increases the chance of an accident; trailers do not always add to the consequences of an accident nor do they prevent an accident from getting worse; rear tire failure occurs frequently making inspection and early replacement a vital element in trailer pulling. These and other findings are discussed. KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Motorcycles KW - Surveys KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477662 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE BARRIER IMPACT TESTING WITH HYBRID III DUMMIES IN A 1987 TOYOTA CAMRY 4-DOOR SEDAN PY - 1987/11 SP - 132 p. AB - A 30 mph flat frontal barrier impact test was conducted on a 1987 Toyota Camry 4-door sedan at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio on November 3, 1987, using Hybrid III driver and passenger dummies. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490077 AU - Nairn (RJ) and Partners Pty Limited AU - South Australia Department of Transport, Australia TI - A REVIEW OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ROAD SAFETY MEASURES PY - 1987/11 SP - 241 p. AB - This report contains an independent analysis of causal factors and potential countermeasures related, in the broadest sense, to road safety in South Australia. The study is designed to: examine the causal factors contributing to road accidents in South Australia; develop a comprehensive list of accident countermeasures classified according to (1) their proven ability to reduce accidents and (2) their potential for application in South Australia; and identify further research which should be undertaken in South Australia. Chapter 1 is an introduction. Chapter 2 looks at the major causal factors in road crashes and the chain of events implicit in traffic accidents. Chapter 3 examines the driver as an integral element to the chain. Chapter 4 develops a recommended framework for the detailed assessment of alternative countermeasures and highlights some of the dangers in such processes. In Chapter 5, countermeasures are examined that impact on the road and roadside environment, while Chapter 6 looks at the road user and initiatives to reduce accident risk through education, legislation and enforcement. Chapter 7 addresses those countermeasures associated with vehicle design improvements. Vehicle roadworthiness and performance are examined under the heading "Vehicle Engineering Factors". Chapter 8, broadly titled Social Environment, assesses those countermeasures aimed at reducing the detrimental effect of accidents through improved post-accident management (emergency services). The supporting institutional framework is addressed with emphasis in Chapter 9 on countermeasures aimed at improving resource and administrative support and the broader participation of community groups in road safety programs. Chapter 10 summarises the endorsed countermeasures identified by their review process and, finally, Chapter 11 presents an outline for the direction of future road safety research in South Australia. KW - Australia KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Public participation KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299325 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496538 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - THE SAFEST CARS, THE LEAST COSTLY CARS PY - 1987/11 VL - 70 IS - 11 SP - p. 14-17 AB - Data are presented showing the injury and collision loss experience of the 198 most popular cars in the United States. The data, compiled by the Highway Loss Data Institute, are based on an analysis of insurance claims for millions of 1984-1986 model cars. In addition, a separate table--based on preliminary data for 1987 models--highlights autos with the best and worst collision experience. The data show that injury and vehicle damage can vary widely even among models of the same size and body type. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Losses KW - Tables (Data) KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312571 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496528 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Williams, A F AU - Preusser, D F AU - Blomberg, R D AU - LUND, A K AU - American Public Health Association TI - SEAT BELT USE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLICITY IN ELMIRA, NEW YORK: A REMINDER CAMPAIGN PY - 1987/11 VL - 77 IS - 11 SP - p. 1450-51 AB - A three-week belt use law publicity and enforcement campaign in Elmira, New York, in November 1985, increased use from 49% to 77%; four months later belt use was 66%. A reminder program, in April 1986, increased belt use to 80%; use declined to 69% four months later and to 60% eight months later. Throughout these periods, belt use in Glens Falls, a comparison community, remained stable at just over 40%. KW - Effectiveness KW - Elmira (New York) KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312567 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496529 JO - Changing Times PB - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated AU - Henry, E AU - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated TI - CRASH COURSE IN CRASH TESTS PY - 1987/11 VL - 41 IS - 11 SP - 4 p. AB - This article briefly describes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) New Car Assessment Program (NCAP), pointing out its effectiveness as an incentive for manufacturers to improve their cars and its failure as to the way it is conducted, with delays in testing schedules and the fact that it is still considered an experimental program. Attention is then focused on the arguments the manufacturers have against the NCAP crash tests and NHTSA's response to these arguments. At the heart of the dispute is a conflict over how much latitude to permit in interpreting the numbers, such as the head-injury criteria (hic) scores. The final portion of the article discusses what the crash tests reveal about the crashworthiness of a vehicle and gives guidelines for interpreting the numbers obtained from the tests. KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Effectiveness KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Interpretation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New Car Assessment Program KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601341 AU - South Australia Department of Transport, Australia TI - ANALYSIS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIAN ROAD TRAFFIC CRASH STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 1986 PY - 1987/10/30 SP - 43 p. AB - This report has been prepared to provide Parliament with information on the frequency and causes of South Australian road crashes and casualties. It is anticipated that it will be the first of a regular series. The first part of the report (sections 2, 3, 4 and 5) analyses the current South Australian road accident situation in terms of: location, severity, day and time of occurrence, type of accident, characteristics of the road user involved, and the involvement of alcohol. The remainder of the report (sections 6, 7 and 8) describes long-term changes (from 1965 to 1986) in annual casualty rates. This part of the report also investigates the effects of changes in such factors as the number of registered vehicles and the introduction of countermeasures on casualty rates. KW - Australia KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Drunk driving KW - Location KW - Road user characteristics KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travelers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623526 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - UNISEX AUTO INSURANCE RATING: HOW AUTO INSURANCE PREMIUMS IN MONTANA CHANGED AFTER ELIMINATION OF SEX AND MARITAL STATUS AS RATING FACTORS PY - 1987/10 SP - 24 p. AB - On October 1, 1985, Montana put into effect a law prohibiting insurance companies from using sex and marital status in determining auto insurance rates throughout the state. A survey of 12 leading auto insurance companies indicates that the law had a substantial effect on the insurance rates charged vehicle owners under age 25. Major findings of the survey are as follows: (1) All women drivers younger than age 25 had to pay substantially higher rates. The effect on young male drivers was mixed, depending on their marital status. Unmarried male principal operators received rate decreases, while young married male principal operators had to pay significantly higher auto insurance premiums. (2) Both the increases and decreases resulted from the law's requirement that auto insurers ignore the more favorable loss experience of women, and of married drivers of both sexes. Instead, insurers were required to charge the same rates to male and female, married and unmarried drivers. Premium increases and decreases also were influenced to a lesser extent by general rate increases, which many auto insurers put into effect simultaneously with the change to unisex rates. (3) About 11.8% of Montana's insured autos involved youthful drivers when the new rating system went into effect. About 6.7% of the insured autos received significant rate increases as a result of the law, while 5.1% saw significant decreases. Cars driven by young women and young married males, the groups experiencing increases, numbered approximately 37,000. An estimated 28,200 single males under the age of 25 saw their auto insurance premiums drop. (4) Adult drivers were virtually unaffected by the change to unisex rating. Adult drivers of both sexes, married and unmarried, paid auto insurance rates averaging 5% to 8% higher after the new rating system went into effect, not as a result of the change to unisex rates, but almost entirely as a result of the general rate increases put into effect at the same time. KW - Adolescents KW - Adults KW - Automobile insurance KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Impacts KW - Insurance KW - Insurance rates KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Marital status KW - Montana KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363366 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620532 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Huelke, D F AU - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine TI - THE REAR SEAT OCCUPANT IN CAR CRASHES PY - 1987/10 VL - 9 IS - 4 SP - p. 21-24 AB - The data available from a variety of crash files indicate that rear seat occupancy is low, that the more serious injuries or fatalities are infrequent, and more often the rear lap-belted passenger is no more seriously injured than the front seat lap-shoulder belted occupant in the same car. Some conclusions of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Report No. SS-86/03 (1986) are in conflict with these data. Up until now there has been little data on the protective benefits of the lap-shoulder belts to rear seat occupants in crashes. To transfer the belt effectiveness figures from the front seat to the rear seat is inappropriate. The true effectiveness of rear lap-shoulder belts in reducing injury severity, and the possible injuries associated with this belt system, will only be realized and understood through detailed field crash investigations. KW - Data analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Research KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477782 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE BARRIER IMPACT TESTING WITH HYBRID III DUMMIES IN A 1987 CHRYSLER LEBARON 2-DOOR COUPE. TEST REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 114 p. AB - The 30 mph frontal barrier impact test is part of a program to document the response of Hybrid III occupant dummies conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration by the Transportation Research Center of Ohio under Contract Number DTNH22-87-C-08123. The purpose of the test was to determine Hybrid III dummy response in the 1987 Chrysler LeBaron 2-door coupe. The test was conducted in accordance with the FMVSS 208 portions of the Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance (OVSC) Laboratory Test Procedure No. TP-208-06 dated May 15, 1987. The test was conducted on October 12, 1987. The ambient temperature was 70 deg F. KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477663 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE BARRIER IMPACT TESTING ON A 1987 SUBARU XT 2-DOOR COUPE WITH HYBRID III DUMMIES PY - 1987/10 SP - 112 p. AB - A 30 mph flat frontal barrier impact test was conducted on a 1987 Subaru XT 2-door coupe at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio on October 13, 1987, using Hybrid III driver and passenger dummies. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490312 JO - Road Rider PB - Fancy Publications Incorporated AU - Downie, D AU - Downie, J AU - Fancy Publications Incorporated TI - 65 MPH PY - 1987/10 VL - 18 IS - 10 SP - p. 26 AB - It is noted that as of July 1987, 10 of the 48 contiguous states have not changed the 55 mph limit and in 4 others, legislation concerning changes is pending, while 34 states have okayed the higher speed on certain segments of the Interstate Highway system. Tabulated data are presented on designated 65 mph Interstates with urban exceptions. Maps are also included showing the Interstate highways and their legal speed limits. In general, Western states have okayed the 65 mph limit. East of Missippi, most of the Eastern Seaboard states have not raised the speed limit. It is pointed out that if it is not posted for 65 mph, the speed limit is not 65 mph. Like many other states California is planning to keep a surveillance on the 65 mph segments, and record the behavior of traffic. Depending on the study results, additional segments of the Interstates will be raised to 65 mph. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600530 AU - Green, P AU - Kerst, J AU - Ottens, D AU - Goldstein, S AU - Adams, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DRIVER PREFERENCES FOR SECONDARY CONTROLS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 165 p. AB - The report identifies driver preferences for secondary controls (headlights on/off, horn, etc.). A total of 103 drivers sat in a mockup of a sports car with a "pod like" instrument panel covered with velcro (registered trademark). Drivers designed instrument panels by placing the switches they preferred for 24 functions where they wanted them. There were 255 switch designs (stalk controls, pushbuttons, etc.) to choose among. Drivers also identified the motion that should be used to operate each control and provided comments. When the design was complete, drivers reached for each control while operating a driving simulator. Drivers preferred the stalk position for headlight controls, front wiper and wash, and turn signals. The steering wheel was preferred for cruise controls and the horn, while the lower right dash was selected for hazard. For new controls (suspension adjust, steering adjust) driver preferences for location were not consistent. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Instrument panels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496552 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION SYSTEMS: LESSON PLANS AND INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE FOR EMS PERSONNEL PY - 1987/10 SP - 124 p. AB - This document contains a three lesson program for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers, including First Responders, Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), EMT-Intermediates, EMT-Critical Care Technicians, and EMT-Paramedics. The first lesson is designed to provide EMS personnel with factual information to be used in presenting material to the general public, and sufficient information and justification for the use of occupant protection devices by EMS personnel both on and off the job. Additionally, it is designed to be used by EMS personnel to train the general public. The second lesson is designed to train EMS providers to become instructors of highway safety issues. This module introduces the concept of EMS involvement in prevention of injury and death as an appropriate community activity. The third lesson is designed for the individuals who will be responsible for coordinating community educational efforts. They will, in fact, be responsible for the two levels of involvement mentioned previously. They will coordinate the initial EMS orientation and will also facilitate the community-wide effort. Each of these lessons may be used to stand alone depending upon the audience. The full three lesson program may be conducted in an area preparing to develop a State, regional, or local occupant protection program involving EMS. KW - Communities KW - Coordination KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Education KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Instructors KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Paramedics KW - Personnel KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310224 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496531 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Andrews, P AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - BUCKLING UP IN SCHOOL BUSES--YEA OR NAY? PY - 1987/10 VL - 51 IS - 10 SP - p. 62-66 AB - In this interview with Stan DeHart, director of transportation for the Cajon Valley Union School District in El Cajon, California, the question of whether or not to install seat belts is examined. First, the safety of today's school buses is pointed out, including the vehicle construction features which make it safer and the current approach to driver training which, in the Cajon Valley Union School District, goes beyond federal requirements. Compartmentalization, the current approach to constructing safe school buses, is discussed along with the structural features which add strength to the newer buses. The question of seat belts is then addressed. It is pointed out that the main purpose of seat belts, which is to hold passengers inside a vehicle in an accident, is already accomplished by the structural design of the newer buses. Also pointed out are the problem of enforcement of seat belt use and economic considerations of initial cost and cost of maintenance. In conclusion, it is stated that, dollar for dollar, whatever money may be available in the usually tight school transportation budget, it could be used better, not for seat belts but for safety training programs and for other equipment for buses which would reduce the number of deaths and injuries outside the bus. KW - Costs KW - Driver training KW - Manual safety belts KW - Recommendations KW - School buses KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496539 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF SAFETY PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES PURSUANT TO SECTION 218 MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ACT OF 1984. REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1987/10 SP - 49 p. AB - Section 218 of the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 directs the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study of the safety performance of commercial motor vehicles being operated in intrastate commerce and the effectiveness in promoting safety of individual State regulations governing the operations of such vehicles. This report is the result of such a study which was conducted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The goal of the study was to discover, through the examination of available data bases, studies, and related information, the accident record of intrastate motor carriers as compared to the accident record of interstate carriers. The FHWA reached inconclusive results. This occurred primarily because of the scarcity of accident data on intrastate vehicles, and the lack of FHWA jurisdiction in the area. However, the FHWA had success in examining the effect of federal safety regulations on vehicles being operated in interstate commerce. Past studies have shown that interstate motor carriers with good compliance practices tend to have fewer accidents than those motor carriers with poor compliance practices. The findings of these studies point to the possibility that intrastate motor carriers may also benefit from complying with the federal safety regulations or similar State regulations. In addition, the national programs and laws passed by Congress are working to bring intrastate motor carrier operations under a uniform national truck and bus safety regulatory system. It is the conclusion of the report that additional actions to bring intrastate trucks under the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations are not necessary. KW - Compliance KW - Crash rates KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Interstate commerce KW - Intrastate commerce KW - Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Trade KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496541 AU - Department of Energy TI - 1988 GAS MILEAGE GUIDE: EPA FUEL ECONOMY ESTIMATES PY - 1987/10 SP - 15 p. AB - The Gas Mileage Guide is published as an aid to consumers considering the purchase of a new vehicle by the U.S. Department of Energy in compliance with Public Law 94-163. It is based on estimates of vehicle performance measured in miles per gallon (mpg) provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The mileage figures listed in this Guide are most useful when comparing vehicles. Actual mileage driving one of these vehicles may differ considerably from the predicted mileage. The vehicles listed in this Guide have been divided into three classes of cars (sedans, two-seaters and station wagons), three classes of light duty trucks (vans, small pick-ups, and large pick-ups), and three classes of special purpose vehicles (2-wheel drive, 4-wheel drive, and cab chassis). By using this Guide one can estimate the average yearly fuel cost for the vehicle being purchased. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Four wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Light trucks KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Station wagons KW - Statistics KW - Vans KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490699 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: UTILITY VEHICLES PY - 1987/10 SP - 2 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on utility vehicles. It describes how they differ from passenger cars and their special features for off-road operation. Drivers of utility vehicles are cautioned about their risk of rollover and ejection. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Ejection KW - Rollover crashes KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490691 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: BRAKES PY - 1987/10 SP - 2 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on brakes. It describes drum brakes, disc brakes, and antilock brake systems. Information is included on what consumers should do to take proper care of their vehicles' brakes. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490698 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: LIGHTING PY - 1987/10 SP - 2 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on vehicle lighting. It briefly discusses the latest technology available, then looks individually at headlamps, turn signals, and the center high mounted stoplamp. Also included are maintenance tips for vehicle lighting systems. KW - Center high-mounted stop lamps KW - Guidelines KW - Headlamps KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - Maintenance KW - Technology KW - Turn signals KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490309 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPREHENSIVE PREVENTION PROGRAM BY EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES IN NEW MEXICO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - n.p. AB - This is a report of an emergency medical services-focused, comprehensive prevention program to increase public awareness of the issues of driving while under the influence of alcohol and drugs, and use of motor vehicle occupant protection. The program accomplished the following: a national public information and education workshop; participation on panel discussions and in prevention programs; publication of articles; leadership and planning; 'Buckle-Up Christmas Card,' a Public Information, Education and Relations for EMS Providers Manual;' pilot testing of the latter; bumper stickers; a Lifesavers Conference in New Mexico; vinyl buckle-up decals; and partnership in the New Mexico Safety Belt Coalition. KW - Conferences KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medical services KW - New Mexico KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Publicity KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300002 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00490099 AU - Bell, P AU - Macquarie University, Australia TI - A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE REPRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC-RELATED INCIDENTS ON AUSTRALIAN TELEVISION JULY-AUGUST 1987 SN - 0-642-51099-7 PY - 1987/10 SP - 73 p. AB - This study analyses the way Australian television represents traffic-related incidents. It focuses on programs watched by school-age children and describes the nature and frequency of those incidents from which children might possibly learn about road safety. The data was collected by analysing five weeks of television programs watched by large audiences of school-age children. In all programs, the predominant type of activity depicted is driving which is also the most dangerous activity. Dangerous incidents occurred up to seven times per hour and were high in adventure and news programs. The report recommends that road safety interventions be directed at specific genres of programs both within and outside the 4:00pm and 5:00pm period. A further recommendation is that children's programs produced locally should be encouraged to incorporate appropriate positive road and vehicle use models. KW - Australia KW - Children KW - Content analysis KW - Incidents KW - Information retrieval KW - Television KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00428292 AU - Stenzel, W AU - Manak, J AU - Murphy, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF A COMMUNITY SERVICE SANCTION FOR DWI: THE BATON ROUGE COMMUNITY SERVICE WORK PROGRAM PY - 1987/10 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Baton Rouge (Louisiana) KW - Community-based corrections KW - Drunk driving KW - Louisiana KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00426949 AU - KOSSAR, J M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREED AIR BAG PROGRAM PY - 1987/10 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - Police vehicles KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601623 AU - McKnight, A J AU - National Public Services Research Institute TI - AN EVALUATION OF HOST RESPONSIBILITY PROGRAM PY - 1987/09/30 SP - v.p. AB - An instructional program was developed to encourage and assist hosts in more responsible service of alcohol. It requires a little over an hour and icludes (1) a video presentation, (2) a discussion of the information provided by the former, and (3) role-playing exercises in which participants practice intervening in the drinking and driving of guests. The program was evaluated through pre-post administration of knowledge, attitude, and behavior measures to 271 hosts participating in the program. Small but significant improvements in knowledge, attitude, and self-reported behavior were found following completion of the program. Favorable changes in behavior largely involved alcohol service and party-giving practices, and did not include procedure for dealing with intoxicated guests. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Evaluation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490097 AU - Bennett, R O AU - Robbins, D H AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ASPIRATED AIRBAG MODIFICATIONS TO ATB CRASH VICTIM SIMULATION CODE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09/30 SP - 161 p. AB - This report describes the analysis and programming of a modification to the ATB crash victim simulation code for inclusion of aspiration during airbag inflation. The work in developing the modification was conducted in two stages. The first stage was to include aspiration as a supplement to the inflation, and the second stage was to include the possibility of forcible interactions between the vehicle occupant and the airbag before the airbag is filled to its complete volume. This second part of the modification is intended for use in the study of out-of-position occupants. KW - Air bags KW - Aspiration KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Out-of-position occupants KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465611 AU - Fell, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT RATES IN FATAL CRASHES: A FOCUS ON YOUNG DRIVERS AND FEMALE DRIVERS PY - 1987/09 SP - 30 p. AB - Past research has shown that young drivers (aged 16-24) are overrepresented in fatal crashes and especially when alcohol is involved. Recent research has indicated that women are drinking and driving more often and that both the number and proportion of female drivers involved in fatal crashes is increasing. Data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), the Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS), driver licensing files and the Current Population Surveys were all used to calculate alcohol involvement rates in fatal crashes. Results showed that 18-20 year old drivers had the highest number of intoxicated drivers in fatal crashes on a per mile driven basis, but that 21-24 year olds had the highest rates per licensed driver and per capita. Between 1982 and 1985, however, the 16-20 year olds showed the greatest decreases in alcohol involvement rates compared to older driver age groups. States with a minimum legal drinking age (MDA) of 21 had lower alcohol involvement rates per capita for 18-20 year olds than states with lower drinking ages even though the per capita alcohol consumption was higher in the MDA 21 states. Although female alcohol involvement rates decreased between 1982 and 1985 almost as much as males (especially the 16-20 year olds), the rates for 21-24 year olds did not change during that 4 year period. Late night single vehicle fatal crashes indicated that alcohol involvement for female drivers was almost as high as male drivers. While young drivers continue to have the highest alcohol involvement rates in fatal crashes (per mile, per driver, per capita), they also have the highest rates for non-intoxicated drivers, although not to the same extent. The findings for states with MDA 21 indicate that all states should raise the drinking age to 21. An emerging problem may be with female drivers aged 21-24 since their alcohol rates are relatively high and they are driving more often. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Teenage drivers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474763 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STUDY REPORT OF METHODS TO IMPROVE THE APPLICATION OF STATE TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEMS. PHASE 1 REPORT. THE USE OF STATE TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEMS IN SUPPORT OF PRIORITY SAFETY PROGRAMS: ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS PY - 1987/09 SP - 95 p. AB - Accident records are the core of traffic records systems, which include a variety of safety-related data. These data are used to identify safety problems and to develop and evaluate programs to resolve those problems. This report describes some of the characteristics of traffic records systems operated by several States. A steering committee was appointed by the Transportation Research Board to plan and conduct the task of studying State comprehensive computerized safety recordkeeping systems. To identify the technical and institutional characteristics which mark a successful traffic records system, 5 benchmark questions were developed. These questions related to the following: alcohol, occupant restraints, emergency medical services, police traffic services, and highway safety construction. This report presents the findings of the steering committee with particular reference to basic files (accident file, roadway file, vehicle registration file, citation/conviction file, and emergency file); and basic links (driver license numbers, vehicle registration or identification numbers, location reference, emergency medical services trip numbers) dealing with the benchmark questions; and institutional considerations. Relevant institutional considerations covered include the following: management understanding and continuity, commitment and balance, coordination, turf, organization, accountability, user relations, and cost effectiveness. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash records KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Institutional issues KW - Occupant restraint KW - Police traffic services KW - Records management KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600514 AU - Sostkowski, R H AU - Schmieg, A L AU - Meedter, R J AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police, Inc AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNIVERSAL NATIONWIDE TELEPHONE NUMBER FOR STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 120 p. AB - In this project, the State and Provincial Division of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), conducted an evaluation of a demonstration project to examine the feasibility of adopting a universal nationwide toll free telphone number for State Police and Highway Patrols. The number (1-800-525-5555) provides a universal toll free number for motorists, traveling on major State and interstate highways, to reach State Police and Highway Patrol agencies for reporting highway emergencies including traffic hazards, crashes, disabled motorists and traffic violations such as drunk driving. The evaluation effort was supported by a grant from NHTSA to help pay for the installation of equipment and to reimburse IACP for the staff time to develop and manage the project. The States were responsible for the costs of the telephone service. The universal toll free phone number for State law enforcement agencies is not designed to replace or to compete with the 911 emergency reporting system, but is intended to supplement that system by providing motorists, traveling from State to State on the major highways, with an effective and efficient means of contacting State law enforcement agencies. Results of the study concluded that there is a need for the law enforcement agencies to have automated recording systems for the toll free calls to provide consistent and comprehensive data for analysis. An example of this automated program is found in the Ohio State Highway Patrol project. Also in States that provide this service, (currently 13 States are on line) it is recommended that a more extensive public information campaign be provided for motorists traveling the highways so that they can be made aware of this innovative means of contacting State law enforcement agencies. KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Communications KW - Demonstration projects KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - State government agencies KW - State highway patrol KW - State police UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474764 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STUDY REPORT OF METHODS TO IMPROVE THE APPLICATION OF STATE TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEMS. PHASE 2 REPORT. NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION SUPPORT OF STATE TRAFFIC SYSTEMS: EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1987/09 SP - 37 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) commissioned the Transportation Research Board to review the State traffic records systems, and determine how NHTSA could most effectively help the States develop or improve them. The first phase of this study consisted of a review of the capacity of the State systems to correlate data from various sources in order to answer questions related to high-priority safety programs. The second phase of the study reported here consisted of making an evaluation of what NHTSA has done in the past to help the States develop their traffic records systems, and making recommendations for future NHTSA action. For an effective traffic records program, NHTSA must advocate State traffic records systems as a vital foundation for Federal, State and local safety programs, coordinate efforts at all levels of government to ensure that the benefits of cooperation are realized, and support the development and use of traffic records systems with Federal resources in critical areas. NHTSA's past record in these areas are discussed, and recommendations for future action are listed. KW - Coordination KW - Evaluation KW - Recommendations KW - Records management KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00484523 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 25.0 MPH 26 DEG CRABBED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT TESTS INTO A 26 DEG LOAD CELL BARRIER FACE. TEST-1; NHTSA (NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION) DEFORMABLE BARRIER FACE. TEST-2; EEVC DEFORMABLE BARRIER FACE PY - 1987/09 SP - 139 p. AB - The test report documents two crash tests using the 26 deg crabbed moving barrier impacting into the load cell barrier mounted at a 26 deg angle. The tests were conducted as part of a program to assess the differences between the NHTSA and EEVC Deformable Barrier Faces. The test date was September 1, 1987. Test No. 1: NHTSA Deformable Barrier Face. The ambient temperature was 75 deg F. The impact speed was 25.0 mph. Test No. 2: EEVC Deformable Barrier Face. The ambient temperature was 76 deg F. The impact speed was 25.0 mph. KW - Barrier design KW - Field tests KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490688 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: AIR BAGS PY - 1987/09 SP - 2 p. AB - This Fact Sheet contains information on air bags. It defines what an air bag is, explains what causes the air bag to inflate, and briefly discusses their reliability, cost, and availability. KW - Air bags KW - Availability KW - Costs KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299626 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490741 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Hoffman, M A AU - Spence, L J AU - Wesson, D E AU - Armstrong, P F AU - Williams, J I AU - Filler, R M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE PEDIATRIC PASSENGER: TRENDS IN SEATBELT USE AND INJURY PATTERNS PY - 1987/09 VL - 27 IS - 9 SP - p. 974-976 AB - Injury patterns and use of passenger restraints were studied in 91 children injured while riding in motor vehicles and admitted to The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, from June 1984 thorugh December 1985. Of these, 44 had used restraints and 38 had not. Age and sex distributions were closely matched in both study groups. The no-restraint group had more massive head injuries, thoracic injuries, and liver and spleen injuries than the restraint group. Classic 'seatbelt syndrome' injuries were seen in the seatbelt group. The overall Injury Severity Scores were not significantly different between the groups. Despite mandatory legislation, many children do not use restraints, and many who do still suffer severe or fatal injuries. We conclude that better compliance with existing passenger restraint laws and more effective restraint systems are needed. KW - Abdomen KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Compliance KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302701 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490742 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Browner, B D AU - Cole, J D AU - Graham, J M AU - Bondurant, F J AU - Nunchuck-Burns, S K AU - Colter, H B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - DELAYED POSTERIOR INTERNAL FIXATION OF UNSTABLE PELVIC FRACTURES PY - 1987/09 VL - 27 IS - 9 SP - p. 998-006 AB - 15 patients with unstable pelvic fractures were treated with immediate anterior external fixation followed by delayed posteior fixation, including 5 sacroiliac lag screws, 6 transiliac rods, and 4 iliac plates. Initial anterior external fixation aided in resuscitation of hemodynamically unstable patients and allowed early mobilization. Delayed posterior internal fixation avoided infection hemorrhage but failed to achieve anatomic reduction of disrupted sacroiliac joints and sacral fractures. Results of followup examinations are given. Fixation of these fractures with sacroilliac screws and transiliac rods caused overcompression and the resulting foraminal encroachment may be a factor in the lack of neurologic recovery. In this study delayed posterior internal fixation was not associated with perioperative morbidity and achieved better reductions than those obtained with external fixation alone. Delaying the fixation, however, increased the difficulty of obtaining anatomic reduction of certain posterior arch disruptions. KW - Abdomen KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Pelvis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490826 AU - McDonald, T AU - Larson, Jeffrey AU - Wood, R AU - Rathge, R AU - Youngs, G AU - STEAD, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - University of North Dakota TI - RESEARCH ON DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL: AN EVALUATION OF THE NORTH DAKOTA SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 223 p. AB - The State of North Dakota was the first to qualify for funding under Section 408, the Alcohol Traffic Safety Incentive Grant Program, of P.L. 97-364. This report is a study of the effects of the legislative innovaions passed by the State Legislature in order to qualify for 408 funding. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk driving KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Grant aid KW - Impact studies KW - Incentives KW - Legislation KW - North Dakota KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490700 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: BUMPERS PY - 1987/09 SP - 2 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on bumpers. It includes information on the bumper standard, how a bumper works, and what different bumper styles mean. KW - Bumpers KW - Design KW - Performance KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299638 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490740 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Kidd, W T AU - Nixon, J AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE MANAGEMENT OF BLUNT SPLENIC TRAUMA PY - 1987/09 VL - 27 IS - 9 SP - p. 977-979 AB - Seventy cases of blunt splenic trauma were retrospectively reviewed for the period 1979-1984. There were 57 adults and 13 children. Motor vehicle accidents were implicated in 62%. Forty-five splenectomies and 8 splenorhaphies were performed. The patients fell into 2 groups. Group A, numbering 48 patients were those operated upon within 24 hours of injury. The mortality rate was 16%, and no deaths were attributable to splenic injury. Group B inlcuded 22 patients, 17 of whom were managed nonoperatively with no deaths. 50% of all patients had associated intra-abdominal injury but only 17% needed repair; 31% of patients were initially managed conservatively with a 77% success rate and no mortality. It is concluded that conservative management is safe in stable patients with blunt splenic trauma. KW - Abdomen KW - Fatalities KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Mortality rates KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302700 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490737 JO - Changing Times PB - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated AU - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated TI - ODOMETER FRAUD. ITS WORSE THAN YOU THINK PY - 1987/09 VL - 41 IS - 9 SP - p. 55-56 AB - The article discusses the crime of disconnecting, altering or resetting odometers with intent to deceive. Professional car traders engaging in the activity work out of their own homes, masquerading as private sellers. They are epidemic in the New York city and Washington, D.C. areas. Basic checks that can identify such artists are listed. Legal protections such as laws that have strengthened titling procedures are noted. Registering complaints with the National Highway Administration's Odometer Fraud Staff is adviced. The Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act gives odometer fraud victims the right to recover actual damages of $1,500 or treble damages, whichever is greater, plus attorney's fees. Action can be brought in a state or federal court. KW - Crimes KW - Fraud KW - Laws KW - Oedometers KW - Ownership KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490096 AU - McLean, A J AU - SIMPSON, D A AU - Cain, CMS AU - McCaul, K A AU - Freund, J R AU - RYAN, G A AU - University of Adelaide TI - HEAD AND NECK INJURIES IN PASSENGER CARS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE SN - 0-642-51394-5 PY - 1987/09 SP - v.p. AB - The report discusses the characteristics of head and neck injuries sustained by occupants of passenger cars. The epidemiology and biomechanics of such injuries are discussed. The extent and prognosis of treatment is described. Both existing countermeasures and current research into new or improved countermeasures are evaluated. Recommendations are made with respect to measures to reduce head injury in passenger vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Epidemiology KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299791 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490265 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - Wilkinson, B AU - National Glass Association TI - CONTORLLING DRUGS, ALCOHOL AND GLASS PY - 1987/09 SP - p. 101-104 AB - The article describes how employers can guard against drug users in the workplace and against the hiring of drug-using new employees. In the glazing industry, general contractors and construction users are requiring contractors to demonstrate that they have a written drug and alcohol abuse program in effect before they are allowed to perform work on user property. Still others require that all contractor employees be tested for drugs before starting work. This has a domino effect and contractors require subs to have a program that complies with the user's wishes, and subcontractors are demanding the same of their subs as well as suppliers, vendors and inivited guests on a jobsite. Contractor requirements on contracts are described. Workplace drug testing is discussed as well as the fear of litigation this may bring. Steps that an employee can take to reduce chances of hiring applicants who use drugs are discussd. The federal government's view of alcoholism and drug addiction as 'handicaps' in the Federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is also discussed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Construction industry KW - Contractors KW - Drugs KW - Employers KW - Hiring policies KW - Litigation KW - Personnel KW - Testing KW - Work environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490271 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - WHAT IS YOUR SAFETY I.Q.? PY - 1987/09 VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - p. 45-47 AB - In an attempt to help prevent accidents and promote the safety of motorists and pedestrians, this article describes some of the most common emergency situations, and tests one's knowledge of how they should be handled. The situations described here involve cases of the stuck throttle, completed brake failure, overheated engine, loss of lug nut off wheel stud, dragging muffler, and driving through water. The best way to avoid accidents caused by vehicular malfunctions is to keep the car in safe running condition by periodic inspection of the car and perform periodic maintenance services. KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00555214 AU - Sostkowski, R H AU - Schmieg, A L AU - Meedter, R J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNIVERSAL NATIONWIDE TELEPHONE NUMBER FOR STATE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES PY - 1987/09 SP - 88 PP IN V AB - No abstract provided. KW - Driver information systems KW - Police traffic services KW - Toll-free telephone numbers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490067 AU - Campbell, B J AU - Stewart, J R AU - Campbell, F A AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - 1985-1986 EXPERIENCE WITH BELT LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1987/09 SP - 69 p. AB - As of August 1987, 27 states plus the District of Columbia had seat belt laws in effect, and about 3/4 of the U.S. population live in states with such laws. Laws in 2 other states are scheduled to take effect by January 1, 1988. All remaining states have laws requiring protection of children by use of safety seats or belts. Results of surveys on belt usage, enforcement of belt laws, fatalities, and injuries are reported. Briefly, belt usage is calculated at 48%, based on the latest statewide figures from the belt law states. Belt use compliance is generally higher in states where enforcement is higher. In several instances, sharp increases in belt use have been observed immediately after onset of a full enforcement policy. Overall, observed fatalities in belt law states were 6.6% less than that forecasted. This was an estimated saving of 1,300 lives. The injury trend, reported for 5 states, relative to occupants covered by the law showed a significant break the month the law took effect, which generally did not happen for others not covered by the law. Improvements ranged from 6 to 14%, which projects to a national saving of 75,000 serious injuries plus at least that many more injuries of lesser magnitude, if all states had belt laws. Other analyses were generally consistent with those described above. In addition, however, were analyses comparing belted versus unbelted car crash victims who went to emergency rooms for treatment. Among these, admission rates and costs per patient were markedly lower for those reported to be belted. KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Crash victims KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medical costs KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299313 ER - TY - SER AN - 00490266 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Carley, L AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - 4WD VEHICLES NEED SPECIAL ATTENTION - MISALIGNMENT CAUSES RAPID TIRE WEAR PY - 1987/09 AB - The article makes the point that one must avoid the common mistake of aligning all 4WD vehicles to the same set of specifications. It is noted that the main reason why most 4WD vehicles need realignment is because of rapid tire wear, uneven tire wear or tire cupping. Although toe or camber misalingment is usually blamed, the real cause is often, worn parts, bent parts or suspension components that are misaligned. This article examines some of the causes of tire wear problems. KW - Alignment KW - Four wheel drive KW - Suspension systems KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299792 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490260 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Ross, H L AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - BRITAIN'S CHRISTMAS CRUSADE AGAINST DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1987/09 VL - 48 IS - 5 SP - p. 476-482 AB - The 1983 Christmas Crusade against drunken drivers, during which the police of England and Wales administered an average of 1350 breath tests daily is discussed. The campaign, fueled by press reports, was perceived by many observers to be a national organized deterrent effort. To test the hypotheses that the crusade reduced drunken driving, the index of total automobile crash-related fatalities was used in the analysis. Results showed that the index declined significantly during the month of the crusade, providing support for the hypothesis of deterrent effect. The experience of the Christmas Crusade reinforces the expectation that deterrent interventions involving highly publicized campaigns increasing the certainty of punishment for ellegal behavior can be successful over a limited period of time. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302490 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490323 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Fast, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CASE FOR SEAT BELTS ON SCHOOL BUSES PY - 1987/09 VL - 87 IS - 5 SP - p. 6-11 AB - It is noted that at least 150 school districts in the country have installed lap belts in at least some of their large, Type 1 school buses, and that in 1986, New York becme the first state to require the installation of lap belts in new buses. Also, school districts will be required to provide instruction on the proper use of the restraints 3 times a year. The article notes that there is clear evidence that seat belts will hold passengers in seats during stops, turns and evasive maneuvers. Belt use has also been shown to improve the behavior of passengers, thereby diminishing distractions for the driver. Although fully padded seats and improved bus construction has helped safety, thousands of injuries continue to occur every year. Arguments of those opposing seat belts on school buses are discussed. Several cases of school bus accidents with and without seat belts are described. Beyond saving lives and reducing injuries in school bus accidents, another argument for belt use is the carryover of a life-saving habit to the automobile. The importance of education in proper usage of belts is emphasized, and curriculum suggestions are made. KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Safety education KW - School buses KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00443771 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 25.0 MPH 26resented CRABBED MOVING BARRIER IMPACT TESTS INTO A 26resented LOAD CELL BARRIER FACE: TEST-1: NHTSA DEFORMABLE BARRIER FACE AND TEST-2: EEVC DEFORMABLE BARRIER FACE PY - 1987/09 SP - 139 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Research KW - Roads KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/261813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477839 AU - SAUL, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PROTOTYPE EUROSID DUMMY AND COMPARISON WITH THE U.S. SID (SIDE IMPACT DUMMIES) PY - 1987/09 SP - 121 p. AB - As part of their side impact protection programs, the United States and Europe have developed side impact dummies (SID). The dummies differ in many areas including principal thoracic measurement technique. The report describes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration testing of the EUROSID model to determine its repeatability, durability, biofidelity, and its ability to assess potential injury reduction countermeasures,as contrasted with the U.S. SID. Specific procedures and results of domponent qualification tests and HYGE sled tests as well as dummy instrumentation procedures are described. KW - Accuracy KW - Dummies KW - Durability KW - Impact tests KW - Repeatability KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286850 ER - TY - SER AN - 00435750 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Smith, M F TI - EVALUATION OF SELECTIVE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM FOR OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS PY - 1987/09 AB - NEW YORK STATE PROGRAM TESTING TWO LAW ENFORCEMENT STRATEGIES COMBINED WITH A PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION CAMPAIGN KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - New York (State) KW - Regulations KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/247828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00426950 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Hilburn, B G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE MODIFIED MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR SKILL TEST EXERCISES PY - 1987/09 SP - 2 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Education and training KW - Evaluation KW - Motorcycling KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465676 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ECONOMIC COST TO SOCIETY OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS. 1986 ADDENDUM PY - 1987/09 SP - 7 p. AB - This is the 1986 Addendum to the original report (TRIS 379413). The original report examines the costs resulting from motor vehicle accidents. It considers only the economic cost aspects, and in a strict way, that is, only identifiable marketlike transaction costs are included (e.g., housewives' lost time is given a monetary value while pain and suffering are not). The report considers medical costs, productivity losses, property losses, and other costs. Three appendices are included with the original report; the first discusses government costs related to motor vehicle crashes, the second compares the report with an earlier NHTSA report on societal costs, and the third presents a sensitivity analysis of the results using different estimates of incidence and different discount rates. This addendum gives statistics for 1986. The total societal cost in 1986 resulting from motor vehicle accidents was $74.20 billion. Of this total, medical costs were responsible for $4.12 billion, property losses for $27.37 billion, lost productivity for $16.38 billion, and other costs for $26.33 billion. Because of their great number, property-damage-only accidents were the largest source of loss, totalling $29.59 billion. The second largest contributor was fatal accidents, totalling $16.50 billion, followed by AIS 1 accidents which contributed about $9.39 billion to societal cost. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Health care KW - Loss and damage KW - Losses KW - Medical costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Productivity KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496536 AU - Robbins, D H AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - A PROJECTION OF THE STANDING HEIGHT OF LARGE AMERICAN MALES FOR 1985, 1995, AND 2005 PY - 1987/08/27 SP - 25 p. AB - This report presents projections of the standing height of large American males for the years 1985, 1995, and 2005. The background information used in developing these projections includes U.S. population data, estimates of a continuing secular trend toward increased stature, and data describing the decrease in stature as a function of aging. To develop the projections, models were developed which predict stature as a function of age. The input to the model is stature at 20 years of age. The assumption was made that the secular increase is continuing at approximately 1 centimeter per decade. The additional assumption was made that the relatively modest changes in stature as a function of aging proposed by Borkan, et al (1983) are appropriate for the U.S. population in general. These conservative assumptions lead to a model which agrees well with 1960-1962, 1971-1974, and 1976-1980 U.S. population anthropometric survey data for 95th percentile male standing height. This model was then used to project to the years 1985, 1995, and 2005. KW - Anthropometry KW - Ergonomics KW - Height KW - Males KW - Mathematical models KW - Projection KW - Standing height KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721535 AU - Gutoskie, P A AU - Transport Canada TI - AN ANALYSIS OF CANADIAN SCHOOL BUS ACCIDENT RECORDS 1982-83 - 1984-85 PY - 1987/08 SP - 68 p. AB - Police reported records of road accidents involving school buses which occurred in Canada during the academic years 1982-83, 1983-84, and 1984-85 were analyzed. Environmental, victim, driver and vehicle characteristics of these school bus accidents were examined. The major findings were that: During this period, motor vehicle occupants were approximately 16 times more likely than school bus occupants to be injured in road accidents per passenger km of travel; During the three academic years examined six school bus passengers were killed - five in 1982-83 and one in 1984-85; Most student fatalities occurred when the victims were run over by school buses (4, 4 and 6, respectively, during this period); During these three school years, more pupils suffered major injuries (those which required hospitalization) when run over by school buses (21, 14 and 18) than as passengers inside school buses (20, 19 and 8); The number of school bus passengers who received minor or minimal injuries during these years were 348, 343 and 315, respectively; and 30% of fatal school bus accidents were single vehicle collisions, most of which resulted in pedestrian fatalities. KW - Bus crashes KW - Canada KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Passenger injuries KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrian injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - School buses KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496555 AU - Kirkpatrick, M AU - Baker, C C AU - Heasly, C C AU - Carlow Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHT DESIGN FACTORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 102 p. AB - Prior research has suggested that use of daytime running lights (DRL) on operating vehicles can reduce the frequency and severity of collisions. Possible DRL implementations include high-beam headlamps (with reduced intensity), low-beam headlamps, turn signals, parking lamps and dedicated DRL lamps. Questions have, therefore, arisen regarding the impact on DRL effectiveness of a number of lamp design features and parameters. Research issues involve the effects on vehicle conspicuity under daytime illumination but also potential negative consequences of DRL such as masking of adjacent turn signals and glare under dawn/dusk conditions. The objective of the effort reported here was to obtain data on perceptual effects of DRL intensity, lamp area, color, number of lamps and lamp/background contrast in the above areas. Three experiments were performed to investigate human performance as functions of these design parameters in tasks involving peripheral vehicle detection, turn signal detection and rearview mirror discomfort glare produced by DRL. Detection distance for a vehicle approaching at a 15 degree peripheral angle was influenced primarily by DRL intensity in the range from 0 to 2000 cd. and was greater for dual separated lamps than for a single center-mounted one. Amber lamps resulted in greater detection distances than did clear ones for lamps having areas of 50 to 100 sq cm. This trend was reversed for 200 sq cm lamps. Decrements in probability of turn signal detection were associated primarily with lamp area. Rearview mirror discomfort glare was mainly a function of DRL intensity. Ratings of the degree of glare and the probability of electing to dim the mirror increased regularly with intensity from 500 to 2000 cd. A recommended DRL intensity distribution was developed based on the data. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Experiments KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496533 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1986 CRC OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT SURVEY PY - 1987/08 SP - v.p. AB - In the fortieth annual statistical survey of current model vehicles conducted by the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., test data were obtained on 377 1986 model vehicles, including 314 U.S. vehicles and 63 imported vehicles. Sixteen laboratories participated in this Survey. Maximum octane number requirements were determined by testing at maximum-throttle conditions, as well as at part-throttle. Requirements are expressed as the (R+M)/2 octane number, Research octane number, and Motor octane number of the reference fuel producing knock which was recurrent and repeatable at the lowest audible level. The primary analyses used in this report are based upon (R+M)/2 octane number requirements, rather than upon Research octane number requirements as in Survey reports prior to 1985. Estimated octane number requirements for the U.S. vehicles are weighted in proportion to the 1986 vehicle model production figures and, for the imported models, in proportion to import sales volume in the United States. KW - Motor vehicles KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496524 AU - Boyd, R AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - THE GROWTH OF THE BIKE ED COURSE IN VICTORIA SN - 0-7306-0295-8 PY - 1987/08 SP - 16 p. AB - In 1980 teachers were trained to teach the Bike Ed Course in Victorian schools for the first time. The number of teachers and other personnel trained has increased steadily over the last seven years. This report provides data on the training of Bike Ed instructors and on the progress of the Bike Ed Course in Victorian Schools. KW - Cyclists KW - Instructors KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468503 AU - Blaker, J L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION TESTS OF LOWER NECK TRANSDUCER FOR THE HYBRID III DUMMY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 129 p. AB - The Vehicle Research and Test Center of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration conducted a program to develop a six-axis transducer for measuring the three forces and three moments at the base of the neck of the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test dummy. KW - Dummies KW - Force KW - Measuring instruments KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Neck KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468538 AU - Blaker, J L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USER'S GUIDE - LOWER NECK TRANSDUCER FOR THE HYBRID III DUMMY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 21 p. AB - The Vehicle Research and Test Center of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration conducted a program to develop a six-axis transducer for measuring the three forces and three moments at the base of the neck of the Hybrid III anthropomorphic test dummy. KW - Dummies KW - Force KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Neck KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279440 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493567 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - RUSS, N W AU - Geller, E S AU - American Public Health Association TI - TRAINING BAR PERSONNEL TO PREVENT DRUNKEN DRIVING: A FIELD EVALUATION PY - 1987/08 VL - 77 IS - 8 SP - p. 952-954 AB - The potential of a server intervention program to decrease the likelihood that a bar patron will leave a bar intoxicated was evaluated. Research assistants posing as regular patrons ("pseudopatrons") visited two bars where about half of the servers had received server intervention training. Pseudopatrons set the occasion for server intervention to occur by drinking six alcoholic beverages in two hours. The blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) of the pseudopatrons was measured after they left the bar. Results revealed that trained servers initiated more server interventions than did untrained personnel. Moreover, pseudopatrons served by trained personnel reached substantially lower BACs than those served by untrained servers. These results suggest that, if implemented on a large scale, server intervention programs have the potential of reducing drunken driving by helping to decrease the exit BACs of bar patrons. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Decreases KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Intervention KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Servers KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490738 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - CHEMICAL METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF UNREGULATED DIESEL EMISSIONS - CARBONYLS/ALDEHYDES, PARTICULATE CHARACTERIZATION, SULFATES, PAH/NO2PAH PY - 1987/08 SP - 74 p. AB - This report summarizes research conducted on unregulated diesel emissions methods. The methods are recommended for the measurement of aldehydes/carbonyls, sulfates, particulate characterization, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and nitrates PAH (NO2-PAH). Two of the methods, PAH and NO2PAH, are still being evaluated. The various sections cover high performance liquid chromatographic dinitrophenylhydrazine method for carbonyl compounds, diesel particulate characterization, total particulate mass, solvent extractable fractions, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. KW - Aldehydes KW - Aromatic compounds KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chromatographic analysis KW - Chromatography KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Nitrates KW - Particulates KW - Sulfates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299663 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00490257 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board TI - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS. VOLUME 1 SN - 0309044545 PY - 1987/08 IS - 1106 SP - 317p AB - This Record presents the first volume of papers presented at the Fourth International Conference on Low-volume Roads. This fourth international conference used priority concerns identified at the Third International Confernce on Low-volume Roads as its basis for the papers and discussions: methods of correlating and disseminating technical and management information in developed and developing countries; program management systems to aid in designing, constructing, and managing low-volume roads and provide information for justifying funding levels and appropriate engineering standards; understanding mechanisms of damage to low-volume roads; and the use of marginal or unconventional materials and documentation of their use. The use of asphalt seals and concrete in rural roads, and the design and construction of low water crossings and bridges were also discussed. Thirty seven papers are published in this volume. U1 - International Conference on Low Volume Roads, 4th, 1987, Ithaca, New York, USA StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Building materials KW - Conferences KW - Developing countries KW - Information dissemination KW - Loss and damage KW - Low cost roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Management information systems KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302487 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00490095 AU - Leivesley, S AU - Leivesley (Sally) and Associates TI - ROAD SAFETY ENFORCEMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW SN - 0-642-51115-2 PY - 1987/08 SP - 152 p. AB - The report examines the application of resources and means of maximising enforcement strategies for road safety. Human factors, the law, policing, and mechanical design are analysed as part of the road safety system. Contributions from police in Australia and other countries are included. The results of the analysis identify the complex interactions between human factors and the road environment, and the conclusions list a number of strategies for the development of road safety enforcement policy which takes these into account. KW - Deterrence KW - Environmental quality KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Police KW - Roadside KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302333 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00490258 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board TI - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS. VOLUME 2 SN - 0309044545 PY - 1987/08 IS - 1106 SP - 339p AB - This is the second volume of papers presented at the Fourth International Conference on Low-volume Roads. This conference used priority concerns identified at the Third International Confernce on Low-volume Roads as its basis for the papers and discussions: methods of correlating and disseminating technical and management information in developed and developing countries; program management systems to aid in designing, constructing, and managing low-volume roads and provide information for justifying funding levels and appropriate engineering standards; understanding mechanisms of damage to low-volume roads; and the use of marginal or unconventional materials and documentation of their use. The use of asphalt seals and concrete in rural roads, and the design and construction of low water crossings and bridges were also discussed. Forty papers are presented in this volume. U1 - International Conference on Low Volume Roads, 4th, 1987, Ithaca, New York, USA StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Building materials KW - Conferences KW - Developing countries KW - Information dissemination KW - Loss and damage KW - Low cost roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Management information systems KW - Rural highways UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1987/1106v2/1106v2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489471 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM PY - 1987/08 SP - 10 p. AB - This fact sheet gives information that can help in comparing the relative safety of vehicles. It is based on data generated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's crash test program to see how well test vehicles perform during frontal crashes. The test program is described, and data on head injury levels during crash tests are graphically illustrated. KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00439764 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Balderas, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYTICAL COMPARISION OF THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF A EUROPEAN HEAVY VEHICLE AND A GENERIC U.S. HEAVY VEHICLE PY - 1987/08 SP - 377 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Dynamics KW - Europe KW - Handling characteristics KW - Testing KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/254310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00424971 AU - Blaker, J L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION TESTS OF LOWER NECK TRANSDUCER FOR THE HYBRID III DUMMY PY - 1987/08 SP - 125 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Neck UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00425982 AU - Mackowiak, L AU - Anthony, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A DOT 4 REFEREE BRAKE FLUID PY - 1987/08 SP - 30 PP IN V AB - No abstract provided. KW - Brake fluids KW - Brakes KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00424985 AU - Blaker, J L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USER'S GUIDE, LOWER NECK TRANSDUCER FOR THE HYBRID III DUMMY PY - 1987/08 SP - 2 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Neck UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/239833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173242 AU - Salvatore, Santo AU - Walter, Robert AU - Mengert, Peter AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Phase II Evaluation of the National Crash Experience: Comparison of CARDfile National Motor Vehicle Accident Projections with Projections from NASS PY - 1987/07 SP - 117p AB - This report details the results of an analysis that compared the Crash Avoidance Research Data Base (CARDfile) with the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). CARDfile combines, in one data base, the police accident records for three years (1983 through 1985) from Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington. It contains in excess of 4.0 million accidents that involved 6.5 million vehicles. NHTSA's Office of Crash Avoidance (NRD-50) uses CARDfile to evaluate crash avoidance concepts and to assist in program development. To make the best use of CARDfile, it is important to understand how well the accident experience derived from the six CARDfile states compares to other national data bases. During the first effort in this evaluation, Transportation Systems Center (TSC) examined the general characteristics of the population, the vehicles, the roads, and the fatal accidents in these states and compared them to the same characteristics for the whole nation. We found that the six states agreed well with the nation (Salvatore, Mengert, Walter, 1987). Of greater importance is how these six states' accident experience agrees with the accident experience found in other accident data bases, particularly NASS. The results of these analyses are reported here. KW - Crash avoidance research KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Human factors in crashes KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Police reports KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33392/33392.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601622 AU - Wolff, P AU - Carlson, K AU - Finn, P AU - ABT Associates, Incorporated TI - PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION DEMONSTRATION PROJECT FOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PY - 1987/07 SP - 131 p. AB - A public education and information campaign was conducted in 1986 in Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina using mass media to inform the public about Emergency Medical Services (EMS). To evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign, data were collected in the 2 sites, and a control site. A telephone survey of a random sample of households was conducted both before and after the campaign. It was found that only television succeeded in conveying messages about EMS and how to find the EMS telephone number. Ambulance utililztation data were collected. Utilization for motor vehicle accidents was unchanged. Ambulance utilization for all emergencies increased in all 3 regions. Hospital data on MVA patients were collected before and after. Changes in morbidity were not significant. KW - Ambulances KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Hospitals KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344628 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620490 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Simpson, H M AU - Mayhew, D R AU - Brain Information Service TI - DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND TRAFFIC CASUALTIES AMONG YOUTH PY - 1987/07 VL - 3 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 45-62 AB - This paper examines data on youth in road crashes with special reference to changes over time in the magnitude of the problem. Consistent with this comparative approach, the paper also compares current directions of research in the area of youth and road accidents with those evident in the field beginning some 20 years ago. KW - Adolescents KW - Canada KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620493 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - LUND, A K AU - Preusser, D F AU - Williams, A F AU - Brain Information Service TI - LICENSING DECISIONS OF TEENAGERS PY - 1987/07 VL - 3 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 93-107 AB - A survey of high school students in seven states found that teenagers were very interested in getting their licenses as soon as possible, primarily to increase their independent mobility. Few teenagers could name important reasons for not getting licensed, although some identified high insurance costs, lack of their own car, and unavailability of driver education as deterrents to licensure. Teenagers in high schools where driver education was more readily available were licensed at earlier ages. Also, male students, those with higher grades, and those whose parents were better educated obtained driver licenses earlier than females, those with lower grades, or those whose parents were less well-educated. Licensure rates were particularly high following birthdays. KW - Adolescents KW - Availability KW - Data collection KW - Driver education KW - Driver licenses KW - Education KW - Gender KW - High schools KW - Mobility KW - Supply KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364891 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620489 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - ELLIOTT, D AU - Brain Information Service TI - SELF-REPORTED DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL/DRUGS AND THE RISK OF ALCOHOL/DRUG-RELATED ACCIDENTS PY - 1987/07 VL - 3 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 31-43 AB - There are two objectives in this report. First, to present new epidemiological data from a national representative sample of youth aged 18 to 24 on the prevalence and frequency of driving while impaired on alcohol or drugs and on the prevalence and frequency of alcohol/drug related accidents. Second, to examine the relationship between these behaviors and a wider set of problem behaviors which together may constitute a risk-behavior syndrome. KW - Adolescents KW - Behavior KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364887 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620494 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Williams, A F AU - Brain Information Service TI - EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE POLICIES FOR REDUCING INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH YOUTHFUL DRIVERS PY - 1987/07 VL - 3 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 109-117 AB - In the absence of more widespread application of legislative measures that would effectively reduce the teenage motor vehicle problem, further gains will be derived through vehicle and highway design improvements and through laws or other effective behavior change measures applicable to all ages. School-based educational programs continue to be the main thrust of efforts to deal with the teen motor vehicle injury problem. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - High schools KW - Highway design KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364892 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620488 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Jonah, B A AU - Dawson, N E AU - Brain Information Service TI - YOUTH AND RISK: AGE DIFFERENCES IN RISKY DRIVING, RISK PERCEPTION, AND RISK UTILITY PY - 1987/07 VL - 3 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 13-29 AB - This paper describes differences between younger and older drivers on a number of measures of risky driving, risk perception, and risk utility taken during a national household survey (N=2,207) conducted in Canada in 1986. Young drivers (16 to 24) were more likely to engage in risky driving habits (e.g., following too closely, speeding) and they were more likely to have been involved in accidents and violations. Only the 21- to 24-year-olds were less likely to report seat belt use than the older drivers. Moreover, there was some indication that impaired driving was reported more frequently among the youngest age group (16 to 20). Young drivers perceived less danger in a variety of driving situations (e.g., driving while impaired, unbelted in front seat) and they perceived safety countermeasures to be less effective overall in reducing casualties. With respect to risk utility, young drivers placed less importance on safety features when buying a new car compared to older drivers but it was actually the oldest drivers (50 and over) who were least willing to pay for safety features. Intercorrelation of the risky behaviours revealed a moderate degree of consistency, but this consistency appeared to be greater among youth. There was little evidence that the predictors of risky driving differed substantially as a function of age. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - High risk drivers KW - Impaired drivers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Purchasing KW - Risk assessment KW - Risk perception KW - Risk taking KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364886 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620495 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Vingilis, Evelyn AU - Brain Information Service TI - WHO GETS CHARGED WITH MINIMUM DRINKING AGE OFFENCES? A TORONTO SAMPLE PY - 1987/07 VL - 3 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 119-124 AB - The characteristics of young people charged with Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) offences in Toronto are described in this paper. The results show that (1) young people charged with MLDA offences were different from age-matched non-delinquent youth on such factors as attitudes and alcohol and drug use and (2) the experience of being charged and sentenced had little specific deterrent impact. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Attitudes KW - Deterrence KW - Drivers KW - Drug abuse KW - Legal drinking age KW - Prosecution KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364893 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620491 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Brain Information Service TI - YOUNG DRIVER INVOLVEMENT IN SEVERE CAR CRASHES PY - 1987/07 VL - 3 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 63-78 AB - One of the most dominant stable observations in traffic safety is substantially higher than average involvement in crashes by younger drivers. Elevated crash rates have been observed for young drivers in just about every country which collects traffic safety data, and such effects have been widely documented. One central question is the extent to which the elevated rates depend on two quite separate factors: first, lack of knowledge and skill (inexperience); and second, characteristics inexorably associated with youthful behavior. This question is important because the two factors imply different remedies. The problem of lack of knowledge and skill can be addressed by study, instruction, training, and supervised practice; driving problems linked to overall youthful behavior are probably in part related to questions of social norms, so that remedial steps would have to be of a broader, less specific nature. KW - Adolescents KW - Behavior KW - Causes KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Knowledge KW - Motor skills KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364889 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620492 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - SUMMALA, H AU - Brain Information Service TI - YOUNG DRIVER ACCIDENTS: RISK TAKING OR FAILURE OF SKILLS? PY - 1987/07 VL - 3 IS - 3-4 SP - p. 79-91 AB - When considering the young driver accident problem and possible countermeasures, two main possibilities have been presented; the main problem either lies in the undeveloped skills of these youthful drivers, or in their higher propensity to take risks on the road, or both. The critical question seems to be what safety-related changes occur during the first 50,000 km of driving--and what we could do to speed up this development. KW - Adolescents KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Risk taking KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476003 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Goldfein, J AU - Harold Russell Associates, Incorporated AU - Social Science Research and Evaluation, Incorporat AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DIRECTORY OF RIDE SERVICE PROGRAMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 245 p. AB - Some alcohol-related crashes may be caused by motorists who drive after drinking because arranging for alternative transportation is too difficult or inconvenient (a sober friend may not be available to drive the motorist home, the motorist may be reluctant to leave his or her car unattended, etc.). This Directory lists 325 Ride Service Programs from 44 states and the District of Columbia that provide intoxicated drivers with a safe alternative ride home. Many of the entries summarize key program features such as who sponsors the program, whether the program operates on holidays versus year-round, whether the rider's car is transported, and the types of transport used (cab, bus, tow truck, etc.). All the entries provide the information needed to contact program spokespeople for additional information. Over 500 leads were collected from various sources, however, entries are restricted to those programs for which information could be verified by contacting program personnel directly. Information is provided on how Ride Service personnel can advise NHTSA of program changes, new programs, or programs that were unintentionally omitted. The introduction describes two other reports being prepared under this contract: a technical research report, and a report directed at state and local planners that provides an overview of all the programs in this Directory and describes some of them in detail. KW - Countermeasures KW - Directories KW - Drunk driving KW - Intoxication KW - Paratransit services KW - Prevention KW - Ride service programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25760/DOT-HS-807-146_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496535 AU - Winkler, C B AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE ROLLOVER THRESHOLD OF FOUR TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER COMBINATION VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 77 p. AB - The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) has evaluated the roll stability properties of four configurations of a tractor-semitrailer combination vehicle. The primary element of this evaluation was a series of full-scale tilt-table experiments. A tilt-table facility, composed of five individual tilt tables, each designed to support one axle of the vehicle, was designed and fabricated during the project. The vehicle was tested with four configurations of the semitrailer--two different trailers, each in two loading conditions. Results quantify the influence of the different test configurations, as well as illuminate the importance of the properties of the tractor suspensions. Recommendations are made as to how to improve the roll stability of the vehicle. KW - Improvements KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recommendations KW - Rollover crashes KW - Size KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Test results KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496553 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - FATALITY TRENDS: TRUCKS PY - 1987/07 SP - 13 p. AB - This is the fifteenth and last of a series of occasional brief reports on highway traffic fatality trends in the United States. The data are from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) and the subject area covered is trucks. The truck size categories, with "Light Truck or Van" being the smallest and "Tractor" being the largest, are based on body type rather than weight. The portion of total traffic fatalities that are in light truck or van accidents has risen from 17.5% in 1975 to 27% in 1986, an increase of 55% in eleven years. The portion in tractor truck accidents has been 9 or 10% since 1976. Statistics are also presented by accident type (single vehicle or multivehicle) and by victim role (non-occupant or occupant of a particular vehicle type). KW - Automobiles by type KW - Fatalities KW - Light trucks KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310225 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493570 JO - Insurance Review (New York) PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Crawford, A P AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - THE LIFE ASSURER: BRIAN O'NEILL PY - 1987/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 29-33 AB - This article takes a look at Brian O'Neill's efforts in the fight for safer automobiles. O'Neill serves as president of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) and its affiliated organization, the Highway Loss Data Institute. Since O'Neill has been with IIHS, he and his allies have tackled every issue from air bags to no-lock brakes, from raising the drinking age to retaining the 55 mph speed limit. In the first six months of last year alone, the IIHS filed 20 formal comments with federal highway safety agencies. At the invitation of state legislatures to testify, the institute has become increasingly active in recent years because, "the action has moved to the state level, where battles over seat belts, speed limits and drinking ages are now being fought," O'Neill says. Most recently, the IIHS has been looking at trucks. "The trucking industry is about where the automobile industry was in the 1960s," says O'Neill. KW - Highway safety KW - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Leadership KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307803 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493569 JO - Insurance Review (New York) PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Katz, C AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - PERSONAL AUTO: GUARDED GOOD NEWS PY - 1987/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 34, 36 AB - This article takes a look at the changing automobile insurance market. The 1985 combined ratio--a measure of insurers' protifability--had reached 111.1, climbing steadily each year from 110.1 in 1982. Underwriting losses had risen by 15% over the previous year to $5.8 billion and individual companies' loss ratios were still moving upward distressingly. To correct underpricing of auto insurance, insurers predicted rate hikes of as much as 17% for the last six months of 1986, and these were scheduled on top of earlier increases ranging from 5 to 11%. Since then, these year-end increases have been implemented, resulting in a 13.3% overall rise in the price of auto insurance in 1986. An interview with seven of the nation's top auto insurers, whose combined share represents 45% of the market, while inconclusive, indicates trends under way. At the time of the interview, six of the seven were showing an improvement in loss ratios, reversing the five years of steady deterioration. Average claim costs for physical damage to automobiles were steady or rising slightly, but average claim costs for personal injury were rising dramatically. In contrast to this time last year, plans for increases for the rest of 1987 are mixed. Two said no increases were planned, three forecast hikes of 3 to 6% and two took a wait and see attitude. During the first six months of this year, one insurer raised rates in 12 states and cut prices in 16 other states. Three companies made no substantial or widespread increases and three implemented hikes of 6 to 10%. Overall, the insurers interviewed expressed guarded optimism regarding the recovery of the auto insurance market. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Markets KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307802 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493577 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Steed, D K AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - SAFETY BELTS: YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE PY - 1987/07 VL - 54 IS - 7 SP - p. 26-27 AB - Enforcement of occupant protection laws increases public usage. However, in many jurisdictions, law enforcement agencies have not yet become fully involved with occupant protection enforcement, nor have they given this issue the priority it deserves as a public safety measure. The question must be asked: What is good enforcement and how can it be achieved? The first and most important consideration is the personal attitude of each law enforcement officer. The police officer's personal use of, and belief in, the value of safety belts is important. The officer's knowledge of occupant protection systems, how they work and their effectiveness is a critical element. Full information on the various types of restraint devices should be provided to officers, including both use and safety benefits. Second, police administrators, by taking a proactive stance on this issue, can have a pronounced impact. There is a need for clear direction and a policy position that defines the importance of safety belt use laws for the personnel who will have enforcement responsibility. Good enforcement is (1) the police officer acting as the appropriate role model by wearing safety belts both on and off duty, (2) the police officer actively engaged in education of the public on occupant protection issues, in his routine contacts, special traffic safety programs and presentations before the public, and (3) the police officer consistently enforcing occupant protection laws during routine and special traffic enforcement efforts. KW - Attitudes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Knowledge KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Police KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307808 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493579 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Hopkins, D AU - AAA Potomac TI - THE FACTS ABOUT THE NEW SPEED LAWS PY - 1987/07 VL - 7 IS - 4 SP - p. 12-13 AB - The 55-mph speed limit is still the law over most of the land. Congress did give states the perogative of raising the limit to 65 mph on some rural interstates, but the fact is that 55 mph remains in effect on the vast majority of our highways. This article answers some of the common speed limit questions being asked by AAA members. These include the following: In planning a trip, how can I tell which highways are candidates for the 65 mph limit? Will all states raise the limit to 65? How long will it take for states to make the change? If a state decides to go to 65, will the limit be raised everywhere on its rural interstates? How strictly will 65 be enforced? KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Change KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307810 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493580 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Walsh, J B AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - THE OHIO STATE HIGHWAY PATROL: 30 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE UNDER OUR "BELTS" PY - 1987/07 VL - 54 IS - 7 SP - 4 p. AB - The Ohio State Highway Patrol has been dedicated to safety belt use for some 30 years. As early as 1952, Col. George Mingle, superintendent at that time, began to promote safety belt use by all highway patrol personnel. So convinced was he of the benefits of safety belts that in February 1956 he issued specifications to include two safety belts in the front seats of all new highway patrol cruisers. Since those pioneering days, patrol personnel have been required to wear safety belts whenever they operate state-owned vehicles, and encouraged to wear them in their own personal vehicles. Recent in-house surveys have revealed that 100% of all patrol headquarters employees wear safety belts even while operating their own vehicles. But the patrol has also recognized that requiring its own personnel to wear occupant restraints does not go far enough. Encouraging safety belt use by the motoring public has also been a priority for many years. The most notable public information campaign to date was initiated early in 1981 by the patrol in cooperation with the Department of Highway Safety and the Ohio Insurance Institute. The entire program was built around a drawing of an Ohio Highway Patrol trooper holding a safety belt with the slogan, "I Never Unbuckled a Dead Person." Other efforts have included using local celebrities to promote safety belt use, local post commanders mentioning safety belts in all their dealings with the news media, especially when dealing with local traffic fatalities or fatality trends, EPIC (Educating Parents by Instructing Children) and Ohio's "Saved by the Belt" club. Ohio's mandatory safety belt use law took effect on July 4, 1986. The remainder of this article discusses the highway patrol's preparations for implementing this law and its enforcement. KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Ohio KW - Police patrol KW - Promotion KW - State highway patrol KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307811 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493584 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - FACTS ABOUT AUTO INSURANCE PY - 1987/07 VL - 70 IS - 7 SP - p. 35-37 AB - This article examines information which should be considered when purchasing automobile insurance. Topics covered include the following: who is covered under auto insurance policies; liability coverage; collision coverage; comprehensive coverage; options - replacement cost, towing and road service, rental car; "chargeable" points and surcharges; money saving tips; and reporting requirements for accidents and stolen vehicles. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile insurance KW - Comprehensive coverage KW - Crashes KW - Guidelines KW - Liability insurance KW - Option KW - Purchasing KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Surcharge KW - Vehicle theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307813 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493578 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Bruestle, D AU - Rutherford, C W AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - ONE SIDE...AND THE OTHER: MANDATORY WEAR OF SAFETY BELTS BY POLICE PY - 1987/07 VL - 54 IS - 7 SP - p. 16-17 AB - Darryl Bruestle, chief of police in Wilmington, North Carolina, outlines the reasons he believes there should be a policy mandating police employee use of seat belts. He states that "the police administrator must look at adopting policy requiring the use of seat belts as a positive management practice: It promotes safety and safety awareness among its employees and it can limit legal and vicarious liability. As a positive side effect, such a policy will encourage regular use of seat belts by members of the agency as well as their families, resulting in a general safety practice." Charles W. Rutherford, director of Police Training and Administrative Services of the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Service--Bureau for Municipal Police, Albany, New York, strongly believes in mandatory wear policies for all police officers. Here he outlines the reasons why police resist mandatory wearing of safety belts. He concludes that "Each of these all-too-common arguments is undermined by the well-established fact that the wearing of a safety belt will dramatically reduce an officer's chance of being killed or seriously injured in an automobile accident." KW - Effectiveness KW - Liability KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Policy KW - Responsibilities KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493563 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT: INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1987 AUTOMOBILES PY - 1987/07 SP - 28 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents results of the collision coverage loss experience of 1987 model year passenger cars during their first months of availability. It is based on collision coverage and loss data supplied by 13 insurers. Descriptions of the sources and nature of the data used are presented in Appendix A. The data analysis methods are discussed in Appendix B and definitions are given in Appendix C. A complete list of the vehicle series designations by make and size class appears in Appendix D. KW - Automobiles KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304657 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493568 JO - Insurance Review (New York) PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Gilleland, K AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - SAFETY IN NUMBERS PY - 1987/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 22-24 AB - Air bags have been a possibility since 1952, but the American auto industry has stalled on their development for almost two decades. Now, thanks to federal regulations and public demand for safer cars, air bags will soon be a reality. American car manufacturers have begun phasing them in. More than 95% of the nation's casualty insurers favor full front-seat air bags as standard equipment in all cars, and many discount their rates to drivers using them. Manual or automatic belts are available in every car sold today. Despite their life-saving benefits, however, two states repealed their seat belt laws and only 55% of drivers say they buckle up regularly. An IIHS report indicates 99% of drivers of new Fords with automatic safety belts use them all the time, but less than 50% of the drivers of GM cars use their seat belts because their design makes them easy to disconnect. Many insurance firms encourage the use of seat belts, not by offering discounts, but by paying supplemental or double benefits at the time of a claim. Total protection is particularly important against drunken drivers. Some insurers have introduced incentives to stay sober, including partial premium paybacks and discounts. Most states are cracking down on drunken drivers in various ways--tougher penalties, banning "happy hours," setting night curfews for beginning drivers, or authorizing alcohol-check road blocks. At the same time, however, many are also raising the 55 mph speed limit in rural areas, despite the fact that NHTSA estimates the slower speed limit has saved 54,000 lives since 1974. In conclusion, this article points out additional recent technological advances which are making cars safer, including energy-absorbing steering wheels, high-mounted brake lights and plastic-lined windshields. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Air bags KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Incentives KW - Insurance KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307801 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493581 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - OSTROM, M AU - Eriksson, A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - NATURAL DEATH WHILE DRIVING PY - 1987/07 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - p. 988-998 AB - Of sudden natural deaths while driving, 126 occurred during 1980 through 1985 in the northern half of Sweden. The mean age of the 69 car driver victims was 59 years, considerably higher than that of traumatic car deaths, and all but 2 were males. The mean age of 57 operators of other vehicles was 66 years, and of these, 6 were women. Seven car drivers were stricken during commercial employment. Most accidents occurred during daytime and the distribution of the weekdays was fairly even. Ischemic heart disease accounted for 112 deaths, and other cardiovascular diseases for an additional 9 deaths. Only 1/5 of the victims experienced previous symptoms of disease. Out of at least 31 other persons at risk in the car deaths, only 2 passengers suffered minor injuries. The trauma in the deceased was in most cases minor in both car and other vehicle deaths. Property damage was also minimal. At least 1/3 of the drivers were able to stop the car before becoming unconscious. In none of the car cases was alcohol detected in the blood, while alcohol was identified in at least 2 of the other vehicle victims. The findings here agree with previous studies that natural deaths at the wheel are fairly uncommon, and that the risk for other persons is not significant. The value of adequate postmortem examinations of drivers dying in traffic is stressed--natural deaths can otherwise be overlooked. KW - Age KW - Autopsies KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Crash severity KW - Death at the wheel KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Heart KW - Post mortem KW - Sweden KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490696 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: ODOMETER FRAUD PY - 1987/07 SP - 4 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on odometer fraud. The odometer indicates the number of miles a vehicle has been driven. Odometer fraud occurs when an odometer is rolled back or disconnected. Fraud also occurs when incorrect information is given about the accuracy of the odometer reading. Included in the discussion is information on the cost of odometer fraud, consumer protection under the federal odometer law, what to do when an odometer breaks, how you can tell whether an odometer has been altered, and what to do about odometer readings when buying or selling a used car. Information is also included on what to do if you are a victim of odometer tampering. KW - Breaks KW - Costs KW - Fraud KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Oedometers KW - Tampering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490697 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER INFORMATION FACT SHEET: TIRES PY - 1987/07 SP - 4 p. AB - This Fact Sheet provides information on tires. It covers how to buy the right tire, including the right size, type and tread, and tire quality grading, including ratings for treadwear, traction and temperature resistance. Also included are tips for tire maintenance. KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance KW - Purchasing KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Size KW - Temperature resistance KW - Thermal resistance KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Types KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490745 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Grimm, A C AU - Streff, F M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY SURVEYS: A COMPENDIUM OF QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS PY - 1987/07 SP - 555 p. AB - This publication presents a source of questionnaire items used in past surveys, and may be of use to individuals and organizations conducting surveys in the field of traffic safety. The topics covered are as follows: airbags, passive restraints; alcohol and driving - attitudes; alcohol and driving - laws; alcohol and driving - deterrence; alcohol and driving - practices; sobriety checklanes; automobile ownership, and use; bicycles, bike paths; child restraint use, laws; driver education, behavior, and licensing, drugs and driving; hospital services; helmets and protective clothing; insurance; impaired drivers; motorcycles; older drivers; pedestrians; police; school crossings; seat belt use; safety equipment; signs and signals; speed limit; crash and injury causation; and vehicle inspection and maintenance; and other general topics. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Driver education KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Helmets KW - Hospitals KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Pedestrians KW - Protective clothing KW - Questionnaires KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489464 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING AWARENESS WEEK HANDBOOK. A REPORT ON ACTIVITIES DURING 1986; AN IDEA SAMPLER OF SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES PY - 1987/07 SP - 67 p. AB - The fifth annual National Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Week was coordinated in all 50 states by the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and served as a rallying point for government, civic, and business groups efforts to raise community awareness of drunk and drugged drivers. This report covers 1986 activities and presents suggestions for 1987 efforts. Efforts in all states in 10 regions are covered. Unique efforts in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Alaska, and Hawaii are noted. Dramatic efforts were also made in Washington State and Delaware to remove drunk drivers from the roads. Suggestions and ideas are given on fund raising and on how to place Awareness Week messages in various local media. KW - Community values KW - Drugged drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Media KW - Publicity KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489467 AU - United States Congress TI - SELECTED PUBLIC LAWS 1972-1984 PY - 1987/07 SP - v.p. AB - This provides coverage of the following Public Laws, and their revisions: Public Law 92.513, 92nd Congress, S. 976, October 1972, Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, July 1987 Revision; Public Law 94-364, 94th Congress, S. 1518, July 14, 1976; Public Law 95-619, November 9 1978; Public Law 97-331, 97th Congress, October 15, 1982; and Public Law 98-547, October 25 1984 - Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984. KW - Costs KW - Laws KW - Savings KW - Theft KW - United States Congress KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489472 AU - Rosenthal, T J AU - Szostak, H T AU - Allen, R W AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USER'S GUIDE AND PROGRAM DESCRIPTION FOR A TRIPPED ROLL OVER VEHICLE SIMULATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 77 p. AB - Tripped rollover results when a vehicle slides sideways into a curb or other small obstruction which converts the vehicle's translational kinetic energy into rotation. Given the vehicle's center of gravity height and wheel track width, it can roll over given sufficient side velocity. This scenario is applicable to highway vehicles such as cars and trucks and off road vehicles as diverse as riding lawn mowers. Safety statistics show vehicle rollover to be a common accident mode, and this report describes a time domain simulation program developed to analyze the influence of various vehicle and scenario parameters. The program is based on a general purpose microcomputer program which was designed to simulate dynamic systems defined in relatively simple specification syntax, and provide the user with insightful graphical displays. The program currently runs on an IBM-PC or compatible. The report describes the vehicle model equations of motion, provides program user's instructions, and gives examples of program operation. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Microcomputers KW - Mowers KW - Personal computers KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00426508 AU - Harding, W M AU - Apsler, R AU - Goldfein, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DIRECTORY OF RIDE SERVICE PROGRAMS PY - 1987/07 SP - 238 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Directories KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Paratransit services KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493572 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT/INCIDENT SUMMARY REPORT, LARGO, MARYLAND--SEPTEMBER 6, 1985 PY - 1987/06/30 SP - 18 p. AB - This publication contains a report of a highway accident that occurred in Largo, Maryland, on September 6, 1985. At about 12:40 p.m., e.d.t., a 1982 GMC 2-axle truck fitted with a 1973 MC-331 cargo tank overturned while traveling southbound on the Capital Beltway, I-95. The 2,500-gallon capacity cargo tank contained about 1,375 gallons of propane. The Poist Gas Company truck was traveling between 50 and 55 mph when, according to the driver, the steering wheel started shaking violently and "flew out of my hands." At the time of the accident the roadway was dry and the weather was clear. The truck caught fire immediately after sliding to a stop. A motorist traveling behind the truck stopped to warn other motorists. The truck driver climbed out of the truck and helped warn motorists of the danger of an explosion. For safety reasons, the fire was allowed to burn which it did for 13 1/2 hours. The highway was reopened about 5 a.m. Investigation revealed problems with the remains of the left front tire. It had sustained a circumferential tread separation in the shoulder area of the tire and there was evidence of fretting of adjacent wire filaments of the body chords. The exact cause of the tire tread separation was not determined, since most of the nonmetallic components were consumed by fire. KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Fires KW - Overturning KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel KW - Tankers KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489469 AU - Feeley, D M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AMERICAN RED CROSS OCCUPANT PROTECTION EDUCATION PROGRAM PY - 1987/06/12 SP - v.p. AB - The Occupant Protection Education Program carried out by the American Red Cross under DOT-NHTSA grant funds was designed to promote local Red Cross Chapter activities aimed at increasing the awareness and acceptance of child safety seats, manual safety belts and automatic protection. The Program was carried out through minigrants of $1,000 each to 102 chapters in 22 states. The grants were intended to initiate or expand upon chapter Activities. These educational activities were generally appended to ongoing chapter courses, or occupant protection activities such as the Kids in Safety Seats (KISS) loaner programs. Many chapters used the minigrant to initiate a new occupant protection program, most of which will be continued after completion of the NHTSA grant. The most significant accomplishment of this grant Program was the substantial expansion and commitment of the American Red Cross to occupant protection education. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Child restraint systems KW - Grant aid KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00487919 AU - WILLKE, D T AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH III MODEL IMPROVEMENTS: DERIVATION OF NEW SIDE STIFFNESS PARAMETERS FROM CRASH TESTS, VOLUME 2 PY - 1987/06 SP - 78 p. AB - The CRASH III computer model uses physical evidence, such as various vehicle patameters and vehicle damage measurements, to reconstruct highway accidents. When damage measurements are used in a reconstruction, the model assumes a set of stiffness parameters. In the current model, stiffness parameters for passenger cars are categorized by wheelbase. The report describes the results of a study done to derive new side stiffness paramets for the CRASH III model. KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle classification KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496472 AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Preusser, D F AU - Ulmer, R G AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERRENT EFFECTS OF MANDATORY LICENSE SUSPENSION FOR DWI CONVICTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 186 p. AB - The present study examined the specific and general deterrent effects of Wisconsin's 1982 law mandating three to six month license suspensions for first-time convicted drinking drivers. Specific deterrence (stopping repeat drinking and driving among those convicted) was studied statewide before and after the new law. The results showed a reduction in subsequent convictions and crashes for those drivers convicted after May, 1982. General deterrence (stopping the general public from drinking and driving) was studied statewide and in Milwaukee. Statewide, the results suggested a substantial reduction in alcohol related crashes following passage of the law. In Milwaukee, a 1985 media campaign produced a substantial increase in the number of drivers aware of the mandatory suspension following a first drinking and driving conviction. It was concluded that 100% mandatory license suspension is an effective legal sanction against drinking and driving. KW - Awareness KW - Before and after studies KW - Convictions KW - Deterrence KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Sanctions KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25762/DOT-HS-807-138_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496540 AU - Wells-Parker, E AU - Cosby, P J AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State TI - IMPACT OF DRIVER'S LICENSE SUSPENSION ON EMPLOYMENT STABILITY OF DRUNKEN DRIVERS PY - 1987/06 SP - 12 p. AB - This study compares the employment characteristics (e.g., incidence of unemployment, length of unemployment, and number of jobs in the previous year) of a group of DUI (driving under the influence) offenders who experienced driver's license suspension to a control group of recently arrested DUI offenders who were not suspended during the comparable time period. Also studied were the associations between case disposition and antecedents such as income, race, sex, age, and employment status. In summary, results suggest that license suspension is likely to have relatively little impact on employment stability among DUI offenders as a group. Results underscore the perception of offenders that a DUI arrest and license suspension are costly events, both personally and financially. Findings support earlier suggestions that the mechanism by which license suspension reduces accidents is an across the board reduction in risk exposure rather than selective reduction in high risk driving. KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Employment KW - Impacts KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Social research KW - Social sciences KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00484626 AU - WILLKE, D T AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH III MODEL IMPROVEMENTS: VEHICLE CATEGORIZATION FOR STIFFNESS PARAMETERS, VOLUME 1 PY - 1987/06 SP - 39 p. AB - The CRASH III computer model uses physical evidence, such as various vehicle parameters and vehicle damage measurements, to reconstruct highway accidents. When damage measurements are used in a reconstruction, the model assumes a set of stiffness parameters which represent the resistance to crush for a group of vehicles. The set of parameters assumed is dependent on both the type of impact (frontal, side, or rear) and the type of vehicle(s) in the reconstruction. In the current model, stiffness parameters for passenger cars are categorized by wheelbase. The report is divided into two volumes. Reported in volume I are the results of an investigation which explored the possibility of another categorization method producing CRASH III results that are more reliable than those from the current method. Correlations were done to determine if any of the standard vehicle parameters, such as curb weight, length, width, etc., relate to the damage a vehicle sustains in a collision. KW - Accuracy KW - Automobiles KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Impacts KW - Modifications KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468539 AU - Sankey, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEG CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1987 NISSAN SENTRA AT 33.5 MPH PY - 1987/06 SP - 177 p. AB - The report documents a crash test to evaluate side impact protection. Testing was conducted on a 1987 Nissan Sentra 2-door Sedan. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier. The test was a simulation of a 90 degree intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493573 AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Pettis, L C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TRUCKS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1984 (VERSION JUNE 5, 1987). SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 120 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents, 1984. This file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for a medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo weights, and lengths. Over 25% of the power units were straight trucks. Tractors with twin trailers accounted for 3.4% of involvements. In nearly 81% of the cases the fatality was not in the truck. KW - Bureau of motor carrier safety KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304670 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493557 JO - Safety and Health PB - National Safety Council AU - Lahey, J W AU - National Safety Council TI - BEHIND THE WHEEL PY - 1987/06 VL - 135 IS - 6 SP - p. 44-47 AB - Being behind the wheel of the employer's vehicle does not guarantee safe driving by the operator. The driver may be very aware of driving someone else's car, but if he is untrained, his chances of an accident are higher. Many large transportation companies have driver training programs and the result is drivers who are professional and whose driving records are twice as good as those of untrained drivers. This article reviews the elements involved in such a training program, the duties of the company safety professional, how to select drivers, what to teach, recordkeeping, and incentives, and includes some comments on vehicle safety devices and preventive maintenance. KW - Curricula KW - Driver training KW - Incentives KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Professional drivers KW - Programs KW - Recordkeeping KW - Selecting KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307795 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493576 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Fife, D AU - Rappaport, E AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - WHAT ROLE DO INJURIES PLAY IN THE DEATHS OF OLD PEOPLE? PY - 1987/06 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - p. 225-230 AB - An injury event related to a person's death may be recorded on the death certificate as the underlying cause of death, as an event associated with death but not necessarily causing it, or both. Of the 5,882 deaths in Los Angeles during 1980 with a related injury event recorded on the death certificate, an injury event was identified as the underlying cause of death for more than 95% of those aged less than 55 and only 54% for those aged 65 or older. This finding suggests that injury may be underreported as a cause of death among old people. Deaths which were injury-related but for which there was no notation of injury could not be identified, but the numbers may be substantial. If so considerably more attention should be given to injury care and prevention for the elderly. KW - Aged KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307807 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493551 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Watt, W AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - CAN YOUR CAR GO THE DISTANCE? PY - 1987/06 VL - 70 IS - 6 SP - p. 25-28 AB - This article provides a warm weather car checklist for giving your car a thorough pre-trip safety inspection. Also provided is special advice on how to care for your tires and oil as you prepare for summer driving. Included are two inserts: a summer survival kit (what emergency supplies to keep in your car); and oil can terminology (what the popular symbols and designations on oil cans stand for). KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Engine oils KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Standards KW - Summer KW - Tires KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493564 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Molnar, L J AU - Businski, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SEAT BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: APRIL 1987. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 70 p. AB - Results of a direct observation study of seat belt use in Michigan conducted in April 1987 were compared with results of previous surveys in December 1984, April 1985, July 1985, December 1985, April 1986, July 1986, and December 1986. In the current survey, 24,414 occupants in 16,225 cars and light trucks were observed between April 20 and May 15, 1987. The main finding was that use of seat belts changed little between December 1986 and April 1987. Front-seat restraint use among all motorists observed was 45.7% in April 1987, compared to 44.7% in December 1986. The increase is not statistically significant since the estimates have a margin of error of plus or minus 2.6%. Use rates within all age groups exhibited only marginal increases or decreases from the previous survey wave and were as follows in April 1987 (all seat positions): 62.8% among occupants age 0-3; 32.0% among occupants age 4-15; 37.1% among occupants age 16-29; 46.9% among occupants age 30-59; and 55.9% among occupants age 60 and older. Females continued to exhibit higher restraint use than males, 48.7% versus 39.7% in the current survey. As in previous surveys, restraint use varied by region of the state. Seat belt use has remained relatively stable since December 1985 when use among front-seat occupants was 44.5%. Finally, front-seat belt use among those age 16 and over remains significantly higher than it was before Michigan's mandatory use law took effect (45.6% in April 1987, versus 18.3% in December 1984). An additional survey is scheduled for July 1987. KW - Age KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Gender KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490310 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - 1986 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1987/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This publication presents a summary of statistics for analyzing safety facts. Statistics are presented in the following areas: general statistics, accident costs; fatal accidents; persons killed and injured by county; reportable accidents by county; holiday fatalities; accidents and fatalities by time of day and day of week; sex of drivers in fatal accidents; sex of fatalities; accidents by age, sex and license of driver; alcohol; traffic violations/convictions; accidents by month; road surface and weather conditions; accidents by light conditions; restraint device usage and ejection; type of motor vehicle accidents; reportable accidents by city; vehicle involvement by type; accidents by object struck; accidents by population and roadway; non-traffic accidents. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - North Dakota KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Statistics KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490330 AU - LUND, A K AU - Preusser, D F AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Williams, A F AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DRUG USE BY TRACTOR-TRAILER DRIVERS PY - 1987/06 SP - 36 p. AB - Blood and/or urine samples were obtained from 317 randomly selected tractor-trailer drivers on Interstate 40 in Tennessee. Altogether, 29% of the drivers had alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and/or prescription or nonprescription stimulants in either blood or urine. Marijuana was found in 15% of the drivers blood or urine; nonprescription stimulants, such as phenolpropanolamine were found in 12%; prescription stimulants such as amphetamine were found in 5%; cocaine was found in 2%; and alcohol was found in less than 1%. These results provide the first objective information about the use of potentially abusive drugs by tractor-trailer drivers. The extent of driver impairment attributable to the observed drugs is uncertain due to complexities in the relationship between performance and drug concentrations. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Cocaine KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Medicine KW - Personnel performance KW - Stimulants KW - Truck drivers KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490328 AU - Esterlitz, J R AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - A COMPARISON OF RATES OF FATAL EJECTION FROM MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC BELT CARS PY - 1987/06 SP - 16 p. AB - Fatal Crash data were examined for the 2-point automatic belt equipped Volkswagen Rabbit and the 2-point motorized belt equipped Toyota Cressida, and the experience of these cars was compared, respectively to that of VW Rabbits and Nissan Maximas equipped with 3-point manual belts. (No attempt was made to determine belt use, rather the experience of cars with the two types of belts were compared.) The percentage of front seat fatalities that involved ejection was 18 in the Toyota Cressida and 30 in the Nissan Maxima. The comparable percentages for Volkswagen Rabbit were 18 with automatic belts and 20 with manual belts. Volkswagen Rabbits eqipped with the automatic 2-point belt system and Toyota Cressidas equipped with the motorized 2-point belt system provide occupant protection from ejection in fatal crashes that is, at least, comparable to that of cars equipped with conventional manual 3-point belt system. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Front seat occupants KW - Toyota automobile KW - Toyota Cressida KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490329 AU - Williams, A F AU - Wells, J K AU - LUND, A K AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DRIVER USE OF, AND REACTION TO, AUTOMATIC SEAT BELTS IN FORD AND GM CARS PY - 1987/06 SP - 20 p. AB - Drivers of 1987 Ford and GM cars equipped wit automatic seat belts were surveyed regarding their use of, and reaction to the automatic belts. The Ford automatic belt is a motorized 2-point shoulder belt combined with a manual lap belt and a knee bolster. The GM automatic belt is a 3-point combinatiion lap and shoulder belt that can be detached and used like a manual belt. The survey was performed in North Carolina and Maryland, which have seat belt use laws, and Wisconsin, which does not. The details of the findings are presented and discussed. Comparing Ford drivers with GM drivers who knew they had an automatic belt, Ford drivers liked their automatic belts better, found them easier to use, and were more likely than GM drivers to want their next cars to have automatic belts of the same type. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299412 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00490098 AU - Reark Research Pty Limited TI - COMMUNITY ATTITUDES TO ROAD SAFETY: COMMUNITY ATTITUDES SURVEY WAVE II SN - 0-642-51163-2 PY - 1987/06 SP - 57 p. AB - Reark Research was commissioned by the Federal Office of Road Safety to conduct a survey of community attitudes towards road safety. The survey followed a methodology developed in October 1986. This survey replicates core questions, as asked in the first survey. Objectives of the survey were to monitor key community attitudes to various road safety issues and to determine the extent of awareness of the Federal Government programme to upgrade highway links between capital cities. KW - Attitudes KW - Australia KW - Awareness KW - Communities KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489466 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR OBSERVING CHILD SAFETY SEAT USE. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 104 p. AB - This manual provides guidelines for collecting observational data needed to assess the use of child safety seats. Specific directions are included for (a) observing child safety seat use, (b) child seats, and (c) instructing observers on how to use sample data collection forms. The appendix provides detailed information on variious types of child safety seats. It can be used to identify seat manufacturers and models to assess whether the seats are correctly installed. KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Facilities KW - Industries KW - Installation KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25748/DOT-HS-807-128.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471955 AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER PERFORMANCE DATA BOOK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this project was to bring together in a single volume the results of major research studies related to driver performance. This compilation of data is organized into the following major sections: Response Time; Visual Performance; Auditory Capability; Information Processing; Anthropometrics; and General Driving Behaviors. KW - Anthropometry KW - Auditory perception KW - Behavior KW - Comprehension KW - Deaf persons KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Hearing loss KW - Human information processing KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610224 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INDUSTRY AND CONSUMER RESPONSE TO NEW FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTOMATIC OCCUPANT PROTECTION. PHASE I: AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURER SURVEY. A REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1987/05 SP - 27 p. AB - The Conference Committee Report on the Department of Transportation appropriations bill for Fiscal Year 1987 (H.R. 99-696) directed the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to conduct, and report the results of, an analysis of automobile industry and consumer response to the requirement of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208 to equip ten percent of 1987 model year automobile production with automatic occupant protection systems. This report presents the findings of the first phase of the analysis, which addressed automobile manufacturers' methods of meeting this requirement. A breakdown is provided of the automobile models that will have automatic safety belts, full front seat airbag systems, or driver-side airbag systems in model year 1987, including the cost of each model. The report also describes each type of automatic belt system offered. This information is derived from responses to a letter sent to 23 domestic and foreign automobile manufacturers in December 1986. Analysis of the information provided supports several general conclusions: 1) Automobile manufacturers have adopted a wide variety of approaches for complying with FMVSS 208; 2) Automatic safety belts (rather than airbags) are being employed initially by the majority of manufacturers to meet the requirements of FMVSS 208; 3) The automatic belt systems offered by different manufacturers are of 3 basic types - motorized shoulder belts, non-motorized shoulder belts, and non-motorized lap and shoulder belts; and 4) Only a fraction of the costs of automatic belt systems are being passed by manufacturers directly to the purchasers. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobile industry KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Industries KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490331 AU - Ciccone, M A AU - Wells, J K AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - IMPROPER SHOULDER BELT USE BY MARYLAND DRIVERS PY - 1987/05 SP - 18 p. AB - This study attempted to determine the types and frequency of improper shoulder belt use, with particular emphasis on belt slack, in a mandatory seat belt use state. Motion picture films of drivers approaching stop signs in Maryland were analyzed by a trained panel to ascertain belt use and misuse. Over half of the drivers of 1974-1987 model vehicles were observed to be belted. Slack in shoulder belts was the most common type of misuse and was much more prevalent among drivers of domestic cars; 27% had 1 to 2 inches as slack in their belts, and 8% had had three or more inches. In imported cars, only 5% of belted drivers had 1 to 2 inches of slack, and none had 3 or more inches. The window shade slack mechanism found only in domestic vehicles, was most often associated with the slack. KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Maryland KW - Misuse KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490290 AU - Perkins, D D AU - Dunton, S M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - JHK & Associates AU - Well Aware About Health TI - HEALTH RISK APPRAISAL AND SAFETY BELT USE - FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 137 p. AB - Health risk appraisal (HRA) programs for increasing claimed and observed safety belt use was studied. Evaluations were performed to determine differences in safety belt use characteristics of treatment and control groups in work settings and medical settings in four states. Information and recommendations from HRA help individuals identify modifiable health risks and provide recommendations for reducing certain health risks. Educational materials were developed in this study to supplement HRA programs on the subject of safety belts. The package, referred to as the Great American Habit Plan (GAHP), combined selected educational material and messages using the fundamentals of behavior change theory. The primary purpose of the GAHP was to increase the potential for HRA programs to effect positive changes in the safety belt use behavior of an individual. The study findings strongly support the hypothesis that HRA programs are capable of producing a positive behavior change related to the use of safety belts. KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25741/DOT-HS-807-139.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496526 JO - Publication of: Department of Transport, Australia PB - Department of Transport, Australia AU - Fildes, B N AU - Fletcher, M R AU - Corrigan, J M AU - Royal Automobile Club of Victoria TI - SPEED PERCEPTION 1: DRIVERS' JUDGEMENTS OF SAFETY AND SPEED ON URBAN AND RURAL STRAIGHT ROADS SN - 0-642-51035 PY - 1987/05 SP - 187 p. AB - This project was undertaken to evaluate the role of the type of road and road width, roadside development, travel speed, driving experience and the sex of the driver on estimates of safety and travel speed. A preliminary study showed that laboratory testing using 16 mm movie film stimulus materials was suitable for testing road speed perception. Three factorial design experiments were performed using urban, rural and semi-rural road scenes in which the independent variables were systematically manipulated. Slash-line responses of safe operation speed and travel speed estimates in km/h were collected from 108 licensed drivers, recruited as subjects. Free speed measurements were also collected at each test site where practical. The results showed that the presentation speed had the strongest effect on the subjects' judgements. The type of road also influenced speed perception while roadside development effects were dependent upon the type of environment (urban or rural) and the road category. Driver experience did not unduly affect the results, although the sex of the driver had a slight influence on the data. Recommendations are made for further research in this area to establish potential countermeasures against speeding. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Estimates KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Gender KW - Highway safety KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Perception KW - Research KW - Roadside improvement KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Urban areas KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486856 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Poley-Weinstein, K AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD TEST OF A RESPONSIBLE ALCOHOL SERVICE PROGRAM. VOLUME 2. SERVER EDUCATION PROGRAM MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT AUGUST 1984-AUGUST 1987 PY - 1987/05 SP - 81 p. AB - The report describes a program of server education designed to foster the responsible service of alcohol in bars, restaurants, and other on-sale establishments. The program is administered in 2 phases. The first phase, three hours in length, is intended for anyone engaged in the service of alcohol. The second phase of the program, also three hours in length, is intended primarily for managers and owners of establishments. The development and evaluation of the program are described in a companion report. KW - Alcohol servers KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Drinking establishments KW - Drunk drivers KW - Field tests KW - Restaurants KW - Retail trade KW - Safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25754/DOT-HS-807-222_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297974 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496525 JO - Publication of: Department of Transport, Australia PB - Department of Transport, Australia AU - Corner, J P AU - Whitney, C W AU - O'Rourke, N AU - Morgan, D E AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - MOTORCYCLE AND BICYCLE PROTECTIVE HELMETS: REQUIREMENTS RESULTING FROM A POST CRASH STUDY AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH SN - 0-642-510-431 PY - 1987/05 SP - 174 p. AB - A postcrash investigation of 329 motorcycle and bicycle crashes involving head injury using police, hospital and post mortem data and damage assessment of the protective helmets worn in the crash was conducted. Experimental research into the skull bone strength, transmission of impact force from the lower jaw to the intracranial space, properties of protective helmet lining materials and headforms for helmet testing was included. Laboratory simulation of sliding and rotational accelerations of the head for different helmet types and crash situations was also investigated. Findings indicate a need to revise the Australian Standards for protective helmets to provide improved protection to facial and temporal areas, to soften protective helmet liners and improve sliding properties of helmets. The optimal requirements for children's bicycle helmets need to be defined in terms of helmet mass and stiffness of child skull bone. KW - Bones KW - Crash investigation KW - Cyclists KW - Design standards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laboratory tests KW - Liners KW - Motorcyclists KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Skull KW - Skull bone strength KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495868 AU - Flick, M A AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF BRAKING REGULATIONS - REPORT # 5: TESTING FOR DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING ON HARMONIZATION OF PASSENFER CAR BRAKE STANDARDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 223 p. AB - Testing has been conducted to support the development of a new passenger car braking regulation (FMVSS 135). In particular, it describes tests that were run to address comments on the severity of the fade test as specified in the first Notice of Proposed Rulemeking (NPRM) for FMVSS 135 and tests that were run to evaluate the test procedures and performance requirements in the supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (SNPRM). Four vehicles were utilized in the fade test severity evaluation and nineteen vehicles were tested to the SNPRM procedures. These nineteen cars were also tested to the current passenger car brake standard (FMVSS 105) and to a procedure for determining adhesion utilization (brake balance) properties. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake fade KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Braking performance KW - Evaluation KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496618 AU - JOHNSON, W A AU - Stein, A C AU - HOGUE, J R AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPEATABILITY OF SPRAY TUNNEL MEASUREMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 41 p. AB - This study was undertaken to upgrade an existing spray tunnel to make it useful as a tool for verifying compliance with performance standards for spray suppressing flaps for heavy trucks. The tunnel was previously developed as a research tool for evaluating the basic spray suppressing qualities of flaps. The upgrading was necessary to eliminate measurement variabilities associated with instrumenation, test procedures, and environmental changes. This study also documents the results of tests comparing measurements made in the modified tunnel with those obtained in a splash and spray test apparatus designed to meet British Standard, BS AU 200: Part 2: 1984. Engineering drawings for the modified tunnel, as well as detailed, step-by-step, procedures for testing flaps in a manner that will ensure repeatable results are presented. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Repeatability KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310272 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493536 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - MANN, D C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - COMPARISON OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINES USING CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY II: LIMITATIONS OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINE COMPARISONS IN CASEWORK PY - 1987/05 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - p. 616-628 AB - When comparing gasoline recovered from a fire scene with a possible source, several factors must be considered, including the variability introduced by the recovery method, possible contamination of the data by pyrolysis products, distortion of the data as a result of evaporation of the gasoline, and other alterations of the recovered gasoline by chemical and physical interactions. All of these factors can contribute to a decrease in the specificity of comparisons of gasoline recovered from fire debris relative to liquid gasoline comparisons. KW - Arson KW - Fire causes KW - Forensic medicine KW - Gas chromatography KW - Gasoline KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Sources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493566 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK AND VAN SAFETY. REPORT TO THE COMMITTEES ON APPROPRIATIONS, U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND U.S. SENATE PY - 1987/05 SP - 35 p. AB - This report is in response to a directive from the House and Senate Committees on Appropriations that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration prepare a report on the safety of light trucks and vans, identifying any safety problems and any possible safety improvements, as well as the current status of safety improvements, an estimate of their costs and benefits, and a schedule for regulatory action to implement them. Included are the following: NHTSA's perspective on light truck and van safety; background information, including definitions, NHTSA's past safety regulatory approach, the shifting market composition and usage of light trucks, and Fatal Accident Reporting System statistics; current research and analysis relating to light trucks and vans; Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards applicable to light trucks and vans and appropriate changes under consideration; and a concluding statement to the effect that there are several areas where NHTSA is considering the issue of regulations for improved light truck and van safety, but is not at this time able to give estimates of costs and benefits. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Improvements KW - Light trucks KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Statistics KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vans KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493582 AU - HEIMAN, L AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - BICYCLE HELMET USAGE SURVEYS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN, ADULT COMMUTER AND RECREATIONAL CYCLISTS 1983-1987 SN - 0-7306-0255-9 PY - 1987/05 SP - 13 p. AB - The surveys show an increase in bicycle helmet wearing throughout Victoria during the period 1983 to 1987. In the metropolitan area the wearing rates in March 1987 were 67.9% for primary school children, 42.4% for suburban commuters and 19.5% for secondary school children. Helmet wearing rates in all categories were lower in 8 out of 10 country towns surveyed. The effect of the media campaign which targetted secondary school pupils before the 1987 survey was more evident in country towns. This succeeded in raising the helmet use by secondary school pupils in country areas almost level with that of secondary school pupils in Melbourne. The smaller proportion of people wearing helmets while cycling for fun or for short local trips indicates a need to emphasize the use of helmets for all bicycle use, not just for cycling to a defined destination such as school or work. KW - Commuters KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Distance KW - Effectiveness KW - Helmets KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Promotion KW - Recreation KW - Rural areas KW - School children KW - Short haul KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304681 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493552 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Kilpack, L AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - USE OF A VIDEO CAMERA FOR DUI INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1987/05 VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - p. 6-9 AB - Effective August 1, 1983, the Utah State Legislature placed into effect a number of amendments to the existing Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Statute. The new law requires immediate confiscation of a suspected DUI's driver's license. The suspect is given a copy of the DUI summons and citation to use as a temporary driver's license. Included in the summons is a notice of intent to suspend driving privileges at the end of a 31-day period. The new law also includes mandatory jail or community service hours upon conviction. For subsequent convictions within a 5-year period, the penalties escalate dramatically. There has also been intensified enforcement of the DUI law. As a result, defense attorneys have sharpened their skills. The DUI case has become a case requiring a great deal of time in both case preparation and presentation. Where there is so much to lose, each case is scrutinized to a point where there is no room for error on the part of law enforcement or the prosecution. In the fall of 1983, the Bountiful Police Department, located 10 miles north of Salt Lake City, initiated a program to enhance field officers' testimony in the court room. A low light level video camera and portable recorder were added to the patrol vehicle and video tapes collected to be used in court. The remainder of this article discusses the legal considerations in using video cameras and recorders, operational aspects, funding, type of equipment, and the results obtained from 2 years use of video tapes by the Bountiful Police Department. KW - Benefits KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Equipment KW - Evidence KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Police KW - Prosecution KW - Utah KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307791 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493535 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - MANN, D C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - COMPARISON OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINES USING CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY I: COMPARISON METHODOLOGY PY - 1987/05 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - p. 606-615 AB - Capillary gas chromatography was used to compare the relative concentrations of hydrocarbons in a variety of gasoline samples. It was found that most of the discriminating information is contained in the fraction with a volatility ranging from approximately n-pentane to n-octane. Using the described comparison method, all gasoline samples collected at random were easily distinguished. Gasolines with identical histories (from the same distributor and same lot), once added to a gasoline station residual, were also distinguishable, although not as readily as those samples obtained at random. KW - Arson KW - Fire causes KW - Forensic medicine KW - Gas chromatography KW - Gasoline KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Sources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307780 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493545 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Kitamura, R AU - SPERLING, D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - REFUELING BEHAVIOR OF AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS PY - 1987/05 VL - 21A IS - 3 SP - p. 235-245 AB - This paper presents a descriptive and explanatory analysis of refueling behavior of gasoline-car drivers. The relationship between drivers' attributes and their refueling behavior is examined using the results of driver surveys conducted at several refueling outlets in northern California. The objectives of the analysis are to identify spatial and temporal characteristics of refueling behavior, and to evaluate the variations in refueling behavior across driver population segments. The results show that refueling behavior is only weakly correlated with demographic and socioeconomic descriptors of the driver. On the other hand, variables representing car ownership and utilization are strongly associated with refueling behavior. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobile travel KW - Behavior KW - California KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Refueling KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307787 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491851 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Hingson, R AU - Heeren, T AU - Kovenock, D AU - Mangione, T AU - Meyers, A AU - Morelock, S AU - Lederman, R AU - Scotch, N A AU - American Public Health Association TI - EFFECTS OF MAINE'S 1981 AND MASSACHUSETTS' 1982 DRIVING-UNDER-THE-INFLUENCE LEGISLATION PY - 1987/05 VL - 77 IS - 5 SP - p. 593-597 AB - In 1981, Maine passed a drunk driving law with mandatory penalties and a new civil charge to increase the conviction rate. One year later, Massachusetts increased drunk driving penalties, particularly for repeat offenders and intoxicated drivers involved in fatal crashes. In Maine, single-vehicle nighttime fatal crashes declined 22% the year before passage of the law, and 33% the year after. Maine's rates returned to pre-law levels by the third post-law year. Prior to Massachusetts' new law, single-vehicle nighttime and overall fatal crashes there also declined 20% and 22%, whereas after this law fatal crash rates did not decline further compared with the pre-law year or other New England states. Pre- and post-law surveys indicate that both laws were followed by some increases in public perceptions that drunk drivers stopped by police would be arrested, convicted, and receive automatic penalties. But, few believed it was very likely that drunk drivers would be stopped. For only two of three years studied after Maine's law did more people there report decisions not to drive because they had drunk too much. In Massachusetts, reported driving after heavy drinking declined as much the year before as the three years after its law. KW - Before and after studies KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Maine KW - Massachusetts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Penalties KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490739 AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - EVALUATION OF THE REVISED MOTORCYCLE LEARNER PERMIT SCHEME. JULY 1983 TO DECEMBER 1985. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 21 p. AB - A revised system of training and testing novice motorcyclists was introduced in Victoria in 1983, This paper reports an evaluation of the scheme both in terms of total numbers of casualties and of accident rates. It is concluded that the scheme resulted in a major and sustained reduction in novice motorcyclist casualties. KW - Driver training KW - Driving tests KW - Motorcyclists KW - Permits KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489470 AU - Righi, F AU - McLaughlin, S AU - American Nurses' Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NURSING INVOLVEMENT IN MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT PROTECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 93 p. AB - The American Nurses' Association developed and implemented an automobile occupant protection education program for the nursing profession under a $96,000 grant from the Department of Transportation. The purpose of this was to increase nurses' involvement in promoting the use of occupant protection devices, and to promote the prevention of motor vehicle trauma as an integral part of the nurse's role in providing public health education. These goals were accomplished through the following activities: (1) 8 state nurses associations recieved incentive awards to conduct a 12-month program; (2) Pennsylvania SNA produced a research study to determine nurses' belt use and the extent of their efforts in safety belt education; (3) Maine SNA produced a 3-minute videotape on the correct use of child safety seats; (4) over 600 ANA Occupant Protection Audiovisual Resource Kits were requested and sent to individual nurses; (5) the program was promoted at ANA Biennial Convention; (6) safety belt article and special supplements were published in 16 ANA and SNA publications; (7) a national conference concerning the nurses' role in preventing motor vehicle trauma was held in conjunction with the LifeSavers/6 conference in San Diego; (8) approximately 800 registered and 26 regional/state workshops. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Conferences KW - Grant aid KW - Incentives KW - Injuries KW - Nurses KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Prevention KW - Safety education KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00425342 AU - Fancher, P S AU - Mathew, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A VEHICLE DYNAMICS HANDBOOK FOR SINGLE-UNIT AND ARTICULATED HEAVY TRUCKS PY - 1987/05 SP - 51 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Dynamics KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/240046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00423891 AU - JOHNSON, W A AU - Stein, A C AU - HOGUE, J R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPEATABILITY OF SPRAY TUNNEL MEASUREMENTS PY - 1987/05 SP - 41 PP IN V AB - No abstract provided. KW - Design KW - Dynamics KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493562 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--SCHOOLBUS-LOSS OF CONTROL AND COLLISION WITH GUARD RAIL AND SIGN PILLAR, U.S. HIGHWAY 70 NEAR LUCAS AND HUNT ROAD, ST. LOUIS COUNTY, MISSOURI, NOVEMBER 11, 1985 PY - 1987/04/14 SP - 48 p. AB - About 2:43 p.m. central standard time on November 11, 1985, a schoolbus owned by R. W. Harmon and Sons, Inc., was eastbound on I-70 transporting 13 high school students to their homes in St. Louis, Missouri, from the Parkway North Senior High School. As the schoolbus was approaching the Lucas and Hunt Road exit it went out of control, swerved to the right, and the right front of the schoolbus struck a guard rail, a concrete pedestal, and a sign support pillar located adjacent to the right eastbound roadway. The schoolbus body and the steering axle separated from the chassis during the collision. The weather was cloudy and the pavement was dry. The schoolbus did not catch fire. Two students were killed; the schoolbus driver and one student sustained serious injuries, and the remaining 10 students sustained minor to moderate injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the operation of the schoolbus at an excessive speed and in a reckless manner by a driver under the influence of alcohol. Contributing to the severity of the accident was the use of a guard rail of insufficient height and stiffness to deflect the schoolbus body away from the concrete pedestal and sign support pillar. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Guardrails KW - Injuries KW - Reckless drivers KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Speeding KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495867 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - Jones, R K AU - Schmidt, H J AU - Mid America Research Institute Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY PLANNING STUDY FOR A BEHAVIOR DATABASE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I: SUMMARY PY - 1987/04 SP - 13 p. AB - This project will determine the feasibility of and the requirements for a centralized database on driver behavior and attitudes related to drunk driving and occupant restraints. Volume I assess the extent of pertinent surveys carried out in recent years and examines alternative models for establishing a central database of such surveys. Volume II contains descriptive information about each of the surveys collected in the project, and Volume III is a compendium of question wordings from the surveys. The study concluded that it is feasible to establish a national computerized information system containing survey data on drunk driving and occupant restraints and that such a tool would be highly useful to practitioners and researchers. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496471 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - Jones, R K AU - Schmidt, H J AU - Mid America Research Institute Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY PLANNING STUDY FOR A BEHAVIOR DATABASE. VOLUME II: APPENDIX A. SUMMARY INFORMATION ON THE DRINKING AND DRIVING AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINT SURVEYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 460 p. AB - The general objective of this project was to determine the feasibility of and the general requirements for a centralized database on driver behavior and attitudes related to drunk driving and occupant restraints. Volume I assesses the extent of pertinent surveys carried out in recent years and examines alternative models for establishing a central database of such surveys. Volume II contains descriptive information about each of the surveys collected in the project, and Volume III is a compendium of question wordings from the surveys. The study concluded that it is feasible to establish a national computerized information system containing survey data on drunk driving and occupant restraints and that such a tool would be highly useful to practitioners and researchers. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495952 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1986 TRAFFIC FATALITIES, PRELIMINARY REPORT. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 86 p. AB - This report provides a number of preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for 1986. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. Some summary statistics are provided at the state and regional level. The national estimates for 1986 are quite extensive and cover the entire range of frequently used accident classifications. All estimates are compared to the corresponding values in 1985, 1983 in graphical form. KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471819 AU - Hoxie, P AU - Skinner, D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF A UNIFORM MINIMUM DRINKING AGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 56 p. AB - This report examines the relationship between minimum drinking age (MDA) and highway fatalities during the 1975-1985 period, when 35 states changed their MDAs. An econometric model of fatalities involving the 18-20 year-old driver normalized by the 18-20 year-old population is used to compare the fatality experience of states with a change in MDA to that of states without a change in their law. The effect of a national uniform MDA of 21 depends on the status of individual state MDAs when the change is implemented; however, it is estimated that an 11 percent decrease in highway fatalities involving 18-20 year-old drivers can be expected if the MDA is increased from 18 to 21. KW - Econometric models KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - States KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33388/33388.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280848 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493534 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Fujii, H AU - Aoyama, S AU - Katoh, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - COMBUSTION STABILITY OF FOUR-VALVE ENGINE AT LOW SPEEDS PY - 1987/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 12-19 AB - An investigation was made of the degree to which low-speed combustion performance of a four-cylinder engine is improved by throttling one of the two intake ports of the four-valve cylinder head. It was found that such throttling resulted in more rapid flame propagation and less cycle-to-cycle fluctuation, thus improving engine stability. These phenomena were confirmed in a single-cylinder engine equipped with a quartz piston crown, using a high-speed camera. The study further suggested the importance of optimizing fuel spray characteristics of four-valve engines, notably spray angle and atomization. KW - Combustion KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Four cylinder engines KW - Low speed KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Throttles KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307779 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493544 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - WATANABE, T AU - TOMITA, N AU - Kishinami, S AU - Yamaguchi, H AU - KONISHI, S AU - Kawana, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - NOISE GENERATION MECHANISM OF CROSS-BAR TIRES AND ITS COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1987/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 56-62 AB - The dominant noise generation mechanism of cross-bar tires is the sidewall resonance with the tread vibration caused by the collision between the lug blocks and the road. There exist some natural vibration modes at 450 Hz and within the vicinity, which has vibration patterns distributed along the sidewalls. For noise reduction the following three methods are proposed: (1) Spacing the cross grooves perpendicular to the tire sidewalls; (2) Reducing the hardness of tread rubber; and (3) Increasing the stiffness of the tire carcass. KW - Countermeasures KW - Design KW - Grooves KW - Hardness KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Pavement grooving KW - Rubber KW - Stiffness KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307786 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493546 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Ohsawa, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - PRESENT & FUTURE SITUATION OF AUTOMOBILE MATERIALS IN JAPAN PY - 1987/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 4-11 AB - At the present, 80 to 90% of the weight constitution of materials used for automobiles and their engines consists of steel and aluminum. 10% is organic material. Although the usage of organic material is showing a tendency to increase, it is not believed that it will reach a point where the ratio will significantly change, at least not in the near future. The question among the material related industries is to what extent new materials such as ceramics and FRM (Fiber Reinforced Metal) can substitute for steel and aluminum. This paper shows the trend of change of the unit requirements for raw materials in Japan since 1969, and includes a brief explanation on each material. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Ceramic materials KW - Fiber reinforced materials KW - Fiber reinforced metals KW - Japan KW - Plastics KW - Steel KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307788 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493538 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - NAKAJIMA, Y AU - HORI, Y AU - Fukuda, M AU - Iguchi, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL CAE SYSTEM (SIMULATION SYSTEM FOR ANALYZING VEHICLE PERFORMANCE) PY - 1987/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 48-54 AB - Various simulation programs are used in analyzing vehicle performance. In some cases, experimental data-based simulation programs are more effective in terms of practicality or calculation accuracy. Models for analyzing vehicle performances (driving performance, noise, vibration, etc.) have been developed and systemized by unifying experimental data acquisition systems and simulation systems. Furthermore, a data base containing simulation inputs has been constructed. This system embodies the advanced concepts of CAE systems advocated in recent years. Application of this system should enable effective performance analyses to be carried out in every area. KW - Computer aided design KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493547 AU - STONE, A AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - A REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON HEAVY VEHICLE LICENCE TESTING AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES PY - 1987/04 SP - 36 p. AB - This review examined current knowledge and practice in respect of heavy vehicle driver testing. Particular attention was paid to the potential of testing programs as casualty accident countermeasures, given the disproportionate involvement of heavy vehicles in serious casualty/fatality crashes. The review combined information, evidence and conclusions from the literature with principles, practices and procedures applied to heavy vehicle licence testing in various Australian, North American and European jurisdictions. It was concluded that the manipulative skills involved in heavy vehicle operation are sufficiently different and more complex than those required for car driving to warrant the separate performance testing of heavy vehicle drivers. The testing of these manipulative vehicle control skills, and an associated body of knowledge regarding safe heavy vehicle operation, was thought to be relatively straight forward and that objective performance measures can be developed/validated. However, it was unclear as to what extent perceptual elements such as visual scanning, hazard identification and judgement involved in heavy vehicle driving differed to those required for the safe operation of a car. The assessment of such elements was considered to be difficult and certainly beyond the scope of conventinal on-road testing. Research into the role and assessment/measurement of the perceptual/judgement skills required for safe heavy vehicle operation was recommended. While there may be potential for heavy vehicle licence testing to contribute to the reduced casualty involvement of heavy vehicles, few licensing programs have been evaluated from this perspective. Further research is recommended in this area. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304636 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493537 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - IGUCHI, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - A COOPERATIVE STEERING CONTROL BETWEEN FRONT AND REAR WHEELS IN FOUR-WHEEL-STEERING CARS PY - 1987/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 34-40 AB - The stability and control of a four-wheel-steering car is studied theoretically using a two-degrees-of-freedom mathematical model. An appropriate cooperative control between front and rear wheels changes the lateral-yaw dynamics of cars from a second-order-system to a first-order-system which is desirable for the driver. Compensation for sideslip of tires by an automatic steering control using feedback signals of cornering forces and yawing velocity of the car also improves the control and stability of cars. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automatic steering control KW - Four wheel drive KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Theory KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307782 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493549 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Kikuchi, K AU - Fujiwara, Yasuhisa AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - SUBJECTIVE RESPONSE TO FORE-AND-AFT VEHICLE VIBRATION PY - 1987/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 42-47 AB - An evaluation of psychological response to multi-frequency, damped fore-and-aft vibration was conducted. The method employed a table upon which the subject sat and vibrations resulting from stepping on an accelerator were transmitted horizontally through the table by an exciter. Through the experiment, the relation between the frequency spectrum, the vibration damping coefficients and human subjective response was clarified, and a quantitative evaluation method involving these relationships was realized. KW - Automobiles KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Human subject testing KW - Psychological aspects KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Subjective analysis KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307789 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491834 JO - Changing Times PB - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated AU - Henry, E AU - Kiplinger Washington Editors, Incorporated TI - DANGER: DEFECTS PY - 1987/04 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - p. 47-49 AB - Sudden acceleration is the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) most prominent complaint on file, but not the only one. Other complaints include passenger and engine compartment fires, rear brake failure and faulty seat backs. By law, car companies are required to notify automobile owners and dealers of any known safety defect and to correct it within a "reasonable" amount of time. To remedy the situation, a manufacturer can either repair the vehicle free of charge, replace it or refund the purchase price less any reasonable depreciation. Manufacturers usually choose to recall the cars for repair. Sometimes NHTSA itself will set the recall process in motion if it receives enough safety complaints about groups of motor vehicles or equipment. If the allegations appear to have merit, an agency engineer will investigate to try to determine the severity and cause of the problem. Then a panel of agency experts reviews the report and decides whether to open a formal investigation. This procedure may prompt a "voluntary recall" on the part of the manufacturer. If necessary, NHTSA can go to court in an effort to compel a manufacturer to remedy a defect. A dealer is not required by law to reimburse repairs made prior to the recall date and is not required to remedy a defect before the effective recall date. An insert with this article shows NHTSA safety recalls in 1986 and 1987 involving 10,000 or more passenger vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Fires KW - Recall campaigns KW - Runaway vehicles KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306860 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491833 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - CHRISTOFFEL, T AU - American Public Health Association TI - PUTTING THE BRAKES ON LAWBREAKING: STATE BANS ON RADAR DETECTORS PY - 1987/04 VL - 77 IS - 4 SP - p. 507-511 AB - Radar detectors are devices which exist for one purpose only: to allow drivers to routinely exceed the legal speed limit without being caught by police radar. These devices are a hazard to the public. Following a brief examination of why radar detectors are a hazard to the public, this article discusses the legal validity of bans on radar detectors. KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Prevention KW - Radar KW - Radar detectors KW - Speeding KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00428125 AU - Smith, J AU - Shaw, J AU - JOHNSON, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TREATMENT FOR THE IMPAIRED DRIVER PY - 1987/04 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash causes KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/242402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00423238 AU - ARNOLD, R AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HOLIDAY EFFECTS ON TRAFFIC FATALITIES PY - 1987/04 SP - 20 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatalities KW - Holidays KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/234987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00423237 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1986 TRAFFIC FATALITIES: PRELIMINARY REPORTS PY - 1987/04 SP - 82 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/234986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00422372 AU - Hoxie, P AU - Skinner, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF MANDATORY SEATBELT USE LAWS ON HIGHWAY FATALITIES IN 1985 PY - 1987/04 SP - 34 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Seat belts KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/234597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01596014 AU - Fricke, Lynn B AU - Lucke, Roy E AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Minimum Training Criteria for Police Traffic Accident Reconstructionists PY - 1987/03//Final Report SP - 21p AB - This report summarizes the development of a set of minimum training criteria for police accident reconstructionists. Prior to this effort, no nationally accepted standards or criteria were recognized for evaluating the qualifications of police engaged in traffic accident reconstruction activities and levels of expertise therefore varied widely. In order to develop the training criteria, a panel was assembled consisting of recognized experts from applicable disciplines, and professional organizations representing police traffic services and related training. The minimum training criteria for police traffic accident reconstructionists were developed at a panel workshop and the conferees then had two opportunities to review and comment on the draft prior to its dissemination to other representatives of the police community for their review. Additional comments were then sought from a broader law police traffic services/training community. The criteria consist of a set of 13 required topic areas and a recommendation as to the number of hours needed to address each topic. Additional recommendations were made concerning prerequisites for reconstruction training and the certification of reconstructionists. KW - Certification KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Police KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56700/56721/Minimum_Training_Criteria_for_Police_Traffic_Accident_Reconstructionists.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1400262 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01411748 AU - Kahane, C J AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - The effectiveness of center high mounted stop lamps - a preliminary evaluation PY - 1987/03 IS - DOT HS 807 076 SP - 20p AB - This is the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's initial evaluation of the effectiveness of production Center High Mounted Stop Lamps (CHMSL), which have been standard equipment on passenger cars since September 1985. It is based on a census of police reported accidents that occurred at the 50 National Accident Sampling System (NASS) areas between June 1 and September 5, 1986, a nationally representative data set. The involvement rate in rear impacts for model year 1986 cars (all CHMSL equipped) is compared to 1985 cars (mostly without the lamps). CHMSL reduced the likelihood of being struck in the rear while braking by a statistically significant 22 per cent. (In the NASS data, CHMSL reduced rear impacts of all types by 15 per cent; since earlier studies indicated that two thirds of all rear impacts involve braking by the struck car, the 15 per cent overall reduction is equivalent to a 22 per cent reduction of rear impacts while braking). The data also suggest that CHMSL may be especially useful in preventing chain collisions involving three or more vehicles. All effectiveness estimates have to be considered preliminary and may change in follow-up studies based on larger accident samples (A). KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Automobiles KW - Brake lamps KW - Brake light KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Car KW - Crash analysis KW - Rear end collision KW - Rear end crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1179546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01406820 AU - Clarke, R M AU - Leasure, W A AU - Radlinski, R W AU - Smith, M AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Research and Development TI - Heavy truck safety study PY - 1987/03 IS - DOT HS-807109 SP - 217p (3 fiche) AB - Each year approximately 400,000 medium and heavy trucks are involved in accidents. Approximately 5500 people are killed and 175,000 injured as a result of these accidents. There are many interrelated factors which contribute to the cause of truck accidents and their consequences. This report: 1) Identifies the key vehicle related factors contributing to the cause of truck accidents (braking and handling/stability) and to the resulting fatalities and injuries (crashworthiness, notably truck aggressivity in collisions with other vehicles). It also identifies the programs and needs of enforcement agencies responsible for assuring compliance with traffic laws by commercial motor vehicle drivers; 2) Summarizes what is known about each of these issues; 3) Describes actions that can be taken now in some of the areas to make near term improvements; and, 4) Presents research agendas for acquiring information to develop solutions to the longer-term issues in the remaining areas. This study was carried out with the help and cooperation of truck manufacturers, employee representatives, truck operators and other parties interested in truck safety. KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident cause KW - Air brake KW - Air brakes KW - Articulated vehicle KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Compliance KW - Compliance KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Crashworthiness KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicle driver KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Law enforcement KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle dynamics KW - Stability analysis KW - Steering KW - Steering KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic regulations KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle handling KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1174616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600546 AU - Green, P AU - Adams, S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - WHO ARE THE POTENTIAL USERS OF A CAD SYSTEM? INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 45 p. AB - This report describes a survey of the potential users of a computer-aided surfacing system. That system, to run on Evans and Sutherland PS 300 workstations, will be used to develop the body and interior surfaces for future vehicles. The 7-page, 24-question survey was distributed to all employees of the Chrysler Motors Product Design Office in Highland Park, Michigan. From the 240 people in the office, 122 completed surveys were obtained. The key finding was that while the respondents had considerable job experience (average of 17 years), and were reasonably well educated (almost all had at least a high school education), they had little experience with computers. For example, 61% do not currently use a computer on the job and 37.5% had never used a computer. Other useful pieces of information included candidate users' occupations (36% artists/sculptors, 25% engineering, 15% fine arts); typing ability (only 24% can touch type); and vision (almost half wear glasses, almost 25% wear bifocals). KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Computer aided design KW - Data collection KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Interior KW - Knowledge KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Novices KW - Personnel KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473008 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF CENTER HIGH MOUNTED STOP LAMPS -- A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION PY - 1987/03 SP - 20 p. AB - The report describes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's initial evaluation of the effectiveness of production Center High Mounted Stop Lamps (CHMSL), which have been standard equipment on passenger cars since September 1985. It is based on a census of police reported accidents that occurred at the 50 National Accident Sampling System (NASS) areas between June 1 and September 5, 1986, a nationally representative data set. The involvement rate in rear impacts for model year 1986 cars (all CHMSL equipped) is compared to 1985 cars (mostly without the lamps). CHMSL reduced the likelihood of being struck in the rear while braking by a statistically significant 22 percent. The data also suggest that CHMSL may be especially useful in preventing chain collisions involving three or more vehicles. All effectiveness estimates have to be considered preliminary and may change in follow-up studies based on larger accident samples. KW - Center high mounted stop lamps KW - Crash analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486855 AU - McKnight, A J AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD TEST OF A RESPONSIBLE ALCOHOL SERVICE PROGRAM. VOLUME 1. RESEARCH FINDINGS. FINAL REPORT AUGUST 1984-AUGUST 1987 PY - 1987/03 SP - 81 p. AB - A Program of Responsible Alcohol Service was developed to enable servers and managers in establishments selling alcoholc beverages to exercise responsibility in their service of alcohol in order prevent injury to and by intoxicated patrons. The Program deals with the need for responsible alcohol service, preventing intoxication, identifying signs of intoxication, and preventing driving by intoxicated patrons. The Program was field-tested on 245 servers and managers in Louisiana and Michigan. It was concluded that intervention in the serving of alcohol to intoxicated patrons will occur only where there is strong management support. KW - Alcohol servers KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Drinking establishments KW - Drunk drivers KW - Field tests KW - Restaurants KW - Retail trade KW - Safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25758/DOT-HS-807-221_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495895 AU - Geller, E S AU - Lehman, G R AU - Kalsher, M J AU - Rudd, J R AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMMITMENT/INCENTIVE PROGRAM TO INCREASE SAFETY BELT USE ON A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 31 p. AB - Safety belt use on a university campus was substantially increased by offering faculty/staff and students who signed and returned 'buckle up' pledge cards the opportunity to win prizes donated by community merchants. The 28,000 pledge cards, committing signers to buckle up for an academic quarter, were distributed during the Spring and Fall of 1985. Each quarter, winners were drawn from the returned pledge cards during three consecutive weeks. Although a relatively small proportion of the pledge cards were signed and turned in, those signed and returned a pledge card increased their safety belt use significantly. Across both the quarters, faculty/staff pledgers went from a high pre-pledge level of 75.9% to a post-pledge level of 69.8%. KW - Campuses KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Students KW - Universities and colleges UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25764/DOT-HS-807-110_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496624 AU - BURGER, W J AU - Ziedman, D AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A REAR VISION DEVICE TEST PROTOCOL. VOLUME I: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS MEASUREMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - v.p. AB - A standardized method for evaluating rear vision devices was developed and implemented. The method consists of the 1) measurement of device physical characteristics including: field of view, magnification, radius of curvature, accommodation demands and reflectance and 2) measurement of simulated-use performance including distance and lane position and motion judgment. Volume I describes the physical characteristics measurement protocol and results for several devices including plane, convex and non-spherical rear view mirrors. Volume II describes the simulated-use protocol and summarizes preliminary simulated-use performance for those measures. Relations between physical characteristics and user performance measures are discussed. KW - Evaluation KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Physical properties KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496554 AU - Creative Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DWI DETECTION AND DIVIDED ATTENTION FIELD SOBRIETY TESTING: A SELF INSTRUCTIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 257 p. AB - This curriculum for law enforcement officers is designed to help them become better able to detect Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) violators and better able to testify clearly and convincingly against them in court. The curriculum stresses the knowledge and skills needed to become an effective DWI enforcement practitioner. The material is self-taught and the learning is self-paced. There are 13 Units: Introduction; DWI Deterrence: An Overview; The Legal Environment; DWI Detection: Introduction to the Process; Notetaking and Testimony; Vehicle in Motion; Personal Contact; Prearrest Screening; Walk and Turn Testing; One Leg Stand Testing; After the Arrest; Documenting the Case; and Conclusion. There are 4 Appendices: Glossary; Test Your Knowledge Answers; Key Points; and Selected Resources. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Curricula KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drunk driving KW - Knowledge KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor skills KW - Police KW - Self-instruction KW - Testimony KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496632 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE DOMESTIC DEFECT RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR ALL BUSSES PY - 1987/03 SP - 228 p. AB - This is a reference document containing a listing of the domestic defect recall campaigns for transit buses. Each citation provides the following: manufacturer; the NHTSA campaign number; manufacture date (beginning and ending); number of vehicles involved; make, model and year; vehicle description; system involved; description of defect; consequences of defect; and corrective action. KW - Buses KW - Defects KW - Recall campaigns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496623 AU - BURGER, W J AU - Ziedman, D AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A REAR VISION DEVICE TEST PROTOCOL. VOLUME II: SIMULATED-USE TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - v.p. AB - A standardized method for evaluating rear vision devices was developed and implemented. The method consists of the 1) measurement of device physical characteristics including: field of view, magnification, radius of curvature, accommodation demands and reflectance and 2) measurement of simulated-use performance including distance and lane position and motion judgment. Volume I describes the physical characteristics measurement protocol and results for several devices including plane, convex and non-spherical rear view mirrors. Volume II describes the simulated-use protocol and summarizes preliminary simulated-use performance for those measures. Relations between physical characteristics and user performance measures are discussed. KW - Evaluation KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Physical properties KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493548 AU - Cavallo, A AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - A REVIEW OF TRAINING FOR THE HEAVY VEHICLE DRIVER - IMPLICATIONS FOR ROAD SAFETY PY - 1987/03 SP - 45 p. AB - The purpose of the review was to establish whether there are road safety benefits associated with heavy vehicle driver training. There are a number of publications containing curriculum for driver training for drivers generally and, specifically, for heavy vehicle drivers. However, empirical evidence pertaining to safety impact is scarce. Most training programs are neither empirically evaluated nor clearly conceptualized, making it difficult to assess their validity or to identify useful programs. The review identifies the various difficulties associated with assessing the effectiveness of heavy vehicle driver training programs in terms of road safety benefits. In view of the current lack of evidence associating driver education and training with safety related benefits, it could be argued that such measures require a great deal of expenditure which might be more profitably spent on long term research to develop effective measures. The evidence presented does suggest that the face validity of the content of a course is no assurance of success. Research is needed to determine what behaviour is central to the road safety context and how to influence, modify or change behaviour in the real driving situation. KW - Behavior KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493550 AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - ROAD SAFETY INITIATIVES AND COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1987/03 SP - 27 p. AB - This paper documents the road safety initiatives and countermeasures introduced in Victoria since 1970, and gives further details of those measures introduced in recent years. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304639 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493528 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Baumgardner, D AU - Whitney, B AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - TIRE REPAIR FOR THE NON-TIRE SPECIALIST PY - 1987/03 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 7 p. AB - Tire repair can be a profitable business-builder for brake and front end shops. It is a relatively simple procedure, but it does involve safety procedures for the repair person. This article provides a guide to the inspection procedures for passenger and truck tire punctures. KW - Guidelines KW - Repairing KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493541 AU - Haque, O AU - CAMERON, M AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF THE VICTORIAN ZERO BAC LEGISLATION: JULY 1984 - DECEMBER 1985 SN - 0-7306-0215-X PY - 1987/03 SP - 58 p. AB - Zero BAC Legislation affecting learners, first year probationary licence holders, unlicensed and disqualified drivers was introduced on 22 May 1984. Subsequently first year drivers reduced their driving during weekend nights when drink driving is most prevalent but their P-plate use remained unchanged at 40-60%. The involvement in serious casualty accidents (SCAs) by all car drivers subject to the Zero BAC restriction was compared with the involvement by a group of Standard Licence Holders. The accidents were also divided into "alcohol" and "non-alcohol" times. To detect a 10% reduction in SCAs during "alcohol periods", approximately forty months post-legislation data would be needed. This report contains the analysis of only 18 months data using time series methods and the results are confirmed using the traditional pre-post method. A reduction of about 4% was found which was not statistically significant. Time series analysis also showed no statistically significant effect when SCA data for learners plus first year probationary licence holders were compared with second and third year probationary licence holders. KW - Before and after studies KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash rates KW - Drunk driving KW - Legislation KW - Licenses KW - Probation KW - Probationary license KW - Recently qualified drivers KW - Safety KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304629 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491878 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Paniati, J F AU - Mace, D J AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SIGN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO MAINTAIN SIGN VISIBILITY AT NIGHT PY - 1987/03 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - p. 116-123 AB - This article describes the framework for a sign maintenance system (SMS) being developed to assist State and local highway organizations involved in the design, management, maintenance, and research of retroreflective traffic signs. The system components are outlined, results of a preliminary evaluation are presented, and ongoing and future research efforts are discussed. Possible applications of the SMS as it now exists are described, and some conclusions are drawn as to what additional work is required for the system to become fully operational. KW - Applications KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Evaluation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Night visibility KW - Research KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306883 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491814 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - PLESS, I B AU - Verreault, R AU - Aresenault, L AU - Frappier, J-Y AU - Stulginskas, J AU - American Public Health Association TI - THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ROAD ACCIDENTS IN CHILDHOOD PY - 1987/03 VL - 77 IS - 3 SP - p. 358-360 AB - The authors report the incidence of traffic injuries to children in Montreal: 33.4 per 10,000, 57% pedestrians, 24.5% passengers, and 18.4% bicyclists. Nearly 20% were hospitalized and 1.2% died. One third had MAIS scores of 2 or more with the highest rate of severe injuries found among pedestrains. Pedestrian and bicycle (but not passenger) injuries in low income areas were four to nine times greater than those in more affluent areas. KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Low income groups KW - Maximum abbreviated injury scale KW - Montreal (Canada) KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306848 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491799 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Bradstock, M K AU - Marks, J S AU - Forman, M R AU - Gentry, E M AU - Hogelin, G C AU - Binkin, N J AU - Trowbridge, F L AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - DRINKING-DRIVING AND HEALTH LIFESTYLE IN THE UNITED STATES: BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS SURVEYS PY - 1987/03 VL - 48 IS - 2 SP - p. 147-152 AB - National patterns of self-reported drinking-driving were examined using aggregated Behavioral Risk Factor Survey data. Drinking-driving is reported by 6.1% of U.S. adults, is almost three times more prevalent among men than women and is most prevalent in 18-24-year-old men (15.4%). Sociodemographic characteristics of self-reported drinking drivers correspond with those characteristics based on alcohol-associated motor vehicle accident and arrest data. Heavy smokers and those who fail to use seat belts are more likely to drink and drive than those without these health-risk behaviors. Men reporting stress in interpersonal relationships are more likely to drink and drive. Individuals who drink or smoke in response to stress are more likely to drink and drive than those who exercise in response to stress. The concurrent practice of drinking-driving with lack of seat belt use, use of alcohol in response to stress and smoking probably contributes substantially to the risk of accident and serious injury among drinking drivers and has implications for both prevention and treatment programs. KW - Age KW - Behavior KW - Data analysis KW - Demographics KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Life styles KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Smoking KW - Social factors KW - Sociodemographic characteristics KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306837 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491825 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Le Fevre, W F AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - MOTIONS OF PASSENGER CARS IN LOW-SPEED FALLS OVER EMBANKMENTS PY - 1987/03 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - p. 467-480 AB - An analysis of the dynamics of motions of passenger cars in falls over embankments at speeds less than that required to launch a car into a free-fall trajectory is developed in this paper as an aid in evaluating initial vehicle speed in this particular type of crash involved in the forensic science field of accident reconstruction. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Determination KW - Dynamics KW - Embankments KW - Forensic medicine KW - Free fall KW - Low speed KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306856 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491809 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - LIFESAVERS/5: NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURES AND OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1987/03 VL - 87 IS - 2 SP - 9 p. AB - Lifesavers/5, the National Conference on Alcohol Countermeasures and Occupant Protection, was held in San Diego, California on December 8-10, 1986. The conference brought together more than 900 attendees. Emphasis was more on treatment and education than on legislation and enforcement. The keynote speaker, Dr. John West, chairman of the American College of Surgeons' Subcommittee on Prevention, focused on the high cost of trauma--especially injuries occurring in auto accidents. He asserted that 24,000 young lives could be saved each year if trauma centers and services were adequate. Following the opening session, participants chose from an agenda of more than 50 different workshop sessions. Some of the sessions are briefly reviewed in this article. Also reviewed are the luncheon presentations and general sessions. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491852 AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - A SPEED MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR VICTORIA PY - 1987/03 SP - v.p. AB - In June 1986 the Board of the Road Traffic Authority established a Task Force to examine all aspects of speed management and to propose an overall strategy for the future, together with an integrated package of measures. The Task Force consisted of representatives from relevant State Government agencies, local government engineers, motorist organisations, researchers, the medical profession and the Authority's Road Safety Board. Representatives from the New South Wales Traffic Authority and the Federal Office of Road Safety also participated. In addition to its broad review, the Task Force was requested to examine the case for a speed limit of 110 km/h on freeways and to give special attention to speed management on arterial roads. This publication presents the results of the task force analysis and the proposed recommendations and funding requirements. KW - Arterial highways KW - Australia KW - Committees KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Freeways KW - Highway safety KW - Recommendations KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Task force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306304 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491824 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Fox, G R AU - Hayward, J S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EFFECT OF HYPOTHERMIA ON BREATH-ALCOHOL ANALYSIS PY - 1987/03 VL - 32 IS - 2 SP - p. 320-325 AB - Mild hypothermia, induced by experimental immersion of ten subjects in cold water, distorted the decay curve of breath ethanol of intoxicated subjects by as much as 22% while not altering overall ethanol clearance rate. The results provide in vivo verification of the in vitro temperature correction factor of 6.8% deg C, and support previous recommendations that temperature monitoring be included in procedures for breath-ethanol testing. The authors recommend that mouth temperature be obtained before breath sampling to screen for abnormal body temperature and to allow for potential use of a temperature correction factor. This modification to existing analytical procedures would help to optimize the reliability of breath-ethanol analysis in predicting blood-ethanol concentration. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Human subject testing KW - Hypothermia KW - Intoxication KW - Reliability KW - Temperature KW - Values in measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491841 AU - Cowley, J E AU - Cowley, JE, and Associates AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPEED AND ACCIDENTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW SN - 0-7306-0127-7 PY - 1987/03 SP - 46 p. AB - The aim of this report is to provide a review of the available literature on speed and accidents and to outline suggestions for further research in this area. The review concentrates on the relationship between speed behaviour and accident injury causation rather than upon methods of speed control. European studies show that reductions in travel speeds or speed dispersion have led to reduced accidents. U.S. studies support the conclusion about speed dispersion but not travel speeds. U.S. studies also indicate that high skewness in the speed distribution might be associated with high accident rates and that vehicle involvement rates in rural accidents when plotted against travel speed form a U-shaped curve with minimum accident rates occurring close to the mean travel speed. The estimation of pre-crash speeds is still a major problem for research in this area. KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Europe KW - Precrash phase KW - Precrash speed KW - Reviews KW - Speed KW - Speed distribution KW - Traffic speed KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491842 AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - THE ROLE OF FATIGUE IN RURAL ACCIDENTS SN - 0-7306-0175-7 PY - 1987/03 SP - 56 p. AB - The study provides a review of recent literature concerning the relationship between driving fatigue and accidents. The review concentrates on the literature concerning fatigue and rural accidents but also includes some relevant observations from urban accident studies. The concept of fatigue is complex and definition is subject to debate; these complications are discussed. The available evidence of a relationship between fatigue and accidents is examined, together with research methods used in assessing such a relationship. Finally, potential countermeasures are discussed, and recommendations made, concerning directions for future research. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Definitions KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Rural areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303895 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491848 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Lau AU - Horsch, J D AU - Viano, D C AU - Andrzejak, D V AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - BIOMECHANICS OF LIVER INJURY BY STEERING WHEEL LOADING PY - 1987/03 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - p. 225-235 AB - Abdominal injury induced by steering wheel contact at a velocity of 32 km/hr was investigated using anesthetized swine as the surrogate on a Hyge sled. The lower rim of the wheel was positioned 5 cm below the xyphoid. By varying wheel stiffness, wheel orientation, and column angle, resultant abdominal injury ranged from fatal or critical to minor or none. Wheel stiffness was found to be the primary determinant of abdominal injury severity. The mechanism of abdominal injury was identified to be the rim impacting the abdomen and exceeding a combined velocity and compression sensitive tolerance limit. Abdominal injury occurred within the initial 15 ms of wheel contact before whole body movement of the surrogate or column compression, which were initiated by hub contact with the thorax. The severity of abdominal injury correlated with the peak viscous response which can be represented by the product of the instantaneous velocity of abdominal deformation and abdominal compression. It did not correlate with spinal acceleration. KW - Abdomen KW - Animals KW - Biophysics KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Impact loading KW - Impact loads KW - Injury severity KW - Laboratory animals KW - Steering wheels KW - Stiffness KW - Testing KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306863 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491850 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Desiderio, M A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - EFFECTS OF ACUTE, ORAL ETHANOL ON CARDIOVASCULAR PERFORMANCE BEFORE AND AFTER EXPERIMENTAL BLUNT CARDIAC TRAUMA PY - 1987/03 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - p. 267-277 AB - Acute changes in hemodynamic and electrophysiologic indices were measured following blunt cardiac trauma, oral ethanol, and a combination of both in dogs. Impacts with a velocity of 10 m/sec and a contact compression of 5 cm were delivered to most of the pericardium. Transient arrhythmias in impacted animals resulted in significant reductions in all hemodynamic responses at 15 minutes post-impact. Intragastric doses of 50% ethanol/distilled water yielded average blood alcohol concentrations of 60 plus or minus 10 mg%, 120 plus or minus 20 mg%, and 180 plus or minus 15 mg%. Alcohol effected significant reductions in dp/dt and cardiac index and elevations in total peripheral resistance during treatment. Alcohol and trauma resulted in percent mortalities of 17, 50, and 71% for each such group primarily from electrical-mechanical dissociation. Surviving animals experienced significant declines in dp/dt, cardiac index, and mean aortic pressure at 15 minutes post-impact. Mean aortic pressure remained depressed while dp/dt, cardiac index, and total peripheral resistance returned to control values. KW - Animals KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blunt cardiac trauma KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Fatalities KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Intoxication KW - Laboratory animals KW - Testing KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306864 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491876 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McCarthy, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADSIDE SAFETY--A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1987/03 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - p. 124-128 AB - An examination of the traffic fatality distribution for 1984 by most harmful event shows the serious consequences of run-off-the-road accidents. On all roadways, over 36% of the fatalities were caused by striking roadside objects such as trees, poles, and embankments. Similarly, a roadside object was judged to be the most harmful event in 47% of the fatalities on the Interstate system. Furthermore, an examination of single-vehicle accident fatalities on the Interstate system reveals that nearly one-third of the fatalities were caused by a vehicle striking a longitudinal barrier and another one-third were caused by vehicle rollover. In fiscal year 1985, a total of $78 million was spent in the Federal Highway Administration's Federally Coordinated Program (FCP), including approximately $15 million spent on safety-related activities. These safety funds are distributed among eight different FCP projects. Project 1T "Roadside Safety Hardware" accounted for about one-third of these safety funds. The accomplishments of Project 1T research and development efforts are discussed in this article, followed by a discussion of the problems involved in developing warranting criteria for cost-effective treatments for run-off-the-road accidents, and in the implementing, installing, and maintaining of roadside hardware. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Bridge railings KW - Building KW - Development KW - Facilities KW - Fatalities KW - Fixed object KW - Fund allocations KW - Guardrails KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Transition zones KW - Treatment KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490683 AU - Fricke, L B AU - Lucke, R E AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MINIMUM TRAINING CRITERIA FOR POLICE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTIONISTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - v.p. AB - This report summarizes the development of a set of minimum training criteria for police accident reconstructionists. Prior to this effort, no nationally accepted standards or criteria were recognized for evaluating the qualifications of police engaged in traffic accident reconstruction activities and levels of expertise therefore varied widely. In order to develop the training criteria, a panel was assembled consisting of recognized experts from applicable disciplines, and professional organizations representing police traffic services and related training. The minimum training criteria for police traffic accident reconstructionists were developed at a panel workshop and the conferees then had two opportunities to review and comment on the draft prior to its dissemination to other representatives of the police community for their review. Additional comments were then sought from a broader law police traffic services/training community. The criteria consist of a set of 13 required topic areas and a recommendation as to the number of hours needed to address each topic. Additional recommendations were made concerning prerequisites for reconstruction training and the certification of reconstructionists. KW - Certification KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Criteria KW - Police KW - Police traffic services KW - Recommendations KW - Training KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489465 AU - CLARKE, R M AU - Leasure, W A AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - SMITH, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK SAFETY STUDY. PREPARED IN RESPONSE TO SECTION 216: P.L. 98-554 OCTOBER 30, 1984 MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ACT OF 1984. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 216 p. AB - Each year about 400,000 medium and heavy trucks are involved in accidents. Approximately 5500 people are killed and 175,000 injured as a result of these accidents. There are many interrelated factors which contribute to the cause of truck accidents and their consequences. This report: identifies the key vehicle related factors contributing to truck accidents (braking and handling/stability) and to the resulting fatalities and injuries. It also identifies the programs and needs of enforcement agencies responsible for assuring compliance with traffic laws by commercial motor vehicle drivers; summarizes facts about these issues; describes actions that can be taken in some areas to make near-term improvements; and presents research agendas for acquiring information to develop solutions to the longer term issues in the remaining areas. KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 KW - Research KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418752 AU - Apsler, R AU - Harding, W AU - Goldfein, J AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - The review and assessment of designated driver programs as an alcohol countermeasure approach PY - 1987/02 IS - DOT HS 807 108 SP - 211P AB - Many drinking establishments have instituted designated driver programs (ddps) which encourage one person in a group of patrons to remain sober and drive the others home. The primary objectives of this exploratory study were to: 1) identify ddps throughout the United States, 2) contact and describe a sample of these ddps, and 3) investigate informal designated driver activities (individuals using a designated driver on their own) at membership organizations, such as veterans, fraternal and university greek organizations. The names of 431 public drinking establishments alleged to have formal ddps were identified. Forty of these and five membership organizations were called and asked to discuss their ddps. Four other membership organizations were also called about informal designated driver activity. The opinions of the sources we contacted are reported and the operation and features of ddps are described. One major result was that although ddps appear to be an inexpensive way of promoting the designated driver concept, few patrons participated in those we studied. Furthermore, little informal activity took place in membership establishments. Fortunately, there appear to be some simple and inexpensive actions which establishments can take to increase the number of designated drivers (a). KW - Attitude KW - Attitudes KW - Designated driver KW - Designated drivers KW - Drink driving KW - Drunk driving KW - Management KW - Management KW - Policy KW - Policy KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490722 AU - Kahanbe, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF SEAT BACK LOCKS FOR TWO-DOOR PASSENGER CARS WITH FOLDING FRONT SEATBACKS PY - 1987/02 SP - 253 p. AB - The objectives of this evaluation are to determine if seat back locks (a requirement of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 207) are effective in reducing deaths or injuries and to measure the actual cost of the locks. The study is based on statistical analyses of Washington, Texas, New York, Fatal Accident Reporting System and Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation data (with emphasis on back seat occupants, frontal crashes, and crashes involving occupant ejection or vehicle fire), sled test analyses and a cost study of production lock assemblies. It was found that the locks hold seatbacks in place in crashes when the back seat is unoccupied, but locks or other seat components often separate at moderate crash speeds when there are unrestrained back seat occupants. No statistically significant injury or fatality reductions were found for seat back locks in any of the accident data files or in the sled tests. The locks add about $14 (1985 dollars) to the lifetime cost of owning and operating a car. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fatalities KW - Folding seats KW - Front seats KW - Injuries KW - Locks (Fasteners) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Two door vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496614 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1984 PY - 1987/02 SP - 162 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, as amended. The report is for the period January 1, 1984 through December 31, 1984. During this period, NHTSA continued to meet its statutory obligation of reducing motor vehicle related deaths and injuries by regulatory actions to upgrade the safety of the fleet, enforcement actions to ensure that regulatory requirements are being met, and public education programs to enhance driver and passenger awareness and perception of the risks associated with automobile travel. NHTSA's efforts in 1984 continued to focus on a balanced approach between motor vehicle technology and driver/passenger behavioral program activities. In the highway safety area, emphasis was on reducing drunk driving and increasing the use of safety belts and child safety seats. A decision was made on Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208, "Occupant Crash Protection," to require automatic crash protection in passenger cars on a phased-in schedule beginning with the 1987 model year, with full implementation in the 1990 model year. If states representing 2/3 of the nation's population enact effective mandatory seat belt usage laws before April 1, 1989, the requirement for automatic protection will no longer apply. NHTSA continued to consider other technological ways to improve motor vehicle safety. The most promising areas for improvement include side impact and frontal protection. Upgraded interior padding and structural members were evaluated as methods of improving side impact protection. Steering assembly modifications were studied to improve frontal impact protection. Priorities in the crash avoidance area included visibility, lighting and signals, brakes, and international harmonization. Emphasis in the enforcement area was on improving the capability of the agency to accurately identify safety-related defects in motor vehicles and to ensure that defects are corrected in the shortest possible time. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashworthiness KW - Defects KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Programs KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496617 AU - King, A I AU - Wayne State University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INJURY STUDY OF THE FEMUR-PELVIC COMPLEX IN AUTOMOBILE CRASH ENVIRONMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - v.p. AB - In this research program the biodynamic response of the femur during passively restrain -G sub x impact acceleration was studied. Tests were conducted on eleven unembalmed cadavers. Bending moments along the femoral shaft were found to be high although only one cadaver sustained bilateral femoral fractures. This should be considered in any new injury criteria for the femur. The second aspect of this program involved the collection of data in an impact environment patterned from that of a field accident that resulted in serious injuries to the struck vehicle's driver. The accident configuration was a two vehicle lateral impact. The strategy was that these data could be compared with field accident occupant injuries and to side impact dummy data from a series of full-scale crash tests resulting in a better understanding of human mechanical response characteristics and injury tolerance in lateral impact environments. KW - Bending moments KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Pelvis KW - Side crashes KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495954 AU - Geller, E S AU - Lehman, G R AU - Rudd, J R AU - Kalsher, M J AU - Stress, F M AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF EMPLOYER-BASED PROGRAMS TO MOTIVATE SAFETY BELT USE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 56 p. AB - This report reviews the procedures and results of 28 different programs that increased employees' use of vehicle safety belts at ten work settings ranging from a minimum long-term gain of 12% over baseline to a maximum gain of 285%. Obsrvations were made to assess shoulder belt use before, during, and after particular behavior change strategies. Program Evaluations included follow-up observations from 6 to 18 months after the safety belt campaign ended. Four basic types of employer-based programs were compared: (1) direct and immediate rewards, (2) direct and delayed rewards, (3) indirect and delayed rewards, and (4) awareness/commitment strategies that involved no extrinsic rewards. Five conclusions were drawn: (1) Safety belt use can be promimently increased at corporations and institutions with practical cost-effective procedures; (2) significant residual effects of safety belt promotion remain long after program termination, (3) gains in safety belt use can be increased with intermittent programs, (4) further research is needed to determine optimal scheduling of various program strategies for response maintenance and generalization, and (5) advantages and disadvantages of using extrinsic rewards vs. no rewards for safety belt promotion requires special programmatic attention. KW - Employers KW - Evaluation KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Rewards KW - Safety programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25749/DOT-HS-807-111.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496615 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1984 PY - 1987/02 SP - 221 p. AB - This is a report on the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) under the Highway Safety Act of 1966. The report covers the period January 1, 1984 through December 31, 1984. The report is divided into two parts. Part I contains information on the NHTSA highway safety program activities in the following areas: highway safety program standards; 402 program management; 402 program activities; alcohol research; alcohol incentive grants; occupant protection; National Occupant Protection Program; Standard No. 208; child safety seats; corporate/employer safety belt usage program; state occupant protection activities; drunk driving; state and local drunk driving activities; "Targets of Opportunity"; drunk and drugged driving awareness week; police traffic services; emergency medical services; pupil transportation; driver licensing; the driver license compact; the nonresident violator compact; administrative adjudication of traffic infractions; driver education; uniformity of traffic laws; pedestrians; motorcycles; enforcement of the 55 mph speed limit; and older drivers. Also included in Part I are various agency activities in support for highway safety, such as the National Driver Register. Part II contains information on highway safety activities within the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), including the FHWA Section 402 program accomplishments, direct federal program accomplishments, and Section 403 accomplishments. KW - Highway safety KW - Programs KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310270 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495813 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Latimer, E A AU - LAVE, L B AU - American Public Health Association TI - INITIAL EFFETS OF THE NEW YORK STATE AUTO SAFETY BELT LAW PY - 1987/02 VL - 77 IS - 2 AB - New York State began enforcing a mandatory automobile safety belt use law on January 1, 1985. A preliminary analysis was made of its effect on fatalities and injuries. Applying a Poisson statistical model, it was estimated that the first 6 months' application of the law averted 220 fatal, 1,500 severe, 4,600 moderate, and 2,600 light injuries across the state. The Poisson approach gives estsimates of injuries averted considerably greater than simple year to year comparisons, indicating that media announcements have understated the efficacy of requiring safety belt usage. KW - Automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495866 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Businski, K L AU - Molnar, L J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SEAT BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: DECEMBER 1986 PY - 1987/02 SP - 65 p. AB - Results of direct observation study of seat belt use in Michigan conducted in December 1986 were compared with results of previous surveys in December 1984, April 1985, July 1985, December 1985, April 1986, and July 1986. In the current survey, occupants in cars and light trucks were observed in December 1986. Seat belt use in December 1986 decreased only marginally from the level observed in July 1986. Front seat restraint use among all motorists observed was 44.7% in December 1986, compared to 47.1% in July 1986. The decrease is not statistically significant, since the estimates have a margin of error of plus or minus 2%. Use rate declined slightly within all age groups from the previous survey wave and were as follows in December 1986 (all seat positions): 67% among occupants age 0-3; 34.1% among occupants age 4-15; 38.1% among occupants age 16-29; 44.5% among occupants age 30-59; and 53% among occupants age 60 and older. Females continued to exhibit a higher restraint use than males, 49,6% vs 38.7% in the current survey. As in previous surveys, restraint use varied by region of the state. Seat belt use has remained relatively stable since December 1985 when use among front seat occupants was 44.5%. Finally, front seat belt use among those ages 16 and over remains significantly higher than it was before Michigan's mandatory use law took effect (44.3% in December 1986, versus 18.3% in December 1984). Additional surveys are scheduled for April and July 1987. KW - Automobiles KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Females KW - Laws KW - Light trucks KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493540 AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EVALUATION OF AN LED HIGH-MOUNTED SIGNAL LAMP. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 39 p. AB - Two studies are described evaluating high-mounted stop lamps using light-emitting diodes (LED's) compared with conventional incandescent units. The first of these studies obtained ratings from subjects who drove one car and followed another car that was equipped with the test lamps. The results indicate that the subjects generally preferred the LED's to the conventional lamp. Some subjects complained that the LED units were too bright. Most subjects commented on a color and an apparent brightness difference between the LED and incandescent lamps. Few subjects commented on the faster rise time of the LED units. The second study was a laboratory evaluation of the attention-getting capabilities of LED and incandescent stop lamps. Under all conditions tested subjects responded faster to the LED units. The response time advantage for the LED units increased with more difficult viewing conditions, such as high levels of illumination and long viewing distance. The results of these investigations are discussed in terms of the applicability of the LED technology to high-mounted stop lamps on motor vehicles. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brightness KW - Center high-mounted stop lamps KW - Color KW - Emergency response time KW - Field tests KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - Human subject testing KW - Incandescent lamps KW - Laboratory tests KW - Light emitting diodes KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304628 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493527 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Carrier, H AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - ELECTRONICALLY-CONTROLLED POWER STEERING SYSTEMS: PART I--AN OVERVIEW PY - 1987/02 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 5 p. AB - This article reviews progress in the development of electronically-controlled power steering systems. Toyota first introduced electronic control over servo-assist power steering on its 1974 Toyota Crown. Isuzu followed in 1981 with its version of electronic power steering, and in 1983, introduced "selective" control of its electronic power steering system. Toyota upgrades followed with a solenoid-actuated bypass flow control valve located in the power steering gear box to give the system a flow control valve with linear characteristics. In 1983, Nissan incorporated a microprocessor as part of an electronic controller to better sort out electronic signals for use in power steering control. Mitsubishi in 1983 came out with a rotary valve-type electronic power steering system, often described as a torsion bar reaction force control system. Part II of this series will present a complete rundown of the Mitsubishi EPS system along with service tips. Part III will present Mitsubishi's electronic suspension system which works wonders in conjunction with the Mitsubishi EPS. KW - Development KW - Driving KW - Electronic control KW - Handling characteristics KW - History KW - Power steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307772 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491858 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Partyka, S TI - MANDATORY BELT USE LAW EFFECTS IN THE FIRST HALF OF 1986 PY - 1987/02 SP - 3 p. AB - Preliminary data for the first half of 1986 show that fatalities in the front seats of passenger vehicles increased by an estimated 4% as compared to the first half of 1985. However, this increase was not universal. Among states which had not implemented a mandatory belt use law (MUL) by the end of the first half of 1986, fatalities in the front seats of passenger vehicles increased by an estimated 8%. In contrast, among states which had no MUL in the first half of 1985 and had a MUL for all of the first half of 1986, these fatalities decreased by an estimated 3%. Four tables are provided showing (1) mandatory belt use law effective dates; (2) estimated fatalities in the first half of 1985, (3) estimated fatalities in the first half of 1986 (preliminary), and (4) estimated fatality changes in the front seats of passenger vehicles - first half 1986 versus first half 1985. KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Mandatory use laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306868 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491812 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Linder, S H AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - INJURY AS METAPHOR: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATION OF PERSPECTIVES PY - 1987/02 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 3-12 AB - Despite some notable successes, the prevailing injury rates connected with transportation, recreation and the workplace suggest that most of the findings from injury research have yet to be taken seriously by the American public or their political representatives. While a number of explanations might be offered for this situation, this paper carefully examines one which ties the social neglect of research knowledge to the diversity of premises and perspectives on injury. The lack of public action to prevent injury in many areas stems not so much from ignorance as from disagreement, and consequently, confusion over the nature of the injury problem and what should be done about it. Most of these disagreements can be traced to the contending perspectives on injury found in research. This paper examines three perspectives, those of economics, law and public health, and analyzes the metaphor each uses to characterize injury for clues about the sources of disagreement among them. Attention then turns to the rationale for integrating these perspectives in ways that might accommodate the disagreements and serve as a basis for building a social consensus for public action. KW - Crash injury research KW - Economics KW - Injuries KW - Legal factors KW - Perspectives KW - Prevention KW - Public health UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306846 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491815 JO - IIHS Facts PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - 55 SPEED LIMIT PY - 1987/02 SP - 4 p. AB - Cars and other vehicles can travel much faster than the speeds for which highways are designed. They can travel much faster than drivers can safely stop them in an emergency. High travel speeds lead to more frequent crashes and more serious crash injuries--the higher the speed the worse the problem. Early in 1974, speed limits of 55 mph were enacted in all states to save gasoline during an acute shortage. They've had the benefit, too, of reducing deaths and injuries. This edition of IIHS Facts addresses the 55 mph speed limit. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306849 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491857 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Partyka, S TI - MANDATORY BELT USE LAW EFFECTS IN 1985 PY - 1987/02 SP - 4 p. AB - During 1985, mandatory safety belt use laws (MULs) were estimated to have saved more than 250 people from crash related deaths. It is estimated that MULs in effect during 1985 produced a 7% drop in fatalities among front seat passenger vehicle occupants. Eight states were used for this evaluation; some had as few as three months of MUL coverage, while one was covered by its MUL all year. Overall, there were 48 state-months of data available for analysis. Three tables are provided showing (1) estimated fatalities in mandatory belt use states for states with a law during some part of 1985, (2) estimated fatalities in comparison no-law states for states without a law at any time in 1985, and (3) estimated fatalities in comparison no-law periods for states with a law later in 1985. KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Mandatory use laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306867 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491808 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - O'CONNELL, J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - TORT VERSUS NO-FAULT: COMPENSATION AND INJURY PREVENTION PY - 1987/02 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 63-71 AB - The tort system, as a means of compensating the victims of injury, no longer fulfills the purpose for which it was intended. The attempt to achieve a fair and rational method of compensation, especially in the areas of medical malpractice and products liability, has been displaced by a form of litigation lottery which permits attorney's fees to divert great amounts of money from victims in need. A reform of this system is much in need and long overdue. Following a discussion of these and other problems with the tort system, this paper will present a method for ensuring the prompt settlement of most personal injury claims through payment of the victim's net economic losses. The parallels to no-fault auto insurance and workers' compensation are examined and attention is given to the likely impact of this proposal on the conduct of potential injurers and victims. KW - Compensation KW - Crash victims KW - Employee compensation KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - No fault insurance KW - Personal injury KW - Tort liability KW - Workers compensation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491846 AU - AB Svensk Bilprovning TI - PRESENTING ASB: THE SWEDISH MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION COMPANY PY - 1987/02 SP - 20 p. AB - This booklet describes the Swedish Motor Vehicle Inspection Company and its activities. Topics covered are as follows: ASB and public policy; organization; inspection stations; duties of the company; supervision of activities; periodic inspection; personnel; results; and finance. KW - Finance KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personnel KW - Public policy KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303899 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491811 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Weisbuch, J B AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE PREVENTION OF INJURY FROM MOTORCYCLE USE: EPIDEMIOLOGIC SUCCESS, LEGISLATIVE FAILURE PY - 1987/02 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-28 AB - Following the repeal of the North Dakota mandatory motorcycle helmet law in 1977, the State Highway and Health Departments initiated a study to examine the impact of the change on driver safety. Motorcycle crash data gathered by the State Highway Patrol and other law enforcement agencies was augmented by death and injury reports submitted to the State Health Department by medical care providers. The combined data set produced 2934 crashes, 2162 traumatized victims, 3718 injuries and 53 deaths between January 1977 and December 1980. Reporting from medical providers increased the volume of crash reports, improved the reliability of the highway data and added an unrecognized population of victims to the data base. In spite of the clear indication that injuries and deaths had increased among motorcycle users who rode without helmet protection, legislative passage of a mandatory helmet law in either the 1979 or the 1981 North Dakota legislative session failed. The reasons behind the legislative rejection of efforts to improve highway safety are examined. The forces that affect politics are reviewed. KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - North Dakota KW - Politics KW - Prevention KW - Repeal KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491803 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Mathew, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - STABILITY OF TANK TRUCK COMBINATIONS ON CURVED ROAD SEGMENTS IN THE YUKON. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 104 p. AB - Computerized analyses were conducted to evaluate roll stability issues involving the operation of heavy tanker combinations on two segments of curved roadway. Two vehicle configurations were examined, representing a tanker currently in service in the Yukon Territory of Canada and a reference tanker used in many parts of the U.S. and Canada for transporting petroleum products. The analyses show the comparison in static stability between the selected vehicles and the performance of these vehicles on an existing and a proposed road segment. Recommendations are offered for setting maximum speed values for trucks operating on the subject curves. KW - Highway curves KW - Motor vehicles KW - Petroleum industry KW - Petroleum trade KW - Recommendations KW - Size KW - Speed limits KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tankers KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303844 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491813 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Waller, J A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - INJURY AS DISEASE PY - 1987/02 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-20 AB - Consideration of injury as disease is an arbitrary distinction that nonetheless may have some utility. The disease concept includes the understanding that the agents and mechanisms of human/environmental interaction for injury causation are similar to those for many of the chronic diseases, with differences in the timing rather than the agent or mechanism of the tranamission. As with other aspects of medical practice, injury control requires careful and knowledgeable epidemiologic, technological, psychological and social planning, and equally careful and knowledgeable attention to proper evaluation of intervention programs. Such evaluation has rarely been attempted with behavioral interventions but has been carried out somewhat more often with environmental countermeasures. Evaluation of both costs and benefits must include attention to factors that often cannot be measured in economic terms and that may differ not only in degree but in kind. Therefore, no methods for comparability may exist at this time for some of these costs and effects. KW - Behavior KW - Benefits KW - Causes KW - Control KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Injuries KW - Intervention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490668 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM--1985. A REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1987/02 SP - 73 p. AB - This is the seventh annual report of the National Accident Sampling System (NASS), presenting national characteristics of traffic accidents in the United States. The report includes summary statistics on the more than 6 million police-reported accidents that occurred in 1985. The national estimates, which are produced from statistically weighted sampled cases, are based on investigation of more than 13,000 traffic accidents in 1985. Highlights of the report are: More than 16 million people and more than 10 million motor vehicles were involved in 6 million accidents reported by police in 1985, which amounts to over 16,600 traffic accidents per day, in which almost 44,000 persons were killed and another 1.3 million were sent to hospital emergency rooms for treatment. The majority of people who were involved in these accidents were not wearing safety belts. In a large number of these accidents, especially those that involved high speeds, severe injuries, and substantial property damage, at least one driver had been drinking. Section II of this NASS report focuses on the influences of the use of alcohol by drivers and pedestrians and the benefits of occupant restraints in traffic accidents. KW - Alcohol use KW - Automobiles KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medium trucks KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Pedestrians KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490665 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM 1985: A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE U.S. IN 1985 PY - 1987/02 SP - v.p. AB - This is a report on fatal motor vehicle accidents and fatalities in the United States reported in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for 1985. Information on fatal accidents and fatalities from 1980 through 1984 is included for comparison purposes in some instances. Included are the following ten chapters: 1985 Fatality Overview; Alcohol and Safety Belts; 1985 Fatality Profile; State Statistics; Accidents; Vehicles; Occupants; Non-Occupants; Emergency Medical Services; and Classifications of Accident Data. Appendices include (A) A New Approach for Determining Alcohol Involvement, (B) Alcohol Reporting in 1985, (C) 1985 Coding Forms, (D) Sample Order Blank, and (E) Cross Reference to Previous FARS Reports. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Manual safety belts KW - Statistics KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490666 AU - La Heist, W G AU - Ephraim, F G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE BUMPER STANDARD--AS MODIFIED IN 1982. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 159 p. AB - An evaluation of the Bumper Standard was conducted to determine actual benefits and costs and cost effectiveness of changes made (in 49 C.F.R. Part 581) in 1982. These changes, effective with the 1983 model year, reduced required damage resistance for passenger car bumpers from 5 mph longitudinal front and rear barrier and pendulum impacts and 3 mph corner pendulum impacts to 2.5 and 1.5, respectively. The requirement that there be no damage to the bumper itself beyond a 3/8 in. "dent" and 3/4 in. "set" (or displacement) from original position was changed to allow damage to the bumper itself while still requiring no damage to safety-related parts and exterior surfaces not involving the bumper. The evaluation was conducted under requirements of Executive Orders 12291 and 12498. The evaluation compares collision damage experience and bumper system costs of 1983/84 models (post-standard modification) to a two year baseline of 1981/82 models (pre-modification). Manufacturers were selective in implementing the new minimum requirements, with only 35% of the cars sold in the U.S. in 1983 being equipped with bumpers that were changed in a way which reduced collision damage resistance when compared to the predecessor 1981/82 models. By the 1984 model year, slightly over 50% of models sold were equipped with bumpers changed in comparison to 1981/82 models. The principal conclusions are: (1) The costs to consumers have not changed as a result of the modification of the bumper standard from 5 to 2.5 mph; (2) The net effect, over a car's 10 year life, is a small increase in repair cost, which is offset by a reduction in the cost of the bumpers; and (3) The change in the bumper standard has not affected the protection of safety-related parts. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefits KW - Bumpers KW - Change KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Design standards KW - Loss and damage KW - Pendulum tests KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490669 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING NHTSA SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REPORTS PY - 1987/02 SP - 19 p. AB - This document establishes standards for scientific and technical reports prepared by or for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The application of these standards aids in the interchange of scientific and technical information and in the the reduction of costs in the preparation, publication, and dissemination of such information. This document is reviewed periodically to ensure its compatibility with Congressional and DOT requirements and its conformance to national documentation standards. KW - Documents KW - Guidelines KW - Preparation KW - Publications KW - Reports KW - Standards KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00423455 AU - King, A I AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INJURY STUDY OF THE FEMUR-PELVIC COMPLEX IN AUTOMOBILE CRASH ENVIRONMENT PY - 1987/02 SP - 250 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Evaluation KW - Femur KW - Injuries KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Pelvis KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/235070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00423903 AU - LAHEIST, W G AU - Ephraim, F G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BUMPER STANDARD--AS MODIFIED IN 1982 PY - 1987/02 SP - 124 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/239713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00422083 AU - Rood, D H AU - McCartt, A T AU - Kraichy, P P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NEW YORK STATE'S MANDATORY OCCUPANT RESTRAINT LAW.: VOLUME VI, FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 75 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Laws and legislation KW - New York (State) KW - Seat belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/234485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490732 AU - Sohn, D Y AU - International Computers & Telecommunications, Inc AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES, MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (PHASE I). SYNOPSIS PY - 1987/01/27 SP - 8 p. AB - In 1985 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration awarded a contract, Police Traffic Services - Management Information System (PTS-MIS), as part of its program to assist the police agencies in developing their capacity to promote traffic safety as part of the Comprehensive Police Traffic Administration and Enforcement Program. Efforts in this contract were to define a set of data elements for PTS-MIS data bases, and to identify off-the-shelf DBMS packages suitabe for developing a cost-effective, reliable, and user-friendly PTS-MIS to be used by local police agencies of less than 200 personnel in size. A task was also to identify and evaluate existing off-the-shelf PTS-MIS software packages for their cost-effectiveness and suitability in the small police agency environment. The contract was the first phase of the 2-phased project to collect data on, design, and pilot test a PTS-MIS for micro/personnel computers. Traffic Services - KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Management information systems KW - Microcomputers KW - Personal computers KW - Police traffic services KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491853 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--INTERCITY BUS LOSS OF CONTROL AND COLLISION WITH BRIDGE RAIL ON INTERSTATE 70 NEAR FREDERICK, MARYLAND, AUGUST 25, 1985 PY - 1987/01/22 SP - 41 p. AB - On the afternoon of August 25, 1985, a westbound intercity bus with 17 occupants was traveling on Interstate 70, a four-lane divided highway near Frederick, Maryland. It was cloudy with light rain and the pavement was wet. About 12:40 p.m., as the bus descended a hill with a slight curve to the right, the rear tires of the bus lost traction. The bus moved side to side out of control, crossing both travel lanes and the right paved shoulder, and struck the left side of a reinforced concrete bridge rail over the Monocacy River before coming to rest. Of the 17 occupants onboard, 14 were ejected from the bus during the collision sequence. The bus driver and 5 passengers were fatally injured; 11 other passengers sustained minor to serious injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the loss of control of the bus during a braking maneuver on wet highway pavement with low and variant frictional qualities and at a speed too great for the existing weather conditions. Contributing to the accident were the lack of an operative speedometer and the lack of highway signs to warn the bus driver of the slippery road conditions. KW - Bridge railings KW - Bus transportation KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Smoothness KW - Speed KW - Speedometers KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic speed KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623504 AU - Petrakis, P L AU - Grylack, B J AU - Harvey, A AU - Hyde, B AU - Nauman, A AU - Scott, B M AU - Stam, J AU - Wallace, J AU - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism TI - SIXTH SPECIAL REPORT TO THE U.S. CONGRESS ON ALCOHOL AND HEALTH FROM THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PY - 1987/01 SP - 167 p. AB - The Special Reports on Alcohol and Health, as a whole, serve as historical reference points and current documentaries of our progress in understanding the effects of alcohol on health and our ability to use this knowledge to prevent and treat alcohol-related problems. Advances in our knowledge concerning genetic components to alcoholism and ways in which this knowledge can lead to the development of prevention and treatment strategies are discussed in the Sixth Special Report, which is concerned primarily with new information that has come to light since the Fifth Special Report (1983). The Special Reports also provide a common base of knowledge upon which to develop policies and programs to prevent and treat alcohol abuse and alcoholism; provide specialists who are indirectly concerned with one or another aspect of alcohol-related problems with information to keep abreast of general progress in the alcohol field; and serve the ultimate purposes of increasing public understanding of alcohol-related problems and stimulating action by citizen groups and others to prevent and reduce them. The Sixth Special Report is organized as follows: Alcohol and Health--An Overview; Chapter I - Epidemiology; Chapter II - Genetics and Alcoholism; Chapter III - Psychobiological Effects of Alcohol; Chapter IV - Medical Consequences of Alcohol; Chapter V - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Other Effects of Alcohol on Pregnancy Outcome; Chapter VI - Prevention and Intervention; and Chapter VII - Treatment. An Index is provided. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholism KW - Animals KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Epidemiology KW - Genetics KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Intervention KW - Laboratory animals KW - Pregnant women KW - Prevention KW - Psychobiological effects KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Testing KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363345 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490039 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Greenberg, S R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - SEAT BELTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: AN APPRAISAL PY - 1987/01 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - p. 158-166 AB - Mandatory seat belt legislation has been passed in 15 states. Accompanying this action has been a deluge of information concerning the lives saved and the injuries prevented by the wearing of seat belts by the front seat passengers in automobiles. This study presents data relating to the injuries and deaths attributable to their usage. There is virtually no major area of the adult body that has escaped such involvement. Mechanisms by which seat belt injury is effected are described in relation to the restraint systems currently available in the United States and abroad. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Machines KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mechanisms KW - Pathology KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600507 AU - Billheimer, J W AU - Moore, J B AU - SYSTAN, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DRIVER: A PUBLIC EDUCATION PROJECT BY LAW ENFORCEMENT. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 260 p. AB - THE DRIVER project was a two-year demonstration project entailing the design, implementation, and evaluation of a traffic safety education program executed by law enforcement personnel through the mass media. The project's chief objective was to determine the relative effectiveness of paid media advertising (versus public service approaches) in increasing community awareness of driving under the influence (DUI) and reducing the incidence and severity of drunk driving accidents. To accomplish this, SYSTAN, Inc., along with the Roanoke Company, the California Highway Patrol, and local law enforcement agencies, conducted a year-long paid media campaign using television, radio, and outdoor advertising to combat drunk driving in Bakersfield, California. The campaign was aimed at the young male driver and featured the positive image of a super-cool youth, THE DRIVER, who refuses to drink and takes the responsibility for driving his partying friends home. Two other supporting TV commercials addressed more traditional themes of injuries and intervention. The same campaign materials that aired for pay in Bakersfield were also used in Sacramento, California. In Sacramento, however, the campaign relied on traditional public service ads rather than paid commercials. By comparing the results in Bakersfield, where over $130,000 was spent to saturate media channels, and Sacramento, where no money was spent to purchase media time, it was possible to obtain definitive insights regarding the effectiveness of paid advertising in raising public awareness and lowering accident rates. KW - Advertising KW - Awareness KW - Crash rates KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344011 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495907 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Blose, J O AU - HOLDER, H D AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - LIQUOR-BY-THE-DRINK AND ALCOHOL-RELATED TRAFFIC CRASHES: A NATURAL EXPERIMENT USING TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS PY - 1987/01 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - p. 52-60 AB - A quasi-experimental study was conducted to estimate the impact of liquor-by-the-drink (LBD) on alcohol-related traffic accidents in North Carolina counties. Time-series analysis for the period from January 1973 through December 1982 found LBD was associated with statistically significant increases of 16 to 24% in both the number of police-reported alcohol-related accidents and in single vehicle nighttime accidents among male drivers 21 years of age and older in counties implementing LBD. No change in alcohol-related accidents was found for non-LBD counties. Single vehicle nighttime accidents involving male drivers under 21 did not change for either the experimental or comaprison groups. KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Night KW - North Carolina KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472263 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM. ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS JANUARY 1987 PY - 1987/01 AB - This report summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1986 regarding implementation of applicable Sections of title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act as amended. NHTSA's responsibilities in the fuel economy area are set forth, and the report goes on to consider fuel economy improvement by manufacturers, 1985 rulemaking activities, and the impact of domestic content amendment. The use of advanced technology is also considered. It is noted that several new models of passenger cars and light trucks were introduced in 1986 with better fuel economy than their predecessors due to lighter weight, improved aerodynamics, and/or new engines and transmissions. Applications of alternative materials for lighter weight continued to increase as did electronic engine controls. Overall, the fuel economy of every sector of passenger cars and light trucks improved in MY 1986. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Lightweight materials KW - Regulations KW - Technology KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496616 AU - Rood, D H AU - McCartt, A T AU - Kraichy, P P AU - Carman, J A AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NEW YORK STATE'S MANDATORY OCCUPANT RESTRAINT LAW. VOLUME IV: ENFORCEMENT AND ADJUDICATION OF VIOLATIONS OF THE LAW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 62 p. AB - This is the final report on analyses of the available 1985 enforcement and adjudication data relating to New York State's Mandatory Occupant Restraint Law. In the first year of the law there were over 30,000 violations that resulted in conviction. The number of convictions did not fluctuate substantially throughout the year. 57% were in the Upstate region, 19% were in the New York City region and 24% were in the Long Island region. 80% of the tickets resulting in a conviction were written for unrestrained drivers, 8% for adult front seat passengers, and 12% for children. Almost all convictions resulted in a fine, and 90% of the fines were $25 or less. Nearly 3/4 of the persons convicted of a seat belt violation were men, and 2/3 of those convicted were under 35 years of age. In addition, 1985 data on all safety belt violations were available for 17 counties in the State. 3/4 of the tickets were for unbelted drivers, 8% were for adult front seat passengers, and 17% were for children. Nearly 2/3 were written on routine patrol and 20% were issued during accident investigations. 15% of the tickets were dismissed and 85% resulted in conviction. Nearly half the fines paid were $10 or less. The results of primary and secondary enforcement could not be differentiated. Low secondary enforcement was evident given the observed usage rates and the number of convictions for other violations. An increase in the actual and perceived risk of enforcement should help raise compliance with the law in the future. KW - Adjudication KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Compliance KW - Convictions KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Gender KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passengers KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic conviction KW - Violations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25753/DOT-HS-807-077_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495908 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Peek, C W AU - Farnworth, M AU - Hollinger, R AU - Ingram, R AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - GENDER ROLES AND FEMALE DRINKING-DRIVING PY - 1987/01 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-21 AB - Using roadside survey data on 2044 drivers in a southern metropolitan community, the potential of gender roles for explaining the role behavior of female drinking drivers was examined. Althouth female drinking drivers are like female nondrinking driver in previous driving and drinking-driving experiences, overall they are more like male drinking drivers. Both female and male drinking drives tend to drive in similar places and to be on the roads at similar times and days. They also carry similar numbers and types of passengers. The greater similarity of female drinking drivers to male dinking drivers than to nondrinking female drivers suggests caution in leaning too heavily on gender roles as explanations of female drinking-driving behavior. KW - Behavior KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496527 AU - Hantula, L AU - Finnish Motor Insurers' Bureau TI - ROAD ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAMS: REPORT ON CASE INVESTIGATIONS IN FINLAND. FOURTH REVISED EDITION PY - 1987/01 SP - 40 p. AB - The Traffic Safety Committee of Insurance Companies (VALT), an organ within the Finnish Motor Insurers' Bureau, is responsible for the joint road safety work of Finnish insurance companies. VALT's activities include various tasks for better road safety, such as initiatives, statements and comments, and road safety promotion. An important part of its work is research. This booklet discusses some of the findings and results of the road accident investigation team work. The operation itself is also described, with an account of its development and improvements. KW - Case studies KW - Crash investigation KW - Finland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310193 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496137 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - TOMERLIN, J AU - DCI, Incorporated TI - THE CONTROVERSY OVER REAR-SEAT LAP BELTS PY - 1987/01 VL - 38 IS - 5 SP - p. 66-64, AB - The article discusses National Transportation Safety Board studies which say that rear seat lap only belts can kill, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration studies that say the same belts save lives. Cases where the lap belts did not work are described. The need for rear seat lap/shoulder belts is discused, and the need for further study and a quick resolution of the problem is indicated. Researchers should review the major data bases - FARS (Fatal Accident Reporting System), the National Accident Sampling System - not to defend past mistakes - but to resolve problems such as incomplete reporting methods, sampling error and lack of agreement between systems. NHTSA should amend Safety Standard No. 208, 'Occupant Restraints,' to require 3-point lap/shoulder belts at the rear outboard seating positions and should at least consider such a requirement for all rear seats. KW - Databases KW - Lap belts KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Research KW - Seat belts KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309368 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496172 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING WHERE THE 55-MPH SPEED LIMIT COULD BE RAISED PY - 1987/01 VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-25 AB - This is a a guide for those considering a revision to the 55-mph national maximum speed limit. These guidelines focus special attention on the criteria that might be used to identify appropriate highway segments so as to have the least detrimental impact on highway safety, and the most beneficial impact on drivers and enforcement agencies. General considerations and background data are discussed. The 5 guidelines presented refer to the following: access controled freeway segments; level of service and traffic densty; minimum segment length; engineering and traffic study; and monitoring study and analysis. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Criteria KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Level of service KW - Monitoring KW - Revisions KW - Traffic density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495815 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Horowitz, R AU - Siegel, Justin AU - Flaster, M AU - Maldonado, W E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - INJURY PATTERNS IN MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES PY - 1987/01 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - p. 167-172 AB - A retrospective pilot study of motor vehicle incident fatalities was conducted to determine what relationships exist between injuries received by deceased drivers, passengers, and a control population of pedestrians, and some of the environmental factors existing at the time of the incident. A number of correlations were established between the type and locations of injuries recieved, seat belt use, position of the injured party, and so forth. A study of this type, if performed on a large enough population, could lead to predictive models for the determination of position of the victims within a motor vehicle at the time of a fatal crash, based on a unique clustering of injuries. KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309289 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495832 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Agran, P F AU - Dunkle, D E AU - Winn, D G AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - INJURIES TO A SAMPLE OF SEATBELTED CHILDREN EVALUATED AND TREATED IN A HOSPITAL EMERGENCY ROOM PY - 1987/01 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - p. 1123-26 AB - This study provides descriptons of the types of injuries sustanied by a sample of children (0-14 years) who were using a vehicle seatbelt at the time of a motor vehicle accident and who were subsequently evaluated and treated in a hospital emergency room. The analysis indicates that in some cases injured seatbelted children were injured in circumstances in which the seatbelt could not have been protective, e.g., vehicle deformation into the child, flying glass, etc. The analysis of the remaining cases of seatbelted children suggests that there are significant variations in mechanisms of injury as well as injury patterns for different aged children. In many of the cases of injury observed in this sample, even though the child had been restrained in the adult seatbelt, the anatomic characteristics of the child prevented optional protection. The research provides further evidence for the necessity for utilizing specially designed restraints for children at least up to the ages of 10 years. KW - Age KW - Children KW - Design KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309299 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495814 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, B AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - CALIFORNIA'S DRUNK DRIVERS NOW PAY THROUGH THEIR POCKETBOOKS AS WELL AS THROUGH THE COURTS PY - 1987/01 SP - p. 58-60 AB - The article describes how state laws in California are helping drunken drivers involved in fatal accidents be convicted for murder. Examples are described of cases where the guilty driver has been convicted of second degree murder and recieved a jail sentence. Another California law authorizes government agencies to seek reimbursements up to $500 for expenses incurred in such emergency responses. It is noted that drunk driving traffic accidents cost a police department more than $500,000 (in 1985) including legal expenses, insurance, medical care and emergency response time. KW - Costs KW - Crash reports KW - Crimes KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Laws KW - Penalties KW - Reimbursable costs KW - Traffic conviction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309288 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495845 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Wood, D AU - Hoffer, M M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - TIBIAL FRACTURES IN TRAUMA IN HEAD-INJURED CHILDREN PY - 1987/01 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - p. 65-68 AB - Twenty nine tibia fractures in 28 pediatric patients with head injuries were reviewed for mechanisms of injury, age, time to healing, deformity, and functional ability. The most frequent cause was auto versus pedestrian accidents and the average patient age was 10 years. Most had major associated injuries. Fractures of the middle third of the tibia comprised 75% of the group and healed after 20 weeks. There were few deformities in this group despite the fact that most were treated by closed methods. KW - Children KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Tibia KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309302 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495787 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Pagano, C L AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - THE NEW JERSEY CHECKPOINT PROGRAM: THEN & NOW PY - 1987/01 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - p. 48-50 AB - The article describes a sobriety checkpoint program started 3 years ago as part of an aggressive DWI (driving while intoxicated) control operation that has proved successful in the areas of both traffic safety and public relations. Combined with intensified public education programs and stringent DWI penalties, the system is serving as an effective deterrent. The details of the operation of the program are described. The New Jersey State Police conduct sobriety checkpoints on a regular basis, statewide, with each of 3 road-troops operating two regular details per month. Each detail comprises two sites of about 2 hours each. The sites are recommended by each troop's traffic analyst, coordinating the state program to supplement county and municipal efforts. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Public relations KW - Sobriety checkpoints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309273 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495816 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Caplan, Y H AU - Levine, B AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EVALUATION OF THE ABBOTT TDX-RADIATIVE ENERGY ATTENUATION (REA) ETHANOL ASSAY IN A STUDY OF 1105 FORENSIC WHOLE BLOOD SPECIMENS PY - 1987/01 VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - p. 55-61 AB - A preliminary study to determine the applicability of the Abbott radiative energy attenuation (REA) method for the quantification of ethanol in whole blood specimens concluded that a larger number of samples was required to evaluate the method, particularly for use in forensic toxicology applications. In ithis study 573 blood specimens from suspected driving while intoxicated individuals (DWI) and 532 postmortem blood specimens (PM blood) were analyzed by the REA method and an headspace gas chromatographic method (GC) currently used in this laboratory. 'Negative' speciments (less than 10 mg/dL by GC) and 'positive' specimens (greater or equal to 10 mg/dL by GC) in each category were analyzed. Linear regression analysis comparing the REA values with the GC values was performed for each type of blood specimen. The equation obtained for DWI blood specimens was REA=0.943 GC plus 1.54; The equation for PM blood specimens was REA=0.980 plus 2.76. The correlation coefficient for each group was greater than 0.99. The data suggested that a limit of detection of 10 mg/dL could be applied for DWI blood specimens, while 20 mg/dL would be recommended as the limit of detection for PM blood specimens. KW - Autopsies KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Ethanol KW - Fatalities KW - Forensic medicine KW - Gas chromatography KW - Measurement KW - Nuclear radiation KW - Post mortem KW - Radiation measurement KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309290 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493556 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Hurst, P M AU - Brain Information Service TI - AMPHETAMINES AND DRIVING PY - 1987/01 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-17 AB - Controlled laboratory studies show little about the effects of amphetamines, in therapeutic doses, to arouse fear of a traffic accident hazard. The dangers of uncontrolled "spree" use are clinically obvious, so the question is to what extent such use prevails among those who are concurrently driving motor vehicles. This can only be addressed with epidemiological methods. Without the benefit of a very large case/control study it is impossible to draw a negative conclusion, even within specified geographical regions. What evidence we do have is rather overwhelmingly negative. Even those studies of accident-involved drivers that encountered numerous incidences of other psychoactive compounds revealed few instances of amphetamines or pharmacologically related substances with significant central nervous system stimulatory properties. Either spree use of amphetamines is rare in the driving population or the user population generally separates such use from driving. Either way, the public health problems with amphetamine-like compounds do not appear to entail road losses. KW - Amphetamines KW - Crashes KW - Driver impairment KW - Drug abuse KW - Epidemiology KW - Hallucinations KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mental disorders KW - Motor skills KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Risk taking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307794 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493560 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Byck, R AU - Brain Information Service TI - THE EFFECTS OF COCAINE ON COMPLEX PERFORMANCE IN HUMANS PY - 1987/01 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-12 AB - This paper reviews the scarce medical literature available on the effects of cocaine on human performance. The only information found on its involvement in accidents shows that from 1978 to 1981, out of 600 single vehicle crashes a tentative identification of cocaine was made only in two cases, and that one of 445 urines from drivers arrested for suspicion of impaired driving contained cocaine. Only two instances of experimental investigation of cocaine and human performance are reported: Freud (1885) who evaluated the effect of cocaine on himself and Fischman and Schuster (1980) who evaluated eight subjects. Both studies found no improvement in reaction-time performance. No experiments are reported with higher doses of cocaine which might be representative of modern free base smoking. Experimental literature on cocaine and motor performance or psychomotor tasks is nonexistent, as is the case with the effects of chronic cocaine consumption. KW - Cocaine KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Research KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307798 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493559 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Siegel, R K AU - Brain Information Service TI - COCAINE USE AND DRIVING BEHAVIOR PY - 1987/01 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-8 AB - The history of coca and cocaine as a stimulant for travellers and drivers has been a history of increasing doses, increasingly effective routes of administration, and increasing incidence of accidents. When the German explorer Von Tschudi traveled to Peru in 1838, he found that chewing coca enabled him to climb to 14,000 feet and keep pace with the swift wild animals. Others found that coca enabled them to walk as fast as those who were riding mules or horses. Physicians throughout the world recommended coca for tired and exhausted travellers as did Abel Ballif, president of the Touring Club of France which organized tours by walking, bicycle, railroad, yacht, horse, and automobile in the early 1900s. The contemporary use of more concentrated cocaine preparations has increased the incidence of dependency, toxicity, and accidents. While the precise interaction between cocaine and driving behavior has yet to be determined, it is clear that many effects of cocaine intoxication and withdrawal represent potential impairment for drivers. Until the rules governing these interactions can be specified, cocaine users might be advised to follow the path of their historical counterparts and walk. Besides historical information, this article includes information on the incidence of cocaine use and driving accidents, patterns of cocaine use and driving, cocaine paraphernalia for drivers, and cocaine effects relevant to driving. Case examples are given illustrating typical driving accidents in which drivers have been identified as intoxicated with cocaine. KW - Case studies KW - Cocaine KW - Crashes KW - Driver impairment KW - History KW - Impaired drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307797 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493561 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Burns, M AU - Brain Information Service TI - SOBRIETY TESTS FOR THE PRESENCE OF DRUGS PY - 1987/01 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-29 AB - In the absence of other information, law enforcement officers have tended to rely on their alcohol enforcement training for the enforcement of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). However, alcohol does not provide an acceptable model for other drugs as chemical tests do not reliably reflect the extent of impairment by drugs. In contrast to the correlation of peak BAC and peak impairment, the relationship between drug level and performance frequently is unknown or unpredictable. Further, interpretations are complicated by the effects of pharmacologically active metabolites, by the potential for performance enhancement by certain drugs at certain doses, and by issues of individual sensitivity and tolerance. It appears likely that tests for DUID will rely more heavily on behavioral or sobriety tests. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) program, which encompasses a system of training, certification, and utilization, is instructive as an example of one agency's response to the need for methods of DUID enforcement. The hallmark of the LAPD DRE approach is that symptoms are observed, and interpreted in a systematic manner. In a laboratory study of the DRE methods, DREs correctly identified placebo subjects 95% of the time, but their ratings of "intoxication" were dependent on the drug and dose level. The field evaluation data confirm that trained officers recognize the presence of a drug or drugs with a high level of accuracy. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Driver impairment KW - Drug recognition experts KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Los Angeles (California) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307799 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493558 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Walsh, J M AU - Brain Information Service TI - DRUG EFFECTS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE: NIDA RESEARCH PROGRAMS PY - 1987/01 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 31-35 AB - In 1986, approximately $65 million was appropriated for drug abuse research in the U.S. These funds were allocated across a spectrum of basic biomedical studies, clinical and behavioral pharmacology, treatment and prevention research. Approximately $9 million was targeted for marijuana research and more than $6 million for cocaine. The portion of the program directly related to drug effects on human performance was roughly $4 million or 6% of the total research dollars available. In an attempt to spend limited funds in a wise and efficient manner, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) has identified four major areas of program importance in the area of human performance. These are (a) dose-response relationships and pharmacokinetics, (b) development of performance assessment batteries, (c) simulation and field studies, and (d) productivity in the work/school environment. The details of these important areas are discussed in this paper, which also includes highlights of NIDA's current research program and comments on the future research initiatives at NIDA. KW - Cocaine KW - Dosage KW - Dose-response relationships KW - Driving simulators KW - Drug effects KW - Drugs KW - Epidemiology KW - Field studies KW - Flight simulators KW - Fund allocations KW - Human beings KW - Marijuana KW - National Institute on Drug Abuse KW - Performance KW - Pharmacologic effect KW - Research KW - Schools KW - Test procedures KW - Work environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307796 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491856 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - GREEN, J A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE TRANSPORTATION DATA CENTER--AN ACCIDENT ANALYSIS FACILITY PY - 1987/01 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 12 p. AB - To assist researchers in the traffic safety field, the Transportation Data Center at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) has amassed a significant collection of motor vehicle traffic accident records, as well as other transportation-related data sets, and has made these materials available in a computerized library. The use of this collection is enhanced by a common format and access protocol, by extensive documentation of information elements and their code values, and by a set of integrated computer software for access and preliminary analysis. Following an introduction and presentation of background information, this publication provides a detailed analysis of the Transportation Data Center's system components. KW - Crash records KW - Databases KW - Software KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490664 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - JOIN THE CELEBRATION: PROJECT GRADUATION PY - 1987/01 SP - 27 p. AB - This booklet has been developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to provide graduation party suggestions that can be followed to plan chemical-free activities. The idea of all night, chemical-free graduation parties is not new. In Oregon, high schools have sponsored such parties for graduating seniors for over 40 years. The name "Project Graduation," however, was coined only six years ago by planners in Maine, where a total of eighteen people had died during two graduation seasons due to alcohol-related crashes. Maine's first Project Graduation was such a success that high schools throughout the State adopted similar programs, and "Project Graduation" became a generic name for the chemical-free graduation parties that have started a new tradition--celebrating safely. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Guidelines KW - High school graduation parties KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490678 AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERMEDIARY PROGRAMS FIELD TEST DISSEMINATION AND EVALUATION: PROGRAM OF RESPONSIBLE ALCOHOL SERVICE INSTRUCTOR GUIDE PY - 1987/01 SP - v.p. AB - This guide provides a program of instruction in Responsible Alcohol Service. It has been prepared to enable those knowledgeable in Responsible Alcohol Service to conduct programs of instruction for servers, managers and owners of establishments in which alcohol is served. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Intoxication KW - Responsible alcohol service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490728 AU - Segal, D J AU - Kamholz, L R AU - Griffith, D G AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE COMPONENT CHARACTERIZATION, VOLUME II: DATA APPENDICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 264 p. AB - This study developed a set of data which could be used in computer crash occupant simulation models to study automobile crashworthiness. The data generated has been used to develop a data base on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's VAX 11/780 computer. The project involved the quasi static and dynamic testing of automobile instrument panels and windshields. The instrument panels of 19 vehicles were tested for their stiffness characteristics. A procedure was developed for testing windshields as they would be loaded under frontal collision conditions. The procedural study determined that only dynamic impacts properly duplicate the loading conditions found during an accident. KW - Databases KW - Frontal crashes KW - Instrument panels KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle components KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490723 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION PY - 1987/01 SP - v.p. AB - This digest which is designed for use by those interested in State laws related to alcohol and drug use and highway safety, gives the status of state laws as of January 1, 1987. The Digest consists of 3 main sections: Introduction; High interest legislation; and State law summary. The Summary is organized by State and by specific legal topics. It includes code and, where needed, case law citations. The Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. The Digest includes 2 appendices giving (1) the Uniform Vehicle Code's alcohol and drug driving offense provisions and (2) certain criteria for Federal Alcohol Incentives Grant Funds under 23 USC 408. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drugs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legislation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490729 AU - Segal, D J AU - Kamholz, L R AU - Griffith, D G AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE COMPONENT CHARACTERIZATION, VOLUME I: PROJECT RESULTS PY - 1987/01 SP - 120 p. AB - This study developed a set of data which could be used in computer crash occupant simulation models to study automobile crashworthiness. The data generated has been used to develop a data base on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's VAX 11/780 computer. The project involved the quasi static and dynamic testing of automobile instrument panels and windshields. The instrument panels of 19 vehicles were tested for their stiffness characteristics. A procedure was developed for testing windshields as they would be loaded under frontal collision conditions. The procedural study determined that only dynamic impacts properly duplicate the loading conditions found during an accident. KW - Databases KW - Frontal crashes KW - Instrument panels KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle components KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299653 ER - TY - SER AN - 00774297 JO - NASA technical memorandum ; 58275 PB - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center AU - Lichtenberg, Christopher L AU - Shores, Paul AU - Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - APPLICATION OF RADAR FOR AUTOMOTIVE COLLISION AVOIDANCE : PHASE 1 FINAL REPORT PY - 1987 SP - 2 v. AB - The purpose of this project was to investigate, delineate, develop and perform tasks related to the development of an automobile collision avoidance radar system. Items within the scope of this efforts were to: 1) review previous authors' work in this field; 2) select a suitable radar approach; 3) develop a system design; 4) perform basic analyses and observations pertinent to radar design performance, and effects; 5) fabricate and collect radar data from a data collection radar; 6) analyze and derive conclusions from the radar data; and, 7) make recommendations about the likelihood of success of the investigated radar techniques. KW - Automobile driving KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Detectors KW - Radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738709 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIFE OF THE PARTY-KEEP IT ALIVE (VHS 1/2 INCH) (VIDEO) PY - 1987 SP - n.p. AB - This video, 1/2 inch, color, 21 minutes playing time, video shows how social hosts, by assuming responsibility for the amount of alcohol guests consume, can help prevent their drinking guests from causing accidents. Through a re-enactment of one couple's party, where a friend left their home drunk and caused a serious accident, the video program demonstrates the steps to take to control alcohol consumption. The couple points out how easy it can be to spot impairment, prevent intoxication and prevent impaired driving. KW - Alcohol safety action projects KW - Alcohol usage deterrents KW - Alcohol use KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Safety programs KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738708 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETECTION AND DIVIDED ATTENTION FIELD SOBRIETY TESTING (VHS 1/2 INCH AND INSTRUCTION MANUAL) (VIDEO) PY - 1987 SP - n.p. AB - This VHS video, 1/2 inch, color, 27 minutes playing time and including an instruction manual, is a self-instructional program for law enforcement officers. The program instructs police officers in the role of enforcement in general deterrence, DWI detection phases, cues, techniques and the requirements for organizing and presenting evidence in DWI cases. KW - Drininkg drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evidence KW - Law enforcement KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/574174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716831 AU - RIEMERSMA, JBJ AU - TNO INSTITUTE FOR PERCEPTION TI - VISUAL CUES IN STRAIGHT ROAD DRIVING SN - 9090018107 PY - 1987 SP - 111 p. AB - The present study investigates what visual information a driver needs in order to be able to steer his car on a straight road. In Chapter 1 this question is addressed by reviewing the literature on control models of drivers and on the perception of egomotion. In Chapter 2 a detailed analysis is presented of the possibilities a moving observer has to perceive his own movement. The general formulation of this problem allows for a more unified discussion of earlier formulations. In Chapter 3 a laboratory experiment is described in which thresholds for the perception of two relevant dynamic visual cues are determined. These are the optical effects of lateral speed and of heading rate. In Chapter 4 an experiment is described which determines whether the proposed visual cues are actually used during straight road driving. By manipulating the visual environment and the available visual field the perceptibility of the various cues is varied and their effects on driving registered. In Chapter 5 a method is developed and tested that uncouples the perception of lateral position from that of lateral speed. The literature on motion perception suggests that direct movement perception is still possible at a 25 Hz stroboscopic occlusion rate, but not at a 5 Hz rate. However, at the latter rate the perception of position cues should still be intact. In Chapter 6 an experiment is described in which the method of stroboscopic occlusion is used during actual driving. The main result of this experiment is that information about lateral position is by itself insufficient for keeping the car between the lane boundaries. In the final chapter a general discussion of the findings is presented. The possibilities for integrating these findings in control models are discussed. Suggestions are given for the application of the results to problems of traffic safety. KW - Driving KW - Guides to the literature KW - Laboratory studies KW - Lateral placement KW - Literature reviews KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Traffic safety KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453635 ER - TY - SER AN - 00623529 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE PLANNING WITH SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS SN - 0-309-04520-7 PY - 1987 IS - 1141 SP - 49p AB - This Transportation Research Record contains the following papers: Safety of Pedestrian Crossings at Signalized Intersections, D.M. Zaidel and I. Hocherman; Issues Related to Planning for Pedestrian Needs in Central Business Districts, P. Seneviratne and P. Fraser; Guidelines for the Installation of Crosswalk Markings, S.A. Smith and R.L. Knoblauch, with Discussion by B.F. Herms and Author's Closure; Bicycles on Transit: A Review of International Experience, M. Replogle; Demographic and Energy Effects on the U.S. Demand for Bicycles, P.M. Kerr; and A Community Campaign That Increased Helmet Use Among Bicyclists (Abridgment), S.P. Berchem. KW - Bicycles KW - Central business districts KW - Communities KW - Crosswalks KW - Demographics KW - Energy consumption KW - Guidelines KW - Helmets KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Planning KW - Promotion KW - Public transit KW - Road markings KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic marking KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366388 ER -