TY - SER AN - 00623530 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - VISIBILITY FOR HIGHWAY GUIDANCE AND HAZARD DETECTION SN - 0-309-04659-9 PY - 1987 IS - 1149 SP - 76p AB - This Transportation Research Record contains the following papers: Effect of Alternative Reduced Lighting Techniques on Hazard Detection, M.S. Janoff and L.K. Staplin; Characterizing Discomfort Glare from Roadway Lighting, C.A. Bennett; Evaluation of Headlamp Systems for Nighttime Safety: Their Relationship to Retroreflective Traffic Sign Performance, R.L. Austin and H.L. Woltman; Marine Visibility Research and Development Initiatives of the U.S. Coast Guard, D. Henderson and B. May; Legibility of Freeway Guide Signs as Determined by Sign Materials, R.W. McNees and H.D. Jones; Contrast Sensitivity, Drivers' Visibility, and Vision Standards, A.P. Ginsburg; Effect of Alternate Population Mixes on Design Eye Locations in Vehicles, A.J. Arnold, R.A. Ferrara, and T.J. Kuechenmeister; Measuring Wet-Night Delineation Reflectivity, R. Dejaiffe; Use of Reflectorization to Reduce Truck-Trailer Accidents, W.J. Burger and R.L. Smith; Driver Lateral Control Performance as a Function of Delineation, H.T. Zwahlen; and Establishing a Minimum Functional Reflectance for Raised Pavement Markers, R.W. McNees. KW - Contrast KW - Contrast sensitivity KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Eye height KW - Eye location KW - Glare KW - Guide signs KW - Hazards KW - Headlamps KW - Lateral position KW - Legibility KW - Materials KW - Moisture content KW - Night KW - Performance KW - Raised reflectorized traffic markers KW - Raised road markings KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Safety KW - Spacing KW - Street lighting KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs KW - Vehicle design KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366389 ER - TY - SER AN - 00623532 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION NEEDS, PRIORITIES, AND FINANCING SN - 0-309-04504-5 PY - 1987 IS - 1124 SP - 84p AB - This Transportation Research Record contains the following papers: Development of an Industrial-Commercial Access Network: A Pennsylvania Pilot Study, D.E. Lebo and T.L. Adams; Simplified Procedures for Determining County Road Project Priorities, J.L. Shaffer and J.D. Fricker; A Microcomputer Management System for Setting Highway Priorities and Scheduling Improvements, P.D. Thompson, L.A. Neumann, and T.F. Humphrey; Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Method to Setting Priorities on Bridge Replacement Projects, M. Saito; Sensitivity Analysis of Multiple-Choice Decision Methods for Transportation, E.R. Alexander and E.A. Beimborn; Analysis and Design of Weight-Distance Taxation, T-F. Fwa and K.C. Sinha; Minnesota Freight Access Improvement Program (FAIP): A Public-Private Approach to Roadway Financing, C.D. Sanft and C.L. Selness; Sensitivity of a Highway Safety Resource Allocation Model to Variations in Benefit Computation Parameters, T. Miller, B. Whiting, B. Kragh, and C. Zegeer; A Preliminary Evaluation of Potential Sources of Revenue for Highway Finance, A.R. Kane and T.W. Cooper; and Changing Roles for State Transportation Planning: The Florida Case, G.L. Reed. KW - Analytical hierarchy process KW - Bridges KW - Decision making KW - Economic development KW - Equipment replacement KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Microcomputers KW - Needs assessment KW - Public private partnerships KW - Regional planning KW - Replacement KW - Resource allocation KW - Scheduling KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - State planning KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation KW - Weight distance taxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366391 ER - TY - SER AN - 00623531 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION LOGISTICS SN - 0-309-04473-1 PY - 1987 IS - 1120 SP - 71p AB - This Transportation Research Record contains the following papers: An Implicit Enumeration Method for LTL Network Design, B.W. Lamar and Y. Sheffi; Optimization of Group Line-Haul Operations for Motor Carriers Using Twin Trailers, J. Eckstein and Y. Sheffi; Application and Testing of the Diagonalization Algorithm for the Evaluation of Truck-Related Highway Improvements, H.S. Mahmassani, K.C. Mouskos, and C.M. Walton; Link Performance Functions for Urban Freeways with Asymmetric Car-Truck Interactions, Y.G. Kim and H.S. Mahmassani; A Methodology for Feeder-Bus Network Design, G.K. Kuah and J. Perl; Application of a Simultaneous Transportation Equilibrium Model to Intercity Passenger Travel in Egypt, K.N.A. Safwat; and Computational Experience with a Convergent Algorithm for the Simultaneous Prediction of Transportation Equilibrium, K.N.A. Safwat. KW - Algorithms KW - Design KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Equilibrium models KW - Evaluation KW - Feeder buses KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Intercity travel KW - Less than truckload traffic KW - Line haul KW - Line haul transport KW - Links KW - Links (Networks) KW - Motor carriers KW - Networks KW - Operations KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Transportation KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611064 AU - Michigan Department of State Police TI - ALCOHOL RELATED FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STUDY, MICHIGAN, JANUARY-DECEMBER 1986 PY - 1987 SP - 17 p. AB - This report presents and analyzes statistics on alcohol related fatal motor vehicle accidents in Michigan for the year 1986. Some highlights from the report are as follows: There were 721 alcohol related fatal traffic accidents out of a total of 1,466 fatal traffic accidents (49.2%) during the year 1986. Those 721 alcohol related accidents claimed a total of 813 lives, or 49.8% of the total highway fatalities. A total of 2,234 drivers were involved in fatal traffic accidents; 31.6%, or 706, of those drivers involved in fatal traffic accidents had been drinking. Of the 2,234 drivers who were involved in fatal accidents, 893 drivers, or 40.0%, had blood alcohol concentration (BAC) tests performed. Of the 893 drivers who received BAC tests, 402, or 45.0%, exceeded .10% by weight, the legal presumptive level. Young drivers, aged 24 years and under, accounted for 41.2% of all "had been drinking" drivers in fatal accidents. Younger drinking drivers had lower levels of alcohol in their blood, yet they had higher involvement in fatal accidents, strongly suggesting that young drivers are more vulnerable to traffic accidents when drinking is involved. Other statistics in this report show fatal accidents by accident type, by month, by time of day/day of week, by hazardous action, and by county. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Counties KW - Crash types KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Michigan KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610229 AU - POLAK, P H AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS: THE ATTENTION LIGHT. A LITERATURE SURVEY OF DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND THEIR EFFECT ON ROAD SAFETY IN THE NETHERLANDS PY - 1987 SP - 33 p. AB - A literature study was conducted to investigate whether it would be beneficial to introduce daytime running lights (DRL) for all motor vehicles in the Netherlands. The observations and research results reported in the literature deal with the experiences of fleet-owners and of countries which have made DRL compulsory. These results have, without exception, proved positive for road safety, even though methodological objections can be pointed out for all these studies. Taken overall, a convincing picture is presented: a potential reduction of at least 5% in the overall number of accidents and road victims. A possible unfavorable side effect for slow traffic cannot be deduced from these studies. This is a relevant question for the Netherlands, which has a large proportion of slow traffic. It seems unlikely that any negative effect will overrule the positive effect attributed to the increased visibility of motor vehicles. The recommended adaptation is a light fitted in combination with parking lights, similar to the Swedish standard. This light could also serve as an improved side light to replace the use of - often glaring - low-beam headlights in built-up areas. The main conclusion is that the introduction of DRL would have a positive effect on road safety in the Netherlands, one that would more than compensate for the costs involved. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Design KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Netherlands KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355718 ER - TY - SER AN - 00610219 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROADSIDE SAFETY FEATURES SN - 0-309-04512-6 PY - 1987 IS - 1133 SP - 61p AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Crash Test Evaluation of the Vehicle-Attenuating Terminal (V-A-T), M.E. Bronstad, K.L. Hancock, L.C. Meczkowski, and W.P. Humble; Guardrail-Bridge Rail Transition Evaluations, M.E. Bronstad, M.H. Ray, J.B. Mayer, Jr., and C.F. McDevitt; An Analysis of the Risk of Occupant Injury in Second Collisions, M.H. Ray, J.D. Michie, W. Hunter, and J. Stutts; Development of an Economic Model to Compare Median Barrier Costs, J.E. Bryden, N.J. Bruno, and J.S. Fortuniewicz; The Design of Independent Anchor Blocks for Vehicular-Impact Loadings, M.H. Ray; Structural Optimization of Strong-Post W-Beam Guardrail, D.L. Sicking and H.E. Ross, Jr.; W-Beam Approach Treatment at Bridge Rail Ends Near Intersecting Roadways, M.E. Bronstad, M.H. Ray, J.B. Mayer, Jr., and C.F. McDevitt. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Anchorage blocks KW - Anchorages KW - Bridge railings KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Energy absorption KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Hazards KW - Impact loading KW - Impact loads KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Median barriers KW - Models KW - Optimization KW - Risk assessment KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Secondary crashes KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Transition zones KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/358341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490267 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1987 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1987 SP - 46 p. AB - This is a presentation of statistical data and trends within the motorcycle industry which includes distributors of motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, scooters, mopeds, parts and accessories, and members of allied trades. This publication provides information on market volume, manufacturers and distributors, retail marketplace, motorcycle usage, motorcycle owner, and other national motorcycle organizations. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Ownership KW - Retail trade KW - Scooters KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299377 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490262 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Harms-Ringdahl, L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SAFETY ANALYSIS IN DESIGN - EVALUATION OF A CASE STUDY PY - 1987 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 305-317 AB - Safety analysis was applied in the design of a section at a paper mill. The case study involved analysis of layout, transport system, machines, and a number of different activities. The purpose of the analysis was to find measures to decrease occupational accidents. Three years after the installation was finished, the occurrence of accidents was investigated. There was a 56% decrease in the number of accidents; the number of working days lost due to accidents was diminished by 75% as compared to 4 years preceding. The results of the safety analysis were also evaluated with respect to the accidents which had occurred. The methods for safety analysis seem to have been efficient in identifying hazards. The general conclusion of the study is that safety analysis can be an effective tool to decrease occupational accident risks. KW - Crashes KW - Hazards KW - Occupational safety KW - Safety KW - Work area KW - Workplace layout UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302492 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490261 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Williams, A F AU - LUND, A K AU - Preusser, D F AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - RESULTS OF A SEAT BELT USE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLICITY CAMPAIGN IN ELMIRA, NEW YORK PY - 1987 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 243-249 AB - In New York and other states in which seat belt use laws went into effect in the mid 1980s, belt use rates surged initially, then declined. This pattern of belt use also occurred in Canadian provinces that enacted laws in the mid 1970s; special enforcement programs reversed this trend. In late 1985 a 3-week enforcement and publicity program was conducted in Elmira, New York. Belt use rates in Elmira were 49% before the program, 77% right after, and 66% 2 months later. In Glens falls, a comparison city without a program, belt use declined from 43% to 37% during this interval. In a telephone survey after the campaign, Elmira respondents were more likely to say the belt use law was being strictly enforced and were more favorable toward it, compared to Glens Falls respondents. These data indicate that enforcement/publicity programs are an important method for increasing compliance with belt use laws. KW - Before and after studies KW - Compliance KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490311 AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - WISCONSIN ACCIDENT FACTS 1986 PY - 1987 SP - 33 p. AB - Statistics are presented on the following: general facts; economic loss; reporting agency; 10 year summaries; mileage death rates; fatal accidents by year/month; 3 year summaries; traffic accidents by month; types of motor vehicle accidents; blood alcohol content of driver fatalities; accidents by highway system and county; accidents by county and severity; holiday fatalities; environmental and roadway conditions type of motor vehicles; time of occurrence/urban-rural; age of drivers; drinking drivers; drinking drivers by age; contributing circumstances; motorcycle accidents; persons killed by age and type of accident; pedestrians involved; speed citations; and highway class and urban/rural. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Classification KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Holidays KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrians KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601349 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - WHITE PAPER ON TRANSPORTATION SAFETY IN JAPAN '87. ABRIDGED EDITION PY - 1987 SP - 76 p. AB - This publication contains three sections which are referred to as books. Book 1 examines trends in traffic accidents in Japan and the promotion of safety measures, including the full use of seat belts, preventive measures for accidents with two-wheeled vehicles, and traffic accident prevention measures for the elderly. Book 2 discusses the traffic accident situation in Japan in 1986. Statistics are presented on road, railway, marine and aviation traffic accidents. Book 3 covers traffic safety measures that were implemented in FY 1986 in Japan. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Air transportation KW - Crashes KW - Japan KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Two wheeled vehicles KW - Utilization KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601345 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1986 PY - 1987 SP - 41 p. AB - This publication contains traffic accident statistics for the state of Arizona for the year 1986. The contents are organized as follows: Highlights and historical trends; Geographic location (Accidents by state highways, counties, cities); Accident description (First harmful event, time, day, month, weather, and road conditions); Motor vehicle and driver characteristics (Vehicle type, registration, age, sex of drivers, accident causes); Alcohol-related accidents (Age, sex of drivers, history, type of accident, location); Pedestrian and pedalcyclist accidents (Age, sex of victims, actions, history); and Motorcycle accidents (Age, sex of victims, time, day, month, accident type). KW - Age KW - Arizona KW - Bicycles KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Road conditions KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344454 ER - TY - SER AN - 00600551 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PAVEMENT EVALUATION AND REHABILITATION SN - 0-309-04470-7 PY - 1987 IS - 1117 SP - 176p AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Determination of Layer Moduli Using a Falling Weight Deflectometer, N.A. Ali and N.P. Khosla; Evaluation of Effect of Uncrushed Base Layers on Pavement Performance, E.G. Johnson and R.G. Hicks; The Effect of Contact Area Shape and Pressure Distribution on Multilayer Systems Response, J. Uzan and A. Sides; Sensitivity Analysis of Selected Backcalculation Procedures, T. Rwebangira et al; Performance of a Full-Scale Pavement Design Experiment in Jamaica, J. Rolt et al; Subsealing and Load Transfer Restoration, R.J. Roman et al; Development of a Demonstration Prototype Expert System for Concrete Pavement Evaluation, K.T. Hall et al; Numerical Assessment of Pavement Test Sections, T. Krauthammer and H. Khanlarzadeh; Development of a Distress Index and Rehabilitation Criteria for Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements Using Discriminant Analysis, C-P. Chou and B.F. McCullough; A Mechanistic Model for Thermally Induced Reflection Cracking of Portland Cement Concrete Pavement with Reinforced Asphalt Concrete Overlay, K. Majidzadeh et al; New Mexico Study of Interlayers Used in Reflective Crack Control, V.M. Lorenz; Status of the South Dakota Profilometer, D.L. Huft et al; Incorporating the Effects of Tread Pattern in a Dynamic Tire Excitation Mechanism, T.G. Clapp and A.C. Eberhardt; External Methods for Evaluating Shock Absorbers for Road Roughness Measurements, J.C. Wambold et al; Factor Analysis of Pavement Distresses for Surface Condition Predictions, J.J. Hajek and R.C.G. Haas; Development of a Utility Evaluation for Nondestructive Testing Equipment Used on Asphalt Concrete Pavements, S.M. Stoffels and R.L. Lytton; Estimating the Life of Asphalt Overlays Using Long-Term Pavement Performance Data, J.J. Hajek et al; Present Serviceability-Roughness Correlations Using Rating Panel Data, R.K. Moore et al; Video Image Distress Analysis Techniques for Idaho Transportation Department Pavement Management System, J. Baker et al; Acceptability of Shock Absorbers for Road Roughness Measuring Trailers, B.T. Kulakowski et al. KW - Aggregates KW - Backcalculation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Contact area KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental roads KW - Expert systems KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Load transfer KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Numerical analysis KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Prototypes KW - Rehabilitation KW - Restoration KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Shape KW - Subsealing KW - Test sections KW - Uncrushed aggregate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348145 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00600550 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION ECONOMICS: ISSUES AND IMPACTS SN - 0-309-04467-7 PY - 1987 IS - 1116 SP - 96p AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Ranking Highway Construction Projects: Comparison of Benefit-Cost Analysis with Other Techniques, W.F. McFarland and J.L. Memmott; Analysis of the Impact of Interest Rates on Automobile Demand, F.L. Mannering; The Value of Travel Time: New Elements Developed Using a Speed Choice Model, W.F. McFarland and M. Chui; Economic Efficiency Implications of Optimal Highway Maintenance Policies for Private Versus Public Highway Owners, D. Geltner and R. Ramaswamy; Economic Factors of Developing Fine Schedules for Overweight Vehicles in Texas, M.A. Euritt; Regional Economic Impacts of Local Transit Financing Alternatives: Input-Output Results for Portland, J.G. Strathman and K.J. Dueker; Benefit Analysis for Sketch Planning of Highway Improvements, J.M. Witkowski; Dynamic Highway Impacts on Economic Development, D. Eagle and Y.J. Stephanedes; Measuring the Regional Transportation Benefits and Economic Impacts of Airports, S.E. Butler and L.J. Kiernan; The Oak Lawn Area Transportation Management Plan: A Public-Private Partnership, P.J. Loukissas, J.D. Carrara, Jr., and G.L. Brosch; The Economics of Reducing the Size of the Local Rural Road System, C.A. Hamlett, G.R. Pautsch, S.B. Miller, and C.P. Baumel; and Condition Assessment and Improvement Needs of Locally Maintained Arterial and Collector Highways in Wisconsin, D.M. Walker and C.L. Thiede. U1 - 66th Annual Meeting of the Transportation BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19870112 EndDate:19870115 KW - Airports KW - Automobiles KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Benefits KW - Construction projects KW - Demand KW - Economic development KW - Economic factors KW - Economic impacts KW - Economics KW - Financing KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Interest rates KW - Load limits KW - Nationalization KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Ownership KW - Policy KW - Present value KW - Public transit KW - Ratings KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel time KW - Value UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1987/1116/1116.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486854 AU - Klitzner, M AU - Rossiter, C AU - Gruenwald, P AU - Balinsky, M AU - Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERMINANTS OF YOUTH ATTITUDES AND SKILLS TOWARDS WHICH DRINKING/DRIVING PREVENTION PROGRAMS SHOULD BE DIRECTED; FINAL REPORT. REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER 1984-APRIL 1987 PY - 1987 SP - 165 p. AB - The results are presented of a multi-component study which developed recommendations to improve strategies to prevent youth drinking and driving and riding with impaired drivers. Phase 1 of the study explored the underlying assumptions, premises, objectives, activities and outcomes of existing prevention programs nationwide. Phase 2 gathered additional data based on the findings of Phase 1 that would determine the validity of the program assumptions and premises identified in Phase 1; and identified additional attitudes and skills necessary for the development of DWI avoidance behaviors in youth. The methods and results of Phase 1 are discussed in two previous Department of Transportation Publications (DOT HS 806 903 and DOT HS 806 904). The report focuses on the methods and results of Phase 2. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25755/DOT-HS-807-130_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496473 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JULY 1, 1987 TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1987 PY - 1987 SP - 48 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during the third quarter of 1987 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496532 AU - Gardner, P L AU - Monash University AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - SCIENCE AND THE ROAD: AN EVALUATION SN - 0-7306-0287-7 PY - 1987 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes a quasi-experimental comparison of users and non-users of the RTA instructional materials, "Science and the Road," comprising two Units - a Driver unit and a Vehicle unit. The sample for this study consisted of (mostly) Year 10 students in 14 secondary schools (high, technical and independent) situated in inner and outer suburban areas of Melbourne and in a Victorian provincial city. Most schools provided data for evaluating either the Driver or the Vehicle unit; a few schools participated in both. The experimental group consisted of classes which had studied the unit; the control group consisted of classes (mostly, but not always, in the same school) which had at that time of year not yet embarked upon that unit. The main findings were that the Driver unit had a highly significant effect on Knowledge; the Vehicle unit had a lesser but still significant effect on Knowledge when the individual student was used as the unit of analysis; however, this usage effect was not consistent across schools. Neither unit had a significant effect on students' attitudes. Further analysis yielded a very strong gender effect for attitudes: females display a much more cautious, socially responsible attitude than males. However, a reverse effect is found for Vehicle Knowledge, with males outperforming females. KW - Attitudes KW - Australia KW - Driver education KW - Evaluation KW - High schools KW - Knowledge UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312365 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496546 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Golob, T F AU - Recker, W W AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AN ANALYSIS OF TRUCK-INVOLVED FREEWAY ACCIDENTS USING LOG-LINEAR MODELING PY - 1987 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 121-136 AB - Log-linear modeling is advanced as a procedure to identify factors that underlie the relative frequency of occurrence of various accident characteristics, such as accident type, location, and severity. The method is centered on the estimation of saturated log-linear models for pairs of accident variables and determination of indices of association between categories of the variables. Using data drawn from more than 9,000 truck-involved accidents that occurred over a 2-year period on freeways in three metropolitan counties in Southern California, the method is demonstrated by analyzing accident characteristics both by type and by freeway route segment. Accidents by collision type are analyzed relative to characteristics such as the primary collision factor, the location of the accident, the time period, road conditions, and weather conditions. Differences among 38 specific freeway segments in terms of accident characteristics are also analyzed. The results of the analyses indicate that the method is a useful tool in uncovering underlying patterns in accident characteristics. KW - Characteristics KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Freeways KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Patterns KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312576 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495910 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Haaga, J AU - American Public Health Association TI - CHILDREN'S SEATBELT USAGE: EVIDENCE FROM THE NATIONAL HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY PY - 1987 VL - 76 IS - 12 SP - p. 1425-27 AB - Data from the 1981 Child Health Supplement to the National Health Interview Survey were used to examine relationships between family and child characteristics and regular use of seatbelts or child restraints. Only for a third of children less than 7 years old was regular setbelt use reported. They were more likely to be used for infants and younger children than for older children; for a given child's age, older mothers were more likely to report seatbelt use by their children. Hispanics and Blacks reported lower rates of seatblt use than White non-Hispanics, and usage rates were higher when mothers had more education. In a multivariate analysis, the effects of race, ethnicity, family income, urban residence, and child's age remained. A positive association with reported seatbelt use was found for such health-promoting behaviors as breastfeeding and abstinence from smoking during pregnancy. KW - Age KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Income KW - Manual safety belts KW - Parents KW - Race KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496164 AU - Swedish Motor Vehicle Inspection Company TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS 1987 PY - 1987 SP - 141 p. AB - This is a statistical report of the results of annual vehicle inspections which is intended to give authorities, manuacturers, garages, and vehicle owners and buyers facts revealed by the inspections. In addition to an over-all review of the inspections of the different kinds of vehicles, the report contains detailed information about 49 different car types varying from 2 to 12 years old when inspected. KW - Automobiles KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306093 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496545 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION DEVICE EFFECTIVENESS--SOME CONCEPTUAL CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1987 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 137-144 AB - General conceptual considerations which apply to all occupant protection devices are examined formally to help clarify thinking about potential effectiveness of devices for which empirical estimates cannot be made due to the absence of any, or sufficient, field data. By considering hypothetical functions relating to the crash process, it is shown how overall field effectiveness of occupant protection devices depends on two elements. First, the specific dependence of effectiveness on severity in crashes, which flows from the engineering of the device and its relation to human biomechanics; this could, in principle, be determined in the laboratory. Second, the actual distribution of crashes by severity (and type) that occurs in real traffic; this cannot be determined in the laboratory. These considerations offer insights into why the actual effectiveness of occupant protection devices in preventing fatalities, as recently determined empirically from field data for car occupants (front and rear) and motorcycle riders, may be lower than expected based on laboratory tests. KW - Biophysics KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Helmets KW - Laboratory tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312575 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496547 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Miller, T A AU - Hoskin, A F AU - Yalung-Mathews, D H AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A PROCEDURE FOR ANNUALLY ESTIMATING WAGE LOSSES DUE TO ACCIDENTS IN THE U.S. PY - 1987 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 101-119 AB - The demand for accident cost information has increased in recent times as safety professionals seek to compare accident costs with other societal problems. Addressing one component of accident costs, this study proposes a procedure for estimating the cost of lost wages due to accidents with separate estimates generated for motor vehicle, work, home, and public accidents, as well as the overall total. Estimates were developed from data that can be updated annually so that cost estimates can be kept current. Deaths, permanent disabilities, and temporary disabilities of workers were included as part of the framework. In addition, the value of homemaker services lost due to accidents was estimated. The procedure utilized the "human capital" approach, whereby the discounted present value of lost future earnings is taken as the appropriate measure of the productivity loss to society due to accidents. Other cost estimating approaches were discussed. Using this procedure, it was estimated that accidental injuries resulted in $31.1 billion in wage losses in 1985, about 1.6% of all wages and salaries paid in that year. KW - Accident costs KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Estimates KW - Estimating KW - Wages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312577 ER - TY - SER AN - 00496549 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS, VISIBILITY FACTORS, AND MOTORIST INFORMATION NEEDS SN - 0-309-04463-4 PY - 1987 IS - 1111 SP - 155 p. AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Video Collision Reconstruction Using Physical Evidence, Z.M. Gorski, A. German, and E.S. Nowak; Analysis of High-Hazard Locations: Is an Expert Systems Approach Feasible?, G.S. Spring, J. Collura, and P.W. Shuldiner; Safety Implications of Truck Configuration, O. Carsten; Relationships Between Vertical and Horizontal Roadway Alignments and the Incidence of Fatal Rollover Crashes in New Mexico and Georgia, P. Zador, H. Stein, J. Hall, and P. Wright; Evaluation of Opportunity-Based Accident Rate Expressions, M. Plass and W.D. Berg; Demonstration of Regression Analysis with Error in the Independent Variable, R.M. Weed and R.T. Barros; Validation of a Nonautomated Speed Data Collection Methodology, F.R. Hanscom; Standard Target Contrast: A Visibility Parameter Beyond Luminance to Evaluate the Quality of Roadway Lighting, F.W. Jung and A. Titishov; A Method of Calculating the Effective Intensity of Multiple-Flick Flashtube Signals, M.B. Mandler and J.R. Thacker; Evaluation of Alternative Sign-Lighting Systems to Reduce Operating and Maintenance Costs, J.E. Upchurch and J.T. Bordin; Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Crash Cushion Delineation, F.T. Creasey, C.L. Dudek, and R.D. Huchingson; Special Traffic Control to Meet Motorist Information Needs on Long, Steep Grades, J.L. Henderson, E.M. Wilson, G.A. Dale, and C.L. Scrivanich; Advisory Speed Signs and Curve Signs and Their Effect on Driver Eye Scanning and Driving Performance, H.T. Zwahlen; Alternatives to Enforcement in Modifying the Speeding Behavior of Drivers, S. Maroney and R. Dewar; Excess Travel: Causes, Extent, and Consequences, G.F. King and T.M. Mast; A Study of Route Selection from Highway Maps (Abridgment), G.F. King and A.K. Rathi; and CRASH Revisited: Additions to Its Clarity, Generality, and Utility, A.G. Fonda. KW - Alignment KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Data collection KW - Delineation KW - Effectiveness KW - Errors KW - Expert systems KW - Fatalities KW - Grades KW - High risk locations KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Lighting systems KW - Luminous intensity KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multiple-flick flashtube signals KW - Regression analysis KW - Rollover crashes KW - Sign lighting systems KW - Signs KW - Size KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic control KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vertical alignment KW - Videotapes KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495953 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES PY - 1987 SP - 32 p. AB - Information is presented on motor vehicle safety defect recall campaigns for the first quarter of 1987. Domestic vehicles are covered as well as foreign vehicles. Domestic equipment is covered as well as domestic tires. KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496633 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHLIGHTS -- NATIONAL TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM CONFERENCE, RESTON, VIRGINIA, JUNE 1-5, 1987 PY - 1987 SP - 25 p. AB - The National Traffic Safety Program Conference Keynote Address was given by Diane Steed, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. She outlined the purpose of the conference: to get to know each other and to improve communications so that regional and headquarters personnel can make better use of resources; to look at the fundamental issues and determine what's good for highway safety in the long run; and to develop a common understanding about where we are, where we want to go and how to address the challenges we face in getting there. Her address examined the context of the conference, overall goals and program priorities, occupant protection, alcohol programs, speed enforcement, emergency medical services, public health, information sharing, and goal accomplishment. NHTSA's Community Traffic Safety Programs (CTSP) were the subject of a special presentation on the first day of the conference by the CTSP task force. Subsequent conference topics were those outlined in the Keynote Address. This document contains highlights from the Keynote Address and the other conference presentations. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Law enforcement KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Public health KW - Public relations KW - Speed limits KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495774 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - HIGHWAY FACT BOOK 1986 PY - 1987 SP - 24 p. AB - This is an annual publication that is a handy reference for persons interested in highway transportation and traffic safety. The information provided here covers major road and street pavement conditions; dedication of highway user taxes; road & street mileage & and travel; gasoline use per capita; sources of Federal Highway Trust Fund Money; sources of highway funds; gasohol facts; truck routes; traffic deaths and costs; fuel taxes; alcohol and seat belt use; alcohol and traffic accidents; commuting; demographic facts; federal contribution of personal travel; gasoline prices; highway freight transportation; auto and truck travel; highway expenditures; and sources of emissions. KW - Commuting KW - Demographics KW - Evaluation KW - Expenditures KW - Fatalities KW - Freight transportation KW - Gasohol KW - Highway transportation KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highway user taxation KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Pollutants KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00484578 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES (11TH) HELD AT WASHINGTON, D.C. ON MAY 12-15, 1987 PY - 1987 SP - 944 p. AB - Contents: Section 1: opening ceremonies. Section 2: government status reports. Section 3: results of the international experimental safety vehicle program. Section 4: technical sessions (occupant protection for side impact, accident investigation and data analysis, biomechanics and dummy development, crash avoidance, occupant protection for frontal impact, heavy duty vehicle safety). reports. KW - Biophysics KW - Conferences KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash investigation KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Safety vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493555 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE THEFT REPORT: PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES. 1984, 1985, AND 1986 MODELS PY - 1987 SP - 53 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance theft losses involving 1984, 1985, and 1986 model year passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. The report is based on comprehensive coverage and theft loss data supplied by 13 insurers. The results presented in this report include the complete spectrum of theft losses occurring under comprehensive coverage ranging from the theft of items from the vehicle to the theft of the vehicle itself. A complete list of the individual vehicle series included in this report is contained in Appendix A and definitions are provided in Appendix B. KW - Automobiles KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304647 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493539 JO - Health Education Quarterly PB - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated AU - Simons-Morton, B G AU - Brink, S AU - Bates, D AU - John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated TI - EFFECTIVENESS AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATIONS AND INCENTIVES IN INCREASING SAFETY BELT USE PY - 1987 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - p. 167-179 AB - The Safety Belt Connection Project was a worksite health promotion project conducted at a medical school and hospital complex to test the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of four treatment conditions (TCs): TC1, Persuasive Communications (PCs) alone; TC2, PCs plus overt monitoring; TC3, PCs plus incentives; and TC4, PCs plus incentives and prompts. Parking lots were randomized to treatment condition. A community traffic intersection served as a comparison group. Trained observers recorded safety belt use rates (SBURs) of subjects (front seat occupants) over a two-week period at baseline and after a four-week period of intervention. Results were analyzed by chi-square comparisons of pre-treatment and post-treatment SBURs. At baseline, significant differences in SBURs between treatment groups were observed. Significant pre-to-post differences were found for TC3 and TC4: the SBUR in TC3 went from 18.3% to 38.4% (p less than 0.001) and the SBUR in TC4 went from 16.9% to 44.8% (p less than 0.001). Both TC3 and TC4 were effective, but TC4 cost 2.6 times more per person influenced to wear their safety belt. KW - Before and after studies KW - Chi square test KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Incentives KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Promotion KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307784 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493553 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Jones, B AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - OREGON'S HABITUAL TRAFFIC OFFENDER PROGRAM: AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LICENSE REVOCATION PY - 1987 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-26 AB - This report presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of license revocation for habitual offenders. Drivers whose licenses were revoked were compared with a similar group of drivers whose licenses were not revoked. All revoked drivers had significantly fewer nonmajor violations than did the control drivers. Revoked drivers who received the revocation notice (47%) also had significantly fewer accidents and major violations. Moreover, revoked drivers demonstrated a significant change in the pattern of violation types after revocation. It was concluded that: (a) revocation seems to be an effective way to deter habitual traffic offenders, because habitual offenders whose licenses are revoked have fewer traffic involvements than would be expected if they were not revoked; (b) license revocation would be more effective if the rate of delivery of the revocation notice was higher; and (c) even though many habitual offenders drive illegally after revocation, there is evidence that improved driving behavior, as well as reduced exposure, contributes to the effectiveness of the program. KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Effectiveness KW - Habitual traffic violator KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Revocation KW - Traffic violators KW - Warning letters KW - Warnings (Police operations) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493583 AU - Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles TI - 1986 FLORIDA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1987 SP - 47 p. AB - This publication contains statistics on traffic accidents in Florida for the year 1986. Compared to 1985, there was a 3% decrease in traffic accidents investigated and reported, a 0.1% increase in traffic fatalities, and a 0.1% increase in injuries. 57% of the traffic fatalities and 16% of the traffic accidents were alcohol-related. In the reported cases, 46% of the persons involved in motor vehicle accidents were not using safety equipment. 60% of all accidents occurred in urban areas; however, 59% of all traffic fatalities occurred in rural areas. 21% of all traffic fatalities were pedestrians. The total property damage resulting from traffic accidents was estimated at $630,733,212. Further details are provided concerning time of accidents, driver age and sex, child injuries and fatalities, bicyclist fatalities, pedestrian fatalities and injuries, and accident location. Trends are presented in some of the areas covered. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Florida KW - Gender KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Loss and damage KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304682 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493532 JO - RUBBER DEVELOPMENTS AU - Tan, G AU - Rubber Producers' Research Association TI - FIXING DEVICE MAKES SPEED BUMPS SAFER PY - 1987 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - p. 4-6 AB - The Speedstopper sleeping policeman is a type of rubber ramp laid across roads to slow down traffic. Although such ramps are very effective, they can be dangerous if not seen when visibility is poor. To combat this, their designer and supplier, Hazard Warning Systems Limited of Birmingham, decided to fit high-visibility fluorescent strips of PVC on either side of the speed bumps. The PVC strips, however, tended to loosen and shift laterally. Adhesives proved unsatisfactory. Finally, the Rawlnut, a multi-purpose fixing made by the Rawlplug Company, UK, came to the rescue. A Rawlnut consists of a tough natural rubber sleeve with a specially ribbed non-ferrous nut bonded in one end and a moulded external flange at the other. Six Rawlnuts per 5 m length of Speedstopper (three on either side), proved to be a satisfactory answer; their tough, resilient natural rubber bodies were able to withstand the severe vibration without loss of holding efficiency. KW - Fluorescent strips KW - Rawlnuts KW - Rubber ramps KW - Speed control KW - Speed control devices KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307777 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493554 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Geller, E S AU - Rudd, J R AU - Kalsher, M J AU - Streff, F M AU - Lehman, G R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - EMPLOYER-BASED PROGRAMS TO MOTIVATE SAFETY BELT USE: A REVIEW OF SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS PY - 1987 VL - 18 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-17 AB - This article reviews the procedures and results of 28 different programs at nine work settings that increased employees' use of vehicle safety belts from a minimum gain of 12% over baseline to a maximum gain of 285%. A total of 244,543 vehicle observations were made to assess shoulder belt use before, during, and after the various programs. Several program evaluations included follow-up observations from 6 months to 18 months after the safety belt campaign ended. Four basic types of employee programs were compared with regard to both immediate and long-term impact: (a) direct and immediate rewards, (b) direct and delayed rewards, (c) indirect and delayed rewards, and (d) awareness/commitment strategies that involved no extrinsic rewards. Each program was practical for its particular location and substantially increased the use of safety belts by targeted employees. Safety belt use declined markedly when the programs were terminated, but postprogram levels rarely got as low as preprogram baseline. Consistent with theories of intrinsic motivation and minimal justification, the amount of residual impact was greater for those programs that did not involve extrinsic rewards. Five conclusions are particularly important and provocative: (a) Safety belt use at corporations and institutions can be prominently increased by practical cost-effective procedures; (b) significant residual effects of safety belt promotion remain long after program termination; (c) gains in safety belt use can be increased with intermittent programs; (d) further research is needed to determine optimal scheduling of various program strategies for response maintenance and generalization; and (e) the advantages and disadvantages of using extrinsic rewards compared to no rewards for safety belt promotion require additional study. KW - Effectiveness KW - Employers KW - Incentives KW - Long term KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Promotion KW - Rewards KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493565 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '87 SN - 0317050809 PY - 1987 SP - 99 p. AB - This annual report presents facts and figures on passenger cars, motor trucks, and motor buses for 1987. The contents are organized as follows: Overview; Production, Sales and Registrations; Ownership and Usage; and Economic and Social Impact. An Index is provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Economic impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491855 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - COMPARING AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES SINCE 1972 PY - 1987 SP - 24 p. AB - The Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI), a non-profit research organization closely associated with the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, collects and analyzes insurance data and publishes statistical findings about the number and extent of losses (injury, collision or vehicle damage, and theft) associated with most popular cars, light trucks, and vans. Since its incorporation in 1972, HLDI has been the principal source of public information about motor vehicle insurance losses. This publication provides information on the kinds of statistics HLDI reports and discusses the following topics: the wide variations in claim frequencies; the collision claim experience by size of car; theft losses; factors affecting insurance losses (e.g., antitheft devices, vehicle defects, etc.); safety belts, use laws, and automatic restraints; automobile bumper strength; and how HLDI findings are computed. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Bumpers KW - Highway loss data institute KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Laws KW - Loss and damage KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Statistics KW - Theft KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303909 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491826 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - MAGNUSSON, G AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - MEASUREMENT OF DYNAMIC WHEEL LOAD PY - 1987 IS - 279A SP - 29 p. AB - The Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute has on behalf of the Transport Research Commission of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences carried out measurements of the dynamic rear wheel load on uneven roads of two buses with different suspension systems. The aim was to validate a mathematical vehicle model developed by Volvo. The dynamic wheel load is determined as the sum of the static wheel load and the product of the wheel spring rate and the standard deviation of the axle height when driving on uneven road sections. KW - Buses KW - Dynamic loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Suspension systems KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491854 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - THE YEAR'S WORK 1986 PY - 1987 SP - 24 p. AB - This publication examines the activities of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and its companion organization, the Highway Loss Data Institute, regarding highway safety research and accomplishments during 1986. Areas covered include the following: speed limits; drinking and driving; reducing crash injuries; repairing crash damage; collision tests; children in crashes; automobile bumpers; large trucks; and Federal Safety Acts. KW - Bumpers KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway loss data institute KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Legislation KW - Loss and damage KW - Research KW - Speed limits KW - Testing KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491847 AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - BIKESAFE 86: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL BICYCLE SAFETY CONFERENCE, NEWCASTLE, AUSTRALIA, 30 APRIL TO 2 MAY 1986 SN - 0-644-06121-9 PY - 1987 SP - 636 p. AB - This publication records the proceedings and papers of the National Bicycle Safety Conference - Bikesafe 86, sponsored by the Federal Department of Transport and held in Newcastle from 29 April to 2 May 1986. Participants included representatives of Federal, State and Local Governments concerned with bicycle safety, members of various cycling groups and manufacturers and retailers involved in the bicycle industry. Session topics included the following: bicycle safety - current knowledge; bicycle safety - State and Territory initiatives; bicycle user group proposals; education and encouragement; legislation and engorcement; bicycle safety - youth perspective; equipment; and engineering. KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Conferences KW - Cyclists KW - Education KW - Helmets KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Safety KW - Traffic engineering KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303900 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491831 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - CARDEBRING, P AU - Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute TI - COMPANY AND PERSONAL BUSINESS CAR OWNERSHIP PY - 1987 IS - 305A SP - 41 p. AB - Car ownership by companies and personal businesses has been investigated at the Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute as part of the development of a forecasting model for car ownership. In 1985, 261,000 cars were owned by companies (cars in use) and 262,700 by personal businesses, each representing little less than 9% of the total number of cars. The number of leased cars amounted to almost 130,000 of which 80% were leased by companies. The companies' share of new registrations was 38% and of personal businesses 7%. The most car intensive sector for companies (number of cars per employee) was the Wholesale and Retail trade sector, and for personal businesses it was the Agriculture and Forestry sector. KW - Agriculture KW - Automobile ownership KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Forecasting KW - Forestry KW - Private enterprise KW - Rental cars KW - Retail trade KW - Sweden KW - Wholesalers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490667 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES: JANUARY 1, 1986 TO DECEMBER 31, 1986 PY - 1987 SP - 132 p. AB - This report contains the recall campaigns that were issued in calendar year 1986 for domestic and foreign motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. There were a total of 139 recall campaigns involving 1,730,657 domestic motor vehicles, 35 recall campaigns involving 1,149,029 foreign motor vehicles, 31 recall campaigns involving 787,567 units of domestic equipment, 1 recall campaign involving 551,940 units of foreign equipment, and 14 recall campaigns involving 164,133 domestic tires. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490744 AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS. 1987 EDITION SN - 0-87912-137-8 PY - 1987 SP - 104 p. AB - This booklet presents a detailed analysis of accidents related to work, occupational health, motor vehicles, public, home, farm, school, and environmental health. An introductory chapter covers all accidents in general with particular reference to deaths and injuries, costs of accidents, the National Health Interview Survey and other trends. Statistical information is presented in tables. KW - Accident costs KW - Accounting KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Occupational safety KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478349 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMERCIAL VEHICLE ENFORCEMENT: A GUIDE FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT MANAGERS PY - 1987 SP - 57 p. AB - The purpose of the document is to provide a resource for law enforcement agencies to evaluate their programs, and to promote the uniform application of concepts already shown to be effective in other jurisdictions, which identify and address commercial vehicle traffic safety needs. KW - Agencies KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Evaluation KW - Government agencies KW - Manuals KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490044 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Coate, D AU - GROSSMAN, M AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - CHANGE IN ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE PRICES AND LEGAL DRINKING AGES: EFFECTS ON YOUTH ALCOHOL USE AND MOTOR VEHICLE MORTALITY PY - 1987 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - p. 22-25 AB - This article presents the first set of estimates of the responsiveness of youth alcohol use and motor vehicle death rates to variations in the price of alcohol. In addition, it examines the sensitivity of these two outcome measures to changes in the legal drinking age. Findings indicate that the use of alcohol by youths (teenagers and young adults) declines when either the price of alcoholic beverages or the legal drinking age increases. In statistical terms, youth alcohol consumption is inversely related at a statistically significant level to beverage price and legal minimum drinking age. Price and legal drinking age are particularly important as determinants of beer consumption. Data analysis through multiple regression indicates a statistically significant decline in the motor vehicle accident mortality rate with the effects of a real beer tax for youths aged 15 through 17, 18 through 20, and 21 through 24. Also, changes in the minimum drinking age produced statistically significant inverse effects on accident mortality for youths aged 18 to 20. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Beer KW - Fatalities KW - Legal drinking age KW - Mortality rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prices KW - Statistical analysis KW - Taxation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490270 AU - Bete (Channing L.) Company, Incorporated TI - HOW ALCOHOL AND DRUGS AFFECT YOUR DRIVING SKILLS PY - 1987 SP - 15 p. AB - This is a booklet which could be used in alcohol and drug education programs. It provides educational information on how alcohol and drugs affect driving skills, how one could be a safe driver, and on why alcohol is a major killer on our roads. It discusses how many drinks can affect driving skills, and how drugs interfere with driving skills. It ends with a note on how to be aware of impaired drivers, and what actions should be taken to avoid such drivers. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299381 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490038 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Kadell, D AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPACTS OF THE HOME INSTRUCTION/POINT REDUCTION INCENTIVE (HI/PRI) PROGRAM PY - 1987 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 149-178 AB - The California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) implemented and evaluated a pilot driver improvement program involving the withholding ("masking") from public inspection of one conviction from the driving record of qualifying drivers. To qualify for masking, the driver had to complete and return a mailed, self-administered test and remain free of traffic convictions and accidents for a period of 6 months after selection into the program. This Home Instruction/Point Reduction Incentive (HI/PRI) countermeasure was developed in two distinct versions: The Speed HI/PRI was designed for multiple violators of the 55 Maximum Speed Law (MSL), and the Negligent Operator (Neg-Op) HI/PRI included general traffic safety material as well. The multiple 55-MSL violators were assigned at random to either the Speed HI/PRI or a no-contact comparison group. The negligent operators were assigned at random to one of four conditions: the Neg-Op HI/PRI, the existing DMV group educational meeting, a modified group meeting incorporating 55-MSL issues, or a no-contact comparison group. The Speed HI/PRI and Neg-Op HI/PRI were each estimated to be cost-beneficial on the basis of accidents prevented. In addition, the Neg-Op HI/PRI had a larger estimated effect on accidents and lower cost than the group meeting countermeasures, which were also cost-beneficial. The coverage of 55-MSL issues in the group meeting did not appear to influence its effect in reducing either accidents or convictions. All of the countermeasures appeared to reduce subsequent convictions. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Incentives KW - Negligence KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490100 AU - Utah Department of Transportation TI - TRAFFIC ON UTAH HIGHWAYS 1987 PY - 1987 SP - 239 p. AB - The data contained in this traffic report represents the annual average daily traffic volumes on road sections of varying lengths on Utah State Highways, Federal-Aid Primary Highways not on the State System, Federal-Aid Urban Local Highways and Federal-Aid Secondary Local Highways. Since there are approximately 7,100 miles of roads in the highway systems described and with only limited traffic counting stations it is not feasible to obtain counts at every section of road every year. Therefore, it is often necessary to rely on previous years counts, updated from permanent station data, area count data or from statewide increases. Some traffic count information is also used when provided by cities, counties, etc. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Average annual traffic KW - Average daily traffic KW - Federal aid highways KW - State highways KW - Traffic counts KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299350 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00490066 JO - Publication of: AB Svensk Bilprovning PB - AB Svensk Bilprovning AU - AB Svensk Bilprovning TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS 1988. PERIODIC INSPECTIONS 1987. MAKE BY MAKE ACCOUNT OF THE DEFECTS IN PASSENGER CARS OF THE 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983 AND 1985 MODELS PY - 1987 SP - 187 p. AB - This publication summarizes the inspection results of 3,585,834 periodic inspections carried out during the financial year 1986/87 on vehicles in Sweden. The vehicle fleet is dominated by passenger cars and accordingly the main part of this report is devoted to them. It contains a presentation of inspection results for 69 car types of the 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983 and 1985 models. In the course of the year more than 6 million observations on defects are noted at the inspections, although many vehicles have been repaired already before they are inspected. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sweden UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489468 AU - United States Congress TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC AND MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT OF 1966. JULY 1987 REVISION PY - 1987 SP - v.p. AB - This is an act to provide for a coordinated national safety program and establishment of safety standards for motor vehicle in interstate commerce to reduce accidents involving motor vehicle and to reduce the deaths and injuries occurring in such accidents. Four Titles are inclued: motor vehicle safety standards; tire safety; research and test facilities; and national driver register. KW - Drivers KW - Injuries KW - Interstate transportation KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Safety standards KW - Speed KW - Standards KW - Tires KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00422863 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE TASK FORCES SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1987 SP - 24 p. AB - SUMMARIZES DRUNK DRIVING TASK FORCE REPORTS FROM 27 STATES. INCLUDES INTERIM REPORT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON DRUNK DRIVING KW - Crash causes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/234785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394232 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE TASK FORCES SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1987 SP - v.p. AB - State drunk driving task force reports are summarized in this report. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) developed a model approach to the drinking driving problem based on community level comprehensive programs. NHTSA's 6-point approach focused on the following: general deterrence approach (short-term); community focus; systems approach; financial self-sufficiency; citizen support; and prevention (long-term). The recommendations of the 27 state reports coincided with NHTSA's approach. Recommendations dealing with information, education and training were of most interest to state task forces. Emphasis was also placed on education and treatment of offenders supplementing legal sanctions. Legislation concerning implied consent, illegal per se, and administrative per se license suspension were also included in the recommendations. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Committees KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk driving KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Laws KW - Per se laws KW - Prevention KW - Public relations KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Systems analysis KW - Task force KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00732397 AU - Compton, R P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF THE LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT DRUG DETECTION PROGRAM PY - 1986/12 SP - 53 p. AB - The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) has developed a drug recognition program designed to provide trained officers the ability to detect drug-impaired drivers and to identify the responsible drug class (e.g., stimulant, depressant, etc.). As part of a research effort designed to validate the LAPD drug recognition program, a field study in which police officers employed the drug recognition procedure with real suspects under field conditions was recently completed. In the study, blood samples were obtained from 86% of the suspects believed to be under the influence of drugs. No blood samples were obtained from suspects judged by the police officers to not be under the influence of drugs. The important results showed that: (1) When the police officers claimed drugs other than alcohol were present they were almost always detected in the suspect's blood (94% of the time); (2) The police officers were able to correctly identify at least one drug other than alcohol in 87% of the suspects evaluated in this study - most of these suspects had used multiple drugs (other than alcohol); and (3) When the drug recognition experts (DREs) identified a suspect as impaired by a specific drug, the drug was detected in the suspect's blood 79% of the time. KW - Detectors KW - Drug control KW - Drug recognition experts KW - Drug tests KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Impaired drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Los angeles police department UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/466854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473006 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - Flick, M A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION OF THE SAFETY BENEFITS OF FRONT BRAKES ON HEAVY TRUCKS PY - 1986/12 SP - 85 p. AB - The report describes a test program that was conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation in September 1986 to demonstrate the safety benefits of brakes on the front (steering) axles of heavy duty vehicles. Twelve volunteer over-the-road truck drivers were asked to drive vehicles in various braking maneuvers with four different front brake configurations: full front brakes, limited front brakes, no front brakes and one front brake, only. Test vehicles included two bobtail tractors, two empty tractor semi-trailers and one fully loaded (80,000 lb) tractor semi-trailer. Test maneuvers included straight line braking, braking in a turn and braking in a lane change. Most tests were run on wet, slippery pavement although some stops were also performed on dry asphalt. Results of the tests indicated that braking performance and control of the vehicles were optimized when full front brakes were utilized. KW - Brakes KW - Demonstration projects KW - Field tests KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle front end KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496152 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES PY - 1986/12 SP - 51 p. AB - This report describes variations in both the frequencies and the sizes of collision coverage claims for damage to 1984, 1985, and 1986 model year passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. The results are presented in 2 sections. The first summarizes variations in both the frequencies and sizes of collision claims for damage to private passenger cars from 3 model years: 1986 models during their first year of availability, 1985 models during their first 2 years, and 1984 models during their first 3 years. The second section contains similar summaries for vans, pickups, and utility vehicles insured under noncommercial collision coverages. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Crashes KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306078 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496179 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Wells-Parker, E AU - Cosby, P J AU - Landrum, J W AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A TYPOLOGY FOR DINKING DRIVING OFFENDERS: METHODS FOR CLASSIFICATION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS PY - 1986/12 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - p. 443-453 AB - Comprehensive arrest histories were obtained for 353 DUI offenders who were referred to a probation and rehabilitation demonstration program. The overall arrest history profile of the group suggested that many DUI offfenders are habitual violators of other laws as well. A 'low offense' group, a 'mixed' group, and a young 'traffic' group, and a public drunkeness group and a 'license' group are identified and discussed. These subgroups were found to differ in demographic variables and drinker status variables. The public drunkeness group was found to have the highest accident rate. The groups were compared to groups found in other cluster analyses. Treatment implications are also discussed. It is suggested that treatment programs focusing exclusively on changing alcohol consumption behavior are not likely to reduce accident risk for some of the offender groups. KW - Demographics KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Policy KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic violators KW - Treatment programs KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309393 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496181 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - OFFICIAL REPORT SAYS: SPEED DOESN'T KILL PY - 1986/12 VL - 69 IS - 12 SP - p. 29-31 AB - This is an excerpt from the appendix to the National Research Council Report, '55: A Decade of Experience.' The appendix presents technical data from research that shows that speed as such is not the major source of highway fatalities, and that the problem instead is the variance in speeds. Multiple regression anslyses to predict the variable 'fatalties per vehicle mile traveled' are described. Models to yield direct coefficient estimates for the separate effects of speed and speed-variance are also described. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Regression analysis KW - Speed KW - Speed distribution KW - Speed variance KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309395 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496176 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Ross, H L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE BREWING INDUSTRY VIEWS THE DRINK-DRIVING PROBLEM PY - 1986/12 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - p. 495-504 AB - A survey of executives in the largest U.S. and Canadian brewing companies reveals acknowledgment of a drunk-drivcing problem in which their product is implicated through misuse. It is thought that the industry can and should endorse countermeasures premised on the responsibility of the driver and drinker, which leads to active cooperation with the anti-drink-driving movement in North America. However, the industry can and should oppose drink-driving countermeasures premised on a negative view of the product; this stance is likely to result in future conflict with the movement. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Industries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496178 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Hauer, E AU - Garder, P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - RESEARCH INTO THE VALIDITY OF THE TRAFFIC CONFLICTS TECHNIQUE PY - 1986/12 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - p. 471-481 AB - This paper examines the conceptual foundations of indirect safety measurement in relation to events such as near-misses or conflicts. The key problem addressed is that of 'validity.' A definition of what validity is to mean is suggested. The statistical machinery for the measurement of validity on the basis of empirical evidence is formulated and tested. With this, it may now be possible to move towards rational consensus about the potential of the Traffic Conflicts Technique and similar procedures for the indirect measurement of safety. As a by-product of the analytical results, a yardstick has been created by which to judge the ralative performance of the many extant variants of the Traffic Conflicts Technique. KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Statistics KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309392 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496177 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Ottoson, A-L AU - LOVSUND, P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - PROTECTIVE LEVEL OF SAFETY HARNESSES COMBINED WITH SOME RACING CAR SEATS IN FRONTAL - IMPACTS A LABORATORY STUDY PY - 1986/12 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - p. 483-494 AB - As a basis for a prospective modification of the present seat-belt regulation in Sweden, the protective level of safety harnesses compared with the 3-point belts has been studied. Biomechanical tests were carried out with different combinations of belts and seats. The results showed that a 3-point belt on conventional seat offered the best protection in frontal impacts. The geometry of the safety harness (inverted Y-harness and 4-point belt) induces the lap belt to slide over the iliac crest and the restraining forces will be on the abdomen (submarining). This may be prevented by the use of a 6-point belt, where two crotch straps keep the lap belt in position. The safety harness induces strong rebounds on the head, owing to the fact that the shoulder straps stop the forward motion of the torso too fast. High accelerations and HIC-values were registered for the head. The shoulder straps of the safesty harness also expose the wearer's shoulders and spine to high stresses in frontal impacts, which may induce injuries to the shoulders and compression injuries to the spine. Various solutions which may result in an increase of the protective level of the system safety harness and racing-car seat in frontal impacts are discussed. KW - Abdomen KW - Biophysics KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Laboratory studies KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Seats KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Spinal column KW - Sports cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495820 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Herve, H AU - Gaillard, M AU - Roujas, F AU - Hugenard, P AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - ALCOHOLISM IN POLYTRAUMA PY - 1986/12 VL - 26 IS - 12 SP - p. 1123-26 AB - Polytrauma requires a sometimes long and expensive hospitalization with a mortality of approximately one in three. In 250 patients, there was significant difference between the mortality rate of 2-wheeled vehicle drivers and the mortality rate of the light vehicle drivers (less than 0.05). The risks of morbidity and mortality amongst alcoholics increased for chronic alcoholics (60%) regardless of sex or age differences. Mortality of occasional drinkers was 13.3%, 51% of the offenders were chronic alcoholics. Chronic alcoholism in polytraumatology appears to be a serious element since 59% of multiple injured patients had blood alcohol concentration greater than 1.2 gm/L, 65% greater than 0.8 gm/L, and 70% greater than 0.50 gm/L. Thus chronic alcoholism is a serious index in traumatology. KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Mortality rates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309294 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495819 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Stephens, B W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD HUMPS FOR THE CONTROL OF VEHICULAR SPEEDS AND TRAFFIC FLOW PY - 1986/12 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - p. 82-90 AB - This is a discussion of the purpose and development of road humps, the effectiveness of road humps relevant to safety issues, signing and marking requirements, the benefits and problems of road humps, and other considerations. An assessmesnt is made by city engineers, planners, and local highway administrators of the feasibility of establishing regulations and legislation on the road hump as a traffic control device. The article concludes that humps are a viable means of controlling speeds of passenger vehicles on residential streets. The evidence indicates that judicious placement of these devices can enhance safety and improve traffic distribution. KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Residential roads KW - Residential streets KW - Road markings KW - Speed control humps KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495790 AU - Sivak, M AU - Soler, Jose AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - U.S. Spain Jt Comm for Scientific and Technol Coop TI - DRIVER RISK-PERCEPTION IN SPAIN AND THE U.S.A. PY - 1986/12 SP - 17 p. AB - Risk perception was studied in subjets who estimated the risk involved in slides of traffic scenes. The findings were as follows: (1) Spanish reported higher levels of risk thant did U.S. drivers for the same traffic scenes; (2) younger drivers tended to report lower risk than did middle-aged drivers; (3) professional drivers tended to report more risk than did non professional drivers; (4) culture, subject group, and sex accounted for 34.4% of the variance in risk-ratings; (5) the characteristics of traffic scenes accounted for an additional 15.2% of the variance; (interactions of culture, subject group, and sex with the characteristics of traffic scenes accounted for another 4.1% of the variance; (7) U.S. drivers rated potential need for quick action as resulting in greater risk, while Spanish drivers were unaffected by this parameter. Conversely, Spanish drivers rated higher speed as being more risky than lower speed, while the risk estimates of U.S. drivers were unaffected by speed; (8) a total of 53.7% of the variance in risk-ratings can be accounted for by the studied independent variables and their first-order interactions. KW - Age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Females KW - Human characteristics KW - Males KW - Perception KW - Professional drivers KW - Risk assessment KW - Speed KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491840 AU - LAU, H AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - EVALUATION OF A RED LIGHT CAMERA AT A PEDESTRIAN OPERATED SIGNAL CROSSING SN - 0-7306-0079-3 PY - 1986/12 SP - 12 p. AB - This report describes the trial of a red light camera at a pedestrian operated signal crossing and its results. The effectiveness of this trial was evaluated by the number of vehicles running a red light before and after the installation of camera and "RED LIGHT CAMERA AHEAD" warning signs. Whilst the results show that the number of run red offences was substantially reduced, no crossing has yet been identified to warrant the installation of a RLC which would be cost effective as an accident reduction measure. KW - Before and after studies KW - Cameras KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Safety KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462382 AU - National Commission Against Drunk Driving TI - NATIONAL COMMISSION AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING. PROGRESS REPORT ON RECOMMENDATIONS PROPOSED BY THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1986/12 SP - 12 p. AB - This progress report gives encouraging statistics but also indicates that the campaign against drunk driving is far from over. The report emphasizes that health prevention more than intervention has only just begun. A chart is given which presents a check list of selected DUI (driving under the influence) countermeasures. The chart represents responses of state officials to survey questions. Statistics are also provided on fatal crashes in 1982-1985, and intoxicated drivers involved in fatal crashes and their age groups. States that tested and reported blood alcohol concentration results on at least 70% of driver fatalities are noted. The report considers recidivism, arrests and penalties, and awareness and education. Industries that are advocates for safety and have supported safety programs are noted. Systems and intervention such as deterrents, legislation and programs are briefly discussed. KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Legislation KW - Penalties KW - Recidivism KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462986 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN SAFETY BIBLIOGRAPHY. SELECTED CURRENT RESEARCH AND STUDIES PY - 1986/12 SP - 19 p. AB - This annotated bibliography summarizes selected current research and studies on pedestrian safety. The studies address pedestrian problems and issues, provide pertinent statistical information and findings, and offer countermeasures, improvements and training programs. This bibliography is intended to assist local and state safety planners, researchers, and other persons interested in assessing their local/state pedestrian safety problems, in instituting effective countermeasures, and in creating awareness and promoting pedestrian safety. KW - Awareness KW - Bibliographies KW - Countermeasures KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Research KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490670 AU - CLARKE, R M AU - Leasure, W A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRUCK OCCUPANT PROTECTION. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 105 p. AB - Approximately 1000 heavy truck occupants are killed in crashes every year. Most of these occur in accidents involving combination-unit trucks. This report identifies the key vehicle-related factors which play a contributing role in causing those fatalities. They are: rollover and ejection; secondary impacts with cab interior surfaces, especially steering wheels; cab deformation and occupant entrapment; and non-cargo related fires. The report describes research agendas that could be pursued to develop improved: restraint system; methods to attenuate occupant impacts with interior surfaces, especially steering wheels; cabs designed to enhance their structural integrity; and methods of preventing post-crash fires. KW - Attenuation (Physics) KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash cushions KW - Deformation KW - Ejection KW - Entrapment KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Interior KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Occupant restraint KW - Protection KW - Restraint systems KW - Rollover crashes KW - Steering wheels KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472168 AU - National Commission Against Drunk Driving TI - NATIONAL COMMISSION AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING. PROGRESS REPORT ON RECOMMENDATIONS PROPOSED BY THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1986/12 SP - 12 p. AB - This publication presents a chart followed by a report on the subject of drunk driving with reference to attitudes and laws, the new approach by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in estimating the blood alcohol levels of drivers in fatal accidents, and the issue of recidivism. The question of safety checkpoints, arrests and penalties is also addressed. The approach to increasing awareness and education in the problem is discussed. The use of intervention messages by prominent sports figures, etc, and other advocates of safety are noted. The chart that is presented reflects existing laws and programs including legislation enacted with future effective dates. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00422025 AU - CLARKE, R M AU - LEASURE, W A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRUCK OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1986/12 SP - 17 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatalities KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/234455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173212 AU - Prensky, Simon AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Analysis of Stalling Problems PY - 1986/11//Final Report SP - 120p AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) collects consumer complaints concerning alleged vehicle safety defects for the purpose of analyzing and investigating significant problem areas. It also influences recalls of vehicles with specific safety-related defects. This analysis addresses general stalling as a potential safety problem. Since 1975, NHTSA has received over 17,000 consumer complaints associated with stalling problems, and has conducted several investigations of vehicle stalling problems, including the 1982 Volvo, 1976-1982 VW Rabbits, and the 1976-1977 Aspen/Volare. The purpose of this project was to: (1) review the data available to NHTSA for patterns which could yield insight concerning the safety implications of stalling; (2) identify high-risk stalling situations; and (3) attempt to identify high-risk vehicles/components. KW - Engine compartments KW - Engines KW - Recall campaigns KW - Risk analysis KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33385/33385.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496180 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Pace, B W AU - Thailer, RJI AU - Kwiatkowski, T G AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - NEW YORK STATE MANDATORY SEATBELT USE LAW: PATTERNS OF SEATBELT USE BEFORE AND AFTER LEGISLATION PY - 1986/11 VL - 26 IS - 11 SP - p. 1031-33 AB - A seatbelt use law became effective in New York State in January 1985. The seatbelt use among drivers and front seat passengers involved in traffic accidents was studied for a 3-month period before legislation and a 5-month period after legislation, to determine if the law providing civil fines of $50 for violators, changed seatbelt use behavior. The reported use among drivers rose from 21% pre-legislation to 47% post-legislation. The use rate among front seat passengers rose from 21% to 40% (not significant due to small number of occupants recorded in this position). A highway survey noted the use rate in New York City and surrounding counties to be 63%, a marked increase from the published prelegislation value of 16%. We conclude that mandatory seatbelt use legislation is effective in significantly increasing seatbelt use and urge physicians to seek similar legislation in every state. KW - Before and after studies KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Physicians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309394 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495909 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Thurman, Q C AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ESTIMATING SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN DECISIONS TO DRINK AND DRIVE: A FACTORIAL SURVEY APPROACH PY - 1986/11 VL - 47 IS - 6 SP - p. 447-454 AB - Little is known of the occasional driver who drinks away from home. This study uses a factorial survey design to gather individual-level data to examine situational dimensions that influence 95 college students' resposnes to opportunities to drink and drive. Implications from the study are that the level of alcohol impairment, distance to be driven, weather conditions, time of day and existence of driving alternatives have significant efffects on students' intentions to drink and drive. Other significant variables include the number of police roadblocks, familiarity with roads, the ways in which incidents of drunken driving are reported in the community and the number of passengers depending on the driver for transportation. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Passengers KW - Police KW - Psychological aspects KW - Roadblocks KW - Students KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496150 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - A SURVEY OF PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD TRENDS IN PERSONAL INJURY LAWSUITS, THE CIVIL JUSTICE SYSTEM, DRUNK DRIVING AND OTHER TOPICS PY - 1986/11 SP - 45 p. AB - The findings are reported from the seventh annual survey of public attitudes on issues affecting the property and casualty insurance industry. The survey was conducted by the All-Industry Research Advisory Council in cooperation with the American Council of Life Insurance, using a joint questionnaire. The survey results are discussed in regard to personal injury lawsuits, fairnness of the civil justice system, jury knowledge of benefits, medical malpractice, awareness of lawsuits trends, drinking and driving behavior, uninsured vehicles and cost of auto insurance. Automobile ownership and purchse of insurance is also discussed. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile insurance KW - Courts KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Injuries KW - Litigation KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496183 AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - ROAD SAFETY GROUP PROGRAMS 1986/87 - 1988/89 PY - 1986/11 SP - 17 p. AB - The programs and projects reviewed here are classified into 8 categories: education and publicity, training and licensing, alcohol and drugs, speed, enforcement, the young driver, unprotected road users, and accident monitoring and analysis. Names of individuals for more detailed information are provided. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash analysis KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Publicity KW - Research KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495830 AU - Department of Transport, Australia AU - Neilson Associates Pty Limited TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF GRADUATED LICENSING FOR YOUNG DRIVERS: FOR ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH PROJECT SN - 0642 51027X PY - 1986/11 SP - v.p. AB - This report examines the possibility of GDL (graduated Driver licensing) in terms of objectives, various viewpoints and available options. Issues covered include the background and rationale on GDL, the existing driver licensing system, current GDL proposals, reactions of officials and the community and information on young driver licensing and crash involvement rates. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495791 AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REAR-SET LAP-BELTS IN CRASH INJURY REDUCTION PY - 1986/11 SP - 28 p. AB - This report describes and analyses crash data related to the injury-reducing effectiveness of rear seat lap belts and front seat lap/shoulder belts. It was found that in the rear seat, serious injuries are less likely to occur among lap belted occupants than among those unrestrained. The reduction is about 40%. It was also found that in the front seat, serious injuries are appreciably less frequent among lap/shoulder belted occupants than among those unrestrained. The reduction is about 50%. The 40% lap belt benefit and the 50% lap/shoulder belt benefit are not directly subject to comparison since one awnalysis dealt with the front seat crash environment and the other with the rear seat. These and other study findings are discussed. KW - Injuries KW - Lap belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491827 AU - O'Connor, P J AU - South Australia Department of Transport, Australia TI - REPORT ON GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSING AND OTHER ROAD ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES FOCUSING ON YOUNG DRIVERS PY - 1986/11 SP - 87 p. AB - This report assesses the nature and extent of the young driver problem and recommends appropriate road accident countermeasures for implementation in South Australia. The scope of the report was limited to drivers of motor cars. In particular, the report assesses the concept of graduated licensing and the graduated driver licensing scheme recently outlined by the Federal Office of Road Safety. KW - Adolescents KW - Australia KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Recommendations KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491004 AU - Hugel, D H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPLORING LEGAL ISSSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF COMPUTERIZED DRIVING RECORDS PY - 1986/11 SP - 9 p. AB - The paper reviews the acceptance of computerized records generally under the business records exception to the hearsay rule, and then focuses more specifically on the admissibility to computerized driving records under that rule. Statutes specifically authorizing the use of porperly certified driving records are reviewed, and legal issues associated with the use of these records are discussed. A sample statute to facilitatie the introduction of certified computer printouts of driving records has been included for those States wishing to use this streamlined method for introducing such records. KW - Computer memory KW - Driver records KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490834 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF BIOMECHANICAL IMPACT RESPONSE AND INJURY IN THE AUTOMOTIVE ENVIRONMENT. PHASE 1 TASK B REPORT: ADVANCED ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM PY - 1986/11 SP - 211 p. AB - This literature review incorporates published research available through 1984. The various chapters cover information on the various body regions: head, spine, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities. Each chapter addresses the anatomy, clinical injury experience, and results of laboratory impact studies for the various regions. The experimental studies include information on biomechanical response to impact as well as injury mechanisms, tolerance, and criteria. Each chapter refers to results of an analysis of National Accident Sampling System (NASS) data for 1980 and 1981 that places the cost of injuries to a particular body region in perspective relative to the cost to society for all moderate-to-fatal injuries to automobile occupants. KW - Abdomen KW - Anthropometry KW - Biophysics KW - Costs KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Pelvis KW - Research KW - Spinal column KW - Testing equipment KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490835 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNIFORM TIRE QUALILTY GRADING PY - 1986/11 SP - v.p. AB - Treadwear, traction, and temperature grades are covered. Grade designations are given that are required by Government regulations, and are designed to be used for comparative purposes only. The information is tabulated and data is presented on brand name, construction, tireline, size, traction, temperature and wear. KW - Regulations KW - Temperature KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489475 AU - Spenny, C H AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF HEAD RESPONSE TO TORSO ACCELERATION. VOLUME II DESCRIPTION OF DATA RETRIEVAL, ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY SOFTWARE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 140 p. AB - Performance requirements are developed which define the kinematic and kinetic response of the head for a seated subject exposed to frontal, lateral or oblique impact. Response is expressed in terms of variables which are readily measured in an anthropometric dummy and which are useful in injury prediction. The performance requirements are based on volunteer tests conducted by the U.S. Department of Navy, Naval Biodynamics Laboratory (NBDL) in which a 4-point restraint system and a singular type of impact profile are employed. Other NBDL volunteer tests and volunteer and cadaver tests conducted by Wayne State Univesity are used to evaluate the effects of variation in impact profile, type of restraint system and level of muscle activity. KW - Cadavers KW - Dummies KW - Forecasting KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Information retrieval KW - Injuries KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489476 AU - Spenny, C H AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF HEAD RESPONSE TO TORSO ACCELERATION. VOLUME I - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 188 p. AB - Performance requirements are developed which define the kinematic and kinetic response of the head for a seated subject exposed to frontal, lateral or oblique impact. Response is expressed in terms of variables which are readily measured in an anthropometric dummy and which are useful in injury prediction. The performance requirements are based on volunteer tests conducted by the U.S. Department of Navy, Naval Biodynamics Laboratory (NBDL) in which a 4-point restraint system and a singular type of impact profile are employed. Other NBDL volunteer tests and volunteer and cadaver tests conducted by Wayne State Univesity are used to evaluate the effects of variation in impact profile, type of restraint system and level of muscle activity. KW - Cadavers KW - Dummies KW - Forecasting KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Occupant restraint KW - Performance KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473021 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY REPORT ON TRAFFIC FATALITIES 1986 (JANUARY-JUNE) PY - 1986/11 SP - 40 p. AB - This report contains preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for the first six months of 1986. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. The national estimates of fatalities are quite extensive and cover a wide range of frequently used accident classifiers. Most of the estimates in the report are compared to the corresponding values available for 1980, 1983 and 1985. The results are presented in tabular form and are summarized in a set of principal findings. The preliinary estimates in this report are for the first six months of 1986 and do not reflect the trends and patterns for the entire year. Preliminary estimates for the full year will be available in a similar report in the spring of 1987. KW - Crash analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00420621 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY REPORT TRAFFIC FATALITIES, 1986 (JANUARY-JUNE) PY - 1986/11 SP - 30 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/234041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00420184 AU - WORTHINGTON, H M AU - RAMSDELL, M J AU - Burkhardt, J E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF ORGANIZATIONS THAT WOULD DISTRIBUTE TRAFFIC SAFETY INFORMATION TO OLDER DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS PY - 1986/11 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobile drivers KW - Education and training KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/235477 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491867 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Rouse, N E AU - Penton Media, Incorporated TI - DESIGN OPTIMIZATION GOES COMMERCIAL PY - 1986/10/23 VL - 58 IS - 25 SP - p. 84-87 AB - Availability of relatively low-cost, high-power computers is making optimization feasible for a larger number of engineering problems than previously. Also, developments in approximation techniques and geometric modeling (for the purpose of simplifying optimization problems) are contributing to greater use of the method. In conjunction with the growth of geometric modeling, interest is developing in shape optimization, which requires complex changes in both the design geometry and the finite-element mesh, as opposed to optimization methods where mesh and geometry are not fundamentally altered. This article mentions various companies which are currently using optimization programs incorporating the new techniques. One of these is General Motors Research Laboratories, which has conducted extensive research into the area of shape optimization. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Geometric configurations and shapes KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric shapes KW - Optimization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495903 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - OCTANE REQUIREMENT INCREASE OF 1984 MODEL VEHICLES PY - 1986/10 SP - v.p. AB - The results are presented of a study in which octane requirement increase (ORI) was determined for 62 1984 model cars and trucks operated on unleaded gasoline. The data base consists of information volunteered by participants. All ORI values were determined from the increase in maximum octane requirements irrespective of whether requirements were obtained at full- or part-throttle. At 15,000 miles, the mean ORI for all vehicles with full-boiling range unleaded (FBRU) fuels was 4.0 Research octane numbers, 2.6 Motor octane numbers, and 3.3 (R plus M)/2 numbers. These and other findings are discussed. KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306403 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496184 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Chamouard, F AU - Tarriere, C AU - Got, C AU - Guillon, F AU - Patel, A AU - Hureau, J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME BIOMECHANICAL AND DIMENSIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SKULL AND THE RISK OF CEREBRAL INJURIES PY - 1986/10 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - p. 11-23 AB - This paper describes the part played by the subjects skull bone characterization upon the head injuries risk (fractures or/and cerebral injuries) and the levels of physical parameters linked with them. Only the cases that correspond to a translation movement without any head/trunk relative movement by rotation are taken into account. The details of the methodology are described, and the findings are presented. Analysis was performed to study the relationship between force, skull bone characterization and brain injury. The relationship between HIC (head injury criterion), skull bone characterization and brain injuries in side impacts are also described. The statistical analysis of the data is also described. KW - Biophysics KW - Bones KW - Brain KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496165 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Garriott, J C AU - DiMaio, VJM AU - Rodriguez, R G AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DETECTION OF CANNABINOIDS IN HOMICIDE VICTIMS AND MOTOR VEHICLE FATALITIES PY - 1986/10 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - p. 1274-82 AB - A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) procedure is described for the detection and measurements of delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol, 11 hedroxy delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in blood, or 11-nor-delta nine-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in urine. Homicide victims and drivers killed in Bexar County were studied. Blood was analyzed after urine was found to be positive. Of the homicide victims, 34%, and of all drivers 28%, tested were positive for one or more of the cannabinoids. As a separate group, 16 motorcycle drivers tested had 38% positive as compared with 25% of the other vehicle drivers. Ethyl alcohol was present in 55% of the drivers, and in 63% of the homicide victims. Drugs other than alcohol or cannabinoids were found in 10% of the drivers, and in 12% of the homicide victims. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drugs KW - Fatalities KW - Homicide KW - Marijuana KW - Measurement KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309388 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496138 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - WILDE, GJS AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - BEYOND THE CONCEPT OF RISK HOMEOSTATIS: SUGGESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION TOWARDS THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS AND LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISEASE PY - 1986/10 VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - p. 377-401 AB - On the assumpion that risk homeostasis theory is a valid conceptualization of the process determining the aggregate due to traffic accidents per time unit of road-user exposure in a given jurisdiction, a general perspective for future research and applicaton in the area of road accidents, accidents in other domains as well as in the area of lifestyle-dependent ill-health has been developed. It is proposed that further work be undertaken to phrase the theory in mathematical format, to identify the processes mediating between input and output variables and to establish its potential for assisting in the progress towards a more general theory of human conduct in the face of uncertainty. Several implications for policies promoting safety and health have been worked out in the context of a preventive strategy called 'expectationism' which aims to achieve these goals through interventions that enhance people's desire to be safe and healthy. Finally, various questions regarding the biological, behavioral and economic functionality of risk-taking have been raised and the need for clarification of the values of various safety goals and of the means to their end has been pointed out. KW - Behavior KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Human factors KW - Life styles KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496168 AU - Sayer, M AU - Guy, Y AU - Macadam, C AU - DILL, P AU - Fancher, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - AN ENHANCED SIMULATION CAPABILITY FOR STUDYING THE BRAKING, STEERING, AND RIDE OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PY - 1986/10 SP - 128 p. AB - This is a discussion of recent changes and additions made to vehicle simulation programs to enhance their performance. It includes a collection of 3 independent sections written to document (1) the implementation of a preprocessor for the following UMTRI simulation programs: Phase 4, Yaw/Roll, Static Roll, Simplified Braking, and Linear Yaw, (2) the definition of output files and the development of a plotting capability for the outputs simulations, and (3) the selection of formats for subroutines that may be used to include adaptive features in the simulation. KW - Braking KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Ride quality KW - Rolling KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Vehicle performance KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496625 AU - SHAMS, T AU - Nguyen, T AU - Chi, M AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE DOOR LATCH/HINGE ASSEMBLY EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 392 p. AB - Ejections cases involving passenger cars (excluding sport cars) and light trucks were retrieved from NASS files 1981 through 1983 for statistical study; relevant hard copies of accidents during 1980 through 1984 period were also examined for detailed damage description of the affected vehicles, especially to latches and hinges. The results are presented in tables using 14 relevant parameters. Ejection rates were determined using recent FARS and POLK data for 173 makes and models and ranked in descending order. 24 latch/hinge specimens were tested to destruction, in which the maximum loads in both longitudinal and transverse directions and the corresponding load deformation curves recorded. It was found that ejection is a rare event, representing less than 2% of all NASS cases. Ejections through side doors contribute over 50% of the total occupant ejections. Although occupant ejection incidents are relatively infrequent, the casualties are extraordinarily high. The results of hard copy accident report study show that door hinges seldom failed during car crashes and door latch failures were the primary cause of door openings. Therefore, the latch strengths are the prime target for investigation. Tests show that the ejection rates are strongly correlated with maximum latch loads and energy absorption in longitudinal direction. A lesser correlation exists between the ultimate transverse latch loads and occupant ejection rates. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash reports KW - Destructive testing KW - Door handles KW - Door latches KW - Door opening KW - Ejection KW - Energy absorption KW - Failure KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Hinges KW - Light trucks KW - Loads KW - Mechanical tests KW - National Accident Sampling System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495905 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1985 CRC OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT SURVEY PY - 1986/10 SP - v.p. AB - Test data were obtained on 374 1985 model vehicles, including 309 U.S. vehicles and 65 imported vehicles. Fifteen laboratories participated in this survey. Maximum octane number requirements were determined by testing under part-throttle conditions, as well as at maximuum-throttle. Requirements are expressed as the (R plus M)/2 octane number, Research octane number, and Motor octane number of the reference fuel producing knock which was recurrent and repeatable at the lowest audible level. The primary analyses used in this report are based on (R plus M) octane number requirements. Estimated octane number requirements of the U.S. vehicles are weighted in proportion to the 1985 vehicle model production figures and, for the imported models, in proportion to import sales volume in the United States. KW - Data collection KW - Engine knock KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495951 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH III MODEL IMPROVEMENTS MRB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 90 DEG MOVING RIGID BARRIER TO A 1981 CHEVROLET CITATION TEST SPEED 35.2 MPH PY - 1986/10 SP - 51 p. AB - This report documents one of a series of 4 crash tests to measure side crush in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Chevrolet Citation 4-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash test Facility, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side perpendicular by a Moving Rigid Barrier (MRB). The test date was October 15, 1986. Vehicle was impacted perpendicular on the left side at 35.2 mph, the ambient temperature was 49 deg F and the time 1118. KW - Impact tests KW - Improvements KW - Motor vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496174 AU - Traffic Saf Pol Office, Mgmt & Coordination Agency TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY POLICY IN JAPAN PY - 1986/10 SP - 28 p. AB - This publication describes the state of road traffic accidents in Japan, traffic safety promotion systems, and the future direction of traffic safety measures. Accident trends and forecasts are discussed, as well as the traffic safety policies law. The Fourth Fundamental Traffic Safety Program is described. KW - Japan KW - Laws KW - Policy KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495799 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1983 CRC TWO-TEMPERATURE VAPOR LOCK PROGRAM USING GASOLINE-ALCOHOL BLENDS PY - 1986/10 SP - v.p. AB - The effect of oxygenated fuels on vapor lock performance was evaluated in a program conducted during the fall of 1983 at the Yuma Proving Grounds in Arizona. Eighteen 1984 model-year cars, representing a reasonable model mix, were tested using two hydrocarbon base fuels and nine hydrocarbon base fuels mixed with methanol and methanol/tertiary butyl alcohol mixtures at 1/1 and 4/1 ratios (respectively) at a concentration 3.5% by weight of oxygen. Tests were conducted at nominal ambient temperaures of 95% (35 deg C) and 70 deg. KW - Alcohols KW - Fuel additives KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Oxygenation KW - Vapor lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495829 AU - Lane, J C AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - HELMETS FOR CHILD BICYCLISTS. SOME BIOMEDICAL CONSIDERATIONS SN - 0642 51330 9 PY - 1986/10 SP - 39 p. AB - The epidemiology of bicycle crashes identifies helmets as a major countermeasure, especially for children. Head impact tolerance, impact site, need for penetration resistance and sizing are reviewed, but not heat dissipation, though it is an important user consideration. A separate class of helmet for very young children is recommended. Current helmets are deficient in small sizes. KW - Biomedical measurements KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305906 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493522 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - AUTO ALARM SYSTEMS PY - 1986/10 VL - 51 IS - 10 SP - p. 658-662 AB - More and more cars are coming with alarm systems as original, factory-installed equipment, and alarm systems are now standard equipment on certain high-risk cars, the result of a new Government standard designed to reduce the number of stolen cars. In addition, the market for retrofit alarm systems is booming. Many of these aftermarket systems have to be professionally installed. This article reports the results of an evaluation of 18 professionally installed systems which ranged in price from about $300 to $500 and 9 do-it-yourself kits which ranged from about $75 to $225. KW - Alarm systems KW - Automobiles KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prevention KW - Retrofitting KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307767 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493521 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Carpenter, J W AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - THE MCGRUFF MOBILE PY - 1986/10 VL - 55 IS - 10 SP - p. 16-20 AB - The McGruff Mobile is an educational project that targets reducing unhealthy conditions and deaths of children and adolescents, giving them a healthier foundation for adulthood. Specific priority areas addressed by the McGruff Mobile are reduction of accidents and injuries, smoking and health issues, misuse of drugs and alcohol, control of stress and violent behavior, as well as a reduction of injury through being a "victim." The McGruff Mobile is a converted trailer that houses a VCR monitor, puppets, a puppet stage, tape recorders, videos, posters, coloring books, junior deputy badges, a sound system, and followup curriculum materials. It is towed by "Barney, the Talking Patrol Car" which, as if by "magic," gives advice to inquiring young minds. This article describes a typical visit to a school by the McGruff Mobile. The McGruff Mobile is the first of its kind in the State of California and is the result of the innovative and hard working efforts of the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Department in identifying a need and then gathering support from the entire county. KW - Children KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307766 ER - TY - ABST AN - 00491810 AU - Touche Ross Services Pty AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - SURVEY OF COMMUNITY ATTITUDES: ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH PROJECT SN - 0-642-513708 PY - 1986/10 SP - 66 p. AB - Touche Ross was commissioned by the Federal Office of Road Safety to develop core questions and administrative mechanisms for running bi-annual, national surveys on community attitudes to road safety, and to administer the first survey. This is a report of results from the first survey. Issues covered in the survey include drink driving, causes of crashes, safe driving skills, urban vs rural crash risk, perceptions of police enforcement, etc. KW - Attitudes KW - Australia KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Motor skills KW - Questionnaires KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural areas KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491830 AU - Department of Energy TI - 1987 GAS MILEAGE GUIDE: EPA FUEL ECONOMY ESTIMATES PY - 1986/10 SP - 15 p. AB - The Gas Mileage Guide is published as an aid to consumers considering the purchase of a new vehicle by the U.S. Department of Energy in compliance with Public Law 94-163. It is based on estimates of vehicle performance measured in miles per gallon (mpg) provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The mileage figures listed in this Guide are most useful when comparing vehicles. Actual mileage driving one of these vehicles may differ considerably from the predicted mileage. The vehicles listed in this Guide have been divided into three classes of cars (sedans, two-seaters and station wagons), three classes of light duty trucks (vans, small pick-ups, and large pick-ups), and three classes of special purpose vehicles (2-wheel drive, 4-wheel drive, and cab chassis). By using this Guide one can estimate the average yearly fuel cost for the vehicle being purchased. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Four wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Light trucks KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Station wagons KW - Statistics KW - Vans KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491005 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY BELT USE LAWS: A MULTINATIONAL EXAMINATION PY - 1986/10 SP - 167 p. AB - A workshop on the effectiveness of safety belt use laws is reported. This volume includes a summary of the workshop and the final version of the papers authored by working group members. The papers were as follows: Safety Belt Usage Laws in Various Countries by T. Vaaaje; Safety Belt Usage Rates by E.A. Marburger; Safety Belt Use Rates & User Characteristics by J. Lawson; Casualty Reductions: Results From Safety Belt Use Laws by J. Hedlund; Rear Seat Belt Use & Effectiveness For Adult Rear Seat Occupants in Cars, by M. Dejeammes, A. Nygren, and C. Tingvall. KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rear seats KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491256 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROTECT PROFITS THROUGH LOSS PREVENTION PY - 1986/10 SP - 8 p. AB - This brochure briefly points out reasons for implementing an employee safety belt program, then directs the reader to a publication that can help - Loss Prevention Through Safety Belt Use: A Handbook for Managers. (See TRIS entry for an abstract of this publication and availability information.) KW - Brochures KW - Employers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490724 AU - FRANK, J F AU - FLORES, A L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTING OF ALCOSCAN SALIVA-ALCOHOL TEST STRIPS PY - 1986/10 SP - 10 p. AB - The objectives of this work were: (1) to determine the accuracy of the Alcoscan strips; and (2) to determine what effect extreme ambient temperatures have on test strip performance. In a highway safety context, the high variability in BAC (blood alcohol concentration) estimates obtained, coupled with a high proportion of false positives, suggest that this technology is not satisfactory as a screening device for law enforcement. Use by private individuals appears more promising, if the device is not used at low ambient temperatures. At room temperature and above, the chance is relatively low that the rating will falsely indicate that an individual is below the legal limit when he is not. However, given the large variability in rating accuracy at all BAC levels, the utility of the device, even for private citizens, is subject to question. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Laboratory tests KW - Saliva KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490838 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Safety Council TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEMS. LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY, JULY 14-17, 1986. PY - 1986/10 SP - 249 p. AB - Participants at this international forum represented a variety of disciplines, and 33 papers were presented in 10 subject areas. The areas covered were as follows: traffic records international; Federal Highway Administration and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Programs; traffic records user vs system; state traffic law enforcement and adjudication systems; illustrating the need for sharing information and the benefits therefrom; police traffic services; the collection, analysis and dissemination of blood alcohol concentration data in New Mexico; emergency medical services: accident reporting systems; and tort liability; microcomputer applications. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash reports KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Information dissemination KW - Medical services KW - Microcomputers KW - Police KW - Records management KW - Safety programs KW - Test drivers KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490264 AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - PEDESTSRIAN ACCIDENT PROJECT REPORT NO. 2. BACKGROUND TO THE PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT PROJECT SN - 0 7306 0159 PY - 1986/10 SP - 40 p. AB - Research on pedestrian accidents has shown that there are 3 areas which require detailed analysis to assist in effective development of countermeasures. These include; (a) patterns of behavior in different age groups, (b) the role of alcohol consumed by the pedestrian, and (c) location and site features which impinge on accidents. These documents demonstrate the need for this research, and set out the hypothesised interactions which are likely to lead to pedestrians making road crossing errors. KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00419775 AU - SHAMS, T AU - Nguyen, T AU - Chi, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE DOOR LATCH HINGE ASSEMBLY EVALUATION PY - 1986/10 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Ejection KW - Evaluation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/235463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490836 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES PY - 1986/09/30 SP - 36 p. AB - Tabulated information is presented on recall campaings, as well as ordering data. Domestic vehicles are covered including Alloy Trailers, Auto Grahpics, Chrysler, Coleman, Ford, Freightliner, Fruehauf, General Motors, Harley-Davidson, Holiday Rambler, Navistar, Oshkosh Truck, Paccar, Strick, Sunchaser, Superior Coach, Theruer, Transportation Manufacturing, and Volvo. Foreign vehicles include Nissan, Volkswagen, Volvo, and Yamaha. Domestic equipment is covered, as well as Foreign equipment, and domestic tires. KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Safety KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496612 AU - Seltzer, D L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MAKING MANDATORY USE LAWS WORK. REPORT OF THE FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE, COLUMBUS, OHIO, JUNE 22-24, 1986 PY - 1986/09/26 SP - 43 p. AB - This conference was convened to enable governors' highway safety representatives, law enforcement personnel, safety belt coalition members, and others to share experiences and knowledge with respect to State mandatory use laws (MULs). At this point in time, more than half of the States in the U.S. have passed MULs. In these States, safety belt advocates have quickly become aware that the passage of such legislation is not a guarantee that safety belts will be used by all motorists and passengers nor does it ensure that the laws will be uniformly enforced. The conference was intended to address these issues and to provide a forum for discussion and exchange of ideas and strategies for promoting safety belt use and enforcement as well as for enabling advocates to maintain the momentum evidenced in communities and States prior to the passage of the laws. The conference format involved a combination of panel discussions and small group interactions, all of which addressed -- from different perspectives -- the essential criteria for obtaining compliance with MULs. There was a clear unanimity of opinion concerning the key criteria: (1) Effective and consistent enforcement of mandatory use laws; (2) Continuing public information and educational efforts along with the on-going programs to encourage and maintain community support; (3) On-going liaison and communication with policy-makers; and (4) Access to reliable data to support program and educational activities. This report summarizes the proceedings of the conference in terms of these four major criteria and related issues. The document should be of interest to all persons responsible for and/or interested in addressing concerns associated with MULs. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Compliance KW - Conferences KW - Data needs KW - Education KW - Information organization KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Policy making KW - Public relations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465454 AU - Snyder, M B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WORKSHOP ON IN-VEHICLE ALCOHOL TEST DEVICES PY - 1986/09 SP - 20 p. AB - The Workshop consisted of six sequential sessions on the following topics: status of performance type in-car testers, status of breath testing in-car devices, manufacturer's issues, user issues and research issues. The document provides information regarding the topics covered, attendees, new information and viewpoints raised, as well as sources for further information. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Automobiles KW - Breathalyzers KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Safety equipment KW - Testing equipment KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496129 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Molnar, L J AU - Businski, K L AU - Margolis, L H AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - CORRELATES OF CHILD RESTRAINT USE PY - 1986/09 SP - 297 p. AB - This study combined direct observation of child rstraint use with interview and mail questionnaire methods to measure prevalence of incorrect restraint practices and factors related to use of child restraint devices and seat belts for children under the age of four. Ninety-two percent of infants under age 1 and 55% of children age 1 to 3 were traveling in a child safety seat. The public supports the mandatory child restraint law and believes that it should be strictly enforced. Incorrect use of child restraint devices is a major problem. The relationship between child restraint use and sociological factors was also studied. There appears to be a shift in social norms in recent years, such that restraint of young children traveling in cars is now expected behavior. Recommendations include: (1) improved design of safety seats to reduce incorrect use; increased enforcement of the mandatory child restraint use law; and individualized education and demonstration of correct child seat use for parents. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Design KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Parents KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306048 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496130 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Dulles, W W AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - IS HANDICAPPED PUPIL TRANSPORTATION FACING FOWARD PY - 1986/09 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - p. 16-20 AB - The article discusses how the dramatic rise in handicapped children is causing the pupil transportation industry to re-examine itself, particularly the minimally regulated special education transportation field. An increasing number of children require specially modified vehicles or restraint systems that can accomodate an expanding variety of adaptive devices (ADs). ADs are altered wheelchairs and other mobile seating arrangements designed to cater to the handicapped individual's specific limitations. However, ADs are not designed to absorb impact and are not designed for transport on buses. Pulbic Law 94-142 (1976) on the transportation of special education students is discussed, and the lack of laws regarding how handicapped pupils are to be transported is noted. The issues involving eligibility of ADs and liability in the event of an accident is discussed. It is noted that a few school systems in the country are experimenting with basing their eligibility policies on the recommendations of orthopedic doctors. The different interest groups and their conflict in regard to handicapped transportation is also discussed. KW - Adaptive equipment (Disabled persons) KW - Design KW - Equipment KW - Laws KW - Liabilities KW - Persons with disabilities KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309364 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496151 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Finn, P AU - Bragg, BWE AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - PERCEPTION OF THE RISK OF AN ACCIDENT BY YOUNG AND OLDER DRIVERS PY - 1986/09 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 289-298 AB - This is a report of the results of a study which attempted to determine whether misperception of risk could be an explanation for the high rates of traffic accidents among youth by testing whether young drivers perceive driving to be less hazardous than do older drivers. Three different methods of estimating the risk of accident involvement were used to compare risk estimtes of young and older drivers. The methods included general questions about accident involvement, rating the riskiness of 10 specific driving situations illustrated in still photographs, and rating the riskiness of 15 videotaped driving situations. Young drivers percieved their own chances of an accident to be significantly lower than those of both their peers and older male drivers while older male drivers saw their chances of accident involvement as comparable to those of their male peers and less than those of young male drivers. These findings lend support ot the thesis that young male drivers are overrepresented in traffic accidents at least in part because they fail to perceive specific driving situations as being as risky as older drivers perceive them. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Perception KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309377 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496134 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Stapleton, J M AU - Guthrie, S AU - LINNOILA, M AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS ON EYE MOVEMENTS: RELEVANCE TO TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1986/09 VL - 47 IS - 5 SP - p. 426-432 AB - The effects of alcohol and other psychotorpic drugs on eye movements are reviewed with particular attention to the possible relevance of these effects for traffic safety. Alcohol has been shown to have diverse effects, including reduction of the velocity of both saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements, increased saccadic latency, impairment of convergence and induction of nystagmus. These effects probably contribute to impaired visual information processing, which reduces driving ability. Barbiturates have been reported to produce effects similar alcohol, and the effects of benzodiazepines and opioids seem to be more but still substantial. Marihuana has relatively little effect on eye movements. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Barbiturates KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Eye movements KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Psychotropic agents KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309366 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496136 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Linsky, A S AU - Colby, J P AU - Strauss, A AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - DRINKING NORMS AND ALCOHOL-RELATED PROBLEMS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1986/09 VL - 47 IS - 5 SP - p. 384-393 AB - One of Bales's 3 related hypotheses concerning how cultures or social structures influence the level of alcoholism in a population - that culturally determined attitudes toward drinking and intoxication determine whether alcohol will be used to relieve the stress generated in a society - is examined in the first systematic test of that hypothesis based on American data. A proscriptive norm index was computed for each of the 50 states. The proscriptive states are located in the southern region of the United States. Proscriptive norms are significantly correlated with all of the indicators of alcohol-related problems studied. It was found that driving while intoxicated and other alcohol-related arrests do not appear to arise as a response to the total amount of drinking. Instead, such alcohol-related problems appear to be a response to the strong cultural disapproval of drinking, with the proscriptively oriented states experiencing the highest rates of disruptive behaviors related to alcohol. The findings are consistent with a social control explanation for this link. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309367 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496153 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Mathews, M L AU - Morgan, A R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AGE DIFFERENCES IN MALE DRIVERS' PERCEPTION OF ACCIDENT RISK: THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED DRIVING ABILITY PY - 1986/09 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 299-313 AB - Young (18-25) and older i935-50) male drivers were compared in their perception of driving risk and confidence in driving ability. Both groups provided responses to a questionnaire on accident risk and driving ability and further generated subjective ratings of risk to a series of videotaped sequences depicting various elements of driving behavior. Although young drivers' estimates of accident involvement in the next year were higher than those of older drivers, young drivres gave lower ratings of accident risk for specific driving situations which demanded fast driving reflexes or substantial vehicle-handling skills. Young drivers rated their own risk of an accident and driving abilities as being the same as for older drives. However, they saw thier peers as being significantly higher at risk and having poorer abilities than themselves. Young drivers were more confident in their driving abilities than the older drivers. It is shown that perceived risk and self-perceived driving abilities are interrelated. Further, the data from young drivers showed 2 disturbing characteristics: a notable dissociation between perceived and actual ability; and a tendency to view themselves as immune from the effects of higher levels of risk. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Perception KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309378 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496161 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Chatterjee, B F AU - BARANCIK, J I AU - Fratianne, R B AU - Waltz, R C AU - Fife, D AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - NORTHEASTERN OHIO TRAUMA STUDY: V. BURN INJURY PY - 1986/09 VL - 26 IS - 9 SP - p. 844-847 AB - Burn injury cases were identified from a population-based sample of trauma visits to hospital emergency departments in northeastern Ohio during 1977. The 199 cases represented 2.4% of all trauma incidence visits by residents of the 5-county study region. Ninety-five % of the burn cases were released from the emergency department directly after treatment. The annual incidence rate of emergency department-treated burns was 4.7 per 1,000 population. Incidence rates for males were twice those for females. The age groups with the highest annual incidence rates were those under 5 years of age and 25-34 years. Most burns occured at home or the workplace. The youngest employed age group sustained the highest rate of work-related burns. Hot or corrosive substances caused 2/3rds of all burns; fire and flames caused 1/4th. KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496149 AU - Cosby, P J AU - BARNES, R AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State TI - 1985 MASEP ANNUAL REPORT: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MASEP PARTICIPANTS PY - 1986/09 SP - 29 p. AB - The Mississppi Alcohol Safety Education Program is the statewide driver improvement program for first-time offenders convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol or another substance which has impaired the ability to operate a motor vehicle. This report is the 3rd in a series of annual reports. The history of MASEP is described, as well as the two components of the program: operations, and research and development. The socio-demographic characteristics of MASEP participants is described, as well as a historical perspective concerning the characteristics over the last ten years. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Demographics KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Social factors KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495823 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Businski, K L AU - Molnar, L J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SEAT BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: JULY 1986 PY - 1986/09 SP - 62 p. AB - Results of direct observation study of seat belt use in Michigan conducted in July 1986 were compared with results of previous surveys in December 1984, April 1985, July 1985, December 1985, and April 1986. In the current survey, occupants in cars and light trucks were observed in July 1986. Seat belt use in 1986 increased only marginally from the level observed in April 1986. Restraint use among all motorists observed was 45.3% in July 1986, compared to 43.7% in April 1986. Restraint among occupants ages 0-3 remained at the April 1986 level (73.3%), higher than any other age group. Belt use decreased slightly from April to July 1986 among 4-15 year olds, and increased slightly for motorists ages 16 and over. Use rates in July 1986 were as follows: 35.1% among those age 4-15; 38.5% among those age 16-29; 47.7% among those age 30-59; and 55.2% among those age 60 and older. Females continued to show a higher restraint use than males. As in previous surveys, restraint use varied by region of the state. Belt use remains significantly higher than it was before Michigan's mandatory use law took effect. KW - Automobiles KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Females KW - Laws KW - Light trucks KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495828 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATALITY TRENDS. MOTORCYCLES PY - 1986/09 SP - 7 p. AB - This is the 14th of a series of occasional brief reports on highway fatality trends, the data for which are extracted from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). It provides an indication of effects that are relatively stable, those that are seasonal, and those that vary over the years. Traffic accidents have killed between 4 and 5 thousand motorcycle drivers everyear after 1976. Graphs are used to illustrate the trends in these fatalities. Figures show the differences in amplitude and shape between motorcyle fatality seasonality and the seasonality of all other traffic fatalities. Long term trends are noted. Driver characteristics such as age are also noted. KW - Fatalities KW - Motorcyclists KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305905 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491807 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - 55-M.P.H. LIMIT IS AMONG FOUR TOPICS OF EMPHASIS AT TRAFFIC SESSIONS PY - 1986/09 VL - 86 IS - 5 SP - p. 4, 25 AB - What should be done about the 55 mph speed limit will be one of four key topics addressed during the Highway Traffic Safety Division sessions of the 74th National Safety Council Congress and Exposition, October 19-23, in Chicago's McCormick Place Exposition Center. The other three topics, considered among the most important facing the nation in traffic safety today, are the problems associated with the elderly driver, truck safety, and construction zone safety. This article indicates which sessions will feature these topics and who some of the speakers will be. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Aged drivers KW - Conferences KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491801 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - Mid-America Research Institute AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - 1986 U.S. NATIONAL ROADSIDE BREATHTESTING SURVEY: PROCEDURES AND RESULTS PY - 1986/09 SP - 126 p. AB - In the spring of 1986 the second national roadside breathtesting survey was conducted on Friday and Saturday nights from 10 p.m. to 3 a.m. A random sample of 3100 drivers in 32 localities in 24 areas of the United States was stopped by the police and asked by Mid-America Research Institute interviewers to answer a few questions and to blow into a breathtesting device, the Lyon Alcolmeter S-D2. A total of 2850 satisfactory Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) readings were obtained, a 91.9% response rate. These procedures were similar to those used in the first national roadside breathtesting survey in the fall of 1973. The 1986 survey found 3.1% of the drivers to have a BAC of .10% or more, compared to 4.9% in 1973. Similarly, only 8.3% of the drivers in 1986 were at or above .05% BAC, compared to 13.5% in 1983. These differences were sustained when just the 18 localities which participated in both surveys were compared. The data provide strong evidence that there has been a significant decline in drunk driving in the United States. The report includes a detailed description of the survey methodology plus analysis of the results of the two surveys in relation to time of night and in relation to driver demographic and social characteristics, driving characteristics, and drinking characteristics. It also includes data on night-time seat belt use and driver characteristics. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data collection KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Human characteristics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Roadside KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491860 AU - O'Day, J AU - Waissi, G R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - WORLDWIDE ACCIDENT DATA STANDARDIZATION. VOLUME II: APPENDICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 208 p. AB - Information has been compiled on the state of accident data collection in a number of countries--both at the mass data (police report) level and at the in-depth level. In addition to a literature review, personal contacts were made with scientists and engineers in England, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Canada, and Australia to discuss current reporting practices for in-depth or case study reports. Police accident reporting forms usually contain almost the same kinds of material in all of the countries studied. This includes information about the location of the accident, time, personal characteristics of the drivers, injury, the environment, and some indication of causation. However, the local development of different conventions for recording such information, and differences in case selection procedures, make it difficult to aggregate data across national boundaries or to compare data from different countries. For in-depth or case study reporting, the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is used rather consistently worldwide, although not all users keep up with the most recent modifications. The use of the Occupant Injury Classification (OIC) and the Injury Severity Score (ISS) is less universal, although both are used in a number of countries. The most common vehicle damage scale is the Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) or a version of its predecessor, the Vehicle Damage Index (VDI). These practices make the in-depth data more comparable than the mass data. However, since sampling for in-depth cases typically comes from a sampling frame of the police reports, variation in the coverage of police reporting among countries leads to uncertainty in some aspects of the in-depth data files. Some innovations in reporting methods were found in remote places, and it is judged that all could profit from a more frequent and closer communication on the methods for reporting accident information for case studies. It is recommended that a more formal survey be conducted using computerized communication and conferencing techniques during the next year. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Collision deformation classification KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Injury classification KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - International KW - International standards KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Vehicle damage index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303916 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491862 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF VEHICLE DESIGN. SPECIAL ISSUE ON VEHICLE SAFETY PY - 1986/09 VL - 7 IS - 5/6 SP - 368 p. AB - This volume contains the following papers: The urgent need for harmonization of international automobile regulations, CH Hahn; The US approach to vehicle safety regulation, MM Finkelstein; The EEC type-approval system and its development: an efficient contribution to traffic safety in the European Community, H Henssler; Simulation of human body dynamic response to crash loads, DH Robbins and D Simic; Mathematical movement and load simulation for persons involved in an automobile accident, L Grosch, H-P Kaiser, and W Schmid; Barrier collision tests of 50cc commuter car, H Sakai, T Yoshino, and M Morisawa; A Study on the effects of safety-belts on subcompact-car occupants in head-on collisions - using scale models, M Morisawa and TB Sato; The Volvo safety design philosophy, R Almqvist; Design rules for structural safety of passenger-car bodies, H Gotz, M Schwede, and M Muller; Energy absorption of passenger car body structures made of steel and aluminium, M Rauser; The design of the running gear of light passenger cars for comfort and safety, D Bahnholzer; Basic considerations on the benefit of passive safety measures to passenger cars and their effects on fuel consumption, R Hoefs, M Rauser, and R Georgi; Design features and driving comfort on motorcycles, M Sugizaki; Possibilities of development in bus safety, K Rompe and HJ Kruger; The dependence of truck roll stability on size and weight variables, RD Ervin; Anti-swerve mechanical brakes, SW Zewari; Motor car design for pedestrian injury prevention, R Kaeser and M Gaegauf; Risk order of injury-causing parts in various types of car accidents, H Appel and J Wustemann; Accident analysis: front, side and rear protection of trucks, K Hogstrom and L Svensson; Indirect visibility of heavy duty trucks in wet weather, K Nakamura, A Suehiro, and H Shida; Effects of steering response characteristics on control performance of the driver-vehicle system, Y Furukawa and H Hakaya; Heavy duty truck ride-comfort analysis by computer simulation, N Sakuma, I Kadono, M Dohi, and H Nakai; An analysis of ride harshness, N Takata, S Ikura, and T Shimada; ...continued on TRIS 491863. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Buses KW - Comfort KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Energy absorption KW - Europe KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel consumption KW - Impact tests KW - International KW - International standards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Motorcycles KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Regulations KW - Scale models KW - Simulation KW - Standards KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306869 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491875 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - TOMERLIN, J AU - DCI, Incorporated TI - RADAR DETECTORS 1986 PY - 1986/09 VL - 38 IS - 1 SP - 8 p. AB - The number of drivers who use radar detectors continues to grow. Sales of about two million units are expected in 1986, a 30% increase over 1985. Several new companies have entered the field, or announced their intentions to do so, and it may be due in part to increased competition that detector technology has surged ahead in recent months. The most obvious trend has been to miniaturization. Performance shows improvement in sensitivity, audible alarm and filter functions. Most detectors can now be mounted on the sun visor. This poses a safety problem, however, since they are harder to read and divert the driver's attention. Also, they are in danger of falling or pulling the visor down unexpectedly, and the dangling cord can be distracting, and potentially hazardous. This article reports the results of laboratory and field tests of various radar detector models. Costs of the units tested ranged from $99 to $295. KW - Costs KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Miniaturization KW - Performance evaluations KW - Radar detectors KW - Technology KW - Test results KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306880 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491793 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Thomas, L AU - National Safety Council TI - WHEN CARS COLLIDE: J. STANNARD BAKER AND THE SCIENCE OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1986/09 VL - 86 IS - 5 SP - 6 p. AB - J. Stannard Baker, the Sherlock Holmes of collision investigation retired last spring, but the principles he developed continue to guide those who must understand what really happened before, during, and after a collision. This article recounts Baker's career and the development of his accident reconstruction techniques, which he assembled in a book entitled "Traffic Accident Investigation Manual". KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - History UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306831 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491884 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOTIVE CHALLENGE: STRATEGY BEYOND COST AND QUALITY PY - 1986/09 VL - 17 IS - 2&3 SP - 50 p. AB - This Special Issue of the UMTRI Research Review contains summaries of the 22 major speeches presented at the University of Michigan 1986 Management Briefing Seminar, held in Traverse City, Michigan, on August 6-8, 1986. Contents are as follows: Foreward, LS Wilson; Introduction, DE Cole; The Second Chrysler Comeback, HK Sperlich; People and Cars: Can the Love Affair Get Better? K Yamamoto; A Ford View of the Future, JA Betti; Global Competition: The Driving Force, FJ McDonald; Managing Technology: Joint OE/Suppliers Strategies, N Bodine; The Transplants--Threat or Opportunity for U.S. Workers and Suppliers? O Komer; Casualties of the 80's--Survivors of the 90's, T O'Grady; The Auto-In-Michigan Project: 1985-86 Findings, D Luria; The Engineer as Entrepreneur, RM Sinclair; Outside the Dots: Building a Competitive Organization, G Dickinson; The Powertrain Challenge: Complete Customer Satisfaction, DF Hagen; Technology--The Next Battleground, FE Lueck; The Automobile, DE Davis; The Emerging Role of Service Suppliers, R Miller; The Great Body Materials War: Steel Versus Plastics, RP Hervey and DN Smith; Technology Strategy in the 80's: Accessing Japan's Hi-Tech Progress, B Rubinger; The Marketing & Product Planning Outlook, RT O'Connell; The Evolution of the Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable, LC Veraldi; The Steel/Auto Partnership--A Blueprint for Competitive Advantage, K Kappmeyer; We Are Not What We Were Then, J Rock; Japanese Management--American Style, K Lehman; and New Perspectives on Manufacturing Automation: A Sampler of the Programs at the Industrial Technology Institute, J Smith. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Competition KW - Japan KW - Labor force KW - Management KW - Marketing KW - Plastics KW - Power trains KW - Steel KW - Strategy KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491859 AU - O'Day, J AU - Waissi, G R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - WORLDWIDE ACCIDENT DATA STANDARDIZATION. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 94 p. AB - Information has been compiled on the state of accident data collection in a number of countries--both at the mass data (police report) level and at the in-depth level. In addition to a literature review, personal contacts were made with scientists and engineers in England, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Canada, and Australia to discuss current reporting practices for in-depth or case study reports. Police accident reporting forms usually contain almost the same kinds of material in all of the countries studied. This includes information about the location of the accident, time, personal characteristics of the drivers, injury, the environment, and some indication of causation. However, the local development of different conventions for recording such information, and differences in case selection procedures, make it difficult to aggregate data across national boundaries or to compare data from different countries. For in-depth or case study reporting, the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is used rather consistently worldwide, although not all users keep up with the most recent modifications. The use of the Occupant Injury Classification (OIC) and the Injury Severity Score (ISS) is less universal, although both are used in a number of countries. The most common vehicle damage scale is the Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) or a version of its predecessor, the Vehicle Damage Index (VDI). These practices make the in-depth data more comparable than the mass data. However, since sampling for in-depth cases typically comes from a sampling frame of the police reports, variation in the coverage of police reporting among countries leads to uncertainty in some aspects of the in-depth data files. Some innovations in reporting methods were found in remote places, and it is judged that all could profit from a more frequent and closer communication on the methods for reporting accident information for case studies. It is recommended that a more formal survey be conducted using computerized communication and conferencing techniques during the next year. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Collision deformation classification KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Injury classification KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - International KW - International standards KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Vehicle damage index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491864 AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - TOWARD A NATIONAL PLAN TO COMBAT ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM: A REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS PY - 1986/09 SP - 85 p. AB - This report was prepared in response to Section 208 of the Alcohol Abuse and Drug Abuse Amendments of 1984 (Public Law 98-509). It is an extensive and thorough discussion which, for the first time, brings together in one document data from a variety of sources on the Nation's capacity to deal with alcohol-related problems, and which equips planners with an assessment of the problem. This assessment includes the prevalence of alcohol abuse and alcoholism and projections to 1995 and the health, social, and economic consequences of alcohol-related problems; the critical role of research in preventing and treating alcohol abuse and alcoholism; and an overview of the principal alcohol abuse and alcoholism program areas--prevention and intervention, and treatment and rehabilitation. It discusses also the way in which financing and personnel issues affect the Nation's ability to combat alcohol abuse and alcoholism and provides a planning framework for a "Model Program for the Development of State Activities." This document can serve as the foundation and action guide for other longer-term efforts that may be undertaken to fully develop a National Plan to Combat Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcoholism KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Financing KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Health KW - Intervention KW - Personnel KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Problem solving KW - Projection KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303919 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491863 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF VEHICLE DESIGN. SPECIAL ISSUE ON VEHICLE SAFETY (CONTINUED FROM TRIS 491862) PY - 1986/09 VL - 7 IS - 5/6 SP - 368 p. AB - Continued from TRIS 491862.....An analysis of vehicle behaviour in a cross wind, H Noguchi; Analysis of driving behaviour under a state of reduced alertness, Y Seko, S Kataoka, and T Senoo; Human-factors methods in the design of vehicle components, M Sivak, PL Olson, and P Green; Human factors in the design and assessment of in-vehicle information systems, MD Galer; and Reliability engineering in the commercial road vehicle industry, T Farkas, P Michelberger, and G Barta. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Buses KW - Comfort KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Energy absorption KW - Europe KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel consumption KW - Impact tests KW - International KW - International standards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Motorcycles KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Regulations KW - Scale models KW - Simulation KW - Standards KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - United States KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491255 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LOSS PREVENTION THROUGH SAFETY SELT USE: A HANDBOOK FOR MANAGERS PY - 1986/09 SP - 171 p. AB - The purpose of this handbook is to help managers establish an employee safety belt program. The handbook offers a hands-on guide for conducting this program and provides for implementation at all levels. The handbook contains cost information, a program overview, policy and program development information, positive incentive concepts, accident report and record keeping information, education sessions, public relations procedures, and promotional ideas, including a well-coordicated graphics program. All materials are designed to be easily photocopied or reproduced with the organization's logo. The resources section lists readily available materials for rent or loan. Suggestions for updating a loss-management system are also included to allow tracking collisions and the extent of safety belt use before and after a specific campaign. Also, an evaluation guide is suggested for program analysis. The education sessions can also be used as part of community outreach programs. KW - Employers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Handbooks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491260 AU - Purves, R R AU - Jet Propulsion Laboratory AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A FLUIDIC ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM FOR MOTORCYCLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - v.p. AB - This work was undertaken to develop antilock brakes for motorcycles utilizing the advantages of fluidics technology. Fluidic components are immune to electromagnetic interference, resistant to severe vibration, and potentially low in cost. The vehicle and brake control components were modeled for computer analysis. Using a system approach to the design, a non-linear analysis in the gain-phase plane was performed to determine acceptable time response functions for the components. Emphasis was given to examining the transient characteristics of angular motion at the onset of wheel lock. Based on results of computer analyses and instrumented braking tests, angular acceleration was selected to initiate brake control. These components include: a unique pneumatic/fluidic velocity sensor, a fluidic differentiation circuit, fluidic amplifiers, and a fluidic threshold detector for toggle control of brake pressure. Design details and test results are given. All control system components, except the brake-pressure modulator, were designed for the breadboard phase of development. The results indicate that a fluidic control system is feasible if the design focuses on minimizing the time response of each component. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Control systems KW - Design KW - Fluidics KW - Motorcycles KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Simulation KW - Test results KW - Velocity sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490727 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES AND TRAUMA CARE SYSTEMS. DEVELOPING BETTER APPROACHES TO CARE FOR LIFE-THREATENING TRAUMATIC INJURY IN STATES AND COMMUNITIES, AND IDEAS FOR FEDERAL ACTIVITY AS SUPPORTING PARTNER PY - 1986/09 SP - 13 p. AB - This is a review of new approaches that States and communities are designing and using to respond more effectively to life-threatening traumatic injuries, particularly those caused by motor vehicle crashes. Improved approaches are now available to all communities, and when effective emergency medical services (EMS) and trauma care are integrated, deaths decline, and disabling injuries are avoided. Certain overall trends are noted. When communities implement a coordinated system effectively, and employ a trauma center designation plan that uses medical facilites sensibly, persons with the most severe injuries can bypass the nearest hospital and travel to a specialized trauma unit with better care. Many communities are improving medical data collection and evaluation practices to determine the effectivesess of coordinated approaches to trauma care. Communites are finding that although coordinated systems are expensive, the investment more than pays for itself in the long run when all issues are considered. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Effectiveness KW - Emergency medical services KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Medical services KW - Trauma centers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490675 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: TRAFFIC RECORDS, 1985-1986 PY - 1986/09 SP - 15 p. AB - This report summarizes the efforts of the States and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the utilization of Section 402 funds in the development, planning, and implementation of Traffic Records programs. It describes the present activity in the Traffic Records area, including a description of noteworthy projects relating to State Traffic Records. KW - Crash records KW - Federal aid KW - Fund allocations KW - Programs KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Records management KW - States KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490677 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: PEDESTRIAN SAFETY, 1985-1986 PY - 1986/09 SP - 10 p. AB - This report summarizes the efforts of the States and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the development, planning and implementation of pedestrian safety programs. It discusses the seven types of pedestrian accidents that account for 57% of the accident total, State pedestrian safety legislation, past and present efforts in this program area, and State funding and utilization of Section 402 funds for pedestrian safety programs. KW - Crash types KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Legislation KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety programs KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490671 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURES, 1985-1986 PY - 1986/09 SP - 52 p. AB - This report summarizes alcohol traffic safety activities, programs and expenditures that States undertook in FY 1985. It describes the legislative changes that took place throughout the nation, with emphasis on certain "high interest" legislation shown to be important in facilitating deterrence and prevention of impaired driving. The report also outlines a representative sample of innovative projects, which States implemented to reduce their drunk driving crashes. These projects exemplify the comprehensive, community-based and financially self-sufficient approach that offers the most effective means toward a long-term solution of this problem. Finally, the report details the distribution of Federal alcohol traffic safety funds over the years, current fiscal allocations for prevention activities, and the scope and nature of relevant legislative change. KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Expenditures KW - Federal aid KW - Fund allocations KW - Impaired drivers KW - Legislation KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490837 AU - Sivak, M AU - Flannagan, M J AU - Olson, P L AU - Bender, M AU - Conn, L S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EVALUATION OF BRAKE-LAMP PHOTOMETRIC REQUIREMENTS PY - 1986/09 SP - 97 p. AB - This research attempted to: (1) evaluate the luminance of current brake and presence lamps, (2) determine the relevant photometric parameter for brake lamps, and (3) determine minimum brake-lamp photometric requirements. Six studies were done: (1) average luminance values and photodensitometry were obtained to develop luminance maps for rear lamps of 40 automobiles; (2) equivalent luminance of set of stock lamps was derived for use in later studies. Equivalent luminance was derived from brightness matches between the stock lamps and lamps of same size and shape but of uniform luminance. (3) and (4) studies investigated minimum brake-lamp photometrics for signal detection under high levels of ambient illumination; (5) and (6) studies assessed the effect of lamp photometrics on the differentiation between brake and presence signals under low levels of ambient illumination. It is recommended that (1) luminous intensity be retained as the relevant photometric parameter of automobile brake lamps, and (2) 80 cd be retained as the mnimum brake-lamp luminous intensity. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Luminous intensity KW - Photometry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490672 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: OCCUPANT PROTECTION, 1985-1986 PY - 1986/09 SP - 46 p. AB - This report summarizes the activities and expenditures which the States undertook in the past and propose to undertake in FY 1986 to improve safety belt and child safety seat usage. It addresses the State legislative activities -- past, current, and future outlook -- directed toward improved vehicle occupant protection through increased safety belt/child safety seat usage. The report includes a description of past efforts by the States and important observations and trends which have become evident during the past year. It also includes descriptions of selected State projects that are considered to be noteworthy. It provides a national overview of the State programs planned for FY 1986 and describes selected State projects planned. Charts and tables depict the distribution of Federal funds over the years in support of State activities to increase safety belt/child safety seat usage. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Expenditures KW - Federal aid KW - Fund allocations KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Programs KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - States KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490674 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES, 1985-1986 PY - 1986/09 SP - 46 p. AB - This report summarizes the obligations and activities of the States outlining past accomplishments as well as future plans to improve trauma care systems. Section II of this report discusses the legislative background of emergency medical services (EMS) and its relationship to highway safety. Section III examines current Section 402 funding expenditures in EMS relative to the past and the future. It includes a listing of selected noteworthy State projects that relate EMS to highway safety needs and Federally funded projects which have an impact on State programs. In addition, it lists suggestions for other State and Community Highway Safety EMS Projects. Section IV lists the States that established self-sufficient funding mechanisms and describes the distribution of those funds. Section V discusses interaction between the Governor's Highway Safety Representatives and the State EMS Directors, to make EMS responsive to highway safety issues. Section VI places each of the preceding sections in perspective in relationship to EMS as a "National Program." KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Expenditures KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Fund allocations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Medical services KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490676 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: MOTORCYCLE SAFETY, 1985-1986 PY - 1986/09 SP - 23 p. AB - This report summarizes the efforts of the States and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the development, planning and implementation of motorcycle safety programs. It discusses the motorcycle crash injury problem, the elements of a comprehensive State Motorcycle Safety Program, available documentation of program effectiveness, and examples of innovative State motorcycle safety activities and noteworthy projects. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Federal aid KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety programs KW - States KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490743 AU - Marburger, E A AU - Meyer, L AU - Ernst, R AU - Federal Institute of Road Research, Germany TI - 100-KM/H-SPEED LIMIT ON GERMAN AUTOBAHNS AND ITS EFFECTS ON ACCIDENTS PY - 1986/09 SP - 31 p. AB - The details are described and the results are presented of a study of accidents on selected autobahn stretches in 1984 and 1985 based on a total of about 6,000 accidents involving casualties and/or serious damage. A comparative method of study was used, and 3 types of comparisons were used. It was found that on all individual stretches, the number of all accidents on test stretches dropped by 23.2% and on the control stretches (without speed limit) by 6.7. By a corresponding statistical test method, the effectiveness of the measure has been calculated at 17% and statistically ascertained at the 95% level. The study results are discussed in detail. KW - Germany KW - Impact studies KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490673 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT: POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES, 1985-1986 PY - 1986/09 SP - 39 p. AB - This report summarizes the obligations and activities of the States outlining past accomplishments as well as future plans to increase the effectiveness of police traffic services (PTS) in FY 1986. It addresses the recommendations made by the National Academy of Sciences regarding the 55 mph speed limit. It includes a selective listing of noteworthy State and local traffic safety programs and provides an overview of FY 1986 PTS funding charts and tables which depict the level of funds allocated to States supporting PTS activities since its inception. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Federal aid KW - Fund allocations KW - Police traffic services KW - Programs KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490847 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER TO PROMOTE OBSERVANCE OF NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVER AWARENESS WEEK DECEMBER 14-20 1986 PY - 1986/09 SP - 39 p. AB - This Idea Sampler provides a variety of suggestions and alternatives for countermeasure campaigns. The suggestions are compiled from some of the nation's best and most successful projects. The theme of this presentation is 'Because we care ...' The various sections cover the basic aspects, continuing programs, drugs and driving risks, and general statistics on alcohol-related crashes. An appendix provides information on congressional resolutions, Governor's and mayor's proclamation, radio announcements, where to go and people to see, fund raising ideas, and camera-ready clip art. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Publicity KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299715 ER - TY - SER AN - 00437863 JO - RESEARCH NOTES NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Compton, R P AU - Preusser, D F TI - A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECT OF WISCONSIN'S MANDATORY SHORT-TERM LICENSE SUSPENSION PENALTY FOR DWI PY - 1986/09 IS - 6 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Licenses KW - Regulations KW - Suspensions KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/259629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496537 AU - Robbins, D H AU - Bennett, R O AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THREE-DIMENSIONAL OCCUPANT DYNAMICS SOFTWARE: BELT MODEL USE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08/31 SP - 158 p. AB - The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) conducted a study of seat belt modeling for use with the CAL 3-D crash victim simulation code. The objective was to examine the capabilities of existing software and to improve the codes insofar as possible. The work included: Implementation of the CAL 3-D (Version 20) at UMTRI; Study of the experimental basis for seat belt analytical modeling; Development of belt slip and submarining models using the existing code; Development and testing of an analytical basis and software for the transfer of belt material across body surfaces; and Review of the status of the HARNESS sub-program. KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Simulation KW - Slippage KW - Software KW - Submarines KW - Submarining KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490725 AU - Edwards, M L AU - McKnight, A J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF LIMITED LICENSE SUSPENSION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08/30 SP - 29 p. AB - In this study, about 13,000 drivers scheduled for group reexamination under Michigan's Probationary License Program were divided into 2 groups: one was threatened with suspension on the occurrence of another violation, while the other group was not. Results showed that females threatened with suspenion had significantly fewer accidents, and a reduction in convictions that was close to significance. There were differences among males. Drivers threatened with suspension were indeed suspended on the next violation, while the non-threatenedd drivers were given a hearing. Suspended males had fewer accidents and violations although the difference was of only marginal significance. No differences appeared among females. Suspending probationary drivers rather than sending them to a hearing would save Michigan over $500,000 in annual personnel costs without increasing accidents or subsequent convictions. KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Impact studies KW - Licenses KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Probation KW - Probationary license KW - Safety KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00757880 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY OF SAFETY-RELATED DEVICES: EMERGENCY WARNING DEVICES FOR DISABLED VEHICLES (PREPARED IN RESPONSE TO: SECTION 219; P.L.98-554, OCTOBER 30, 1984, MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ACT OF 1984) PY - 1986/08/19 SP - 65 p. AB - This report reviewed available research and accident records pertinent to an evaluation of emergency warning devices, such as warning triangles, flares (fusees), or similar devices. The characteristics and relative advantages and disadvantages of various major types of emergency warning devices were compared, with emphasis on warning triangles and flares. The relevant accident problem was estimated. This included estimates of the number of struck disabled vehicles and dismounted motorists, and the severity of such accidents in terms of injuries and fatalities. The report also addressed the probable costs and benefits associated with a requirement that all passenger vehicles be equipped with emergency warning devices and the effectiveness of existing regulations requiring interstate motor carriers to be equipped with emergency warning devices. KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Emergency warning devices KW - Fatalities KW - Flares KW - Injuries KW - Motor carriers KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Regulations KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Triangles KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496132 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT - TRACTOR SEMITRAILER/STATION WAGON RUNAWAY, COLLISION, AND FIRE, VAN BUREN, ARKANSAS, JUNE 21, 1985 PY - 1986/08/08 SP - 31 p. AB - The details are described of the accident in which, in June 1985, a 70,000 pound tractor-semitrailer lost control while descending a steep 3,439-foot-grade on State Route 59 in downtown Van Buren, Arkansas. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of the accident was the failure of the truckdriver to comply with regulatory signs and to properly use limited service brakes and trasnmission for speed control purposes, which permitted the tractor semitrailer to accelerate to a high speed while descending the steep grade. Contributing to the accident were the improper adjustment of the vehicle's service brakes due to inadequate vehicle maintenance; the truckdriver's lack of experience, maturity, and training required for interstate truckdrivers; and the absence of an adequate surveillance and enforcement program for the trucking system. KW - Brakes KW - Crash reports KW - Fires KW - Regulations KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496167 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT - MULTIPLE VEHICLE COLLISION AND FIRE, U.S. 13 NEAR SNOW HILL, NORTH CAROLINA, MAY 31, 1985 PY - 1986/08/05 SP - 57 p. AB - The details are described of an accident in which a northbound tractor-semitrailer collided with 2 southbound vehicles on a curve on U.S. 13 near Snow Hill, North Carolina. The first collision on the 2-lane undivided highway was with a 1982 schoolbus. After this collision, the northbound tractor-semitrailer struck a southbound tractor semitrailer loaded with shelled corn. After the collisions, the northbound tractor-semitrailer, the grain truck's tractor, and the front of the grain truck's semitrailer caught fire. The weather was clear and the pavement was dry. The truckdriver of the first truck sustained fatal injuries. Of the 27 schoolbus passengers (ages 5 - 13 years), 15 sustained minor to moderate injuries, 10 sustained serious or severe injuries, and 2 received critical injuries; 6 passengers died. The schoolbus driver, the grain truck driver, and the driver and passenger in the automobile sustained minor injuries. KW - Crash reports KW - Fires KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - School buses KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490735 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - Bell, S C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA'S HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NO. 6 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A PRODUCTION ANTILOCK SYSTEM INSTALLED ON A TWO AXLE STRAIGHT TRUCK PY - 1986/08 SP - 48 p. AB - Tests were run to evaluate the braking performance of a two axle air braked strainght truck with and without its European design production antilock system operational. Straight line stops, stops in a turn and stops in a lane change were utilized. Test surfaces included dry asphalt, wet asphalt, wet polished concrete, wet sealed asphalt, ice and split coefficient of friction roadway. Test speeds ranged from 20 to 60 mph and the vehicle was run empty as well as fully loaded. Panic (full treadle) and driver best effort (modulated) brake applictions were made at each test condition. This report describes the test program and analyzes the data to determine the braking performance gains provided by the antilock system. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Concrete pavements KW - Pavements KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721398 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN--INTERMEDIATE: NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM. INSTRUCTOR'S LESSON PLANS, 1985 PY - 1986/08 SP - 212 p. AB - The Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)-Intermediate level has as its base the basic EMT program and then has certain proven clinical skills and knowledge to support the skills added to the basic program. The program is not intended necessarily to be a stepping stone to the EMT-Paramedic level, but rather to be complete for that particular level of patient care. The National Paramedic Committee was charged in mid-1983 with the development of a curriculum for the EMT-Intermediate level. This document is the Instructor's Lesson Plans for the EMT-Intermediate National Standard Curriculum. The contents are presented in the following nine sections: (1) Roles and Responsibilities; (2) EMS Systems; (3) Medical/Legal Considerations; (4) Medical Terminology; (5) EMS Communications; (6) General Patient Assessment and Initial Management; (7) Airway Management and Ventilation; (8) Assessment and Management of Shock; and (9) Defibrillation. KW - Curricula KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Instructors KW - Intermediate level KW - Lesson plans KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460372 AU - Orringer, O AU - Knadle, K T AU - Mandell, J F AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PADDING RESEARCH. VOLUME II: CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION MODELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 64 p. AB - Several simplified one-dimensional constitutive equations for viscoelastic materials are reviewed and found to be inadequate for representing the impact-response performance of strongly nonlinear materials. Two multi-parameter empirical models are developed in accordance with consistency criteria which assure the existence of a constitutive equation. Curve-fitting procedures are derived for each model, and the models are applied to test data previously developed for Uniroyal Ensolite AAC foam rubber. The accuracy of dynamic performance representation provided by each model is assessed. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash cushions KW - Dynamics KW - Equations KW - Foam rubber KW - Foamed materials KW - Rubber KW - Vehicle padding KW - Viscoelastic materials KW - Viscoelastic media UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273597 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496155 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Egerbink, H O AU - LOURENS, P F AU - van der Molen, H AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DRIVING STRATEGIES AMONG YOUNGER AND OLDER DRIVERS WHEN ENCOUNTERING CHILDREN PY - 1986/08 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 315-324 AB - An analysis was made of the most important types of encounters in which drivers become involved in accidents with children. On the basis of accident surveys and psychological theories on information processing, it was assessed, by means of a questionnaire, what knowledge drivers have concerning their own behavior in these situations, as well as their expectations about typical child behavior. Actual behavior of drivers in these situations was investigated by assessing video recordings of their behavior in driving a one hour standard track through residential areas. From the questionaire it appeared that younger drivers reported more frequently dangerous behavior than older drivers. The recordings showed that younger drivers also behaved more dangerously during child encounters. This result could not be explained by differences is speed, but could by the fact that younger drivers detected the children less frequently than older drivers. Implications for the contents of mass media campaigns and their evaluation are discussed. KW - Adolescents KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Drivers KW - Mass media KW - Publicity KW - Questionnaires KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496135 AU - DRUMMOND, A E AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - DRIVER LICENSING AGE AND ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT RATES OF YOUNG DRIVERS PY - 1986/08 SP - 17 p. AB - This report investigates the interaction between the minimum driver licensing age and the casualty accident involvement rates of young drivers, using data from all Australian states. Accident involvement rates were corrected to control for differences between States in levels of safety and accident reporting rates. Cumulative involvement rates were examined. It was found that in other States the additional accidents resulting from allowing persons to drive below age 18 were not offset by their lower accident rates at ages 18-20. The study concludes that Victoria's higher licensing age results in a nett road safety benefit even though the accident involvement rate of 18 and 19 year old drivers in Victoria is generally higher than that of first and second year drivers in other States. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Australia KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306057 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496187 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - RAIL CROSSING PROGRAM ON TRACK TO GET SCHOOL BUSES ACROSS SAFELY PY - 1986/08 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - p. 27-30 AB - The article describes how technology, enforcement, and education are keys to cutting railroad grade crossing accidents, injuries and fatalities. Railroad grade crossing safety is noted as an issue of importance to both school bus operators and the federal government. The latter has authorized the expenditure of nearly $2 billion on grade crossing protection under Section 203 of the Highway Safety Act. The efforts and resources of those involved in the development and implementation of the grade crossing safety program have been concentrated in 3 areas: technology and engineering; enforcement; education and communication. Each of these areas is discussed. One public education program, 'Operation Lifesaver,' launched in Idaho in 1972 is noted. KW - Communications KW - Enforcement KW - Federal aid KW - Highway safety KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety education KW - School buses KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496169 AU - Dickson, C L AU - Woodward, P W AU - National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Res TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, WINTER 1985-86 PY - 1986/08 SP - 73 p. AB - Samples for this report were collected from service stations throughout the country. Analytical data for the 1,516 motor gasoline and 189 motor gasoline/alcohol blend samples were representative of 64 marketers. They are tabulated by brands and grades for 17 marketing districts of the country. Trend charts of selected properties of motor fuels over the last 15 years are included. Twelve octane distribution graphs for leaded and unleaded grades of gasoline are presented. The average antiknock index (R plus M)/2 of gasoline sold in the U.S. during December 1985, and January and February 1986 was 87.3 for unleaded below 90.0, 91.8 for unleaded 90.0 and above, and 88.8 for leaded below 93.0 grades of gasoline. Analyses of motor gasolines containing various alcohols are reported in separate tables. The average antiknock (octane) index ( plus M)/2 of gasoline containing alcohols was 88.4 for unleaded below 90.0, 91.6 for unleaded 90.0 for leaded below 93.0 grades of gasoline. KW - Alcohols KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Engine knock KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495902 AU - Manders, S AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - FLEET MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS TECHNIQUES ON VEHICLE COLLISION PREVENTION SN - 0 7306 0111 0 PY - 1986/08 SP - 74 p. AB - The report examines the effectiveness of a comprehensive fleet management package applied to drivers of a large Melbourne Transport Company. The package included two post-license driver training courses, a hiring procedure which included an assessment drive and a Driver Training Co-ordinator with overall accident cost management responsibililty. Effectiveness was assessed primarily in terms of accident involvement, including attributed responsibility but other measures, such as drivers' perceptions of the courses, driving generally, safety and their jobs were also examined. The study concluded that the overall package of measures was successful in reducing the drivers' accident involvement but it was not possible to tell whether the package would have been as successful without the training course. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Hiring policies KW - Management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Professional drivers KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305981 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496188 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Farmer, E AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - A PLAN TO RESOLVE THE SEATBELT ISSUE PY - 1986/08 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - p. 48-50 AB - It is noted that arguments both for and against seat belts in school buses contain provisions that must be compromised, specially as related to accident injuries. Studies, however, have not resolved the question of whether seat belts will save pupil lives. The limitations of testing with anthropometric dummies are pointed out. The importance is pointed out of maintaining records of accidents involving buses equipped with seat belts school in districts that require or permit their usage. The National Highway Trafic Safety Adinistration should expand its current data procurement base and form a task force to evaluate the data upon collection. The task force can solve the problem if the group is permitted to function in a professional manner. It can prove or disprove the merits of seat belts in school buses. KW - Data collection KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - School buses KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309400 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496157 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - McKnight, A J AU - McPherson, K AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - EVALUATION OF PEER INTERVENTION TRAINING FOR HIGH SCHOOL ALCOHOL SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1986/08 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 339-347 AB - A program of peer intervention in the drinking and driving of others is compared with a conventional alcohol safety program in the high school setting. The peer intervention program led to significant increases in self-reported intervention behavior following completion of the course. The conventional alcohol safety program failed to produce changes in intervention behavior during this period. Both the peer intervention program and the conventional alcohol safety program led to significsant knowledge gains. Neither program led to significant measured shifts in attitudes. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Evaluation KW - High schools KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309382 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495900 JO - Steering Wheel PB - Texas Motor Transportation Association AU - Rogers, H AU - Texas Motor Transportation Association TI - FLYING HIGH DOWN THE HIGHWAY PY - 1986/08 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 14-16 AB - The use of drugs and alcohol by employees in the trucking industry is discussed, and it is noted that it has created 3 areas of concern for employers: high costs associated with employee drug abuse, fear of liability for drug related accidents on the job; and concern over employee safety. These concerns have led to the implementation of company drug policies. The features of a well-designed substance abuse policy are described. It is noted that the implementation of such policies could be 'legal minefields.' Seven recommendations for a general substance abuse policy are listed and discussed. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Employers KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Liability KW - Public policy KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496128 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Maybee, R G AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF MICHIGAN'S MANDATORY CHILD RESTRAINT LAW: THREE YEAR FOLLOW-UP PY - 1986/08 SP - 88 p. AB - This study measured the effects of the law mandating the use of child restraint devices for children under age 4 traveling in automobiles. The study design included the following: study of multiple comparison age groups; (2) controls for exposure to risk of crash injury; (3) controls for longitudinal patterns in injury rates using Box-Jenkins intervention models. The details of the study and the findings of the study are presented. It was found that there was an increase in proportion of crash-involved children restrained; and reductions in the following: number of children injured in crashes, the rate of injured children. rate of occupants injured, the rate of children injured per vehicle mile traveled; and the rate of children injured as percent of injured occupants of all ages. The injury reductions were due to declines in moderate injuries; severe injuries did not decline significantly after the child restraint law was implemented. KW - Age KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306047 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496163 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Campbell, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - UMTRI LARGE-TRUCK SURVEY PROGRAM PY - 1986/08 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - 12 p. AB - The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute has been conducting a nationwide survey program to address large truck safety issues in the United States. The survey combines information from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, with accident data from the Federal Highway Administration Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety, police accident reports, and the results of telephone surveys to produce a comprehensive file called Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents (TIFA). TIFA data is combined with miles traveled data from NTTIS (National Truck Trip Information Survey) to calculate fatal accident involvement rates by vehicle type and road class. Data collection is described, as well as the NTTIS and TIFA data bases. Analytical work on a variety of issues is also discused. Safety comparison of single- and twin-trailer vehicles is discsussed as well as the probability of rollover. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Double trailers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highway classification KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Surveys KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495899 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Wells, R P AU - Norman, R W AU - BISHOP, P AU - Ranney, D A AU - Taylor & Francis TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE STATIC FIT OF AUTOMOBILE LAP-BELT SYSTEMS ON FRONT-SEAT PASSENGERS PY - 1986/08 VL - 29 IS - 8 SP - p. 955-976 AB - A questionnaire study of 198 adult passengers on lap-belt fit as well as vehicle, anthopometric and behavioral factors is reported. Subject size, subject sitting posture, clothing thickness, vehicle configuration, vehicle seat postion, seat back angle and the handling of the belt by the occupant was assessed on 51 subjects sitting in 6 simulated vehicles. The sample included a disproportionate number of tall, short, heavy and thin subjects. It was found that a high proportion of lap belts were malpositioned in a normal sitting posture. Moving around in the seat, especially slouching, increased the proportion of malpositions. Wearing a heavy winter coat did not cause belt malposition. A high incidence of malpositioned lap belts was also found in the laboratory study. The malposition rate was adversely affected by a forward seat postion. KW - Anthropometry KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Behavior KW - Front seat occupants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Seats KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496159 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Mayhew, D R AU - Donelson, A C AU - Bierness, D J AU - Simpson, H M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - YOUTH ALCOHOL AND RELATIVE RISK OF CRASH INVOLVEMENT PY - 1986/08 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 273-287 AB - This paper examines evidence pertaining to drinking and driving among youth to determine the extent to which alcohol has special significance for crashes involving young drivers. Findings show that frequent and heavy alcohol consumption among teenagers and young adults is not unusual, although they are less likely than older age groups to drive after drinking. Nonetheless, those young people who drive after drinking have a greater risk of crashing than older drinking drivers at all alcohol concentrations. An explanation for this is that young people are 'inexperienced' with drinking and driving. Limited behavior research supports some of the assumptions in this reasoning. An alternative hypothesis is that the comparatively higher, crash-risk among young drinking drivers is attributable to a subset of this group that engage in risky driving behavior and who also happen to use alcohol. Further investigation of this subject would provide sounder empirical basis for policies and programmes to reduce crash involvement among youth. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496175 AU - Healy, D J AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - TRENDS IN HELMET USAGE RATES AND BICYLCIST NUMBERS SUSTAINING HEAD INJURY - JULY 1981 TO DECEMBER 1985 - VICTORIA SN - 0 7306 0039 4 PY - 1986/08 SP - 16 p. AB - About 30 bicycle riders are killed and 1200 injured each year on Victorian roads. Head injuries are the cause of about 80% of cyclist fatalities and constitute 35% of reported injuries. Since 1980 helmet wearing promotion campaigns have resulted in substantial increases in bicycle helmet wearing rates. These increases have been accompanied by an encouraging decrease in the number of bicyclists killed or admitted to hospital with head injuries. This report describes these trends. KW - Australia KW - Cyclists KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496154 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - YOUTH AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RISK: POSSIBLE CAUSES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS PY - 1986/08 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 253-271 AB - Studies are reviwed that relate to youth and traffic accident risk, and comments are made on the definitional problem that may acount for contradictory findings, the failure to control for years of driving experience when comparing young drivers with older drivers, and the methodological problems employed to study driver risk-taking. The article discusses exposure to risk of an accident; driving experience; and driver risk-taking (speeding, driver conflicts, impaired driving, seat belt use, and risk behavior syndrome). The mediators of risk-taking behavior, namely risk perception and risk utility, are also discussed. It is concluded that the young are at a higher risk of an accident and that a major reason for this is the propensity of such drivers to take risks while driving. The focus of research should therefore shift to the reasons for this risk-taking with particular emphasis on the utility of risk as perceived by youth. KW - Adolescents KW - Behavior KW - Driver experience KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Impaired drivers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Speeding KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309379 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496156 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Mann, R E AU - Leigh, ERV AU - Anglin, L L AU - BLEFGEN, H AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SCHOOL-BASED PROGRAMMES FOR THE PREVENTION OF DINKING AND DRIVING ISSUES AND RESULTS PY - 1986/08 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 325-337 AB - In an effort to decrease alcohol-related driving accidents and fatalities among youth, many school-based programmes to prevent drinking and driving have been developed. These programmes would seem to have many important advantages, including being able to foster appropriate attitudes and behaviors. The didactic assumptions of these programmes are examined in this paper, and evaluations are reviewed. Programmes based on accurate provision of information and non threatening attempts to change attitudes, and on behavioral peer intervention techniques, consistently demonstrate knowledge gains, and in some cases appropriate changes in attitudes and self-reported behaviors, immediately following programme exposure. These effects often tend to dissipate with time. Since the impact of these programmes on traffic safety measures has not been examined, their development should be carefully monitored and evaluated until traffic safety benefits can be documented. KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Safety education KW - Schools KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309381 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496158 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - LUND, A K AU - Williams, A F AU - Zador, P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - HIGH SCHOOL DRIVER EDUCATION: FURTHER EVALUATION OF THE DEKALB COUNTY STUDY PY - 1986/08 VL - 18 IS - 4 SP - p. 349-357 AB - The DeKalb Ccounty, Georgia, study is the largest experimental evaluation of high school driver education to date. Detailed reanalyses of data from the study reveal that students assigned to an enhanced driver education program (Safe Performance Curriculum) were more likely to obtain drivers licenses, to be in car crashes and to have traffic violations than control students not assigned to driver education. Students assigned to a minimal program of high school driver education (Pre-driver Licensing Curriculum) were also more likely than control students to obtain licenses, but the difference was smaller than for the enhanced program and they were not significantly more likely to be in crashes or to have violations. Students in the more limited course were less likely than those in the enhanced course to complete the course in a timely manner, which suggests that exposure differences may explain differences between the two groups. The results confirm that greater availability of driver education causes students to become licensed sooner, although the DeKalb study probably underestsimates the effect. Because of this greater exposure, crashes and violations are incurred at an earlier age. KW - Driver education KW - Evaluation KW - High schools KW - Students KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309383 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496160 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Janicki, E AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - FUELING YOUR AUTO'S FIRE PY - 1986/08 VL - 50 IS - 8 SP - p. 87 AB - Gasohol is gaining acceptance as an automotive fuel. The current version of the fuel is a mixture of 90% gasoline and 10% alcohol. The alcohol mixed with unleaded gasoline today is mostly ethanol and most of it comes from corn. Another alcohol for possisble mixture with unleaded gas is methanol. Gasohol is today exempt from the federal four-cents-a-gallon fuel tax and some states' taxes. Its future however, will depend on many factors including the price of gasoline, adequacy of alcohol supplies, and tax revenue issues. KW - Ethanol KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Prices KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309385 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495846 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Hoque, M M AU - Andreassen, D C AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - THE USE OF ACCIDENT TYPE AND ROAD CLASS INFORMATION IN ASSESSING THE URBAN ROAD SAFETY PROBLEM PY - 1986/08 VL - 56 IS - 8 SP - p. 51-54 AB - This is a report of part of a project aimed at meeting the need for more knowledge about the safety aspects of the various components of the road network. Accident data collected in 1981 from the metropolitan area of Melbourne illustrate a technique for examining the performance of road networks using functional road class, accident type, and 'cluster' analysis. The predominant accident types for the whole network were identified, and the type with the greatest frequency is used to show the phenomenon of clustering at the intersections along the various road classes. KW - Classification KW - Cluster analysis KW - Crash types KW - Highway classification KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Intersections KW - Melbourne (Australia) KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309303 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493529 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Teret, S P AU - American Public Health Association TI - LITIGATING FOR THE PUBLIC'S HEALTH PY - 1986/08 VL - 76 IS - 8 SP - p. 1027-29 AB - Three products that have enormous impact on the public's health are now the subject of substantial product liability activity--air bags, cigarettes, and guns. Regulatory action involving these products has not been satisfactory with regard to prevention of disease and injury. Public health advocates have therefore turned to the courtroom for progress. Although the first patent for an air bag was issued in 1953, and the product was highly developed by the late 1960s, the public has not had the option of availing itself of this lifesaving technology. The automobile industry has bitterly fought against a mandate for air bags in cars, even though the device was proven sufficiently effective. Based upon the failure of legislative and regulatory attempts to require the installation of air bags in cars, the plaintiff's trial bar was urged to litigate in the interest of the public's health. One lawsuit is cited in this article where the plaintiff sued the Ford Motor Company for failure to provide an air bag in the car, which would have reduced the severity of her injuries. After ten days of trial, Ford Motor Company settled the case by the payment of $1.8 million. Wide publicity was given to this settlement, not only within the legal and health professions, but to the lay public as well. This engendered many more air bag cases. In November, 1985, Ford Motor Company announced that it will offer air bags as optional equipment on some 1987 models. Since then, other car makers have stated that they will sell air bag-equipped cars. KW - Air bags KW - Litigation KW - Public health UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491838 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A GUIDE TO THE OCCUPANT RESTRAINT FILMS: DYNAMICS OF A CRASH; SAFETY BELTS SAVE LIVES; CHILD RESTRAINTS; EGG, PUMPKIN AND HEADACHE; REDISCOVER THE SAFETY BELT PY - 1986/08 SP - 11 p. AB - This kit is an inexpensive collection of audio-visual materials which emphasizes both the dynamics and damaging effects of auto crashes. It dramatically demonstrates how various restraints can reduce such effects. The report describes each film and provides preview or review questions. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Child restraint systems KW - Film KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490840 AU - Hoen, TGM AU - WISMANS, JSHM AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Research Institute for Road Vehicles, TNO, Nethlds TI - PERLIMINARY DEVELOPMENT - HEAD-NECK SIMULATOR. VOLUME II: MATHEMATICAL SIMULATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 87 p. AB - This is an ongoing research program to develop a head-neck simulator with omni-directional biofidelity. The report consists of 2 volumes. Volume I presents a large number of human volunteer tests conducted by the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory in New Orleans. These subjects were exposed to frontal, lateral and oblique impacts with an impact severity of up to 15 g and 17 m/s. This analysis results for each impact direction in a simple analog system that completely specifies the observed dynamical behavior. Volume II documents the validation of the proposed analog systems and compares the behavior of the Part 572 and Hybrid III head-neck systems with the human volunteer behavior. It follows that both neck designs are stiffer than any of the volunteers in the impact ranges tested. Preliminary results are presented of computer aided design activities in order to improve existing designs in view of these new findings. KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer aided design KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Neck KW - Simulation KW - Training simulators KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490839 AU - WISMANS, JSHM AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Research Institute for Road Vehicles, TNO, Nethlds TI - PERLIMINARY DEVELOPMENT - HEAD-NECK SIMULATOR. VOLUME I: ANALYSIS VOLUNTEER TESTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - v.p. AB - This is an ongoing research program to develop a head-neck simulator with omni-directional biofidelity. The report consists of 2 volumes. Volume I presents a large number of human volunteer tests conducted by the Naval Biodynamics Laboratory in New Orleans. These subjects were exposed to frontal, lateral and oblique impacts with an impact severity of up to 15 g and 17 m/s. This analysis results for each impact direction in a simple analog system that completely specifies the observed dynamical behavior. Volume II documents the validation of the proposed analog systems and compares the behavior of the Part 572 and Hybrid III head-neck systems with the human volunteer behavior. It follows that both neck designs are stiffer than any of the volunteers in the impact ranges tested. Preliminary results are presented of computer aided design activities in order to improve existing designs in view of these new findings. KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer aided design KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Neck KW - Simulation KW - Training simulators KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495898 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY STUDY. PERFORMANCE OF LAP BELTS IN 26 FRONTAL CRASHES PY - 1986/07/28 SP - 236 p. AB - This study reports on the performance of lap belts in 26 frontal crashes of passenger vehicles investigated by the Safety Board. The report discusses the Board's findings, selected lap belt cases, statistical estimates of seat belt effectiveness, related research on lap belt performance, and Federal regulations and manufacturers' practices on motor vehcle seat belts. The report concludes with recommendations to U.S. and foreign manufacturers of passenger vehicles, to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, to the International Chiefs of Police, and to associations and groups concerned with emergency medicine. KW - Frontal crashes KW - Industries KW - Lap belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance KW - Regulations KW - Seat belts KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600513 AU - Kallieris, D AU - Mattern, R AU - Heidelberg University, West Germany AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - QUANTIFICATION OF OCCUPANT RESPONSE AND INJURY FROM IMPACT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07/04 SP - 262 p. AB - This report describes a number of side impact tests conducted using human cadavers. The tests used a sled to investigate whole body lateral impact response in a variety of conditions including both padded and unpadded walls. Information describing test procedures used, dynamic responses measured, and injuries observed is also included. KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490726 AU - Worthington, H AU - Ramsell, M J AU - Burkhardt, J E AU - Ecosometrics, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF ORGANIZATIONS THAT WOULD DISTRIBUTE TRAFFIC SAFETY INFORMATION TO OLDER DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07/02 SP - v.p. AB - The study was commissioned to increase the effectiveness of the information dissemination process. In order to develop strategies that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administraion could implement, older persons were contacted in focus group settings; organizations that could distribute traffic safety information to older drivers and pedestrians also supplied information to the study team. Individuals with higher socioeconomic backgrounds and more education tend to be attracted to information distributors that make use of facts and figures and to information pertaining health. Individuals with lower socioeconomic backgrounds and less education obtain information through local organizations such as churches and senior centers and are attentive to messages relating to personal security and well being. Out of 69 potential information distributors, 20 were identified with high, repeated exposure to large numbers of elderly people, a central distribution point, established mechanisms, willingness and ability to bear some costs of distribution, and current or potential cooperation with NHTSA. Information on each orgnization is presented in a directory that describes the relevant characteristics of each organization. KW - Aged KW - Costs KW - Information dissemination KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460381 AU - Orringer, O AU - Jeong, D Y AU - Tong, P AU - Knadle, K T AU - Mandell, F AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PADDING RESEARCH. VOLUME III: IMPACT ANALYSIS AND MODEL VALIDATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 98 p. AB - This final volume of the Crash Padding Research report summarizes the application of the laboratory material model developed in Volumes I and II to the prediction of impact behavior. This involved embedding the material model in a simplified dynamic simulation of the occupant-vehicle impact. The simulation is a computer program predicting force, acceleration, etc., versus time, based on fundamental inputs of the occupant's initial speed, mass, and geometry, the vehicle's structural stiffness, and the laboratory model for padding. By comparing simulation predictions with impact test results, the computer simulation has been validated for impact scenarios involving metal structures similar to an automobile dashboard. KW - Crash cushions KW - Impact tests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Simulation KW - Validation KW - Viscoelastic materials KW - Viscoelastic media UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460371 AU - Orringer, O AU - Knadle, K T AU - Mandell, J F AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PADDING RESEARCH. VOLUME I: MATERIAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 64 p. AB - The dynamic mechanical properties of Uniroyal Ensolite AAC, a viscoelastic closed-cell foam rubber, are investigated by means of materials tests. Sufficient test data is presented to form a basis for one-dimensional (uniform compression) empirical constitutive equation models. Results of some additional tests are presented to assess the potential usefulness of a one-dimensional constitutive equation for predicting response in typical occupant-to-vehicle impact situations. KW - Crash cushions KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Equations KW - Foam rubber KW - Foamed materials KW - Forecasting KW - Materials tests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Rubber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273596 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495914 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Masakowski, S AU - Enz, B AU - Cothern, J E AU - Rowe, W F AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - FIBER-PLASTIC FUSIONS IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1986/07 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - p. 903-912 AB - This paper discusses four traffic accident investigations in which fabric impressions in thermoplastic materials or hairs and fibers found embedded in upholstery or interior decorative components played important roles in the reconstruction of the accidents. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Fabrics KW - Forensic medicine KW - Forensic science KW - Plastics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309330 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495929 JO - Consumer's Research Magazine PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Copulos, M AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - THE FACTORY OF THE FUTURE PY - 1986/07 VL - 69 IS - 7 SP - p. 25-28 AB - Computer aided design, computer aided machining, and computer aided engineering are discussed, and it is noted that in the future, these concepts could bring about the factory of the future where all of the dangerous, repetitive and precision tasks are performed with controlled machines. It is described how personal computers laid the groundwork for accomplishing the key tasks required to bring about a revolution on the factory floor, making it possible to computerize individual work stations, and in particular, machine tools. PCs also made robotics possible. The use of automation in the automobile industry is briefly discussed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided machining KW - Personal computers KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309345 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495946 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - McCosh, D AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - NO-SPRINGS, NO-SHOCKS SUSPENSION PY - 1986/07 VL - 229 SP - p. 60-63 AB - The article describes how active suspension systems with computer control will soon give automobiles good ride quality and good handling capabilities. Active suspensions can pick up the wheel and move it out when the car hits a bump; rounding a curve, a vehicle leans to the inside. Active suspension has the ability to isolate one suspension characteristic from another. These features in a Volvo prototype are described. Many manufacuterers are racing to put them on the market. Other practical benefits of the system are noted, and include the programming of the computer to modify the complex dynamics of the moving car. For example, input from the yaw and steering angle sensors can tell the computer whether the car is beginning to slide in a corner. The computer can then adjust the load on each wheel to help the driver regain control. KW - Automobiles KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Suspension systems KW - Volvo Car Corporation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496551 AU - Klein, T M AU - Sigmastat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A GUIDE TO USING THE FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM BAC DISTRIBUTION FILES PY - 1986/07 SP - 20 p. AB - Methods of producing aggregate estimates of alcohol involvement at both the person level and the accident level are presented. These estimates are based on a new method of estimating driver and nonoccupant BAC for those persons with unknown BAC test results on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) files. The new methodology is discussed in detail in a report titled "A Method for Estimating Posterior BAC Distributions for Persons Involved in Fatal Traffic Accidents". Knowledge of both FARS and the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) are assumed. References for both are suggested. A number of sample programs are presented, illustrating techniques for producing estimates of alcohol involvement in response to various questions of potential interest. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Estimates KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Physical distribution KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310223 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495921 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - THE CHALLENGE OF 55: BALANCING COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT PY - 1986/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 50-52 AB - The sense of the 55 mph speed limit as a concept is discussed, and the arguments for and against it are noted. Enforcement of the speed limit in California is discussed, and it is noted that the real issue is not enforcement but the broad question of motorist acceptance of the 55 mph requirement. A California Highway Patrol and Caltrans report to the legislature is discussed. The report considered the following: a comparison of California enforcement and compliance with those of other states; effectiveness of current policies; and an evaluation of the $5 energy fine. A public opinion survey included in the survey is also discussed. The article notes that California believes that a selective, judicious increase in the maximum speed limit, especially on rural interstate freeways, would not jeorpadize motorist safety. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - California KW - Compliance KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Rural highways KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496124 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Guy, Y AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Canroad Transportation Research Corporation TI - THE INFLUENCE OF WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS ON THE STABILITY AND CONTROL OF HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS IN CANADA. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III - APPENDICES C-F PY - 1986/07 SP - 125 p. AB - The stability and control characteristics of heavy-duty truck combinations used in Canada were determined as an aid for the development of new regulations on the weights and dimensions of vehicles in interprovincial trucking. Surveys were made, dynamic performance characteristics were analyzed, and full-scale tests were made of 3 of the selected vehicles. The results serve to classify the contrasting dynamic performance qualities of some 22 vehicle configurations, distinguished by number and placement of axles, number of trailers, and type of hitching mechanisms. Also, the sensitivity of the dynamic behavior of each configuration to variations in weights and dimensions, as well as certain component properties, is determined. Novel measures of performance were developed for characterizing (1) the dynamic stability of roll-coupled trailer combinations and the offtracking overshoot in a rapid path-change maneuver, and (2) the potential for low-speed jackknife while towing a trailer with multiple-wide spread axles around a tight turn. Generalized performance evaluation techniques are outlined for future use in examining prospective new vehicle combinations. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Axles KW - Canada KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Hitches KW - Jackknifing KW - Laws KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Trailers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496125 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Guy, Y AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Canroad Transportation Research Corporation TI - THE INFLUENCE OF WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS ON THE STABILITY AND CONTROL OF HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS IN CANADA. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III - APPENDICES A-B PY - 1986/07 SP - 326 p. AB - The stability and control characteristics of heavy-duty truck combinations used in Canada were determined as an aid for the development of new regulations on the weights and dimensions of vehicles in interprovincial trucking. Surveys were made, dynamic performance characteristics were analyzed, and full-scale tests were made of 3 of the selected vehicles. The results serve to classify the contrasting dynamic performance qualities of some 22 vehicle configurations, distinguished by number and placement of axles, number of trailers, and type of hitching mechanisms. Also, the sensitivity of the dynamic behavior of each configuration to variations in weights and dimensions, as well as certain component properties, is determined. Novel measures of performance were developed for characterizing (1) the dynamic stability of roll-coupled trailer combinations and the offtracking overshoot in a rapid path-change maneuver, and (2) the potential for low-speed jackknife while towing a trailer with multiple-wide spread axles around a tight turn. Generalized performance evaluation techniques are outlined for future use in examining prospective new vehicle combinations. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Axles KW - Canada KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Hitches KW - Jackknifing KW - Laws KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Trailers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306044 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495925 JO - Consumer's Research Magazine PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Williams, A F AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - BOLOTIN AND DESARIO ARE WRONG PY - 1986/07 VL - 69 IS - 7 SP - p. 16-17 AB - Studies are quoted that show that the effect of raising the drinking age has a positive effect on traffic fatalities and that the effect is lasting. One such study described here is by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, and another is by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Studies showing no positive effects of raising the drinking age, particularly that conducted by Bolotin and DeSario, are discussed. The Bolotin and DeSario study results were derived from a measure of alcohol involvment in crashes that is useless for analytic purposes. The data used in the study have serious limitations. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495930 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Noonan, R N AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - HIGHWAY TRUCK SAFETY: THE CALIFORNIA EFFORT PY - 1986/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 53-59 AB - The importance of truck traffic to California's economy, and the current increase in the truck-at-fault accidents in California are discussed. The top 5 primary collision factors considered to be the immediate cause of an accident are noted. The article discusses the part played by the California Highway Patrol in promoting truck safety. One of CHP'S efforts in the management of truck traffic is the operation of platform scales at fixed sites. The objectives of this program are listed. The streamlined inspection process, and the Critical Item Inspection program in which certain items are reviewed for evidence of mechanical failure are described. The Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance, an interstate and industry cooperative effort to promote the Critical Item Inspection concept is noted. The Motor Carrier Safety Operations program which focuses on the training of motor carrier maintenance staffs, and on voluntary compliance with the law is also noted. KW - California KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Patrol KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training KW - Trucks KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309346 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496189 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Biggs, D C AU - Akcelik, R AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - MODELS FOR ESTIMATION OF CAR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN URBAN TRAFFIC PY - 1986/07 VL - 56 IS - 7 SP - p. 29-32 AB - Four fuel consumption models are described that are interrelated and form part of the same modeling framework. A simpler model is derived from a more complicated model keeping the vehicle characteristics such as mass, drag function, and energy efficiency as explicit parameters at all model levels. Only the instantaneous fuel-consumption is described in any detail. However, because of the derivation procedure, many of the features and properties of this model are present in the more aggregate models. Easy to use functions and graphs are given for the more aggregate models based on a 'default car' in urban driving conditions. All parameters related to the speed profile and driving environment were calibrated using on-road data collected in Sydney, Australia. KW - Environmental quality KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Roadside KW - Speed KW - Sydney (Australia) KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309401 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495924 JO - Consumer's Research Magazine PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Bolotin, F AU - DeSario, J AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - RAISING THE DRINKING AGE WON'T WORK PY - 1986/07 VL - 69 IS - 7 SP - p. 11-16 AB - In order to reduce alcohol-related fatalities among 18 to 20 year olds, in particular, more than 35 states have raised the drinking age to 21. A study is reported that claims that the approach is ineffective. It also demonstrates that the population targeted by the legislation is too limited. The law does not have any effect on those in the over-25 group that is severely implicated. Drunken driving is not age specific, and is a societal problem. A need is indicated for a policy of more general application, as well as a more systematic investigation of alternative policies. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309340 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495942 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Haynes, C D AU - Stroud, S D AU - Thompson, C E AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE THREE WHEELER (ADULT TRICYCLE); AN UNSTABLE, DANGEROUS MACHINE PY - 1986/07 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 643-648 AB - Three wheel motor vehicular accidents are a common occurrence, yet there is little publicity or published research dedicated to exposing the dangers of the vehicle and manufacturers have released few warnings. In a 3 year period, 125 patients were seen in the emergency department in one east Alabama referral area, a far higher rate of accidents than caused by other similar types of vehicles. The most common mechanism of these accidents was rollover of the machine; fractures were the most frequent injury suffered. The vey young are common victims. Accident prevention must begin with education of both parents, and children about the potential dangers of 3 wheelers. KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Parents KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Three wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496191 AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - Kaiker, P S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - KINEMATICS OF THE HUMAN CADAVER CERVICAL SPINE IN RESPONSE TO SUPERIOR-INFERIOR LOADING OF THE HEAD GM CROWN HEAD. FINAL REPORT IMPACT - NECK PY - 1986/07 SP - v.p. AB - This study examined the effects of the prepositioned rotated head on cervical spine injuries produced by a blunt impact to the crown of the head. The superior-inferior direction impact was delivered to an instrumented unrepressurized human cadaver by a free-flying ballistic pendulum stricker. In addition, a series of similar tests was conducted on the Hybrid III anthropomorphnic test device (dummy surrogate). KW - Cadavers KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Neck KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306410 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496141 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Craus, J AU - MAHALEL, D AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - ANALYSIS OF OPERATION AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTSICS OF LEFT-TURN LANES PY - 1986/07 VL - 56 IS - 7 SP - p. 34-39 AB - This is an analysis of the different input varables that the decision maker uses in preparing the warrants for a left-turn-lane installation. These quantitative variables are usually evaluated according to the decision maker's society, preferences, and economic priorities. An analytical analysis of the turning process and its influence on through vehicles is presented, followed by a simulation model that quantifies the aggregate operational effects of turning vehicles. The quantitative results obtained from both the analytical and simulation models are analyzed with special emphasis placed on the number of stops and deceleratons. KW - Simulation KW - Through traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic safety KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309371 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495938 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Constantine, T A AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - SEAT BELT LEGISLATION AND THE POLICE CHIEF PY - 1986/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 41-48 AB - New York became the first state to implement mandatory seat belt legislation in 1984. This article describes the prelegislation issues, issues connected with the enactment of the legislation, implementation of the law, and its evaluation. The New York program focused on steady and consistent enforcement. It is important that law enforcement executives play a major role in the legislation process, particularly, in educating legislators and interest groups. The enactment of the seat belt law in New York has proved to be a positive program. KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Police KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496126 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Guy, Y AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Canroad Transportation Research Corporation TI - THE INFLUENCE OF WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS ON THE STABILITY AND CONTROL OF HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS IN CANADA. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III - APPENDICES C-F PY - 1986/07 SP - 277 p. AB - The stability and control characteristics of heavy-duty truck combinations used in Canada were determined as an aid for the development of new regulations on the weights and dimensions of vehicles in interprovincial trucking. Surveys were made, dynamic performance characteristics were analyzed, and full-scale tests were made of 3 of the selected vehicles. The results serve to classify the contrasting dynamic performance qualities of some 22 vehicle configurations, distinguished by number and placement of axles, number of trailers, and type of hitching mechanisms. Also, the sensitivity of the dynamic behavior of each configuration to variations in weights and dimensions, as well as certain component properties, is determined. Novel measures of performance were developed for characterizing (1) the dynamic stability of roll-coupled trailer combinations and the offtracking overshoot in a rapid path-change maneuver, and (2) the potential for low-speed jackknife while towing a trailer with multiple-wide spread axles around a tight turn. Generalized performance evaluation techniques are outlined for future use in examining prospective new vehicle combinations. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Axles KW - Canada KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Hitches KW - Jackknifing KW - Laws KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor vehicles KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Trailers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496550 AU - Klein, T M AU - Sigmastat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING POSTERIOR BAC DISTRIBUTIONS FOR PERSONS INVOLVED IN FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1986/07 SP - 49 p. AB - A new method is proposed for estimating BAC distributions for persons with unknown BAC test results on the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) files. The method utilizes discriminant analysis to form linear combinations of variables associated with alcohol involvement in drivers and nonoccupants, and uses these linear functions to estimate posterior BAC distributions based on various person, vehicle and accident attributes. Accident-level BAC distributions can be computed directly from the person-level BACs as the joint probability distribution of all drivers and nonoccupants involved in each accident. The FARS database of drivers and nonoccupants is stratified by vehicle body type, known vs. unknown police-reported alcohol involvement, and driver age, resulting in twenty separate model strata for estimating BAC distributions. Variables found to be most useful in estimating BAC are: police-reported alcohol involvement, accident hour, person age, vehicle role, injury severity, weekday/weekend, use of occupant restraint, driver license status, number of entries on driver record, person sex, location of nonoccupant in relation to roadway, and whether or not the driver could drink legally (minimum drinking age in accident state). Validation tests are conducted using cases with known BAC test results from the 1984 and 1985 FARS. Results of these tests are presented and discussed. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Estimating KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Physical distribution KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495822 AU - Stoke, C B AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council TI - CHILD SAFETY SEAT AND SAFETY BELT USE AMONG URBAN TRAVELERS. RESULTS OF THE 1985 SURVEY PY - 1986/07 SP - v.p. AB - In June 1983, 1984, and 1985, 4 major metropolitan areas of Virginia were surveyed to determine the extent to which safety restraints were being used by urban travelers. Observers stationed at selected signalized intersections displayed to stopped motorists a clipboard bearing the question, ' Are you wearing safety belts?' The observers visually verified any response, and recorded whether safety belts or child safety seats were being used. They also recorded the license numbers of the vehicles and the sex and approximate ages of each occupant. The details of the findings are presented and discussed. The passage of the state's child safety seat law has resulted in significant positive change in the usage rates by passengers less than 4 years of age. The 1985 data replicate earlier findings that when there was an infant in the car, and the infant was in a child safety seat, belt use by drivers and passengers was significantly higher than use rates by drivers and passengers when the infant was not in child seat. The findings lead to the conclusion that the Child Safety Seat Law has been responsible for a significant increase in restraint usage by infants. There also appears to have been a spillover effect that has increased safety restraint usage by other categories of vehicle occupants. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Signalized intersections KW - Surveys KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36666/87-R3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306392 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495841 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Le Fevre, W F AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - SPEED ANALYSIS OF PASSENGER CARS IN FREE-FALL LAUNCH MOTIONS PY - 1986/07 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - p. 886-902 AB - Appliled forensic engineering in the field of accident reconstruction is often required to determine vehicle speeds in crash and collision cases. One type of automobile crash is that in which a car becomes airborne after being launched from an abrupt change of ground contour. This treatise covers an analysis of speed at launch surface. A refinement is introduced accounting for the effect of pitch motion of the vehicle to obtain a more accurate evaluation of speed. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Forensic medicine KW - Forensic science KW - Motion KW - Speed KW - Speed studies KW - Studies KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309301 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495831 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Miress, R W AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - MAGNETIC IDENTIFICATION OF HEADLIGHT GLASS PY - 1986/07 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - p. 913-919 AB - Magnetic susceptibility measurements over the temperature range 4 to 300K have been used to identify and distinguish among various samples of headlight glass. With a few exceptions, it is found that the technique can be useful in such applications and that improvements in accuracy, which are possible, would even eliminate these exceptions. The method is also applicable to the identification of other types of sample of forensic sceince interest such as soils, window glass, and metals. KW - Forensic medicine KW - Forensic science KW - Glass KW - Headlamps KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic measurements KW - Measurement KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495837 AU - Bodi, A AU - O'Connor, R E AU - KING, M J AU - McDermott, F T AU - HUGHES, E AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTING OF A DRUNK DRIVING WARNING SYSTSEM SN - 0 7396 0023 8 PY - 1986/07 SP - 55 p. AB - The study investigated one particular tracking task, the Critical Tracking Task (CTT), and its use in a Drunk Driving Warning System (DDWS) to warn drivers of impairment due to alcohol. The amount of sober CTT performance at various blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) was measured. At 0.05g/100 ml BAC, which is the legal limit in Victoria, a significant impairment was obtained. However, it was found that this could not be translated into a procedure for failing substantial proportions of drivers at or just above 0.05g/100 ml while passing nearly all sober drivers. At 0.10g/100 ml (the most common legal limit in the U.S.) a greater impairment was found than that obtained in the previous U.S. studies. Field tests found no major inconvenience to drivers. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305915 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493520 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nerad, J R AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - MERCEDES-BENZ ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEMS PY - 1986/07 VL - 38 IS - 7 SP - p. 84-6,88 AB - Mercedes-Benz went to Arjeplog, Sweden, to test its newest safety systems. There are three separate systems. The simplest, but by no means simple, is ASD, an automatic locking differential. Next is ASR, acceleration skid control, which is the functional equivalent of ABS but designed to prevent skids in power-on mode rather than while braking. Finally there is 4MATIC, a computerized automatically engaging 4-wheel-drive system. This article provides a detailed report on how each system performed. KW - Acceleration skid control KW - Automatic locking differential KW - Automobiles KW - Four wheel drive KW - Performance evaluations KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493673 AU - Zobeck, T AU - CSR, Incorporated AU - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism TI - TRENDS IN ALCOHOL-RELATED FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, UNITED STATES: 1977-1984. SURVEILLANCE REPORT #1 PY - 1986/07 SP - 24 p. AB - From an epidemiologic perspective there is a need to identify, for alcohol-related traffic accidents, groups at greatest risk of death and changes in the risk of involvement over time, and to track these factors on a regular schedule. This surveillance report is an initial step in meeting this need. The major data source for this report is the Department of Transportation's Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). The data in this report are organized into three sections under the topic headings: General trends and fatality rates; BAC testing and results; and Young drinking drivers. Fatality rates, frequencies and percentages are presented in graphic and tabular form. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304743 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493530 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Reizes, H AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - MICROCOMPUTERS AID TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1986/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 63 AB - The Traffic Accident Analysis and Reconstruction (TAAR) System was developed as a new tool to facilitate accident investigation. The program's major objectives are to reduce investigation time, and improve the reliability and increase the completeness of the information collected. The TAAR System computerized a number of the laws of physics and developed 54 models of vehicle accident kinematics simulating skid, spin, vaulting, rollover, and emergency braking. These models calculate impact velocities, perception/reaction braking distances, stopping distances, pre-impact velocities, etc., for accidents involving vehicles, pedestrians, motorcycles, trucks, trains and fixed objects. The user need not be a physicist or engineer to benefit from this technology; he need only understand the required input and program limitations. An example of the use of the TAAR System to calculate braking and stopping distance for an accident in which the driver struck a bear is presented in this article. The driver was found to be driving in excess of 69 mph, rather than at 50 mph as he claimed. This fact was determined in a matter of minutes by use of the TAAR System. KW - Accuracy KW - Computer programs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Kinematics KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Reliability KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307775 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493531 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Hannigan, M J AU - Thompson, L AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - A REVITALIZED HIGHWAY SAFETY COMMITTEE PY - 1986/07 VL - 53 IS - 7 SP - p. 39-40 AB - The IACP Highway Safety Committee attempts to define and categorize traffic issues of consequence, bringing them back to the membership in a neat package that can be adopted as a series of resolutions calling for actions of varying intensity, depending on the issue. The Committee's established method of using only resolutions to address all issues, however, has diminished the Committee's efforts to achieve needed attention on significant issues. The Committee decided to re-establish the importance of categorizing issues by "significance," and did this by adopting two levels of consequence. First, broad issues of major national concern will be handled by formal resolutions calling for general IACP interest and action, usually seeking concerted support from members throughout the United States and North America. Second, proposals of regional or single-state concern will be adopted as "recommendations," meaning the Committee has assigned a different status to assure that the energies of the IACP as a whole are not invested in these at the expense of those major issues identified through resolutions. Normally, no more than five resolutions per year will be placed before the general membership by the Highway Safety Committee, and some years may be even less. The intent is to limit the numbers to assure action. KW - Highway safety KW - International Association of Chiefs of Police KW - Recommendations KW - Resolution KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491861 AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - STEERING WHEEL ABDOMINAL IMPACT TRAUMA. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 69 p. AB - This report outlines the biomechanics impact testing protocol that was developed for simulation of steering wheel assembly abdominal trauma using the unembalmed human cadaver surrogate. A series of non-injurious multiple thoraco-abdominal impacts plus a single injurious abdominal impact to one cadaver utilizing a specially crafted steering wheel assembly, not representative of any manufactured steering wheel assembly, using this protocol is presented. The steering wheel assembly was designed by and obtained from the General Motors Research Laboratories. KW - Abdomen KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Steering wheels KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303917 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491790 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Kahn, J AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - MURPHY'S (SEAT BELT) LAW PY - 1986/07 VL - 31 IS - 3 SP - p. 40-41 AB - This article focuses on the following questions: Once the school bus operator (contractor and district-owned school bus fleets) is told that seat belts are required, what must he do and what happens if he doesn't do it? These questions are examined from an attorney's point of view. A frightening prospect for a school bus operator would be a directive from the school board that buses must be equipped with seat belts, but the actual policy concerning their use and corresponding enforcement of that policy was to be determined by the operator. In such a Catch-22 situation, the school bus operator would be damned if the policies were too strict, and damned if they were too lenient -- and certainly damned again in the event of an accident. Even in such a stressful situation, the application of Murphy's Law is not significantly different from its application in the ordinary case in which the school board lays down a policy, and the operator is given directions to implement and enforce it. KW - Costs KW - Enforcement KW - Laws KW - Liability KW - Manual safety belts KW - Policy KW - School buses KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306828 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491873 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Hoque, M M AU - Andreassen, D C AU - Printerhall Limited TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS: AN EXAMINATION BY ROAD CLASS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ACCIDENT "CLUSTER" PY - 1986/07 VL - 27 IS - 7/8 SP - p. 391-397 AB - This paper describes part of some recent research involved in a project which is aimed at investigation of the distribution of accident type by road classes in Melbourne. It examines pedestrian accidents that occurred in 1981 on different road classes of primary arterials, secondary arterials, collector roads and local streets, and demonstrates that there is a variation in the pedestrian accident rates (accident per accident-site) for intersection and link classes. The highest rates were obtained at the higher-order intersection classes of primary/primary, primary/secondary and secondary/secondary types, and the link class of secondary arterial. This paper also reviews some of the previous studies related to the area of accident "clusters". It then examines the aspect of clustering of pedestrian accidents, and finds that there is no real clustering of pedestrian accidents on the road hierarchy classes, although there are sites with high frequencies of pedestrian accidents. For both intersection and link, the highest frequency of pedestrian accidents was found on secondary arterials. KW - Classification KW - Cluster analysis KW - Clustering KW - Crash rates KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Intersections KW - Melbourne (Australia) KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491276 AU - Mid America Research Institute Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DWI CHARGE REDUCTION STUDY. VOLUME I: SUMMARY PY - 1986/07 SP - 51 p. AB - This study responds to the problem of charge reduction in drunk-driving cases. The term "charge reduction" refers to plea bargaining which allows defendants charged with drunk driving to plead guilty to lesser, non-alcohol related charges, and to prosecutor- or judge-sponsored programs under which a drunk driving defendant "earns" a reduced or dismissed charge, even though the evidence justifies a drunk driving conviction. Volume I contains a summary of the study and presents a strategy for implementing a charge-reduction ban. Section 1.0 provides an introduction to the study. Section 2.0 presents background information on the problem of charge reduction. Section 3.0 details the study method for this project. Section 4.0 presents the major findings of the study. The first part of this section focuses on findings relating to project design and execution. The second part sets out the substantive findings of the study. Section 4.0 also deals with limitations of the quantitative data and the methodological problems of measuring the impact of the no-charge reduction policies. Section 5.0, the final section, contains a guide for eliminating charge reduction in jurisdictions other than the study sites. Volume I also contains three appendices. Appendix A contains a list of individuals who were contacted in connection with selecting sites for this study. Appendix B lists the sites that Mid-America recommended during the intermediate phases of site selection for this project. Appendix C contains the discussion guide used by Mid-America staff during its five site visits. Volume II contains in-depth descriptions prepared for each of the five sites visited during this project. Each system description presents background information on the jurisdiction, summarizes key provisions of its alcohol and highway safety legislation, describes the process by which charge reduction was eliminated or restricted, details the processing of drunk drivers, and concludes with a series of observations about the effects of eliminating charge reduction in that jurisdiction. KW - Case studies KW - Charge reduction, legal KW - Drunk driving KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Impacts KW - Implementation KW - Judicial processes KW - Legal factors KW - No-charge reduction policy KW - Plea bargaining UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491257 AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND PROVINCIAL LICENSING SYSTEMS: COMPARATIVE DATA. GUIDELINES FOR MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATORS PY - 1986/07 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is a continuation of the series "Guidelines for Motor Vehicle Administrators." The report updates and supersedes the 1980 edition. It presents comparative data on the driver licensing systems of the States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the provinces and territories of Canada. There are eight sections to the report, each accompanied by tables. Section A discusses the preissuance requirements; restrictions, if any; length of term; and fees for an instruction permit (learner's permit). Section B concerns the original issuance of a driver's license and Section C driver's license renewal. Section D covers driver testing. Section E discusses the method of selection, minimum age, educational requirements, vehicular experience, and training of driver examiners. Section F discusses the selection and training of driver improvement personnel (other than clerical), and the scope and implementation of the driver improvement program. Section G covers medical advisory boards. Section H, driver licensing administration, discusses facets of drivers' records (including content), retention and availability; reciprocity of records; duplicate driver's licenses; international driver's license; and identification cards. KW - Administration KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Canada KW - Driver examiners KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving tests KW - Graduated licensing KW - Medical advisory boards KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491277 AU - Mid America Research Institute Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DWI CHARGE REDUCTION STUDY. VOLUME II: SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS PY - 1986/07 SP - 79 p. AB - This study responds to the problem of charge reduction in drunk-driving cases. The term "charge reduction" refers to plea bargaining which allows defendants charged with drunk driving to plead guilty to lesser, non-alcohol related charges, and to prosecutor- or judge-sponsored programs under which a drunk driving defendant "earns" a reduced or dismissed charge, even though the evidence justifies a drunk driving conviction. Volume I contains a summary of the study and presents a strategy for implementing a charge-reduction ban. Section 1.0 provides an introduction to the study. Section 2.0 presents background information on the problem of charge reduction. Section 3.0 details the study method for this project. Section 4.0 presents the major findings of the study. The first part of this section focuses on findings relating to project design and execution. The second part sets out the substantive findings of the study. Section 4.0 also deals with limitations of the quantitative data and the methodological problems of measuring the impact of the no-charge reduction policies. Section 5.0, the final section, contains a guide for eliminating charge reduction in jurisdictions other than the study sites. Volume I also contains three appendices. Appendix A contains a list of individuals who were contacted in connection with selecting sites for this study. Appendix B lists the sites that Mid-America recommended during the intermediate phases of site selection for this project. Appendix C contains the discussion guide used by Mid-America staff during its five site visits. Volume II contains in-depth descriptions prepared for each of the five sites visited during this project. Each system description presents background information on the jurisdiction, summarizes key provisions of its alcohol and highway safety legislation, describes the process by which charge reduction was eliminated or restricted, details the processing of drunk drivers, and concludes with a series of observations about the effects of eliminating charge reduction in that jurisdiction. KW - Case studies KW - Charge reduction, legal KW - Drunk driving KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Impacts KW - Implementation KW - Judicial processes KW - Legal factors KW - No-charge reduction policy KW - Plea bargaining UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490843 AU - SAUL, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: STEERING COLUMN AND INTRUSION ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 81 p. AB - The crash matirx of the Frontal Crash Responses program provided an opportunity to examine the steering column performance under a variety of frontal crash configurations. The analysis of this report was initiated with the objective of documenting the amount and nature of steering column and instrument panel intrusion for selected matrix tests. Static photographic measurement methods were employed in documenting the steering column and instrument panel intrusion. The results show significant differences between dynamic motions and residual displacements. They also show column performance being dependent upon both the vehicle and crash configuration. The effect of these results on unrestrained occupant response is included in the analysis. It is recommended that the steering column documentation methdology described in the report be extended to additional vehicle and crash configurations. KW - Frontal crashes KW - Instrument panels KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measurement KW - Steering columns KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490844 AU - Loux, S AU - Hersey, J AU - Greenfield, L AU - Sundberg, E AU - SRA Technologies, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL UNDERSTANDING AND ACCEPTANCE OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 142 p. AB - A telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of 1,213 individuals who drive or ride in cars was conducted in January-February 1986, which obtained information about 3 major areas: automatic safety belts, air bags, and mandatory use laws. It was found that the public is generally unaware of automatic safety belts and had concerns about them breaking down and trapping in them in an accident. A substantial minority said they wouuld unbuckle automatic belts, but a smaller number reported they would permanently disconnect them. The majority of the public preferred manual belts to automatic belts. Air bags were preferred by the majority of the public and a third were willing to pay the estimated cost of air bags. While the protection afforded by air bags was recognized, concern was expressed about their reliability. MULs were supported by the majority of the puiblic, and people in states with MULs in effect reported significantly higher safety belt use; Those in states without MULs would use belts more often if a MUL were enacted. Perceived strict enforcement and the inclusion of a fine in the MUL were related to reported increased belt use in states where MULs were in effect. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490734 AU - SAUL, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: PART 572 VERSUS HYBRID III DUMMY RESPONSE EVALUATION PY - 1986/07 SP - 108 p. AB - FMVSS 208, issued in 1970, specified Part 572 as the anthropomorphic test device. In 1983, General Motors peititioned NHTSA to allow use of the Hybrid III s an alternative to the part 572. Crash tests are reported which are the first National Highway Traffic Safety Administration crash test program which utilized the Hybrid III dummy. This study is a comparative analysis of unrestrained Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in frontal crash tests. The analysis is based on a series of 6 crash tests which used both Part 572 and Hybrid III dummies in driver and right front passenger seating positions for 4 different vehicles. Analysis of the dummy responses and comparison with restrained occupant results is included in the report. The report also discusses the ability of the Part 572 and Hybrid III dummies to detect events of the crash which would be expected to produce injury to the unrestrained occupant. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Testing KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00448317 AU - Kallieris, D AU - Mattern, R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - QUANTIFICATION OF OCCUPANT RESPONSE AND INJURY FROM IMPACT PY - 1986/07 SP - 258 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Impacts KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/261484 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491805 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Nobbe, T A AU - Penton Media, Incorporated TI - HOT PROSPECTS FOR NONMETALLIC ENGINES PY - 1986/06/26 VL - 58 IS - 15 SP - p. 22-23 AB - Ceramics companies are working on a variety of parts to be used in gas, diesel, and gas turbine engines. Ceramic materials are very attractive for use in auto engines because they are lighter than steel, they require no lubrication, they resist corrosion, and they can be exposed to temperatures up to 2,500 deg F without distorting or melting. Ceramic parts also resist wear and insulate from heat better than some of the materials they would replace. There are several problems, however, in the successful use of ceramic parts in auto engines. The most serious problem is brittleness. Another major problem area is reliability. The key obstacle to using ceramic parts in auto engines is they now cost too much. KW - Automobile engines KW - Brittleness KW - Ceramic materials KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Lightweight materials KW - Reliability KW - Thermal resistance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306839 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493525 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Beercheck, R C AU - Penton Media, Incorporated TI - RECREATIONAL EQUIPMENT: ENGINEERING THE WINNING EDGE PY - 1986/06/12 VL - 58 IS - 13 SP - 5 p. AB - Advanced analytical techniques are improving the durability and performance of everything from tennis rackets to motorcycles. Among the recreational equipment discussed in this article are bicycles, motorcycles, and four wheel drive vehicles. CAD/CAM is being used to eliminate design-related errors and reduce development time, as well as to solve production problems for bicycle and motorcycle manufacturers. The Elite USA bicycles from Huffy Corporation were designed on a McDonnell Douglas CAD/CAM system. The engine, suspension, chassis, and component parts of the Harley-Davidson Company, Incorporated, Softail motorcycle were designed using a GE Calma CAD/CAM system. The American Motors Corporation has replaced the popular Jeep CJ-7 with the new Wrangler. The chassis and suspension system of the Wrangler were designed to provide off-road stability and a smooth highway ride. For corrosion resistance, exterior body panels are constructed of galvanized steel. In addition, all bolt-on assemblies such as hood, fenders, grille guard, and windshield are cathodic electrocoated. KW - Bicycles KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Four wheel drive KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Motorcycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307770 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493524 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - Powell, S AU - Galligan, M AU - Golden, S F AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - STATE DRINKING LAWS COME OF AGE PY - 1986/06/09 SP - p. 21 AB - Across the nation, the June 1986 graduating class and millions of other teenagers are being cajoled, cautioned and threatened to avoid becoming one of the 9,500 Americans under age 25 who die each year in alcohol-related traffic accidents. This article reviews what the federal government and the states are doing about raising the legal drinking age to 21. A list is provided showing those states with a certified drinking age of 21, those with provisional 21-year minimum age, and those not in compliance. KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495937 AU - Transport Canada TI - ROAD SAFETY ANNUAL REPORT 1985 PY - 1986/06/01 SP - v.p. AB - This report outlines the changing role of the Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate of Canada, and details its programs for the betterment of motor vehicle safety in Canada. The Director General's report is presented, and the traffic safety standards and research, and vehicle safety and energy operations are reviewed. Planning and regional operations are covered, and the motor vehicle test center is discussed. KW - Canada KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418331 AU - Champion, H R AU - Copes, W S AU - Craig, Matthew AU - Morelli, S AU - Keast, S AU - Bain, L AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - A preliminary study of head and neck trauma of motor vehicle crashes and their consequences; final report; volume 1: analysis PY - 1986/06 IS - DOT HS 807 052 SP - 304P KW - Accident KW - Biomechanics KW - Biophysics KW - Brain KW - Brain KW - Crashes KW - Head KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Neck KW - Neck KW - Psychology KW - Psychology KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490731 AU - Sohn, D Y AU - International Computers & Telecommunications, Inc AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES, MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (PHASE I). FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 144 p. AB - In 1985 the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration awarded a contract, Police Traffic Services - Management Information System (PTS-MIS), as part of its program to assist the police agencies in developing their capacity to promote traffic safety as part of the Comprehensive Police Traffic Administration and Enforcement Program. Efforts in this contract were to define a set of data elements for PTS-MIS data bases, and to identify off-the-shelf DBMS packages suitabe for developing a cost-effective, reliable, and user-friendly PTS-MIS to be used by local police agencies of less than 200 personnel in size. A task was also to identify and evaluate existing off-the-shelf PTS-MIS software packages for their cost-effectiveness and suitability in the small police agency environment. The contract was the first phase of the 2-phased project to collect data on, design, and pilot test a PTS-MIS for micro/personnel computers. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Management information systems KW - Microcomputers KW - Personal computers KW - Police traffic services KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611144 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - AUTO SAFETY: EFFECTIVENESS OF FORD TRANSMISSION SETTLEMENT STILL AT ISSUE PY - 1986/06 SP - 95 p. AB - This report discusses the December 30, 1980, agreement between Ford Motor Company and the Department of Transportation settling the Department's investigation of an alleged defect in certain transmissions used in 1970-79 model year Fords. The report also examines various aspects of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's handlng of the case, including (1) the Administration's and Ford's actions to meet the requirements of the settlement agreement and to monitor the settlement's effectiveness; (2) the Administration's actions to increase public awareness of the issue; and (3) the Administration's analysis and presentation of accident statistics, particularly fatality statistics, related to the case. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Fatalities KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Publicity KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transmissions KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00459147 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOCUS ON TRUCK SAFETY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL FORUM ON THE DRIVER LICENSE COMPACT AND CLASSIFIED LICENSING PY - 1986/06 SP - 20 p. AB - The forum was designed to accomplish the following: inform private and public sector organizations and associations of the importance of a classified driver licensing system and the need for participation in the Driver License Compact; report on current public and private activities in support of these initiatives; and determine actions that Forum participants can take in support of improved state driver licensing programs to advance truck safety on our highways. The presentations made at the Forum addressed the following topics: industry need for the driver license compact and classified licensing of commercial drivers; driver license compact and classified licensing: promotion efforts and state experience; telecommunications and driver identification: essential elements of a driver control management system; a state legislator's perspective; attacking the problem: where do we go from here? KW - Classification KW - Conferences KW - Driver licensing KW - Governments KW - Highway safety KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Private enterprise KW - Professional drivers KW - Telecommunications KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272852 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495922 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - McCormick, I A AU - Walkey, F H AU - Green, D E AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - COMPARATIVE PERCEPTIONS OF DRIVER ABILITY A CONFIRMATION AND EXPANSION PY - 1986/06 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 205-208 AB - This study investigated earlier Swedish and United States research which has shown that drivers tend to rate themselves as more skillful and less risky than the average driver, and to extend the range of driver characteristics on which such ratings are made. A total of 178 male and female drivers rated 'me as a driver,' 'an average driver' and 'a very good driver' on the following eight relevant bipolar semantic differential scales: foolish-wise, unpredictable-predictable, unreliable-reliable, inconsiderate-considerate, dangerous-safe, tense-relaxed, worthless-valuable, irresponsible-responsible. The results confirmed expectations that a substantial majority of drivers, up to 80%, would rate themselves above average on a number of important characteristics, but also showed that they rated themselves below 'a very good driver.' The ratings did not vary significantly across demographic categories. Impllications for road safety are briefly discussed. KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Self evaluation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309338 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495936 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Nicholson, A J AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE RANDOMNESS OF ACCIDENT COUNTS PY - 1986/06 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 193-198 AB - Road accident occuurrence is generally assumed to be governed by a random process. Experience analysing accident count series indicates a need for testing the randomness of such a series, and a simple statistical test is described. The test is a modified one-sample runs test, which can be used to assist the identification of 3 distinct patterns constituting non-randomness (namely, a trend, a discontinuity and over-correction). The test is designed for the preliminary analysis of accident count data, and its use is demonstrated, using both artificial and actual accident count series. KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309352 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495947 JO - Insurance Review (New York) PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - THE TOLL TRUCKS TAKE PY - 1986/06 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 30-37 AB - The recent increase in big truck crashes is discussed. Safety experts implicate two factors for this: unsafe trucks and unqualified or impaired drivers; also, a national trucker's license must be mandated to prevent abuses of weak state laws, and states must improve their enforcement of truck-safety regulations. The need for maintenance and regular inspection of trucks, the effects of deregualtion, driver license deficiencies, and risk assessment by insurance industry are discussed. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety recommendations to relieve safety problems of the tractor trailer industry are presented. These recommendations relate to the following: seat belts; national 55 mph speed limit; brake system; tires; power steering; and underride guards. Actions that should be taken at the state federal levels are also discussed. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Brakes KW - Federal government KW - Hazards KW - Impaired drivers KW - Inspection KW - Insurance KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Power steering KW - Risk assessment KW - State government KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Truck brakes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes KW - United States KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309359 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495948 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - ROSENBAUM, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR REVERSIBLE FLOW TWO-WAY LEFT-TURN LANES PY - 1986/06 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-10 AB - In an effort to develop traffic controls for the combination use of reversible flow and 2-way left turn lanes, a study was made in which past and present reversible flow 2-way left-turn lane (RF2WLTL) sites were reviewed, driver information requirements were determined, and candidate RF2WLTL traffic controls were developed and tested in the laboratory. Details of this study are described, and the results, which have been used by the Federal Highway Administration to propose changes to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, are discussed. KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Two way left turn KW - Two way left turn lanes KW - Two-way control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309360 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495933 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Matzsch, T AU - KARLSSON, B AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - MOPED AND MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS - SIMILARITIES AND DISCREPANCIES PY - 1986/06 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 538-543 AB - Injury patterns and epidemiologic data from 211 moped accident victims and 214 motorcycle accident casualties admitted to hospital over a 5-year period were analyzed and compared. Differences in injury pattern, sex ratio, cause of accident, and age distribution were noted. Among mopedists, head injuries were more common but these injuries decreased significantly after the adoption of the helmet laws for mopedists in 1978. Of those injured in moped accidents, 21% were 60 years old or older and accounted for 56% of fatalities in this group. The most frequent cause of moped accidents was collison with a car, and overturning or running off the road in motorcycle accidents. The differnce in injury severity was unexpectedly small, although there was a tendency toward more severe injuries in motorcyclists. The need for formal registration, driving license, and helmet use laws for mopeds was apparent. KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309349 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495935 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - NEWMAN, R J AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - A PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF CAR SEATBELTS PY - 1986/06 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 561-564 AB - A 3-year prospective study of road traffic accidents was performed in Oxfordshire by a combined team of surgeons and engineers in which injury severity was accurately recorded and related both to seatbelt use and velocity change during the collsion - an objective, computer-derived index of impact severity. Analysis of the injuries sustained in relation to the average crash severity from which they resulted has shown that for frontal impacts the use of seatbelts has had a major protective effect in reducing injury severity. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309351 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495927 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY BELTS IN PREVENTING FATALITIES PY - 1986/06 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 229-241 AB - The effectiveness of safety belts in preventing fatalities to drivers and right front passengers is estimated by applying the double pair comparison method to 1974 or later model year cars coded in the Fatal Accident Reporting System. The method focuses on 'subject' occupants (drivers or right front passengers) and 'other' occupants (any except the subject occupant). Fatality risks to belted and unbelted subject occupants are compared using the other occupant to estimate exposure. In this study, drivers and right front passengers are subject occupants; choosing other occupants differing in age, seating positions, and belt use, generated 46 essentialy independent estimates of safety belt effectiveness. The weighted average and standard error of these is (41 plus or minus 4)%. This finding agrees with the 40%-50% range reported in a recent major review and synthesis by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Combining this with the present determination gives (43 plus or minus 3)% ; that is, if all presently unbelted drivers and right front passengers were to use the provided three point lap shoulder belt, but not otherwise change their behavior, fatalities to this group would decline by (43 plus or minus 3)%. KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Risk assessment KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495934 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Milosevic, S AU - Gajic, R AU - Taylor & Francis TI - PRESENTATION FACTORS AND DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING ROAD-SIGN REGISTRATION PY - 1986/06 VL - 29 IS - 6 SP - p. 807-815 AB - Perception of road signs was investigated on a stretch of Belgrade suburban road. The results showed that the probability of sign recall was low and there were large differences between the 3 different road signs. The simultaneous presentation of two signs did not result in a higher registration compared with that of the more effective of the 2 signs presented on its own. Simultaneous presentation enhanced performance only for the less effective of the 2 signs. However, successive presentation of the same sign in a short spatial interval did considerably increase sign registration. Also, it was found that sign registration was related to driver's age, professional status, kind of driving and mileage driven annually. Young drivers, professional drivers and drivers who drive more often were better in recalling the signs. KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Human characteristics KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Professional drivers KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309350 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495923 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Evans, Leonard AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DOUBLE PAIR COMPARISON - A NEW METHOD TO DETERMINE HOW OCCUPANT CHARACTERISTICS AFFECT FATALITY RISK IN TRAFFIC CRASHES PY - 1986/06 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 217-227 AB - A new method to determine how occupant characteristics affect fatality risk in traffic crashes is developed. The method, which uses data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), focuses on two occupants, a 'subject' occupant and an 'other' occupant. The probabilities of a fatality to the subject occupant when that occupant has one of two characteristics are compared. The other occupant serves essentially a normalizing, or exposure estimating, role. The method uses only fatality frequency data - no external exposure information is required, and it is relatively free from uncertain assumptions. It has wide applicability; examples of potential applications include investigating car occupant fatlality risk as a function of sex, age, alcohol use, or motorcyclist fatality risk as a function of helmet use. The first application is to determine the effectiveness of safety belts in preventing car occupant fatalities as described in the paper following this paper. KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309339 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495949 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Dunne, J AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TRUCKIN' INTO THE FUTURE PY - 1986/06 VL - 163 IS - 6 SP - p. 65-68 AB - The article describes truck designs of the future in which the trucks will slide through the air at 55 mph with the least amount of reistance. They will bring not only savings from improved fuel economy, but will lower cab noise levels, have more inside room; better handling, and better forward visibility. Truck and trailer panels will be shaped carefully, brakes and tires will run cooler, and operate more efficiently. The benefits of aerodynamic design are noted. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Brakes KW - Driving KW - Fuel consumption KW - Handling characteristics KW - Tires KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309361 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495928 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - COPE, J G AU - Grossnickle, W F AU - Geller, E S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AN EVALUATION OF THREE CORPORATE STRATEGIES FOR SAFETY BELT USE PROMOTION PY - 1986/06 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - p. 243-251 AB - Different type of awareness sessions to promote employee safety belt use were evaluated. Across 8 different employee safety meetings 3 dichotomous variables were manipulated: the type of presentation format (lecture vs discussion), the presence or absence of safety belt pledge cards, and the presence or absence of an incentive component. All groups showed a 4-fold increase in safety belt use. Five months after the interventions, belt use was still significantly higher than baseline levels. Generalization across employees was demonstrated by a sighificant increase in safety belt use for those who did not attent the awareness session. The awareness session with a discussion format influenced greater increases in safety belt use than did the lecture-based session, but pledge cards and incentives did not increase the impact of the awareness sessions. KW - Awareness KW - Employment KW - Manual safety belts KW - Personnel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495836 AU - Dickson, C L AU - Woodward, P W AU - National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Res TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, SUMMER 1985 PY - 1986/06 SP - 75 p. AB - Samples were collected from service stations throughout the country and analyzed in laboratories. The analytical data are representative of the products of 62 markerters, and they are tabulated according to brands and grades for 17 marketing districts. This report includes trend charts of selected properties of motor fuels over the last 25 years. The average antiknock index of gasoline is presented. Analyses of motor gasolines containing various alcohols are also reported. Twelve octane distribution graphs for leaded and unleaded grades of gasoline are presented. KW - Alcohols KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Markets KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495838 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE UMTRI TIRE/WHEEL UNIFORMITY TEST MACHINE PY - 1986/06 SP - 22 p. AB - An overview is provided of the design and initial testing of a prototype machine recently constructed at UMTRI. Details of the machine are described. Ten tires in the 11-22.5 size range were tested on the machine for comparison against measurements from other uniformity test machines. Spectral maps of each of the tire force and moment properties were also prepared to provide a more critical view of the machine's dynamic behavior. At 31 Hz a lateral resonance is seen in the spectral maps due to lateral resonance of the machine on its foundation. Lateral force, aligning torque, and overturning moment measurements near this frequency are not valid due to the resonant amplification. Radial force and tractive force measurements are unaffected and are valid from 0 to Hz. A resonance due to compliance of the spindle is observed near 55 Hz, and certain resonances are seen in the 30-40 Hz range, which are believed to be related to the tire/wheel assembly. KW - Performance evaluations KW - Resonance KW - Standardization KW - Testing equipment KW - Tires KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464495 AU - SAUL, R A AU - Farson, M AU - Guenther, D A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPONENT HEAD TEST ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS PY - 1986/06 SP - 127 p. AB - Motor vehicle accidents cause about 44% of all head injuries in the U.S., and are the most common source of severe head injuries. A hybrid II dummy headform was instrumented with a nine-accelerometer array to permit the measurement of rotatonal accelerations. Tests were conducted into various vehicle interior components to evaluate repeatability and response sensitivity. Results indicate that it is feasible to reconstruct accident head injuries with a component head impactor. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accelerometers KW - Accuracy KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274877 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491792 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - LAYFIELD, R E AU - MAYCOCK, G AU - Printerhall Limited TI - PEDAL-CYCLISTS AT ROUNDABOUTS PY - 1986/06 VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - p. 343-349 AB - Roundabouts have a good overall safety record compared with other types of junction. However, these safety benefits do not apply to all classes of road user; two-wheeled vehicles have relatively high accident involvement rates at some types of roundabouts. This, combined with the high vulnerability of their riders, justifies further study of accident causation at roundabouts and remedial treatments. This article concentrates on pedal-cyclists at roundabouts and reviews the existing information on accidents, risk of accident involvement, types of conflict, effects of roundabout geometry and remedial treatments. KW - Crash rates KW - Cyclists KW - Design KW - Geometry KW - Hazards KW - Redesign KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic circles KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306830 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491879 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Foxen, G AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - THE SIGNING AND MARKING OF TRAP LANES PY - 1986/06 VL - 56 IS - 6 SP - p. 48-49 AB - A trap lane is a through traffic lane which terminates in an unshadowed mandatory left- or right-turn regulation. This article identifies certain features which would enhance the operation of urban arterial trap lanes and warrant further consideration and more widespread application. These features include a sign giving prominent advance notice of the unexpected mandatory turn requirement, followed by a regulatory sign at the point where the mandatory turn regulation takes effect and another at the intersection itself if there are intervening driveways from which motorists might enter the lane. Supplemental pavement markings consisting of a double width broken lane line beginning at the advance warning sign and extending to the first regulatory sign should be provided, in combination with a pavement legend in the trap lane. Another possible improvement is overhead signs. Prime candidates for these include left-turn trap lanes on roads with high volumes, high speeds, poor approach visibility, and complex geometrics. KW - Lane lines KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Regulatory signs KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signs KW - Trap lanes KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306884 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491806 JO - National Safety and Health News PB - National Safety Council AU - Lahey, J W AU - National Safety Council TI - AT FORD MOTOR COMPANY EMPLOYEES ARE BUCKLING UP! PY - 1986/06 VL - 133 IS - 6 SP - p. 36-37 AB - This article briefly describes the seat belt program at Ford Motor Company. The program was started in 1984. The wearing rate among employees increased from 14% in early 1984 to 60.4% at the year's end. The program's goal is 100% utilization of seat belts by employees. KW - Effectiveness KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491828 AU - Heyworth, J S AU - McLean, A J AU - South Australia Department of Transport, Australia TI - VEHICLE INSPECTION AT CHANGE OF OWNERSHIP PY - 1986/06 SP - 35 p. AB - No report was found of any evaluation of the effectiveness of a scheme of compulsory vehicle inspection at change of ownership. An estimate based on research conducted in Adelaide and on evaluations of periodic motor vehicle inspection programs overseas suggests that vehicle inspection at change of ownership is unlikely to be cost effective in South Australia. When factors other than the potential reduction in accident losses are taken into account, it becomes even more difficult to present a quantitative assessment of the probable costs and benefits which would be likely to be associated with a scheme of compulsory vehicle inspection at change of ownership. However, it remains unlikely that a sound case could be made on strictly financial grounds for such a scheme. Therefore, it is recommended that: Vehicle inspection at change of ownership should not be made mandatory on cost/effectiveness grounds. Because cost effectiveness is not the only characteristic which may be relevant, it is also recommended that: Any further consideration of the introduction of compulsory vehicle inspection at change of ownership should also take into account factors other than purely financial estimates of the likely costs and benefits. KW - Australia KW - Compulsory KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303879 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491798 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Greiwe, R R AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - INTERSECTION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR THE LEFT-TURNING VEHICLE: THE INDIANAPOLIS EXPERIENCE PY - 1986/06 VL - 56 IS - 6 SP - p. 23-28 AB - The Indianapolis Department of Transportation has been faced with budget constraints for several years, but despite these constraints, has implemented an aggressive intersection management program that has resulted in minimized delay, increased capacity, optimized signal timing, and significantly reduced accidents at hazardous locations. The primary effort in this intersection management program has been aimed at the left-turn accident problem. Four different types of improvements have been evaluated and are discussed in detail in this article. These are restriping to provide left-turn lanes, split-phasing for separate left-turn flow, removal of unwarranted left-turn arrows, and adding left-turn lanes and modernizing traffic signals. The safety benefits of these improvements have been analyzed using standard statistical tests. KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway traffic control KW - Indianapolis (Indiana) KW - Intersections KW - Left turn lanes KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Left turns KW - Optimization KW - Removal KW - Replacing KW - Safety KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491272 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A MODEL COMMUNITY SERVICE PROGRAM FOR DWI OFFENDERS PY - 1986/06 SP - 30 p. AB - This document puts forth a model community service program for DWI offenders. It may serve both as a basis of comparison for existing programs and as a starting point for programs currently being developed. The underlying philosophy of community service is that people who endanger the community through drunk driving, should make restitution to the community through active service. Cost savings result from the lower cost of community service when compared to the costs of incarceration, as well as labor provided by offenders. A study of eight counties and 115 clients in New Jersey, for example, estimated the value of the services performed by community service workers, combined with the dollar amount saved from incarceration expenses, to be $327,000 over a six month period. Regardless of the cost factor, incarceration may not be a viable option in many communities due to severe overcrowding of the jails. In addition to their value to communities, community service programs benefit offenders by imparting a sense of responsibility and by allowing them to update their skills. As a result, job references and often jobs themselves are obtained. Through community service, offenders also become aware of the extent of volunteerism in their communities and often continue to volunteer even after their sentence is completed. The several components of a successful community service program are reflected in the organization of this document. Included among those components are: Program Philosophy; Legal Mandate; Administration; Record Keeping; Agencies; and Community Support. The document demonstrates effective procedures in all of these areas. KW - Administration KW - Administrative procedures KW - Benefits KW - Communities KW - Community service KW - Community support KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Penalties KW - Procedural requirements KW - Programs KW - Public relations KW - Public service KW - Recordkeeping UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491259 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADMINISTRATIVE PER SE--A SUMMARY OF STATE FORMS AND PROCEDURES PY - 1986/06 SP - 71 p. AB - In an effort to assist states that may have recently adopted or expect to adopt administrative per se, NHTSA has collected sample copies of forms and a brief description of the administrative procedures from selected states with in-place programs. This publication reports on forms and procedures used in 14 states. From a review of state programs, and based upon discussions with state officials, it appears that the most efficient and financially self-sufficient programs probably are those that: (1) do not stay the revocation pending a hearing or judicial review; and (2) require the officer to pick up the offender's driver's license and issue a temporary driving permit. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Per se laws KW - Revocation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491279 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Wiviott, MBT AU - SCHOENBORN, E A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG NUMBER 8 PY - 1986/06 SP - 157 p. AB - The Occupant Protection Public Information Materials Catalog is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on adult and child restraint systems. It lists materials produced for campaigns, along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Catalogs KW - Child restraint systems KW - Documents KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Materials KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Publications KW - Publicity KW - Reports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491018 AU - Stultz, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES. MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1982 NISSAN SENTRA AT 33.4 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 153 p. AB - The report documents one of ten crash tests conducted to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1982 Nissan Sentra 2-door sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility in Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.6 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at a 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was April 30, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 72 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Deformable barriers KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Nissan automobile KW - Nissan sentra KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491273 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUBLIC INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND RELATIONS FOR EMS PROVIDERS. YOUR SECOND MOST IMPORTANT SERVICE PY - 1986/06 SP - 100 p. AB - As an EMS provider, the establishment of a relationship beneficial to the community and the creation and promotion of a favorable public image are second in importance only to the quality to medical service you provide. The purpose of this manual is to assist EMS providers which don't have an effective public relations program in developing one. It answers such questions as: How do you start an effective public relations program? What can you expect? and How do you proceed? It assists in assessing needs, setting goals, and achieving the ends desired. It provides hard facts on writing news releases, taking photographs, and working with radio and TV stations. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Manuals KW - Public relations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490736 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTING FOR SIDE CRUSH MRB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 90 DEGREE MOVING RIGID BARRIER TO A 1980 CHEVROLET CITATION. TEST # 1 18.5 MPH, TEST # 2 46.6 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 88 p. AB - This report documents 2 of a series of 9 crash tests to measure side crush in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1980 Chevrolet Citation 4-door Hatchback. The vehicle was impacted on the left and right side perpendicular by a Moving Rigid Barrier. Test # 1: vehicle was impacted perpendicular on the left side at 18.5 mph the ambient temperature was 64 deg F and the time was 1002; Test # 2: vehicle was impacted perpendicular on the right side at 46.6 mph, the ambient temperature was 70 deg F and the time was 1313. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Motion KW - Moving rigid barrier KW - Rigid structures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490841 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTING FOR SIDE CRUSH MRB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 90 DEGREE MOVING RIGID BARRIER TO A 1983 FORD ESCORT. TEST # 1 16.1 MPH, TEST # 2 32.2 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 87 p. AB - This report documents 2 of a series of 9 crash tests to measure side crush in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1983 Ford Escort 2-door hatchback. The vehicle was impacted on the left and right side perpendicular by a Moving Rigid Barrier. Test # 1: vehicle was impacted perpendicular on the left side at 16.1 mph the ambient temperature was 76 deg F and the time was 1333; Test # 2: vehicle was impacted perpendicular on the right side at 32.2 mph, the ambient temperature was 82 deg F and the time was 1436. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Motion KW - Moving rigid barrier KW - Rigid structures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490842 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTING FOR SIDE CRUSH MRB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 90 DEGREE MOVING RIGID BARRIER TO A 1980 FORD LTD. TEST # 1 20.9 MPH, TEST # 2 42.1 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 88 p. AB - This report documents 2 of a series of 9 crash tests to measure side crush in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1983 Ford Escort 2-door hatchback. The vehicle was impacted on the left and right side perpendicular by a Moving Rigid Barrier. Test # 1: vehicle was impacted perpendicular on the left side at 16.1 mph the ambient temperature was 76 deg F and the time was 1333; Test # 2: vehicle was impacted perpendicular on the right side at 32.2 mph, the ambient temperature was 82 deg F and the time was 1436. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Motion KW - Moving rigid barrier KW - Rigid structures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490733 AU - KALEPS, I AU - OBERGEFELL, L A AU - Ryerson, J R AU - Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIMULATION OF RESTRAINED OCCUPANT DYNAMICS DURING VEHICLE ROLLOVER PY - 1986/06 SP - 97 p. AB - A capability to predictively simulate passenger dynamics during automobile rollover accidents was developed and a violent and complex rollover test was chosen for validation of this capability. Details are described of the test event. The model predictions of the dummy motion compared favorably to the on-board film coverage of the dummy motion. Computer graphics images of the predicted dummy positions using equivalent camera locations and magnification to those in the test were made and compared to film data. Vehicle accelerations and angular velocities along with dummy accelerations were also used for comparison. KW - Dummies KW - Forecasting KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Passenger dynamics KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490730 AU - CHAMPION, H R AU - COPES, W S AU - Craig, M AU - Morelli, S AU - Keast, S AU - BAIN, L AU - Research Foundation of the Washington Care Corp AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF HEAD AND NECK TRAUMA OF AUTOMOBILE CRASHES, AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES. FINAL REPORT, VOLUME I: ANALYSIS PY - 1986/06 SP - 304 p. AB - A multidisciplinary study of serious head and neck injury to non-ejected occupants of automobiles involved in road crashes is described. Medical data on patients are compared with those of the total contemporary patient population treated at an urban, Level I Trauma Center. Crash biomechanics, doucmented by specially trained crash investigation teams, are described. A subset of study patients are assessed for the long-term psychosocial implications fo their injuries. Detailed 'timelines' for 6 patients present vehicle and occupant kinematics during precrash and crash phases, information on medical care provided from the crash scene through hospital discharge, and the long-term psychosocial sequelae to the subject. Some results of using carefully matched medical biomechanic data gathered in this study to validate automobie crash simulations are described. Limitations of existing injury severity indices are discussed and areas worthy of future research are identified. KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Medical services KW - Neck KW - Psychological aspects KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490833 AU - El-Habash, N A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH III MODEL IMPROVEMENTS MRB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 90 DEGREE MOVING RIGID BARRIER TO A 1983 MITSUBISHI TREDIA. TEST # 1 16.7 MPH, TEST # 2 33.5 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 87 p. AB - This report documents 2 of a series of 4 crash tests to measure side crush in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1983 Mitsubishi Tredia 4-door sedan. The vehicle was impacted on the left and right side perpendicular by a Moving Rigid Barrier. Test # 1: vehicle was impacted perpendicular on the left side at 16.7 mph the ambient temperautre was 62 deg F and the time was 1054; Test # 2: vehicle was impacted perpendicular on the right side at 33.5 mph, the ambient temperature was 62 deg F and the time was 1218. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Motion KW - Moving rigid barrier KW - Rigid structures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491009 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL OCCUPANT RESTRAINT INFORMATION SYSTEM (NORIS) PY - 1986/05/28 SP - v.p. AB - This publication gives information on news items and events and then covers the following areas: mandatory safety belt legislation; model safety belt use law; excerpts from speeches regarding mandatory belt law; rebuttal arguments against safety belt laws; opinion polls; safety belt facts on usage, fatality reductions, state and city surveys; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration statistics; economic costs; occupant protection materials ordering information; and directory of names and numbers. KW - Costs KW - Fatalities KW - Information systems KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306273 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493519 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - Powell, S AU - Sheler, J L AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - THE 55-MILE-PER-HOUR SPEED LAW, ONCE SACRED, IS COMING UNDER HEAVY ATTACK: AMERICANS ITCH TO STEP ON THE GAS PY - 1986/05/19 SP - p. 27-28 AB - Widely accepted claims that the 55 mph speed limit has spared 40,000 lives in 12 years are now in dispute. Pressure for changing the law comes mostly from sparsely populated Western states. Many states are "enforcing" the law with sleight of hand. Authorities also suspect that some rural states concentrate enforcement efforts near the federal-highway-monitoring sensors that assess the level of local enforcement. Critics of the 55 mph limit argue that increased speed limits on rural interstates would cause little increase in fatalities, more than 90% of which occur off the interstates. Backers of the 55 mph limit cite National Safety Council estimates that reduced speeds save up to 4,000 lives a year. Proposals before the House and Senate to change the law stand little chance of action by committees headed by chairmen who support the 55 mph speed limit. There seems, however, to be no consensus for change as surveys show that over 40% of drivers exceeded the speed limit while polls keep showing that a large majority of the public backs the law. Included with this article are an interview with Senator J. James Exon (Democrat, Nebraska) who favors raising the 55 mph speed limit and an interview with Joan Claybrook, president of Public Citizen, Washington, D.C., who is opposed to any change in the law. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307764 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491804 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Media, Incorporated TI - HMMWV: 30 MPH ON FOUR FLATS PY - 1986/05/08 VL - 58 IS - 10 SP - p. 2-3 AB - One of the unusual innovations in the military's HMMWV (High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle) is a run-flat wheel that allows the vehicle to travel about one hour at up to 30 mph with one or more tires deflated. Cast in two equal half-circle sections, the run-flat wheel is assembled within, and enclosed by, the tubeless pneumatic rubber tire. Bead locks, made from extruded and formed aluminum, are assembled to the wheel halves during the manufacturing process. These locks transmit torque for driving and braking when the tire is deflated. Total weight of the four run-flat wheels on the HMMWV is 72 lb. They are light enough to be handled without special equipment, and the tire can be remounted in the field with standard tools. The run-flat wheel, developed for AM General by Motor Wheel Corporation and produced by Hayes-Albion Corporation, is the first application for Dow's AM60 HP alloy. KW - Magnesium alloys KW - Military vehicles KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Run-flat wheels KW - Torque KW - Vehicles KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306838 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491883 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Kacala, J AU - Penton Media, Incorporated TI - WELDING ADOPTS HIGH TECH IMAGE PY - 1986/05/08 VL - 58 IS - 10 SP - p. 68-71 AB - While welding processes have not changed much over the years, automated equipment (robotics and electronic controls) is enabling companies to perform these functions with increased productivity and reliability. This article discusses some of the welding methods in use today, including arc welding, resistance welding, and specialty systems employing electron beam welding, inertia welding, and laser welding. KW - Automation KW - Electric arc welding KW - Electron beam welding KW - Electronic control KW - Inertia welding KW - Lasers KW - Metals KW - Resistance welding KW - Robotics KW - Steel KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00975850 AU - Dilich, M A AU - Kopernik, D AU - Rudny, D F AU - Uzgiris, S C AU - Triodyne Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSES OF ACCIDENT CASE HISTORIES PY - 1986/05/02 SP - 32 p. AB - This study reviewed 20 heavy truck accidents, of which 12 involved rollover accidents, 7 involved primary collisions, and 1 was related to jackknifing. Each accident file was reviewed in detail and relevant accident characteristics were identified. These characteristics were then compared to determine if trends or similarities existed. In general, the accident files contained information relating to loss of control rather than crashworthiness. The following areas were identified as candidates for crashworthiness research: (1) upper cab structural integrity; (2) windshield retention; (3) fifth wheel integrity; (4) rear cab protection structure; and (5) tractor frame rails. It is recommended that before further efforts are expended to develop improved crashworthiness as described in this report, on-site investigation and analysis of heavy truck accidents be performed with specific attention given to occupant injury causation and crashworthiness. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fifth wheels KW - Injury causes KW - Jackknifing KW - Loss of control KW - Rear cab protection KW - Rollover crashes KW - Structural integrity KW - Tractor frame rails KW - Truck crashes KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/702630 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603445 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Yee, WCKO AU - Bell, MGH AU - Printerhall Limited TI - THE IMPACT ON ACCIDENTS AND DRIVER BEHAVIOUR OF CONCENTRIC LANE-MARKINGS IN SMALL ROUNDABOUTS PY - 1986/05 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - p. 255-262 AB - The impact of concentric lane-markings on vehicle deflection, speed and accidents has been investigated for 5 selected roundabouts in Tyne and Wear. An analysis of Stats 19 accident data at and around the selected roundabouts before and after the implementation of the markings fails to indicate that a significant reduction in the accident rate resulted from this traffic management measure. The evidence presented here also fails to support the notion that the markings cause drivers going straight ahead to deflect more, although there does appear to be some reduction in speed. KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Concentric markings KW - Drivers KW - Impact studies KW - Road markings KW - Traffic circles KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352058 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496147 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - ANTI-SKID BRAKE SYSTEMS: WHAT THEY ARE AND HOW THEY OPERATE PY - 1986/05 VL - 57 IS - 5 SP - p. 14-16 AB - This is the first of a 3-part series on anti-skid brakes which covers the common systems available in today's aftermarket. The articles will focus on explaining what anti-skid braking is, and how it works, and offer trouble shooting tips. KW - Antiskid device KW - Brakes KW - Performance KW - Skid resistance KW - Troubleshooting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309376 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495913 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - RUSS, N W AU - Harwood, M K AU - Geller, E S AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ESTIMATING ALCOHOL IMPAIRMENT IN THE FIELD: IMPLICATIONS FOR DRUNKEN DRIVING PY - 1986/05 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 237-240 AB - Ninety-three students were asked to estimate their blood alcohol level (BAL) and to report whether they were legally impaired as they left a fraternity party. They were also asked to report the number of 10-oz cups of beer they had consumed during the party. Actual BALs were tested on a breathalyzer and the subjects' self-reported number of cups were compared with the cup-by-cup consumption data collected during the party. The results showed that many subjects were to report correctly whether they were legally impaired. However, those subjects with higher BALs tended to overestimate their actual BAL while underestimating the number of cups of beer they had consumed. These results are discussed in terms of the ability of individuals to make judgments about their level of impairment. The implications of these results for the prevention of drunken driving are also addressed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver training KW - Impaired drivers KW - Self evaluation KW - Students UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495894 AU - Goryl, M E AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM USAGE IN THE TRAFFIC POPULATION. ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 105 p. AB - Results are presented from 4 independent studies on occupant restraint use for various segments of the traffic population. Field observations collected in 19 cities from January through December 1985 are the basis for this report. The 4 studies and their findings are as follows: 1. Driver safety belt use: 23.3% were observed to wear safety belts. 2. Passenger safety belt and child safety seat use: child safety seat use increased throughout 1985, reaching a high in the second half of 56.2%. 3. Safety seat installation characteristics: 89.4% were observed in the toddler mode. For toddler seats that require securing by only the vehicle safety belt, 70.2% were used correctly. However, only 6.9% of toddler seats that require the safetybelt and tether were used correctly. 4. Helmet use by operators and passengers of motorcycles and mopeds: Helmet use for both drivers and passengers in cities with mandatory use laws was observed to be 99.6%, while helmet use in cities with no or limited helmet use laws was observed to be 52.4% for drivers and 32.4% for passengers. KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Facilities KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Helmets KW - Installation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passengers KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496171 AU - Maggs, A AU - Brown, M AU - Department of Transport, Australia AU - Futuretech Pty Limited TI - PRIMARY SCHOOL ROAD SAFETY CURRICULA: A REVIEW OF AUSTRALIAN MATERIALS AND PRACTICES PY - 1986/05 SP - 181 p. AB - This is a review of primary school road safety education materials and practices in the categories of pedestrian, bicycle, restraint use and alcohol and safety. Developers and teachers of road safety were surveyed. The major materials were collated and the instructional design of the materials analysed. Recommendations for future development and implementation of primary school road safety materials are suggested. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Bicycles KW - Child safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pedestrians KW - Primary school children KW - Safety education KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495862 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - McKenna, F P AU - Duncan, J AU - BROWN, I D AU - Taylor & Francis TI - COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND SAFETY ON THE ROAD: A RE-EXAMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN DICHOTIC LISTENING AND SEARCH FOR EMBEDDED FIGURES PY - 1986/05 VL - 29 IS - 5 SP - p. 649-663 AB - Five cognitive ability tests were administered to a sample of 153 bus driver trainees. The embedded figures test (EFT) of Witkin (1950) and the dichotic listening test (DLT) of Gopher and Kahneman (1971) were chosen on the bases of previously reported correlations with driving accident rate. The remainder were designed to cast light on what cognitive processes the EFT and DLT measure, and hence why they should relate to driving ability. The EFT correlated only marginally with success in driver training and with accident rate in a follow-up period of 2 years. There was no support for the hypothesis that this test measures a general ability to resist the influence of dominant stimuli. Instead a substantial correlation (0-64) was obtained with a typical intelligence test. The DLT showed no correlations with driver performance measures, thus failing to replicate earlier findings. There was no support for the hypothesis that this test measures a general ability to switch from one task or mental set to another. We suggest that analysis of the cognitive processes of driving cannot be based on overall measures such as accident rate. Instead, the task must be studied at the level of component skills KW - Bus drivers KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Crash rates KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Highway safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495834 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT. A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY INSURANCE INJURY CLAIM RESULTS BEFORE AND AFTER ENACTMENT OF MANDATORY SEAT BELT LEGISLATION, 1983-85 MODELS PY - 1986/05 SP - 11 p. AB - The results are presented of a study of the frequency of insurance claims for injuries to occupants of 1983-85 model year vehicles before and after New York and New Jersey enacted seat belt statutes. It was found that after implementation of such laws, both states had overall injury claim frequency results for relatively new cars that were lower than those before the laws were enacted. Connecticut which had no concurrent seat belt law, had slightly increasing overall injury claim frequencies. The details of the study are described, and the findings are discussed. KW - Before and after studies KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Laws KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Manual safety belts KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305912 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495860 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Voas, R B AU - Williams, A F AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - AGE DIFFERENCES OF ARRESTED AND CRASH-INVOLVED DRINKING DRIVERS PY - 1986/05 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 244-248 AB - Studies were reviewed to determine the extent to which drivers arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) and crash-involved drivers impaired by alcohol are similar in age. Data indicate that younger drivers are substantially underrepresented in the DWI arrest population relative to their presence in the alcohol-related crash population. Overall the proportion of arrested drivers less than ages 20 was only one fourth to one-third the proportion of these drivers involved in fatal crashes, and for those aged 20-29 it was two-thirds to three-fourths. The reasons for the underrepresentation of young drivers in the arrested population are not fully known and require further study. Youthful drivers constitute the major part of the alcohol-related crash problem, and effective ways to address this population most at risk should be sought. KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495804 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - SAFETY ALSO A WINNER IN AUTO RACING PY - 1986/05 VL - 56 IS - 5 SP - p. 14-15 AB - The article traces many safety features in today's automobiles to the research and development necessitated for sports racing cars. Some of the developments include wheels with detachable rims, overhead valves, rear-view mirrors, front-wheel brakes, rear-engine cars, engine specifications that promote economic fuel consumption, hydraulic shock absorbers, specialized fuels, tuned intake and exhaust systems, spark plugs, and so forth. The scientific methods of testing materials for fatigue and structural safety, along with new safety equipment such as seat belts and shoulder harnesses have also made cars much safer. KW - Development KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Sports cars KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495865 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Businski, K L AU - Molnar, L J AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SEAT BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: APRIL 1986 PY - 1986/05 SP - 62 p. AB - Results of direct observation study of seat belt use in Michigan conducted in April 1986 were compared with results of previous surveys in December 1984, April 1985, July 1985, December 1985. In the current survey, occupants in cars and light trucks were observed between March 31 and April 19, 1986. The main finding was that the use of seat belts changed little between December, 1985, and April, 1986. Restraint use among all motorists observed was 43.7% in April, 1986, compared to 43.0% in December, 1985. Only among occupants age 0-3 was there evidence of an increase in restraint use, from 59.1% in December, 1985, to 73.3% in April, 1986. Belt use for other age groups in April, 1986, was as follows: 38.4% for those age 4-15, 36.2% among those age 16-29, 44.9% among those age 30-59, and 52.5% among those age 60 years and older. In the current survey, females continued to exhibit a higher restraint use than males (48.6% vs 39.6%). As in previous surveys, restraint use varied by region of the state. Despite the absence of an increase in restraint use from December, 1985 to April, 1986, belt use remains significantly higher than it was before Michigan's mandatory use law took effect (43.7% in April, 1986, versus 19.8% in December, 1984). Additional survey waves are scheduled for July and December, 1986. KW - Automobiles KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Females KW - Laws KW - Light trucks KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495793 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATALITY TRENDS. SEAT BELTS PY - 1986/05 SP - 11 p. AB - This is the 13th of a series of occasional brief reports on highway traffic fatality trends in the United States. It is based on data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, and shows the trend of restraint use by passenger car occupants involved in fatal accidents. It was found that reported restraint use is considerably lower among the roughly 40% who are killed than among the survivors. Also, a smaller fraction reported restrained among those who are ejected than among those who are not. Reported restraint use by males is generally less than reported use by females. Restraint use varies widely by occupant age, differing by factors of more than 3 between some age groups. Other findings are also discussed. KW - Age KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Females KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495835 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT. CONSISTENCY OF MODEL YEAR INJURY CLAIM FREQUENCY RESULTS FOR SELECTED 1981-1983 MODELS PY - 1986/05 SP - 11 p. AB - This study compared the all-claims injury results data of 118 differenct vehicle series for at least two of the model years 1981-83. Of the 230 paired comparisons of individual model year data, 223 had claim frequency results that did not differ significantly. The seven paired comparisons that did indicate differences between model year results are within the number expected by chance alone. This study demonstrates that the injury results for individual model year vehicles are generally consistent across model years when the basic vehicle designs are unchanged. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305913 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495839 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Schneider, L W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - PROTECTING INFANTS AND TODDLERS FROM HEAD-ENTRAPMENT INJURIES PY - 1986/05 VL - 16 IS - 6 SP - p. 1-13 AB - A study is reported in which head and neck measurements of infants and young children representative of the U.S. population were taken to provide the Consumer Product Safety Commission with size and shape data needed for standards on safe designs of cribs, beds, expandable gates, and other products hazardous for young children. The 490-page final report of the study shows scatter plots of measurement values versus age, along with statistical results for 34 manual measurements by subject group. The report also presents coordinate values and full-size plots of anatomical landmark and head contour points for the small, average, and large subject in each of 4 age groups. A few of those results re-presented here. KW - Anatomy KW - Design standards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309300 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495864 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Smart, R G AU - Adlaf, E M AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - BANNING HAPPY HOURS: THE IMPACT ON DRINKING AND IMPAIRED-DRIVING CHARGES IN ONTARIO, CANADA PY - 1986/05 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - p. 256-258 AB - The effect of happy hour discounts on alcohol consumption has become an important policy concern. Few studies, however, have examined this relationship. To examine the impact of banning happy hours in Ontario, an observational study of patron alcohol consumption was conducted in five taverns before and after the ban. Aggregate alcohol sales and impaired-driving charges were also collected. The result indicated no significant preban-postban differences in alcohol consumption among all individuals nor within taverns. Aggregate alcohol sales data also indicated no significant trends over a similar period. Although a significant decline for impaired-driving charges was suggested, it could not be causally attributed to the independent effect of the happy hour ban. Substantial price reductions may be required before increased alcohol consumption is discernible. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Before and after studies KW - Canada KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Happy hour KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laws KW - Prices KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463059 AU - Parsons, G G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FUEL ECONOMY AND ANNUAL TRAVEL FOR PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS: NATIONAL ON-ROAD SURVEY. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 252 p. AB - One of the principal actions taken by the United States in response to the worldwide energy crisis of the 1970's was to Federally mandate minimum fuel economy standards for new motor vehicles. These standards began with the 1978 Model Year and continue in force today. The study is an assessment of the reduced energy (fuel) consumption for Model Year 1978-1981 vehicles, based on a national, on-road survey. KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491254 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PROFIT IN SAFETY BELTS. AN INTRODUCTION TO AN EMPLOYER'S PROGRAM PY - 1986/05 SP - 26 p. AB - This booklet identifies important reasons for implementing a safety belt use program, gives examples of successful ongoing programs, and provides a guide for developing a company plan. Section titles are as follows: Who Needs It?; The Case for Safety Belts; The Hidden Cost of Crashes; The Bottom Line: Lives, Injuries and Money Saved; Is it Worth the Effort?; Developing Your Plan of Action; Management Commitment; Required Safety Belt Use; Positive Incentives; Education; Recordkeeping; Promotion; Outreach; Auditing and Evaluation; In Summary; Passive Restraints; And Now. KW - Employers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Manual safety belts KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491010 AU - Groves, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FMVSS 208, 30 DEGREE SLED SIMULATION 1982 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT. TEST REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 174 p. AB - The report documents 4 Hyge sled tests conducted to provide a basis for comparing the Part 572 and the Hybrid III dummy response repeatability under oblique impact conditions. A 1982 Volkswagen Rabbit equipped with passive restraints was mounted longitudinally on a test buck at a 22 deg angle. One Part 572 and one Hybrid III, both fully instrumented, were used in each of these tests. Both dummies were restrained. In the first two tests, the Part 572 was seated in the driver position and the Hybrid III was in the passenger position. In the last 2 tests the seating positions were switched. KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491280 AU - Wade, B L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIR BAG DEMONSTRATION TEST - 1982 CHEVROLET CAPRICE INTO A FIXED BARRIER AT 30.0 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 75 p. AB - This test report documents an air bag demonstration crash test. Testing was conducted on a 1982 Chevrolet Caprice 4-door Sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted into a fixed, non-yielding barrier at 30.0 mph. The test vehicle was retrofitted with a Romeo Kojyo air bag and knee restraint for the driver's position. An instrumented Part 572 dummy was positioned in the driver's designated seating position and a Hybrid III dummy was positioned in the right rear passenger's seat. The Hybrid III dummy was instrumented with pelvis force load cells that measure lap belt induced loads on the pelvis. Occupant responses relative to FMVSS 208 were measured for the driver along with vehicle accelerations. The test date was April 28, 1986 and the ambient temperature was 81 deg F. KW - Air bags KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491262 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 1985 TRAFFIC FATALITIES. PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 96 p. AB - This report contains a large number of preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for 1985. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. General statistics are provided at the State and Regional level. The national estimates for 1985 are quite extensive and cover the entire range of frequently used accident classifiers. All estimates are compared to the corresponding values available for 1984 and 1980. The results are presented in both tabular and graphical form. KW - Estimates KW - Fatalities KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Long term KW - Regions KW - Short term KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time duration KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491261 AU - American Medical Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AIR AMBULANCE GUIDELINES. REVISED EDITION PY - 1986/05 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is designed to acquaint practicing physicians, especially those practicing in rural and remote areas, with the following factors which affect the transportation of patients by air ambulance: risks to the patient flying at high altitudes; equipment, both general and specific, required to render anticipated services; qualifications of personnel aboard the air ambulance, and the level of care required in transit; and care required for specific medical and surgical conditions during flight. These guidelines define the provisions that are necessary to qualify an aviation service as an air ambulance service. Familiarity with and observance of these guidelines by air taxi operators should help them avoid the liability associated with misrepresentation of their qualifications with respect to the transportation of persons who are sick or injured and in need of emergency medical care in transit. This second edition of the guidelines contains extensive changes to clarify the nomenclature and special qualifications of medical personnel required for air ambulance services. These changes correspond to provisions of the current proposed national EMS voluntary standards for Aeromedical Crew Members which are in the process of development by ASTM Task Group F-30.02.01. Other changes in this edition resulted from recommendations based on experience in use of the provisions of the 1981 edition. KW - Accessibility KW - Air ambulances KW - Ambulances KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helicopters KW - Medical equipment KW - Medical services KW - Personnel KW - Qualifications KW - Remote areas KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491006 AU - Carlson, L E AU - Leonard, P AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD (FMVSS) 108 AND 207. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 67 p. AB - For FMVSS 108 (Center high mounted stop lamps) and 207 (inertially activated seat back locks) a representative sample of the system components was analyzed. The consumer cost and weight was calculated for fifteen 1986 vehicles for the stop lamps and for three vehicles for the seat back locks. KW - Costs KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490845 AU - Fitzpatrick, M AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPUTER STUDY TO DETERMINE THE COMBINED PERFORMANCE OF AIR BAGS AND BELT RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1986/05 SP - 57 p. AB - A study was conducted to determine the performance of the 'air bag alone' restraint type versus those of the 'air bag plus 3-point belt' restraint type as they affect driver injury. Through the use of BDRACR - a driver restraint system computer model, parameters were identified which most strongly influence the degree of injury received by the driver when restrained by each of the 2 restraint types. Recommendations which can be used to assist automotive restraint designers in their selection of restraint systems components were formulated. The conclusion drawn from this study pertain to the frontal crash mode only. For all crash modes, i.e., rollover, side impact, etc., NHTSA has determined that the combination of air bags and seat belt systems provide the most effective system for both injury and fatality reduction. KW - Air bags KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489761 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE MEDICAL ADVISORY BOARDS AND PROBLEM DRINKER DRIVERS PY - 1986/05 SP - 54 p. AB - In 1977, 39 states had either a functioning medical advisory board (MAB) or access to medical consultation on a regular basis. In 1984, that number has decreased to 31 states with MABs and an additional four states with some intermittent medical assistance. A table is presented which summarizes the present status of MABs. The rating system that was used in 1977 has been replicated to allow appropriate comparisons. The following 16 states have no functioning MAB: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Indiana, Massachusetts, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Vermont, and West Virginia. Of the 31 states with some level of MAB operation, 21 are established by law and 10 by administrative rule. A second table summarizes the provisions of state laws establishing MABs. With some minor update, the information is virtually unchanged from 1977. Further, there is no new information to report on issues such as immunity for physicians who report impaired drivers, with the single exception that the members of the Vermont board resigned en masse when the Legislature lifted the protection from legal action previously granted to board members. Similarly with administratively constituted boards, no substantive new information was received. Six boards are featured as examples of effective state programs. The first four, Maryland, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah, are established by law, and North Carolina and Wisconsin by administrative rule. Nineteen states including the District of Columbia provided some information specific to identifying and evaluating drivers with alcohol-related problems. The most common means used to identify problem drinkers who drive is alcohol-related convictions. Other detection methods included medical treatment, information provided by police related to implied consent refusals, crash reports, prior drinking history, and a positive alcohol assessment done by the driver licensing agency. Several states listed self-reporting. There is generally no discernible role for the MAB concerning problem drinker-drivers in all but three states reporting, although in several other states some medical input is available. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Medical advisory boards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495842 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY STUDY. TRAINING, LICENSING, AND QUALIFICATIONS STANDARDS FOR DRIVERS OF HEAVY TRUCKS PY - 1986/04/17 SP - 128 p. AB - This study examines the process of preparation for employment as truck drivers and their placing in service. The Safety Board has established a training requirement that also requires that truck drivers demonstrate their skills before graduating. When validated training standards are available, a system should be adopted for using to assess schools' courses of study. The Safety Board has reviewed the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, pointing out loopholes and suggesting improvements. The Safety Board has recommended the development of a national license for truck drivers. The Board has reviewed and made recommendatios to improve the National Driver Register. KW - Curricula KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - National Driver Register KW - Regulations KW - Standards KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496127 AU - BOSIO, A C AU - Bowman, B M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Naval Medical Center AU - Naval Biodynamics Laboratory TI - ANALYSIS OF HEAD AND NECK DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE U.S. ADULT MILITARY POPULATION. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1986/04/15 SP - 136 p. AB - Mechanisms of head/neck dynamic response were investigated for NBDL volunteer data in - Gx and plus Gy acceleration vectors with the MVMA 2-D and VOM 3-D Crash Victim Simulation models. Computer simulation of human subject response yielded mechanical constants pertinent to the design of a biofidelic Manikin (BFM). Improved biofidelity for a 2-joint neck model was achieved by relocating the lower neck pivot point inferior and posterior to anatomic T1. In -Gx, the magnitude and duration for condyles extension, in particular, was improved while satisfactory acceleration response was maintained. Exercising the neck model at -Gx and -15Gx showed that it was necessary to use nonlinear stiffness for the lower neck joint in flexion. Two modes of extension motion at the occipital condyles were seen in the volunteer subjects. The two modes of condyles extension appear to depend on some pre-test condition. Simulations with a model that has passive neck elements give only the extension with rebound response, i.e., mode one response. Thus, on the basis of simulations, it can probably be said that mode one response results for subjects who are not pretensed and mode two response results for pretensed subjects. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Neck KW - Simulation KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00975849 AU - Rudny, D F AU - Dilich, M A AU - Damijonaitis, R A AU - Uzgiris, S C AU - Triodyne Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRUCK SPEED CONTROL IN CURVES AND EXIT/ENTRANCE RAMPS PY - 1986/04/02 SP - 85 p. AB - Data were collected and analyzed regarding the velocity and lateral acceleration of heavy trucks and automobiles negotiating exit and interchange ramp curves located in the Midwest Region of the United States. The study addressed the heavy truck rollover problem and focused on the prevalence of excessive velocity in curves. The data were from four curves of varying radius of curvature and posted speeds. The curves fell into two categories: a lower speed exit ramp from a major expressway to a local street or highway, and a higher speed interchange ramp connecting major expressways. It was found that (1) the average truck velocity was at or below the posted speed limit at each of the four curves, (2) the average automobile velocity was 5-6 mph higher than the trucks at all four curves, (3) truck and automobile velocities were more conservative in the higher speed curves, and (4) the lateral accelerations generated by trucks were somewhat conservative. It was concluded that (1) the AASHO criteria of lateral acceleration for safe and comfortable speed was generally adhered to by the average truck driver in the four curves observed, (2) the violation of prudent velocity appears to be a gross deviation from the norm and is not characteristic of the Midwest Region trucking community as a whole, and (3) the stimulus which motivated drivers to adjust their velocity for the curve could not be determined within the limits of this study. Additional studies are recommended. KW - Automobiles KW - Curvature KW - Expressways KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Interchanges KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Midwestern States KW - Off ramps KW - Rollover crashes KW - Speed limits KW - Trucks KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/702629 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603443 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Henning-Hager, U AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND ROAD SAFETY PY - 1986/04 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - p. 135-145 AB - This empirical study is based on 21 typical residential areas in which a total of 56 characteristics (variables) relating the following sectors have been identified as descriptors of the accident situation: transport; local development structure; infrastructure facilities other than those intended for transpsort; and population structure. The statistical analysis is undertaken in 2 steps: correlation analysis of all variables; identification of the determinants of significance for road safety; and establishment of a non-linear regression model based on seven variables to express the relationship between transport provisions and traffic volumes as well as the quality of supply and demand in quantitative terms. Attempts were made to identify the 'background variables' that mainly relate to other areas of urban development. Based on the elasticites of the variables describing various levels of dependencies, an evaluation procedure has been developed. Based on this the applicability of research findings to urban planning operations can be assessed. The contributions to road safety of the different variables can be quantified and compared, and recommended courses or action can be derived from this procedure. By means of the model and the evaluation procedure the following possibilities relevant to planning arise: (i) a method to assess the level of road safety of an entire residential area; and (ii) to assess individual measures with respect to the safety gains to which they maight lead; as well as (iii) to formulate recommendations for urban planning actions based on quantification of their road safety consequences. KW - City planning KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Population KW - Rural areas KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation KW - Urban development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352056 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495939 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SAVING FACE PY - 1986/04 VL - 19 IS - 11 SP - p. 8-10 AB - The article describes the introduction of the first production-model air bags on American cars by the Ford Motor Ccompany. The air bags, only for the driver's position, are being orffered as options in the Tempo and the Mercury Topaz sedans. The working of these air bags is described: it takes only 15 milli seconds to detect the crash and energize the circuit, and it takes an additional 40 milliseconds to deploy. However, air bags are designed to function as additional protection with the primary protection from the seat belt. KW - Air bags KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309354 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495920 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Weiss, B D AU - Duncan, B AU - American Public Health Association TI - BICYCLE HELMET USE BY CHILDREN: KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOR OF PHYSICIANS PY - 1986/04 VL - 76 IS - 8 SP - p. 1022-23 AB - A survey of pediatricians and family physicians in Tucson, Arizona revealed that the majority knew that bicycle accidents are an important cause of childhood mortality and were aware that head trauma causes most bicycle-related deaths. 92% knew that children rarely use bicycle helmets and most believed this was due to inadequate parental awareness of the importance of helmets. Desptite this, many physicians never include bicycle safety in patient education provided during well-child care. KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Parents KW - Physicians KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309336 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496185 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Dubowski, K M AU - Brain Information Service TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ALCOHOL ANALYSIS PY - 1986/04 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 13-46 AB - This article discusses blood alcohol analysis, breath alcohol analysis, and saliva analysis, as well as quality assurance. Blood sampling and sample retention is covered, as well as endogenous alcohol, alcohol analysis-enzymatic oxidation, and gas chromatography. Breath alcohol tests are discussed and regulatory and legal developments in the area are noted. Quantitative evidential breath alcohol analyzers are reviewed as well as necessary scientific safeguards. Passive alcohol sensors are also noted. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Gas chromatography KW - Laws KW - Quality assurance KW - Saliva UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309397 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495926 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Finley, T AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DRIVING AND VISION. THE EUROPEAN VIEW PY - 1986/04 VL - 19 IS - 11 SP - p. 14-16 AB - It is noted that 90% of all driving decisions are based on visual input, and the better the driver's vision, the quicker his reaction time to driving situations. This is more important in the fall and winter months. Safety measures to prevent driving mishaps include routine eye examinations that can alert the driver early to changes in vision. Good quality sunglasses are important. All windows including the front windshield must be clear of snow and ice during winter. In order to improve one's visibility for other drivers, taillights and other vehicle lights should be in good order, and motorcyclists should wear bright colred clothing. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309342 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496133 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Voas, R B AU - Brain Information Service TI - EVALUATION OF JAIL AS A PENALTY FOR DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1986/04 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 47-70 AB - This paper reviews studies of jail sentences for drunk driving and summarizes the lessons learnt. The paper considers 4 areas: the effectiveness of the sanction as a specific deterrent to recidivism; the effectiveness of the jail penalty as a general deterrent; and the problems presented to the courts and to the corrections departments by the use of mandatory jail penalties; and the potential alternatives to incarceration. An attempt is made to draw conclusions from this research and provide suggestions for future research. KW - Courts KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Jails KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Penalties KW - Recidivism KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309365 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495931 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - LASSARE, S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE INTRODUCTION OF THE VARIABLES "TRAFFIC VOLUME," "SPEED' AND "BELT-WEARING" INTO A PREDICTIVE MODEL OF THE SEVERITY OF ACCIDENTS PY - 1986/04 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - p. 129-134 AB - Three stages of modelling the monthly number of accidents and deaths are possible, ranked in order of increasing complexity according to the Box-Jenkins methodology: (i) the univariate model; (ii) the univariate model with dummy variable; (iii) the multivariate model. By means of the transformation of the number of accidents by logarithmic function, these additive types of model become multiplicative with elasticity; the latter is much easier to handle at the interpretation stage. The greatly improved analytical capacity that more complex models allow is illustrated by means of an analysis of the evolution of the monthly number of deaths in France during the period from 1970 to 1977. The stochastic components of the time series are estimated by the univariate model, the effects of the speed-limiting and belt-wearting countermeasures by the univariate model with dummy variable and the influence of speeds and belt wearing taking account of traffic volume by the multivariate model. These models have made it possible (i) to estimate the safety gain achieved by more widespread belt-wearing and that achieved by a narrowing of the range of speeds practised, and (ii) to conclude that there is only a small influence upon safety brought about by changes in the average speeds of private cars and other vehicles of similar mass. KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - France KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457861 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REDUCING HIGHWAY CRASHES THROUGH ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE REVOCATION PY - 1986/04 SP - 89 p. AB - This publication first gives background information from the final report of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, from public meetings conducted by the National Commission Against Drunk Driving, and do's and don'ts on administrative license suspensions, and other issues. It then describes state experience with Administrative Per Se, and discusses legal issues. It goes on to consider "where do we go from here." State experience described here includes the following: administrative per se in Oklahoma; prehearing license revocation of drinking drivers--the Minnesota experience; and avoidable pitfalls in administrative suspension programs. Legal issues covered include the following: a model law on administrative license suspensions/revocations, and a comparison of state laws; court challenges to administrative suspension/revocations; summary suspension of driver licenses of drunken drivers--constitutional dimensions; and administrative procedure issues involved in the summary suspension of driver licenses for driving while intoxicated. The section on future considerations includes the following: a discussion of administrative license suspensions; overcoming problems and costs of administrative hearings; and costs of an administrative driver license revocation system. A National Transportation Safety Board safety study is appended. KW - Costs KW - Courts KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Per se laws KW - Public hearings KW - Revocation KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268886 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495941 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Hutchison, T P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - STATISTICAL MODELLING OF INJURY SEVERITY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DRIVER AND FRONT SEAT PASSENGER IN SINGLE-VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1986/04 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - p. 157-167 AB - First, the statistical analysis of injury is introduced by considering the following topics: (i) Interpretation of the recorded grades of injury severity as divisions of a continuous scale. (ii) The possible presence of errors in recording injury severity. (iii) How this is used in the statistical analysis of injury severity data, including discussion of computing methods. Secondly, attention is foucsed on data in which the severities of injury to two people in the same crash is given. British accident data for 1969-72 has been processed to give a cross-tabulation of the severity of injury to the driver and to the front seat passenger in 4 types of single-vehicle accidents. A positive correlation between the severities of injury to the two occupants is evident in the data. This is interpreted as being largely due to the speed of the crash, and a model is developed in which the two severities jointly have a bivariate normal distribution KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Severity KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309356 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495932 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Scott, P P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - MODELLING TIME-SERIES OF BRITISH ROAD ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1986/04 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - p. 109-117 AB - The paper reports analyses of road accident data in Britain in which time series of monthly accident data for the period 1970-1978 have been related to a number of explanatory variables. Two sets of results are presented. Two vehicle accidents were modelled by regression; because the time trends in this data appeared to be reasonably consistent over the period, and it was considered that the Box-Jenkins time series method might be more appropriate than simple regression. The principles involved in fitting Box-Jenkins models to this data are explained and the results compared with the regression method. The tentative conclusion drawn from this comparison is that because accident series are generally very 'noisy' and autocorrelation among the residuals from standard regressions not very strong, Box-Jenkins models are unlikely to represent the series appreciably better than regression based on the assumption of uncorrelated residuals. Predictions of the alternative models for the years 1979-1981 are presented and discussed. KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309348 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496186 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Williams, A F AU - Brain Information Service TI - RAISING THE LEGAL PURCHASE AGE IN THE UNITED STATES: ITS EFFECTS ON FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1986/04 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-12 AB - The article reviews studies on the effects of raising the alcohol purchase age. The studies have been limited to the effects on motor vehicle crashes, and they vary greatly in quality. It was found that the alcohol purchase age is one important way to reduce the problem of alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes: it reduces the problem somewhat in one high-risk but small segment of the popuulation but by no means eliminates the problem in this group. Other countermeasures directed at the problem among both teenagers and adults are needed. It is important that programs directed against drinking and driving among all age groups be continued and strengthened. It is also important to develop and evaluate policies specific to high-risk groups such as teenagers. An example of such a policy is the night driving curfew for teenagers in some states. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309398 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495812 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Lemkes, M J AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - VEHICLE REGISTRATION INFORMATION SYSTEM PY - 1986/04 VL - 55 IS - 12 SP - p. 38-42 AB - The development is described of a Vehicle Registration Information System by Utrecht, Netherlands traffic researchers, which can meet the demands of short delivery periods and shrinking budgets. All stages of the system are carried out in the field as much as possible. It is based on a large number of recording units in the street and a microcomputer in the office. The recording unts were designed especially for recording vehicle registrations in the broadest sense. The units can be used for parking surveys or surveys of places of departure and arrival; they can also be applied for visual traffic census. The system can be used by the parking police to write parking tickets ready for computer processing. The details of the equipment are described, as well as its applications. KW - Data collection KW - Information systems KW - Microcomputers KW - Motor vehicle licensing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parking KW - Recording KW - Recording instruments KW - Recording systems KW - Registration KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309287 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495809 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Lalani, N AU - Cronin, D AU - Hattan, D AU - Searls, T AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - A SUMMARY OF THE USE OF WARRANTS FOR THE INSTALLATION OF LEFT-TURN PHASING AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1986/04 VL - 56 IS - 42 SP - p. 57-59 AB - The results are given of a study which conducted a questionnaire-type survey of institute members working for state and local agencies to identify techniques in current use by the agencies to determine when a left turn phase should be installed at a signalized intersection. The study summarized the responses from each agency, as well as assembled comprehensive bibliographic information on the subject. The survey methodology is described, and the results are tabulated. It is recommended that the findings be used by the Institute of Transportation Engineers and the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for establishing techniques for national use. KW - Data collection KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Signalized intersections KW - Surveys KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309285 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495792 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - NOWICKI, J AU - Patten, R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EXAMINATION OF U.S. AUTOMOTIVE PAINTS: 1. MAKE AND MODEL DETERMINTATION OF HIT-AND-RUN VEHICLES BY REFLECTANCE MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY PY - 1986/04 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - p. 464-470 AB - The feasibility of using the Nanometrics DocuSpec I microspectrophotometer for paint analysis was investigated. The reflectance spectra of 15 panels of visually similar color from the Reference Collection of Automotove Paints were stored in the DocuSpec computuer's memory. Paint samples taken from salvage yard vehicles were compared against this reference library, and in 8 out of 11 instances the DocuSspec correctly identified the right panel as a possible source of the paint fragment. The DocuSpec I can be used as a rapid and discriminating screening tool in the determination of the make and model of a hit-and-run vehicle from a paint chip found at the scene. KW - Automobiles KW - Hit and run crashes KW - Paint KW - Spectrophotometers KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309274 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495800 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Wagner, L AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - PUPIL TRANSPORTATION IN CANADA PY - 1986/04 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - p. 24-31 AB - This article describes how the U.S. handles pupil transportation as compared to Canada. Canadian provincial governments have a great variety of approaches to pupil transportation. The value of safety statistics for decision makers is noted, and the lack of such statistics in Canada is contrasted to the ready access to statistics in the U.S. In the U.S., federal funding has put in place a country-wide system of state pupil transportation directors and local directors, as well as a structure for training drivers. Efforts in various Canadian states are described including Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. KW - Canada KW - Decision making KW - Driver training KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495826 AU - Harrison, W A AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - DRINK DRIVING FATALITIES AND CASUALTIES IN VICTORIA SN - 0-7241-5639-9 PY - 1986/04 SP - 32 p. AB - Several drink driving countermeasures have been introduced in Victoria which, if successful, would reduce the numbers of accident victims with greater than the legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC). This research examines the matched accident and BAC data and concludes that, with the exception of female drivers and motorcycle fatalities, there has been a decline in the number of alcohol affected accident casualties. KW - Australia KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305902 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495806 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Jones, R E AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SENSORS MAKE SENSE PY - 1986/04 VL - 31 IS - 2 SP - p. 20,22, AB - The article describes how a presence sensor in the schoolbus dashboard buzzes and alerts the driver to the presence of children that the driver may not be aware of, and so prevents their being run over. Presence sensors have been installed as part of a test conducted by the Alaskan School Bus Safety Committee. The transportation of pupils for nine years without an accident is attributed to the use of the presence sensor. Ohio has introduced a bill that would require all new and existing school buses in the state to be equipped with sensor units. Other states are also planning such legislation. KW - Child safety KW - Laws KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Sensors KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309282 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493533 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - APRIL SHOWERS PY - 1986/04 VL - 19 IS - 11 SP - p. 1-6 AB - This article provides some safe driving tips for conditions occurring in spring. These include fog, rain and slush, standing water, and lightning. Special attention is drawn to hydroplaning and how to avoid it. KW - Driving KW - Fog KW - Guidelines KW - Hydroplaning KW - Lightning KW - Pavements KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Rain KW - Safety KW - Storms KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307778 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493571 JO - INRETS Synthesis PB - Institut de Recherche des Transports AU - YERPEZ, J AU - FERRANDEZ, F AU - Institut de Recherche des Transports TI - ROAD CHARACTERISTICS AND SAFETY: IDENTIFICATION OF THE PART PLAYED BY ROAD FACTORS IN ACCIDENT GENERATION SN - 2-85782-186-7 PY - 1986/04 IS - 2 SP - 141 p. AB - Road infrastructure presents many significant ways of dealing with the problem of road safety. One of the aims of this research work was to attempt to reveal the impact of infrastructure defects and defect combinations on road accidents which occur in rural areas. Type-situations are determined using as a starting point on-the-spot identification of the influence of infrastructure on the causes of an accident and the subsequent accident sequence. Safety measures which can be integrated into the design stage of road projects or large-scale roadworks are then put forward. This method is original in that it makes use of measurements obtained using high-speed pavement surveying devices. Conclusions show a number of "thresholds" (radius of curvature, evenness, skid-resistance, sight-distance) beyond which dysfunctions may appear. KW - Characteristics KW - Crash causes KW - Curvature KW - Evaluation KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Infrastructure KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rural areas KW - Sight distance KW - Skid resistance KW - Smoothness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464449 AU - Chu, S M AU - Hoyt, T A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYTICAL PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION USING COMPUTER SIMULATION PY - 1986/04 SP - 290 p. AB - The 2-D version of the MADYMO simulation program was selected for conducting pedestrian accident reconstructions. The model was evaluated with two adult cadaver tests and one child dummy test. Head and chest velocities occurring at time of impact with vehicle surfaces were predicted with good accuracy. Fifteen pedestrian accidents, consisting of ten adult and five child cases, were reconstructed. Impact kinematics appeared to be reasonable and generally agreed with the descriptions recorded in the accident reports. A reasonable trend of increasing head injury with increasing head impact velocity was observed. It was concluded that the 2-D MADYMO computer model is capable of estimating head and chest impact velocities for both adult and child pedestrians reasonably accurately. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Simulation KW - Thorax KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274839 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491882 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Cerullo, B AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - USED-CAR CHECKLIST--A PRO TELLS HOW TO INSPECT A CAR BEFORE YOU BUY PY - 1986/04 VL - 228 IS - 4 SP - p. 44,46-48 AB - This article offers suggestions on what to check for when purchasing a used car. A checklist is provided to help determine the car's approximate value. Items which will require checking by a professional mechanic are indicated. KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Purchasing KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306887 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491872 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Saint Antoine, A AU - DCI, Incorporated TI - JAM SESSION PY - 1986/04 VL - 31 IS - 10 SP - 4 p. AB - This article presents the results of tests to evaluate the effectiveness of six different radar jammers. Five widely used police-radar units were selected to do battle with the jammers. Performance and cost data are presented for each jammer. In conclusion, it is pointed out that using these devices is illegal and if caught using them the penalty could by a $10,000 fine, or two years in jail, or both. Companies sell them openly by offering their units as radio transmitters and by warning the buyer not to use a jammer near police-radar equipment. The conclusion of this article is that, when you consider their high price, their bulk, their lack of performance, and their illegality, you have to conclude that jammers just aren't worth the trouble at the present time. KW - Costs KW - Legal factors KW - Performance KW - Radar KW - Radar jammers KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306877 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491874 JO - Tire Review PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - PROPER BRAKE LINING REPLACEMENT IS CRITICAL TO SERVICE AND SAFETY PY - 1986/04 VL - 86 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - Automobile brakes have undergone in recent years considerable evolution that has changed both the type of linings used and the way in which the brakes are serviced. This article discusses the types of linings now available, provides some tips on lining replacement, and suggests how to cure those brakes that sound as if Mickey Mouse were being strangled every time they're applied. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake linings KW - Brake squeal KW - Brakes KW - Noise KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491247 AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEALING WITH DRINKING DRIVERS PY - 1986/04 SP - 101 p. AB - This document is meant to serve as a guide to newly appointed motor vehicle administrators who may have limited knowledge of alcohol and driving problems, and to more experienced administrators who wish to strengthen in-place programs. Essential elements are discussed along with variations that have been implemented in several jurisdictions, to assist administrators in selecting the best course of action for their own States. As a minimum, the elements to be considered must include: (1) a general deterrence approach (short-term); (2) community focus; (3) systems approach; (4) financial self-sufficiency; (5) citizen support; (6) prevention/intervention; and (7) safety belt usage. Each of these is a major undertaking and requires independent management, planning, coordination and evaluation. To be truly effective, an alcohol/driving program must be a coordinated program, encompassing all of the related disciplines. This document contains seven chapters: (I) Introduction; (II) Scope of the Problem; (III) Drugs Other Than Alcohol; (IV) The Role and Responsibility of the Motor Vehicle Administrator; (V) The Licensing Function; (VI) Funding the Program; and (VII) Evaluation. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Deterrence KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Financing KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Intervention KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle administrators KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Programs KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Safety KW - Systems analysis KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495848 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY STUDY. NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD PUBLIC FORUM ON ALCOHOL AND DRUG SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1986/03/28 SP - 88 p. AB - The purpose of the National Transportation Safety Board's Forum (March 1985) was to examine school and community programs designed to prevent alcohol and other drug abuse, discuss the major issues surrounding alcohol/drug abuse prevention, and develop recommendations to governmental and private agencies to improve alcohol/drug abuse prevention programs. Education and safety experts from across the country joined representatives from citizens and parent groups to discuss the above mentioned issues. The results of their presentations and discussions are contained in this report accompanied by recommendations to improve the state of alcohol/safety education in the U.S. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Community action programs KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305929 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496142 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Powell, B AU - Penton Media, Incorporated TI - DIRECT DRIVES FOR PRECISION ROBOTS PY - 1986/03/20 VL - 58 IS - 6 SP - p. 49-52 AB - The article discusses servomotors and direct-drive motors that power robots. Servomotors generally power robots through speed reducers, an arrangement that limits position, acceleration, and accuracy. Powering robots with direct-drive motors improves performance, if stability and inertia problems can be overcome. KW - Direct drive KW - Electric power transmission KW - Performance KW - Power systems KW - Robots KW - Servomechanisms UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309372 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491881 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Rozman, H T AU - Penton Media, Incorporated TI - TACKLING THE PROBLEMS OF AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS PY - 1986/03/06 VL - 58 IS - 5 SP - p. 133-136 AB - This article discusses the problem of electromagnetic interference (EMI) which is being encountered as the electronic content of automobiles increases. Because of the great diversity of electromagnetic environments, it is clearly a complicated task to design a vehicle to be electromagnetically compatible (EMC) with its environment. The most important factor in cost-effective EMC design is to eliminate EMI at its source. Therefore, EMC considerations begin with product definition and continue through every stage of the design cycle, including component selection, printed circuit board design, associated interconnections, and the physical packaging and location of the system. Further details are provided in this article on the design of interconnections, cabling, filters, grounding, fiber optics, and multiplexing. Current EMI design standards being used by manufacturers are SAE standards SID-J551, SID-J113, J1338, and J1448. KW - Design standards KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Electronics KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306886 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603444 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - IDENTIFYING ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVERS PY - 1986/03 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - p. 1-11 AB - The state of the art of police measurement of driver impairment was reviewed in a project and reported in 'Measurement of Blood Aldohol Concentration in Michigan Drivers: A Review of the Literature (UMTRI-85-52).' The project assessed 2 methods of screening stopped drivers: a set of physical tests, and portable breath-testing instruments. Findings from the study are discussed in this article. Studies are discussed that investigated the extent to which alcohol in the blood causes impaired driving, the probability of arrest, field sobriety tests, and portable breath-testing devices. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver impairment KW - Impaired drivers KW - Measurement KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic arrests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352057 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496146 JO - Applied Ergonomics PB - Elsevier AU - Goswami, A AU - Ganguli, S AU - Bose, K S AU - Chatterjee, B B AU - Butterworth Scientific Limited TI - ANTHROPOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TRICYCLE DESIGNS PY - 1986/03 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-29 AB - A comparison of the designs of 2 types of tricycles available in India for the use of persons with severe both lower limb disability was made from the viewpoint of the anthropometric characteristics of the users. It was noted that neither design was compatible with the disabled persons' anthropometric dimensions in a number of ways. The seats did not provide for comfortable sitting. Although the hand crank was relatively well positioned in one, the distance of the crank from the back rest obliged the users to bend forward while driving their tricycles. The study conluded that suitable modifications in the dimensions of the tricycles are required to provide greater comfort, safety and ease of operation. KW - Adaptive equipment (Disabled persons) KW - Anthropometry KW - Design KW - Equipment KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Tricycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309375 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496145 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Beekman, M E AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE FRAUD PAYS ... AND PAYS WELL PY - 1986/03 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - p. 17-21 AB - An automobile insurance fraud scheme in New Jersey and its uncovering is described. The multiagency approach to the investigation of major fraud schemes is proved to be very effective. However, the opportunity to profit by such fraud makes it impossible to eliminate the problem. The Federal Bureau of Investigation's New York City Office is currently making efforts to establish a permanent multiagency task force to work with the automobile insurance industry to address the problem. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Fraud UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309374 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495802 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - WOODS, R I AU - Taylor & Francis TI - THE RELATION BETWEEN CLOTHING THICKNESS AND COOLING DURING MOTORCYCLING PY - 1986/03 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - p. 455-462 AB - The relations between clothing thickness and the cooling rate of a single motorcyclist has been determined at air temperatures between -1 deg C and 24 deg C. The importance of a windproof oversuit and helmet liner have been studied. The effect of faring on the motorcycle has been measured. Much thicker and more windproof clothing than is generally available is needed to maintain normal body temperature on an unfaired motorcycle in winter: a mean clothing thickness of 20 mm inside a windproof oversuit is needed at 5 deg C, but is only effective if sweat does not accumulate inside the clothing. KW - Cooling KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Temperature KW - Wind KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309278 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495796 JO - Applied Ergonomics PB - Elsevier AU - NAGAMACHI, M AU - Butterworth Scientific Limited TI - HUMAN FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS AND ROBOT SAFETY MANAGEMENT IN JAPAN PY - 1986/03 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-18 AB - This paper explains Japan's situation concerning the installtion of robotics and the country's current safety regulations. Three experiments related to the possibility of unsafe behavior are described, and the man-robot system failure is analysed based on Fault Tree Analysis and the actual data. The appropriate safety measures are compared in terms of their cost-effectiveness. The paper also provides ergonomic points of view to prevent accidents due to industrial robots. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Ergonomics KW - Industrial robots KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495808 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SKIDDING PY - 1986/03 VL - 19 IS - 9 SP - p. 6-7 AB - The article notes that skids are generlly caused by too much speed. Sudden turns, locking the wheels while braking, or sudden acceleration may cause the car to skid. To avoid winter skids, drive slowly, slow down for turns or curves in the road and always watch for changing road surfaces. The article describes action that should be taken during a rear wheel skid with a rear wheel drive, a rear-wheel skid with a front wheel drive, and a front wheel skid. KW - Countermeasures KW - Front wheel drive KW - Highway safety KW - Rear wheel drive KW - Skidding KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309284 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495824 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Shepard, R AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DO MOTORCYCLE SAFETY FOUNDATION PROGRAMS WORK? PY - 1986/03 VL - 19 IS - 9 SP - p. 16-18 AB - The article describes how the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF) helped reduce fatal motorcycle accidents in the Air Force. In 1974, Air Force instructors were trained by the MSF to teach the Bigginer Riding Course (BRC). In the next few years, training increasd while fatal mishaps dropped. When MSF started training chief instructors, the program got off the ground. Motorcycle Riding Course (MRC), the Better Biker Programs (BBP), and the Motorcycle Operator Skill Test (MOST) are described, as well as the Rider Education Recognition Program (RERP) sites. While the Air Force does not mandate training, it highly recommends that each motorcyclist be given the opportunity to attend an MRC, BBP and/or the MOST. KW - Driver training KW - Driving tests KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - United States Air Force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309296 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495761 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Keebler, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - BAD GAS PY - 1986/03 VL - 228 IS - 3 SP - p. 73-75, AB - Variable gasoline quality is the cause of poor vehicle performance and drivability, and unnecessary repairs. Gasoline vapor pressure is rising and is the cause of vapor lock, fuel foaming, hot-starting problems, unstable idling and so forth. Alcohol added to gasoline, and fall in detergency are the cause of further problems. The reasons for these are discussed, and ways to correct the problems are suggested. KW - Alcohols KW - Detergents KW - Gasoline KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309264 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495801 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A LITTLE CARE GOES A LONG WAY TO EXTEND TIRE LIFE AND SAFETY PY - 1986/03 VL - 86 IS - 2 SP - p. 14-15 AB - It is pointed out that tires reuire a certain level of care to assure their safe operation. It is important to check tires for proper inflation, tread wear, and damage. Attention is drawn to publications, 'Consumer Tire Guide,' and 'New Consumer Tire Guide.' These publications provide tips on tire care and safety and explain the types of tire design. The article discusses regular pressure checks, and good driving habits to improve tire mileage and safety. KW - Highway safety KW - Inflation KW - Service life KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309277 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495803 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Lisper, H-O AU - Laurell, H AU - van Loon, J AU - Taylor & Francis TI - RELATION BETWEEN TIME TO FALLING ASLEEP BEHIND THE WHEEL ON A CLOSED TRACK AND CHANGES IN SUBSIDIARY REACTION TIME DURING PROLONGED DRIVING ON A MOTORWAY PY - 1986/03 VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - p. 445-453 AB - Twelve subjects drove on a closed 5-km track until they fell asleep behind the wheel or quitted for other reasons. The instances of falling asleep occurred after 7 to 12 hours of driving. Falling asleep could be characterized by nodding of the head, closing of the eyes and the car continuing in its previous course. On none of these occasions did the experimenter have to take over the control of the car and all subjects woke by themselves. The average duration between 3 instances of falling asleep was 24 min. Two preceding sessions of 3 hours of driving on a motorway with subsidiary reaction time measurements predicted (r=-0.72 and -0.17) the endurance on the closed track. KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Reaction time KW - Sleep UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309279 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493523 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - THE PLIGHT OF THE ELDERLY: BALANCING SAFETY WITH MOBILITY PY - 1986/03 VL - 86 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - This article summarizes the comments of some of the speakers at a workshop in Washington, D.C., in June 1985, which addressed the topic of mobility and safety of older drivers and pedestrians. The workshop was cosponsored by the Highway Users Federation and the Automotive Safety Foundation in cooperation with nine other groups, including a number of federal agencies and the elderly activist group, the Gray Panthers. The workshop was intended to heighten the awareness of those attending as to the traffic safety and mobility problems experienced by the growing number of elderly citizens; to exchange data on these problems; and to assess potential technological countermeasures that may be useful in resolving them. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Mobility KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00493542 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Gunnell, J A AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - EVEN TIRES ARE GOING HIGH-TECH AND THEY'RE ALL DESIGNED FOR MORE SAFETY PY - 1986/03 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - p. 88-90 AB - Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio, says the tires of tomorrow will look different, perform better and, perhaps, even use a computer hookup to tell you when they need some attention. During an open house tour of Goodyear's Akron Tech Center, a demonstration of the entire engineering process was exhibited at a prototype computer center. With computerization, the engineers are designing, "building" and testing new concepts, via computer, without ever leaving the Tech Center. Once perfected, then the tires would be road tested. One of the goals is to develop quieter tires. The trend is toward smaller, wider tires with dual-bead diameter (doughnut holes on both sides of a tire are of a different size). Dual-bead diameter results in improved handling and ride balance, and allows better "packaging" of brake and suspension systems on a car. The long-term result will be a more fully integrated appearance in which the tires look "right" for the particular car. Two other ideas being considered at Goodyear are improved temporary-type spare tires and the prospect of developing a regular tire that will be able to keep a car going even after a puncture or blowout. KW - Computer aided design KW - Design KW - Run-flat wheels KW - Spare parts KW - Spare tires KW - Technological innovations KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491244 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION. FOURTH EDITION PY - 1986/03 SP - v.p. AB - This Fourth Edition of NHTSA's Digest of State Alcohol-Highway Safety Related Legislation incorporates recent changes in State drunk driving laws occurring from January 1, through December 31, 1985. During this time period, over 200 major pieces of drunk driving legislation have been enacted. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The Summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. The Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. KW - Adjudication KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Homicide KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Legal drinking age KW - Per se laws KW - Sanctions KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491264 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Osen, W R AU - Advantech International, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF 1985 MODEL (AND SELECTED OTHER MODEL YEARS) BUMPERS FOR MONITORING COSTS OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/03 SP - 259 p. AB - The consumer cost trends resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 were determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicle bumpers for 1985 domestic and imported vehicles, and for selected 1981, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced for the 1985 model year. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. Volume I contains summaries of these costs and discussions of the vehicle selection, part acquisition, and methodology used to develop the data. Detailed cost data, photographs of the systems and graphic illustrations are included in Volumes II through V. The five volumes are as follows: Volume I - Text for entire report; Volume II - Selected 1981, 1983 and 1984 vehicles; Volume III - 1985 Domestic vehicles (partial); Volume IV - 1985 Domestic vehicles (balance); and Volume V - 1985 Imported vehicles. KW - Bumpers KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Macroanalysis KW - Microanalysis KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491268 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Osen, W R AU - Advantech International, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF 1985 MODEL (AND SELECTED OTHER MODEL YEARS) BUMPERS FOR MONITORING COSTS OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME V. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/03 SP - 163 p. AB - The consumer cost trends resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 were determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicle bumpers for 1985 domestic and imported vehicles, and for selected 1981, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced for the 1985 model year. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. Volume I contains summaries of these costs and discussions of the vehicle selection, part acquisition, and methodology used to develop the data. Detailed cost data, photographs of the systems and graphic illustrations are included in Volumes II through V. The five volumes are as follows: Volume I - Text for entire report; Volume II - Selected 1981, 1983 and 1984 vehicles; Volume III - 1985 Domestic vehicles (partial); Volume IV - 1985 Domestic vehicles (balance); and Volume V - 1985 Imported vehicles. KW - Bumpers KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Macroanalysis KW - Microanalysis KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491011 AU - Wade, B AU - Sankey, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FMVSS 208 RM CRASH SIMULATION SUPPORT: A CRASH TEST OF A 1986 VOLKSWAGEN GOLF INTO A FIXED 30 DEGREE OBLIQUE BARRIER WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 48.3 KPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1986/03 SP - 140 p. AB - The report documents one of two crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in a passive belt restrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses. Testing was conducted with a 1986 Volkswagen Golf 3-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facilty, East Liberty, Ohio. The Volkswagen Golf was towed into a fixed 30 degree oblique angle barrier with a closing velocity of 48.3 kph impacting on the driver side of the vehicle. One Part 572 dummy was located in the passenger's right front designated seating position in the vehicle and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position. The test date was February 25 1986 and the ambient temperature was 21 deg C. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491012 AU - Wade, B AU - Sankey, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FMVSS 208 RM CRASH SIMULATION SUPPORT: A CRASH TEST OF A 1986 VOLKSWAGEN GOLF INTO A FIXED 30 DEGREE OBLIQUE BARRIER WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 48.4 KPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1986/03 SP - 135 p. AB - The report documents one of two crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in a passive belt restrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses. Testing was conducted with a 1986 Volkswagen Golf 3-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facilty, East Liberty, Ohio. The Volkswagen Golf was towed into a fixed 30 degree oblique angle barrier with a closing velocity of 48.3 kph impacting on the driver side of the vehicle. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the passenger's right front designated seating position in the vehicle and one Part 572 dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position. The test date was February 20 1986 and the ambient temperature was 21 deg C. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491265 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Osen, W R AU - Advantech International, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF 1985 MODEL (AND SELECTED OTHER MODEL YEARS) BUMPERS FOR MONITORING COSTS OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/03 SP - 179 p. AB - The consumer cost trends resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 were determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicle bumpers for 1985 domestic and imported vehicles, and for selected 1981, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced for the 1985 model year. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. Volume I contains summaries of these costs and discussions of the vehicle selection, part acquisition, and methodology used to develop the data. Detailed cost data, photographs of the systems and graphic illustrations are included in Volumes II through V. The five volumes are as follows: Volume I - Text for entire report; Volume II - Selected 1981, 1983 and 1984 vehicles; Volume III - 1985 Domestic vehicles (partial); Volume IV - 1985 Domestic vehicles (balance); and Volume V - 1985 Imported vehicles. KW - Bumpers KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Macroanalysis KW - Microanalysis KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491267 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Osen, W R AU - Advantech International, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF 1985 MODEL (AND SELECTED OTHER MODEL YEARS) BUMPERS FOR MONITORING COSTS OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME IV. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/03 SP - 238 p. AB - The consumer cost trends resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 were determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicle bumpers for 1985 domestic and imported vehicles, and for selected 1981, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced for the 1985 model year. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. Volume I contains summaries of these costs and discussions of the vehicle selection, part acquisition, and methodology used to develop the data. Detailed cost data, photographs of the systems and graphic illustrations are included in Volumes II through V. The five volumes are as follows: Volume I - Text for entire report; Volume II - Selected 1981, 1983 and 1984 vehicles; Volume III - 1985 Domestic vehicles (partial); Volume IV - 1985 Domestic vehicles (balance); and Volume V - 1985 Imported vehicles. KW - Bumpers KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Macroanalysis KW - Microanalysis KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491266 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Osen, W R AU - Advantech International, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST ESTIMATES OF 1985 MODEL (AND SELECTED OTHER MODEL YEARS) BUMPERS FOR MONITORING COSTS OF THE 1982 PART 581 BUMPER STANDARD. VOLUME III. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/03 SP - 275 p. AB - The consumer cost trends resulting from the implementation of FMVSS 581 were determined by a process of tear down analysis of representative vehicle bumpers for 1985 domestic and imported vehicles, and for selected 1981, 1983 and 1984 domestic and imported vehicles. Components removed from the selected vehicles or purchased over-the-counter were used to establish the basic cost of the bumper systems produced for the 1985 model year. Automotive industry type manufacturing cost estimating techniques were utilized to develop the costs attributable to the systems. Volume I contains summaries of these costs and discussions of the vehicle selection, part acquisition, and methodology used to develop the data. Detailed cost data, photographs of the systems and graphic illustrations are included in Volumes II through V. The five volumes are as follows: Volume I - Text for entire report; Volume II - Selected 1981, 1983 and 1984 vehicles; Volume III - 1985 Domestic vehicles (partial); Volume IV - 1985 Domestic vehicles (balance); and Volume V - 1985 Imported vehicles. KW - Bumpers KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Macroanalysis KW - Microanalysis KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457827 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION PY - 1986/03 SP - 379 p. AB - This Digest is designed for use by anyone interested in State laws related to alcohol use and highway safety. It provides the reader with the status of such State laws as of January 1, 1986. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The Summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. It should be noted that the Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. (Author) KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - State government KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495897 AU - HOMEL, R AU - Macquarie University, Australia AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - POLICING THE DRINIKING DRIVER: RANDOM BREATH TESTING AND THE PROCESS OF DETERRENCE SN - 0-642-51290-6 PY - 1986/02/28 SP - 191 p. AB - A theoretical model of the process of general deterrence is constructed, and tested against data collected as part of an evaluation of the impact of the introduction of random breath testing in New South Wales, Australia in December 1982. The model entails a specifiction of the causal links betwen police activity and media publicity, and behavior change. The model goes beyond utility theory in the conceptulization of the processes whereby an individual may choose between driving after drinking and alternative modes of action. Data were derived from two surveys of the general population conducted within four months of the introduction of RBT, and inlcuded a longitudinal component (185 dirinking motorists were reinterviewed after 6 weeks). Despite problems of measurement, the theoretical model was strongly supported for the short term impact of RBT. It is concluded that deterrence is an unstable process, and that the long term deterrent impact of measures like RBT depends mainly on the level of continual, visible police enforcement. KW - Australia KW - Data collection KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impact studies KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Publicity KW - Random breath tests KW - Safety KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495818 JO - ISO Technical Report PB - International Organization for Standardization AU - International Organization for Standardization TI - ROAD VEHICLES - FLASHERS - FUNCTIONAL ALLOCATION OF TERMINALS PY - 1986/02/15 SP - 3 p. AB - This Technical Report indicates the most important of the systems of flasher units used today. All of them have the same socket type, but each of them with a different functional allocation of the terminals. The positioning and functional allocation of the terminals are described. KW - Flashers KW - Lighting equipment KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309292 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495817 JO - ISO International Standards PB - International Organization for Standardization AU - International Organization for Standardization TI - ROAD VEHICLES - INSTALLATION OF LIGHTING AND LIGHT SIGNALLING DEVICES FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND THEIR TRAILERS PY - 1986/02/15 SP - 55 p. AB - This Standard defines the essential characteristics for the installation of lighting and light signalling devices on motor vehicles and their trailers intended for use on the road with the exception of vehicles run on rails, agricultural or forestry tractors and machinery, and public works vehicles. Definitions are given for the terms used, and general specifications are given for the mounting of devices, adjustment of setting, angles of geometric visibility, axis of reference, check of alignment, and so forth. KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Lighting equipment KW - Standards KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082938 AU - American Bar Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Drunk Driving Laws and Enforcement: An Assessment of Effectiveness PY - 1986/02 SP - 151p AB - This monograph documents the findings of a project that reviewed sanctions and enforcement techniques that are applied through the legal system in an effort to reduce the incidence of drunk driving. The project was conducted by the American Bar Association's Criminal Justice Section during January 1, 1985, through December 31, 1985. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Sanctions KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25790/DOT-HS-807-348.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475177 AU - Gardner, A M AU - Plitt, W AU - Goldhammer, M AU - Creative Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SCHOOL BUS SAFETY BELTS: THEIR USE, CARRYOVER EFFECTS AND ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/02 SP - 60 p. AB - It has been suggested that the use of safety belts on large school buses might have a "carryover effect", increasing students use of belts in automobiles. An exploratory study was conducted in 9 school districts that initiated their own bus belt programs. Informal discussions were held with non-statistically sampled groups of students, parents, school officials, transportation coordinators, drivers, bus contractors, and other individuals. The evidence of "carryover effects" was inconclusive. Study results relating to percentage of student users, and factors that play a doiminant role in student car belt use are discussed. Interviewed officials have suggested that school bus safety belt programs, if required by law, may not achieve the intent of the legislation. KW - Automobiles KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Parents KW - School buses KW - Students UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285798 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495918 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - PEDESTRIAN CONTROL AT SIGNALIZED INTERSESCTIONS PY - 1986/02 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - p. 13-15 AB - A summary is presented of a report prepared by the Technical Committee 4A-15: Pedestrian Control at Signalized Intersections. The study procedure is described, and the survey results and observations are presented. It is recommended that uniform guidelines be established to enable traffic engineers to select the appropriate level of pedestrian control given the prevailing conditions. A national campaign should be undertaken via newspaper advertisements, etc., to educate the public about the meaning of pedestrian indications and how they operate. KW - Guidelines KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Publicity KW - Safety education KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309334 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495917 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Stokes, R W AU - McCasland, W R AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - TRUCK OPERATIONS AND REGULATIONS ON URBAN FREEWAYS IN TEXAS PY - 1986/02 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - p. 17-21 AB - A summary is presented of the results of a study of the potential impacts of 6 general classes of truck regulations on freeway safety and operations in 3 metropolitan areas in Texas. The truck restrictions and regulatory practices examined were (1) lane restrictions; (2) time of day restrictions; (3) speed restrictions; (4) route restrictions; (5) driver licensing and certification programs; (6) increased enforcement of existing regulations. The details of the study are described in this article. The study found no conclusive evidence that any of the regulations considered would significantly improve freeway safety or operations, at least not in the short-term. These and other conclusions from the study are discussed. KW - Certification KW - Driver licensing KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Restrictions KW - Routes KW - Speed KW - Texas KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309333 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495915 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - ARMOUR, M AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - THE EFFECT OF POLICE PRESENCE ON URBAN DRIVING SPEEDS PY - 1986/02 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - p. 40-45 AB - A field study was made to examine the effects of enforcement on traffic speeds on urban roads. The study investigated the immediate and longer-term effects of the presences of an enforcement symbol. This article describes the field study and discusses its implications for the deployment of enforcement resources in New South Wales. The study demonstrated that the presence of a police vehicle on an urban road may reduce the number of vehicles exceeding the speed limit approximately two-thirds. It was also shown that it was possible to produce a memory effect of police presence in an urban situation. The study also showed that the drivers return to their normal driving behavior soon after passing a police vehicle. Police enforcement would therefore be most suitable for treating particular problem sites, and other methods to reduce urban driving speeds shold be investigated. KW - Police traffic services KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495916 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - LEE, K W AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - AN ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS IN RIYADH PY - 1986/02 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - p. 35-39 AB - Using statistical data from the Riyadh Traffic Department and other sources, a series of analyses of automobile accidents were performed. Also analyzed were a comprehensive questionnaire that considered various influential factors in traffic accidents, and a second sample of data based on Riyadh Traffic Department's accident reports for one week in 1983. The results are discussed by accident type, severity, human factors, vehicle factors, and road factors. Environmental factors, post-accident report and treatment, and safety management are also discussed. It is concluded that multidirectional approaches should be considered for the overall reduction of automobile accidents. Safety practices are recommended. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Developing countries KW - Human factors KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309332 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495747 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Csere, C AU - Sherman, D AU - DCI, Incorporated TI - FIGHT OF THE FIFTIES PY - 1986/02 VL - 31 IS - 8 SP - p. 42-47, AB - Tests on forty expensive low-profile radial tires are described. Four general conclusions are noted: it is necessary to accept some sacrifice of wet performance to reap the best possible dry-pavement performance and vice versa; European tire makers place a higher priority on wet performance than American and Japanese makers; Japanese brands have made impressive headway since the last tests; there is little correlation between price and overall performance. Specific tire by tire descriptions are presented. KW - Beams KW - Highway safety KW - Japan KW - Performance KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Welded beams KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309250 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495852 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Shuldiner, H AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - HOT NEW TIRES - RACETRACK PERFORMANCE FOR YOUR CAR PY - 1986/02 VL - 228 IS - 2 AB - Today's high performance street tires are equal in quality to the racing tires of a few years ago. A high performance tire is defined as a radial that has high speed capability of at leas 130 mph, a low profile of 45 to 60, and terrific handling and traction capabilities. The article describes how manufacturers are now striving for high performance tires that also have a tread life comparable with conventional tires. Effort is also being made to build in low rolling resistance for better fuel economy, low noises, and comfortable ride qualities. The engineering of high performance tires is discussed. KW - Fuel consumption KW - High performance KW - Industries KW - Performance KW - Ride quality KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306242 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495786 JO - Safety and Health PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - OFF-THE-JOB. BUCKLE UP - THE SAFE WAT TO GO PY - 1986/02 SP - p. 44-45 AB - The article describes efforts by two employers who are encouraging their employees, and others, to wear seat belts. Southwestern Bell Telephone launched its 'Buckle Uup' campaign to encourage the use of automobile safety restraints by residents of the company's 5-state service area. The campaign is an extension of its efforts to get its 68,000 employees to wear restraints. The educational effort was aided by recruitment of a TV star. The company's campaign features safety-belt related insurance coverage for all employees. The insurance program is expected to save the company $500,000 annually, based on a 10% reduction in lost workdays. Pittsburg-based PPG Industries is helping to save lives by encouraging its 38,000 employees to buckle up. It has pledged to help other organizations to start their own programs. The PPG program includes articles in the company newspaper, promotional posters, videos, and so forth. KW - Employers KW - Incentives KW - Insurance KW - Personnel KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309272 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495854 JO - California highway patrolman AU - FORD, L AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - 55-ALIVE MATURE DRIVING PROGRAM PY - 1986/02 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - p. 89-90 AB - The article describes the 55 Alive/Mature Driving Program produced by the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) to meet a need to upgrade the driving skills of older people. The program is designed to refine existing skills and develop safe, defensive driving techniques for older drivers. The program is based on a peer group concept, and is conducted by thousands of volunteer instructors. The AARP trains instructors in conducting educational discussion groups and reviewing educational learning skills, as well as publicizing the program, recruiting trainees, and helping find training locations. KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver training KW - Instructors KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495798 AU - Torpey, S E AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - LICENCE RE-TESTING OF OLDER DRIVERS SN - 0 7241 5636 4 PY - 1986/02 SP - 15 p. AB - Background is provided regarding re-testing requirements of older drivers in Australia, as well as a consideration of the costs involved in establishing a re-testing program for drivers aged 75 and over. The study concluded that, given the experience in other states, the substantial costs of a re-testing system are unlikely to be offset by significant benefits in terms of accident reduction. KW - Aged drivers KW - Costs KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driving tests KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305866 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495768 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Goodman, R A AU - Mercy, J A AU - Loya, F AU - Rosenberg, M L AU - Smith, J C AU - Allen, N H AU - Vargas, L AU - Kolts, R AU - American Public Health Association TI - ALCOHOL USE AND INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE: ALCOHOL DETECTED IN HOMICIDE VICTIMS PY - 1986/02 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - p. 144-149 AB - To characterize the relationship between alcohol use and homicide victimization, data from the Los Angeles City Police Department and the Los Angeles Medical Examiner's Office has been used to study 4,950 victims of criminal homicides in Los Angeles in the 1970-79. Alcohol was detected in the blood of 1,883 (46%) of the 4,092 victims who were tested. In 30% of the those tested, the blood alcohol level was equal to or greater than 100 mg/100 ml, the level of legal intoxication in most states. Blood alcohol was present most commonly in victims who were male, young, and Latino, categories where rates have been increasing at an alarming pace. Alcohol was also detected most commonly in victims killed during weekends, when homicides occurred in bars or restaurants, when homicides resulted from physical fights or verbal arguments, when victims were friends or acquaintances of offenders, and when homicides resulted from stabbings. The evidence for alcohol use by homicide victims focuses attention on the need for alcohol as a risk factor in homicide and on the importance of considering situational variables in developing approaches to homicide prevention. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Crimes KW - Homicide KW - Violent crimes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495788 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Wiviott, MBT AU - Businski, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SEAT BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: DECEMBER 1985 PY - 1986/02 SP - 58 p. AB - Results of a direct-observation study of seat belt use in Michigan conducted in December, 1985, were compared with results of previous surveys in December, 1984; April, 1985; and July, 1985. Use of restraint systems among motorists of all ages decreased substantially between July and December, the first 5 months a mandatory seat belt law was in effect. Overall restraint use for occupants of all ages decreased from 58.4% in July to 43.0% in December, 1985. Restraint use decreased from 70% to 59.1% among 0-3-year-olds, from 48.9% among 30-59-year-olds, and from 65% to 54% among occupants over the age of 60. Lower rates of belt use were observed in december for both males and females, among occupants in all seating positions, and in all regions of the state. Despite the recent decrease, however, belt use remains higher than it was before the mandatory use law took effect. Additional survey waves are scheduled for 1986. KW - Age KW - Females KW - Laws KW - Males KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305854 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495759 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - 1986 PATROL VEHICLE TESTING. IACP REPORT PY - 1986/02 VL - 53 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-25 AB - In an attempt to help police agencies make sound procurement decisions, the results are presented of the Michigan State Police vehicle tests. The tests were conducted of 14 1986 model year patrol cars to determine acceleration, top speed, braking abiliity and vehicle dynamics (high speed handling characteristics). Details of the tests are described. The Michigan State Police formula for determining procurement is discussed. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Police patrol KW - Police vehicles KW - Procurement KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309262 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495853 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Shuldiner, H AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - 4-WHEEL STEERING - HERE NOW FOR ALL-OUT PERFORMANCE PY - 1986/02 VL - 228 IS - 2 AB - Experimental cars recently unveiled by many Japanese automobile manufacturers employ 4-wheel steering systems that radically improve vehicle handling and stability. For faster, more controlled turns and lane changes at high speeds, the rear wheels turn in the same direction as the front wheels. For tighter turns and low-speed agility, the rear wheels steer in the opposite direction of the front. Nissan now offers 5-wheel steering in its flagship Skyline sedan in Japan. Mazda promises to offer the system in a production car in 2 years. Honda, Mitsubishi, and Mercedes-Benz are all working on 4-wheel steering systems. KW - Four wheel drive KW - Industries KW - Japan KW - Steering KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306243 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491866 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Haslegrave, C M AU - Taylor & Francis TI - CHARACTERIZING THE ANTHROPOMETRIC EXTREMES OF THE POPULATION PY - 1986/02 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - p. 281-301 AB - Equipment designers frequently choose 5 percentile female and 95 percentile male dimensions as design limits. However, in the more complex design problems which involve several body dimensions it is important also to consider the interactions or relationships between body dimensions. These have been investigated using data from an anthropometric survey, which was carried out by MIRA, in order to develop models which represent the extreme body sizes of the male and female population. KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Females KW - Males KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491274 AU - Yedlin, M AU - Abramson, P AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF 1984 INSURANCE CLAIMS TO DETERMINE EFFECT OF 1984 BUMPERS ON CRASH DAMAGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/02 SP - 228 p. AB - A total of seven experiments were performed to identify the effects on insurance claim data of the modification of NHTSA's bumper standard to 2.5 mph Phase I protection effective with 1983 vehicles. In the first five of these, State Farm insurance data is used to: investigate overall claim trends for bumper damage across the model year period 1982 through 1984; investigate the performance of 5 and non-5 mph bumpers; investigate effects of recent bumper design changes on bumper performance; investigate differences in bumper performance on a make/model basis; and investigate the effectiveness of 5 and non-5 mph bumpers in protecting safety related components. The remaining experiments examine data obtained from the Mitchellmatix repair estimating service. These experiments seek to identify factors which may influence the interpretation of the results obtained from the two samples. KW - Bumpers KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491239 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM 1984. A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ON FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE U.S. IN 1984 PY - 1986/02 SP - v.p. AB - This is a report on the fatal accidents and fatalities in the United States reported in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for 1984. Information on fatal accidents from 1979 through 1983 is included for comparison purposes where appropriate. In 1984, there were 44,241 fatalities in 39,622 traffic accidents. The fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles traveled remained approximately the same as 1983 at 2.58. Although there was a slight increase (2.8%) in the number of passenger car fatalities between 1983 and 1984, this increase was not uniform for all car types. Deaths of compact car occupants rose dramatically (38.8%), while deaths of occupants in the largest size passenger cars decreased by 7%. The largest increases from 1983 to 1984 were in heavy truck driver fatalities (20%), female driver fatalities (14%), and motorcycle driver fatalities (8%). Of the fatally injured drivers in 1984, 43% were intoxicated at the time of the crash. This is down from 46% in 1983. Only 4% of the fatally injured drivers and 5.4% of the fatally injured passengers were wearing safety belts. Two out of five motorcycle riders involved in fatal accidents wore helmets in 1984, a statistic that has remained essentially constant since 1980. More fatal accidents involving pedestrians occurred on weekend nights than at any other time. The most frequent type of fatal multi-vehicle accident was the angle impact, followed by the head-on collision. Most deaths (86.1%) resulted from accidents that occurred during normal weather conditions. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491252 AU - National Assoc of Women Highway Safety Leaders,Inc AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL AND SAFETY BELT EDUCATION PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/02 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this project was to support NHTSA's two major programs: Alcohol and Driving and increasing Safety Belt/Child Passenger Safety Seat Usage through educational programs, workshops, media campaigns, and numerous other organized activities to gain public support mainly through existing women's organizations. The National Association of Women Highway Safety Leaders (NAWHSL) carried out numerous activities to accomplish this objective. The principal elements of this endeavor were as follows: conducted joint regional meetings with NHTSA regional personnel, Governor's Highway Safety Representatives and others involved in highway safety programs to establish a cooperative effort in program planning; evaluated the internal structure of NAWHSL and implemented certain changes such as new appointments of state representatives; compiled lists of women's organizations which could be contacted to encourage them to adopt programs on safety belts and alcohol for their membership; and established speaker's bureaus, implemented incentive programs, and developed and produced pamphlets, news articles, newsletters, public service announcements, films, etc., to be used with the state and community projects. The specific accomplishments were significant. The projects reported in this volume involved over 5,000 volunteers and reached approximately 8 million members of their respective communities. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Manual safety belts KW - Outreach KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Publicity KW - Safety programs KW - Social service agencies KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491263 AU - Rood, D H AU - Kraichy, P P AU - State University of New York, Albany AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NEW YORK STATE'S MANDATORY OCCUPANT RESTRAINT LAW: VOLUME III OBSERVATIONAL SURVEYS OF SAFETY RESTRAINT USE BY CHILDREN IN NEW YORK STATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/02 SP - 61 p. AB - This is the final report on the results of three observational surveys of safety restraint use by children conducted as part of the evaluation of New York's Mandatory Occupant Restraint Law. The law mandates restraint use for all front seat occupants and children under the age of ten, regardless of seating position. The law was implemented on December 1, 1984 and enforcement began on January 1, 1985. Observations were conducted at shopping centers throughout New York State. A baseline survey was conducted in October 1984 followed by post-law surveys in April 1985 and September 1989. Statewide and regional (Upstate, New York City, Long Island) results are presented. After implementation of the Mandatory Occupant Restraint Law, restraint use among children increased. In all surveys, however, restraint use decreased as age increased. In the post-law surveys, restraint use in the front seat was higher than in the back. Drivers' restraint use also increased after the new law. Children were more likely to be restrained if they were riding with drivers who were buckled up. The extension of mandatory restraint use to all front seat occupants and older children resulted in higher usage rates for the younger children covered by earlier legislation as well. The children most at risk were those in the two older age groups (4-6, 7-9 years) riding in the back seat or riding with unrestrained drivers. KW - Before and after studies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Front seat occupants KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Occupant restraint KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Restraint systems KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489762 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TENTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES, OXFORD, ENGLAND, JULY 1-4, 1985 PY - 1986/02 SP - 1254 p. AB - These proceedings contain the papers presented at the Tenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. For clarity and because of some translation difficulties, a certain amount of editing was necessary. Section 1 consists of the welcoming address by Sir Peter Lazarus, Permanent Secretary, U.K. Department of Transport, and the keynote address by Diane K. Steed, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Section 2 contains the government status reports. Section 3 covers progress with and discussion on safety developments for road vehicles. Section 4 contains papers from the following technical sessions: (1) biomechanics and dummy development; (2) crash avoidance; (3) occupant protection for frontal impact; (4) accident investigation and its relevance to legislation; (5) occupant protection in side impact; (6) safety developments of goods vehicles and buses; (7) pedestrian protection; and (8) safety design of 2-wheeled vehicles. Section 5 contains trends and priorities in vehicle development in relation to road safety. Section 6 is the conference summary and Section 7 closing remarks. KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Buses KW - Conferences KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash investigation KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Legislation KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Strategic planning KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489749 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE ACCIDENT REPORT FORMS CATALOGUE 1985 PY - 1986/02 SP - 192 p. AB - This publication contains copies of the accident report forms used by the fifty States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Its purpose is to provide a comparative accident data reference document for use by the States, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Regional Offices, other Federal agencies, and private organizations. Ultimately, it is hoped that the States will collect reasonably uniform accident data. Also provided is a listing of current accident report revision data for each State. Many States have upgraded or revised their accident report forms since the original publication of the State Accident Report Form Catalogue in 1978. In the future, this publication will be updated and reprinted on a periodic basis to maintain its timeliness and relevance. KW - Crash reports KW - Data KW - Forms KW - Standardization KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463271 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY: THE EFFECTIVENESS AND BENEFITS OF SAFETY SEATS PY - 1986/02 SP - 473 p. AB - The objectives of the agency staff evaluation are to measure the effectiveness, benefits and usage of safety seats and other safety measures for child passengers aged 0-4. The study is based on statistical analyses of National Accident Sampling System, Fatal Accident Reporting System and State accident data, analyses of sled test and compliance test results, and observational surveys of restraint system usage and misuse. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Benefits KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Misuse KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Sled tests KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463270 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY: THE EFFECTIVENESS AND BENEFITS OF SAFETY SEATS. SUMMARY PY - 1986/02 SP - 31 p. AB - The purpose of child safety seats is to reduce the number of child passengers killed or injured in motor vehicle crashes. The seats function by absorbing and safely distributing crash impact loads over the child's body while holding the child in place and preventing contacts with vehicle interior components or ejection from the vehicle. Seats have to be convenient and easy to use. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 213 specifies performance and labeling requirements for child safety seats. The objectives of the agency staff evaluation are to measure the effectiveness, benefits and usage of safety seats and other safety measures for child passengers aged 0-4. The study is based on statistical analyses of National Accident Sampling System, Fatal Accident Reporting System and State accident data, analyses of sled test and compliance test results, and observational surveys of restraint system usage and misuse. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Benefits KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Misuse KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Sled tests KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25728/DOT-HS-806-889.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00411194 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES INSTRUCTOR TRAINING PROGRAM : A NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM : COURSE GUIDE 1ST ED PY - 1986/02 SP - 19 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Education and training KW - Emergency medical services KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/226159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00411193 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES INSTRUCTOR TRAINING PROGRAM : A NATIONAL STANDARD CURRICULUM : INSTRUTOR LESSON PLANS 1ST ED PY - 1986/02 SP - 177 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Education and training KW - Emergency medical services KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/226158 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495758 JO - AutoWeek PB - Crain Automotive Group AU - Lankard, T AU - Crain Automotive Group TI - HOW SAFE ARE SEAT BELTS? PY - 1986/01/13 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - p. 34-36 AB - This article discusses the effectiveness of seat belts, and presents the views of foreign and domestic auto makers, government officials, insurance industry spokesmen and consumer protection groups. The difficulty predicting crash results is noted, and it is pointed out that the risks of injury start at very low velocities for unbelted drivers. For unbelted persons, there is an eight percent risk of being killed in a 35 mph crash. An understanding of the dynamics of accidents is necessary to understand injury risks. A study is cited which found a high level of defects in the manufacture and design of seat belts. A new test standard that will become effective in 1990 is noted. Safety measures that focus on a forgiving interior design are also noted. KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Standards KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309261 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495749 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Aronson, R B AU - Penton Media, Incorporated TI - DETROIT IS GETTING SERIOUS ABOUT AUTOMATED MANUFACTURING PY - 1986/01/09 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - p. 74-79 AB - Key contributing factors to the present depressed state of the automobile manufacturing industry is noted, and the implementation of automation to reverse the situation is discussed. This reversal will be aided by the following: greater use of robots; reduced handling time; large transfer pressess and transfer lines; flat floors; assembly-line changes; improved vendor products; and no repair bays. Flexibility is necessary for the success of the new automation philosophy. The degree of automation is discussed, and the need is emphasized for simultaneus engineering in which all aspects of design and manufacturing are considered from the beginning. The new philosophy of quality control testing is discussed. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Flexibility KW - Highway safety KW - Manufacturing KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476863 AU - American Correctional Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DRUNK DRIVER AND JAIL. OPTIONS FOR EXPANDING RESIDENTIAL FACILITIES. VOLUME 3 PY - 1986/01 SP - 56 p. AB - This five volume series was developed to help communities manage the influx of drunk drivers into the correctional system in a safe, equitable, and cost-effective manner. The subject of the series is two-fold: (1) the specialized needs of DWI offenders, and (2) the special opportunities for maximizing the effectiveness and minimizing the costs of their correctional programs. This volume, Volume 3, examines four ways to increase available bed space (number of beds)--conventional construction, modular construction, renovation, and contracting out correctional programs--and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. KW - Capacity KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Increase KW - Jails KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476865 AU - American Correctional Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DRUNK DRIVER AND JAIL. RESOURCE MATERIALS. VOLUME 5 PY - 1986/01 SP - 268 p. AB - This five volume series was developed to help communities manage the influx of drunk drivers into the correctional system in a safe, equitable, and cost-effective manner. The subject of the series is two-fold: (1) the specialized needs of DWI offenders, and (2) the special opportunities for maximizing the effectiveness and minimizing the costs of their correctional programs. This volume, Volume 5, contains copies of documents and forms in use in correctional programs around the country. They are not official models but, rather, examples of "working documents" that might prove useful to communities as they develop their own procedures and forms. Included are examples of forms for classification and suicide risk screening; work release agreements and contracts; community service forms and waivers of liability; and overviews of alcohol education and treatment programs. Also included are examples of State laws on offender fees and information on jail accreditation. The volume also contains a list of the State Offices of Highway Safety and the current criteria for receiving funding under Section 402 of the Highway Safety Act. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Documents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Highway Safety act KW - Jails KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495944 AU - CHESHER, G B AU - DAUNCEY, H AU - Crawford, J AU - Horn, K AU - University of Sydney TI - THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ALCOHOL AND MARIJUANA. A DOSE DEPENDENT STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN MOODS AND PERFORMANCE SKILLS SN - 0642 512744 PY - 1986/01 SP - v.p. AB - A study to examine the dose-dependency of the effects of alcohol and marijuana alone and in combination on a battery of tests of human psychomotor performance and mood is reported. Four dosage conditions for each drug were employed and all of the possible combinations of these dosage conditions examined. Both drugs produced signficant dose-dependent effects on performance measures, intoxication ratings and on some of the mood scales. Both quantitative and qualitative differences between the two drugs were apparent. By far the major drug effects on the tests were those of alcohol. The effects of the two drugs when taken together were essentially additive, although evidence indicated that the lowest dose of marijuana produced a degree of antagonism of the effects of alcohol. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Marijuana KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489760 AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A MANUAL OF CODEL POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES--POLICIES AND PROCEDURES PY - 1986/01 SP - 398 p. AB - This manual is a revision of the first "Manual of Model Police Traffic Services--Policies and Procedures," which was prepared in 1981. The purpose of this revision was to recase (and update, as necessary) the traffic policies and procedures in terms that specifically reflect the traffic standards promulgated by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies. The language of the revised policy and procedure statements, in keeping with the standards, was chosen to minimize discretion and to illuminate the desired traffic services philosophy, management and actions as much as possible: liberal use is made of the verbs "shall," "will," and "should." Local circumstances will necessitate some variations in wording and implementation. KW - Compliance KW - Manuals KW - Police traffic services KW - Policy KW - Standards KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476864 AU - American Correctional Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DRUNK DRIVER AND JAIL. STEP BY STEP TO A COMPREHENSIVE DWI CORRECTIONS PROGRAM. VOLUME 4 PY - 1986/01 SP - 64 p. AB - This five volume series was developed to help communities manage the influx of drunk drivers into the correctional system in a safe, equitable, and cost-effective manner. The subject of the series is two-fold: (1) the specialized needs of DWI offenders, and (2) the special opportunities for maximizing the effectiveness and minimizing the costs of their correctional programs. This volume, Volume 4, describes how to go about determining a community's correctional needs (who should be involved, what information must be gathered) and discusses how to put the findings into effect (building community support, how to obtain funding). KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Jails KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public relations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476862 AU - American Correctional Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DRUNK DRIVER AND JAIL. ALTERNATIVES TO JAIL. VOLUME 2 PY - 1986/01 SP - 48 p. AB - This five volume series was developed to help communities manage the influx of drunk drivers into the correctional system in a safe, equitable, and cost-effective manner. The subject of the series is two-fold: (1) the specialized needs of DWI offenders, and (2) the special opportunities for maximizing the effectiveness and minimizing the costs of their correctional programs. This volume, Volume 2, discusses the use of objective classification systems to identify a drunk driver's drinking status, risk to the community, and correctional program needs. It then examines what is known about five non-residential sanctions that can be used as alternatives or adjuncts to a jail sentence: community service; intensive probation supervision; alcohol education and treatment; restitution; and driver's license actions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Jails KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286258 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495775 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Free, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - NOW: ANTI-COLLISION RADAR FOR YOUR CAR PY - 1986/01 VL - 228 IS - 1 SP - p. 74-76 AB - A 3-piece, easily installed device is described that alerts a driver of imminent collisions. Tested for 3 years, the smart device is now ready for use by cars or trucks. The article describes the development of the device by a small Michigan family firm. A narrow-beam antenna transmits microwaves at more than 24 GHz. Beam width, about that of a truck, limits reflections from road signs, parked cars, etc. Reflections from objects higher than the front bumper are converted into an electronic signal and fed into a processor which turns on a dashboard monitor alert lignt and computes distance, difference in rate of speed between the driver and objects, and whether the diver and the objects are changing speed. If the processor determines a collision is imminent, it turns a warning light and sounds a buzzer until the driver decelerates or swerves. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crashes KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Highway safety KW - Radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495329 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Teret, S P AU - JONES, A S AU - Williams, A F AU - Wells, J K AU - American Public Health Association TI - CHILD RESTRAINT LAWS: AN ANALYSIS OF GAPS IN COVERAGE PY - 1986/01 VL - 76 IS - 1 SP - p. 31-34 AB - The limiting effects of exemptions to the coverage of child restraint laws were estimated by determining the extent to which the laws would have applied to child motor vehicle occupants, ages 0-5 years, killed before the laws were passed (1976-80). The 50 state laws would have exempted about 39 % of child motor vehicle occupants less than 6 years of age killed in the years immediately preceding enactment of the laws. Of those children killed in pre-law years who were within the age limits set by the subsequent state laws, about 21 % would not have been covered. The gaps in the laws are unnecessary, and proper amendments based on these data can save lives. KW - Amendments KW - Child restraint systems KW - Exemption KW - Fatalities KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495766 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT PY - 1986/01 SP - 51 p. AB - This report describes variations in both the frequencies and sizes of collision coverage claims for damage to 1983, 1984, and 1985 model year passenger vehicles, vans, pickups and utility vehicles. The information is presented in two sections: the first section summarizes variations in both the frequencies and the sizes of collision claims for damage to private passenger vehicles from 3 model years: 1985 models during their first year of availability, 1984 models during their first 2 years, and 1983 models during their first 3 years. The second section contains similar summaries for vans, pickups, and utility vehicles insured under noncommercial collision coverages. KW - Automobiles KW - Highway safety KW - Insurance KW - Liability insurance KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305828 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495760 JO - Traffic Safety (Washington) PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Ruch, J S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHAMPIONS OF SPEEDWAY ENDORSE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON THE HIGHWAY PY - 1986/01 VL - 86 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-11, AB - Professional race drivers pay attention to good driving, wear seat belts, and generally work hard at being good drivers. It is urged that all drivers follow similar practices. Concentration on driving is key to safety, and defensive driving prevents accidents. Driver education should include teaching how to handle a car, how to get out of trouble, and license tests should include responding to emergency situations. Car design features that promote safety are described, but their effectivity will despend on the use of the seat belt. KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver education KW - Emergencies KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Professional drivers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309263 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495827 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Ervin, R D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EFFECTS OF EXPRESSWAY RAMPS ON CONTROL OF TRACTOR-SEMITRAILERS PY - 1986/01 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - p. 1-13,15 AB - An overview is provided of the study methods, findings and recommendations of a 3-year study to establish how particular expressway ramps cause drivers of tractor-semitrailers to lose control of their vehicles. The study selected a set of problem ramps, and put the geometric details of each ramp into a computer simulation program, and then simulated the dynamic behavior of tractor-semitrailers traversing the ramp and responding to its geometric properties. It was found that highway design in the U.S. does not take sufficiently into account the special maneuvering limitations of heavy trucks. The most fundamental of those are low resistance to rollover and poor braking capability. Additional problems and other aggravating conditions are also noted. It is recommended that all AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) policies relating to the geometric design of highway ramps and other curved roadways be examined from the viewpoint of the maneuvering requirements of heavy trucks. It is also recommended that truck drivers be better informed about the hazards associated with expressway ramps. A training film for truck drivers is noted. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Driver training KW - Expressways KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Ramps KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309297 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495850 JO - Steering Wheel PB - Texas Motor Transportation Association AU - Floyd, R AU - Texas Motor Transportation Association TI - TEXAS TRUCK AND BUS COMPANIES DO CARE ABOUT SAFETY PY - 1986/01 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - p. 22-25 AB - The factors that have contributed to a decline in truck safety on Texas highways are noted, and efforts by the Texas Motor Transportation Association (TMTA) to address the problem are described. Two industry task forces have been formed to address highway safety and overweight trucks. The task forces will draft legislation to strengthen current safety regulations and empower agencies to enforce the regulations. The importance of truck driver selection and certification practices are emphasized, as well as the implementation of the National Driver Register. A TMTA program called the Cooperative Road Patrol composed of safety professionals who patrol the highways watching for unsafe drivers is described. Other actions by TMTA are also briefly summarized. KW - Certification KW - Driver selection KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Patrol KW - Selection and appointment KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495811 AU - Saccoccio, M AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - TRANSPORTATION SAFETY INFORMATION REPORT THIRD QUARTER 1985 PY - 1986/01 SP - 76 p. AB - The "Transportation Safety Information Report" is a compendium of selected national-level transportation safety statistics for all modes of transportation. The report presents and compares data on a monthly and quarterly basis for trnaportation fatalities, accidents, and injuries for the current and preceding year. The report is based on data input to the Transportation Safety Information System (TRANSIS) by representatives in each of DOT's modal administrations and the National Transportation Safety Board. KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305884 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495861 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - CLAYTON, A B AU - Brain Information Service TI - ATTITUDES TOWARDS DRINKING AND DRIVING: THEIR ROLE IN THE EFFCTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1986/01 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-8 AB - The effectiveness of drinking and driving countermeasures is discussed. It is noted that enforcement only reduces impaired driving temporarily, and there is no evidence to demonstrate the effectiveness of severe sanctions in promoting specific or general deterrence. The reasons for the lack of success of the countermeasures are considered. The perception of the motorist as to whether he is contravening the law when he drives after drinking. It is noted that this depends on the knowledge of the law and of the effects of alcohol, and of their attitude towards the issue. Each of these areas is discussed in this paper. The need is noted for more informative propaganda campaigns . KW - Attitudes KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Information dissemination KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495863 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Aarstein-Kerslake, G W AU - Brain Information Service TI - A CONFIDENCE INTERVAL APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION CHARTS PY - 1986/01 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-15 AB - Alcohol nomograms and charts based on population averages may induce substantial inaccuracies in the estimates of individual blood alcohol concentration levels (BACs). Also, many such charts require a compensating equation to account for the metabolic elimination of alcohol over a period of time. Together, these two factors can lead to dangerous underestimates of BAC. This article outlines a one-tailed confidence interval approach for estimating expected BAC varying as a function of time and amount of alcohol consumed. The use of these data in BAC charts tailored to specific weight ranges precludes the use of a compensating equation and provides estimated BAC values which are much less likely to unsafely underestimate actual BACs. KW - Accuracy KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Charting KW - Charts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309317 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495805 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SAVED BY THE BELT PY - 1986/01 VL - 19 IS - 8 SP - p. 1-5 AB - Seat belts save lives and minimize injuries. Government regulations state that occupants of government motor vehicles must buckle their seat belts. This article describes examples of GMV accidents that have a happy ending because the occupants were wearing seat belts. The 10 examples described involved an Air Force pickup, van, regrigeration truck, truck, and an ambulance, KW - Ambulances KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Trucks KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309281 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495756 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - EALEY, L AU - Brooke, L AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - WHO BUILDS CARS BEST? WHO ELSE PY - 1986/01 VL - 186 IS - 1 SP - p. 30-32 AB - Mercedes Benz was voted as the builder of the best trouble-free car by American car builders. If the 'company men' bias is removed from the survey, M-B is followed by Toyota, and Honda. Problems related to quality of product of American cars were identified as employee absenteeism and training. Upper management was also blasted as a source of quality problems. KW - Absenteeism KW - Automobile industry KW - Daimler Benz AG KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Management KW - Manufacturing KW - Mercedes automobile KW - Mercedes benz KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Surveys KW - Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495303 AU - Schneider, L W AU - Lehman, R J AU - Pflug, M A AU - Owings, C L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Consumer Product Safety Institute TI - SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE HEAD AND NECK FROM BIRTH TO FOUR YEARS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/01 SP - 500 p. AB - Three hundred children from 2 weeks to 48 months of age were measured to determine the size and shape of the head and neck for application to the problem of injuries and death due to head entrapment. Manual mesurements using standard anthropometric measurement techniques were used to collect data on 34 dimensions of the head and neck and general body sizes for the full sample of 300 subjects in four of the age groups to determine the size and shape of critical head contours as well as geometric information describing the locations of anatomical landmarks used in the manual measurements. For manual measurements, 5th, 50th and 95th percentile values are presented in tabular form along with sample means, standard deviations, and sample minimum and maximum values in both English and metric units. In addition, scatter plots of measurement values versus subject age are presented for each measurement variable. Graphic and tabular results of landmark coordinates and contours from steriophotogrammetric data are presented for age group averages as well as for a representative small and large subject from each of the 4 groups. KW - Children KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Measurement KW - Neck KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305475 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491795 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Goldbaum, L R AU - Chace, D H AU - Lappas, N T AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DETERMINATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN BLOOD BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY USING A THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR PY - 1986/01 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - p. 133-142 AB - A method is described for the gas chromatographic quantitation of carbon monoxide by means of thermal conductivity detection. Carbon monoxide is released from blood samples as small as 0.02 mL using a unique extraction chamber. The method was compared to a standard gas chromatographic and spectrophotometric method of carbon monoxide quantitation. It was comparable to the former with all samples evaluated and apparently more reliable than the latter with decomposed samples. KW - Blood KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Forensic medicine KW - Gas chromatography KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Reliability KW - Thermal conductivity KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306833 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491865 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - BREED, D S AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE BREED AIR BAG PY - 1986/01 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 22-24 AB - Airbags, as complements to seat belts, or on their own, are an important automatic means of injury reduction. The major obstacle to widespread airbag use has been the cost of conventional electrically initiated airbags. The Breed Corporation, however, has developed a self-contained, all-mechanical airbag that is vastly simpler than electrical systems and therefore more reliable and far less expensive. This article describes the design features of the Breed airbag, the current status of its development, results of collision tests, and the findings of three independent cost estimates. KW - Air bags KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Development KW - Estimates KW - Impact tests KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306871 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491796 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Goldberger, B A AU - Caplan, Y H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - INFRARED QUANTITATIVE EVIDENTIAL BREATH-ALCOHOL ANALYZERS: IN VITRO ACCURACY AND PRECISION STUDIES PY - 1986/01 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-19 AB - The in vitro accuracy and precision of four infrared breath-alcohol analyzers, the Alcotest 7010, BAC Verifier, Intoxilyzer 5000, and Intoximeter 3000, were studied with a protocol adapted from portions of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) "Standard for Devices to Measure Breath Alcohol." Statistical evaluation of these studies indicated that all instruments met or exceeded the performance requirements modified from the U.S. DOT Standard for quantitative evidential breath-alcohol analyzers. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306834 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491794 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Jobes, D A AU - Berman, A L AU - Josselson, A R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOPSIES ON MEDICAL EXAMINERS' DETERMINATION OF MANNER OF DEATH PY - 1986/01 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - p. 177-189 AB - This study evaluated the impact of psychological information on medical examiners' determination of manner of death in equivocal cases. Ten cases, a typical and equivocal case for each of five case types (single car, child, autoerotic, psychotic, and Russian roulette death) were evaluated for manner of death by 195 medical examiner subjects. From this sample 95 control subjects received 10 cases made up of physical and circumstantial evidence, while 100 experimental subjects received the same 10 cases expanded with brief psychological autopsies. Psychological information was shown to have a statistically significant impact on subjects' determination (and certainty) of manner of death in equivocal cases and even in some typical cases. KW - Autopsies KW - Causes KW - Crash victims KW - Determination KW - Fatalities KW - Homicide KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Mental disorders KW - Psychiatric abnormalities KW - Suicide UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306832 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491797 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Perper, J A AU - Twerski, A AU - Wienand, J W AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - TOLERANCE AT HIGH BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS: A STUDY OF 110 CASES AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE PY - 1986/01 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - p. 212-221 AB - One hundred ten consecutive alcoholics who voluntarily entered a detoxification center were studied to determine their ability to perform certain designated functions (a) while under the influence of alcohol at admission and (b) four days later, after they had undergone detoxification. Their blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) within an hour of admission were determined by using the DuPont Automated Clinical Analyzer (ACA), following standard procedures. The results of the tests performed by these subjects were then studied to ascertain the level of psychomotor impairment in alcoholics at elevated BACs. The results were broken down by age, sex, race, and BAC. The findings indicate that alcoholics develop an increased tolerance to alcohol at BACs, which are extremely high, including levels generally considered to be potentially fatal. KW - Age KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Gender KW - Human subject testing KW - Intoxication KW - Motor skills KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Race KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306835 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491880 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Maugh, R E AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - SOME MAJOR CHANGES AHEAD IN AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY PY - 1986/01 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-28 AB - We are now in transformation from a nation of belt sitters to a nation of belt users. We are also going to start phasing in passive restraints, both belts and airbags. These are going to be big changes and there is no clear answer as to where all of this change is going to lead us in terms of future safety needs and occupant restraint designs. To take a look at what is ahead, this article describes some of the various types of passive belt systems and presents some Ford Motor Company projections of injuries and fatalities as safety belt use increases. KW - Air bags KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Projection KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491245 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM. TENTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS PY - 1986/01 SP - 27 p. AB - This Tenth Annual Report to the Congress summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1985 regarding the implementation of applicable sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), as amended (the Act). Section 502(a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report by January 15th of each year. Included in this report are sections summarizing rulemaking activities during 1985 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). Title V of the Act requires the Secretary of Transportation to administer a program for regulating the fuel economy of new passenger cars and light trucks in the United States market. The authority to administer the program has been delegated by the Secretary to the Administrator of NHTSA, 49 C.F.R. 1.50(f). NHTSA's responsibilities in the fuel economy area include: (1) establishing and amending average fuel economy standards for manufacturers of passenger automobiles and light trucks as necessary; (2) promulgating regulations concerning procedures, definitions, and reports necessary to support the fuel economy standards; (3) considering petitions for exemption from established fuel economy standards by low volume manufacturers (those producing fewer than 10,000 passenger cars annually worldwide) and establishing alternative standards for them; (4) preparing reports to Congress annually on the progress of the fuel economy program; (5) enforcing the fuel economy standards and regulations; and (6) responding to petitions concerning domestic production by foreign manufacturers and other matters. To date, passenger car fuel economy standards have been established by the Congress for model years (MYs) 1978 through 1980 and for 1985 and thereafter, and by NHTSA for the 1981 through 1984 model years. In addition, during 1985 NHTSA amended the MY 1986 passenger car standard. Standards for light trucks have been established by NHTSA for MYs 1979 through 1987. All current standards are listed in a table. KW - Automobiles KW - Compliance KW - Exemption KW - Fuel conservation KW - Law enforcement KW - Light trucks KW - Regulation KW - Regulations KW - Rule making KW - Standards KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491238 AU - Monk, M W AU - WILLKE, D T AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STRIKING VEHICLE AGGRESSIVENESS FACTORS FOR SIDE IMPACT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/01 SP - 50 p. AB - This study was undertaken to investigate the effect that altering the striking vehicle front end characteristics has on occupant safety in a side impact. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) moving deformable barrier (MDB) was used to conduct twelve crash tests. Three different types of honeycomb barrier faces were used, each representing a front end characteristic change. These were a reduction in stiffness, a lowering and tapering of the hood profile, and a lowering of the bumper. The alterations were believed to represent achievable production vehicle changes. Each of the altered frontal designs were tested four times, striking baseline and padded Volkswagen Rabbits at both 60 deg and 90 deg configurations. In each case, the simulated striking and struck velocities were 35 and 17.5 mph, respectively. The occupant responses and relative benefit from each of these concepts are shown and discussed. KW - Aggression KW - Benefits KW - Bumpers KW - Crashes KW - Hoods KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Size KW - Speed KW - Stiffness KW - Testing KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle front end KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491013 AU - Wade, B AU - Stultz, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES. MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1984 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY AT 33.6 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1986/01 SP - 163 p. AB - The report documents one of ten crash tests conducted to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1984 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility in Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.6 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was December 13,1985 and the ambient temperature was 25 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Deformable barriers KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491250 AU - Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARD CONSUMER INFORMATION PROGRAMS--A QUALITATIVE REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/01 SP - 127 p. AB - Consumer interest in, and likely use of information generated in 5 NHTSA programs was examined using the group depth interview (GDI) technique. 40 GDIs were conducted with purchasers of new cars in Philadelphia, PA; Kansas City, MO; San Diego, CA; and Portland, OR. Each group discussed 2 of the 5 programs, and in some cases completed a written exercise. All groups discussed their needs and practices in purchasing new cars. Few consumers feel the need for more information about cars; indeed, many are not using resources available to them now. What needs exist generally relate to the selling process, and not to areas in which NHTSA can provide data. Reactions to the specific information programs vary considerably; several which elicit little interest as stand-alone programs would be welcomed as part of a larger information program covering several areas or topics. CRASHWORTHINESS: There is considerable interest in crash test information collected in the New Car Assessment Program, although consumers are troubled by the presentation of the data as relative index numbers without any clear demarcation between "safe" and "dangerous." REPAIRABILITY: There is strong interest in the likely frequency of repair, and very little interest in data solely on repair cost. STOPPING DISTANCE: Consumers are generally unaware of, and unconcerned with currently available information, largely because they view cars as generally equivalent on stopping distance. Suggesting that there are variations of a car length or more heightens interest in the information, although it is unlikely to be a major consideration in vehicle purchase. BUMPER PROTECTION: What little interest exists in this area is based on the misconception that bumpers provide crash protection at medium speeds; 5 mph or 2.5 mph protection is trivial for most. UTQGS TREADWEAR RATINGS: Replacement tire purchase is a low-risk, low-involvement activity characterized by more trust in the seller than is true for vehicle purchase. While the ratings are of interest to a relatively small segment of information seekers, for most consumers they do not address any perceived need for information. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Crashworthiness KW - Durability KW - Information dissemination KW - Purchasing KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Stopping distances KW - Tires KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491275 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEDURES FOR IDENTIFYING PROBLEM DRINKERS. A SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT PACKAGE FOR SOURTS AND TREATMENT AGENCIES. A SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDE PY - 1986/01 SP - v.p. AB - The Procedures for Identifying Problem Drinkers (PIPD) is a screening and assessment package designed to determine the existence and degree of a drinking problem. More familiarly, it is known as the Mortimer-Filkins test, after the developers of the testing instruments used in the procedures. The PIPD was developed by NHTSA for use in pre-sentence investigations. Since 1972 it has proven to be the most effective screening and assessment instrument of its kind. In 1980, NHTSA developed a special package to train staff in the use of the PIPD. It was designed to be used in instructor-led workshops. In 1982 a corps of trainers was prepared to present these workshops, and this was successfully done on the State and regional levels. However, the rising cost of travel to workshop sites and the difficulties of freeing staff to attend prevented many jurisdictions from participating. In response to their needs NHTSA commissioned the developmnet of materials which could provide this training without the need of an instructor. In addition, the material was intended to be useful in informing others of the uses of the PIPD who did not need to be trained to administer it, such as judges and prosecutors. This Guide, and its accompanying pamphlet and brochure, is the result of that effort. The Guide is directed primarily for use in pre-sentence investigations, but is easily adaptable to other contexts. It is primarily intended to be used by individuals studying it alone, either on site or at home. It can also be used to train small groups, and to inform nontraining audiences. The only physical requirements for using it are a copier to reproduce printed practice materials from this Guide, and about 4 hours to complete the training process. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Mortimer-filkins test KW - Pre-sentence investigations KW - Procedures for identifying problem drinkers KW - Training UR - http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED279955&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED279955 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476861 AU - American Correctional Association AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DRUNK DRIVER AND JAIL. THE DRUNK DRIVER AND THE JAIL PROBLEM. VOLUME 1 PY - 1986/01 SP - 64 p. AB - This five volume series was developed to help communities manage the influx of drunk drivers into the correctional system in a safe, equitable, and cost-effective manner. The subject of the series is two-fold: (1) the specialized needs of DWI offenders, and (2) the special opportunities for maximizing the effectiveness and minimizing the costs of their correctional programs. This volume, Volume 1, focuses on developing a coherent policy for drunk drivers. It reviews the drunk driving problem and the problems faced by many of the Nation's 3,000 jails and local lockups in dealing with the influx of DWI offenders. After describing various approaches to controlling drunk driving and reviewing the evidence for the effectiveness of jail sentences, the volume concludes with a list of specific considerations that should guide the development and operation of all correctional programs for DWIs. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Jails KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457062 AU - Hauer, E AU - Lovell, J AU - Persaud, B N AU - University of Toronto AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW DIRECTIONS FOR LEARNING ABOUT SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/01 SP - n.p. AB - This report deals with two questions: (a) How to learn about the safety effect of various measures, and (b) how to go about deciding what research is worthwhile. On both questions new ground is broken. (a) To learn about the safety effect of a measure, we have devised statistical machinery which ensures that unbiased information is extracted efficiently from commonly available data (such as from uncontrolled before-and-after studies), and that the information is accumulated study-by-study. In this manner a formal "learning process" is established. The method is applied to learning about the safety effect of converting intersection control from two-way and all-way stop signs. Four recent data sets are analysed and their results joined. (b) Research on the safety effect of measures derives its value from reducing the cost which comes from implementing useless measures and the cost of not implementing useful ones. We show how a dollar value can be attached to a proposed research, how this can serve to guide the design of specific research, and how one can structure an entire research program. Application is to two "case studies." In the first case we ask how many vehicles should be in a "fleet study" designed to help Transport Canada decide on the merits of "daytime running lights." We conclude (after several iterations) that a fleet study is not justified. The second case study is about measures aimed at reducing accidents due to vehicles stopped on freeway shoulders. KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Data analysis KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Effectiveness KW - Four way stop signs KW - Freeways KW - Learning KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Multiway stop signs KW - Research KW - Road shoulders KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stop signs KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00411393 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER ATTITUDES TOWARD CONSUMER INFORMATION PROGRAMS : A QUALITATIVE REPORT PY - 1986/01 SP - 123 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer education KW - Consumer protection KW - Education KW - Public opinion KW - Purchasing KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/226232 ER - TY - SER AN - 00490325 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL DEMAND AND BEHAVIOR SN - 0309041058 PY - 1986 IS - 1085 SP - 85p AB - This Record consists of a collection of papers on a given subject, most of the papers being originally prepared for presentation at a Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. The papers included here are as follows: Evidence on Impacts of Manufacturer Sourcing on Vehicle Demand by F.L. Mannering and G.O. Chu Te; Bicyclist Link Evaluation: A Stated-Preference Approach by K.W. Axhausen and R.L. Smith Jr; Effects of Capacity Constraints on Peak-Period Traffic Congestion by M. Ben-Akiva, A. de Palma, and P. Kanaroglou; Changing Effects of Automobile Ownership on Household Travel Patterns by L.P. Kostyniuk and R. Kitamura; Availability of Information and Dynamics of Departure Time Choice: Experimental Investigation by H.S. Mahmassani and C.C. Tong; On-Board Bus Surveys: No Questions Asked by P.R. Stopher, L. Shillito, D.T. Grober, and H.M.A. Stopher; Selectivity Bias in Models of Discrete and Continuous Choice: An Empirical Analysis by F.L. Mannering; Day-of-the-Week Models of Shopping Activity Patterns by M. Hirsh, J.N. Prashker, and M. Ben-Akiva; Intecity Passenger Decision Making: Conceptual Structure and Data Implications by F.S. Koppelman and M.Hirsch; and Constraints on Individual Travel Behavior in a Brazilian City by J.D. Swait, Jr., and M. Ben-Akiva. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Bus transportation KW - Conferences KW - Cyclists KW - Industries KW - Intercity transportation KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Shopping KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611070 AU - SCHREUDER, D A AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - LIGHT TRESPASS: CAUSES, REMEDIES AND ACTIONS. PAPER PRESENTED AT THE CIE/MBE SYMPOSIUM "LIGHTING AND SIGNALLING FOR TRANSPORT", BUDAPEST, 22-23 SEPTEMBER 1986 PY - 1986 SP - 27 p. AB - Light trespass is the result of light that does not reach its destination, or that is reflected after having reached its destination or is scattered by the media in between source and destination. Light trespass may disturb people for whom the lighting actually is designed, resulting in glare and other disturbances. Several remedies are known and are applied on a limited scale to reduce light trespass, such as the application of low-pressure sodium lamps and the use of careful light control. However, to combat light trespass and its negative effects, further research is needed. Also a further consideration of the matter within the lighting profession seems to be required. KW - Countermeasures KW - Glare KW - Lighting KW - Pollution KW - Research KW - Sodium lamps KW - Sodium vapor lamps KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490313 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - EMISSIONS INSPECTION PROCEDURE PY - 1986 SP - 16 p. AB - This is the Emissions Inspection Procedure (VS-28). It consists of nine sections which cover the following: general information; conducting the safety and emissions inspection reinspection; preparation of the inspection extension and rejection notice; preparation of the emissions inspections waiver application and procedure for repair; test invalid procedure; replacement sticker procedure with CVIS; items to be placed on the vehicle inspection record; error messages; and record keeping. KW - Air quality management KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recordkeeping KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety KW - Waiving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490316 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - STATE OF NEW YORK HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION MANUAL PY - 1986 SP - 39 p. AB - The highway safety program is a provision of the National Highway Safety Program which states that each State shall have a highway safety program designed to reduce traffic accidents and deaths, injuries and property damage resulting therefrom. This publication explains the requirements of the highway safety project administration. Details of program management are covered as well as financial management. Samples forms mentioned in the text are presented. KW - Administration KW - Finance KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - New York (State) KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495943 AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC ON UTAH HIGHWAYS 1985 PY - 1986 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents data on the daily traffic volumes on road sections of varying lengths on State Highways, Federal-Aid Highways, Federal-Aid Urban Local Highways and Federal-Aid Secondary Local Highways. Appendices provide further information on the following: manual classification counts 1984-1985; automatic recorder data by month; cross reference guide for city streets; county code numbers; index to abbreviations. KW - Automation KW - Federal aid highways KW - Secondary roads KW - State highways KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496530 AU - SCHREUDER, D A AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - THE FUNCTION OF ROAD MARKINGS IN RELATION TO DRIVER'S VISUAL NEEDS PY - 1986 SP - 103 p. AB - This study considers the state of the art regarding driver behavior and visual needs for guidance, delineation, and information by means of horizontal road markings. Chapter 1 considers the theoretical aspects of road safety and discusses what can be learned from accident studies. Also discussed are risk homeostasis, the theory of accident causation, road safety policy, and aspects of traffic psychology. Chapter 2 presents an approach toward the better understanding of traffic participation. This approach is based on an analysis of the driving task. Visual information needs is the topic of Chapter 3. The visibility of objects is subdivided as follows: detection - the object is just visible, it is at the threshold of visibility; conspicuity - the object is visible when taking into account disturbances and distractions from the environment and other task aspects; and recognition - the object is compared with memory contents, taking into account the likeliness of occurrence of the object under the prevailing situations. Stopping distance and the preview (the distance from which objects must be observed when other maneuvers are required) are considered. Chapter 4 discusses the theory of visual guidance and Chapter 5 reviews photometric and geometric factors. Chapter 6 summarizes the conclusions from the previous chapters. Chapter 7 deals with the supply side of road markings--the degree to which the markings succeed in offering the necessary information the driver requires. Chapter 8 presents the concluding recommendation: it is necessary to design and develop road marking materials or devices that perform equally well under different conditions. KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Geometric elements KW - Geometrics data KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Information needs KW - Information organization KW - Perception KW - Photometry KW - Recognition KW - Recommendations KW - Risk assessment KW - Road markings KW - Stopping distances KW - Traffic marking KW - Visibility KW - Visual guidance KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310198 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495950 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS SN - 0309040515 PY - 1986 IS - 1057 SP - 72p AB - This Record contains the following papers: The Bandwidth-constrained Transyt Signal-Optimization Program; Directional Weighting for Maximal Bandwidth Arterial Signal; Investigation of Optimal Time To Change Arterial Traffic Signal-Timing Plan; Potential Performance Characteristics of Adaptive Control at Individual Intersections (Abridgment); Developing Interconnection Guidelines for Isolated Traffic Signals; Control of Congestion at Highway Congested Junctions; Congestion-Based Control Scheme for Closely Spaced, High Traffic Density Networks; Case Study Evaluation of the Safety and Operational Benefits of Traffic Signal Coordination; A Traffic Control System for the City of Kuwait. KW - Bandwidth KW - Optimization KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309362 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495940 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Colliver, J D AU - Malin, H AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - STATE AND NATIONAL TRENDS IN ALCOHOL-RELATED MORTALITY: 1975-1982 PY - 1986 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - p. 60-64, AB - The analysis of State and national trends in alcohol-related mortality in the United States is discussed. Deaths due to cirrhosis of the liver, suicide, motor vehicle accidents, alcoholism, and homicide are discussed. It is noted that there is a declining trend in alcohol-related mortality, particularly from cirrhosis and chronic liver disease. There has also been a decline in the lives lost from motor vehicle accidents. If changes in driving age laws and in sanctions for DWI (driving while intoxicated) are responsible for the decrease seen between 1975 and 1982, then State legislation in 1985 should further reduce the figures. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Homicide KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Mortality rates KW - Statistics KW - Suicide KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309355 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495896 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Hoskins, A F AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - RESEARCH NOTE. CONSEQUENCES OF RAISING THE SPEED LIMIT PY - 1986 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 179-182 AB - Two methods were used to assess the potential impact of increased speed limits on highway fatalities. These were: (a) a method used by National Safety Council (NSC) in estimating the causes of decreased motor vehicles in the 1970s and (b) a method used by the National Research Council, Transportation Research Board in reporting on 10 years of experience with the 55 mph speed limit. Applying the NSC method to 1984 fatality data resulted in estimated increases of 200 to 700 deaths per year on rural interstates depending on how much the speed limit was raised. Using the TRB method resulted in estimated increases of 300 to 450 deaths per year if each state returned to pre-1974 speed limits. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496139 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Arstein-Kerslake, G W AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - RESEARCH NOTE. A CONFIDENCE INTERVAL APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION CHARTS PY - 1986 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - p. 129-133 AB - Alcohol nomograms and charts based on population averages may induce substantial inaccuracies in the estimates of individual blood alcohol concentration levels (BACs). Also many such charts require a compensating equation to account for the metabolic elimination of alcohol over a period of time. Together, these two factors can lead to dangerous underestimates of BAC. This article outlines a one-tailed confidence interval approach for estimating expected BAC varying as function of time and amount of alcohol consumed. The uses of data in BAC charts tailored to specific weight ranges precludes the use of a compensating equation and provides estimated BAC values which are much less likely to unsafely underestimate actual BACs. KW - Accuracy KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Equations KW - Nomographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496162 AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - WISCONSIN ACCIDENT FACTS 1985 PY - 1986 SP - 32 p. AB - Tabulated statistics are presented on the following: economic loss; reporting agencies; mileage death rates; traffic accidents by month; fatal accidents by month; type of accidents; blood alcohol content of drivers; accidents by highway system and county; highway class; environmental conditions; types of vehicles; driver age; drinking drivers; motorcycle accidents; characteristics of persons killed; speed citations; and contributory circumstances. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Crash types KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic factors KW - Environmental quality KW - Fatalities KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Human characteristics KW - Mileage KW - Roadside KW - Speeding KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle type KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496190 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Zaidel, D M AU - Hocherman, I AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - LICENSE RENEWAL FOR OLDER DRIVERS: THE EFFECTS OF MEDICAL AND VISION TESTS PY - 1986 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - p. 111-116 AB - The license renewal process of a complete cohort of Israeli drivers aged 65 and up, whose license renewal date fell during 1980 was followed up. It was found that following protracted and costly renewal process, practically all licenses were revalidated. New driving restrictions were common, mostly related to the use of eyeglasses during driving; however, these restrictions were found to have little practical significance. The findings lead to questioning the policy of targeting the renewal tests for a subgroup of drivers that accounts for a small percentage of the driver population and an even smaller fraction of the accidents. KW - Aged drivers KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver license renewal KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Restrictions KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309402 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495906 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Maybee, R G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE LEGAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE IN TEXAS: EFFECTS OF AN INCREASE FROM 18 TO 19 PY - 1986 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 165-178 AB - Effects on motor vehicle crash involvement of raising the legal drinking age in Texas to 19 were examined, using an interrupted time-series design. Rates of single-vehicle-nighttime (SVN) and non-SVN crashes per 100,000 licensed drivers from 1978 through 1984 were examined for 3 levels of crash severity. Results revealed significant reductions in SVN crashes for the 18-year-old target population across all levels of crash severity. In comparison, no significantl changes in SVN crashes among drivers age 21 and over were found. When the effects of macroeconomic conditions on crash rates were controlled statistically, no change in the estimated effect of the legal age law was seen. It is clear that the 1-year increase in legal age in Texas had a significant effect on youth crash involvement. KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Legal drinking age KW - Macroeconomics KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496182 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1986 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1986 SP - 46 p. AB - This compilation of information on the motorcycle industry provides information on market volume, including the motorcycle population by model type, engine year, type of engine displacement, states and regions, registrations, retail market, imports, wholesales, scrappage and operability rates. Motor manufacturers and distributors are covered, as well as the retail outlets. Motorcycle usage facts covered include on and off-highway usage, miles traveled, fuel economy, commuting, driver education, operator licensing programs and procedures, accident statistics, and equipment requirements. KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industries KW - Mileage KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Registrations KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495955 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Evans, Leonard AU - FRICK, M C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SAFETY BELT EFFECTIVENESS IN PREVENTING DRIVER FATALITIES VERSUS A NUMBER OF VEHICULAR, ACCIDENT, ROADWAY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PY - 1986 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 143-154 AB - Safety belt effectiveness in preventing fatalities to drivers is examined versus a number of factors by applying the double pair comparison method to appropriate subsets of the Fatal Accident Reporting System data. For each of 13 factors studied, safety belt effectivenesss (the % of fatally injured unbelted drivers who would not have been killed if they had been wearing safety belts) is estimated, as is an associated standard error of the estimate. The results, which are presented graphically, provide no evidence that safety belt effectiveness is systematically influenced by most of the factors investigated, including car mass and model year. The absence of any systematic relationship with car mass is in agreement with an earlier finding based on the pedestrian fatality exposure method; this agreement adds plausibility to the assumptions used for both the earlier and the present methods. Safety belt effectiveness is greater for single car crashes than for crases involving 2 cars, this difference being statistically significant p less than .02. The results suggest weakly that safety belt effectiveness is greater for 2-door than for 4-door cars, and is greater for striking cars than for struck cars. The differences probably reflect higher effectiveness in frontal (or rollover) crashes than in side impacts. KW - Effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Four door vehicles KW - Frontal crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two door vehicles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495901 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ARIZONA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SUMMARY 1985 PY - 1986 AB - This publication is a statistical review of motor vehicle traffic accidents in the State of Arizona for the calendar year 1985. The figures are compiled from the traffic accident reports that are submitted to the Arizona Department of transportation by State, County, City, Reservaion and other police agencies. KW - Arizona KW - Police KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496170 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation TI - NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1986 SP - 27 p. AB - This is an annual publication of the data compiled and developed from an analysis of the motor vehicle traffic accidents for all street and highway systems in North Dakota. The data was obtained from reports submitted by law enforcement agencies in investigations of all traffic accidents resulting in death, injury, or property damage of $600 or more during 1985. The data presented cover fatality rates, maps, fatalities on holidays, characteristics of drivers, and victims, alcohol, traffic violations and convictions, road surface and weather, restraint device use, vehicle type, object struck, roadway class, and non-traffic accidents. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Classification KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - North Dakota KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306100 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495919 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROADSIDE SAFETY SN - 0309040590 PY - 1986 IS - 1065 SP - 105p AB - This Record contains the following papers: Timber pole Safety by Design; Pennsylvania's Guide Rail Standards: A Cost-Effective Change; Events That Produce Occupant Injury in Longitudinal Barrier Accidents; Low-Maintenance End Treatment for Concrete Barriers; Development of Condition Surveys and Inventories for Guide Rail and Drainage Facilities; Real-World Impact Conditions for Run-off-the-Road Accidents; A Low-Maintenance, Energy-Absorbing Bridge Rail; Crash Test Evaluation of Eccentric Loader Guradrail Terminals; Traffic Barrier Performance Related to Vehicle Size and Type; Concrete Safety Shape With Metal Rail on Top to Redirect 80,000-lb Trucks; Crash Cushion Improvement Priority and Performance Evaluation; Benefit-Cost Analysis of Roadside Safety Alternatives. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge railings KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Condition surveys KW - Crash cushions KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Median barriers KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Roadside structures KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496140 AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS 1986 EDITION PY - 1986 SP - 96 p. AB - Data related to accidents are presented that will provide all members of the safety team with information on safety and health topics. All types of accidents are covered and include the following: work; occupational health; motor vehicle; public; home accidents including fires; farm; school; and environmental health. Occupational and environmental health fields summarize current statistics ragarding occupational illness rates, lung diseases and hazardous materials transportation. Accident costs are discussed including a revised cost estimating procedure. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Health KW - Occupational diseases KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496166 AU - Luoma, J AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - THE ACQUISITION OF VISUAL INFORMATION BY THE DRIVER: INTERACTION OF RELEVANT AND IRRELEVANT INFORMATION PY - 1986 SP - 208 p. AB - A study is reported that investigated the acquisition of information by the driver, and the oreientation and selectivity of attention and perception. It investigated research methods, and developed and tested a simulation method to study perception in different kinds of traffic environments. The study produced knowledge applicable for traffic environnment planning and particularly traffic control. The details of the study are described, and the results are discussed. It was found that advertisements dristract perception of the traffic signs, although eye movements do not change in the daytime. Advertisements reduce only conscious perception of signs. Advertisements also distracted perception of vehicles. These and other study findings are discussed. KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver perception KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Environmental quality KW - Perception KW - Roadside KW - Roadside advertising KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signs KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495904 JO - Economic Education Bulletin PB - American Insitiute for Economic Research AU - American Insitiute for Economic Research TI - WHAT YOUR CAR REALLY COSTS: HOW TO KEEP A FINANCIALLY SAFE DRIVING RECORD PY - 1986 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - p. 1-59 AB - This publication discusses car costs in the financial perspective, the ranking of cars by resale value, and the automobile price outlook. The question of whether one should buy or lease a car is considered, as well as the question of whether one should buy new or used. 'Lemon laws,' are discussed, and comments are made on the N.A.D.A. official used car guide. Guidelines are given on keeping a cost record. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Finance KW - Laws KW - Purchasing KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496192 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE DATA. 1986 EDITION PY - 1986 SP - 372 p. AB - This is a statistical compilation of international motor vehicle data through 1984 and includes production totals by manufacturers as well as by country. World data is presented on production and assemblies, diesel, exports, imports, and sales. Specific areas covered are as follows: Africa, Asia, Europe, Eastern Europe, Oceania, and the Western Hemisphere. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exports KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Imports KW - Industries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309403 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495847 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Snowden, L R AU - Campbell, D AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - VALIDITY OF AN MMPI CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEM DRINKER-DRIVERS PY - 1986 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - p. 344-347 AB - An empirical typology of problem drinker-drivers based on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was evaluated. Relationships were demonstrated between this typology and several kinds of external criteria: alcoholism symptoms, reasons for drinking, treatment participation and outcome and medical complications. Indicators of typological validity were further evaluated in the context of alternative means of scoring and categorizing MMPI profiles. Relationships of criteria with the drinker-driver typology were generally stronger than with other use of the MMPI. They were however, weaker than those formed with an unweighted combination of 3 scales: psychopathic deviate, depression and the K (test-taking attitude) validity scales. Results suggest that the typology divides the population of drinking drivers meaningfully and more powerfully than several, but not all alernative uses of MMPI profiles. KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309304 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495810 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - TEENAGE DRINKING AND DRIVING. A JUVENILE EXPERIENCE PY - 1986 SP - p. 26-29 AB - The article notes the need for parents to be concerned about teenagers with driving licenses. Delaying the licensing age and adopting curfew laws for teenagers has proven effective, but the number of states with these laws are minimal. A national grassroots movement promoting these two laws, similar to the one which encouraged states to raise the legal drinking age, could dramatically reduce the number of teenagers killed in motor vehicle accidents. This article discusses these issues. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Curfew KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495309 AU - AB Svensk Bilprovning TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS 1986 PY - 1986 SP - 138 p. AB - This is a publication of statistical reports of the results of periodic vehicle inspections in Sweden. The publication summarizes the inspection results of vehicles in generaal as well as specific kinds of vehicles, and particular passenger car makes and types. The results are given of the inspections of passsenger cars, light and heavy lorries, buses, motorcycles, caravans and light and heavy trailers. Forty eight passenger cars are reviewed. Six diffferent year models are covered. The main car system and subsystems covered include the following: the structure; wheel system; propulsion system; braking system; steering system; body; communication system; instrumentation; and other items. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Inspection KW - Instrumentation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Statistics KW - Steering gears KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305481 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495821 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS, ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT, AND EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS SN - 0309040620 PY - 1986 IS - 1068 SP - 113p AB - This Transportation Research Record presents the following papers: Costs of Motor Vehicle Accident Injuries; Revised Decision Criteria for Before-and-After Analyses; An Overview of Selected Computer Programs for Automotive Accident Reconstruction; Efficacy of Jurisdiction-wide Traffic Control Device Upgradings; Modeling the Relationship of Accidents to Miles Travelled; Identification of Accident Factors on Highway Segments: A Method and Applications; Automated Analysis of High-Accident Locations; Alcohol Involvement in Texas Driver Fatalities: Accident Reports versus Blood Alcohol Concentration; Problems of Combination Trucks on Wet Ppavements: An Accident Analysis; Population Estsimates from the National Truck Trip Information Survey; A Note on Accident risk; Highway Safety: Twenty Years Later; New Directions for Learning About the Safety Effect of Measures; The Safety Effect of Conversion to All-Way Stop Control; Safety Migration, The Influence of Traffic Volumes, and Other Issues in Evaluating Safety Effectiveness - Some Findings on Conversion of Intersections to Multiway Stop Control. KW - Accident costs KW - Before and after studies KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Costs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Pavements KW - Safety KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Trucks KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495797 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE THEFT REPORT PY - 1986 SP - 44 p. AB - This report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance theft losses involving 1983, 1984, and 1985 model year passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. It was found that the theft loss results of different cars varies greatly. Average theft loss payments per insured vehicle year ranged from less than $.50 to more than $225. Among the individual makes and models summarized, the 1983 Porsche 911 Coupe had the highest average loss payment per insured vehicle year. European imports, led by Volkswagen Convertible, had the highest frequency of theft claims, and the 1984 Chevrolet Corvette had the highest average loss payment per theft claim. These and other findings are discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Insurance KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495304 AU - SAYERS, M W AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Queiroz, A V AU - World Bank TI - THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD ROUGHNESS EXPERIMENT. ESTABLISHING CORRELATION AND A CALIBRATION STANDARD FOR MEASUREMENTS PY - 1986 SP - 453 p. AB - The International Road Roughness Experiment (IRRE) covered two categories of instruments, profilometers and response type road roughness measuring systems (RTRRMs). The analyses demonstrated a good correlation between the RTRRMs and between the RTRMMs and profilometer records, and showed that they could all be calibrated to a single roughness scale without compromising their accuracy. Thus, all the instruments tested will give outputs which are sufficiently accurate and reproducible for comparative evaluation, but will need to be correlated to some given standard to ensure transferability and consistency over time. A large array of standard Indices were evaluated, some based purely on the geometric characteristics of the road profile, some based on simulation of the road profile - vehicle interaction, and some based on spectral analysis of the roughness recorder output. These analyses, which also include measurement travelling speed are described in the text, and elaborated in the Appendices. KW - Accuracy KW - Calibration KW - Correlation analysis KW - Measuring instruments KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495794 AU - Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles TI - FLORIDA TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS 1985 PY - 1986 SP - 38 p. AB - This publication illustrates traffic accident statistics gathered from police files. The following aspects of traffic accidents are presented: accident fatalities; accidents by time of day and day of week, accidents and death by county, alcohol, holiday traffic, traffic trends, property damage, driver age, driver sex, and residence of drivers involved in traffic accidents. Graphs and tables are used to present the data. KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Holidays KW - Human characteristics KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495833 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE COLLISION REPORT. INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1986 AUTOMOBILES PY - 1986 SP - 24 p. AB - This report presents the results of the collision coverage loss experience of 1986 model year passenger cars during their first months of availability. 1986 model cars' claim frequencies ranged from 5.5 to 18.4 claims per 100 insured vehicle years, average loss payments per claim from about $1,100 to $2,400, and average loss payments per insured vehicle year from $80 to nearly 370. Collision coverage claim frequencies varied inversely with car size. Findings regarding overall average loss payment per claim increases and comparisons of 1985 and 1986 model year vehicles are also presented. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305911 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495859 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - McGuire, F L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE ACCURACY OF ESTIMATING THE SOBRIETY OF DRINKING DRIVERS PY - 1986 VL - 17 IS - 2 SP - p. 81-85 AB - The act of driving with a blood alcohol level of 0.10% is punishable in many states. In addition, under the dram shop law, the proprietor of an establishment or a host at a private party at which liquor is served to a person who subsequently commits an alcohol related offense may be prosecuted and held liable for damages incurred by that individual. It is apparent that an increasingly larger number of law enforcement personnel and private citizens will be required to judge the sobriety of others. This paper evaluates the accuracy of such estimates. BAL data were obtained from 1,115 drivers at a roadside survey during which each interviewer was required to estimate the sobriety of the driver. At highway patrol sobriety checkpoints the number of drivers arrested was compared with the number of drivers in the sample estimated to possess BALs of 0.10% or higher. Both sources correctly identified approximately 21% of those drivers with BALs of 0.10% or higher. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309313 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00493574 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISSUES IN PROVIDING MOBILITY FOR THE TRANSPORTATION HANDICAPPED SN - 0-309-04119-8 PY - 1986 IS - 1098 SP - 42p AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Overview of the Transportation Demand of Mentally Retarded Persons, J.K. Starks; Cost-Effective Data Collection to Support Planning and Marketing of Transportation Services for Transportation-Handicapped People, D.L. Dornan, D.P. Middendorf, and R.P. Steinmann; Specialized Transportation Services at the University of Michigan: A Case Study in Public-Private Cooperation, A. Adiv; Consideration of Special User Groups in Regular Transit Operation and Finance, M. Vaziri; Transportation Service for the Elderly Run by Senior Citizens, C.V. Fondriest; and Barriers and Safety Risks for Elderly and Handicapped Travelers at Airports, K.M. Hunter and R.D. Layton. U1 - 65th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19860113 EndDate:19860116 KW - Aged KW - Airports KW - Cooperation KW - Data collection KW - Governments KW - Marketing KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Planning KW - Private enterprise KW - Safety KW - Special service KW - Transportation KW - Travel demand KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493543 AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Columbia University AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - A TRAFFIC SAFETY COMMUNICATION RATING SCALE (TSCRS) WITH GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING AND TESTING A SAFETY MESSAGE PY - 1986 SP - 15 p. AB - This booklet introduces a Traffic Safety Communication Rating Scale (TSCRS). The 25 item scale is designed for use by those who are responsible for producing and/or using traffic safety communications but who are not communication specialists. It can be used to refine and sharpen a traffic safety communication's focus and to consider all the important variables in the communication process. It can also serve as an evaluation checklist for determining possible weaknesses or strengths in the communication design. The TSCRS items (as pairs of antithetical statements) are divided into five categories: Message, Audience, Communicator (or sponsor), Technique, and Outcome. Each category contains five items, to be rated on a five-position scale ranging from +2 to -2. The algebraic sum of the ratings of the five items constitutes the subscore for the category. The algebraic sum of the subscores for the five categories it the total score. KW - Communications KW - Ratings KW - Scale KW - Traffic safety KW - Weighing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304632 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00493575 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENERGY DEMAND ANALYSIS AND ALTERNATIVE FUELS SN - 03090041120 PY - 1986 IS - 1092 SP - 51p AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Mental Maps and the Refueling Behavior of Vehicle Drivers, D. Dingemans, D. Sperling, and R. Kitamura; A Functional Form Analysis of the Short-Run Demand for Travel and Gasoline by One-Vehicle Households, D.L. Greene and P.S. Hu; An Assessment Methodology for Alternative Fuels Technologies, P. Hallett and G. Hamilton; Drive-Up Windows, Energy, and Air Quality, J.D. Fricker and H-S. Tsay; Travel Characteristics and Transportation Energy Consumption Patterns of Minority and Poor Households, M. Millar, R. Morrison, and A. Vyas; and An Investigation into the Use of Market Segmentation Analysis for Transportation Energy Planning, J.W. Trombly. U1 - 65th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19860113 EndDate:19860116 KW - Air quality KW - Alternate fuels KW - Behavior KW - Demand KW - Drive-up windows KW - Drivers KW - Energy KW - Energy consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Low income groups KW - Market research KW - Minorities KW - Planning KW - Refueling KW - Segmentation KW - Technology assessment KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/307806 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491835 JO - Zeitshrift fuer Verkehrssicherheit AU - Marburger, E A AU - Meyer, L AU - Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF SEATBELTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF USAGE RATES IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY: FROM MANDATORY SEATBELT INSTALLATION (1974) TO LEGISLATING A FINE (1984). ENGLISH TRANSLATION PY - 1986 SP - 30 p. AB - In this paper seatbelt legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany is outlined and belt effectiveness assessed on the basis of the accident statistics. Then follows a description of the methods used in the seatbelt surveys conducted by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) since 1975. The factors affecting belt utilization are briefly discussed. The paper concludes with a summary outline of belt usage by rear seat occupants (adults and children). KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Germany KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rear seat occupants KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491832 AU - American Automobile Association TI - YOUR DRIVING COSTS: 1986 EDITION PY - 1986 SP - 9 p. AB - This brochure presents driving costs of cars equipped with standard and optional accessories, automatic transmission, power steering, power disc brakes, AM/FM stereo, cruise control and rear-window defogger. Gasoline costs were based on a .971-per-gallon charge for regular unleaded fuel. The study based insurance figures on personal use of vehicles--the cars were driven less than 10 miles to or from work--with no youthful drivers. Depreciation costs were based on the car's trade-in value at the end of four years or at 60,000 miles. For cars driven 10,000 miles per year, depreciation costs were based on six years or 60,000 miles. Driving costs fall into two categories: operating costs and ownership costs. The cars examined were the 1986 Chevrolet Chevette (4-cyl., 98 CID, 4-door hatchback), the 1986 Chevrolet Celebrity (6-cyl., 173 CID, 4-door sedan), and the 1986 Chevrolet Caprice (6-cyl., 262 CID, 4-door sedan). KW - Automobiles KW - Brochures KW - Costs KW - Operating costs KW - Ownership UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303883 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491868 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Sivak, M AU - Conn, L S AU - Olson, P L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - DRIVER EYE FIXATIONS AND THE OPTIMAL LOCATIONS FOR AUTOMOBILE BRAKE LIGHTS PY - 1986 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-22 AB - This study evaluated the distributions of driver eye fixations when following other vehicles. The aim was to describe the areas of the forward field of view that are most frequently fixated. Such information is important for selecting optimal locations for automobile brake lights: Brake lights that are closer to eye fixations are likely to result in shorter driver reaction times than brake lights farther away from the fixations. A head-mounted, corneal-reflection device was used to monitor eye fixations. The data were collected during daylight hours in slow-moving urban traffic. A total of 3,600 eye fixations were analyzed for three different lead cars. The results indicate that, under the conditions of this study, the eye fixations tended to concentrate on the rear-window of the lead car and not in the neighborhood of the standard low-mounted brake lights. The results provide a possible behavioral explanation for the accident reductions found with high-mounted brake lights in previous field studies. Furthermore, high-mounted brake lights located at the edges of the vehicle might be even closer to eye fixations than a center-high-mounted brake light. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Centers KW - Edges KW - Eye fixations KW - Field studies KW - High mounting KW - Location KW - Measures of central tendency KW - Optimization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306874 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491877 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Hunter, W W AU - Campbell, B J AU - Stewart, J R AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SEAT BELTS PAY OFF: THE EVALUATION OF A COMMUNITY-WIDE INCENTIVE PROGRAM PY - 1986 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-31 AB - This research explores the effectiveness of a seat-belt incentive program in an entire community. The project was conducted during 1983 in Chapel Hill/Carrboro, North Carolina, a community with a population of 50,000. The campaign, entitled "Seat Belts Pay Off," comprised several steps: (a) planning and developing support, (b) developing data collection and other evaluative procedures, (c) implementing a public education/involvement campaign, and (d) giving modest economic incentives to belted occupants of vehicles passing checkpoints over a 6-month period. Belt use matching the highest level recorded in a U.S. community was achieved. Incentives, generally ranging in value from $3 to $5, were donated by many community businesses. The prizes, which included meals, containers of soft drinks, $5 cash coupons, T-shirts, and gift certificates, were given out for 6 months (April 19 to October 17, 1983). Additionally, six monthly $500 drawings were held, along with a $1,000 grand prize drawing. Eligible participants were those who had been stopped and rewarded for wearing their seat belt(s) and who then mailed in a preaddressed, postage-paid entry card. The drawings were conducted to stimulate public interest at selected intervals in the campaign. The effectiveness of the effort was measured by monitoring driver shoulder-belt use in passenger cars equipped with shoulder belts before, during, and after the education and incentive phases. A systematic, stratified sample was used to obtain weekly belt use data from 7 of 17 permanent data collection stations located around the community. Results indicate that driver overall belt use increased from 24% in the baseline phase to a peak value of 41% in the last week of the incentive phase. During the initial 6 months of the follow-up phase, weekly belt use held consistently around 36%. Over the next year, use rates increased slightly, although a small scale 2-month follow-up intervention introduced in the fall of 1984 had little, if any, impact. KW - Before and after studies KW - Effectiveness KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491800 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - MVMA MOTOR VEHICLE FACTS & FIGURES '86 SN - 0317050809 PY - 1986 SP - 98 p. AB - This annual report presents facts and figures on passenger cars, motor trucks, and motor buses for 1986. The contents are organized as follows: Overview; Production, Sales and Registrations; Ownership and Usage; and Economic and Social Impact. An index is provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Economic impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303841 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491871 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Falkowski, C L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE IMPACT OF 2-DAY JAIL SENTENCES FOR DRUNK DRIVERS IN HENNEPIN COUNTY, MINNESOTA PY - 1986 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 33-42 AB - In 1982, the judges of the Hennepin County Municipal Court met and collectively decided that they would start sentencing all convicted first-time alcohol-related offenders to serve 2 days in jail. A research study was initiated to evaluate the effects of such sentences. It was the purpose of the evaluation to examine not only the effect of this policy on traffic safety, but also its impact on the operation of the court, the correctional system, driving while intoxicated (DWI) enforcement activity, and public perceptions. The major findings were: (a) in spite of the fact that 2-day jail sentences were voluntarily imposed by the municipal judges (vs. statutorily required), there was a high degree of judicial compliance; (b) the Hennepin County Adult Corrections Facility for the most part was able to effectively accommodate the DWI offenders serving 2-day sentences; and (c) there was a statistically significant average monthly reduction in Hennepin County of 35 nighttime injury accidents coincident with the adoption of the policy and after a 2-month lag time. This is a 20% reduction when compared to the prepolicy monthly average. There has also been a marked increase in the number of DWI arrests. Overall, the experience in Hennepin County has been positive and may have important implications for other jurisdictions considering changes in their DWI policies. KW - Arrests KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Governments KW - Impacts KW - Jail sentences KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306876 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00491817 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - VEHICULAR SIMULATION AND USER BEHAVIORAL STUDIES SN - 0309040531 PY - 1986 IS - 1059 SP - 107p AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Research Methodology for Crash Avoidance Studies, RW Allen; Driver Age and Highway Safety, TL Maleck and JE Hummer; Disaggregate Analysis of Speeding Behavior of Drivers, M Hirsh; Nonintrusive Measurement of Driving Performance in Selected Decision-Making Situations, TA Ranney, NH Pulling, MD Roush, and TM Didriksen; Evaluation of Countermeasures Related to RTOR Accidents That Involve Pedestrians, CV Zegeer and MJ Cynecki; Methodology for Evaluating the Feasibility of Grade-Separated Pedestrian Crossings, JA Lindley; Occupant Restraint Use in the Traffic Population: 1984 Annual Report (Abridgment), ME Goryl and MJ Cynecki; Study of Child Safety Seat Misuse (Abridgment), MJ Cynecki and ME Goryl; Highway Patrol Light Bar Effects on Vehicle Fuel Efficiency, JH Hansen and JL Blankenship; Perceptual Distortion and Its Consequences in Vehicular Simulation: Basic Theory and Incidence of Simulator Sickness, JG Casali and LH Frank; Potential Design Etiological Factors of Simulator Sickness and a Research Simulator Specification, JG Casali and WW Wierwille; Review of Motion Sickness with Special Reference to Simulator Sickness, RS Kennedy and LH Frank; Simulator Sickness in Flight Simulators: A Case Study, MG Lilienthal and P.J. Merkle, Jr; and Road and Track Roughness Factors for Bicycle Usage, MR Wigan and PT Cairney. U1 - 65th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19860113 EndDate:19860116 KW - Accident avoidance KW - Age KW - Behavior KW - Bikeways KW - Child restraint systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crosswalks KW - Decision making KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Driver age KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Flight simulators KW - Fuel consumption KW - Grade separated pedestrian crossings KW - Grade separations KW - Highway safety KW - Light bars KW - Misuse KW - Motion sickness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Personnel performance KW - Police vehicles KW - Restraint systems KW - Right turn on red KW - Roughness KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491802 AU - Ministry of Transport and Public Works,Netherlands TI - MANUAL TRAFFIC PROVISIONS FOR PEOPLE WITH A HANDICAP SN - 90-369-15015 PY - 1986 SP - 138 p. AB - This book is an English adaptation and translation of the first Dutch edition of the Manual traffic provisions for people with a handicap, which was published in 1984 by the Dutch Ministry of Transport and Public Works. The Introduction, Chapter 1, sketches the mobility problems of people with a handicap as road users. There is also an exposition of the aims of the government's policy regarding the subject under consideration. Chapter 2 gives background information relating to the composition and size of the target group, the characteristics of a handicap in relation to use of the roads, the mobility problems, and the major obstructions in the traffic infrastructure experienced by people with a mobility handicap. Chapter 3 provides a survey of the points requiring attention in the municipal strategy for improvement of the safe and independent use of the roads by handicapped people. Chapters 2 and 3 contain a number of considerations, not only for technical staff using this book but also for administrators, which are of importance in the development of the traffic policies to be adopted, specifically aimed at people with a mobility handicap, who form one of the most vulnerable groups of road users. The legal aspects and points deserving attention are covered in Chapter 4, in as far as they need to be taken into account when introducing measures intended to facilitate safe and independent use of the roads by handicapped people. For local authorities in particular, this chapter notes a number of considerations relating to traffic legislation which may be of importance in the realization of policies directed towards people with a mobility handicap. In order to assist in choosing measures a search procedure is presented in Chapter 5 whereby, on the basis of the type of handicap and the mode of travel, the measures to be adopted per route may be determined in a straightforward manner. Chapter 6 provides for the designer/road authority some examples of (combinations of) integrated measures with which practical experience has already been gained in The Netherlands. KW - Facilities KW - Government policies KW - Highway design KW - Layout KW - Legal factors KW - Manuals KW - Mobility KW - Netherlands KW - Obstruction KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Policy KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303843 ER - TY - SER AN - 00491839 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SYMPOSIUM ON GEOMETRIC DESIGN FOR LARGE TRUCKS SN - 0-309-03968-1 PY - 1986 IS - 1052 SP - 165p AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Introduction, JW Hall; National Network for Trucks: Development, Performance, and Outlook, JP Eicher, TE Klimek, and SG Strickland; Geometric Design for Large Trucks--An Overview of the Issues from the Perspective of the American Trucking Associations, Inc., RA Lill; Safety of Large Trucks and the Geometric Design of Two-Lane, Two-Way Roads, GA Donaldson; Big Trucks in New Jersey: From Crisis Management to Strategy, ML Stout; Keeping Up with Big Trucks: Experiences in Washington State, SA Moon; Existing Design Standards, BL Smith; Sight Distance Problems Related to Large Trucks, PS Fancher; Operational and Safety Problems of Trucks in No-Passing Zones on Two-Lane Rural Highways, S Khasnabis; Use of the WHI Offtracking Formula, KL Heald; Vehicle Offtracking Models, MW Sayers; Expected Performance of Longer Combination Vehicles on Highway Grades, KNA Safwat and CM Walton; Influence of the Geometric Design of Highway Ramps on the Stability and Control of Heavy-Duty Trucks, RD Ervin, CC MacAdam, and M Barnes; Large Vehicles and Roadside Safety Considerations, JD Michie; Longitudinal Barriers for Buses and Trucks, TJ Hirsch; Traffic Control Device Problems Associated with Large Trucks, DJ Schorr; Start-Up Accelerations of Heavy Trucks on Grades, TD Gillespie; California Design Practice for Large Trucks, E Rogers; Swept Paths of Large Trucks in Right Turns of Small Radius, JR Billing and WRJ Mercer; Consideration of Larger Trucks in Pavement Design and Management, JM Mason, Jr, and VS Driscoll; TRB's Study of Twin-Trailer Trucks, RE Skinner, J Morris, and S Godwin; Truck Accident Studies, LE Jackson; Accident Data Needs for Truck Safety Issues, HW McGee; Large-Truck Safety Research, MD Freitas; and Findings of the Longer Combination Vehicle Study, JW March. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Buses KW - Computer programs KW - Conferences KW - Design standards KW - Geometric design KW - Grades KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - No passing zones KW - Offtracking KW - Pavement management systems KW - Ramps KW - Roadside KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance KW - Slopes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Swept path width KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic control devices KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicle performance UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1986/1052/1052.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306862 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491791 JO - Publication of: Victoria Road Traffic Authority, Australia PB - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - ROAD TRAFFIC AUTHORITY ANNUAL REPORT 1985/86 PY - 1986 SP - 90 p. AB - This annual report of the Victoria Road Transport Authority was prepared in accordance with Section 67 of the Transport Act 1983 for presentation to Parliament on its operations for the period July 1, 1985 to June 30, 1986. The contents are as follows: The Road Traffic Authority - Introduction, Functions, Objectives, and Acts Administered; Achievement of Objectives in Brief; Trends in the Road Toll; Service to the Community; Programs and Activities; Trends in Registration and Licensing; Legislation; Regulatory Activities; Personnel and Employee Relations; Quantitative Targets; Finance; Other Activities; Corporate and Business Plan Development; Planning for Change; and Future Directions. KW - Driver licensing KW - Finance KW - Legislation KW - Level of service KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personnel management KW - Programs KW - Public administration KW - Registration KW - Regulations KW - Safety programs KW - Services KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic administration KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Victoria (Australia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491836 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TESTING HOW WELL NEW CARS PERFORM IN CRASHES PY - 1986 SP - 38 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) publishes this fact sheet to give consumers information that can help them to compare the relative safety of cars they may be planning to buy. Every new car sold in the United States must meet minimum safety standards that are set by the Federal government. NHTSA's crash test program goes beyond these minimum standards. It tests cars at 35 mph, a much stricter test than the 30 mph test that is required by the standards. A 35 mph crash is about 35% more violent than a 30 mph crash. The graphs that accompany this fact sheet show how different makes and models compare in the way they perform during these high speed crashes. The graphs show how badly a person's head could be injured in a head-on collision between two identical cars, if both were going at 35 mph. NHTSA tests about 25 cars every year. The cars are bought off the lot, just as consumers would buy them. Cars are chosen based on their popularity. When model years change, a car that remains essentially the same for the new model year will probably not be chosen. NHTSA crashes cars head-on into a rigid barrier at 35 mph. Instrumented dummies are used to obtain information on forces to the head, chest, and femur during the crash. The Head Injury Criteria (HIC) are determined for each dummy and car. NHTSA is currently doing research to find out if the tests can be made more reliable. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491837 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOU ASKED FOR IT PY - 1986 SP - 4 p. AB - This brochure is published in response to consumer requests for more information on safety belts and child safety seats. It addresses the following questions: Why is your concern so important? How do safety belts and child safety seats make a difference? What is being done to promote safety belt and child safety seat use? KW - Brochures KW - Child restraint systems KW - Manual safety belts KW - Promotion KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303890 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00491823 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS AND SKID RESISTANCE SN - 030904104X PY - 1986 IS - 1084 SP - 89p AB - This Transportation Research Board publication contains the following papers: Strategies for Reducing Truck Accidents on Wet Pavements, DL Ivey, WB Horne, and RD Tonda; Methodology for Computing Pavement Ride Quality from Pavement Roughness Measurements, MS Janoff, with discussion by RM Weed and RT Barros and Author's Closure; Critical Evaluation of the Calibration Procedure for Mays Meters, BT Kulakowski; Computation and Analysis of Texture-Induced Contact Information in Tire-Pavement Interaction, TG Clapp and AC Eberhardt; Influence of Pavement Edge and Shoulder Characteristics on Vehicle Handling and Stability, DL Ivey and DL Sicking; Development of a Procedure for Correcting Skid-Resistance Measurements to a Standard End-of-Season Value, DA Anderson, WE Meyer, and JL Rosenberger; International Roughness Index: Relationship to Other Measures of Roughness and Riding Quality, WDO Paterson; The Implication of the International Road Roughness Experiment for Belgium, MB Gorski; Serviceability Prediction from User-Based Evaluations of Pavement Ride Quality, SK Nair and WR Hudson, with discussion by RM Weed and Authors' Closure; and The International Road Roughness Experiment: A Basis for Establishing a Standard Scale for Road Roughness Measurements, MW Sayers, TD Gillespie, and CAV Queiroz. U1 - 65th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19860113 EndDate:19860116 KW - Calibration KW - Contact KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Edges KW - Forecasting KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Ride quality KW - Road meters KW - Road shoulders KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Skid resistance KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Trucks KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1986/1084/1084.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491819 AU - KRAAY, J H AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - WOONERFS AND OTHER EXPERIMENTS IN THE NETHERLANDS: ARTICLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 12 (1986) 1/2 : 20-29 PY - 1986 SP - 13 p. AB - The woonerf - literally, living yard - has been the most celebrated Dutch contribution to urban environmental traffic management in the last decade. Originating in a 1975 report from the Netherlands Association of Local Authorities (VNG, 1975), the idea has been widely applied in Dutch towns and cities and has been the subject of intense interest to professional visitors from other countries. But the woonerf is only part of a whole package of measures - including the design of the urban traffic environment, legislation and law enforcement, tuition, information and training - to influence driver behaviour and thus improve both road safety and the quality of life, which have been under study in the Netherlands in recent years. Central to this concern is the problem of traffic hazards: the complex of incidents, conflicts and accidents with adverse effect on road users, sometimes long-lasting. But the countermeasures are concerned also with wider questions of the quality of life. This report is concerned with the question of traffic safety. KW - City planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Neighborhoods KW - Netherlands KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Woonerf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303867 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491870 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Hale, A AU - Preusser, D F AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE CONSPICUITY-ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLISTS PY - 1986 VL - 17 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-12 AB - A field experiment was conducted to determine the extent of conspicuity enhancement provided pedestrians and bicyclists at night by various commercially available retroreflective materials and lights. The conspicuous materials were designed to be worn or carried by the pedestrians and bicyclists. Detection and recognition distances for the various experimental and baseline conditions were determined using subjects driving instrumented vehicles over a predetermined route on a realistic closed-course roadway system. Field experimenters were used to model the conspicuity-enhancing materials employing natural motion associated with walking and bicycling. Comparisons of the detection and recognition distances suggested that pedestrians and bicyclists can greatly enhance their conspicuity to drivers at night by wearing certain types of apparel and by using devices that are currently available in the marketplace. Nevertheless, it was concluded that nighttime pedestrian and bicyclist activity is inherently dangerous, even with these devices, and should be avoided. KW - Cyclists KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Distance KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Light KW - Materials KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Perception KW - Recognition KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491258 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1986 TO MARCH 31, 1986 PY - 1986 SP - 40 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during the first quarter of 1986 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491278 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. APRIL 1, 1986 TO JUNE 30, 1986 PY - 1986 SP - 41 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during the second quarter of 1986 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491246 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1985 TO DECEMBER 31, 1985 PY - 1986 SP - 203 p. AB - This report contains information on the safety related recall campaigns during calendar year 1985 for motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment, including tires. The information covers both domestic and foreign manufacturers. KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490315 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - STATE OF NEW YORK HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM GUIDE PY - 1986 AB - The Highway Safety Program is a provision of the National Highway Safety Program established by the Highway Safety Act (1966) which states that each state shall have a highway safety program designed to reduce traffic accidents and deaths, injuries and property damage resulting therefrom. This publication explains the highway safety planning process, funding procedures and application requirements. Samples of the forms mentioned in the text are presented, as is also, a copy of the enabling legislation. KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - New York (State) KW - Planning KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300003 ER - TY - SER AN - 00490327 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PAVEMENT RESPONSE, EVALUATION, AND DATA COLLECTION SN - 0309040647 PY - 1986 IS - 1070 SP - 144p AB - This is a collection of papers on the above subject originally prepared for a Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. The papers are as follows: Measurement and analysis of Truck Tire Pressures on Texas Highways by D.R. Middleton, F.L. Roberts, and T. Chira-Chavala; Experimental Determination of Pressure Distribution of Truck Tire-Pavement Contact by K. M. Marshak, H.H. Chen, R.B. Connel and W.R. Hudson; Effect of Truck Tire Inflation Pressue and Axle Load on Flexible and Rigid Pavement Performace by K.M. Marshek, H.H. Chen, R.B. Connel and C.L. Saraf; Rigid Bottom Considertions for Nondestructive Evaluation of Pavements by W. Uddin, A.H. Meyer and W.R. Hudson; Characterizing Premature Deformation in Asphalt Concrete Placed Over Portland Cement Concrete Pavements by S.H. Carpenter and T.J. Freeman; Typical Curves for Evaluation of Pavement Stiffness from Dynaflect Measurements by B.E. Sebaaly and M.S. Mamlouk; Nondestructives Pavement Testing by Wave Propagation: Advanced Methods of Analysis and Parameter Management by R.A. Douglas and G.L. Eller; Dynamic Analysis of Falling Weight Deflectometer Data by B.E. Sebaaly, M.S. Mamlouk, and T.G. Davies; Use of Falling Weight Deflectometer Data in Predicting Fatigue Cracking by R.B. Kulkarni, E. Alviti, and B. Connor; Preliminary Concepts for FWD Testing and Evaluation of Rigid Airfield Pavements by P.T. Foxworthy and M.I. Darter; Mathematical Programming Models for the Development of a Unified Ranking System by H. Lee, C.L. Saraf and W. R. Hudson; Development of an Expert System for Pavement Rehabilitation Decision Making by S.G. Ritchie, C-I. Yeh, J.P. Mahoney, and N.C. Jackson; Continuous Assessment of Performance History of Pavement Structures in France by A. Rasle, J-B. Bouzigues, and M. Ray; A Comprehensive System for Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Rigid Airfield Pavements by P.T. Foxworthy, and M.I. Darter; Pavement Condition Data Analyis and Modeling by M.M. Numez and M.Y. Shahim; and Use of Surface Waves in Pavement Evaluation by S. Nozarian and K.H. Stokoe II. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Inflation KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1986/1070/1070.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490317 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - OCCUPANT RESTRAINT PLAN FOR NEW YORK STATE 1983 PY - 1986 SP - 23 p. AB - This publication notes that the most effective countermeasure for reducing trffic deaths and injuries is the safety belt, and that a statewide program to increase the voluntary use of seat belts should now be implemented. Positive attitudes toward safety belt use must be developed. This publication presents a plan of action and describes ways to combine the available resources of the private and public sectors to increase the level of occupant restraint use. Corporate programs, model community programs, actions which can be taken by states and local government agencies, public relation activities, enforcement activities and a program evaluation are incorporated into the statewide occupant restraint plan. KW - Attitudes KW - Community action programs KW - Evaluation KW - Governments KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Occupant restraint KW - Private enterprise KW - Public relations KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299399 ER - TY - SER AN - 00490326 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - VISIBILITY AND HIGHWAY NAVIGATION SN - 0309041139 PY - 1986 IS - 1093 SP - 80p AB - This is a collection of papers on the above subject that were originally prepared for a Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. The papers in this record are as follows: Driver Performance in Highway Navigation Tasks by G.F. King; Driver Attitudes Concerning Aspects of Highway Navigation by G.F. King; Human Information Processing and License Plate Design by J.D. Fricker; Laboratory Evaluation of Crash Cushion Delineation by N.D. Lerner and B.K. Turner; Investigation of Lamp Damage in High-Mast Illumination Towers by T. Krauthammer and P.A. Rowekamp; and Minimum Retroreflectance for Nighttime Visibility of Pavement Markings by J.L. Ethen and H.L. Woltman; Pavement Texture and its Wave-scattering Properties: Application to Light Reflectance and Skid Resistance by A.L. Kazakov; Retroreflective Road Signs: Visibility at Night by M. Colomb and G. Michaut; Applied Research on Tunnel Lighting: Current Development in Japan by K. Narisada; and Daytime Conspicuity of Road Traffic Control Devices by S.E. Jenkins and B.L. Cole. KW - Crash cushions KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Lighting systems KW - Night visibility KW - Personnel performance KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Tunnel lighting KW - Tunnels KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302531 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00490324 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROADWAY MARKINGS AND TRAFFIC CONTROL IN WORK ZONES SN - 0309041066 PY - 1986 IS - 1086 SP - 42p AB - This Record consists of a collection of papers on a given subject, most of the papers being prepared for presentation at a Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. The papers included in this Record are as follows: Reflectivity and Durability of Epoxy Pavement Markings by J.E. Bryden, R.A. Lorini and P.D. Kelly; Evaluation of Temporary Day-Night Visible Raised Pavement Marker Adequacy by T.D. Davis; Evaluation of Temporary Pavement Marking Patterns in Work Zones: Proving-Ground Studies by C.L. Dudek, R.D. Huchingson, and D.L. Woods; Some Effects of Traffic Control on Four-Lane Divided Highways by C.L. Dudek, S.H. Richards, and J.L. Buffington; Benefits and Safety Impact of Night Work-Zone Activities by F.D. Shepard and B.H. Cottrell, Jr; an Implementation of Work-Zone Speed Control Measures by S.H. Richards and C.L. Dudek. U1 - 65th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19860113 EndDate:19860116 KW - Night KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1986/1086/1086.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451290 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - THE YEAR'S WORK 1984-85 PY - 1986 SP - 28 p. AB - This publication is dedicated to William Haddon, Jr., M.D., who died on March 4, 1985. He had served as president of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) from 1969 and as president of the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) since 1972. The publication summarizes the results of the IIHS research efforts in the following areas: teenage driving; young people, drugs and driving; apprehending impaired drivers; driver behavior and risk taking; seat belt use laws; child restraints; vehicle lights; motorcycles; automobile bumpers; trucks and cars; the roadway; crash tests and real-world crashes; and crash injuries and post-crash care. It also contains major findings during the past year by the HLDI with regard to injury, collision and theft losses. KW - Apprehension KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Bumpers KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Fear KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries KW - Insurance industry KW - Laws KW - Losses KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycles KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Testing KW - Trucks KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266548 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495858 JO - Motor AU - IPC Specialist and Professional Press Limited TI - DRINKING, DRIVING AND DEATH PY - 1985/12/21 VL - 169 IS - 4336 SP - p. 6-7 AB - The article describes how drinking and driving led to accidents in three specific cases. These drinking/driving accidents could help persons realize the risks involved in such behavior. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489755 AU - Tannahill, W J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROVISIONAL DRIVER LICENSING SYSTEM FOR YOUNG NOVICE DRIVERS PY - 1985/12/15 SP - 35 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed a proposed provisional driver licensing system. The system is designed to ease novice drivers into the driving environment through more controlled exposure to progressively more difficult driving experiences prior to full licensure. Under this system, novice drivers would be required to demonstrate responsible driving behavior over a specified period of time. The Maryland Department of Motor Vehicles has implemented and evaluated a part of this provisional licensing system. The Maryland program showed a five percent reduction in crashes and a 10 percent reduction in traffic convictions for 16 and 17-year old drivers. The components that appear to be appropriate and necessary for an effective provisional licensing system are nighttime driving restrictions, parent supervised driving practice, appropriate knowledge and skill testing with at least six months conviction and crash free driving, youth-oriented driver improvement actions, mandatory safety belt use, and use of lower BAC levels for impaired driving. KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver improvement effort KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver restriction KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Maryland KW - Night KW - Novices KW - Parents KW - Provisional licensing KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Supervision KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495795 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT. COLLISION OF TUBA CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT SCHOOLBUS AND BELL CREEK, INCORPORATED, TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER, US 160 NEAR TUBA CITY, ARIZONA, APRIL 29, 1985 PY - 1985/12/10 SP - 37 p. AB - About 3:14 p.m. on 29 April 1985, a tractor-semitrailer transporting cattle and traveling about 59 mph struck the rear of a stopped schoolbus on U.S. 160. Of the 32 schoolbus passengers, 2 were fatally injured, 4 sustained serious inuries, 4 received moderate injuries, 18 sustained minor injuries, and 4 were not injured. The truckdriver and the schoolbus driver received minor injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of this accident was the truckdriver's chronic fatigue, which adversely affected his ability to avoid a collision with the stationary schoolbus; his chronic fatigue developed from a loss of sleep due to a combination of excessive duty time and a prolonged irregular duty pattern. Contributing to the accident was the failure of Bell Creek Incorporated to properly monitor the truck driver's activities to prevent excessive hours of service. KW - Crash reports KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - School buses KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00411643 AU - Rood, D H AU - Kraichy, P P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NEW YORK STATE'S MANDATORY OCCUPANT RESTRAINT LAW PY - 1985/12 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles drivers KW - New York (State) KW - Public opinion KW - Seat belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/228036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497517 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMUNITY SERVICE RESTITUTION PROGRAMS FOR ALCOHOL RELATED TRAFFIC OFFENDERS. CASE STUDIES AND RESOURCE MATERIALS. VOLUME II PY - 1985/12 SP - v.p. AB - This report is the second of 3 documents concerning community service programs as an alternative sanction for drunk drivers presented by the International Business Services. This report describes the major activities, findings, and conclusions that emerged from the study. The background and the purpose of the research effort are described, as well as the methodology employed. The details are described of the findings of the study including case studies and comparative analysis. Appendices are presented that cover sample forms for intake agreements, time sheets, agency referral, correspondence, and program reports. Insurance information, brochures, newsletters, and agency responses are also given. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Community action programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497518 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMUNITY SERVICE RESTITUTION PROGRAMS FOR ALCOHOL RELATED TRAFFIC OFFENDERS. BIBLIOGRAPHIES. VOLUME III PY - 1985/12 SP - v.p. AB - This is the third of three documents concerning community service programs as an alternative sanction for drunk drivers presented by the International Business Services. The first document consists of a manual to aid state and local jurisdictions in the design aned implementation of community service programs. The second describes the major activities findings, and conclusions that emerged from the study. This third volume contains relevant bibliogrqaphical material. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Bibliographies KW - Community action programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497516 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMMUNITY SERVICE RESTITUTION PROGRAMS FOR ALCOHOL RELATED TRAFFIC OFFENDERS. THE 5 A'S OF COMMUNITY SERVICE. VOLUME 1 PY - 1985/12 SP - 50 p. AB - This report discusses the procedures for planning and operating a successful community service program. The procedures relate to attitude, admministration agencies, accountability, and advertising. The section on attitude explores the philosophical biases adopted by programs. The section on administration suggests ways to establish both structure and function, the next section examines the different types of activities to which offenders may be assigned, and the various kinds of agencies that may provide such activities. The following section explores the ways in which programs are accountable to the community, and the final section presents both formal and informal ways of promoting community service programs. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Community action programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495891 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - PRELIMINARY REPORT ON TRAFFIC FATALITIES, 1985 (JANUARY-JUNE). TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 40 p. AB - The preliminary estimates are presented of traffic fatalities and fatal accidents for the first 6 months of 1985. Trend data are presented for both the long and short term. Most of the estimates are compared to the corresponding values available for 1980 and 1983. Initial data for the full year indicate that the traffic fatality increase observed during the first 6 months was followd by an even larger decrease during the second 6 months, so that traffic fatalities for the full year decreased compared to 1984. A report on the full year will be available in the spring of 1986. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495945 AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION IN MICHIGAN DRIVERS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 28 p. AB - A literature review was conducted to assess the value of two means of screening DUIL (driving under the influence of liquor) suspects, i.e., a new field sobriety screening battery incorporating gaze nystagmus, and portable breath testers (PBTs) employing fuel-cell technology. The evaluations of the field sobriety battery indicate that it is very effective in reducing false positives. How well it improves the identification of DUIL offenders, particularly those at BACs close to 0.10%, is less clear. The investigations reviewed report results ranging from no improvement to very great improvements. Significant methodological problems with some of the studies make it difficult to draw firm conclusions from the data. While the bulk of available evidence indicates that both of the BAC (blood alcohol concentration) screening techniques reviewed have merit, further work is indicated to try to reduce some of the problems and limitations noted. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Reviews KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496148 AU - Michigan Department of State Police TI - ALCOHOL RELATED FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STUDY MICHIGAN PY - 1985/12 AB - This report determines and evaluates the proportion of alcohol related fatal traffic accidents to all fatal traffic accidents in the State of Michigan. It also presents information on the characteristics of alcohol related fatal traffic accidents as well as other relevant information necessary in planning countermeasure programs. Statistics are presented on accident types, blood alcohol concentration test results, driver age, and accidents by month, day and by county. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Michigan KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496144 AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - BICYCLE SAFETY IN THE '80S. THE AAA GUIDE TO SKILLS TESTS AND BICYCLE RIDERS PY - 1985/12 SP - p. 2-5 AB - It is noted that there is more information today about traffic accidents, and about how bikes and cars share the road. The bicycle is considered a vehicle and bicycle riders are considered drivers of vehicles. Accident facts relating to bicycles are listed. It is noted that it is best to start teaching children at an early age. It is noted that college-age adult cyclists have an accident rate nearly as high as that of elementary school children, and ten times that of adult club cyclists. There is a need to teach good habits to children, and success in this effort will be measured in terms of reduced accidents. KW - Adolescents KW - Children KW - Cyclists KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495911 AU - Hendtlass, J AU - VICTORIA POLICE TI - DRUG INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL CRASHES IN MELBOURNE PY - 1985/12 SP - v.p. AB - Information about drug use was collected from drivers and pedestrians involved in road crashes in Melbourne in which a driver or pedestrian was killed. This involved analysis of body fluid from 191 fatalities combined with other information about drug use from police files. 44% had used drugs other than alcohol, caffeine and nicotine. Among fatalities, 55% of drivers or riders in single vehicle crashes, 77% of drivers or riders in multivehicle crashes and 61% of pedestrians had used drugs. Cannabis was the most frequently detected drug other than alcohol, caffeine and nicotine, followed by asprin. KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Melbourne (Australia) KW - Pedestrians KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306405 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495317 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - "IT'S NOT MY FAULT" PY - 1985/12 VL - 19 IS - 7 SP - p. 5-7 AB - The article discusses how the variable requirements of the driving task at unpredictable times may overload the capabilities of the driver. It is described how the driver may become overloaded, and how when demands presented by the driving situation exceed the driver's capabilities, there will be an accident. It is shown also, how the driving process is an integration of the driver, vehicle, and road with other drivers, and a failure in any part of this 'system' could result in an accident. Driver perception and perceptual interference such as sensory impairment is also discussed. KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Environmental quality KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Roadside UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308924 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495745 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Williams, A F AU - LUND, A K AU - Preusser, D F AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - NIGHT DRIVING CURFEWS IN NEW YORK AND LOUISIANA: RESULTS OF A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY PY - 1985/12 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - p. 461-466 AB - New York and Louisiana, two states having night driving curfews, were included in a questionnaire survey of high school students conducted in 1983. Most students in these states knew about their curfew law. In both states the majority of licensed drivers said they had violated the curfew, but the majority claimed to have violated the curfew no more than twice. Students do not believe that the police enforce curfew restrictions vigorously, but many parents require their children to obey the law. New York students were more knowledgeable than Louisiana students of reduced driving resulting from the curfew. These findings are consistent with results of an earlier study that found curfews in both of these states reduced crashes but estimated crash reductions during curfew hours were greater in New York than in Louisiana. KW - Curfew KW - Data collection KW - High schools KW - Highway safety KW - Louisiana KW - New York (State) KW - Night KW - Safety KW - Students KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495764 AU - DuMouchel, W AU - Williams, A F AU - Zador, P AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - RAISING ALCOHOL PURCHASHING AGE: ITS EFFECTS ON FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES IN 26 STATES PY - 1985/12 SP - 23 p. AB - The study is reported which assessed the longer term effects of raising the alcohol purchase age, and inlcuded states that have enacted such legislation. The data available for this study inlcude the years 1975-1984; 26 states that changed their laws during this period were studied. The study also investigated the effect of the legislation on 'beginning' drinkers of different ages. The study was based on drivers of ages 16-24 who were in fatal crashes during the years 1975-1984 in the 48 states that comprise the continental United States. The data were extracted from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). The study confirmed the results of earlier work indicating that raising the legal minimum age for purchasing alcoholic beverages reduces fatal crash involvement among youthful drivers. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Purchasing KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305826 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495772 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Robinson, C C AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - HIGHWAY MOBILITY AND THE SAFETY OF OLDER DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS PY - 1985/12 VL - 55 IS - 12 SP - p. 27-30 AB - Information presented at the Workshop on the Highway Mobility and Safety of Older Drivers and Pedestrians held in 1985 in Washington, D.C. is discussed, and it is pointed out that environmentally controllable factors such as the condition of roadways, lane markings, and signs, may be a significant component in driving and pedestrian problems for the elderly. Reports indicate that the elderly driver involved in an accident may be more a victim of his environment than his age. Road conditions, sign design and lighting do not adequately take into account the needs of the elderly. The most siginificant factor relates to reduced visual capability that comes with age. Visual acuity may be aided by increased light level. A number of corrective measures suggested at the workshop are listed. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Mobility KW - Pedestrians KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309269 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495773 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Donovan, D C AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - POLICING YOUR REAR PY - 1985/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 SP - p. 60-61 AB - The article describes rear-end collisions and offers defensive driving suggestions that could help reduce fender-bender statistics. Rear-end collisions result from tailgating,, unpredictable stopping, or superficial attentiveness on the part of drivers. Effective policing of rears of vehicles includes use of the brake lignts, horns, or if necessary merely moving out of one lane into another. KW - Countermeasures KW - Definitions KW - Highway safety KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495843 AU - Maclean, S AU - Hardy, J AU - South, D AU - Lane, J AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - SURVEY OF DRINK-DRIVING BEHAVIOR, KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES IN VICTORIA, DECEMBER 1983 SN - 0-7241-5632 1 PY - 1985/12 SP - 367 p. AB - A survey was made of 620 Victorian adults who did drive a motor vehicle, and did drink alcohol. Data are presented on the circumstances that led to driving with a BAC exceeding 0-.5g/100ml, and on the knowledge and attitudes to drink driving of the sample surveyed. Comparisons are made with the results of a similar survey conducted in December 1978. KW - Attitudes KW - Australia KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305922 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495744 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - MERCER, G W AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG DRIVING WHILE IMPAIRED CHARGES, POLICE DRINKING-DRIVING ROADCHECK ACTIVITY, MEDIA COVERAGE AND ALCOHOL-RELATED CASUALTY TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1985/12 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - p. 467-474 AB - A Correlational examination of 54 consecutive months of data from British Columbia on the relationships among the number of vehicles checked in police drinking-driving roadchecks, the number of driving while impaired (DWI) charges laid, the number and precent of alcohol-related casualty traffic accidents, and the extent of media coverage on drinking-driving (as measured by print media coverage), revealed that: the extent of media coverage, and not the extent of roadchecks or charging activity is probably the critical element in the reduction of drinking-driving accidents. The failure of the minimally publicized April-May 1984 British Columbia police roadcheck 'blitz' to reduce either the number or proportion of alcohol-related casualty traffic accidents lent support to these correlational findings. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Impaired drivers KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Publicity KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309248 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495316 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE MID-WEEK VACATION PY - 1985/12 VL - 19 IS - 7 SP - p. 8-15 AB - This article gives some tips on how one can drive safely, and at the same time with high performance. High performance cars can be driven safely because they offer a great deal of control in most driving situations. The necessity for educating onself on the basics of high performance driving is pointed out. Other important safety tips are discussed and include pre-check before starting out, accelerating smoothly and changing gears crisply, proper and restrained braking, and steady and smooth steering. The importance of allowing a margin of error and staying within 80% of the vehicle's and driver's capabilities is emphasized. Courtesy to all other traffic is also urged. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - High performance KW - Highway safety KW - Performance KW - Personnel performance KW - Vacations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/308923 ER - TY - SER AN - 00495746 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - DRIVING IN A CAT PY - 1985/12 VL - 49 IS - 12 AB - The article describes a radar warning device, approved by the Federal Communications Commission, which will help reduce the death toll from front-end collisions, especially in heavy California fog. The device sounds a siren, flashes a series of warning lights, and alerts the driver that there is danger ahead. The 3-part device consists of an electronic signal processor, a microwave radar antenna and a dashboard monitor. The microwave antenna, installed in a car, resembles a third headlight. The details of the device are briefly described. In addition to cutting highway death toll, these aids to safety in night and fog driving are reducing the cost of nighttime transportation. KW - Costs KW - Databases KW - Fog KW - Highway safety KW - Microwaves KW - Night KW - Radar devices KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495762 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1984 CRC OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT SURVEY (CRC PROJECT NO. CM-123-84) PY - 1985/12 SP - v.p. AB - In the 38th annual statistical survey of current model vehicles, test data were obtained on 407 1984 model vehicles, including 345 US vehicles and 62 imported vehicles. Eighteen laboratories participated in this survey. Maximum octane number requirements were determined by testing under part-throttle conditions, as well as at maximum-throttle. Requirements are expressed as the Research octane number, Motor octane number, and (R+M)/2 octane number of the reference fuel producing knock which was recurrent and repeatable at the lowest audible level. A new definition of borderline knock was used in this survey; this change may have affected the 1984 Survey results relative to previous years' Surveys. Estimated octane number requirements for the US vehicles are weighted in proportion to the 1984 vehicle model production figures and, or the imported models, in proportion to import sales volume in the United States. KW - Data collection KW - Domestic KW - Domestic vehicles KW - Engine knock KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Fuels KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Surveys KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495709 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Runyan, C W AU - Kotch, J B AU - Margolis, L H AU - Buescher, P A AU - American Public Health Association TI - CHILDHOOD INJURIES IN NORTH CAROLINA: A STATEWIDE ANALYSIS OF HOSPITALIZATIONS AND DEATHS PY - 1985/12 VL - 75 IS - 12 SP - p. 1429-30 AB - The authors report the nature and causes of childhood injuries leading to hospitalization or death in North Carolina. Based on an 89% sample of 1980 hospital discharges of children between 0 and 19 years of age, the overall annual rate of trauma-related hospitalizations was 80 per 10,000. The rate varied from 119 per 10,000 for the 15-19 year age group to 56 per 10,000 for children between ages 5 and 9. Hospitalization rates are lower than those reported elsewhere, although death rates, based on a seven-year period, are higher in the data reported here. Potential reasons for these differences are suggested. KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - North Carolina KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309229 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495690 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Elias, L W AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - SMART LIGHTS - TRAFFIC SOLUTIONS TO STOP YOU SEEING RED PY - 1985/12 VL - 37 IS - 12 SP - p. 50a-50b AB - This article provides a general description of advances in the technology of traffic signal control. Applications in various cities, such as Los Angeles, Denver, and Lakewood, Colorado, are pointed out. KW - Automation KW - Improvements KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495844 AU - Healy, D J AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - TRENDS IN HELMET USAGE RATES AND BICYCLIST NUMBERS SUSTAINING HEAD INJURY SN - 0-7241-5638 0 PY - 1985/12 SP - 15 p. AB - About 30 bicycle riders are killed and 1200 reported by the police as injured each year on Victorian roads. Head injuries are the cause of about 80% of cyclist fatalities and constitute 35% of reported injuries. Since 1980 helmet-wearing promotion campaigns conducted by the Road Traffic Authority of Victoria have resulted in substantial increases in bicycle helmet wearing rates. These increases in helmet usage have been accompanied by an encouraging decrease (21%) in the number of bicyclists killed or admitted to hospital with head injuries. This report describes these trends in bicyclist casualty numbers and in helmet usage rates. KW - Australia KW - Countermeasures KW - Cyclists KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495789 AU - DRUMMOND, A E AU - Torpey, S E AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - DRIVER IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM EVALUATION SN - 0 7241 5626 7 PY - 1985/12 SP - 34 p. AB - A pilot Driver Improvement Program (DIP) introduced in Victoria, Australia in 1982 was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the mean accident survival time of DIP drivers was no better than their MRB (control) counterparts at either the program or treatment level. There was a statistically significant result in favor of DIP where the effect of treatment on subsequent offences was concerned. However, this finding was of no practical significance and the DIP was not successful in effectively administering the treatment. Diagnostic research, designed to assist in the potential restructuring of the program, indicated that an accident based selection criterion may be preferable but this result needs to be treated cautiously. KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305855 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495684 JO - Road Rider PB - Fancy Publications Incorporated AU - Townley, F B AU - Fancy Publications Incorporated TI - KILL A BIKER, GO TO JAIL! PY - 1985/12 VL - 16 IS - 12 SP - p. 44-45 AB - The facts are related of a criminal case in Massachusetts which arose from a fatal assault on a motorcycle rider and passenger by an automobile operator, encouraged by his passenger (the operator's son). Excerpts from the opinion of the Appeals Court, written by Justice Kent B. Smith, are given. Two points that emerge from this case are first, motorcyclists are not "fair game," even if they engage in what some drivers consider "provoking" behavior, and second, that legal point is cold comfort to the surviving motorcycle passenger. Motorcyclists are cautioned to remember two things: first, that they will always be at a potentially fatal disadvantage with any avenging four-wheeler; and second, that part of riding alert and defensively is the awareness that there are drivers out there, drunk or sober, who consider a motorcycle a fair target. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Awareness KW - Crimes KW - Fatalities KW - Legal action KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309208 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495712 JO - National Safety and Health News PB - National Safety Council AU - Naughton, T AU - National Safety Council TI - HOW TO HANDLE WINTER DRIVING PY - 1985/12 VL - 132 IS - 6 SP - p. 62-63 AB - This article points out two important things to remember when driving in snow and ice conditions: (1) "Turn in the direction of the skid" means turn in the direction the back of the car is moving, or as the driver-education experts are now phrasing it, "Turn in the direction you want the front of the car to go" and (2) Do not pump the brakes when braking on slippery surfaces, but use the technique the experts recommend -- "squeeze braking", which means you squeeze the brakes until you feel they are nearing the locking point, let up, and squeeze again until the car stops or slows down as needed. Included with this article are some tips on what to do before driving in winter and a piece of winter driving advice that, although old, still applies: Slow down. KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Guidelines KW - Preparation KW - Skidding KW - Speed KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309231 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495771 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Wainwright, W S AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - WILL NEWLY APPROVED WARRANTS RESULT IN MORE SIGNALS? PY - 1985/12 VL - 55 IS - 12 SP - p. 27-30 AB - Three new warrants for traffic signals have been adopted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). They provide critria for approving or denying signal installations based on volumes in the 4 highest hours of the day, or based on either volumes or delays in the peak one hour. The article explains why the new warrants were necessary, and describes their development. Their application is also described. The article addresses the question of whether intersections would find it easier to meet signal warrants and so more difficult for engineers to deny requests for signals that they believe are unnecessary. Two studies are described (a Texas review of 80 signalized intersections; and a National Cooperative Highway Research Program study of 444 signalized intersections) which were the basis for FHWA's decision that the warrants would not result in a large increase in the number of warranted signals. KW - Highway safety KW - Signalized intersections KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309268 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495683 JO - Road Rider PB - Fancy Publications Incorporated AU - CHRISTIAN, J AU - Fancy Publications Incorporated TI - THE CARE AND FEEDING OF YOUR BATTERY PY - 1985/12 VL - 16 IS - 12 SP - p. 22-26 AB - This article provides answers to the following four basic questions concerning the care and feeding of motorcycle batteries: What should I know about buying a battery? Which type of battery should I buy? How do I get my battery ready for use? How do I take care of my battery? KW - Building KW - Electric batteries KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Motorcycles KW - Purchasing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491818 AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - RECLASSIFICATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF URBAN ROADS IN THE NETHERLANDS: EFFECTS ON SAFETY, THE ENVIRONMENT AND COMMERCE PY - 1985/12 SP - 36 p. AB - The Minister of Transport and Public Works announced in the 1975 Road Safety Policy Plan that an experiment was to take place involving the reclassification and reconstruction of urban areas, the aim being to restrict as far as possible the strain placed on the residential environment by motorised traffic. Thus through-traffic was to be kept out of the residential zones and restricted to a limited number of traffic arteries together forming a traffic zone. The locations selected for the experiment were two self-contained urban areas of approximately 100 hectares in Eindhoven and Rijswijk. The roads and streets in these areas were reclassified and reconstructed in accordance with their function. Traffic measures taken ranged from fairly simple in the case of option 1 (one-way traffic and a single ramp) through slightly more complicated in the case of option 2 (one-way traffic in combination with various speed-restricting devices) to far-reaching in the case of option 3 (woonerf or similar scheme). The measures were designed to place slow traffic on an almost equal footing with fast traffic. No explicit objectives were formulated for the access roads, but they were reconstructed in a similar way to residential streets under option 2. Streets under the same option were grouped into "option zones". Various studies were carried out and/or coordinated to measure the effects on road safety. The topics dealt with in the chapters of this publication are: what measures were taken in Eindhoven and Rijswijk, and what the effects are on road safety; and accident rates, behavior of road users and safety levels as perceived by residents. A brief account is then given of the effects of the measures on the environment and commerce. KW - Classification KW - Crash rates KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Netherlands KW - Reconstruction KW - Residential roads KW - Residential streets KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491253 AU - Rood, D H AU - Kraichy, P P AU - Carubia, J AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NEW YORK STATE'S MANDATORY OCCUPANT RESTRAINT LAW--VOLUME I OBSERVATIONAL SURVEYS OF SAFETY RESTRAINT USE IN NEW YORK STATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - v.p. AB - This is the final report on the results of three observational surveys of restraint use by front seat occupants conducted as part of the evaluation of New York's Mandatory Occupant Restraint Law. Observations were conducted at a probability sample of sites selected from all twelve Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas and four additional randomly selected counties. A baseline survey was conducted in October 1984 and statewide post-law surveys were conducted in April 1985 and September 1985. In addition, a smaller survey was conducted in four selected areas of the state in January 1985. Finally, nighttime restraint use was also measured at a non-random subsample of sites during each of the three statewide surveys of front seat occupants. There were two major findings from the series of observational surveys. First, there was a large increase in safety restraint use in New York State after implementation of the law (from 16% in October 1984 to 57% in April 1985). Second, the high level of usage declined over time (to 46% in September 1985). Usage rates varied more by region of the state than by day of the week, or time of day. Usage rates must be examined in conjunction with casualty rates to determine whether the Mandatory Occupant Restraint Law has achieved the goal of reducing traffic fatalities and injuries. A future study will analyze 1985 motor vehicle accident data to determine the effects of the law on fatality and injury rates in the first year. KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491014 AU - Stultz, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES. MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1984 CHEVROLET SPECTRUM AT 33.6 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/12 SP - 162 p. AB - The report documents one of ten crash tests conducted to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1985 Chevrolet Spectrum 3-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility in Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.6 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was December 02,1985 and the ambient temperature was 18 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Chevrolet automobile KW - Chevrolet spectrum KW - Deformable barriers KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490846 AU - SIEGAL, H A AU - Wright State University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF A DRIVER INTERVENTION PROGRAM ON DWI RECIDIVISM AND PROBLEM DRINKING PY - 1985/12 SP - 33 p. AB - This study compared the effects of a brief jail sentence, suspended sentence/fine, or a therapeutic intervention known as the Weekend Intervention Program (WIP) on drunk driving recidivism and alcohol-related crashes. Offenders assigned to each sentencing alternative were followed through drivers' records for the next 2-year study period beginning March 1983 and ending July 1985. A statistical adjustment for individual exposure times was included in the analyses as a covariate. It was found that repeat offenders receiving the therapeutic intervention had lower recidivism rates than those not receiving it. Offenders referred from general assignment courts which mandated compliance with the post-WIP treatment recommendations survived longer than offenders from the same courts not receiving it. The findings supported the continued confidence in the WIP by those courts already using it, encouraging those judges who use it to mandate the post-WIP treatment recommendation, and the consideration of the therapeutic intervention by communities desiring to include an effective problem assessment component in their systemic DWI counter-attack capability. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Courts KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver intervention programs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Jails KW - Recidivism KW - Treatment programs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25734/DOT-HS-807-023.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489750 AU - National Commission Against Drunk Driving TI - NATIONAL COMMISSION AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING: A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1985/12 SP - 26 p. AB - This is a status report on the implementation of the 39 recommendations of the Presidential Commission Against Drunk Driving (PCDD). A brief review is presented of legislative, enforcement, judicial, driver licensing, treatment, prevention/intervention, and educational efforts designed to reduce drunk driving. It reflects how much yet remains to be achieved if drunken and impaired driving is to become socially unacceptable in the United States. A special focus is given to the many facets of this issue during the holiday season with the observance of National Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Week, December 15-21, 1985. The remarkable work of citizen action groups is recognized, as well as the sustained support of the media. The support of this program by the President, Congress, Governors, and the Secretary of Transportation is also aknowledged. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Implementation KW - Intervention KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety programs KW - Social values KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00553691 AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - Kaiker, P S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELS: HEAD THORACO-ABDOMEN PELVIS. VOLUME III, PELVIS PY - 1985/12 SP - 309 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Injuries KW - Pelvis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00553814 AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - Kaiker, P S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELS: HEAD THORACO-ABDOMEN PELVIS. VOLUME II, THORACO-ABDOMEN PY - 1985/12 SP - 388 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Abdomen KW - Crash injuries KW - Injuries KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00553855 AU - NUSHOLTZ, G S AU - Kaiker, P S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELS: HEAD THORACO-ABDOMEN PELVIS. VOLUME I, HEAD PY - 1985/12 SP - 353 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Crash injuries KW - Head KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/318436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463157 AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: CAR-TO-CAR FULL FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF TWO 1983 DODGE OMNIS WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 59.9 MPH PY - 1985/12 SP - 294 p. AB - The test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with two 1983 Dodge Omni 5-door hatchbacks. One Dodge Omni was towed into the other at 0 degrees with a closing velocity of 59.9 mph. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391830 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Parker, M R AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR UTILITY POLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1985/12 SP - 158 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a cost-effectiveness analysis procedure for the optimal selection of countermeasures for utility pole accidents. It involved the collection and analysis of accident roadway data for over 2,500 miles of urban and rural roads from four states. The results of the data analysis showed that lateral pole offset, traffic volume, and pole density were the factors most highly related to utility pole accidents; and a utility pole predictive model was developed. Based on the cost-effectiveness analysis, undergrounding and pole relocation were found to be cost-effective for telephone and electric distribution lines under various traffic and roadway conditions. Reducing pole density through multiple use was also cost-effective in some instances, but increasing pole spacing was generally not cost-effective. No countermeasures involving large transmission poles and lines were cost-effective within the limits of the analysis. General guidelines were developed for selecting cost-effective countermeasures, and a manual and computer procedure were developed to allow for selecting optimal countermeasures for specific roadway sections. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489759 AU - Marshall, K M AU - Smith-Donals, L AU - Cooke, P AU - DeLucas, P AU - Blasinsky, M AU - Klitzner, M AU - Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERMINANTS OF YOUTH ATTITUDES AND SKILLS TOWARDS WHICH DRINKING/DRIVING PREVENTION PROGRAMS SHOULD BE DIRECTED. VOLUME II: AN IN-DEPTH REVIEW OF TWELVE YOUTH DWI PREVENTION PROGRAMS PY - 1985/11 SP - 95 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of the first task of a multi-component project to analyze existing programs nationwide aimed at encouraging youth to avoid drinking and driving. The purpose of the analysis was to explore the underlying assumptions, premises, objectives, activities, and outcomes of these groups. The procedures included: conducting a review of programmatic, conceptual, and empirical literature; conducting a review of programs nationwide to provide an overview of existing youth DWI programs; and conducting on-site visits to twelve youth DWI programs to provide an in-depth analysis of a limited sample of programs. Volume II presents descriptive information gathered from on-site visits to twelve youth DWI prevention programs across the nation. Procedures used included face-to-face discussions with program personnel and community representatives, observations of program activities, and review of program materials. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Motor skills KW - Prevention KW - Reviews KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25725/DOT-HS-806-904.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489757 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CURRENT TREND IN HEAVY TRUCK ACCIDENT FATALITIES (1980-1984). TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 35 p. AB - The report focuses on fatal accidents in which heavy trucks are involved. The report analyzes the current trend in heavy truck fatal accidents and provides comparisons with the trend in total traffic fatalities. General interpretation is provided for some of the findings. The period covered in the report is from 1980 to 1984. KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299203 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495707 JO - Motor Magazine PB - Hearst Corporation AU - Dale, M AU - Hearst Corporation TI - BATTERIES: CURRENT DESIGNS PY - 1985/11 VL - 164 IS - 5 SP - 10 p. AB - Currently, there are three variations of the lead-acid battery in automotive use. A fourth type, using what is called recombination technology, is just now beginning to come to market. Each of these different types of batteries has its own strengths and weaknesses. This article provides information on how a battery works and what type is best for any given application. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Design KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Selecting KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309227 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495699 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - POPULAR PERCEPTIONS OF SAFETY ARE OFTEN AT ODDS WITH REALITY PY - 1985/11 VL - 85 IS - 6 SP - 6 p. AB - The National Safety Council's Highway Traffic Safety Division recently completed a study reported in the division's "Long-Range, Comprehensive Highway Safety Plan," currently in the form of a revised draft nearly 300 pages long. In addition to exploring the predicted social, economic, and political changes that are likely to shape highway safety in the 1990s and beyond, the plan includes suggested courses of action for dealing with these changes. This article looks at what the plan reveals about the prevailing public perceptions of highway safety, how they often fail to coincide with reality, and what changes in perception will be needed to suit the driving world of the future. KW - Highway safety KW - Public opinion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495767 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - OCTANE REQUIREMENT INCREASE OF 1983 MODEL CARS (CRC PROJECT NO. CM-124-83) PY - 1985/11 SP - v.p. AB - Octane requirement increase (ORI) was determined for 79 1983 model cars operated on unleaded gasoline. The cars tested were not selected to represent the distribution of vehicles produced in the model year; rather the data base consists of information volunteered by participants. All ORI values were determined from the increase in maximum octane requirements irrespective of whether requirements were obtained at full- or part-throttle. Though the sample size is smaller than in previous years, it does not appear to have significantly affected the conclusions. The results of the study are presented and discussed. KW - Data collection KW - Fuels KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Surveys KW - Throttles KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495697 JO - Family Safety & Health PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - WHAT YOUR BRAKES ARE TELLING YOU PY - 1985/11 SP - p. 22-23 AB - Your car's brakes have a way of warning you by telltale sights, sounds and sensations when all is not right. Being alert for these signs gives you a better chance of avoiding costly and painful accidents that result from brake failure. These signs include the following: What you can see - the brake warning light, leaking fluid on the inner sidewall of a tire; What you can hear - squealing or grinding, a scraping noise; What you can feel - mushy or spongy brakes, thumping against your foot, a brake pedal that travels too far, grabbing or pulling to one side. This article explains the causes of these warning signs, describes how your brakes work, explains what to do if you lose power, and describes the new anti-lock devices that have recently become available. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Failure KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309219 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495698 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Mortimer, R G AU - Phillippo, C AU - National Safety Council TI - BEFORE AND AFTER STUDY REVEALS PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND IGNORANCE TOWARD MANDATORY BELT USE PY - 1985/11 VL - 85 IS - 6 SP - 3 p. AB - This article reports the results of a before and after survey of seat belt use among drivers in the Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, area. Illinois' mandatory seat belt use law became effective on July 1, 1985, with a four week grace period before enforcement. Observational surveys were conducted on May 2 and June 27 and then at weekly intervals for eight weeks after the law became effective. Interviews were also conducted on May 2 to determine drivers reported use of seat belts and their knowledge and attitudes toward the upcoming law. KW - Attitudes KW - Before and after studies KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Illinois KW - Interviewing KW - Knowledge KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309220 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495708 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Klabacha, M AU - NELSON, H AU - Parshley, P AU - MILLER, S AU - DeMuth, R AU - Pav, J AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - CARBURETOR PRIMING: A CAUSE OF GASOLINE BURN PY - 1985/11 VL - 25 IS - 11 SP - p. 1096-98 AB - Burns as a result of priming carburetors with gasoline resulted in 4% of all burn admissions to the Oregon Burn Center from 1980-1982. The burns most frequently involved the head and neck and upper extremities. Although most of them involved less than 10% of the total body surface area, half of all the injuries included areas of full-thickness tissue loss. This type of preventable accident inflicts substantial morbidity and may be a major financial burden. Professional and public awareness of the risk of serious gasoline burns incurred during carburetor priming should decrease its incidence. KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Carburetors KW - Explosions KW - Fires KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Priming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309228 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495710 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Williams, D AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - GM REVS UP '86 MANUFACTURING PY - 1985/11 VL - 165 IS - 11 SP - p. 43-44 AB - General Motors' two newest plants, Buick City in Flint and Detroit-Hamtramck, show how serious GM is about Japanese-like manufacturing efficiencies and world-class quality levels. Buick City is probably the first assembly plant anywhere which is connected electronically to all of its suppliers. Detroit-Hamtramck may be the first modern American assembly plant to thrive without rail delivery. Details on each plant's operations are provided in this article. KW - Assembly plants KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Manufacturing KW - Operations KW - Quality KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309230 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495743 JO - Steering Wheel PB - Texas Motor Transportation Association AU - Texas Motor Transportation Association TI - PROPER MAINTENANCE SOLVES BATTERY PROBLEMS PY - 1985/11 VL - 50 IS - 9 SP - p. 23-25 AB - This article highlights battery maintenance as part of a preventive maintenance program. It provides answers to a series of the most commonly asked questions regarding batteries: Why do some new batteries fail so soon? How can a battery's service life be prolonged, especially in cold weather? Why do batteries fail more frequently in cold weather? Suppose that checklist is followed and nothing turns up? KW - Electric batteries KW - Failure KW - Highway safety KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Service life KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495695 JO - Family Safety & Health PB - National Safety Council AU - Naughton, T AU - National Safety Council TI - ARE WE WINNING THE WAR ON DRUNKEN DRIVING? PY - 1985/11 SP - p. 4-5, 14 AB - This article reviews briefly what has happened in the past five years since the drunk-driving issue caught fire. There has been a flurry of legislating and nearly every state has recently increased penalties for drunken driving. Tougher laws, however, are not felt to be the answer because an overworked judicial system must encourage plea-bargaining, they do not deter the type of person likely to cause drunk-driving fatalities, and, despite stepped-up enforcement, a drunken driver's chances of being caught are slim. Much credit for the new awareness of the drunk-driving issue must be given to Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and similar organizations such as Students Against Drunk Drivers (SADD). The alcohol industry is also now pushing to get drunken drivers off the road. The health craze is contributing also: Americans are drinking less and peer pressure is being taken off young adults to drink. But again, publicity and education alone are not enough to stop alcohol abusers from driving. The Health Education Foundation developed a program called TIPS, for Training for Intervention Procedures by Servers of Alcohol. Aside from recognizing when patrons are drinking too much, servers are taught to discourage further drinking without embarrassing the customer. But the anti-DWI movement's greatest effect may be encouraging people to practice prevention on a personal level, to practice the motto "Friends don't let friends drive drunk." KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Intervention KW - Laws KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Students Against Drunk Driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309217 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495587 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - Mascari, P AU - National Glass Association TI - ELECTRICALLY HEATED WINDSHIELDS PY - 1985/11 VL - 35 IS - 11 SP - 8 p. AB - The two electrically heated windshields developed independently by Ford Motor Company and Donnelly Mirrors, Inc., are the glass industry's most recent innovative automotive developments. This article describes the coating process used to produce them, their capabilities, their operation, their advantages, and their installation, cleaning and handling. They have been tested on tractors, trains, ships, snow plows and school buses, and automotive manufacturers in the U.S., Japan and Europe are evaluating the windshield on specific vehicles. According to a 1983-84 Ford marketing poll, when consumers were asked to choose options placed on their vehicles, people selected the electrically heated windshield as their third option, even when informed that it would cost approximately $250 more than a standard windshield. KW - Benefits KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Electrically heated windshields KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Market research KW - Performance evaluations KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491869 AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Ryser, M R AU - Nuse, R H AU - Paulsrude, S P AU - Department of Licensing TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GOAL SETTING PROGRAM: AN INTERVENTION FOR HIGH RISK DRIVERS PY - 1985/11 SP - 8 p. AB - Goal Setting is a driver improvement program designed to detect errant drivers and to intervene into their high-risk driving pattern. The Goal Setting program was subjected to an evaluation to measure effectiveness. A sample of drivers whose records met the program selection criteria were randomly assigned to either the program or a control group. The assessment of program effectiveness was based on a driving record comparison over a fifteen month period following program participation. There were significantly fewer moving violations among Goal Setting drivers as compared to the control group. No differences were found for non-moving violations or accidents. It was concluded that the program is an effective intervention for the citation accumulation of high-risk drivers. KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Intervention KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic violations KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489758 AU - Klitzner, M AU - Blasinsky, M AU - Marshall, K AU - Paquet, U AU - Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERMINANTS OF YOUTH ATTITUDES AND SKILLS TOWARDS WHICH DRINKING/DRIVING PREVENTION PROGRAMS SHOULD BE DIRECTED. VOLUME I: THE STATE-OF-THE-ART IN YOUTH DWI PREVENTION PROGRAMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 151 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of the first task of a multi-component project to analyze existing programs nationwide aimed at encouraging youth to avoid drinking and driving. The purpose of the analysis was to explore the underlying assumptions, premises, objectives, activities, and outcomes of these groups. The procedures included: conducting a review of programmatic, conceptual, and empirical literature; conducting a review of programs nationwide to provide an overview of existing youth DWI programs; and conducting on-site visits to twelve youth DWI programs to provide an in-depth analysis of a limited sample of programs. Volume I presents the methods, results, and conclusions of these explorations. Procedures included identification of youth DWI programs nationwide, telephone contacts requesting mail submissions of descriptive program materials, review of materials, and data extraction and analysis. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Motor skills KW - Prevention KW - Reviews KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25709/DOT-HS-806-903.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489735 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM 1984. A REPORT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES IN THE U.S. PY - 1985/11 SP - 74 p. AB - This is the sixth annual report on traffic accident statistics in the United States from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). This report gives basic information on the more than 5,900,000 police-reported accidents that occurred in the United States during 1984. Chapter I describes NASS operations in detail. Chapter II concentrates on the priority safety areas of alcohol and safety belt use. Tables, graphs, and text describe and briefly analyze each area. Chapter III provides data without figures or text on the broad range of topics covered by NASS, including accidents, drivers, passenger cars and their occupants, light trucks and vans and their occupants, medium and heavy trucks and their occupants, motorcycles and their riders, pedestrians and other non-occupants, and accident injuries. Chapter III is intended to serve as a reference document on accident data from 1984. KW - Automobiles KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medium trucks KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Passengers KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489751 AU - Cotton, R D AU - McPherson, K AU - McKnight, A J AU - Maryland State Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BELT USE CAMPAIGN FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT (BUCLE). FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/11 SP - 57 p. AB - The Maryland State Police, with the assistance of the National Public Services Research Institute, developed and evaluated a Belt Use Campaign for Law Enforcement (BUCLE). This program consisted of (1) a policy memorandum and information brochure; (2) an instruction program consisting of an information presentation, testimonials by police officers who were and were not wearing belts in an accident, and a ride in a convincer; and (3) an "incentive" device placed on the safety belt that would reveal whether it had been in use at the time of an accident. Both the information and instruction programs led to significant improvements in knowledge about and attitudes toward use of safety belts. While individual components of the program failed to influence safety belt use, the program as a whole resulted in a two-fold increase in observed use rates. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Attitudes KW - Improvements KW - Knowledge KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Police KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457003 AU - Arnold, R D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECT OF RAISING THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE ON DRIVER INVOLVEMENT IN FATAL CRASHES: THE EXPERIENCE OF THIRTEEN STATES PY - 1985/11 SP - 23 p. AB - The effect of raised legal drinking age was estimated by comparing the number of fatal accident involvements per year per affected driver after the law change to the number before the law change, using young drivers not affected by the law change as control. The net effect, based on combined data from thirteen states, is a 13 percent reduction in fatal accident involvements. KW - Adolescents KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Increase KW - Legal drinking age KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463161 AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: AN OFFSET CRASH TEST OF A 1983 DODGE OMNI INTO A RIGID POLE WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 30.0 MPH PY - 1985/11 SP - 135 p. AB - The test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. The test report also documents steering column performance. Testing was conducted with a 1983 Dodge Omni 5-door hatchback. The Dodge Omni was towed at 0 degrees into a rigid pole with a closing velocity of 30.0 mph. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Rigid KW - Speed KW - Steering columns KW - Stiffness KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469274 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - SUMMARY OF TRAVEL TRENDS. 1983-84 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY PY - 1985/11 SP - 21 p. AB - The Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS) contains national data on the nature and characteristics of travel. It addresses a broad range of travel in the United States, providing data on household trips and travel for all purposes and modes of transportation. Only household travel characteristics are depicted by the NPTS; data on freight movement is not collected. This volume of the 1983/84 NPTS, Summary of NPTS Trends, presents trends which can be traced through the 1969, 1977 and 1983/84 series of the NPTS. Included is information on national demographics, household composition, vehicle ownership, household travel, journey to work, vehicle utilization, auto occupancy, mode split, and drivers. Please note that there are different time spans between the 1969, 1977 and 1983/84 surveys (eight and six years respectively). This report does not attempt to depict these differences in its graphic presentations. In addition, to this document, a full report on the 1983/84 NPTS will be published which will provide more detail on transportation trends over time. In the full report special emphasis will be placed on the 1983 data, since it has not previously been published. The survey provides the information necessary to assist transportation planners and others who need comprehensive data on travel and transportation patterns in the United States. The 1983/84 NPTS is sponsored by several agencies of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). These include the Federal Highway Administration, the Office of the Secretary, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration. The survey was conducted by the Bureau of Census. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Households KW - Modal split KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495783 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY STUDY. GRADE CROSSING REVIEW, CALENDAR YEARS 1983 AND 1984 PY - 1985/10/30 SP - 67 p. AB - The National Transportation Safety Board investigated 161 railroad/highway grade crossing accidents and issued 151 Safety Recommendations to Federal and State agencies, railroads, and safety-related organizations, urging both general and site-specific grade crossing improvements. Railroad data reported to the Federal Railroad Administration for calendar years 1979 through 1983 indicate that progress has been made by Federal, State, and local agenciess, by railroads, and by public and private safety organizations in reducing (by about 30%) the loss of life and injuries from these accidents. However, prelilminary 1984 data provided to the Safety Board by the FRA indicate that the downward trend in fatalities, injuries, and accidents may be reversing. In 1983, there were 6,562 reported accidents, 542 fatalities, and 2,467 injuries. In 1984, there were an estimated 7,281 reported accidents, 649 fatalities, and 2,910 injuries. Thus, accidents increased 10.9% from 1983 to 1984. KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495779 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ACCIDENT REPORT - OVERTURN OF A TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER TRANSPORTING TORPEDOES, DENVER, COLORADO, AUGUST 1, 1984 PY - 1985/10/21 SP - 66 p. AB - This report discusses the overturn of a tractor-semitrailer transporting torpedoes for the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) on an interstate highway in Denver, Colorado, about 4:48 a.m., m.d.t., on August 1, 1984. Local emergency response organizations were unable to gain immediate access to authoritative information and expertise on the threat to the safety of the community posed by the torpedoes. When emergency response personnel called the DOD at two telephone numbers listed on the shipping paper, neither telephone was answered. The DOD response to the accident was fragmented, slow, and confusing to onscene civilian emergency response personnel. Information provided to onscene emergency response personnel was not coordinated through a DOD focal point, and sometimes in an attempt to provide as much information as possible, some information not specific to the accident conditions or environment was provided. It was determined that the probable cause of the accident was driver inexperience and excessive speed for the configuration of the ramp. Other contributory causes were as follows: ineffectiveness of signing on the configuration of the ramp; higher-than-necessary center of gravity of the loaded vehicle due to limited options provided by the Department of Defense loading instuctions; and inadequate driver qualification standards. There also was a lack of means for local emergency personnel to obtain technical information about the hazards of the shipment, inappropriate recommendations for action, and lack of clear procedures for providing a prompt emergency response. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver selection KW - Drivers KW - Emergency response KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - Selection and appointment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305844 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495579 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - Seamonds, J A AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - SEAT-BELT LAWS AREN'T DEFLATING THOSE AIR BAGS PY - 1985/10/21 SP - p. 55 AB - Sixteen states representing more than half the nation's population have passed mandatory-seat-belt laws. However, only six of the 16 states, with just 24% of the nation's population, have enacted laws that clearly conform to the standards laid down by the Secretary of the Department of Transportation, Elizabeth Dole--authority for police to stop violators who aren't buckled up and fines of at least $25. Most of the new laws are limited to "secondary enforcement," which means a summons for failure to wear belts can be issued only if a car is stopped for another infraction. Also, many fines are less than $25. In July, 1984, Dole ruled that unless states containing at least 67% of the population enact strict laws requiring drivers and front-seat passengers to buckle up, Washington would mandate that 10% of 1987 model cars contain "passive restraints." These are either air bags or automatic seat belts. The proportion of new cars rises to 100% by the 1990 model year. The auto industry formed Traffic Safety Now (TSN), an organization to prod the state legislatures to pass seat-belt laws. State legislators are predicting, however, that Dole will soften her position. Should she stand fast, Detroit will have to begin installing the bags and automatic belts by next fall. Auto makers say that since customers dislike them, the devices probably will be installed in cheaper and less popular models. The final result could be a real muddle--a hodgepodge of state seat-belt laws that contain few teeth and a federal restraints rule that many people find intrusive. KW - Air bags KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Automobile industry KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Politics KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495601 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE THEFT PREVENTION STANDARD AND SELECTION OF COVERED MAJOR PARTS - MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1984 PY - 1985/10/17 SP - 146 p. AB - This rule establishes a vehicle theft prevention standard, as required by the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984. The standard contains performance requirements for inscribing or affixing identification numbers onto original equipment major parts and the replacement parts for those original equipment parts on passenger motor vehicle lines selected as high theft lines. The rule also specifies which parts are the major parts that must be so identified. Finally, it sets forth the manner and form for certifying compliance with the standard. KW - Certification KW - Compliance KW - Identifying number KW - Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1984 KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Standards KW - Theft KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305648 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495715 JO - News (AAA) PB - American Automobile Association AU - American Automobile Association TI - LOWER TEMPERATURES CAUSE LOWER TIRE PRESSURE PY - 1985/10/15 SP - 2 p. AB - This news bulletin informs motorists that a car's tire pressure decreases as the temperature drops -- about one pound per square inch for each 10 degree Farenheit drop in temperature. Motorists are advised to check tire pressure often and only when the tires are cold. It is also pointed out that mud and snow (M/S) tires require four more pounds of pressure than regular tires, and that it is a misconception to think that lower tire pressure improves traction in the snow. Steps motorists should take to prepare their tires for colder weather driving are listed. KW - Cold weather KW - Driving KW - Inflation KW - Mud/snow tires KW - Preparation KW - Snow tires KW - Temperature KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173248 AU - Pollard, John K AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Small Car Exposure Data Project: Phase I Methodology PY - 1985/10//Final Report SP - 260 p AB - The Small Car Exposure Data Project represents the first phase of an effort to build a data base of exposure variables for crash-avoidance studies. Among these are: (1) vehicle make, model, year, body style, wheel base, weight, and horsepower; (2) driver sex and age; (3) vehicle headway, speed and turning maneuver; (4) permanent site characteristics; and (5) temporary site characteristics. Phase I data collection took place from March 15 to November 21, 1984 in 12 towns in the western suburbs of Boston. This report is concerned with data collection methodology and recommendations for its improvement in Phase II. The most significant methodological change in this study from previous roadside exposure data collection efforts was the introduction of portable computers. With appropriate software, these lap computers permitted a single observer to record estimates of vehicle type, driver sex and age decile, and turning maneuver. The computer also automatically triggered a camera to photograph the license plate and recorded speed from a radar gun. In the data editing process, license plates from the film were appended to each record. From these plate numbers, the Registry of Motor Vehicles supplied the corresponding vehicle identification numbers. These were run through the VIN DICATOR program to generate a file of output records with all of the vehicle characteristics above. Traffic counts and Police Accident Report data were also collected for the same area and time period as the exposure data. All of these data are being analyzed and intepreted in a report prepared by Mid-America Research Institute. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash avoidance KW - Crash data KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Police reports KW - Vehicle design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33382/33382.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173244 AU - Mengert, P AU - Bair, R AU - DiGregorio, R AU - Hoxie, P AU - Mumford, R AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Development of Multivariate Exposure and Fatal Accident Involvement Rates for 1977 PY - 1985/10//Final Report SP - 110 p AB - The need for multivariate accident involvement rates is often encountered in accident analysis. The Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) files contain records of fatal involvements characterized by many variables while National Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) contains reports of trip records similarly characterized by many variables. When the dassificatory variables available in both data bases are examined the following are indent!fled as of the most interest in accident analysis: driver age, driver sex, vehicle weight, vehicle age, land use (urban/rural), season (winter/summer), time of day, and number of occupants. The fatal involvement data (from FARS) and the vehicle miles of travel (VMT) data (from NPTS) were separately classified by these variables (each limited to two or three levels). Missing data was accounted for. Missing weight data was estimated, where possible, based on make, model, and/or other vehicle characteristics. Log-linear models were fit to the classified data to improve the accuracy and statistical stability. Estimates of standard errors were produced by sample splitting techniques. Specifically, random repeated replications were used. Standard errors were calculated for the fatal involvement estimates, for VMT estimates and for fatal involvement rates (the ratio of fatal involvements to VMT). KW - Crash characteristics KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Multivariate analysis KW - National Personal Transportation Survey KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33377/33377.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173213 AU - Mengert, Peter AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Analysis and Testing of Koornstra-type Induced Exposure Models PY - 1985/10//Final Report SP - 60 p AB - Induced exposure models postulate a structure for accident data which permits the estimation of two factors: exposure and proneness. Since information on exposure is needed in order to assess the accident risk of different driver, vehicle, and environmental situations and since reliable exposure data is expensive to collect, induced exposure models hold the promise of a rich exposure data source which is perfectly matched to the accident data to be analyzed. This paper assesses the validity of the postulated structure of one induced exposure model: the Koornstra Model. The Koornstra Model was chosen for analysis and testing because it appeared to have the most potential for usefulness based on : (a) previously reported favorable results (in limited testing); (b) universal applicability; (c) damaging criticism of certain other models; and (d) a rich and well posed model structure. This paper analyses and tests the Koornstra Model from three different points of view: (1) Is it based on reasonable assumptions? (2) Does the model provide a significantly better fit to accident data than a simpler model which does not permit exposure or proneness to be estimated? (3) How do the exposure estimates provided by the model compare with those from externally collected data? KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Data collection KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33372/33372.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933406 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496143 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Peck, R C AU - Sadler, D D AU - Perrine, M W AU - Brain Information Service TI - THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF ALCOHOL REHABILITATION AND LICENSING CONTROL ACTIONS FOR DRUNK DRIVING OFFENDERS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE PY - 1985/10 VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - p. 15-39 AB - This review considers the relative effectiveness of the 2 different countermeasure approaches for DUI (driving under the influence) offenders, as measured in terms of traffic safety variables: (1) traditional approach of imposing mandatory license actions, and (2) the relaively new approach of imposing participation in a drunk driving program in lieu of license action. In California, the latter approach was established as a demonstration project in 1976, and implemented in 1978. Repeat offenders enrolling in and completing 1-year alcohol treeatment programs avoid license suspension. The review focuses on repeat offenders, but also includes first offender countermeasure evaluations when relevant to the objective of the review. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety programs KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496131 AU - MACDONALD, W A AU - Department of Transport, Australia AU - Melbourne University, Australia TI - HUMAN FACTORS AND ROAD CRASHES - REVIEW OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP PY - 1985/10 SP - 107 p. AB - Research findings within each of the major human factor areas of road safety research are reviewed. Attention is confined to research relevant to the prevention of road crashes rather than to the amelioartion of their effects. The main concern is the road user: road and vehicle factors are considred only to the extent that they interact with road user characteristics in relation to crash prevention or causation. The purpose of the review was to establish those areas in which there is the greatest need for further research; accordingly, the review concludes with a list of recommended research topics. KW - Crash causes KW - Human factors KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic restraint KW - Travelers KW - Vehicle restrictions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495622 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT: COMPARISON OF THE INSURANCE LOSS EXPERIENCE OF UNIBODY AND FRAME CONSTRUCTION CARS AFTER A COLLISION REPAIR, 1981-82 MODELS PY - 1985/10 SP - 14 p. AB - This report compares the collision coverage loss experience of unibody and frame construction cars following a collision repair. The study was undertaken because concerns have been expressed that improper repairs of unibody cars have become common and, as a consequence, these cars are more likely to be involved in collisions following repairs. The study is based on the collision coverage loss results for 35 popular 1981 and 1982 passenger cars during their first three years of availability. Principal findings include the following: (1) Collision coverage results for repaired 1981 and 1982 unibody models were no worse than the results for repaired 1981 and 1982 frame construction models; and (2) Comparisons of collision coverage results for unibody and frame construction vehicles showed no difference when grouped by the cost of the initial repair. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Frame construction KW - Insurance KW - Liability insurance KW - Losses KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Unibody construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305672 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495694 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - McCorkell, S J AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - FRACTURES OF THE STYLOID PROCESS AND STYLOHYOID LIGAMENT: AN UNCOMMON INJURY PY - 1985/10 VL - 25 IS - 10 SP - p. 1010-12 AB - Fracture of an elongated styloid process or ossified stylohyoid ligament is uncommon. Neck or throat pain, decreased mobility, hoarseness, and mass in the neck are signs and symptoms of fracture. The inciting trauma may be as mild as yawning but more often blunt trauma of a serious nature, such as motor vehicle accident, is the cause. The diagnosis may be missed because of difficulty imaging the stylohyoid apparatus. Two cases are presented that demonstrate the variability of symptoms and trauma. Previous reports of similar injuries and selection of radiographic examinations, including computed tomography, are discussed. KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Neck KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309216 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495578 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Goodson, M E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - TECHNICAL SHORTCOMINGS OF DOPPLER TRAFFIC RADAR PY - 1985/10 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 1186-93 AB - Doppler radar is widely accepted as a tool that can be used to decrease the prevalence of vehicle speeding. While Doppler radar is based upon scientific principles, it still suffers from very real problems that can lead to the arrest of innocent persons. The theory of operation of Doppler radar is discussed, and the causes for errors in measurement are explained. Suggested improvements are listed that would help to eliminate many of the present inaccuracies in Doppler radar. KW - Accuracy KW - Errors KW - Improvements KW - Prevention KW - Radar KW - Speeding KW - Theory KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495778 AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety AU - Transportation and Marketing TI - A REPORT ON THE DETERMINATION AND EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF FATIGUE IN HEAVY TRUCK ACCIDENTS PY - 1985/10 SP - 110 p. AB - A total of 255 accident reports on heavy truck accidents in 6 Western states were studied, and 221 of them had sufficient data to permit backtracking of the driver's preaccident activities, and a determination of the probable role of fatigue in the accident. The details of the study are described, and the results are discussed. It was found that fatigue is the probable/primary cause of 41% of the heavy truck accidents. It was also found that the number of over-hour drivers could be reduced by supplying enforcement agencies with the proper tools. The most reliable tool possible is the time-stamping and dating of all freight and fuel documents on each trip. A patrolman with a mileaged map and a $10.00 calculator could readily discover hours of service violations in the field if these documents were required to be time-stamped. KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic violations KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495687 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Woodward, A R AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - SEAT BELT INCENTIVE PROGRAMS: AN EXTENSION TO THREE NORTH CAROLINA HIGH SCHOOLS PY - 1985/10 SP - 38 p. AB - This report describes seat belt incentive programs with three North Carolina high schools: Ben L. Smith High School, Greensboro; Lumberton Senior High School; and Laney High School, Wilmington. It represents an extension of earlier incentive activity by the Highway Safety Research Center (HSRC). In 1982, HSRC's first projects of this type were conducted at Chapel Hill High School and the state headquarters of North Carolina Blue Cross and Blue Shield. These projects were followed by a more ambitious campaign in 1983 for the Chapel Hill-Carrboro community, a university setting with approximately 50,000 people. A similar method was utilized in all of the efforts, whereby participants first received educational information concerning the need to wear seat belts, followed by the awarding of prizes to occupants correctly "buckled up" whose vehicles were randomly selected from the traffic stream. All of these projects were quite successful in achieving follow-up seat belt use rates far in excess of baseline rates. The three high school projects described in this report represent a departure from the other HSRC activities in that control of project events resided with local personnel, either school staff or health educators aided by parents or other volunteers. HSRC's role was to train the local personnel in all aspects of project requirements and then monitor the results so that advising, problem solving, etc., could take place as needed. KW - Effectiveness KW - High schools KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - North Carolina KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research_library/PDFs/Seatbelt85.ocr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495720 AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - TRANSPORTATION SAFETY INFORMATION REPORT. SECOND QUARTER 1985 PY - 1985/10 SP - 76 p. AB - The "Transportation Safety Information Report" is a compendium of selected national-level transportation safety statistics for all modes of transportation. The report presents and compares data on a monthly and quarterly basis for transportation fatalities, accidents, and injuries for the current and preceding year. The report is based on data input to the Transportation Safety Information System (TRANSIS) by representatives in each of DOT's modal administrations and the National Transportation Safety Board. This is the report for the second quarter of 1985. KW - Air transportation KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Injuries KW - Pipelines KW - Railroad transportation KW - Rapid transit KW - Safety and security KW - Statistics KW - Transportation safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305779 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495718 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Cohen, J AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - SHOPPING FOR A CAR SECURITY SYSTEM PY - 1985/10 VL - 68 IS - 10 SP - p. 33-35 AB - There are some 75 different makes and models of devices on the market that protect against car theft. Deciding which one to buy isn't easy and shouldn't be attempted until a thorough evaluation of your car and parking habits has been undertaken. Even then some basic questions will have to be answered concerning how much security you want and how much you are willing to spend. This article provides some general information on the types of car security systems available and their costs. Information is also provided on where to buy car security systems. KW - Alarm systems KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Guidelines KW - Prevention KW - Purchasing KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309237 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495719 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Baker, A AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - TOWARDS SAFER VEHICLES. CONFERENCE REPORT PY - 1985/10 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - p. 67-69 AB - This is a report on the 10th ESV Conference which was sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation, hosted by the U.K. Department of Transport, and organized by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. For brevity of coverage, the most significant material from papers on five important themes -- pedestrian compatibility, structures and inbuilt systems, accident avoidance (handling), trucks and buses, and motorcycles -- is summarized. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Conferences KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety vehicles KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495621 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOSSES AND VEHICLE DENSITY 1982-84 MODELS PY - 1985/10 SP - 28 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute study illustrates the influence of vehicle density (measured as number of registered cars per square mile) on insurance collision losses and on first-party medical losses in no-fault states. This report summarizes the frequency and severity of collision and injury claims for five categories of increasing vehicle density. Results, based on the collision experience of 1982 models and the injury experience of 1982-84 midels, are presented for passenger cars (small, midsize, and large), vans, small and standard pickups, and small and intermediate utility vehicles. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Severity KW - Small car KW - Traffic density KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305671 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495584 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Caplan, Y H AU - Yohman, D T AU - Schaefer, J A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AN IN VITRO STUDY OF THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF BREATHALYZER (REGISTERED TRADEMARK) MODELS 900, 900A, AND 1000 PY - 1985/10 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 1058-63 AB - Ninety Breathalyzer (registered trademark) instruments (Model 1000) and twenty instruments (Models 900, 900A) were studied using a protocol described by the Department of Transportation's "Standard for Devices to Measure Breath Alcohol." Although the mean of each of three concentrations tested (0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 g/210 L) compared favorably in both series, the standard deviation was consistently higher for the Model 1000 instruments. The Model 1000 instruments also produced a significant number of test results which exceeded the normally expected scientific deviation. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Forensic medicine KW - Standard deviation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495623 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE SPECIAL REPORT: INJURY AND COLLISION LOSSES BY ENGINE OPTION, SELECTED 1983 MODELS PY - 1985/10 SP - 15 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute special report compares the collision and injury coverage loss results of eight 1983 model year vehicle series with standard equipment engines to the results for the same series with optional, more powerful engines. The vehicle series selected for this report are all mid-size or small passenger cars; at least one-third of the cars within each vehicle series have high performance engines. These cars are all two-door models and most are sports or specialty vehicles. In brief, it was found that there was no consistent relationship between engine size and frequency of injury or collision claims. However, average loss payments per collision claim were substantially higher for cars equipped with more powerful engines than for those equipped with standard engines. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Engine size KW - Engines KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - High performance KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Performance KW - Size KW - Small car KW - Sports cars KW - Two door vehicles KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305673 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495807 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - SALTZ, R F AU - Brain Information Service TI - SERVER INTERVENTION: CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW AND CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS PY - 1985/10 VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - p. 1-13 AB - The strategy of server intervention which is designed to reduce the risk of intoxication and the risk of intoxicated persons harming themselves is discussed, as well as its specific features. The legal environment for the effort is discussed. It is noted that server training is necessary, and the most widely disseminated program, 'Techniques of Alcohol Management,' is described. Server intervention is discussed, and it is pointed out that assessment and modification of establishment policies are absolutely essential to successful intervention. Goals for the development of an intervention program are listed and discussed. KW - Alcohol servers KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Intoxication KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309283 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495714 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Suhail, A AU - Haleem, A AU - Taylor & Francis TI - LEFT TURNINGS SAVE TIME PY - 1985/10 VL - 28 IS - 10 SP - p. 1483-87 AB - This paper reports an experimental study which investigated the effect of the direction of turn on walking speed on curved paths. The results show that the time required to walk a curved path anticlockwise (a left-hand turn) is significantly less than the time required to walk the same path clockwise (a right-hand turn). Effects of the radius or arc followed at the turn of load have also been investigated. KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Left turns KW - Right turns KW - Speed KW - Time KW - Walking KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495711 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - FATALITY TRENDS: DRIVER AGE AND SEX PY - 1985/10 SP - 14 p. AB - This is one of a series of occasional brief reports on highway traffic fatality trends in the United States. The data are from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). It examines driver involvement in fatal accidents by age and sex for the years 1975 to 1984. The statistics show that male drivers were involved in more than four times the fatal accidents that females were involved in, and that drivers under the age of 26 accounted for 41% of the involvements in fatal accidents while they made up 24% of the licensed driver population. KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305764 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495581 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - McMinn, D G AU - Carlson, T L AU - Munson, T O AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - PYROLYSIS CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE PAINTS PY - 1985/10 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 1064-73 AB - Pyrolysis capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze automotive paints. The mass spectral data from the entire chromatogram of a given paint was combined using an INCOS 2000 data system. This composite spectrum, after subtraction of background, was then stored in a library. Tentative identification of an unknown was effected by using the pattern recognition algorithm of the data system to search the library for the best comparison to the composite mass spectrum of the unknown. Although only a small portion of the samples from the FBI National Automotive Paint File was used, results showed good discrimination when a combination of the mass spectral and chromatographic data was utilized. Preparation of a searchable data base with the potential for widespread use is demonstrated. KW - Automobiles KW - Databases KW - Forensic medicine KW - Gas chromatography KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Paint KW - Pyrolysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309144 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495713 JO - Steering Wheel PB - Texas Motor Transportation Association AU - LANG, D AU - Texas Motor Transportation Association TI - KEY TO SAFETY IS DRIVER SELECTION PY - 1985/10 VL - 50 IS - 8 SP - p. 20-21 AB - Carriers Insurance Company worked with Resource Analysis, an industrial consulting firm, in researching the feasibility of identifying good drivers while effectively screening out poor ones. A perfect driver profile was developed which serves as the measure for comparison to drivers taking a driver analysis test. The driver analysis test is a simple, yet effective testing system, which takes about 50 minutes to complete. In addition to containing the usual items of a driver's personnel file, the test includes a driver self-appraisal of safety practices and perceptions of professional truck driving. A psychological profile is also included. This article presents the results of a recent six-month study by Resource Analysis that evaluated two control groups of 200 drivers each. Benefits from the driver analysis system included decreased turnover, decreased number of incidents, and decreased fuel consumption. "Managing for Success" is a computer analysis of a candidate's responses to the driver analysis test, revealing attitudes and predicting performance. It is a key to the total performance of the system. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Good drivers KW - Incidents KW - Low risk drivers KW - Personnel management KW - Professional drivers KW - Psychological aspects KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Selecting KW - Self evaluation KW - Testing KW - Traffic incidents KW - Truck drivers KW - Turnover UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495784 AU - Robbins, D H AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Current Product Engineering TI - THREE-DIMENSIONAL OCCUPANT DYNAMICS SOFTWARE: STEERING ASSEMBLY MODEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 97 p. AB - Existing options available in the 3-dimensional crash victim simulation software were used to generate a steering assembly linkage data set module. This procedure was adopted for a variety of reasons including: availability of the software so no code development was required; precedence based on work at British Leyland; flexibility to model a variety of steering assembly linkages and energy absorption concepts. Development of a steering assembly model was found to be flexible and was demonstrated. A comparison between predictions and data from an impact sled test indicated similar results. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorption KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305849 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495600 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Comeau, L AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - THE SAFETY OF OUR CHILDREN (PART II) PY - 1985/10 VL - 30 IS - 5 SP - 4 p. AB - There are four controllable factors in the operation of school buses: automobile drivers, school bus drivers, bus passengers, and the bus itself. This article, part II of a two part series, addresses two of these factors--the student and the public motorist. Statistics indicate that 5- to 8-year olds are those most in need of assistance, and that the return trip home in the afternoon is the time of day when they need assistance most. Statistics also reveal that the unloading activity is the activity most in need of assistance. Suggestions offered include (1) reducing the children's anxiety level by revising class schedules so the last class of the day is not a high-charged activity such as gym, but a serene activity such as rest period or reading, (2) designing routes to eliminate or reduce the possibility of crossing the road, (3) identifying "crossers" and communicating this information to the driver, (4) communicating, especially to the 5- to 8-year olds, the dangers inherent with the unloading procedure during their trip home, (5) reducing the chances of the children dropping objects by requiring them to consolidate all of their possessions in a knapsack or daypack, (6) communicating to children the message of how to cross properly in front of a school bus, and (7) communicating safety messages to children at the moment when they leave the bus by (a) having the driver speak to each crosser and (b) posting diagrams at the front of the bus. KW - Child safety KW - Fatalities KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - School children KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309153 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495716 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - OBEYING THE RULES PY - 1985/10 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - p. 14-15 AB - Until Naval Station Mare Island announced that the mandatory safety belt rule was going to be enforced, the two people whose stories follow had never bothered to buckle up. They are alive today because of that mandatory use rule. The stories first appeared in the base newspaper, "Mare's Tale." KW - Effectiveness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Regulations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495717 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Harman, RTC AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - PREDICTING FUEL (OR BATTERY POWER) CONSUMPTION PY - 1985/10 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - p. 46-48 AB - As long ago as 1957 J.J. Taborek of the Towmotor Corporation showed in his "Machine Design" article series "Mechanics of Vehicles" (published as a separate booklet by Penton in the USA) that accelerative performance and maximum speed of vehicles could be predicted accurately - and co-related, for example, with motoring magazine road tests - from the basic vehicle design parameters. Here R.T.C. Harman, Senior Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Canterbury (NZ), shows how the energy used in a test driving cycle can be predicted and thus fuel consumption figures obtained in advance of vehicle manufacture. KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309236 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495721 JO - Steering Wheel PB - Texas Motor Transportation Association AU - Texas Motor Transportation Association TI - TRUCK FATALITIES: WHO IS TO BLAME? PY - 1985/10 VL - 50 IS - 8 SP - p. 18-19 AB - This article discusses some facts about fatal accidents involving trucks. The statistics are from a report published by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Among the information contained in the report are the following facts: More accidents involving trucks occur during the first four hours a driver is on the road than at any other time, with the first hour being the one in which accidents happen most frequently. Most of the fatal accidents involving trucks were not the fault of the trucker involved. Most of the accidents involved drivers with previously clean driving records. Over 86% of the truckers involved had never had their driver's license suspended and 92% had never received a drunken driving conviction. In the majority of cases reported, the accident involved a truck and another motor vehicle, where the vehicles collided head-on. Most traffic fatalities involving trucks occur in sunbelt states: Texas - 11%; California - 7%; and Florida - 5%. Most of the reported cases involved long-haul, interstate truck drivers. Drivers with fewer years of driving experience were involved in more accidents. What the statistics clearly point out is that truckers need to be constantly on the alert when behind the wheel and they need to drive defensively. KW - Alertness KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver experience KW - Driver records KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Interstate transportation KW - Location KW - Time KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495686 AU - Hall, W L AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE NORTH CAROLINA CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION LAW: IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION, JULY 1982 - JUNE 1985 PY - 1985/10 SP - 19 p. AB - The North Carolina Child Passenger Protection Law (G.S. 20-137.1) was enacted by the North Carolina General Assembly on July 3, 1981 and became effective as of July 1, 1982. This report provides a review of its basic provisions, followed by an evaluation of the effects it has had on the safety of North Carolina children. Several sources of data were analyzed to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of the law. These included parking lot observational surveys, weekly accident summaries, and telephone interviews. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Impacts KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492241 AU - Kirkbride, R L AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NO. 4 -- STOPPING CAPABILITY OF HYDRAULICALLY BRAKED VEHICLES. VOLUME II: APPENDICES A-C. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 270 p. AB - This volume contains Appendices A, B and C to the technical report (Volume I). Each appendix includes all of the test data collected for a particular vehicle that was evaluated in the test program along with photographs, vehicle information sheets and summaries and plots of the data for that particular vehicle. Appendix B is for the GMC C6DO42 (125 inch wheelbase) and Appendix C is for the GMC C7D042 (149 inch wheelbase). KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Instrumentation KW - School buses KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492242 AU - Kirkbride, R L AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NO. 4 -- STOPPING CAPABILITY OF HYDRAULICALLY BRAKED VEHICLES. VOLUME III: APPENDICES D-E. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 217 p. AB - This volume contains Appendices D and E to the technical report (Volume I). Each appendix includes all of the test data collected for a particular vehicle that was evaluated in the test program along with photographs, vehicle information sheets and summaries and plots of the data for that particular vehicle. Appendix D is for the Ford F-800 and Appendix D is for the IHC S-1924. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Instrumentation KW - School buses KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492238 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism TI - TOGETHER WE CAN HELP PREVENT ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVING PY - 1985/10 SP - 61 p. AB - This publication discusses the community response to drunk and drugged driving problems and describes community strategies, youth strategies, parent and family strategies, workplace strategies and server education strategies. Media relations for publicity are also discussed. Tips are given for hosts and hostesses, and for guests. The problem of hangover is discussed, and alcohol impaired statistics are discussed. Data is given on alcohol impaired driving facts and publications. Also included is a list of State Alcohol and Drug Agency Directors, State Prevention Representtives, Governors' Highway Safety Representatives, and, in some cases, their Coordinators. KW - Alcohol servers KW - Alcohol use KW - Community action programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Media UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492240 AU - Kirkbride, R L AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NO. 4 -- STOPPING CAPABILITY OF HYDRAULICALLY BRAKED VEHICLES - VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 312 p. AB - Twelve hydraulically braked trucks representing a broad range of vehicle and braking system configurations were extensively tested to determine their braking performance. Limited tests were also run on a school bus. Gross vehicle weight ratings of the test vehicles ranged from 14,800 to 46,000 lbs and most of the vehicles were equipped with 1981-82 braking systems. Five of the twelve trucks were retested with upgraded 1983-84 braking systems. Straight line stopping performance was determined. Several of the trucks and the school bus were also tested to evaluate their controllability during braking in various types of maneuvers. Two of the vehicles were modified with an adjustable braking distribution system and were tested to determine stopping performance in braking and turning maneuvers as a function of braking distribution. Two trucks (one with drum brakes) and one with disc brakes were subjected to a series of tests designed to develop a realistic fade test procedure. The test procedure was incorporated into an abbreviated FMVSS No. 105 test procedure and used to evaluate several of the test vehicles. This report presents a description of the test program and an analysis of the results. It includes descriptions of the test vehicles, instrumentation, and test sites; detailed data sheets; vehicle performance summaries and graphs; and discussions of the results. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Instrumentation KW - School buses KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492243 AU - Kirkbride, R L AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NO. 4 -- STOPPING CAPABILITY OF HYDRAULICALLY BRAKED VEHICLES. VOLUME IV: APPENDICES F-H. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 281 p. AB - This volume contains Appendices F, G and H to the technical report (Volume I). Each appendix includes all of the test data collected for a particular vehicle that was evaluated in the test program along with photographs, vehicle information sheets and summaries and plots of the data for that particular vehicle. Appendix F is for the IHC S-1954, Appendix G is for the Ford C-800, and Appendix H is for the IHC CO-1810B. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Instrumentation KW - School buses KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492244 AU - Kirkbride, R L AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NO. 4 -- STOPPING CAPABILITY OF HYDRAULICALLY BRAKED VEHICLES. VOLUME V: APPENDICES I-M. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - v.p. AB - This volume contains Appendices I, J and K, L and M to the technical report (Volume I). Each appendix includes all of the test data collected for a particular vehicle that was evaluated in the test program along with photographs, vehicle information sheets and summaries and plots of the data for that particular vehicle. Appendix I is for the Margirus 160A13FL, Appendix J is for the IHC S-1824 (4X4), Appendix K is for the Ford LNT-800 (6x4), and Appendix L is for the IHC S-1723/Superior School Bus. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Instrumentation KW - School buses KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491269 AU - Audits & Surveys, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER SURVEY OF LOW-SPEED, BUMPER-INVOLVED COLLISIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/10 SP - 105 p. AB - This survey was designed to gather information among drivers so that low-speed collisions involving 5 MPH bumpers and post-1982 bumpers of lesser strength could be compared in terms of the following: the frequency of bumper incidents; the frequency and extent of damage resulting; inconvenience caused to the consumer as a result of damage to the car; and expenses incurred by the consumer for obtaining temporary transportation, when required. A total of 84,578 households were screened by telephone using random digit dialing procedures. Eligible vehicles (1981-84 cars) were located in 20,915 households. Among these households, it was discovered that 2,823 qualifying bumper incidents had occurred--1,952 during the initial survey and 871 additional incidents during the follow up survey. Both surveys covered four month periods. Among these, 1777 (62.9%) were not reported to insurance companies and 54.2% of the cars with 5 MPH bumpers resulted in damage; for the less than 5 MPH bumpers, 51.9% had damage. The difference was not statistically significant. Among incidents reported and not reported to insurance companies inconvenience to the driver/owner of a car damaged in a bumper incident was assessed using time spent at the collision scene, filling out forms, getting repair estimates, having the car repaired, as well as the time during which usage of the car was lost. No significant difference was found between owners of cars with 5 MPH and less than 5 MPH bumpers. The average time at the accident scene was 35 minutes; approximately 1 1/2 hours was spent filling out forms; about 4 hours was spent getting repair estimates; car repairs took about 1 1/2 days; and owners were without their cars about 2 days. Temporary transportation was sometimes necessary and about 16% used alternate transportation outside of their families. It was not possible to develop cost estimates associated with alternate transportation because few respondents were able to provide reliable data in this matter. KW - Bumpers KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Loss and damage KW - Low speed KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Surveys KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463158 AU - Wade, B AU - Stankey, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: AN OFFSET FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1984 HONDA ACCORD INTO A RIGID POLE WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 30.0 MPH PY - 1985/10 SP - 173 p. AB - The test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. The test report also documents steering column performance of the test vehicle. Testing was conducted with a 1984 Honda 4-door sedan, which was towed at 0 degrees into a rigid pole. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Rigid KW - Speed KW - Steering columns KW - Stiffness KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463159 AU - Wade, B AU - Stankey, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: A FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1982 RENAULT FUEGO CENTERED INTO A FIXED LOAD MEASURING BARRIER WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 30.0 MPH. PY - 1985/10 SP - 169 p. AB - The test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. The test report also documents steering column performance. Testing was conducted with a 1982 Renault Fuego 3-door hatchback, which was towed into a fixed load measuring barrier with a closing velocity of 29.9 mph. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Steering columns KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274539 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453190 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Schefter, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - LOOK, MA! NO DRIVER PY - 1985/10 VL - 227 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This article describes the Autonomous Land Vehicle (ALV), an unmanned vehicle with a TV camera and laser for eyes, and a computer using a form of artificial intelligence to interpret the resulting picture and keep the vehicle on the road. The ALV is the most visible part of the Strategic Computing Program, a one-billion-dollar research and development project sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The project's goal is to build machines capable of intelligent, functional behavior. The technology DARPA is testing on the ALV can be applied across the entire artificial intelligence spectrum, including robots assigned to do any number of complex tasks. KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Development KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Robots KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270950 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495563 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - Lang, J S AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - THE AUTOMOBILE TURNS 100 PY - 1985/09/30 SP - p. 60-61 AB - Highlights from the history of the automobile over the past 100 years are given, accompanied by photographs showing its progressive development. KW - Automobiles KW - History UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309129 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495564 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - Skrzycki, C AU - Seamonds, J A AU - Maynard, M AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - WONDER CARS OF THE '90S: A REVOLUTION IN MOTION PY - 1985/09/30 SP - p. 62-65 AB - Driven by energy upheavals, foreign competition and the microprocessor, today's automobile producers are remaking the car. Speeding most of the changes is a new perception of American car buyers. Lifestyles and pop-culture trends are being examined to determine the types and styles of tomorrow's cars. A big presence in the showroom will be buyers more than 55 years old, who will be more concerned about safety than looks. Women, who now account for about half of all new-car sales, will figure directly in marketing strategies. Two other large groups of customers will be the price-conscious, young middle class and the affluent, two-income household. Propelled by regulations and their own marketing ambitions, car makers are dramatically altering auto design. The "drag coefficient" is being trimmed and interiors are changing, with the concept of ergonomics employed to make the car respond to the driver, not the driver to the car. New designs will mean new materials, including injection-molded composites and plastics, aluminum and ceramics. Under the hood, mechanical moving parts, gears and motors are giving way to electronics and computer-guided devices. To fix these cars, auto makers are turning again to computers. The computer will diagnosis problems for the mechanic, who will then have a better shot at fixing it right the first time. KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Electronics KW - Ergonomics KW - Future developments KW - Information processing KW - Marketing KW - Materials KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489752 AU - Willette, R E AU - Duo Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL TESTING FOR DRUG IMPAIRMENT. FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1985/09/27 SP - 17 p. AB - An evaluation was made of existing data on concentrations of marijuana, secobarbital, diazepam, diphenhydramine, and methaqualone in blood, saliva and urine to assess the feasibility of establishing chemical tests for police use in detecting drug-impaired drivers. The study employed pharmacokinetic methods to relate urine and saliva concentrations to blood levels, which were related to measures of behavioral impairment in laboratory tasks. Some preliminary concentrations are suggested to serve as a guide for collecting or testing blood. Data from numerous studies support the proposal that testing for THC metabolites in urine at or above a 100 ng/ml concentration will provide better than a 50% probability of detecting levels of THC in the blood that may be associated with impairment. Saliva offers more promise as a body specimen for a presumptive screen of the other four drugs. Analysis of data on secobarbital suggested saliva concentrations in excess of 500 ng/ml may serve as a possible threshold for predicting impairing levels of the drug in blood. Similarly, a combined concentration of 5 ng/ml of diazepam and its primary metabolite in saliva appeared as a reasonable level. The antihistamine diphenhydramine gives high saliva concentrations following its use, thus a level of 180 ng/ml in saliva is suggested as a threshold for conducting blood analysis. Evaluation of data on methaqualone suggests a threshold level of 150 ng/ml in saliva. This study suggests that it may be possible to narrow down the number of drug possibilities and blood specimens requiring testing by the police to a level that is economically feasible. However, only a marijuana/urine screening procedure is currently available for police use at the stationhouse. KW - Antihistamines KW - Barbiturates KW - Behavior KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Chemical tests KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Medicine KW - Saliva KW - Urine UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25723/DOT-HS-806-888.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495888 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT. EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES. 1984-1985 PY - 1985/09 SP - v.p. AB - This report summarizes the obligations and activities of the States outlining past accomplishments as well as future plans to improve EMS (emergency medical services) systems. The report discusses the legislative background of EMS, and examines the current Section 402 funding expenditures in EMS relative to the past and future. It lists selectives State projects that relate EMS to highway safety needs. The report also discusses the need for interaction between the Governor's Highway Safety Representatives and the State EMS directors. Each of these areas are also discussed in relation to the 'National Program.' KW - Community action programs KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Laws KW - Medical services KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495882 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT. ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURES. 1984-1985 PY - 1985/09 SP - v.p. AB - This report summarizes alcohol traffic safety activities, programs and expenditures that States undertook in 1984. It describes the legislative changes that took place throughout the Nation, with emphasis on certain high interest legislation shown to be important in facilitating deterrence and prevention of impaired driving. The report outlines a representative sample of innovative projects, which States implemented to reduce drunk driving crashes. The projects exemplify the comprehensive, community-based and financially self-sufficient approach that offers the most effective means toward a long term solution of this problem. The report also details the distribution of Federal alcohol traffic safety funds over the years, current fiscal allocations for prevention activities and the scope and nature of relevant legislative change. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Laws KW - Public relations KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495883 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT. OCCUPANT PROTECTION. 1984-1985 PY - 1985/09 SP - v.p. AB - This report summarizes alcohol traffic safety activities, and expenditures that States undertook in the past and propose to undertake in FY 1985 to improve safety belt and child safety seat usage. It describes the legislative activities, and the status of judicial activity concerning the 'seat belt defense.' The report includes descriptions of selected State projects that are considered noteworthy. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Child restraint systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Laws KW - State government KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495886 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT. TRAFFIC RECORDS. 1984-1985 PY - 1985/09 SP - 10 p. AB - This report summarizes the efforts of the States and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the utilization of section 402 funds in the development, planning, and implementation of Traffic Records programs. The report describes the present activity in the Traffic Records area, including a description of noteworthy projects relating to State Traffic Records. KW - Community action programs KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Records management KW - State government KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495885 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT. PEDESTRIAN SAFETY 1984-1985 PY - 1985/09 SP - n.p. AB - Research has found that pedestrian accident types are recurring accident situations for which the important behavioral errors of the driver and pedestrian are known along with predisposing environmental factions. The report describes the major types of pedestrian accidents, and state legisltive activity. State efforts past and present are described, and include the model ice-cream truck ordinance, special pedestrian patrols (Puerto Rico), and the Washington D.C. Walker and Friends Program. KW - Community action programs KW - Pedestrian safety KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495884 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT. MOTORCYCLE SAFETY. 1984-1985 PY - 1985/09 SP - v.p. AB - This is summary of the efforts of the States and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the utilization of Section 402 funds for the development, planning and implementation of motorcycle safety programs. The report discusses the motorcycle accident problem, the elements of a comprehensive State Motorcycle Safety Program, and available documentation of program effectiveness. It also discusses State obligation of funds by fiscal year for implementation of motorcycle safety activities and noteworthy examples of current and planned 402 State projects. KW - Countermeasures KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Motorcyclists KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495887 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM AREA REPORT. POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES. 1984-1985 PY - 1985/09 SP - 18 p. AB - This report summarizes the obligations and activities of the States outlining past accomplishments as well as future plans for FY 1985 to increase the effectiveness of PTS (police traffic services). It addresses the National Academy of Scienes comprehensive review regarding the 55 mph speed limit. It includes a selective listing of noteworthy State and local Traffic safety programs and provides an overview of FY 1985 PTS funding charts and tables depicting the level of funds allocated to States to support PTS activities. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Community action programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police vehicles KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496613 AU - WALTER, R AU - Mengert, P AU - Salvatore, S AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF TIRE TREAD WEAR GROOVE PATTERNS AND THE EFFECT OF HETEROSCEDASTICITY ON TREAD WEAR STATISTICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 76 p. AB - This report examines the groove wear variability among tires subjected to the Unifrom Tire Quality Grading (UTQG) test procedure for determining tire tread wear. The effects of heteroscedasticity (variable variance) on a previously reported statistical analysis were also examined. Two data sources were used: special tire tests performed by the Southwest Research Institute for NHTSA, and NHTSA's own compliance tests. The test concluded that groove wear variability exists during UTQG testing with the outside grooves generally wearing more than the inside grooves. The difference in wear between the inside and outside grooves varied from approximately 10% to 50%. This variability was different for different types but was uniform within the tire types during a test. However, in tests spaced apart in time, this within tire type groove variability will change and is probably influenced by environmental conditions. It was also concluded that heteroscedasticity would have no effect on previously reported statistical results but that this effect could be meaningful on an individual tire basis. KW - Grooves KW - Pavement grooving KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Treadwear grades KW - Uniform tire quality grading standard KW - Variables KW - Wear UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33368/33368.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495602 AU - American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists TI - SEAT BELT USE DURING PREGNANCY PY - 1985/09 SP - 8 p. AB - This pamphlet reveals why using a seat belt during pregnancy is important for the mother and the unborn child. It provides answers to the two common questions: Will the pressure of a lap belt cause a miscarriage in early pregnancy? Could the use of a lap belt cause the fetus to be injured in late pregnancy? Also included are instructions on how to wear seat belts during pregnancy. KW - Brochures KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pregnant women KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305649 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495557 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Schreffler, R AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - SHA-ZAMA! NISSAN AUTOMATION ON A ROLL PY - 1985/09 VL - 165 IS - 9 SP - p. 67-69 AB - Nissan Motor Company's Zama plant, 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Tokyo, is a pivotal step in Nissan's company-wide automation program that could ultimately add 8500 robots over existing levels. The automaker believes it can automate as much as 40% of its final assembly process. Reduced labor and equipment costs are the prime motives driving Nissan's pursuit of automation. According to the company, one robot does the work of 1.4 to 2.0 human laborers for each two-shift workday. Initial investment could thus be fully amortized in less than a year through scheduled retirement of employees. Presently, 20% of the robots being used by Nissan are manufactured by Nissan's own Machine and Tool Plant which is located within the Zama complex. Nissan has concluded that its use of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) has enabled it to cut in half the costs for model changeovers and to economically produce a greater variety of models on a smaller scale. Quality and accuracy in production have improved. Nissan's management has worked closely with labor to insure the orderly introduction of automated systems. It has had the advantage of not having to deal with large numbers of unemployed and dislocated workers as the Japanese national labor force generally is characterized by a shortage of factory employees. Still, the company has taken great care to replace only those workers who are planning retirement. KW - Accuracy KW - Automation KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Equipment cost KW - Japan KW - Labor costs KW - Labor market KW - Labor relations KW - Nissan automobile KW - Nissan Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Quality control KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309125 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495580 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Rice, P AU - Printerhall Limited TI - A REVIEW OF G.B. VEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENCY AND PRICE-INDUCED ENERGY CONSERVATION, 1973-84 PY - 1985/09 VL - 26 IS - 9 SP - 5 p. AB - The major changes in vehicle fuel efficiency and price-induced energy conservation that have taken place in Great Britain from 1973 to 1984 are reviewed. The transport energy sector has gained in relative share against both the domestic and industrial energy sectors of the U.K. economy; transport energy has held up and grown during a major recession. The real 1984 price of petrol is 35% higher than in 1973, and yet real incomes have also risen; so the prospects for continuing use of petrol will depend on the impact of both energy conservation and inter-fuel substitution (diesel for petrol) in car use. The New Car Energy Conservation Programme launched in 1978 has delivered a very real gain in car efficiency, and the U.K. has seen the beginnings of a large-scale introduction and popularity of diesel cars. Also in the long term the prospects for battery cars and light goods vehicles are perhaps better than for many years. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Econometrics KW - Elasticity (Economics) KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel prices KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prices KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309143 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495546 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Reynolds, M A AU - Grimm, N AU - AAA Potomac TI - PEDESTRIANS IN PERIL PY - 1985/09 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - p. 2b-2c AB - This article discusses pedestrian safety in the Washington, D.C., area. Included is information on factors contributing to pedestrian accidents, and on measures that are being used to reduce pedestrian injuries and fatalities. Such measures include increased enforcement to prevent traffic violations, ticketing jaywalkers, and school child traffic safety education. Cities in the area recognized by AAA for their pedestrian safety achievements in 1984 are listed. KW - Awards KW - Child safety KW - Jaywalking KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - School children KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violations KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495552 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Donaldson, G A AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - LARGE TRUCK SAFETY AND THE GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF TWO-LANE, TWO-WAY ROADS PY - 1985/09 VL - 55 IS - 9 SP - p. 41-46 AB - Geometric design features are of pivotal importance to the operating safety of large trucks on two-lane, two-way roads. This review of sight distance formulae, stopping sight distance requirements for trucks, and superelevation specifications finds the AASHTO Green Book guidelines inadequate. In conclusion, it is pointed out that older two-lane, two-way roads are riddled with substandard, hazardous design and operating features, and the Green Book gives inadequate direction for their substantial improvement. Also pointed out is the lack of an approach to geometric design on older roads that rationally accommodates the actual ranges of legally licensable drivers and vehicles. Together, the facts pointed out in this article lead to the conclusion that on two-lane, two-way roads with significant curvature and grades, there is no vehicle more disfranchised from the protection that should be afforded any highway user than big trucks. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Sight distance KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Superelevation KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309121 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495553 JO - Home & Away (Indianapolis Edition) PB - Automobile Association of America AU - Adams, T AU - Automobile Association of America TI - DON'T LEARN BY ACCIDENT PY - 1985/09 VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - p. 12 AB - Eight suggestions are offered to the driver who wants to improve his or her driving safety. They are based on new theories of driving and center on establishing a professional attitude. They are: (1) Don't overestimate your own driving skills; (2) Wear your seat belt; (3) Pre-think your trip before you start off; (4) Get the most from your car; (5) Leave space around you as you drive; (6) Don't be fooled by your car; (7) Set no deadlines; and (8) Don't use your car as a means of self-expression. KW - Attitudes KW - Driving KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495682 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Farrow, J A AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING BEHAVIORS OF 16 TO 19 YEAR-OLDS PY - 1985/09 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - p. 369-374 AB - A total of 192 high-school-age drivers (67 girls) were interviewed with respect to their drinking and driving behavior and academic performance. Although traffic violations and citations were correlated with increases in risky driving behavior and alcohol and drug use, much dangerous driving and social drinking went without consequence. It is suggested that the young male driver is at significantly greater risk for involvement in dangerous driving and drinking. Contributing developmental, situational and personality factors are discussed. KW - Alcohol use KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Interviewing KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Personality KW - Risk taking KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495598 AU - Cosby, P J AU - BARNES, R AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State TI - 1984 MASEP ANNUAL REPORT: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MASEP PARTICIPANTS PY - 1985/09 SP - 29 p. AB - The Mississippi Alcohol Safety Educationn Program (MASEP) is the statewide driver improvement program for first-time offenders convicted of driving while under the influence (DUI) of alcohol or another substance which has impaired the person's ability to operate a motor vehicle (Section 63-11-32 of the Mississippi Implied Consent Law). This report is the second in a series of annual reports describing MASEP and the socio-demographic characteristics of those who attend MASEP classes. This report focuses on responses to questionnaires administered to those who attended in 1984. Also included are results from a more extensive questionnaire that was administered in the last three classes of 1984. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drunk driving KW - First time offenders KW - Mississippi KW - Offenders KW - Questionnaires KW - Safety programs KW - Social factors KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305643 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495551 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Eicher, J P AU - Klimek, T E AU - Strickland, S G AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - THE NATIONAL NETWORK FOR TRUCKS: DEVELOPMENT - PERFORMANCE - OUTLOOK PY - 1985/09 VL - 55 IS - 9 SP - p. 47-51 AB - Few issues in recent time have tested federal-state relations, strained old friendships, and evoked such a public outcry as those pertaining to the federal law that allows larger trucks to operate on certain highways. This article reviews the history of this issue, discusses the current situation, and looks at what might happen in the years to come, as well as Federal Highway Administration research studies underway that are designed to provide information for many unanswered questions. KW - Access KW - Highway safety KW - History KW - Laws KW - Research KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495681 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Donovan, D M AU - Queisser, H R AU - Salzberg, P M AU - Umlauf, R L AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - INTOXICATED AND BAD DRIVERS: SUBGROUPS WITHIN THE SAME POPULATION OF HIGH-RISK MEN DRIVERS PY - 1985/09 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - p. 375-382 AB - Three groups of men drivers in the state of Washington were compared: those who had been arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI group, N=172), those who had received multiple nonalcohol-related violations or who had been involved in traffic accidents (high-risk drivers, or HRD group, N=193), and a representative random sample of the general driving population of men in the state (GDP group, N=154). Subjects completed a questionnaire assessing demographic, drinking, driving attitude, personality and hostility measures. The HRD and DWI groups were generally more deviant than the GDP subjects. The latter individuals were demographically more stable, had lower levels of drinking behavior and were more emotionally stable, with lower levels of depression, sensation seeking, external percetion of control, and both overt and covert hostility. The GDP group also had lower levels of driving-related hostility. The HRD and DWI groups did not differ significantly from each other on any of the measures of personality function or hostility. These two groups did differ on aspects of drinking behavior, driving-related attitudes and demographic characteristics. The noted similarities between the DWI and HRD groups are consistent with the contention that these two groups may represent subtypes within a larger population of high-risk drivers. KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emotions KW - Hazards KW - High risk drivers KW - Hostility KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Personality KW - Questionnaires KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309205 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495849 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE DYNAMIC AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: COMPETITION, INNOVATION, AND CHANGE PY - 1985/09 VL - 16 IS - 2/3 SP - p. 47p AB - This Review summarizes 22 presentations made at the 3-day automotove forum at the University of Michigan Management Briefing Seminars conducted in July 1985. The speeches are as follows: Introduction; First Down and Goal to Go; The Second Industrial Revolution; The Wheel Was Only the Beginning; International Economic Fragmentation and the World Auto Market; The UAW at 50 - Looking Ahead; Self-Expression and Product Differentiation in the Auto Industry; Prospects for the Cooperation of Korea and Developed Countries in the Automotive Industry; The Auto-In-Michigan Project: Michigan AIMs to Understand the Future; Technology - A GM Perspective; Automotive Design in the Fifth Era; Technology - The Focal Point for Business Success; The Impact of Technology on Product Planning; C-P-C and Suppliers: Partners in Planning; Engineering Thermoplastic Exterior Body Panels: A New Direction for the Automotive Industry; Fuel Supplies - Looking Back, Looking Ahead; An Action Research Agenda for Technology Implementation; The Supply Side: Looking Down the Road; Pininfarina: A Contribution to the Worldwide Automotive Concept; Getting Ready for the Future; Chrysler Corporation's Manufacturing Strategy; Status of CIM in Industry - Promise vs Reality; Donnelly Corporation's Approach to Competing in the World Market. KW - Automobile industry KW - Conferences KW - Developing countries KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Technology KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495595 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BMCS ANNUAL ROADSIDE INSPECTION 1983 AND 1984 PY - 1985/09 SP - 17 p. AB - During calendar year 1983, 24,721 vehicles were subject to inspection by the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) staff members to determine compliance with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSRs) and the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMRs). During these inspections, 17,021 inspections were found to have one or more vehicle defects or other violations of the FMCSRs and HMRs. There were 6,971 inspections which revealed driver violations, and 2,467 inspections with violations involving the transportation of hazardous materials. During 1984, 18,966 vehicles were subject to inspection. Of these, 13,972 involved violations of the FMCSRs and HMRs. There were 7,127 inspections which revealed driver violations, and 2,083 inspections with violations involving the transportation of hazardous materials. Additional statistics are included in this report, along with further comparisons between the statistics for 1983 and those for 1984. KW - Compliance KW - Defects KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous materials regulations KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Roadside KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305640 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495586 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - FIGHTING RUST PRODUCES SAFETY SIDE EFFECTS PY - 1985/09 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 11 AB - Rusting (oxidation) of vehicles weakens them over time and therefore lessens the crash protection they offer. Not only is rust a problem if the vehicle is involved in an accident, but it can also cause accidents. A critical suspension support weakened by corrosion could collapse, causing loss of control. There is also the danger of carbon monoxide poisoning through rust-caused holes in the exhaust system. Auto makers are addressing these problems. Some of the all-new 1986 model cars will have two-sided galvanized steel. It is being used in engine compartments, front and rear shock towers, rocker areas, inner door panels, the rear compartment pan and the floor pan. The floor pan also is receiving improved drainage provisions with an increased size and number of drainage holes. One-sided galvanized steel is being used for the rear quarter outer panel extensions, and the entire underbody. The door outer panels, fenders and hood are all zincrometal. Exhaust systems are also receiving improved corrosion protection. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Corrosion protection KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Galvanized metals KW - Galvanizing KW - Hot dip galvanizing KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Rust prevention KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495540 AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - FATALITY TRENDS: ACCIDENT AND VEHICLE TYPES, NUMBER 11 PY - 1985/09 SP - 11 p. AB - This is one of a series of occasional brief reports on highway traffic fatality trends in the United States. The data are from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). This issue builds upon analyses in previous issues to illustrate the relationships between land use (urban or rural), accident type (single- or multi-vehicle), and vehicle type for accidents in which motor vehicle occupants were killed between January, 1975 and July, 1984. Briefly, it was found that passenger cars dominate all four accident categories (urban single-vehicle, urban multi-vehicle, rural single-vehicle, and rural multi-vehicle), accounting for about 69% of all occupant fatalities, followed by light trucks and vans (15%) and motorcycles (11%). Rural accidents represented nearly two-thirds of all occupant fatalities. Single-vehicle and multi-vehicle accidents each accounted for approximately half of all occupant fatalities. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Rural areas KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305569 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495582 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ORDINARY EMERGENCIES PY - 1985/09 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 8-10 AB - This article examines four more or less common occurrences that could also be called emergencies. They are situations where something minor can become hazardous through slight mistakes, such as overbraking, oversteering, or overcorrecting in some manner. The situations examined include running off the road, evasive action, skids, and tire failure. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drivers KW - Emergency response KW - Evasive action KW - Motor skills KW - Physical condition KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Skids KW - Tire disablement KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309145 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495562 JO - WORKING WOMAN AU - Lamberg, L AU - McCall's Group TI - SEAT-BELT SAFETY DURING PREGNANCY PY - 1985/09 SP - p. 151 AB - Most people know they should wear their seat belt when riding in a car, but that's not enough if you're pregnant. You also need to know "how" to wear it. The lap belt should be positioned snugly and low across the pelvis below the baby, without padding which could make it slip up more easily in an accident. The shoulder belt should be worn as usual. One in 14 women will be in an accident during pregnancy, and the chances of injury to herself or her unborn child during a collision are far less from a seat belt than they are if she is thrown forward into the dashboard or hurled through the window. KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pregnant women KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495594 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ABS IS HERE PY - 1985/09 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-18 AB - Anti-lock Brake Systems (ABS) will finally be available on American-made cars in the 1986 model year. These are the same systems that have been offered on European cars for years. They make up between 5 and 10% of the price of the vehicle. For the 1986 model year they will be standard equipment on both the Lincoln Continental and Lincoln Continental Mark VII and the Chevrolet Corvette. ABS will also be operational on the Oldsmobile 98, Buick, Electra, Cadillac De Ville and Fleetwood, and Pontiac 6000 STE. The systems automatically control wheel lockup during hard braking, and allow the driver to retain steering control. The electronic control module for the ABS contains two 4K microprocessors which calculate wheel speed and acceleration/deceleration. The microprocessors also monitor the integrity of the system: supply pressure, fluid level, speed sensor integrity, and solenoid valve integrity. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic control modules KW - Microprocessors KW - Modules (Electricity) KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495542 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - PEDESTRIAN CONTROL AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1985/09 VL - 55 IS - 9 SP - p. 31-33 AB - The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Technical Committee 4A-15, consisting of 17 practicing traffic engineers from throughout the United States, prepared and sent a questionnaire to solicit the ideas and experiences of city, county, and state traffic engineers concerning pedestrian timing and control equipment at signalized intersections. This article presents the study procedure, survey results and observations, and committee recommendations. KW - Data collection KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Signalized intersections KW - Surveys KW - Traffic engineers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309117 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495556 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - MCELROY, J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - THE NEXT PLASTICS REVOLUTION IS NOW! PY - 1985/09 VL - 165 IS - 9 SP - p. 46-49 AB - This article discusses the use of plastic body panels for automobiles. It is predicted that by 1990 nearly 1 million cars a year will use plastic panels, and by the turn of the century one third to one half of the cars made in the U.S. could have plastic panels. One of the explanations for this is that plastic panels can be retooled for a fraction of the cost of steel ones. The possibility of greater design flexibility with plastic is also making it more attractive. In a comparison with Japan's economy-of-scale in panels and the latest Japanese triaxis transfer presses, which currently give them the advantage with steel panels, it is felt that, while their cost advantage can't be eliminated, plastic panels can help defray it. Parts consolidation is seen as the key role plastics can play. Assembling and handling could be a problem area, however, unless an automaker decides to reconfigure an assembly plant for an all-plastic car. The ultimate test which will determine the long-term success of plastics in automobiles will be acceptance in the market place. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile bodies KW - Costs KW - Economics KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Markets KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Plastics KW - Tooling KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309124 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495558 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - McManus, G J AU - Berry, B H AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - BOOM TIMES FOR ELECTROGALVANIZED STEEL PY - 1985/09 VL - 185 IS - 9 SP - p. 76-79 AB - The demand for electrogalvanized (EG) steel among automakers in the U.S. will probably match or exceed the available supply until at least 1990, according to industry projections. This article reports on interviews with executives at GM, Ford, Chrysler, NUMMI (New United Motor Manufacturing, Incorporated), Nissan Motor Manufacturing, and Honda of America Manufacturing, in which it was discovered that each company plans a different approach to using EG for corrosion protection. Also, the automakers initially plan to use different coating weights. KW - American Honda Motor Company KW - Automobiles KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Electrogalvanized steel KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - New united motor manufacturing, incorporated KW - Nissan Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492216 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDEA SAMPLER. NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING AWARENESS WEEK. DECEMBER 15-21, 1985 PY - 1985/09 SP - 55 p. AB - This is the fourth consecutive year for National Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Week. This Idea Sampler is designed to provide a variety of suggestions and alternatives. It is a compilation of the nation's best and most successful projects. It is intended to serve as a catalyst for public information and education plans. This year's theme is "Because We Care..." It will be used as a tag line on public service announcements and printed materials. Tied to the theme is an emphasis on host/hostess/alcohol server responsibility. There is a need for server training programs in restaurants and taverns, for programs in cooperation with local liquor stores, and for corperate campaigns against drunk driving. KW - Alcohol servers KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Media KW - Safety education KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491007 AU - Adams, G J AU - Carlson, L E AU - Firth, B W AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD (FMVSS) 105-83. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - v.p. AB - For FMVSS 105-83, a representative sample of brake system components for the year prior to and following the implementation of the standard (i.e., 1983 and 1984). The consumer cost and weight change due to the implementation of the standard were estimated and weighted by sales volume to develop industry average costs. Costs and weight increase generally after the implementation of the standard, with the exception of the G.M.C. 7 ton truck which decreased significantly. KW - Brakes KW - Costs KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491242 AU - BURGER, W J AU - Mulholland, M U AU - Smith, R L AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED COMMERCIAL VEHICLE CONSPICUITY AND SIGNALLING SYSTEMS--TASK III FIELD TEST EVALUATION OF VEHICLE REFLECTORIZATION EFFECTIVENESS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - v.p. AB - Vehicle-into-large-truck accidents produce a disproportionately large number of fatalities. It is hypothesized that increasing a truck's visibility or conspicuity will reduce the number of vehicles colliding with trucks. The purpose of this project was to thoroughly analyze this specific accident problem, establish information requirements of other drivers, review the state-of-the-art of conspicuity techniques, design and conduct a series of conspicuity experiments, design a new integrated lighting and marking system, design an augmented, low-cost reflectorized system for retrofitting on large trucks and field test the augmented system on fleets of trucks. Approximately 2,000 trailers were fitted with the augmented system and accident rates monitored and compared to those of a matched control group of 2,000 non-reflectorized trailers. Over the 23 month study period reflectorized and control trailers accrued over 106 million miles exposure. Results indicated a statistically significant reduction in other vehicle collisions into reflectorized truck/trailer units of 16.3 and 21.2 percent respectively, during daylight and night time operations. KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Days KW - Fatalities KW - Field tests KW - Night KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Retrofitting KW - Safety KW - Signal systems KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Trucks KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491240 AU - Willette, R E AU - Duo Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL TESTING FOR DRUG IMPAIRMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 72 p. AB - An evaluation was made of existing data on concentrations of marijuana, secobarbital, diazepam, diphenhydramine, and methaqualone in blood, saliva and urine to assess the feasibility of establishing chemical tests for detecting drug-impaired driving. The study employed standard pharmacokinetic methods to relate urine and saliva concentrations to blood levels, which were related to measures of behavioral impairment in laboratory tasks. Marijuana was the only drug for which sufficient data were available to suggest the use of urine tests to establish the need to obtain or analyze a blood specimen for THC. Data from numerous studies support the proposal that testing for THC metabolites in urine at or above the 100 ng/ml concentration will provide better than a 50% probability of detecting levels of THC in the blood that may be associated with impairment. Saliva appears to offer more promise as a body specimen for a presumptive screen of the other drugs included in the study. Analysis of data on secobarbital, as a representative of the barbiturate group of sedatives, suggested saliva concentrations in excess of 0.5 microg/ml may serve as a possible threshold for predicting impairing levels of the drug in the blood. Similarly, a combined concentration of 5 ng/ml of diazepam and its primary metabolite in saliva appeared as a reasonable level. The antihistamine diphenhydramine gives high saliva concentrations following its use, thus level of 180 ng/ml in saliva was selected as a threshold for conducting a blood analysis. Evaluation of data on methaqualone suggests a threshold level of 150 ng/ml in saliva. It is cautioned that this was a preliminary study based on existing data. Additional studies and collection of more prevalence data are necessary to further establish the reliability of the suggested threshold levels in order to predict when blood tests for a specific drug are necessary or desirable. Such tests are presently only available for alcohol and marijuana with use limited to the stationhouse or emergency room. At the present state of knowledge, blood is the only body fluid that may serve in a limited manner to relate drug levels to impaired driving. KW - Antihistamines KW - Barbiturates KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Diazepam KW - Drug tests KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Methaqualone KW - Saliva KW - Urine UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25699/DOT-HS-806-920.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491251 AU - Smith, R L AU - Mulholland, M U AU - BURGER, W J AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD TEST EVALUATION OF REARVIEW MIRROR SYSTEMS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 52 p. AB - This study was a two-year field evaluation of two experimental rear-view mirror systems. One system was a 40 inch radius of curvature convex mirror having a width of 10 inches and a height of 6.5 inches. The second system was a dual plane/convex mirror mounted one above the other. The convex mirror had a curvature of 21 inches in radius and both mirrors were 6.5 inches in width and 6.0 inches in height. Each experimental system was installed on nearly 2,000 Bell Telephone Company vans, and in terms of accident rates, subsequently compared to a control group of Bell vans having conventional, original equipment manufacture (plane) mirror systems varying in widths from 5.0 to 7.0 inches and in heights from 7.0 to 9.0 inches. The vans accumulated a total of 91,633,662 miles within a region of seven states. The results indicated a statistically significant 17.6 percent reduction in accident rate in the single convex mirror group as compared to the control group. The dual plane/convex mirror group, however, yielded essentially the same accident rate as the control group. It is concluded that accident rate reduction and cost-benefit analyses strongly support the installation of the single convex mirror system on vans at manufacture. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Convex mirrors KW - Crash rates KW - Field tests KW - Prevention KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491015 AU - Stultz, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES. MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1982 HONDA CIVIC AT 33.6 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 166 p. AB - The report documents one of ten crash tests conducted to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1982 Honda Civic 4-door sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility in Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.4 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was August 2, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 72 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Deformable barriers KW - Dummies KW - Honda automobile KW - Honda Civic KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491241 AU - FLORES, A L AU - FRANK, J F AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE LIKELIHOOD OF ACETONE INTERFERENCE IN BREATH ALCOHOL MEASUREMENT. NHTSA TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/09 SP - 29 p. AB - This report discusses the significance of possible interference of acetone in breath alcohol testing. The following dimensions were considered: 1) what levels of acetone concentration may appear on the breath; 2) what levels of acetone concentration may produce significant breath alcohol concentration (BAC) readings on breath testers; and 3) which instrument types may be sensitive to the presence of acetone. The issue of acetone interference was found to have no practical significance in traffic law enforcement for the following reasons: 1) the level of acetone on the breath that would be required to produce even minimal BAC readings (e.g., 0.01% BAC) is rarely seen in on-the-road arrest situations (i.e., less than 0.028%); 2) diabetic and dieting individuals who are well enough to drive do not have sufficient levels of acetone on their breath to increase BAC readings more than a very small amount (a practical maximum of 0.01%-0.02%); and 3) the number of evidential breath testers in use that are unable to discriminate between acetone and ethyl alcohol is very small, estimated to be less than 1,000 nationwide. Most commercially available evidential breath testers sold today are made to distinguish acetone from ethyl alcohol, so that the issue is moot in these cases. KW - Acetates KW - Acetone KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Breathalyzers KW - Drunk driving KW - Errors KW - Solvents KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463162 AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: CAR-TO-CAR OFFSET FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1983 DODGE OMNI AND A 1983 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 53.9 MPH PY - 1985/09 SP - 222 p. AB - The test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. The test report also documents steering column performance of both test vehicles. Testing was conducted with a 1983 Dodge Omni 5-door hatchback and a 1983 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door sedan. The Chevrolet Celebrity was towed into the Dodge Omni at 0 degrees with a closing velocity of 53.9 mph. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Steering columns KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463163 AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: CAR-TO-CAR OFFSET FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1983 RENAULT FUEGO INTO A 1984 HONDA ACCORD WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 58.7 MPH PY - 1985/09 SP - 278 p. AB - The test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1983 Renault Fuego 3-door hatchback and a 1984 Honda Accord 4-door sedan. The Renault Fuego was towed into the Honda Accord with a closing velocity of 58.7 mph. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463156 AU - Wade, B AU - Stankey, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: AN OFFSET FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1983 RENAULT FUEGO INTO A RIGID POLE WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 30.0 MPH PY - 1985/09 SP - 137 p. AB - The test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1983 Renault Fuego 3-door Hatchback. The Renault Fuego was towed into a rigid pole with a closing velocity of 30.0 mph. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Rigid KW - Speed KW - Stiffness KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471821 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND TRAFFIC SAFETY, SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO, NOVEMBER 13-18, 1983 PY - 1985/09 SP - 1616 p. AB - The proceedings documented in this report are a compilation of papers presented at the 9th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety held November 13-18, 1983, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The purpose of the Conference was to bring together the world's leading authorities in science and public policy as related to substance abuse and transportation. This report documents more than 170 papers from prestigious authors associated with many of the agencies and all of the disciplines devoted to curb the drinking driver. The authors represented 26 nationalities and all 6 continents. The program of the 9th Conference, in contrast with its predecessors, shifted from countermeasures to deterrences and other preventive measures. Leading researchers and movers in the complex field of alcohol, drugs, and traffic safety presented papers in the following areas of interest at the 9 Plenary Sessions: Legal and Scientific Principles in Evaluation; Human Factors--Medical and Psychological; Corrective Programs; Technology and New Testing Instruments; Deterrent Research and Social Policy; and Public Information and Education. The 9th Conference was judged to be a success. By the time the Conference closed, participants knew much more about substance abuses and traffic behavior, and about the men and women dealing with this significant social problem. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Prevention KW - Psychological aspects KW - Public policy KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00415953 AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Hogue, K C AU - Orozco, J M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION SUPPORT FOR INNOVATIVE ALCOHOL PROJECTS: EVALUATION SUPPORT FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEOTAPING PERSONS ARRESTED FOR DWI PY - 1985/09 SP - 56 PP IN V AB - No abstract provided. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Testing KW - Texas KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/228110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457479 AU - WILLKE, D T AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT FIXED-POLE CRASH TESTING OF THE NHTSA (NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION) MODIFIED VEHICLE PY - 1985/09 SP - 31 p. AB - A series of car-to-fixed pole crash tests were performed. The test vehicles were two-door Volkswagen Rabbits. Three crashes were performed to select a test condition which represented a serious-to-fatal chest injury producing highway accident. The fourth crash utilized a structurally modified Rabbit with three inches of side interior padding. The report documents the selection of the crash conditions and the acceleration results as measured on the vehicles and on the two dummy surrogates used for each test. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Dummies KW - Fatalities KW - Fixed structures KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Side crashes KW - Structures KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00408374 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE WALKING IN TRAFFIC SAFELY WITS PROGRAM FOR PRESCHOOLERS PY - 1985/09 AB - TRAFFIC SAFETY CURRICULUM FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN KW - Children KW - Children's accidents KW - Crash types KW - Education and training KW - Prevention KW - School safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/222221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00407541 AU - WALTER, R AU - Mengert, P H AU - Salvatore, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF TIRE TREAD WEAR GROOVE PATTERNS AND THE EFFECT OF HETEROSCEDASTICITY ON TIRE TREAD WEAR STATISTICS PY - 1985/09 SP - 56 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - Heteroscedasticity KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/220576 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453265 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Freedman, M AU - Staplin, L K AU - Decina, L E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIMITED SIGHT DISTANCE WARNING FOR VERTICAL CURVES PY - 1985/09 VL - 49 IS - 2 SP - p. 46-53 AB - This article summarizes the methodology and findings of a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) contract study to evaluate highway signs designed to warn motorists of restricted sight distance because of crest vertical curves. Driver awareness, understanding, and response to a new warning sign that was developed were better than for the existing limited sight distance warning sign. However, the new sign's effectiveness still was minimal. As a result of this evaluation and of a previous study conducted by the New York State Department of Transportation, the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices voted to eliminate the limited sight distance sign (W14-4) from the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). FHWA plans to issue a Final Rule to delete this sign from the MUTCD. KW - Awareness KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Knowledge KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reaction time KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic signs KW - Vertical curvature KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270965 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453191 JO - National Safety and Health News PB - National Safety Council AU - Nelson, T L AU - National Safety Council TI - A CASE FOR TRAILER RESTRAINTS PY - 1985/09 VL - 132 IS - 3 SP - p. 60-62 AB - This article describes the trailer restraints installed at Onan Corporation's Minneapolis plant in December 1984. Trailer restraints prevent accidents by securing trailers to the dock with a steel hook that grasps the ICC bar, the horizontal bar below the rear bumper. The restraints prevent trailers from creeping away from the dock as a result of repeated forklift impact on the leveler platform. The results speak for themselves: Three times in the past four years the approximately 900 employees of the Minneapolis plant have worked more than one million consecutive hours without a lost-time accident. Onan's safety program stresses prevention. All employees receive training in safety procedures. The trailer restraints have served to increase safety awareness among all dock workers and also among the truck drivers. KW - Awareness KW - Employee participation KW - Loading docks KW - Loading facilities KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Safety programs KW - Trailer restraints KW - Training KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453192 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Falkowski, C L AU - National Safety Council TI - HENNEPIN COUNTY'S TWO-DAY SENTENCING POLICY HAS CUT NIGHTTIME INJURY CRASHES PY - 1985/09 VL - 85 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - This article presents a summary of the results obtained in Hennepin County where the Municipal Court judges voluntarily agreed to start sentencing all drivers convicted for the first time of alcohol-related offenses to serve two days in jail. It appears that the sentencing of DWI offenders to two days in jail has been met with a large degree of success. The courts have not become overburdened with trials; the workhouse has not become chronically overcrowded; nighttime injury accidents and traffic fatalities are down; and drinkers who perceive an increased likelihood of punishment report changing their drinking and driving behavior. Response from the criminal justice community and the public has been favorable, with an increase in public safety as the ultimate result. KW - Crimes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - First time offenders KW - Highway safety KW - Incarceration KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Offenders KW - Prisons KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270952 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453193 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Rauch, W H AU - National Safety Council TI - LOCKING UP 2 MILLION DWIS WOULD PUT A HUGE BURDEN ON THE CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM PY - 1985/09 VL - 85 IS - 5 SP - 5 p. AB - To help communities manage the influx of DWI offenders into their correctional systems, the American Correctional Association (ACA) has prepared a series of five manuals describing the specialized needs of DWI offenders and suggesting ways communities can maximize the effectiveness while minimizing the costs of their correctional programs. The books were prepared under contract with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This article summarizes some of the ideas and suggestions contained in the manuals. In conclusion it is stated that establishing accepted relationships among fines, probation restrictions, community service, and incarceration will offer both courts and corrections officials maximum flexibility in dealing with the limitations of jail facilities. Thereby, communities can ensure that their correctional responses are both cost effective and appropriate. KW - Community service projects KW - Correctional programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crimes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Flexibility KW - Incarceration KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prisons KW - Probation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270953 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453189 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - BROWN, S F AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - BUILDING CARS WITH MACHINES THAT SEE PY - 1985/09 VL - 227 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - This article discusses how the automobile manufacturers are using machine vision as a technique to improve the quality of their cars and the efficiency of their plants. Before machine vision was developed, robots were dependent on skilled human workers to make the necessary correction when a car came down the conveyor slightly skewed in its cradle. Now with machine vision robots and other sophisticated industrial machines have the ability to "see" what they are doing and to adapt to the vagaries of a world where things don't always show up exactly where they should be. The author of this article observed firsthand the following application: welding body seams of varying widths; tightening imprecisely located bolts; laser-marking identification numbers on engines and transmissions; arranging car hoods on racks that have unevenly spaced slots; and gauging precise body dimensions using lasers and video cameras. KW - Automobile industry KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Machine vision KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495588 AU - Segal, M R AU - Library of Congress TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PY - 1985/08/30 SP - 36 p. AB - Motor vehicle accidents involve a heavy cost to society in deaths, injuries, and property damage. The Federal Government and private industry both conduct research and development on methods for reducing this toll. Areas in which motor vehicle safety research and development is going forward today include computer applications, "friendly" interiors, small car safety, anti-skid braking, drunk driving warning systems, and truck and bus safety. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Buses KW - Compact automobiles KW - Development KW - Driver monitoring KW - Drunk driving KW - Information processing KW - Interior KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Small car KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492239 AU - Snyder AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Illinois Office of Attorney General TI - A STUDY AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ODOMETER TAMPERING BY SUBSEQUENT PURCHASERS OF ONE-TIME LEASE VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08/01 SP - 29 p. AB - The study determined the extent to which 1-time lease vehicle odometers are altered and tampered with by subsequent purchasers. Vehicle data was subpoenaed from a lease car company covering a period of one year. From this information 5,000 Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) were transmitted to 23 states through the State of Illinois Department of Law Enforcement computer and a nationwide switching and communications network located in Arizona. NLETS, as the system is called, then directed computer inquiries to each of the target states in order to determine the whereabouts of the test vehicles. Information transmitted by the 23 states enabled the Attorney General to then request the physical documents from the respective states. These documents bore mileage readings which were ultimately compared with the mileages at the time the lease car company sold the vehicles after the lease periods. The study found a substantial rollback rate. The rate as determined by the data collected was approximately 49.8%. The study found that simply requining the recording of mileages does not deter rollbacks. It was found that a few states had high mileage recording rates and low rollback rates at the same time. These states appear to also have mechanisms for visually inspecting and possibly rejecting questionable documents. The study recommends tighter mileage recording statutues, yearly reporting of lease car sales with mileages by lease car companies, more aggressive title reviews by state agencies and a central agency to coordinate interstate investigations regarding one-time lease cars. KW - Illinois KW - Leasing KW - Mileage KW - Oedometers KW - Rollback KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tampering KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603343 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREED AIR BAG SLED TESTING PROGRAM. VOLUME 3 PY - 1985/08 SP - 679 p. AB - Sled tests were performed using a driver-only airbag system in conjunction with various belting systems to determine injury criteria using 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile dummies. KW - Air bags KW - Belts KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Injury classification KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601628 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREED AIRBAG SLED TESTING PROGRAM. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 671 p. AB - Sled tests were performed using a driver-only airbag system in conjunction with various belting systems to determine injury criteria using 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile dummies. KW - Air bags KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601627 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREED AIRBAG SLED TESTING PROGRAM. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 696 p. AB - Sled tests were performed using a driver-only airbag system in conjunction with various belting systems to determine injury criteria using 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile dummies. KW - Air bags KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601629 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREED AIRBAG SLED TESTING PROGRAM. VOLUME III. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 676 p. AB - Sled tests were performed using a driver-only airbag system in conjunction with various belting systems to determine injury criteria using 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile dummies. KW - Air bags KW - Drivers KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497515 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING AWARENESS WEEK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 42 p. AB - The third annual Drunk and Drugged Driving Awareness Week was coordinated by the Department of Transportation and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. This report presents a sampling of the several hundreds of activities which took place during that week. The program serves as a rallying point for government, civic, and business groups around the Nation who wish to raise their community's awareness to the problem of the drunk driver. The effort of ten national regions are reviewed, as well as private sector efforts, and federal agencies' efforts. KW - Awareness KW - Driver training KW - Drugs KW - Government agencies KW - Private enterprise KW - Publicity KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496512 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THERE ARE NO ABSOLUTES PY - 1985/08 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - p. 10-13 AB - This article gives advice to the motorcycle rider on handling road and traffic hazards, and notes that because the motorcycling environment is in a constant state of flux, lane positioning has to be fluid and be adjusted for every change; there is no one position that is best. A motorcycle driver should consider each lane as being divided into three equal sections: left, center and right thirds. The normal riding positions should be either on the right side of the left third or the left side of the right third. These positions afford the best overall view of traffic and allow the traffic to see you. Certain modifications of these positions for different road and traffic situations are discussed. The special cases of 2-lane roads with traffic in both directions, 4-lane roads, divided highways and freeways are discussed. Mountain roads which present special situations are also discussed. KW - Divided highways KW - Four lane highways KW - Freeways KW - Hazards KW - Motorcyclists KW - Mountains KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312553 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496511 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE SOLO CRASH PY - 1985/08 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - p. 14-18 AB - This article examines the reasons for single vehicle accidents (referred to as solo accidents), the factors and circumstances surrounding these accidents, and what can be done by individual drivers to keep their cars on the road instead of against a tree. As shown by the examples cited, far more often than not, the primary cause of single vehicle accidents is some mistake of the driver--speeding on a curve, fatigue, driving under the influence of alcohol, carelessness and inattention, and the like. Other factors contribute, but the driver's mistake is foremost. The Air Force experience shows that in 1983 there were 170 fatalities in private motor vehicle accidents, of which 82 were single vehicle accidents (48%); and in 1984 there were 151 fatalities in private motor vehicle accidents, of which 83 were single vehicle accidents (55%). KW - Behavior KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495889 AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: CAR-TO-CAR OFFSET FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1984 HONDA ACCORD WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 59.3 MPH PY - 1985/08 SP - 247 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. This test report also documents steering column performance of both test vehicles. Testing was conducted with two 1984 Honda Accord 4-door Sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The Honda Accord was towed into the other Honda Accord at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 59.3 mph and an offset of 31.1 inches. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position in the subject vehicle. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the right driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy ws located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was July 24, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 82 deg F. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha KW - Research KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305968 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495618 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - NAKAHARA, M AU - MOMIYAMA, F AU - Shirai, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - GIVING TRUCKS AND BUSES POWER STEERING "FEEL" PY - 1985/08 IS - 17 SP - p. 32-42 AB - The amount of effort required to turn the steering wheels of trucks and buses when they are standing still is becoming less and less as each year passes. Up until a short time ago it had dropped to only 100 to 150N and now is even lower. However, if the effort required when the vehicle is stationary (the stationary steering effort) is reduced, the effort when it is moving is also being reduced. Thus, the loss of stationary steering effort creates the problem of loss of sense of "feel" when in motion, particularly at high speeds. This paper suggests a way out of this difficulty. First, it was easily demonstrated experimentally that the amount of effort to turn a steering wheel is inversely proportional to the speed. This reduction in the required amount of applied force is attributable to several factors: smaller steering angle, smaller front wheel axial loading due to the increase in the reactive driving force and in aerodynamic loading. All of these can be verified using a mathematical model. Tests were also conducted to determine the change in the driver-preferred turning effort as a function of driving speed using a special test panel. Certain electronically-controlled power steering equipment which reflect the above results have been devised and are described. The effectiveness of such a system in reducing the stationary steering effort and in optimizing the "feel" over the entire range of driving speeds was confirmed by actually recording data on the steering effort, the response of the vehicle to the steering effort, remarks by the drivers themselves, and other data. KW - Buses KW - Effectiveness KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Power steering KW - Sense of feel KW - Speed KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495539 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - HLDI INJURY AND COLLISION LOSS EXPERIENCE. CARS BY MAKE AND MODEL PY - 1985/08 SP - 8 p. AB - This brochure contains a table summarizing the recent insurance injury and collision loss experience of passenger cars. The data are based on the loss experience of 1982-84 cars. Injury results for cars whose basic designs were unchanged during these model years are based on the experience of all three years. Collision results are based on the latter two model years. Results for cars newly introduced or redesigned during these model years are based on the most recent years for which the designs were unchanged. The results are grouped according to four car body styles--station wagons/passenger vans, four-door models, two-door models, and sports and specialty models. The table shows very wide variations in the injury and collision loss experience of various vehicles on the nation's highways. Many of the cars with the worst injury results have claim frequencies that are double those of many of the vehicles with the best experience. Most of the cars with the best overall results (injury and collision) are larger station wagons, passenger vans, and four-door models. The cars with the worst overall results (injury and collision) are small two-door models, predominantly Japanese imports. Small sports and specialty models tend to have especially bad collision results, but most do not have particularly bad injury results. KW - Brochures KW - Crashes KW - Four door vehicles KW - Imports KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Model year KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sports cars KW - Station wagons KW - Two door vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305568 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495577 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Ballard, N R AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - THIRD REAR-MOUNT BRAKE LIGHTS: THE FACTS SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES PY - 1985/08 VL - 55 IS - 8 SP - 3 p. AB - They are sold under different names--Eye Level Stoplight, The Interceptor, High-mounted Stoplight, etc.--but the concept is the same: stoplights that are easier to see prevent more rear-end crashes. In November 1983 a federal rule was passed requiring that all passenger vehicles manufactured after September 1, 1985 be equipped with a third, high-mounted brake light as standard equipment. The light does not have to be installed in cars already on the road, but there are many motorists who will want the light installed for safety reasons. This article reveals which manufacturers have designed and plan to market the third brake light system for the aftermarket. Most of these manufacturers plan to inform the public of the relative necessity of the third brake light simply by using these facts from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: approximately 900,000 rear-end collisions may be avoided each year with the installation of the light; the light could prevent some 40,000 injuries each year; and over $434 million in property damages could be prevented. KW - Aftermarket KW - Effectiveness KW - High mounted brake lamps KW - High-mounted brake lights KW - Industries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Retrofitting KW - Safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309140 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495593 JO - Best's Review PB - A.M. Best Company AU - Loos, P AU - A.M. Best Company TI - AUTO INSURANCE--1984 PY - 1985/08 VL - 86 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - Direct auto insurance premiums written in 1984 totaled $52.6 billion, an increase of 9.0%, nearly identical to the 8.9% increase recorded in 1983. All of the top 20 auto insurance producers recorded written premiums of more than $500 million, and seven companies managed to write more than $1 billion. While its percent of premium increase was only slightly above the 1984 average, State Farm's written premiums are still significantly higher than the others'. Tables are included with this article showing: Leading Writers of Automobile Insurance (the top 20); Leading Writers of Commercial Auto Insurance (the top 20); Leading Writers of Private Passenger Auto Insurance (the top 20); and Total Auto Insurance Premium Distribution and Leading Writers by State. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Insurance KW - Insurance rates KW - Market share KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309150 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495614 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - TOMITA, N AU - WATANABE, T AU - IIDA, K AU - Iseda, Y AU - Matsunaga, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - NOISE SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF CROSS-BAR TIRE FOR HEAVY DUTY TRUCK/BUS ON A DRUM MACHINE PY - 1985/08 IS - 17 SP - p. 45-51 AB - The velocity dependency of noise was studied for the cross-bar tire first. In the case of 10.00-20 bias-ply tire, about 440 Hz and vicinity was the dominant component for A-weighted overall level. Then the acoustic intensity method was applied for noise source identification. One of the major sources was pinpointed as being the tire sidewalls just above the contact patch. It appears that the dominant noise generation mechanism for the cross-bar tire is the sidewall resonance with the tread vibration caused by the lug blocks. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Bias ply tires KW - Buses KW - Cross bar tires KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Noise sources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309157 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495575 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE BACKYARD MECHANIC: LIGHTS! PY - 1985/08 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - p. 22-27 AB - Headlights are important to the safe operation of motor vehicles. However, they need to be properly maintained to be effective. This article provides information on the types of headlights one might encounter, how to replace them, and how to make sure they are properly aimed. KW - Aim KW - Guidelines KW - Headlamps KW - Replacing KW - Types UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309139 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495617 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Nakamura, K AU - Suehiro, A AU - Shida, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - INDIRECT VISIBILITY OF HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS IN WET WEATHER PY - 1985/08 IS - 17 SP - p. 58-65 AB - Ensuring indirect rear vision is a most important requirement for safety of trucks. As is often experienced, while driving in the rain, especially at high speeds, raindrops adhering to the outside rearview mirror and door window seriously restrict indirect rear vision. In the past there has been no study of the effects on visibility by water drops adhering to mirrors and windows or of the cause of this problem. Nor has any attempt been made to present suitable countermeasures. This paper clarifies the effects of cab shape, mirror position, and vehicle speed on raindrops adhering to the outside rearview mirror and door window through tests conducted using an actual truck. A wind tunnel test was also conducted to check the behavior of air and raindrops around the cab and mirror, thereby analyzing how water drops adhere to the mirror. Countermeasures are also presented for the problem. This paper also deals with the theoretical approach to solving the problem by making a two-dimensional fluid analysis through numerical calculation. KW - Cab design KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Countermeasures KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Obstruction KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Raindrop effect KW - Rear view KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Shape KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing KW - Theory KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design KW - Wind tunnels KW - Windows UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309160 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495619 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Aihara, H AU - Tange, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - EFFECT OF METHANOL-BLENDED GASOLINE PROPERTIES ON VEHICLE PERFORMANCE PY - 1985/08 IS - 17 SP - p. 17-23 AB - The addition of methanol to gasoline raises fuel volatility, resulting in poor vehicle performance. Moreover, the use of methanol-blended gasoline in conventional gasoline engine vehicles causes an increase in evaporative emission and deterioration of hot restartability. In this study, these problems are discussed in relation to methanol content by measuring factors such as fuel hose permeability and fuel temperature in the fuel supply system. In addition, fuel volatility requirement applications are also discussed for improving hot restartability. KW - Deterioration KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel mixtures KW - Fuel systems KW - Gasoline KW - Hoses KW - Hot start KW - Hot starts (Driving) KW - Methanol KW - Permeability KW - Temperature measurement KW - Vehicle performance KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495615 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Kawagoe, K AU - IGUCHI, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL AND OPTIMUM PREVIEW CONTROL APPLICATIONS TO VEHICLE SUSPENSION PY - 1985/08 IS - 17 SP - p. 24-31 AB - Optimum active control is theoretically analyzed for a vehicle suspension model using optimum control theory. In addition, a semi-active control system is proposed which approximates optimum active control using a conventional coil spring and controllable damper. System performance is evaluated by computer simulation. Compared to a passive system, optimum active control can reduce the vertical acceleration root mean square value of a sprung mass by about 18%. Moreover, the semi-active control system developed here can achieve nearly the same performance as the optimum active control system. Additionally, optimum preview control is theoretically analyzed for vehicle models with 2 and 4 degrees of freedom. A sensor which detects the approaching road profile is used to control vehicle vibration. The performance of this system is evaluated and compared with a passive system. It can reduce the vertical acceleration rms value by about 55%, and the rms value for pitching angular acceleration by about 65%. KW - Control KW - Equations KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Performance evaluations KW - Preview control KW - Semi-active control KW - Simulation KW - Suspension systems KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495785 AU - Robbins, D H AU - Huelke, D F AU - Sherman, H W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - BIOMECHANICAL ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY: SECOND PHASE CASE REPORTS AND GUIDELILNES FOR APPLICATION ASSEMBLY MODEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 152 p. AB - The purpose of the project is to improve and doucment the methodology for investigating real-world accidents, using computerized vehicle crash and occupant motion simulation models with the objective: improvement of the quality of biomechanics injury data derived from accident investigation; improvement of definition of scenarios for stage laboratory collision tests (direction, velocity, and location of the interaction between the occupant and the vehicle). This report covers the second phase (1983-1985) of a project originaly intitiated in 1981. Part 2 of the report describes the background of the project and the methods used in developing analytical reconstructions. Part 3 summarizes the preliminary accident investigations used in selecting the 4 second phase cases. Part 4 details the 2- and 3-dimensional reconstructions accomplished. It also contains a biomechanical review of the reconstructions. Part 5 reviews the work conducted during the project and presents guidelines for application of the biomechanical accident investigation methodology, using occupant motion simulation software. KW - Biophysics KW - Case studies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Research KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305850 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495574 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SCOTCHING THE RUMORS PY - 1985/08 VL - 19 IS - 3 SP - p. 1-9 AB - Annually, over 50% of all fatal traffic accidents involve alcohol. During 1984, 69 Air Force people died in alcohol-related accidents. That is 47% of the 146 people who died in private motor vehicle accidents during that year. With these statistics in mind, this article gives some facts about the way alcohol affects people. It throws cold water on what may be some favorite misconceptions about drinking, "scotching some rumors". KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309138 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495616 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Nakano, H AU - OKADA, T AU - Ito, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - MEASUREMENT OF INDIRECT FIELD OF VIEW NEAR A MOTOR VEHICLE USING A COMPUTER PY - 1985/08 IS - 17 SP - p. 53-57 AB - When we measure indirect field of view for motor vehicles, the lamp projection method, visual inspection method and photographic method are normally employed in Japan. Each method requires a long time for its measurement. Furthermore, as for the evaluation of the distortion and size of images which are to be regarded as the practical limit for capability of seeing images by rear-view mirror, etc., we have had to rely on the subjective judgment of an observer. In order to obtain a measuring method which makes it possible to reduce the measuring time and eliminates the subjective judgment of an observer, we have developed a measuring method of indirect field of view near a motor vehicle using a computer. Therefore, using this method, it becomes possible to readily obtain practical indirect field of view near a motor vehicle on the ground or a plane at a point of any height above the ground. KW - Field of view KW - Information processing KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicles KW - Productivity KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Time savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492218 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NHTSA EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PROGRAM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO HIGHWAY SAFETY. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 29 p. AB - A brief description is given of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Emergency Medical Services (EMS) initiatives and project plans, together with a description of recommended projects which could be initiated at the State level and which are consistent with the new focus of EMS as it relates to highway safety. EMS's areas of primary emphasis are as follows: motor vehicle injury prevention/reduction; promotion of trauma care systems; and promotion of voluntary standards. The report covers FY 1985 project plan; state and community highway safety EMS projects; and state highway safety and EMS program coordination. The North Carolina Trauma Center Outreach Program and the House and Senate Appropriations Conference report are attached. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Medical services KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492215 AU - FRANK, J F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTING OF TWO PROTOTYPE IN-VEHICLE BREATH TEST DEVICES. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 19 p. AB - The results are presented of in-vehicle breath test devices designed to prevent persons with alcohol on their breath from driving a car: Soberlizer and the Alcohol Breath Ingition Controller (A.B.I.C.). In addition to alcohol sensors, these devices have features built into them to check if the sample being introduced is a true breath sample. The Soberlizer has a temperature sensor desinged to check whether the sample being introduced is the same temperature as a human breath. The A.B.I.C. has a pressure switch designed to check whether the force activating the system is as strong as a human breath. The research has shown that substitute breath samples could be introduced into either in-vehicle device to fool the system. In the case of the Soberlizer, alcohol could also be easily filtered out of breath samples before they are blown into the device to fool the system. Strategies that filter alcohol from breath samples could not be tested on the A.B.I.C. because available equipment could not produce enough pressure to activate the A.B.I.C. pressure switch. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Highway safety KW - In vehicle breath devices KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25700/DOT-HS-806-821_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492219 AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: A FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1982 VOKSWAGEN RABBIT CENTERED INTO A FIXED LOAD MEASURING BARRIER WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 29.9 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 224 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1982 Volkswagen Rabbit 5-door Hatchback at TRCO Crash Test Facility in Ohio. The Volkswagen Rabbit was towed into a load measuring barrier at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 29.9 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the vehicle. The test date was July 17, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 74 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492217 AU - Levy, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE VOLUNTARY TIRE REGISTRATION SYSTEM PY - 1985/08 SP - v.p. AB - This preliminary evaluation examines whether voluntary registration increased the proportion of all types of tires (excluding off-road tires) which are registered, the extent to which dealers and distributors have encouraged first purchasers to register their tires, and the extent to which the dealers and distributors have followed the registration procedures. The study reviewed the following: tire recall history between 1978 and 1984; percentage of tires which were registered under both mandatory and voluntary registration, for both the independent dealers and distributors now covered by VTR, and as a comparison group, for the company-owned or controlled outlets still subject to mandatory registration procedures; attitudes and practices of independent tire dealers and distributors toward VTR; and consumer experience. KW - Consumers KW - Distributors KW - Evaluation KW - Registrations KW - Retail trade KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491017 AU - Stultz, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES. MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1983 NISSAN SENTRA AT 33.4 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 161 p. AB - The report documents one of ten crash tests conducted to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1983 Nissan Sentra 2-door sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility in Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.4 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was July 19,1985 and the ambient temperature was 84 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Deformable barriers KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Nissan automobile KW - Nissan sentra KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491271 AU - Abramson, P AU - Yedlin, M AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF 1983 INSURANCE CLAIMS TO DETERMINE EFFECT OF 1983 BUMPERS ON CRASH DAMAGE. ADDENDUM PY - 1985/08 SP - 180 p. AB - Insurance claim data obtained from the State Farm Insurance Companies was analyzed to study the effect of the modification of NHTSA's standards for automotive bumpers to 2.5 mph Phase I protection effective with 1983 vehicles. Pre-change 1982 claim data were compared with post-change 1983 data to identify differences in insurance claim patterns between earlier 5 mph bumpers and the new weaker bumpers. The original research described in an accompanying final report identified important differences in the two claim samples which were attributable to the introduction of computer claim estimation in the 1983 sample. These differences influence the interpretation of the comparisons of claim patterns used to identify the effects of the change in bumper standards. This Addendum describes additional research to correct for the presence of a large number of claims for high speed impacts in the computer estimate sample. Techniques were developed to account for inherent sample differences. These techniques were used to revise experiments performed in the original research to identify the effects of the new bumper standard. KW - Bumpers KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491016 AU - Stultz, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES. MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1983 MAZDA 626 AT 33.4 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 160 p. AB - The report documents one of ten crash tests conducted to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1983 Mazda 626 4-door sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility in Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.4 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was July 10 1985 and the ambient temperature was 80 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Deformable barriers KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Mazda 626 KW - Mazda automobile KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490540 AU - Carlson, L E AU - Leonard, P AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED PERFORMANCE OF SMALL SIGN SUPPORTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/08 SP - 241 p. AB - The project was conducted to evaluate the effects of impacts with small sign supports on 1800 lb class vehicles and to select a vehicle design and develop a test methodology for future evaluation of small sign support designs. A series of impact tests was conducted to acquire vehicle and occupant response data; impacts into present small sign support designs and into an instrumented rigid pole were included. The report includes the following separately bound volumes: Volume I - Body of the report; Volume II - Vehicle selection data; Volume III - Inertia measurement data and suspension system data; Volumes IV through XV - Full scale impact test reports. KW - Design KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sign supports KW - Test procedures KW - Test vehicles KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00553771 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREED AIR BAG SLED TESTING PROGRAM.: VOLUME II PY - 1985/08 SP - 671 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Safety equipment KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/316797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00553746 AU - Esser, R C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREED AIR BAG SLED TESTING PROGRAM.: VOLUME I PY - 1985/08 SP - 696 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injuries KW - Safety equipment KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/316783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463160 AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: CAR-TO-CAR OFFSET FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF TWO 1983 RENAULT FUEGOS WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 58.9 MPH PY - 1985/08 SP - 252 p. AB - The test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. The test report also documents steering column performance of both vehicles. Testing was conducted with two 1983 Renault Fuego 3-door hatchbacks. One Renault Fuego was towed into the other Renault Fuego with a closing velocity of 58.9 mph. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Steering columns KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274540 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453204 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Fischer, R P AU - Flynn, T C AU - Miller, P W AU - Rowlands, B J AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE ECONOMICS OF FATAL INJURY: DOLLARS AND SENSE PY - 1985/08 VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - p. 746-750 AB - This study reviewed the direct costs (charges for goods and services) for 77 consecutive patients who presented to this trauma service with a Trauma Score (TS) of four or less. Seventy-four patients died (96.1%). The survival rates based upon the Trauma Scores were: TS 1, 0(0/34); TS 2, 0(0/9); TS 3, 7.7%(1/13); TS 4, 9.5%(2/21). Only four nonsurvivors lived more than 24 hours. The remaining 70 patients died within 24 hours without achieving even transient cardiovascular stability. Three of the 77 patients survived (3.9%) but only one achieved a productive recovery. The total direct cost for the 77 patients was $544,477.66. Physician fees, which accounted for 26.7% of the direct costs, averaged $1,887.57 per patient (range, 0-$11,291.00). The average direct cost for the three survivors was $50,138.94. The average direct cost for nonsurvivors was $5,325.18 ($3,383.29 for patients with a TS 1 or 2, $8,018.76 for patients with a TS 3 or 4). The hospital direct costs for nonsurvivors ranged from $40.00 for a patient declared dead on arrival to $57,817.91 for a patient who died 41 days after admission. It is futile to continue resuscitational efforts if a valid Trauma Score of 1 or 2 is confirmed shortly after the initiation of appropriate resuscitative measures. Continued therapy is futile for the remainder of patients admitted with Trauma Scores of 4 or less if they do not achieve cardiovascular stability in response to appropriate resuscitative measures within 1 hour of admission. These clinical guidelines identify fatally injured patients who present with a Trauma Score of 4 or less, and thus offer a method to minimize the direct costs of fatal injury. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economics KW - Fatalities KW - Health care KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Medical costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270955 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453266 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Oakes, D D AU - Holcomb, S F AU - Sherck, J P AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - PATTERNS OF TRAUMA CARE COSTS AND REIMBURSEMENTS: THE BURDEN OF UNINSURED MOTORISTS PY - 1985/08 VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - p. 740-745 AB - In today's rapidly changing medical-economic environment, hospitals must continually reexamine their services to determine which are cost efficient. We used a database system to analyze our financial experience with motor vehicle accident victims discharged between July 1982 and June 1983. We found that motor vehicle accidents accounted for 2.1% of discharges, but 6.6% of patient-days. The average length of stay was 23.8 days, more than three times the hospital average (7.4 days). Charges averaged $723 per day, essentially identical with the hospital average. In terms of patient-days, 51% of accident victims were covered by private insurance, 39% by Medi-Cal (California's Medicaid), and 3% by Medicare; 7% were uninsured and unsponsored. Hospital charges related directly to patient-days and were identical for the four financial categories. Overall reimbursement for these patients was 80.3% of charges, approximately equal to our estimated costs. Reimbursement as a percentage of charges varied greatly according to the category of sponsorship: private insurance, 90%; Medicare, 78%; and unsponsored, 15%. Medi-Cal paid a fixed confidential per diem rate. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) Caring for victims of motor vehicle accidents was a break-even proposition for our institution in 1982-1983. 2) Uninsured and unsponsored patients produced a large deficit which of necessity had to be made up by cost shifting to privately insured patients or by direct tax subsidies. 3) Motor vehicle insurance per se made only a modest contribution to our reimbursement for the care of these patients. 4) Although individuals at risk for motor vehicle accidents can be identified and should therefore be insurable, a substantial number of people will drive without motor vehicle insurance--in spite of "compulsory" laws. 5) Without continued cost shifting or governmental subsidies at some level, it is unlikely that comprehensive trauma care can continue to be made available to all segments of the population. KW - Accident costs KW - Automobile insurance KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost shifting KW - Costs KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Deficits KW - Health care KW - Hospitals KW - Insurance KW - Medical costs KW - Reimbursable costs KW - Subsidies KW - Uninsured motorists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453201 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGES. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES, 1982-1984 MODELS PY - 1985/08 SP - 31 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) report presents the frequency of claims for injuries to occupants of 1982, 1983, and 1984 model year passenger cars, vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles. Results are shown separately for all medical claims and for those claims for which the medical losses exceeded $250, $500, and $1,000. Principal findings are as follows: In general, the vehicles with the best results were large and those with the worst were small. Twelve of the 17 cars with the best results (more than 35 percent better than average) were large. Eleven were manufactured in the United States, nine of them by General Motors. Eighteen of the 19 cars with the worst results (more than 35 percent worse than average) were small. Both the two-door and four-door versions of the Chevrolet Chevette, Dodge Colt, Plymouth Colt, Pontiac 1000, and Nissan Sentra were among the cars with the worst results. Thirteen were imported models, 12 of them from Japan. Among the cars with the best injury experience, the Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser had the lowest overall claim frequency (46 percent below average) and the lowest frequency of claims exceeding $250 (53 percent below average). The midsize Volvo 240 station wagon had the lowest frequency of claims greater than $500 (57 percent below average). The four-door Oldsmobile Delta 88 had the lowest frequency of claims greater than $1,000 (49 percent below average). Among the cars with the worst injury loss experience, the Nissan Pulsar had the highest overall injury claim frequency (58 percent above average). The two-door Pontiac 1000 had the highest frequency of claims exceeding $250 (71 percent above average). The two-door Chevrolet Chevette and Nissan Pulsar had the largest frequency of claims exceeding $500 (62 percent above average) and the two-door Chevette also had the largest frequency of claims greater than $1,000 (59 percent above average). Vans, pickups, and utility vehicles as a group had better injury results than the average results for passenger cars. Among this group, large utility vehicles had the best injury experience, and small utility vehicles had the worst. The Chevrolet G-20 Sport Van, GMC G2500 Vandura, Ford E-150 Club Wagon, Jeep Wagoneer, and Chevrolet C10/K10 Suburban had the lowest overall injury claim frequencies. The Toyota standard bed pickup truck had the highest frequency. Injury claim frequencies were closely related to vehicle size, with the larger vehicles having lower claim frequencies. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Personal injury protection coverage KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267642 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453205 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Smego, D R AU - Richardson, J D AU - Flint, L M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - DETERMINANTS OF OUTCOME IN PANCREATIC TRAUMA PY - 1985/08 VL - 25 IS - 8 SP - p. 771-776 AB - Pancreatic injury remains a major source of morbidity and mortality. A previous review of this injury from our department confirmed that the failure to recognize major ductal injuries was a key element in poor outcome of these patients. We evaluated a treatment protocol in 72 consecutive patients that categorized injuries into one of four grades: grade I, pancreatic contusion or minor hematoma with an intact capsule and no parenchymal injury; grade II, parenchymal injury without major ductal injury; grade III, parenchymal disruption with presumed ductal injury; and grade IV, severe crush injury. All grade I and most grade II injuries were treated by drainage alone; the grade III and IV injuries were treated by pancreatic resection. Fifty-seven patients survived longer than 24 hours. There were 23 grade I patients. There were only minimal pancreatic complications and no deaths in this group. Of 18 patients with parenchymal injuries (grade II), only one death occurred, which was due to an inaccurate estimation of the degree of injury and delay in proper treatment. Sixteen patients with grade III and IV injuries were treated by resection with only one death, although the complications rose with increasing severity of the pancreatic injury. The mortality rate from pancreatic causes was 3% (2/57), a reduction from that in a previous report from our institution (19%). Our present study confirms the use of a vigorous diagnostic approach to pancreatic injuries, stresses the value of recognition of major ductal injury, and supports the utility of a treatment protocol in which clinical decisions are based on the severity of the pancreatic injury encountered. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Morbidity KW - Mortality rates KW - Pancreas KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452215 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING EXAMINER CERTIFICATION PROGRAM AND CORE CURRICULUM INSTRUCTOR'S LESSON PLANS PY - 1985/08 SP - 131 p. AB - This publication describes a Certification Program for driver licensing examiners which is based on the premise that for driver examiners to be recognized as professionals there must be a national program to assure the public, the institutions served, and government of the competence and quality of the practitioners in the field. The primary program emphasis is on recorded and evaluated achievement, and tested knowledge of driver licensing principles and techniques. Specific Certification Program objectives are: (1) to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of driver examining personnel; (2) to upgrade the professionalism of driver examiners; and (3) to establish standards for driver examiner training that will assist individual States/Provinces in their training programs. KW - Certification KW - Driver examiners KW - Driver licensing KW - Effectiveness KW - Loans KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Professional personnel KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267201 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452031 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Coleman, J M AU - Krycinski, T R AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - A MAJOR VICTORY FOR SAFETY PY - 1985/08 VL - 55 IS - 8 SP - p. 14-17 AB - On March 8, 1985 Michigan enacted a safety belt use law that would be in effect on July 1, 1985. The purpose of this article is to explain how Michigan came to enact a safety belt use law, to show how the Michigan Section of ITE (Institute of Transportation Engineers) played an important support role in this effort, and to help other states that are trying to pass safety belt laws. KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270545 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452033 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - LIN, F-B AU - SHEN, S AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN QUEUEING FLOWS AND PRESENCE DETECTORS PY - 1985/08 VL - 55 IS - 8 SP - p. 42-46 AB - As part of a study sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, an effort was made to collect data on the interactions between queueing vehicles and presence detectors. The data were collected from eight traffic lanes in Albany, N.Y. and Rochester, N.Y. The observed vehicular flows contained a negligible number of trucks and buses. Interruptions of the flow movement by pedestrians and parking maneuvers were virtually nonexistent, and the vehicle approach speeds were less than 35 mph. The data provide a basis for calibrating and modifying existing simulation models to facilitate performance analysis of traffic-actuated signal controls. The purpose of this article is to describe the nature of the observed interactions and its implications in simulation analysis of such controls. KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Calibration KW - Data collection KW - Modifications KW - Motor vehicles KW - Queuing KW - Speed KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270547 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452004 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Dunne, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - WINDSHIELDS THAT SAVE FACE PY - 1985/08 VL - 227 IS - 2 SP - p. 70 AB - This article briefly describes a new type of anti-lacerative windshield with a plastic inner liner which acts as a barrier between the victim's face and the broken glass in the event of an accident. Two versions of the new safety windshield are now being made. The first type, manufactured by Saint-Gobain Vitrage of France, is called "Securiflex" and consists of the standard three-layer windshield laminate and a fourth protective inner layer of polyurethane. The second type, from Libbey-Owens-Ford in the U.S., has five layers (the present three-layer windshield plus two inside layers). One inner layer is polyvinyl butyral; the other is a polyester film. KW - Anti-lacerative properties KW - Nonshattering glass KW - Polyester resins KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Polyvinyl butyral KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Securiflex windshields KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270526 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452032 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Garber, N J AU - Saito, M AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - LANE MARKINGS AND TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS PY - 1985/08 VL - 55 IS - 8 SP - p. 36-41 AB - A study was conducted to evaluate a type of non-standard lane marking known as the Mountain Pavement Marking (MPM) in Virginia. The MPM is used on two-lane highways in mountainous areas and consists of a single broken yellow line supplemented with "Pass With Caution" signs. The standard MUTCD (Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices) passing and no passing zones are not marked, which results in the fact that the passing maneuvers are not prohibited even when sight distances are inadequate for prevailing speeds. The methodology included a before and after study of the traffic characteristics at selected sites. The before study entailed data collection with the sites marked with MPM and the after study entailed data collection when the sites were remarked with MUTCD marking patterns. This article documents the results of detailed statistical analyses carried out to determine whether significant differences existed between the before and after data. KW - Before and after studies KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mountains KW - Road markings KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic marking KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270546 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451896 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Malfetti, J L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION SECTIONS OF THE REPORT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON DRUNK DRIVING: A CRITIQUE AND A DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS PY - 1985/08 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 347-353 AB - This is a critique of the Report of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, with special attention to those sections dealing with public information and education. Emphasis is given to the role of research in public action against drinking and driving. The question of deterrence vis a vis education and rehabilitation is examined. School-based programs, beginning in the early years, are viewed as promising preventive measures, along with public information programs that target high-risk groups and are combined with grass-root community support and intervention. Criteria are studied for formative evaluation of school-based programs, and recommendations are made for research to combat drunk driving in both school-based and public information programs. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Information dissemination KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270464 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451872 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Starmer, G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ANTIHISTAMINES AND HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1985/08 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 311-317 AB - Available evidence that antihistamine-induced impairment of human psychomotor performance constitutes a traffic hazard is reviewed against a set of criteria which could theoretically be applied to any drug or group of drugs. Two distinct classes of histamine antagonists, which act at different receptors (H1 and H2) are now available and they should be considered separately. H1-Antagonists are freely available to the public and are consumed in enormous quantities. They are a rather heterogenous group of drugs which share the common property of antagonising some of the effects of histamine. Other effects, particularly sedation, are prominent with many of the older members of the group and these drugs can be shown to impair performance in laboratory tasks and to interact additively with alcohol and other central nervous system depressant drugs. Despite this potential for impairment of driving ability, they are seldom suggested as causative factors in traffic crashes. This may, of course, be due to inadequacy of reportage. A number of new histamine H1-antagonists have been developed recently which only gain limited access to the central nervous system and appear to be less likely to cause impairment of performance skill. Histamine H2-antagonists have a much more restricted and closely supervised use in medicine and of the two agents currently available (cimetidine and ranitidine), only cimetidine appears to pose traffic safety problems largely because of its ability to interfere with the metabolism of other drugs which depress the central nervous system. Appropriate prescribing should eliminate this problem. With both classes of histamine antagonist it is now possible for the prescriber to select from the available drugs one with a minimal potential for disrupting driving ability. KW - Antihistamines KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270442 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451867 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - LINNOILA, M AU - SEPPALA, T AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND DRIVING PY - 1985/08 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 297-301 AB - The impact of antidepressants on traffic safety is presently unknown. According to laboratory tests antidepressants can have both beneficial and untoward effects on skills required for driving. Studies in healthy volunteers and patients suggest that antidepressants free of sedative effects should be used in active outpatients. Successful treatment of depression probably reduces the accident risk of a depressed driver. An interaction between antidepressants and alcohol as well as the effect of untreated depression may be more important for traffic safety than drug effects alone. KW - Alcohol use KW - Antidepressants KW - Depression (Mental condition) KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Hazards KW - Laboratory tests KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270438 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451889 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - BROWN, B P AU - Salmi, R AU - Lecours, S AU - Battista, R N AU - American Public Health Association TI - MOTOR VEHICLE RELATED INJURY ON THE BRIDGES BETWEEN MONTREAL AND THE SOUTH SHORE OF THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, 1978-1982 PY - 1985/08 VL - 75 IS - 8 SP - p. 871-874 AB - The injury experience related to motor vehicle crashes on four bridges and one tunnel in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from 1978 to 1982, are described. Particular attention is given to the Jacques Cartier Bridge, publicly perceived as being excessively dangerous. Data from the Quebec Automobile Insurance Board and police reports confirm an excess of deaths (19/34; rate ratio = 4.5) and severe injuries (69/109; rate ratio = 6.2) on the Jacques Cartier Bridge, and the association of 74 percent of the fatalities and 64 percent of the severe-injury cases on this bridge with a single curve. Crashes follow a consistent pattern; vehicles fail to negotiate the curve and strike vehicles moving in the opposite direction. The demonstrated association between crashes and design factors provides a basis for identifying effective remedial and preventive measures. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - High risk locations KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Structural design KW - Traffic crashes KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270458 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451874 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Moskowitz, H AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - MARIHUANA AND DRIVING PY - 1985/08 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 323-345 AB - A review was performed of the marihuana and driving literature, both epidemiological and experimental. It was noted that epidemiological studies face considerable difficulties in obtaining estimates of risks involved for drivers utilizing marihuana due to the rapid decline in blood levels of tetrahydrocannabinol. On the other hand, experimental studies examining the relationship between administered marihuana dose and performance have identified many driving-related areas as exhibiting impairment. Areas impaired include coordination, tracking, perception, vigilance and performance in both driving simulators and on the road. Other behavioral areas of lesser importance for driving also exhibited evidence of impairment by marihuana. Areas for further research are suggested. KW - Behavior KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Experimental data KW - Hazards KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Personnel performance KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270444 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451873 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Judd, L L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS ON DRIVING AND DRIVING RELATED PSYCHOMOTOR FUNCTIONS PY - 1985/08 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 319-322 AB - Despite the extremely widespread use of antipsychotic medications, there is little evidence from the surveys conducted to date, that this class of psychoactive medications is significantly implicated in vehicular crashes or deaths. In five major surveys of vehicular fatalities, in which drug and alcohol analyses were obtained, only two of over 800 victims studied involved detection of antipsychotic medications. It is clear that the acute administration of antipsychotics in normal individuals does induce sedation and performance decrements in visual-motor coordination and specific attentional behaviors, which have a deleterious effect on driving behavior. On the other hand, it should be emphasized that antipsychotics are rarely used on an acute basis and tolerance to the sedation and decreased alertness does occur during chronic treatment. Antipsychotic drugs have the capacity to potentiate the effects of alcohol, sedative hypnotics, narcotics and antihistamines; therefore, the combination of antipsychotics with these substances increases the impairment of driving behavior. There is an indication that the less sedating piperazine phenothiazines and the butyrophenones may have little or no effect on psychomotor performance, and antipsychotic drugs of these two subclasses may have a distinct advantage, at least in terms of driving performance, over the other more sedating drugs. Antipsychotic drugs are almost never used for recreational or abuse purposes; therefore, more central to the focus of this review is the effect that antipsychotics may have on the driving behavior of those seriously disordered mentally ill patients who require continued maintenance on these medications. There is good agreement in the literature which suggests that schizophrenic patients demonstrate improved psychomotor performance during chronic treatment with antipsychotic drugs. Thus, it is possible that despite the fact that antipsychotics have been shown, on an acute basis, to impair driving performance in normals, they may have a beneficial effect on driving behavior in schizophrenics. Unfortunately, there is no study in the literature which focusses on the effect of long term maintenance of antipsychotic drugs on driving performance of schizophrenic patients. What is desperately needed is a carefully designed investigation to ascertain the effect of serious mental illness on driving behavior per se and in turn, to study the effect of chronic treatment with antipsychotics on driving skills in the same patients. This is a public health concern of significant proportion and data of this nature are long overdue and very much needed. KW - Antipsychotic drugs KW - Behavior KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Mental illness KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Psychotropic agents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270443 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451870 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Smith, E M AU - Miller, E R AU - Woolson, R F AU - Brown, C K AU - American Public Health Association TI - BLADDER CANCER RISK AMONG AUTO AND TRUCK MECHANICS AND CHEMICALLY RELATED OCCUPATIONS PY - 1985/08 VL - 75 IS - 8 SP - p. 881-883 AB - Male participants in the NCI National Bladder Cancer study were evaluated for risks in auto and truck mechanic and in chemically related exposure occupations compared with those who had never worked in these areas. In nonsmokers the adjusted rate ratios (RR) for mechanics equalled 1.33, (95% CI 0.77, 2.31). The adjusted RR in the nonsmoker chemically related group was 1.53 (95% CI 1.13, 2.07). Duration of exposure as a mechanic was not clearly associated with bladder cancer risk regardless of smoking status. KW - Hazards KW - Mechanics KW - Occupational diseases KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270441 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451885 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - CHESHER, G B AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE INFLUENCE OF ANALGESIC DRUGS IN ROAD CRASHES PY - 1985/08 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 303-309 AB - The involvement in road crashes of two classes of drug referred to as analgesics is discussed. Evidence for the effect on traffic safety of each drug group is examined in terms of their behavioural pharmacology and of the available epidemiological data. In the case of the antipyretic analgesics, such as aspirin, there is no evidence to suggest any causative involvement in road crashes. In view of the striking differences in the supply and manner of use of the legal and illegal narcotic analgesics, these are examined separately. The behavioural pharmacology of intravenously administered heroin suggests that any drug induced deficit in driving performance is not due to any effect on psychomotor function, but might be expected from the effect of the drug on mood states. Methadone, as used in treatment schedules for narcotic dependence produces no significant effect on measures of human skills performance. Epidemiological data are contradictory though the suggestion is that the involvement of the narcotic analgesic drugs in road crashes is unlikely to be a source of significant concern. A suggestion is made that a closer examination be undertaken of the involvement in road crashes of the more widely available narcotic drugs codeine and propoxyphene when they are taken together with alcohol. KW - Analgesics KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Epidemiology KW - Medication KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270454 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451813 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Coggins, F AU - Hearst Magazines TI - HOW TO INSTALL A THIRD BRAKE LIGHT PY - 1985/08 VL - 162 IS - 8 SP - 2 p. AB - A National Highway Traffic Safety Administration mandate requires that all passenger vehicles be built with a single, center, high-mounted stoplamp (in addition to the pair presently required) effective September 1, 1985. It is claimed that such an installation can reduce chances of rear-end collisions by 53%. Do-it-yourself installation (kit offered by Chevrolet) of "thirdeye" brake light is fairly simple depending upon where the unit is mounted: within the vehicle, showing through the rear window; outside the vehicle, below the rear window; or on the roof. Tips on installing the lights are described. An alternative to the do-it-yourself kit is the use of circular, truck-type side marker lights mounted inboard or outboard. Differences between domestic and imported vehicles which affect installation are also noted. General Motors has made the third brake light standard equipment on some 1985 models and optional in others. KW - Automobiles KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - High mounting KW - Installation KW - Laws KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Third brake light KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270390 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451866 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Ellinwood, E H AU - Heatherly, D G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - BENZODIAZEPINES, THE POPULAR MINOR TRANQUILIZERS: DYNAMICS OF EFFECT ON DRIVING SKILLS PY - 1985/08 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - p. 283-290 AB - The adverse effects of minor tranquilizers, and more specifically benzodiazepines, on psychomotor and cognitive performance have been documented repeatedly over the years, and epidemiological studies have provided sufficient evidence of their role in traffic accidents. These studies indicate that drug plasma level (DPL) is insufficiently correlated with impairment and that other factors need to be considered in determining the impairment vulnerability. This report reviews several sources of individual variability, particularly as they relate to differential impairment effects. These sources, which include such factors as acute peak effects, acute tolerance, chronic tolerance, benzodiazepine receptor affinity and individual sensitivity, need to be examined before quantification of DPL is introduced as a criterion for driving under the influence. Behavioral testing itself may become the critical means of assessing drug- and/or drug with alcohol-induced driving impairment if acceptable standardized procedures can be developed. Attention is drawn to the rapid onset of impairment associated with acute effects of more lipid soluble drugs. The discussion of impairment of benzodiazepines should be seen in the perspective of their relative overall safety compared to other drugs used as minor tranquilizers. KW - Alcohol use KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270437 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623520 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Bonnie, R J AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - REGULATING CONDITIONS OF ALCOHOL AVAILABILITY: POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1985/07 SP - p. 129-143 AB - The question addressed in this paper is whether the prevalence of alcohol-impaired driving can be affected by modifying the conditions under which alcohol is available. Such an effect might be achieved in two general ways. First, the laws and policies governing availability might be altered to reduce the level of consumption, either in the population at large or in identifiable segments of the population thought to be at special risk for problem drinking. Second, even if prevailing levels of consumption remain unchanged, laws and policies relating to the conditions of availability might be selectively altered to reduce the likelihood that drinkers will drive while intoxicated. The paper summarizes available data concerning the effects of alcohol control policies on highway safety, and, in addition, focuses attention on the links between data and policy. Several preliminary observations are made concerning the considerations that should be taken into account in framing the role of the law in regulation of alcohol. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Countermeasures KW - Data KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Policy KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366384 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623518 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Haskins, J B AU - Haskins, T S AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - MAJOR SOCIAL ACTION GROUPS AGAINST DRUNKEN DRIVERS PY - 1985/07 SP - p. 192-195 AB - This article briefly reviews the history of the social action groups against drunken drivers in the United States, then takes a closer look at the following groups: Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD); Remove Intoxicated Drivers (RID); and Students Against Driving Drunk (SADD). Also discussed are social action groups in Canada and their long-standing relationships with the Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada. KW - Canada KW - History KW - Impacts KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Remove intoxicated drivers (Rid) KW - Social action groups KW - Students Against Drunk Driving KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366382 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623519 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Haskins, J B AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY CAMPAIGNS PY - 1985/07 SP - p. 184-191 AB - This article gives an overview of the role of the mass media in highway safety campaigns directed at the drinking and driving problem. Attention is focused on public service campaigns and paid advertising campaigns. The following questions are addressed: (1) what is known about the role, use and effects of mass media in campaigns on drinking and driving; (2) what are the deficiencies in the research evidence gathered thus far; (3) what additional knowledge is needed to conduct successful mass media campaigns; (4) what research is needed to get that additional knowledge; and (5) what practical actions can be started now to improve media campaigns? KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Data needs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Information organization KW - Mass media KW - Public service KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366383 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620529 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Mitchell, M C AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ALCOHOL-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION: BEHAVIORAL SKILLS INVOLVED IN DRIVING PY - 1985/07 SP - p. 109-116 AB - The effects of alcoholic beverages on the central nervous system (CNS) are well-recognized by physicians, psychologists, social scientists and laypersons alike. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to summarize past research findings on these effects as related to impairment of driving ability and (2) to project future research needs in this area. To understand the complex effects of alcohol on CNS function attention must be given to the dose-response curve relating the blood alcohol level (BAL) and the magnitude of its effects, the time course of these effects and modifying factors such as individual susceptibility due to environmental or genetic variables. The extent and pattern of previous drinking experiences should be examined because tolerance develops to some if not all pharmacological effects of alcohol. Driving a motor vehicle is a complex task involving perception, attention, psychomotor skills and judgment. Important information regarding impairment of driving ability by alcohol can be obtained through both study of the effects of alcohol on the integrated task of driving and study of the effects of alcohol on individual components of the task. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Central nervous system KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drug effects KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Motor skills KW - Nervous system KW - Personnel performance KW - Pharmacologic effect KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364911 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620525 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Simpson, H M AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - HUMAN-RELATED RISK FACTORS IN TRAFFIC CRASHES: RESEARCH NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES PY - 1985/07 SP - p. 32-39 AB - Identifying research needs and opportunities should be a relatively easy task. It isn't because there exists little consensus either about what we need to know or what is already known. Alcohol and traffic safety is an issue that has profound social and political implications. Accordingly, rational and systematic initiatives often give way to political and social exigencies. In such a context there exist very different perspectives on what is known and what needs to be known. At opposite extremes are those who assert that our knowledge base is perfectly adequate and those who argue that our knowledge base if frightfully inadequate. Likely, reality lies intermediate to these perspectives. This paper emerges within this context and these perspectives. Needs and opportunities are defined, followed by an historical perspective on the topic. The next section deals with research needs relevant to the magnitude and extent of the problem of alcohol-related accidents, including its monitoring over time. This section deals primarily with data bases, their characteristics and utility. The next section deals with research needs related to the nature and characteristics of this problem, particularly human-related factors such as who drives after drinking and why. The final section deals with methodological research needs. KW - Databases KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Human factors KW - Methodology KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364907 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620526 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Waller, J A AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - RESEARCH NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES CONCERNING HUMAN-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS IN CRASHES INVOLVING ALCOHOL PY - 1985/07 SP - p. 54-60 AB - There has been continuing awareness and concern that alcohol is a drug capable of impairing ability to receive information, to process it in timely and appropriate fashion and to make timely and appropriate responses. One, however, cannot talk about impairment within a vacuum, but rather within the context of the question, impairment for what? It is not enough to say that a car crashed because the driver was impaired by alcohol. Equally important is the following question: If the driver was so impaired and had been so impaired for the past several miles during which the driver had been maneuvering the vehicle, why was there no crash until now? One possibility is that the crash at this moment, as opposed to a previous moment, was simply a random event. Another possibility is that the task became sufficiently more demanding at this moment so that the driver--despite no difference in physiological or psychological level of impairment--was no longer able to cope effectively with data input and processing or in response to the results of those two components of function. It is equally unsatisfactory simply to say that the task became too demanding for a driver impaired by alcohol. One must know which of the several possible components of task demand became excessive and why. Some of these unexplored issues are the subject of the first part of this paper. The second part examines research questions concerning human-environmental interactions during the crash or injury phase. KW - Drunk driving KW - Environment KW - Human factors KW - Interaction KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364908 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620528 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Dubowski, K M AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION AND ELIMINATION OF ALCOHOL: HIGHWAY SAFETY ASPECTS PY - 1985/07 SP - p. 98-108 AB - Most of the relevant factors and considerations affecting the alcohol contents of various body tissues and fluids and the dose-time-effect relationships fall into the field of pharmacokinetics, which broadly concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of drugs. Pharmacokinetic parameters affect both the validity and usefulness of alcohol determinations as indicators of driver impairment by alcohol in such respects as choice of sample materials and the probative value and interpretation of results of alcohol analysis. An understanding of alcohol pharmacokinetics is also needed for the proper evaluation and assessment of the validity and significance of studies correlating alcohol concentrations in body fluids with driver performance or impairment, and for proper appreciation of differences between studies. In this paper, several of the more relevant and problematic aspects of alcohol pharmacokinetcs are considered from the aspect of highway safety. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drug effects KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Pharmacokinetics KW - Pharmacologic effect UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364910 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620527 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Donelson, A C AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT: RESEARCH NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES PY - 1985/07 SP - p. 78-89 AB - This paper examines research needs and opportunities in the area of drinking and driving in the sociocultural context. A threefold approach is taken. First, underlying issues are examined. These issues relate generally to (1) the complexity of the problem of alcohol-related accidents; (2) its diffuse persistence throughout the social fabric; and (3) the relative ineffectiveness of policies and programs to reduce its magnitude. The issues relate specifically to (1) perspectives of the problem of alcohol-related accidents; (2) the salience of social and cultural factors; (3) the idea of a "technology of social change"; and (4) the function and role of research in the overall societal response to the problem. Second, the paper underscores the need for research in the process of "doing something about the problem". Finally, the paper identifies research needs pertinent to the sociocultural context of the problem of alcohol-related accidents. KW - Drunk driving KW - Research KW - Social factors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364909 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00620524 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Richman, A AU - Alcohol Research Documentation, Incorporated TI - HUMAN RISK FACTORS IN ALCOHOL-RELATED CRASHES PY - 1985/07 SP - p. 21-31 AB - This paper reviews the human factors that place drivers at a high risk of alcohol-involved traffic crashes. The following questions are addressed: What data are available on traffic crashes? How is alcohol involvement assessed? Which persons are at risk? KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Human factors KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/364906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497520 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 101 DRUNK DRIVING PUBLIC IMNFORMATION IDEAS. WE'RE GETTING THE WORD OUT AND YOU CAN HELP PY - 1985/07 SP - v.p. AB - This guide is designed to show communicators a wide range of drunk driving public information materials used around the country. The materials were selected to exemplify a variety of subjects, themes, appeals, and formats. The materials may be adopted for local use. The materials, it is hoped, will be effective in changing paublic attidudes and behaviors about drunk driving. KW - Attitudes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Information dissemination KW - Publicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497522 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: A FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1984 HONDA ACCORD CENTERED INTO A RIGID POLE WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 30.0 MPH PY - 1985/07 SP - 161 p. AB - This test report doucments one of a series of crash tests to evluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1984 Honda Accord 4-door Sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The Honda Accord was towed into the Centerline of the rigid pole at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 30.060.1 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position. The test date was April 25, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 72 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Honda Accord KW - Honda automobile KW - Impact tests KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497524 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: CAR-TO-CAR OFFSET FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF TWO 1983 DODGE OMNIS WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 59.9 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 259 p. AB - This test report doucments one of a series of crash tests to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. This test report also documents steering column performance of both test vehicles. Testing was conducted with two 1983 Ddodge Omni 5-door hatchbacks at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. One Dodge Omni was towed into the other Dodge Omni at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 59.9 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right rear seating position. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was May 24 1985 and the ambient temperature was 72 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dodge automobile KW - Dodge omni KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310774 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495573 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - BUNKETORP, O AU - Romanus, B AU - Kroon, P O AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - HEAD AND NECK INJURIES IN GOTEBORG IN 1983 PY - 1985/07 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - p. 31-36 AB - A hospital-based registration of traffic accident casualties was introduced in Goteborg in 1979. From 1983 the data of this register and the accident data recorded by the police can be matched and analysed with a computer program developed in cooperation with the Traffic Planning Department of the Town Planning Council of Goteborg. The data base contains 1856 casualties from 1983. Head injuries are common in traffic accidents and they can constitute a great threat to life. Neck injuries are less common but these include critical injuries to the medulla oblongata caused by fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. Most of the neck injuries are sustained by car occupants. The symptoms of neck injuries are not always noted immediately but there is a considerable risk of prolonged disability in some of these cases. The purpose of this paper is to describe the epidemiology of head and neck injuries in urban traffic and to identify accident factors and trauma mechanisms which may correlate to an increased risk of serious injuries and permanent impairment. KW - Epidemiology KW - Goteborg (Sweden) KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Permanent impairment KW - Physical disabilities KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309137 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495550 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SHORT TRIPS: MOST ACCIDENTS HAPPEN WITHIN 25 MILES OF HOME PY - 1985/07 VL - 19 IS - 2 SP - 7 p. AB - This article provides some helpful tips on making short trips, or trips within about 25 miles of your home. Such trips may be made "around" town on freeways or "across" town on city streets. Since statistics state that most accidents happen close to home, driving through town and around it should be taken seriously. Statistics also show that most automobile accidents happen at intersections, and freeways, whatever their hazards, don't have intersections. The tips offered cover such topics as getting on and off freeways, what the lanes should be used for, passing on freeways, what to do in case of a break down on the freeway, accident avoidance, yellow lights, getting stuck in heavy traffic, right turn on red, and the use of rear view and side mirrors. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Driving KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Intersections KW - Local street KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Streets KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495555 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Nicholson, A S AU - David, G C AU - Taylor & Francis TI - SLIPPING, TRIPPING AND FALLING ACCIDENTS TO DELIVERY DRIVERS PY - 1985/07 VL - 28 IS - 7 SP - p. 977-991 AB - North American studies have shown that approximately 25% of injuries to drivers of commercial vehicles are caused by slipping, tripping and falling accidents and a large proportion of these are associated with entry to and exit from the vehicle. No similar data have been obtained for delivery drivers within the U.K. and a study has therefore been carried out to investigate the slipping, tripping and falling accidents sustained during the distribution of products using commercial road vehicles. Accident information from two companies which operate large commercial vehicle fleets has been analysed and data on slipping, tripping and falling accidents to drivers have been examined using a sequential accident model in order to identify contributory factors. Entry and exit systems to and from the vehicles have been evaluated and compared with the minimum requirements which have been proposed by various authorities. A questionnaire survey of drivers has also been carried out to determine the comments of the user population in order to identify additional factors which may contribute to the level of hazard. The need for further research to provide comprehensive guidelines for vehicle system designers has been identified. KW - Contributing factors KW - Crash causes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Delivery vehicles KW - Falls KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers KW - United Kingdom KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495543 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Opiela, K S AU - Cynecki, M J AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN SIGNALIZATION ALTERNATIVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 153 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the operational and safety effects of various pedestrian signalization alternatives. An analysis was conducted of pedestrian accidents, traffic and pedestrian volumes, geometrics, and signal data for 1,297 signalized intersections in 15 U.S. cities to determine the safety effects of pedestrian signals and signal timing. The presence of standard-timed pedestrian (WALK/DON'T WALK) signals was found to have no significant effect on pedestrian accidents. However, scramble (or exclusive) pedestrian timing was associated with significantly lower pedestrian accidents. Current MUTCD warrants for pedestrian signals were evaluated and Warrant 3 (Minimum Pedestrian Warrant) was found to be ineffective. An improved warrant was developed and is recommended for adoption. Several new sign and signal alternatives were developed and field tested to indicate the clearance interval and to warn of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. The alternatives recommended for inclusion in the MUTCD at high pedestrian hazard intersections include the WALK WITH CARE signal, a YIELD TO PEDESTRIANS WHEN TURNING regulatory sign, a PEDESTRIANS WATCH FOR TURNING VEHICLES warning sign, and a pedestrian signal explanation sign (word and symbolic). A three-phase pedestrian signal using DON'T START to indicate the clearance interval was recommended for additional testing, and little or no benefit was found from the flashing WALK or the steady DON'T WALK. Allowing pedestrians to yield to traffic and cross against the pedestrian signal was found to be undesirable based on safety considerations. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Geometric design KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian density KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian signs KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian volume KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Recommendations KW - Regulatory signs KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic volume KW - Warning signs KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495544 AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - 1984 NORTH DAKOTA VEHICULAR ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1985/07 SP - 30 p. AB - This annual publication is a study of the data compiled and developed from an analysis of the motor vehicle traffic accidents for all street and highway systems in North Dakota. The data are received from reports submitted by law enforcement agencies in their investigations of all traffic accidents resulting in death, personal injury, or property damage of $400 or more during 1984. Included are the following: Introduction; Did You Know?--General Accident Statements; Cost of Traffic Accidents; Fatalities--State and National Rate; Map--Fatality Rates by County; Persons Killed and Injured by County; Reportable Accidents by County; Fatalities on Major Holidays; Accidents and Fatalities by Time of Day and Day of Week; Age and Sex of Fatalities; Age and Sex of Drivers Involved in Fatal Accidents; Age and Sex of Persons Injured; Accident Involvement by Age, Sex and License of Driver; Alcohol Statistics; Traffic Violations/Convictions; Accidents by Type of Driver Violation/Circumstance; Accident Summary by Month; Road Surface and Weather Conditions; Accidents by Light Conditions; Restraint Device Usage and Ejection; Type of Motor Vehicle Accidents; Reportable Accidents by City; Vehicle Involvement by Type; Accidents by Object Struck; Accidents by Population and Roadway; and Non-Traffic Accidents. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Animals KW - Automobiles by type KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Days KW - Driver age KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Fixed object KW - Gender KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Night KW - North Dakota KW - Population KW - Road conditions KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic violations KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle type KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305573 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495755 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Volfson, B P AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - WHEEL SLIP PHENOMENA PY - 1985/07 VL - 6 IS - 4/5 SP - p. 556-560 AB - A study is reported of the physical nature of what is known as a tire slip phenomenon, and of the unknown mechanics based on the four different physical phenomena referred to as the slips of the first, second, third, and fourth types. The term tire-slip is used in the design and analysis of off road vehicles, and covers 4 different physical phenomena. Each of these phenomena manifests itself in an experiment as the obvious difference between a distance which the tire should travel in each revolution, and a distance which the tire actuallly travels. KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Wheel slip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495548 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - CUSTOMER PERCEPTION OF HOT-WEATHER DRIVEABILITY IN 1977-1981 PASSENGER VEHICLES PY - 1985/07 SP - v.p. AB - The Coordinating Research Council, Inc., conducted a program in Phoenix, Arizona, from June 12 to August 8, 1981, to investigate customer perception of hot-weather driveability problems in routine daily service as influenced by changes in gasoline volatility. Using established CRC driving cycles, trained raters also evaluated the hot-weather driveability and vapor lock tolerance of each customer's car. Data were then available to provide relationships betwen customer and trained rater evaluations. Daily maximum temperatures in Phoenix were consistently above 90 deg F, and frequently above 100 deg F. Fifty-five customers were selected for participation in the program, allowing for a wide variety of traffic and driving conditions generally associated with hot-weather driveability problems. The customer-owned vehicles included in the program were 1977-1981 models, most equipped with automatic transmissions. Some light-duty trucks were included, as well as passenger cars. Vehicles were selected to be representative of the current car population, and were given a mechanical check to insure that they were in good running order. Five fuels of varying volatilities were used in the test program. KW - Automobiles KW - Driveability KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Gasoline KW - Hot weather KW - Light trucks KW - Perception KW - Vapor lock KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306386 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495754 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Reipert, R AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THE OPTIMIZATION OF AN EXTREMELY LIGHT CAST ALUMINUM WHEEL RIM PY - 1985/07 VL - 6 IS - 4/5 SP - p. 509-513 AB - It is noted how rounded surfaces which reduce wind resistance, and low vehicle weight lower fuel consumption. In the search for lightweight wheel which was both safe and durable, an aluminum wheel manufactured by low-pressure die casting was considesred appropriate. This article describes the mechanics of such a wheel. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway safety KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle weight KW - Wheels KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309257 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495572 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - CARLSSON, G AU - NILSSON, S AU - Nilsson-Ehle, A AU - Norin, H AU - Ysander, L AU - Ortengren, R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - NECK INJURIES IN REAR END CAR COLLISIONS. BIOMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS TO IMPROVE HEAD RESTRAINTS PY - 1985/07 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - p. 25-30 AB - In this paper, Volvo accident statistics are examined with respect to neck injuries. The aspect of long term consequences is also discussed. Biomechanical aspects of the injury mechanisms are reviewed and parameters that are considered crucial for the causation of injuries are discussed. The final part of the paper outlines future research needs. The purpose has been to find guidelines for the improvement of head restraints. KW - Biophysics KW - Causes KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Design KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guidelines KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Rear end crashes KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309136 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495624 JO - Research in Brief PB - National Institute of Justice AU - Hoffman, D AU - Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency TI - THE NEW DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE LAW IN PENNSYLVANIA: FIRST YEAR OBSERVATIONS PY - 1985/07 SP - 8 p. AB - During the past two years, drunken driving arrests in Pennsylvania have increased 50% and alcohol-related traffic deaths have declined 24%. Many observers credit the passage of the new state Driving Under the Influence (DUI) law (Act 289 of 1982), which became effective in January 1983, with changing the public's attitudes regarding the dangers and consequences of drinking and driving. The law provides for a series of changes in the penalties for driving drunk, including a per se law that makes a blood alcohol level of at least 0.10% all that is necessary to establish guilt. Also, the law provides for mandatory penalties including 48 hour jail sentences, fines of $300 to $5,000, Alcohol Highway Safety School attendance, and license suspensions of at least one year for convicted first offenders. Some first offenders not involved in serious accidents may, in lieu of the two-day jail term, attend Alcohol Highway Safety School, receive a minimum one-month license suspension, and serve a probation-type sentence known as Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition (ARD). This report analyzes the preliminary experiences of the Pennsylvania criminal justice system in implementing the new law, examines available data on alcohol-related highway accidents, and highlights the problems of underage DUI and drug use while driving. KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crimes KW - Deterrence KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Incarceration KW - Laws KW - Penalties KW - Pennsylvania KW - Per se laws KW - Prisons KW - Prosecution KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Suspensions KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495840 AU - Minnesota Department of Health TI - REVIEW AND COST OF ALCOHOL ABUSE IN MINNESOTA PY - 1985/07 SP - 117 p. AB - This is an examination of the costs incurred as a result of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. The cost of alcohol abuse was estimated by analyzing its involvement in multiple areas: health care, mortality, reduced productivity, lost employment, motor vehiclular crashes, driving and liquor law offenses, child abuse, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fires. Some costs such as unreported, nonfatal injuries, and the suffering of the victims of alcohol related crimes and injuries cannot be estimated. It is concluded that alcohol abuse cost Minnesota between $684 million and $1.95 billion in 1983. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Costs KW - Fatalities KW - Health KW - Minnesota KW - Mortality rates KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495620 AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE EFFECT OF VEHICLE INTERIOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS ON DRIVER SIGHT DISTANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 14 p. AB - A study was conducted to measure the effect of various vehicle interior lighting systems on driver sight distance at night. A new lighting system, in which the sources were contained in the rearview mirror, was compared with the standard system and a control (no lights) in three different vehicles for both forward and rearward visibility. It was found that turning on the interior lights could reduce forward sight distance by as much as 20%. The effect was much more pronounced for rearward sight distance. The new lighting system was better than the standard system in two of the three cars for forward sight distance, and better in all three for rearward sight distance. KW - Interior lighting KW - Motor vehicles KW - Night KW - Night visibility KW - Rear view KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Sight distance KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495549 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1982 CRC FUEL RATING PROGRAM: ROAD OCTANE PERFORMANCE OF OXYGENATES IN 1982 MODEL CARS PY - 1985/07 SP - v.p. AB - Because of the widespread interest in the use of alcohols and ethers as gasoline blending components, the road octane rating program reported here was conducted to evaluate the effects of several oxygenates on gasoline octane performance and to evaluate the effects of car design features such as engine and transmission type. Twenty-eight unleaded fuels, including four hydrocarbon fuels, two hydrocarbon fuels plus toluene, and twenty-two oxygenated fuels, were rated in duplicate in thirty-eight cars. Five oxygenates were evaluated at two nominal concentrations, 5 and 10 volume percent, at both regular- and premium-grade octane levels: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, tertiary butanol, and methyl tertiary butyl ether. A blend of 5% methanol and 5% tertiary butanol was also tested at both octane levels. Two different techniques were used to analyze the data obtained in this program: the conventional method, used in all previous programs, which analyzed data from all of the fuels together; and a different approach whereby road octane number prediction equations were developed for each car and for all cars using only the six hydrocarbon fuels. It was found that the addition of oxygenates caused nonlinear increases in all the octane numbers: Road octane number, Research octane number, and Motor octane number. The effects tended to level off with increasing concentration. A new term, Road Octane Performance, was devised to represent the Road octane number performance of the oxygenates as compared with hydrocarbon blending components. In the regular grade fuels at full throttle, all the oxygenates showed improved Road Octane Performance. Oxygenates in regular-grade fuels had highly significant beneficial effects in six cylinder engines as a group, whereas the four-cylinder and V8 engines showed smaller, and non-significant, effects. With the premium fuels, none of the engine types showed significant effects; however, the V8s showed significantly poorer responses than the other engine types. There was no significant effect of transmission type. KW - Data analysis KW - Engines KW - Ethanol KW - Ethers KW - Fuel additives KW - Gasoline KW - Isopropanol KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Methanol KW - Methyl ether KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Oxygenates KW - Performance evaluations KW - Tertiary butanol KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492214 AU - Flick, M A AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF BRAKING REGULATIONS - REPORT NUMBER 4: TESTING TO ADDRESS ISSUES RAISED DURING DEVELOPMENT OF THE NPRM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 127 p. AB - A Rulemaking Support Paper proposing the replacement of the current FMVSS No. 105 was issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1984. Tests to address issues raised in the paper are reported here. Six vehicles were tested to develop pre-burnish effectiveness data, to evaluate the effect of speed on stopping distance and to develop a fade test heating sequence with temperatures similar to those in FMVSS No. 105. Twelve vehicles were tested to a modified version of the proposed harmonized procedure which included pre-burnish and final effectiveness tests and a more severe fade test. This report presents vehicle performance summaries and graphs and a discussion of results. KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Speed KW - Stopping distances KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491829 AU - South Australia Department of Transport, Australia TI - ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH PROGRAM 1985/86 PY - 1985/07 SP - 31 p. AB - In 1983 the Ministers of Transport of the various States and Territories, meeting as the Australian Transport Advisory Council, agreed to increase the level of road safety research in Australia. As a consequence of this, the South Australian Department of Transport, at the request of the Minister of Transport, developed a three-year road safety research program in consultation with other interested agencies in South Australia. The objectives of the program were: (1) to undertake research into those areas which have the most potential for road safety improvement; (2) to provide a framework for road safety research to facilitate implementation of the Government's policy initiatives; (3) to avoid duplication of effort with other research groups in South Australia and interstate, and to concentrate on those areas where the State Government has direct interest or involvement; and (4) to cost the research work and to place projects in priority order for implementation. In addition to the identification of projects to comprise the program, the resulting report recommended, inter alia: (a) the creation of a new Road Safety Policy and Research Branch; and (b) the allocation of funds to undertake the program. These recommendations were approved by the Government within the context of a decision to place a greater emphasis on the road safety function, and to focus responsibility for the function in a new Division of Road Safety in the Department of Transport. This report reflects the Division's review, in conjuntion with other agencies involved in road safety research in South Australia, of the original three-year program. It attempts to take account of work being undertaken by these agencies, and of the need for coordination and consultation between agencies which have a mutual interest in the matter under review. KW - Australia KW - Highway safety KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492220 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: A FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1984 VOKSWAGEN RABBIT INTO A FIXED LOAD MEASURING BARRIER WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 30.0 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 228 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1984 Volkswagen Rabbit 5-door Hatchback at TRCO Crash Test Facility in Ohio. The Volkswagen Rabbit was towed into a load measuring barrier at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 30.0 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the vehicle. The test date was June 28, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 78 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492221 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: A FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1983 RENAULT FUEGO CENTERED INTO A RIGID POLE WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 29.9 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 160 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1983 Renault Fuego 3-door Hatchback at TRCO Crash Test Facility in Ohio. The centerline of the Renault Fuego was towed into a rigid pole at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 29.9 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the vehicle. The test date was June 21, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 77 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Renault automobile KW - Renault S.A. KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492225 AU - Stultz, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT L AT 39.3 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/07 SP - 158 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests conducted to evaluate the side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness', 'Altered Profile and 'Lowered Bumper'. In addition, 4 pole tests will be conducted. Testing was conducted on a 1981 baseline Volkswagen Rabbit L 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'lowered stiffness', crabbed to 26 deg, at 39.3 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was June 21, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 79 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491008 AU - Kamholz, L R AU - Segal, D J AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROOF CRUSH TESTING OF LATE MODEL CARS PY - 1985/07 SP - 95 p. AB - In the interest of obtaining data for research of occupant protection in automobile rollover accidents, roof crush tests were conducted on 16 automobiles. The vehicles were salvaged from NHTSA compliance testing programs and all were subjected to the FMVSS 216 'Roof Crush Resistance' test. During this test, force-deflection data is typically measured up to a deflection of 2-3 inches. Under this contract, the vehicles were tested to deflections well in excess of the FMVSS 216 deflections. A wide range of test data was observed, reflecting the variety of vehicles and body styles tested. Also determined from the data is the significance of the vehicle's window glass as load carrying members of the roof support structure. KW - Automobiles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Rollover crashes KW - Roofs KW - Vehicle tests KW - Window glass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490687 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUNK DRIVING FILMS AND VIDEOTAPES. FIRST EDITION PY - 1985/07 SP - 28 p. AB - This is an annotated list of films and videotapes about the drunk driving problem and the various alcohol countermeasure programs. It was complied from a review of promotional materials and telephone conversations from film producers and distributors. Since these films were not previewed, the quality or appropriateness of any title for a specific audience is not indicated. Most of these films address drunk driving as a highway safety issue and ways to reduce alcohol-related crashes. However, also included are some films on alcohol prevention which are suitable for elementary and secondary school health and safety programs; films that cover teenage alcohol use, peer pressure, and decision-making; and films that deal with alcohol in minority populations. Films are listed alphabetically by title. Each entry includes a synopsis provided by the distributor, the release date, length of the film, and if it is available in other languages. A list of the distributors with acquisition information appears at the end of the publication. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Film KW - Traffic safety education KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299625 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453195 JO - UMTRI Research Review PB - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - O'Day, J AU - Sivak, M AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Haney, J E AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - SEAT-BELT LAWS: TRAPS TO AVOID IN EVALUATION STUDIES PY - 1985/07 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 8 p. AB - This article discusses several statistical issues that need to be considered in analyzing benefits of traffic safety interventions such as mandatory seat belt laws. The article is intended for persons without a strong statistical background, so it uses a minimum of technical terminology. Nevertheless, the issues addressed are important, and persons responsible for evaluating the effects of a belt use law must be careful to use statistical techniques properly. Matters that must be considered are discussed under four headings: (1) Determining whether a relationship (between the law and the outcome) really exists; (2) Determining whether that relationship is causal; (3) Choosing a valid measure of the outcome; and (4) Determining whether findings are applicable to other settings and time periods. KW - Evaluation KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270954 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453174 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Stewart, P T AU - National Safety Council TI - IN PROTECTING OUR SCHOOL BUS PASSENGERS--LET'S NOT NEGLECT THE NEEDS THAT TRANSCEND THE SEAT-BELT CONTROVERSY! PY - 1985/07 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - This article discusses the needs which should take priority over seat belt installation to protect school bus passengers. Among these needs are the following: installing strobe lights on the stop arm to decrease passing violations; keeping contact with pupils by means of a public address system with an external speaker, by installing sensors to warn the bus driver of a child who is out of view, and by providing proper pedestrian facilities, installing automatic tire chains and strobe warning lights; providing adequate inspections to assure better maintenance of school buses; and providing improved driver training. It is concluded that by the time significant progress has been made in these areas, more research will have been accumulated on whether seat belts could be beneficial to school bus passengers. KW - Child safety KW - Driver training KW - Inspection KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270943 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453172 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Kemp, J B AU - National Safety Council TI - THE STATE OFFICIAL'S VIEW: THE LIMIT REDUCES HIGHWAY SPEED SPREAD BUT FUNDING SANCTIONS SHOULD BE DROPPED PY - 1985/07 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - This article gives the State Official's view of the 55 mph national speed limit. It is recognized that the speed limit has contributed toward improved highway safety and that large amounts of energy have been saved at the same time, however, it is observed that the 5 mph speed limit is not necessarily the best or only speed limit for all highways under all conditions. As a final observation, concern is expressed over the current approach to enforcement of the national speed limit. It is felt that incentives should be considered as opposed to penalties. In particular, it is believed that enforcement should recognize a difference between minor and major violations of whatever national speed limit is established for the federal-aid highway system. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Energy conservation KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Law enforcement KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Penalties KW - Speed limits KW - States KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270941 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453178 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - CALLAHAN, J M AU - Williams, D AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - VRA POINT/COUNTERPOINT: A HEALTHY DOSE OF RESTRAINT...OR A LIBERAL DRAFT OF COMPETITION PY - 1985/07 VL - 165 IS - 7 SP - p. 40-41 AB - This article gives the opposing points of view on the question of whether or not the termination of the recent Voluntary Restraint Agreement (VRA) on Japanese car imports will be good for the United States. One viewpoint is that a healthy dose of restraint is needed to strengthen the ailing U.S. auto industry. The counter viewpoint is that, while protection is hard to resist and even harder to give up once tested, a dose of competitive spirits could light a fire under U.S. auto manufacturers. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - International trade KW - Japan KW - Voluntary restraint agreement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453188 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES COLLISION COVERAGES. INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1985 MODELS PY - 1985/07 SP - 24 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents results of the collision coverage loss experience of 1985 model year passenger cars during their first months of availability. Principal findings are as follows: 1985 models show large variations in collision loss results among individual cars. Claim frequencies ranged from 6.4 to 15.6 claims per 100 insured vehicle years, average loss payments per claim from about $900 to $2,200, and average loss payments per insured vehicle year from approximately $60 to nearly $310. Even among cars of the same size class and body style, there were large variations in the results for individual vehicle series. Collision coverage losses varied inversely with car size (i.e., typically, the smaller the car, the higher the frequency and size of collision claims). Although the overall average loss payment per claim increased six percent for 1985 over 1984 models, the claim frequency declined by five percent, resulting in an increase of only $2 in the average loss payment per insured vehicle year. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Liability insurance KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267625 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453273 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Overend, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - 55-M.P.H.: DO WE STILL NEED IT? WHAT IS ITS FUTURE? A FORUM DEBATES THE ISSUE PY - 1985/07 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - 6 p. AB - Many differing views were aired in often heated exchanges during the day-long "Forum on 55," which met at Chicago's O'Hare Hilton Hotel on April 15, 1985. Called together by the National Safety Council and co-sponsored by nine other organizations with traffic safety concerns, the forum featured presentations by 11 spokesmen for organizations covering the whole spectrum of speed limit views and a luncheon speech by the so-called "father of the 55 mph limit," Rep. James J. Howard (D-N.J.), chairman of the House Public Works and Transportation Committee. Extending the official welcome of the council to the participants, National Safety Council President J.C. Gilchrest noted that the forum had been called together "to get a reading on how various organizations and professions view the national 55 mph limit," especially in the wake of the publication of a study of the limit by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences. The remainder of this article is devoted to summations of the views of various speakers. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Policy analysis KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270969 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453274 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Johns, W E AU - National Safety Council TI - THE TRUCKER'S VIEW: THE 55-M.P.H. LIMIT IS A FUEL SAVER AND A LIFESAVER THAT DESERVES OUR SUPPORT PY - 1985/07 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - The American Trucking Associations Inc. (ATA) supports continuation of the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit and believes that national speed limit policy should be retained without change. The current ATA position had its roots in the fuel crisis of 1973 when the trucking industry supported a reduced speed limit as a practical way to conserve fuel. Today, the trucking industry continues to support the 55 mph speed limit because: it has reduced the incidence of truck-related fatalities and injuries; it conserves fuel; it offsets, in part, increases in fuel costs; it results in less wear and tear on equipment; and it reduces splash and spray. To improve compliance with the 55 mph limit, the industry has adopted numerous monitoring, enforcement, and incentive programs, as well as educational materials designed to promote drivers compliance. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Driver education KW - Energy conservation KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Incentives KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Monitoring KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Speed limits KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270970 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453173 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Thompson, L AU - National Safety Council TI - THE POLICE VIEW: THE RIGID INTERPRETATION OF COMPLIANCE SHOULD BE CHANGED TO FIT THE REAL WORLD PY - 1985/07 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-15 AB - This article suggests some changes that could be made in the interpretation of compliance with regard to the 55 mph national speed limit. One possible change would be to leave the speed limit at 55 mph, but remove the sanctions presently defined and let the States enforce the law as they see fit. Only those States that raise the limit would be sanctioned. Another possible change would be to take into consideration the 5-mph leeway expected by the motoring public and measure compliance from 60 mph, while still keeping the adjustment for speedometer error. Finally, the compliance formula could be adjusted to reflect the weighting of the "safe" rural Interstates, where speed traditionally has been higher and harder to enforce due to a lower concentration of enforcement personnel. The bottom line is that some change is needed in the present National Speed Limit Law to achieve a workable definition of compliance and its measurement. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Compliance KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Sanctions KW - Speed limits KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270942 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453275 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - BAXTER, J AU - National Safety Council TI - THE OPPONENT'S VIEW: THE SPEED LAW IS A POLITICAL ILLUSION BASED ON MYTHS AND FALSE ASSUMPTIONS PY - 1985/07 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - In this article, James Baxter, head of the Citizens Coalition for Rational Traffic Laws in Dane, Wisconsin, presents his assessment of the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit (NMSL). It is his view that the 55 mph NMSL was originally justified and has been perpetuated through a collection of erroneous premises based on illogical assumptions, folklore, preconceived notions, and deliberate distortion of facts. He discusses several "myths" on which he feels the 55 mph NMSL is founded, and concludes with the question, "How can it be claimed we have a 55 mph maximum speed limit when 80 percent of the traffic on our better roads exceed that speed, and exceed it by margins substantially in excess of those claimed by "official" sources?" KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Compliance KW - Energy consumption KW - Highway safety KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Public opinion KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270971 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453165 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Lipman, I J AU - National Safety Council TI - THE PHYSICIAN'S VIEW: IN REDUCING HEAD INJURIES AND EPILEPSY THE SPEED LAW BENEFITS NATIONAL HEALTH PY - 1985/07 VL - 85 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - Epilepsy, the second most prevalent neurological disorder in the United States, may result from a variety of conditions affecting the brain. One of these causes is brain damage due to head trauma. For this reason the Epilepsy Foundation of America not only supports maintaining a uniform national speed limit of 55 mph, but urges all responsible federal, state, and local officials to take whatever actions are necessary to improve driver compliance. It is observed that at least 20,000 new cases of epilepsy occur per year in the United States due to head trauma. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Epilepsy KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452023 AU - Saccoccio, M AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Department of Transportation TI - TRANSPORTATION SAFETY INFORMATION REPORT FIRST QUARTER 1985 PY - 1985/07 SP - 55 p. AB - The "Transportation Safety Information Report" is a compendium of selected national-level transportation safety statistics for all modes of transportation. The report presents and compares data on a monthly and quarterly basis for transportation fatalities, accidents, and injuries for the current and preceding year. The report is based on data input to the Transportation Safety Information System (TRANSIS) by representatives in each of DOT's modal administrations and the National Transportation Safety Board. KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452185 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism TI - SHIFTING INTO ACTION: YOUTH AND HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1985/07 SP - 29 p. AB - The leading cause of death among youth aged 16 to 24 is alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents. The Surgeon General of the U.S. Public Health Service has indicated that while life expectancy has increased for members of other age groups, it has decreased for youth--mainly because of alcohol-impaired driving fatalities. Inexperience behind the wheel, risk-taking-behavior, and frequent night driving combine with alcohol and/or other drugs to kill 11 young people each day. Another 360 are seriously injured or crippled each day because driving skills and judgment are impaired by alcohol or other drugs. These figures may be significantly reduced if teenagers use safety belts and refrain from using alcohol or other drugs while driving. Although young people make up only 10 percent of the driver population and account for only 6 percent of the vehicle miles traveled in this country, they represent 17 percent of all drivers involved in accidents and 16 percent of all alcohol-impaired drivers in accidents. "Shifting Into Action" provides a systematic framework to help community leaders plan a comprehensive youth program--one that can reduce alcohol-related injuries and fatalities by involving all segments of the community. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Communities KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Safety programs KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267173 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451802 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Stone, R F AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - ROADSIDE SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS: A SYNOPSIS OF CURRENT CASE LAW PY - 1985/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 61-63 AB - Court challenges of roadside sobriety checkpoints are synopsized. Five out of a total of 12 cases found that the checkpoints conducted lacked one or more of the procedural safeguards. It was the methods used in the conduct of the checkpoint upon which adverse decisions were based. The cases show that the police officer's discretion at the location of the checkpoint was a primary concern. Four basic issues are identified in sobriety checkpoint cases: the need for checkpoints for detecting drunk drivers, deterring others, and reducing alcohol-related crashes; the manner in which the checkpoint is conducted; the discretion and supervision of field officers; and the effectiveness of such checkpoints. The critical steps in operational planning of checkpoints are discussed: detailed site planning based on accident data; the collection of detailed, reliable data on alcohol-related offenses and crashes in that location and jurisdiction; checkpoints should be planned with the advice of the prosecutor; and there must be evidence of effectiveness. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Courts KW - Data collection KW - Discretionary powers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Planning KW - Police KW - Police powers KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Sobriety checkpoints KW - Supervision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270382 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451589 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - National Glass Association TI - NEW TWO-PLY SECURIFLEX ANTI-LACERATIVE WINDSHIELD INTRODUCED PY - 1985/07 VL - 35 IS - 7 SP - p. 50-51 AB - This article describes the Securiflex-2, a new version of the Securiflex anti-lacerative windshield, which prevents facial laceration, eye injury, and passenger ejection as effectively as the original product, but features improved construction and other advantages. The Securiflex-2 has a two-ply glass/polyurethane construction with a 3 mm glass layer and a 0.8 mm inner layer of Securex polyurethane. This construction provides a thinner, lighter windshield than the original. Other advantages include lower price, better optics, and a clear plastic sticker carrier with pressure-sensitive adhesion. KW - Anti-lacerative properties KW - Design KW - Lightweight materials KW - Nonshattering glass KW - Optics KW - Performance KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Prices KW - Removal KW - Securiflex windshields KW - Stickers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451753 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Bogan, J AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - CONTROLLED DRINKING EXPERIMENTS: THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVELS PY - 1985/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 73 AB - A factor that often reduces the value of B.A.C.s is the inability of people outside police ranks to fully comprehend blood alcohol levels in terms of the amount of alcohol consumed. Jurors can be told what the law says, and can read charts and articles on drinking limits, but when a persuasive defendant insists he wasn't drunk, the juror without a thorough understanding of B.A.C.s may be convinced he's innocent. One of the best ways to educate judges, prosecutors, police and the public is through controlled drinking experiments. One such experiment recently conducted demonstrates the impact of such a project. A local district attorney and two judges were the principle participants in a controlled drinking experiment conducted at the center for Highway Safety at Indiana University of Pennsylvania (IUP). The experiment was intended to familiarize these important individuals and the other participants with the relationship of alcohol consumed to blood alcohol content, as well as the reliability and validity of the testing procedures. The experiment was conducted as part of a law enforcement course in DUI/DWI instructor training. KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Control conditions KW - Experiments KW - Publicity KW - Relationships UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270360 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451797 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Patinkin, H P AU - Bingham, H AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - PROFILES IN SAFETY PY - 1985/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 58-59 AB - The activities and programs are described of the Traffic Safety and Training Section of the Chicago Police Department, which presented almost 12,000 programs reaching more than 370,000 people in 1984. The Section has developed a comprehensive traffic safety program that is presented to both elementary and high school students. This has helped to foster a positive relationship between the police and the youngsters of Chicago. The Section also administers a Driver Improvement School in conjunction with the Cook County Circuit Court. In cooperation with the Chicago Park District, members of the Section also appear at parks throughout the city giving instruction on bicycle safety. This Section also maintains contact with the private sector of the community including various civic, business, and professional groups. Programs are also presented to the deaf and hearing impaired. Members of this Section of the Police Department have attended classes at Northwestern Traffic Institute, and also been accredited as certified instructors of the National Safety Council. Great emphasis is placed on the safety and training of all Police Department employees. Individual driving records are maintained for all members to determine disciplinary action in accidents deemed preventable. The Section also administers the Police Department's Traffic Safety Review Board. Statistics on the effectiveness safety programs are compiled by this section. Roll call training is conducted regarding current safety topics. The section also assists the Training Division and the Research and Development Division in writing and updating police department publications regarding traffic safety. KW - Bicycles KW - Child safety KW - Documents KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Hearing impaired persons KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Private enterprise KW - Publications KW - Safety programs KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270378 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451748 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Thompson, L AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - THE IACP HIGHWAY SAFETY COMMITTEE PY - 1985/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 38-39 AB - This article reviews past and present activities of the IACP Highway Safety Committee. Recently, the committee has embanked on a new course in partnership with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The first project will be to revise and modernize the system for distributing committee resolutions. Another task to be undertaken will be to create a Uniform Traffic Report (Comparative Data Report). A project already initiated involves the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit. The committee created and distributed a "55" questionnaire which was sent to all state law enforcement agencies, and will eventually include all the state chiefs' groups. The survey results will be presented to the NHTSA/FHWA administrations and to Congress. Still another area of involvement will be the introduction of air bags into police fleets. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Air bags KW - Cooperation KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Iacp highway safety committee KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Physical distribution KW - Resolution KW - Safety programs KW - Speed limits KW - Standardization KW - Surveys KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270355 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451750 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - CHIEFS RESPOND TO SEAT BELT USE QUESTION PY - 1985/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 56-57 AB - The Insurance Information Institute recently surveyed 462 International Association of Chiefs of Police - member police chiefs across the United States to determine their willingness to assist the news media in reporting seatbelt-use data in all automobile accident reports. Of the 462, 197 questionnaires were returned, representing a cross-section of police departments by size and geographic location. The survey attempted to determine whether police were having difficulty in collecting data and passing them along to the media. While some chiefs replied that there were some problems in the process, a great majority felt they could cooperate with the media on this issue. KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Police KW - Questionnaires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270357 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451752 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Gates, D F AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - DRUGS ON THE ROAD: ZEROING IN ON HIGHWAY TERROR PY - 1985/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 67-69 AB - This article is a description of the development of the Los Angeles Police Department's development of a DUI-drugs program. Research showed that many of the alcohol field sobriety tests used by officers enforcing DUI laws effectively measured divided attention impairment. These tests were then determined to be an accurate measure of an arrestee's drug impairment. Following a number of years of research, a series of standardized tests were developed around the most effective field sobriety tests. When these tests were conducted on drug impaired drivers, it became possible in most cases to detect seven major classes of drugs that affect the central nervous system: narcotics, phencyclidine, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, marijuana and certain inhalants such as toluene. Use of this new expanded series of tests allowed police drug experts to successfully testify in court. The original developers of this new technique when then able to successfully train additional officers, who became known in the department as drug recognition experts (DREs). Further description is provided of the development of a DRE School, as well as of studies to further validate this technique. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Courts KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Expert evidence KW - Expert testimony KW - Impaired drivers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Training KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270359 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451751 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - Smith, J E AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - CALIFORNIA UPDATE: THE BATTLE AGAINST DRINKING DRIVERS PY - 1985/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 64-66 AB - This article describes roadblocks or sobriety checkpoints as instituted in California in late 1984 when the California attorney general issued an opinion approving the use of checkpoints if specific safeguards were built into the process (The Fourth Amendment evaluation is still pending in the First District Court of Appeals in San Francisco). The attorney general's opinion became the operating guideline for all California law enforcement agencies. These operating guidelines are summarized, especially in relation to an 18-day evaluation of checkpoints by the California Highway Patrol in December 1984. The initial results of this evaluation are discussed. An increasing public acceptance of these checkpoints, however, routine enforcement encourages diminishing compliance. Checkpoints, though producing limited numerical results, apparently can achieve startling impact on behavior. Used with care and skill, checkpoints may become a valuable specialized tactic introduced on limited occasions to achieve spectacular results in DWI related offenses. KW - Alcohol tests KW - California KW - Compliance KW - Constitutional law KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Roadblocks KW - State government KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270358 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451887 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Morelock, S AU - Hingson, R W AU - Smith, R A AU - Lederman, R I AU - Public Health Service TI - MANDATORY SEATBELT LAW SUPPORT AND OPPOSITION IN NEW ENGLAND--A SURVEY PY - 1985/07 VL - 100 IS - 4 SP - p. 357-363 AB - Less than one-fifth of the U.S. population consistently wears automobile seatbelts. Automatic seatbelts or air bags will be required in all new cars, unless States whose total population equals two-thirds of the nation's adopt mandatory seatbelt use laws by 1989, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation. In July 1984, New York State passed the first mandatory seatbelt law in the nation, followed by New Jersey, Illinois, Missouri, Michigan, and New Mexico. A telephone survey of 2,982 randomly selected drivers examined belt use and support for mandatory belt use laws in the six New England States. Drivers with little education and low income, younger drivers, and drivers who drove after heavy drinking or marijuana use, or both, were least likely to wear seatbelts. Beliefs that seatbelts are not effective in reducing injury risk and are uncomfortable were more common among those not wearing belts. Sixty percent of drivers favored a mandatory seatbelt use law. The most important predictors of opposition to a belt use law were beliefs that seatbelts are ineffective, inconvenient, and uncomfortable. Opposition was also more likely among persons who reported that they drove after marijuana use, or heavy drinking, or both, drove more miles per year, exhibited a low frequency of seatbelt use, and perceived a low probability of personal crash involvement. KW - Air bags KW - Alcohol use KW - Attitudes KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Marijuana KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270456 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451811 JO - POLICE CHIEF AU - FEENEY, M T AU - Horne, J M AU - Williamson, A D AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - SOBRIETY TESTING: INTOXILYZERS AND LISTERINE ANTISEPTIC PY - 1985/07 VL - 52 IS - 7 SP - p. 70 AB - The procedure and results are described of a study of the potential of mouthwash products (which contain alcohol) to interfere with breath alcohol detection units. The effect of Listerine Antiseptic on the CMI Intoxilyzer was measured for seven volunteers. Ratings on Intoxilyzer were made initially, and at one-, three, five-, and ten-minute intervals after completion of rinsing with Listerine Antiseptic. It was found that the highest level of alcohol was present at the one-minute rating period. A decreased though significant level of alcohol was present five minutes after rinsing with the Antiseptic. No significant level of alcohol was present at the final rating period conducted 10 minutes after the rinsing. Thus Listerine Antiseptic, containing 26.9% alcohol, has no effect of Intoxilyzer ratings following a 10-minute observation period. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol tests KW - Alcohols KW - Cyclists KW - Mouthwash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270388 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451876 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Chi, M AU - Vossoughi, J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - ENGINEERING ASPECT OF AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION USING COMPUTER SIMULATION PY - 1985/07 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - p. 814-821 AB - Using engineering principles including laws of conservation of energy and momentum, automobile accidents involving two or more cars can be reconstructed. The information obtained in a field investigation and the police report is used as input to a microcomputer. Execution of a program developed specifically for such purposes yields a sequence of events that must have taken place resulting in the accident. The program employs the post-impact information and pre-impact headings of the vehicles to determine the pre-impact velocities of the cars. Computer-aided investigation is of paramount interest to law enforcement agencies, insurance companies, and trial lawyers. KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Engineering interpretation KW - Forensic medicine KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495585 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--FATIGUE-RELATED COMMERCIAL VEHICLE ACCIDENTS: CHEYENNE, WYOMING, JULY 18, 1984, AND JUNCTION CITY, ARKANSAS, OCTOBER 19, 1984 PY - 1985/06/25 SP - 39 p. AB - The two accidents discussed in this report involved drivers of commercial vehicles who were found to have been inattentive and suffering from lack of sleep and from acute fatigue. The busdriver who ran into the rear of the tractor-semitrailer in Cheyenne, Wyoming, worked as a full-time firefighter, a part-time driver/helper for a moving and storage company, and a part-time intercity busdriver. He had a maximum of 3 1/2 hours sleep in the 27 1/2 hours before the accident. The full-time truckdriver who ran into the rear of the stopped schoolbus in Junction City, Arkansas, had about 2 hours rest in the 17 hours before the accident. These two accidents resulted in 1 fatality and 40 injuries. This report examines deficiencies in regulations governing maximum "on-duty" hours of service for interstate commercial vehicle drivers issued by the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety of the Federal Highway Administration, as well as compliance with the regulations and actions to improve the regulations and compliance therewith. KW - Bus drivers KW - Compliance KW - Crash causes KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Hours of labor KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Interstate transportation KW - Regulations KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495590 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - General Motors Corporation TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY BELTS IN PREVENTING FATALITIES PY - 1985/06/24 SP - 28 p. AB - The effectiveness of safety belts in preventing fatalities to drivers and to passengers seated in the right front seat of cars involved in crashes is determined using the double pair comparison method described in a just issued paper. All available complete years (1975 through 1983) of data in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) are used. Only cars of model year 1974 or later are included, so that all occupants coded in FARS as using any restraint system are presumed to be using the three point integrated lap/shoulder belt. By safety belt effectiveness we mean the reduction in fatalities that would occur in an unbelted population if all its members were to become belt wearers without any other changes. The double pair comparison method focuses on crashes by cars containing a "subject" occupant (a driver or right front passenger) and an "other" occupant (any other occupant in the car except the subject occupant). The other occupant acts essentially to estimate exposure, so that fatality risk to the subject when belted and unbelted may be compared relatively free from biasses due to confounding factors. In this study, drivers and right front passengers are subject occupants; by choosing a variety of other occupants (of different ages, seating positions, and belt use) 46 essentially independent estimates of safety belt effectiveness and associated standard errors are obtained. By taking a weighted average of the 46 estimates, an estimate of overall safety belt effectiveness is obtained which is considered more precise and free from bias than prior estimates. It is found that if all presently unbelted drivers and right front passengers in the U.S. were to use lap/shoulder belts, but not otherwise change their behavior, fatalities to this population would be reduced by (41 plus or minus 4)%, where the error limits indicate one standard error. This finding is in agreement with a recent major review and synthesis by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of prior knowledge on the subject which concluded that effectiveness was in the range 40%-50%. Combining the present determination with the NHTSA value generates a value (43 plus or minus 3)%. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Front seat occupants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495589 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - General Motors Corporation TI - DOUBLE PAIR COMPARISON: A NEW METHOD TO DETERMINE HOW OCCUPANT CHARACTERISTICS AFFECT FATALITY RISK IN TRAFFIC CRASHES PY - 1985/06/24 SP - 24 p. AB - A new method to determine how occupant characteristics affect fatality risk in traffic crashes is developed and explained in terms of a specific example, namely, comparing the fatality risk to belted and unbelted drivers, the first application. The method focuses on two occupants, a "subject" occupant and an "other" occupant. The probabilities of a fatality to the subject occupant when that occupant has one of two characteristics are compared. The other occupant serves essentially a normalizing, or exposure estimating, role. For expository simplicity, we consider a specific example in which the subject occupant is a car driver, the other occupant is a right front passenger, and the characteristic is whether or not the driver is belted. The method uses Fatal Accident Reporting System data for two sets of fatal crashes. The first consists of crashes involving cars containing a belted driver and an unbelted passenger, at least one of whom is killed. From the numbers of belted driver and unbelted passenger fatalities, a belted driver to unbelted passenger fatality ratio is calculated. From a second set of crashes involving cars containing unbelted drivers and unbelted passengers, an unbelted driver to unbelted passenger fatality ratio is similarly estimated. Under assumptions discussed, dividing the first of these two fatality ratios by the second gives the probability that a belted driver is killed compared to the corresponding probability that an unbelted driver is killed, averaged over the distribution of crashes that occur in actual traffic. The passenger characteristics do not enter directly into the result. Similarly, any right versus left asymmetry cancels, because it operates in one direction in the first of the two comparisons, but in the opposite direction in the second comparison. Thus, fatality risks to belted and unbelted drivers are compared, all other factors being essentially the same. The method has wide applicability; examples of potential applications include investigating car occupant fatality risk as a function of sex, age, alcohol use, or motorcyclist fatality risk as a function of helmet use. The first application is to determine the effectiveness of safety belts in preventing car occupant fatalities. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Characteristics KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Front seat occupants KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Ratios KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495576 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - RAILROAD/HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--GRADE CROSSING COLLISION OF A FLORIDA EAST COAST RAILWAY COMPANY FREIGHT TRAIN AND AN INDIAN RIVER ACADEMY SCHOOLBUS, PORT ST. LUCIE, FLORIDA, SEPTEMBER 27, 1984 PY - 1985/06/12 SP - 52 p. AB - About 6:55 a.m., on September 27, 1984, a northbound Florida East Coast Railway Company freight train struck a westbound Indian River Academy schoolbus stalled at a grade crossing on Walton Road in Port St. Lucie, Florida. The grade crossing was a two-lane, asphalt-paved, county road intersecting a single railroad track with automatic flashing signals and gates. The 1968 Bluebird/Chevrolet 66-passenger schoolbus was occupied by the driver and four students. Two of the students fled the stopped schoolbus before impact and were not injured. In the collision, the schoolbus body separated from the chassis, and the three remaining occupants were ejected. The two students were killed, and the busdriver was injured seriously. Neither of the two train crewmembers was injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the inadequate standards for certifying nonpublic schoolbus drivers, insufficient training and testing programs, and the limited experience of the schoolbus driver, which led to the intrusion of the schoolbus onto the railroad track when the driver misshifted the transmission. Contributing to the accident was the absence of a stop line on the westbound approach to the grade crossing. Contributing to the severity of the accident was the engineer's delay in applying the train brakes and the locked deadbolt on the rear emergency door of the schoolbus. KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Driver experience KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Emergency exits KW - Fatalities KW - Locks (Waterways) KW - Railroad engineer training KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road markings KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451897 AU - Transport Canada TI - ROAD SAFETY ANNUAL REPORT 1984 PY - 1985/06/01 SP - v.p. AB - This fourteenth Annual Report of the Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate covers the period April 1, 1983 to March 31, 1984. The report outlines the ever-changing role of the Directorate and details its programs for the betterment of motor vehicle safety in Canada. As this report demonstrates, the Directorate's activities in 1983/84 ensured that motor vehicles complied with the safety, emissions and fuel consumption requirements specified in the Motor Vehicle Safety and Five Safety Acts, and the Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption Standards Act (passed 1982, not yet proclaimed). At the same time the Directorate was reorganized to ensure that it would continue to meet its mandated responsibilities, and respond to demands for new initiatives required to forestall the anticipated increases in Canadian traffic casualties. KW - Air quality management KW - Canada KW - Compliance KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway safety KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497523 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF A 1982 AMERICAN MOTORS CONCORD INTO A 1983 DODGE OMNI WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 55.1 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 269 p. AB - This test report doucments one of a series of crash tests to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 19824 American Motors Concord 4-door Sedan and a 1983 Dodge Omni 42-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The American Motors Concord was towed into a Dodge Omni at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 55.1 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was April 10, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 45 deg F. KW - American motors concord KW - Crashes KW - Dodge automobile KW - Dodge omni KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497521 AU - Beebe, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF A 1983 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY INTO A 1983 RENAULT FUEGO WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 56.5 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 272 p. AB - This test report doucments one of a series of crash tests to evluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted on a 1983 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door sedan and a 1983 Renault Fuego 2-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The Chevrolet Celebrity was towed into the Renault Fuego at 0 deg with a closing of 56.5 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was locted in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was May 10, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 76 deg F. KW - Chevrolet automobile KW - Chevrolet celebrity KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Renault automobile KW - Renault fuego KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495881 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: A FRONTAL CRASH TEST OF A 1982 AMERICAN MOTORS CONCORD INTO A 1983 DODGE OMNI WIH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 55.1 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/06 SP - 269 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with 1982 American Motors 4-door Sedan and a 1983 Dodge Omni 4-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The American Motors Concord was towed into the Dodge Onmi at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 55.1 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the vehicle. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was April 10, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 45 deg F. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Research KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457651 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES: CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF A 1982 AMERICAN MOTORS CONCORD INTO A 1984 HONDA ACCORD WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 54.9 MPH PY - 1985/06 SP - 275 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1982 American Motors Concord four-door sedan and a 1984 Honda Accord four-door sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Testing KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268790 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495685 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - TOMERLIN, J AU - DCI, Incorporated TI - 55: THE SECOND DECADE PY - 1985/06 VL - 36 IS - 10 SP - 3 p. AB - The National Research Council (NRC) issued a report in 1984 entitled "55: A Decade Of Experience" (Transportation Research Board Special Report No. 204). In the report, the speed limit is lauded as "one of the most effective highway safety policies ever adopted". The author of this article points out why he believes the underlying premises of the NRC report, the data used to support them, and the conclusions reached are in error and should not go unchallenged. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453267 AU - Bradley, K AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Department of Transportation TI - NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS. ANNUAL REPORT, 1985 PY - 1985/06 SP - 235 p. AB - This report is a summary of selected national transportation statistics from a wide variety of government and private sources. Featured in the report are cost, inventory, and performance data describing the passenger and cargo operations of the following modes: air carrier, general aviation, automobile, bus, truck, local transit, rail, water, oil pipeline, and natural gas pipeline. The report illustrates basic descriptors of U.S. transportation, such as operating revenues and expenses, number of vehicles and employees, vehicle miles and passenger miles, etc. A supplementary section includes Transportation and the Economy and Energy in Transportation. Energy in Transportation is divided into four parts: Energy Consumption, Energy Intensiveness, Energy Transport, and Energy Supply and Demand. Also included are the operating costs of automobiles of different sizes. In this edition, the selected data cover the period 1973 through 1983/1984. KW - Air transportation KW - Automobiles KW - Bus transportation KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Economics KW - Energy consumption KW - Operating costs KW - Operating revenues KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Statistics KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453198 AU - ARMOUR, M AU - Monk, K AU - South, D AU - Chomiac, G AU - Road Traffic Authority TI - EVALUATION OF THE 1983 MELBOURNE RANDOM BREATH TESTING CAMPAIGN--CASUALTY ACCIDENT ANALYSIS PY - 1985/06 SP - 18 p. AB - A period of increased random breath testing occurred in Melbourne between 24th October, 1983 and 17th December, 1983. During this period, preliminary breath testing stations operated for 1213 hours and 65,312 drivers were tested. The increased testing was supported by mass media publicity. Two testing strategies were employed; in one area of Melbourne testing occurred on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday between 4 pm and 8 pm and in another area testing occurred on Thursday, Friday and Saturday between 8 pm and 4 am. During the campaign period nightime, serious casualty accidents were 18% below their expected value, serious casualty accidents on Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights were reduced by 23%. The results indicated that both testing strategies resulted in accident reductions. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Mass media KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267639 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453176 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - VACATIONING ON SOMEBODY ELSE'S WHEELS PY - 1985/06 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-21 AB - This article provides some safety tips for the driver who is planning a rent-a-car vacation. The tips cover everything from knowing what your own insurance coverage is before purchasing unnecessary rental car insurance to becoming familiar with the rental car by checking it as carefully as you would a vehicle you are buying and by reading the vehicle's owner's manual. Other safety tips are planning for rest stops and driving at a steady 55 mph pace which will produce the best fuel economy and help you arrive on time and safely. KW - Fuel conservation KW - Planning KW - Rental cars KW - Rest stops KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Travel KW - Trip planning KW - Vacations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453194 AU - Weber, K AU - Lehman, R J AU - Schneider, L W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - CHILD ANTHROPOMETRY FOR RESTRAINT SYSTEM DESIGN PY - 1985/06 SP - 34 p. AB - This document presents a compilation of selected child anthropometry data, in English units, from three UMTRI studies spanning ten years. These data are considered useful particularly for child safety seat design. KW - Anthropometry KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data KW - Design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267635 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452029 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Hurst, P M AU - Brain Information Service TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL LIMITS AND DETERRENCE: IS THERE A RATIONAL BASIS FOR CHOICE? PY - 1985/06 VL - 1 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 121-130 AB - The author gives his perspective on the problem of blood alcohol limits as a means of deterrence which he held in 1973, and compares it with his perspective in 1984. He views the right part of his perspective as being the need to get moderate drinking drivers to accept such tough measures as random testing, passive detection, and administrative adjudication based on absolute blood or breath limits. The wrong part of his perspective was based on the belief that if you set a relatively liberal limit, such as 0.10%, then most of the moderate drinkers will realize that this does not mean them. He has found that a large number of social drinkers regard themselves as chronic offenders against the blood alcohol limit. He concludes that to get the moderate drinker on the side of accepting the enforcement of blood alcohol limits, a moderate blood alcohol limit is needed and the moderate drinker must be able to rest assured that he will get through the roadblock or checkpoint. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol use KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Safety KW - Security checkpoints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270543 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452002 JO - Transportation Research Part B: Methodological PB - Elsevier AU - Gander, J P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A UTILITY-THEORY ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE SPEED UNDER UNCERTAINTY OF ENFORCEMENT PY - 1985/06 VL - 19B IS - 3 SP - p. 187-195 AB - Highway automobile speed and uncertain enforcement of the speed limit are introduced into a standard household utility model having time and income constraints. Due to uncertainty, expected utility is maximized to obtain the optimal speed (in excess of the speed limit). The optimal amounts of all other commodities and travel are also obtained. The key feature of the model is the risk attitude of the driver and the effect on optimal speed of such attitude. A related feature is the effect of risk attitude on the amount of speed self-insurance. An important finding is that the risk avert (seeking, neutral) driver charges himself an insurance premium that is larger than (smaller than, equal to) what is actuarially sufficient. The relationship between speed, risk attitude, and efficient cost of automobile travel is developed and implications are explored. A parametric analysis is conducted to establish the effect on optimal speed (and other variables) of changes in such policy instruments as the price of gasoline, the probability of being caught exceeding the speed limit, the unit speed fine, and the speed limit. Policy implications of the theoretical results are part of the conclusions. KW - Attitudes KW - Hazards KW - Law enforcement KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Optimization KW - Optimum speed KW - Risk assessment KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic speed KW - Utility theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270524 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452025 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - SIMPSON, H AU - Brain Information Service TI - POLYDRUG EFFECTS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1985/06 VL - 1 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 17-44 AB - This paper addresses the topic of polydrug effects and road safety in the most generic sense, examining, first, data on the role of alcohol in road crashes involving young adults and, then, data pertaining to the role of drugs other than or in addition to alcohol. Section II reviews the evidence pertaining to alcohol and road crashes involving youth; the following one (Section III) examines drugs other than alcohol, and Section IV reviews the data on multiple drugs. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Highway safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270539 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452027 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Grant, M AU - Plant, M AU - Brain Information Service TI - ALCOHOL, YOUTH AND TRAFFIC SAFETY: PUBLIC POLICY--AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1985/06 VL - 1 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 97-106 AB - This paper attempts to achieve two distinct, though linked objectives. First, it considers in general terms the question of alcohol and youth in order to indicate the potential of various preventive strategies. Then, second, it considers the specific issue of drinking and driving in order to present in a purely tentative manner some options for public policy in relation to this already serious and growing problem. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Public policy KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452183 AU - Bishop, H AU - Madnick, B AU - WALTER, R AU - Sussman, E D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POTENTIAL FOR DRIVER ATTENTION MONITORING SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PY - 1985/06 SP - 116 p. AB - The objective of this effort was to determine the potential of developing techniques and methods for reducing the occurrence of highway accidents attributable to degraded driver alertness. Lapses in driver altertness are thought to be a major factor in the causation of serious motor vehicle accidents. The most recent NASS data was analyzed to determine the extent of this problem. Potential methods and techniques for reducing driver alertness-related problems include the development and use of: Vehicle subsystems which automatically detect reduced driver alertness through erratic driving and make the driver aware of the problem and/or slow or stop the vehicle (e.g., eyelid-droop meters); Vehicle subsystems which amplify sub-threshold signals and make them more apparent to the driver (e.g., radar-based obstacle detection and warning systems); and Vehicle subsystems which automatically detect unsafe conditions and slow or stop the vehicle (e.g., radar-based braking systems). This study focused on the potential of devices to detect driver alertness problems and concluded with recommendations for the development and performance of a demonstration program to further evaluate these techniques and methods. KW - Alertness KW - Crash causes KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Monitoring KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Personnel performance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33366/33366.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33380/33380.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452199 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Wiviott, MBT AU - Siegel, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL/SAFETY PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG. NUMBER 9 PY - 1985/06 SP - 142 p. AB - The "Alcohol/Safety Public Information Materials Catalog" is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on alcohol and highway safety. It lists materials produced for campaigns along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Catalogs KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267186 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452030 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Burns, M AU - Brain Information Service TI - DRIVING IMPAIRMENT: BLOOD LEVELS OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER SUBSTANCES PY - 1985/06 VL - 1 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 131-133 AB - The author views the topic of blood alcohol levels (BAL) and driving impairment as encompassing two issues specifically related to alcohol-use practices namely, the issues of individual sensitivity and subjective tolerance. Following a discussion of the literature dealing with these issues, she points out the persistent belief among alcohol consumers that they perform better at low levels of alcohol than when sober. The experience of good feelings creates the illusion of heightened abilities, increased sociability, and invulnerability, all of which obscure any objective impairment of performance. She concludes that effective countermeasures will have to consider this pervasive belief among drinkers. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Sensitivity KW - Subjective analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270544 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452003 JO - Transportation Research Part B: Methodological PB - Elsevier AU - MAHALEL, D AU - Hakkert, A S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - TIME-SERIES MODEL FOR VEHICLE SPEEDS PY - 1985/06 VL - 19B IS - 3 SP - p. 217-225 AB - This paper presents a time-series model for the spot speeds of vehicles on a road section. Based on time-series analysis techniques, the model incorporates information on the extent of existing dependency between the speeds of successive vehicles. The model for the data is chosen while relying heavily on the data, and thus emphasis is given to their special characteristics. The advantages of using the model are examined with regard to the relative speed of two successive vehicles along a road section. The results are compared with those obtained by using a model of independent observations; fewer errors are obtained with the time-series model. Therefore, it is concluded that the sequence of speed observations contains valuable information which should be incorporated into speed models. KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Spot speed KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270525 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452024 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - CLAYTON, R AU - Brain Information Service TI - DRINKING, DRUG USE AND ACCIDENTS: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1985/06 VL - 1 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 1-15 AB - Following a discussion of some common characteristics of social epidemiological surveys of alcohol and drug use, this paper addresses the basic question: What is known from epidemiological studies about patterns of alcohol and drug use that can improve our understanding of their relationship to automobile accidents? The following three answers are discussed: (1) The United States experienced an epidemic of illicit drug use beginning around 1965; (2) There are relatively invariant developmental stages of drug involvement, these stages being cumulative rather than substitutable; and (3) Consequences are more likely to occur if two or more drugs are consumed so that their effects overlap. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Drugs KW - Epidemiology KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270538 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452026 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Peck, R C AU - Brain Information Service TI - POLYDRUG EFFECTS AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1985/06 VL - 1 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 45-68 AB - The over-involvement of youthful drivers in traffic accidents has been known for several decades and has been a topic of innumerable statistical studies and theoretical treatises. In 1972, "Accident Analysis and Prevention" published two comprehensive analyses of the issue--one a state-of-the-art review by Leon Goldstein and the other a longitudinal statistical analysis by David Harrington. Although a few isolated studies of youthful drivers have been published since that time, most of the recent efforts have focused on specific aspects of the problem, such as risk perception, alcohol and drugs, driver training, and exposure. With the possible exception of the alcohol and drugs component, the facts and knowledge gaps identified in the about 1972 papers, are as valid today as when they were written. This paper will therefore summarize the Goldstein and Harrington papers in considerable detail to provide a state-of-the-art perspective on the role of youth in traffic accidents. Having established a perspective, the paper will present current statistics from California on the relation between age and accidents in an attempt to clarify the issue and uncover possible etiological factors mediating the youth-accident relationship. The paper concludes with some observations concerning future research needs and paradigms. KW - Adolescents KW - California KW - Drivers KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Statistics KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270540 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452028 JO - ALCOHOL, DRUGS AND DRIVING AU - Clayton, A AU - Brain Information Service TI - YOUTH AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1985/06 VL - 1 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 107-110 AB - This paper summarizes the discussions on youth and traffic safety. It points out the unanimity of opinion with regard to the nature of the problem. Young people have more accidents and more violations, and are over-represented in fatal crashes when compared to drivers in older age groups. The reasons for this over-representation are complex--age and inexperience are of primary importance. Sex is a third important factor--males have a worse driving record than females. Further discussion revealed that the pattern of driving must be considered in order to provide a total explanation of the phenomenon. Several discussants suggested that the level of risk-taking was important. Discussion on polydrug effects and traffic safety was confined to the use of alcohol and marijuana. Considerable discussion was focused on the relative value of the experimental and epidemiological methods, particularly in the context of drugs other than alcohol. A strong sense of pessimism was expressed about the potential for countermeasures. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Experience KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Knowledge KW - Marijuana KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270542 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450949 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - THE THOMAS TESTS CONFIRM CANADIAN RESULTS PY - 1985/06 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - The results of side impact collisions on both right and left sides of buses reveal that seat belts made little difference in the survivability of passengers on board a school bus. The tests were intended to evaluate whether compartmentalization works as well during side impact accidents as tests have shown it does during frontal impact accidents. Results show that compartmentalization is effective in side impact collisions and that seat belts would not make any significant difference as far as head and chest injuries are concerned. The results of the fuel integrity tests conducted on the same Thomas Built Buses were also favorable. KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Compartmentalization KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - School buses KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451817 AU - Shelton, E M AU - Dickson, C L AU - National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Res TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, WINTER 1984-85 PY - 1985/06 SP - 59 p. AB - Analytical data for 1,797 samples of motor gasoline were collected from service stations throughout the country and were analyzed in the laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, chemical companies, and research institutes. The data were submitted to the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, Oklahoma for study, necessary calculations, and compilation under a cooperative agreement between the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). The samples represent the products of 60 companies, large and small, which manufacture and supply gasoline. These data are tabulated by groups according to brands (unlabeled) and grades for 17 marketing districts into which the country is divided. A map included in this report shows marketing areas, districts, and sampling locations. The report also includes charts indicating the trends of selected properties of motor fuels since 1959. Twelve octane distribution percent charts for areas 1, 2, 3, and 4 for unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 90.0, unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 90.0 and above, and leaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 93.0 grades of gasoline are presented in this report. The antiknock (octane) index (R+M)/2 averages of gasoline sold in this country were 87.4 for unleaded below 90.0, 91.6 for unleaded 90.0 and above, and 89.1 for leaded below 93.0 grades of gasoline. Only two samples were reported as 93.0 for leaded gasolines with an antiknock index (R+M)/2 93.0 and above. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Chemical analysis KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Markets KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Sampling KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266952 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451739 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Kane, G AU - Engelhardt, R AU - Celentano, J AU - Koenig, W AU - Yamanaka, J AU - MCKINNEY, P AU - Brewer, M AU - Fife, D AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - EMPIRICAL DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF PREHOSPITAL TRAUMA TRIAGE INSTRUMENTS PY - 1985/06 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - p. 482-489 AB - The field identification of the patients who should be taken to trauma centers is a major problem of trauma care. This study appears to be the first to use multivariate analysis to systematically design a field triage instrument and to evaluate its performance in terms of a meaningful and plausible criterion for which patients ought to be treated at trauma centers. Four new triage instruments were created and their performance compared to that of two existing measures, the Trauma Score and the CRAMS scale. The new measures appear to perform better than the best of existing instruments tested, although independent validation is necessary. The one purely physiologic instrument tested appeared to be inferior to instruments that included anatomic and historic as well as physiologic indices. Simple checklists performed approximately as well as weighted scales. No instrument was found to be high in both sensitivity and positive accuracy. KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Emergency medical services KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Patients KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trauma centers KW - Triage instruments KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270346 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451742 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Ottosson, A TI - ASPIRATION AND OBSTRUCTED AIRWAYS AS THE CAUSE OF DEATH IN 158 CONSECUTIVE TRAFFIC FATALITIES PY - 1985/06 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - p. 538-540 AB - In order to assess the number of road deaths caused by aspiration, 158 consecutive traffic fatalities were retrospectively analyzed. Approximately 20% of the victims dead at the scene or within 24 hours after the accident had any significant amount of blood in the airways. However, this aspiration did not alter the final fatal outcome, as all victims except one had virtually unsurvivable injuries. We conclude that aspiration is very rare as the cause of death among traffic fatalities. KW - Asphyxia KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Fatalities KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270349 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451588 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - National Glass Association TI - ENCAPSULATED PARTS. THE CHANGING AUTO GLASS INDUSTRY PY - 1985/06 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - p. 60-64 AB - One of the "value-added" innovations which has begun to have an impact on the automotive glass industry is the encapsulated or modular glass part. These are preassembled parts which contain hardware attached to a frame which is molded to the perimeter of the glass. Encapsulating glass parts reduces the number of component parts and labor time involved during assembly. This article discusses the two currently used encapsulation processes, the advantages of encapsulated glass, the impact of encapsulation on the replacement market and glass manufacturers, distribution methods, the aftermarket, and the care and handling of encapsulated glass parts. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Encapsulation KW - Glass KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Industries KW - Labor costs KW - Physical distribution KW - Replacement costs KW - Technological innovations KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270313 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451886 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - SHARP, R S AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - THE LATERAL DYNAMICS OF MOTORCYCLES AND BICYCLES PY - 1985/06 VL - 14 IS - 4-6 SP - p. 265-283 AB - The paper is a review of the state of knowledge and understanding of the steering behaviour of single-track vehicles, with the main accent on vehicle design, and vehicle design analysis and behaviour prediction. The body of the paper consists of a chronological account of the steps which have been taken in establishing the current position. Scientific study of the motions of two-wheelers has been in progress for more than 100 years, but progress was slow and many conflicting conclusions were drawn until increasing understanding of tyre mechanics, systematic application of the laws of motion for systems of rigid bodies, digital computation and modern numerical methods, and improved mobile measurement, recording, and data processing capabilities allowed the pace to accelerate. The current position, which is that a good understanding of the relationship between design and performance has been achieved, but that by no means have all the problems of significance been solved, is described at the end of the paper. KW - Bicycles KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Motorcycles KW - Steering KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270455 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451814 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Niemi, T A AU - Norton, L W AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - VAGINAL INJURIES IN PATIENTS WITH PELVIC FRACTURES PY - 1985/06 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - p. 547-551 AB - Of 114 females with pelvic fracture encountered over the past 10 years, four (3.5%) had vaginal laceration. Detection of open fracture was immediate in three; two were repaired and recovered uneventfully. The third was recognized to have a laceration that was repaired but she died of other complications after 2 days. Diagnosis of laceration was delayed 72 hours in the fourth patient who developed extensive pelvic abscess requiring multiple drainage procedures. Our experience confirms the importance of early detection and repair of vaginal laceration in females with pelvic fracture to prevent pelvic abscess. KW - Females KW - Injuries KW - Pelvis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450951 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Bernard, R AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - KIDS NEED TO BE WATCHED TOO PY - 1985/06 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - It is noted that in 1983-1984, school bus drivers killed nearly three times as many children as did drivers of other vehicles in loading and unloading situations. Although safety programs have increased public awareness about school bus safety and have increased schoolchild safety practices, school bus drivers and parents need to be more heavily involved in the effort to reduce the school bus caused child fatalities. The point is made that drivers should never fail to count and record the exact number and location of all children and, under no circumstances, move until each is personally accounted for. Although arguments have been presented why such accounting could lead to more accidents because of meeting time schedules, it is submitted that the safety of children must be assured at any cost and must never be compromised. A double set of mirrors on both right and left fenders which enable the driver to observe any object in front of the vehicle as well as along both sides is a requirement of many states and districts. A new bus body design that enhances the drivers line of vision is also described. KW - Child safety KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Mirrors KW - Personnel performance KW - School bus drivers KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451875 AU - Alem, N M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - EFFECTS OF SEATWINGS AND SEATBELTS ON THE RESPONSE OF FORKLIFT TRUCK OPERATOR DURING LATERAL DYNAMIC TIPOVERS PY - 1985/06 SP - v.p. AB - The main objective of the study is to experimentally compare the dynamic response of the seated operator of a forklift truck during lateral tipovers while seated in a traditional seat to the response while seated in a seat which has been modified by the addition of a seat belt and side seat wings. A state-of-the-art Side Impact Dummy was used as a surrogate to the human operator. Typical lateral self-restraint force of 125 lbs. that would be produced by the average male operator was laterally applied to the dummy. The tipover experiments were conducted at tipover velocities of 2.0 and 2.8 rad/sec. The probability of brain injury was based on the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) which is computed from measured head accelerations. Test results indicate that, regardless of the tipover velocity, the seat with seatbelt and seatwings allowed the head to strike the ground at severities that would result in a high probability of life-threatening brain injury, but that this probability was significantly reduced by increasing the lateral self-restraint force. On the other hand, the results indicate that under identical test conditions of the traditional seat, the probability of life-threatening brain injury was negligible. KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Dummies KW - Fork lifts KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rollover crashes KW - Seatwings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269217 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450957 JO - National Safety and Health News PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - HOW TO DRIVE DEFENSIVELY PY - 1985/06 VL - 131 IS - 6 SP - p. 42-43 AB - Possible accident situations and ways of avoiding them are described. Intersections are noted as areas where special caution should be exercised. Rules that should be followed if intersection accidents are to be avoided are listed. The dangers of left turn situations are pointed out, as are also, the dangers inherent in right turn situations. Common mistakes made by drivers at intersections are noted. Tailgating and ways of avoiding the rear-end collision are also discussed. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Defensive drivers KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Rear end crashes KW - Right turns KW - Safety KW - Tailgating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269925 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450768 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - HEIKAL, A S AU - Nemeth, Z AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - MEASURE OF POTENTIAL BENEFITS FROM TWO-WAY LEFT-TURN LANES PY - 1985/06 VL - 55 IS - 6 SP - p. 22-24 AB - The two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL) is often a practical treatment to midblock left-turn problems along an arterial. The TWLTL provides refuge for midblock left turners. On arterials without TWLTLs, midblock left turners can have a very detrimental effect on the quality of flow by creating delays and forcing other drivers to change lanes. No generally accepted method exists by which this effect can be measured. The purpose of this article is to suggest an approach to determine the degree of congestion along arterials with midblock turning movements. A microscopic arterial simulation model (ARTSIM) has been developed by Heikal utilizing the discrete-event simulation discipline to predict the operational effects of the TWLTL. The ARTSIM model simulates traffic operations on a two-way two-lane and a two-way four-lane arterial with and without a TWLTL. The ARTSIM simulates behavior of vehicles in various situations: free-flow, car-following, left-turn maneuvers and lane changes. The model generates statistics of the following measures of effectiveness: travel time, number of stops, stopped-delay time, and number of lane-change maneuvers. Other secondary measures of effectiveness such as fuel-consumption rates and the number of panic decelerations are also provided. To check the validity of the model, Heikal conducted several tests. The results of the car-following and queue-discharge tests were completely satisfactory. KW - Benefits KW - Fuel consumption KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Simulation KW - Stopped time delays KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel time KW - Two way left turn KW - Two way left turn lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269759 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451882 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Schwab, C W AU - Peclet, M AU - Zackowski, S W AU - Holmes, E M AU - Forrester, J C AU - Hensleigh, C N AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE IMPACT OF AN AIR AMBULANCE SYSTEM ON AN ESTABLISHED TRAUMA CENTER PY - 1985/06 VL - 25 IS - 7 SP - p. 580-586 AB - Hospital competition for air ambulance business has resulted in implementation of a helicopter service before the medical staff can prepare for the increased patient load. We reviewed the effect of an air ambulance on an already established trauma center (TC) by analyzing the impact of the helicopter trauma patient load during the initial year of operation. The helicopter carried a three-member flight crew consisting of a pilot, paramedic, and critical care nurse. Admission data of all flights from February 1982 through February 1983 were reviewed. Of the 325 air missions launched, 192 (59%) were for the transport of trauma victims. One hundred forty (73.6%) patients were transported from local hospitals, the remaining 52 (26.4%) from the accident scene. Ninety percent of the injuries were due to motor vehicle accidents. Forty-nine percent of the flights occurred on weekends and 68.8% were launched between 7:00 P.M. and 3:00 A.M. The average flight times from hospital and accident scenes were 37 min 30 sec and 13 min 30 sec, respectively. Of all trauma missions flown, 126 (65.8%) were considered new or "captured" by the air ambulance system and brought to the TC. Thirty-seven (19.3%) patients died in flight, were DOA, or died within 1 hour of TC arrival. Eight percent of the deaths were from massive head injuries. The average injury severity score was 35.58 (all patients), 32.9 (survivors), and 45.80 (deaths). Emergency procedures performed during the initial 20 minutes after TC arrival were tabulated: intubation and/or cricothyroidotomy, 30.2%; chest tube insertion, 36.5%; pneumatic antishock garment inflation, 43%; massive fluid resuscitation, 31%; O blood or type-specific administration, 35.5%; and ER thoracotomy, 4.2%. Conclusions: 1) An air ambulance system has a major impact on a TC. 2) Most patients have multisystem blunt injuries. 3) Most trauma flights occur on days of the week and especially times of the day that are considered off hours. 4) Although there is a high "capture" rate of new patients, the overall financial gain to the hospital in not great. 5) The critical status of these patients demands that the helicopter's base-station facility institute an in-house trauma team and readily available surgical support systems before the first flight. KW - Air ambulances KW - Crash victims KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helicopters KW - Hospitals KW - Impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270451 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451587 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - National Glass Association TI - REFLECTIVE, ONE-WAY OR NON-TRANSPARENT GLASS RESTRICTION LAWS (1970-1984) PY - 1985/06 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - p. 44-47 AB - This article presents a chart indicating those states which have approved legislation restricting the use of reflective, one-way or nontransparent glass on motor vehicles for the years 1970 through 1984. The laws for each state are then presented showing their various differences and similarities. KW - Laws KW - Rear windows KW - Side windows KW - States KW - Tinted glass KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Windows (Vehicles) KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270312 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451741 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Hoekstra, H J AU - Kingma, L M AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - BILATERAL FIRST RIB FRACTURES INDUCED BY INTEGRAL CRASH HELMETS PY - 1985/06 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - p. 566-567 AB - Bilateral first rib fractures can be caused by integral crash helmets in motorcyclists involved in an accident. Such an injury was sustained by two patients. A mechanical basis for such fractures is described. KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - Ribs KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270348 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451747 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Rouhana, S W AU - Lau AU - Ridella, S A AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - INFLUENCE OF VELOCITY AND FORCED COMPRESSION ON THE SEVERITY OF ABDOMINAL INJURY IN BLUNT, NONPENETRATING LATERAL IMPACT PY - 1985/06 VL - 25 IS - 6 SP - p. 490-500 AB - Lateral impacts of automobiles frequently result in abdominal injury to the occupants. While there have been important advances in the clinical management of this lateral impact trauma, the abdominal tolerance to injury from lateral impacts remains uncertain. The present report describes a series of 117 experiments in which the effect of changing the impact velocity and the forced abdominal compression upon the abdominal injuries sustained was monitored. The impact velocity was varied from 3 to 15 m/s, and the abdominal compression was varied from 10 to 50%. Serious injuries (AIS greater than or equal to 3) occurred in the following proportions of the total number of serious injuries: renal (54%), hepatic (44%), and splenic (1%). Impact side was a significant factor in hepatic and splenic tolerance, but not in renal tolerance. An abdominal injury criterion (AIC) is proposed which is a function of the impact velocity times the forced abdominal compression, but work is necessary before it can be applied to human beings. KW - Abdomen KW - Compression KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity KW - Side crashes KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270354 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450952 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - GETTING MORE FOR THE RYDE PY - 1985/06 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - p. 37-40 AB - Tests are described and actual traffic accident situations are recounted where school buses equipped with Mor/ryde rubber spring suspension systems did not rollover when they would otherwise have been expected to do so. The details of this suspension system are described. The two outstanding features of this system are, first, the utilization of rubber blocks that are sandwiched between the axle and the rim, and second, the complete elimination of the rear leaf steel springs. Three main benefits are seen in this system: (1) safety--drivers enjoy better control, have constant wheel-to-road contact, and the bus is virtually roll-proof; (2) softer, smoother ride qualities stemming principally from the absence of metal-to-metal contact between the road and the bus body; side-to-side rocking is greatly reduced, and there is minimum tipping of the body while cornering; and (3) since all moving parts are rubber or rubber-insulated, they require little or no maintenance. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Riding qualities KW - Rollover crashes KW - Rubber KW - School buses KW - Suspension systems KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451756 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Wiviott, MBT AU - Compton, C P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SEAT BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: APRIL 1985 PY - 1985/06 SP - 38 p. AB - Results of a direct-observation seat belt survey of 18,581 occupants in 12,345 cars and light trucks in April, 1985 were compared with results of a similar survey conducted in December, 1984. Use of restraint systems increased between December and April in all age groups except children under age 4, whose use remained at 60%. Changes for other age groups were: (1) from 23.9% in December to 31.4% in April among 4-15-year-olds, (2) 18.5% to 23.0% among 16-29-year-olds, (3) 18.4% to 25.9% among 30-59-year-olds, and (4) 14.6% to 21.8% among those age 60 and over. By region, the largest increases in restraint use occurred in the southern lower peninsula (about 8 percentage points). Central lower peninsula and upper peninsula increased moderately (1 to 6 percentage points), but no increase in restraint use was observed in the northern lower peninsula. By seating position, the largest increases in restraint use (6.5 percentage points) occurred among drivers (from 19.5% to 26.0%) and right front passengers (from 17.4% to 23.9%). The seat belt law that takes effect July 1 applies only to front-seat occupants. It appears that the attention given to seat belts in recent months has resulted in an increase in the proportion of motorists buckling up, even though the law does not take effect until July 1. Results of the current survey, along with results of the December, 1984 survey, will be used as a baseline from which to assess the effects of Michigan's mandatory seat belt law. Additional survey waves are planned for 1985 and 1986. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compulsory KW - Data collection KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Michigan KW - Occupant restraint KW - Publicity KW - Restraint systems KW - States KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266895 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451881 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Ornato, J P AU - Craren, E J AU - Nelson, N M AU - Kimball, K F AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - IMPACT OF IMPROVED EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES AND EMERGENCY TRAUMA CARE ON THE REDUCTION IN MORTALITY FROM TRAUMA PY - 1985/06 VL - 25 IS - 7 SP - p. 575-579 AB - From 1972 to 1982 there was a 23.9% decline in the number of deaths due to trauma in Nebraska. During this time, an improved emergency medical services (EMS) system was being implemented, including training of EMT's and paramedics, physician education in advanced trauma life support (ATLS), establishment of three helicopter transport services, and designation of trauma centers in the two most populous (of six) EMS regions. Highway safety programs alone could not account for the decline in trauma deaths, since there was almost as great a fall in nonvehicular (21.4%) as vehicular (26.4%) trauma deaths. The much larger decline in prehospital (28.3%) than inhospital (17.3%) trauma deaths suggested a relationship between the improving EMS system and decreased mortality from trauma. We found that growth of the EMS system, as measured by the cumulative number of EMT's trained, correlated strongly with the decline in prehospital (r=0.95;p less than 0.001), in-hospital (r=0.84;p less than 0.001), total (r=0.95;p less than 0.001), vehicular (r=0.86;p less than 0.001), and nonvehicular (r=0.93;p less than 0.001) trauma deaths. Our findings suggest that improvements in the statewide EMS system along with better hospital care have caused a significant decline in the number of trauma deaths over a 14-year period. KW - Crash victims KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helicopters KW - Injuries KW - Mortality rates KW - Paramedics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270450 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450948 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SEAT BELTS OR PASSIVE PROTECTION? PY - 1985/06 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - p. 16-18 AB - The results of research into frontal school bus collisions are described and the conclusions drawn are presented. The passive occupant protection seating system (compartmentalization) functions as intended during frontal impacts and provides excellent protection for occupants. The lap seat-belt in any of the three school buses which were tested may result in more severe head and neck injuries for a belted occupant than for an unbelted one in a severe frontal collision. The use of lap screws to attach seats and barriers to the bus floor appears to be inadequate for some vehicle designs. The body shift along the chassis during a frontal collision presents a life-threatening hazard to the bus driver. Further conclusions and recommendations regarding the Canadian body joint strength regulation, the window retention regulation and statistics concerning school bus accidents are also presented. KW - Compartmentalization KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Neck KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Seats KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269916 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450950 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Comeau, L AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - DO WE REALLY CARE? PY - 1985/06 VL - 30 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - The article poses the question, will seat-belts on school buses save lives, or do they threaten the safety of children? The reduction of the number of fatalities outside the school bus is seen as the problem in need of immediate resolution. The disadvantages of seat belts in school buses are noted such as in the case of evacuation of the bus for reasons of fire or other emergencies. The need is noted for analysis of injury data to ascertain the type of bus activity that causes injury. KW - Disadvantage KW - Evacuation KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - School buses KW - Transportation disadvantaged persons KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269918 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451586 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - Wolfe, S AU - National Glass Association TI - AUTOMOBILE SECURITY GLAZING PY - 1985/06 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - p. 36-37 AB - The General Electric Sheet Products Department has developed a thermoplastic polycarbonate laminate which, used in conjunction with standard auto glass, offers the best alternative to thick bullet resistant glass and has become the material of choice in automotive security window applications. This article describes its properties, including excellent protection against vandalism, light weight, forced entry protection, bullet resistance, and a mar-resistant coating that reduces scratching and hazing and prevents abrasion from frequent cleaning, handling, and exposure to weather. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Glazing KW - Laminates KW - Lightweight materials KW - Polycarbonates KW - Protection KW - Protective coatings KW - Rear windows KW - Security KW - Side windows KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Windows (Vehicles) KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451735 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1984 CRC OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT RATING WORKSHOP PY - 1985/06 SP - v.p. AB - An octane number requirement rating workshop was sponsored by the Coordinating Research Council May 7-11, 1984, in Phoenix, Arizona. The objective of the workshop was to improve the application of the CRC E-15 Technique for Determination of Octane Number Requirements of Light-Duty Vehicles to provide consistent results with vehicles equipped with knock sensors, turbochargers, and various transmission configurations such as torque converter lockups, four-speed overdrives, and five-speed manuals. Training was accomplished through seminars and demonstrations, and was verified with actual track testing using the E-15 rating technique and appropriate equipment. KW - Light vehicles KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Training KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451614 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Wiviott, MBT AU - Siegel, M AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG. NUMBER 7 PY - 1985/06 SP - 146 p. AB - The Occupant Protection Public Information Materials Catalog is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on adult and child restraint systems. It lists materials produced for campaigns, along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Catalogs KW - Child restraint systems KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266767 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450658 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Gloster, D M AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - BIKES CAN SHARE THE ROAD, TOO PY - 1985/06 VL - 49 IS - 6 SP - p. 128-130 AB - This article addresses the topic of bicyclists and traffic safety. Bicyclists are urged to obtain and use such safety devices as helmets, headlights, side and rear reflectors, reflective tape on clothing, sunglasses, ankle straps for wide trouser cuffs, and clip-on or larger mirrors for rear visibility. Many riding tips are given for both bicyclist and motorist. The bicyclist is urged to drive defensively as his margin for error is less. Instead of a dented fender, he could end up with a broken leg or worse. KW - Cyclists KW - Defensive drivers KW - Headlamps KW - Helmets KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Sunglasses KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450360 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE INFORMATION AND COST SAVINGS ACT PY - 1985/06 SP - 249 p. AB - This publication contains the June 1985 revisions to the "Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act." The revisions are to the following Titles: Bumper standards; Automobile consumer information study; Diagnostic inspection demostration projects; Odometer requirements; Improving automotive efficiency; and Theft prevention. KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Consumers KW - Demonstration projects KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel conservation KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicle information and cost savings act KW - Motor vehicles KW - Oedometers KW - Prevention KW - Revisions KW - Standards KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450934 AU - Schneider, L W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission TI - SLED IMPACT TESTS OF WHEELCHAIR TIE-DOWN SYSTEMS FOR HANDICAPPED DRIVERS PY - 1985/05/31 SP - 112 p. AB - Six dynamic impact tests were conducted on the UMTRI rebound sled facility to evaluate the effectiveness of three wheelchair tie-down systems intended for use by wheelchair seated drivers of vans. The three systems tested were developed by Creative Controls, Inc., Target Industries ("Speedlock" tie-down), and Intex Northeast, Inc. (formerly "The Claw" by Falcon Equipment Specialties). The tests were performed at nominal impact conditions of a 30-mph velocity differential at an average deceleration of 20 g's, using an instrumented 50th-percentile male dummy seated in an E&J power wheelchair. Occupant restraint included a lap belt attached to the wheelchair or tie-down hardware on the wheelchair and a shoulder belt or shoulder/lap belt combination attached to the vehicle (i.e., the sled). One test was performed on the Intex tie-down system, two on the Target system, and three on the Creative Controls system. The final test of each demonstrated effective wheelchair securement for the test conditions. KW - Drivers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Sled tests KW - Vans KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266368 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399274 JO - Status Report PB - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - SCHOOL BUSES AND SEAT BELTS PY - 1985/05/11 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 12 p. AB - Every school day throughout the U.S., 390,000 school buses log some three million miles transporting 21,500,000 youngsters to and from classes, athletic events, and field trips. Almost always the trip is routine, and the children arrive without mishap. But is school bus travel safe enough? A growing number of parents, aware of the safety advantages of wearing seat belts in passenger cars and trucks, are questioning why most school buses are not equipped with seat lap belts for their children's protection. Now a grassroots movement wants to require school districts across the country to add lap belts to their shopping lists when purchasing new buses. Others contend such an action is unwarranted and may create more injuries in bus crashes. This special issue of Status Report examines this subject and other matters relating to school bus safety: where the injuries occur, what the research reflects, and the measures that will help reduce deaths and injuries. KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - School buses UR - http://www.iihs.org/externaldata/srdata/docs/sr2005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451762 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--SCHOOLBUS LOSS OF CONTROL ACCIDENTS IN MIAMI, FLORIDA, SEPTEMBER 28, 1983, AND BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, APRIL 12, 1984 PY - 1985/05/02 SP - 29 p. AB - The two accidents discussed in this report involved privately-owned and privately-operated schoolbuses that were hired to transport children to and from public school facilities. In the Miami, Florida, accident the schoolbus was hired by the parents. In the Birmingham, Alabama, accident the schoolbus was under contract to the city public school system. Both accident buses seated 36 or more persons and were built before the enactment of the 1977 Federal schoolbus standards for improved crashworthiness and occupant protection. Both accident buses had preexisting mechanical discrepancies that were causal in each accident, and neither vehicle had been inspected recently by the State. State and local school officials exercised little program supervision over the schoolbuses involved in the accidents and had left the responsibility for driver training and vehicle maintenance to the discretion of the vehicle owners. The Safety Board reviewed policies and regulations governing pupil transportation on privately-owned and privately-operated schoolbuses to identify areas where safety improvements could be made. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Crash reports KW - Driver training KW - Inspection KW - Laws and legislation KW - Mechanical failure KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Transportation KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419794 AU - Yarmus, J AU - Walter, R AU - Mengert, P AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Statistical analysis of tire treadware data PY - 1985/05 IS - DOT HS 806 743 SP - 88P KW - Error KW - Errors KW - Regression analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test KW - Tests KW - Tire treads KW - Tyre tread KW - Usa KW - Wear KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490320 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION REGULATIONS PY - 1985/05 SP - 76 p. AB - This publication provides official inspection stations with an operating guide for conducting inspections, completing forms, and submitting records to the Department of Motor Vehicles. Much information is covered including vehicles subject to inspection; schedule of inspection; effect of certificate of inspection and effect of inspection extension and rejection notice; official inspection station licenses; duties of licensee; records; signs; penalties; inspection stations; inspection procedures; inspection of trailers; emission inspection and procedure; and emergency procedure. KW - Certification KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency procedures KW - Exhaust gases KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497519 AU - Beebe, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF A 1984 HONDA ACCORD INTO A 1982 RENAULT FUEGO WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 60.1 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 263 p. AB - This test report doucments one of a series of crash tests to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in the unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted on a 1984 Honda Accord 4-door Sedan and a 1982 Renault Fuego 2-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The Honda Accord was towed into the Renault Fuego at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 60.1 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was February 19, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 33 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Honda Accord KW - Honda automobile KW - Impact tests KW - Renault automobile KW - Renault fuego KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495873 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ESTIMATION OF ECONOMIC SAVINGS FROM INCREASED SAFETY BELT USE. METHODOLOGY PAPER PY - 1985/05 SP - 41 p. AB - A methodology is described for use in estimating the fatalities and injuries that would be prevented in individual states if safety belt usage were to increase. Economic savings that would result from lower fatality and injury rates are also described and their application to safety benefits is illustrated. A general discussion of state welfare and assistance program costs that result from motor vehicle accidents is provided, and a methodoloty for estimating state budgetary savings from lower Medicaid expenditures and increased tax revenue is described. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic benefits KW - Estimating KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495872 AU - Natl Highway Safety Advisory Comm, Dept of Transp TI - COMMERCIAL VEHICLE SAFETY. A REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY ADVISORY COMMITTEE PY - 1985/05 SP - 6 p. AB - This is a report of a study that examined commercial vehicle safety issues in an effort to understand truck accidents, and identify and correct the unsafe conditions. The report notes the inadequacy of accident statistics, driver licensing, driver training, National Driver Register, Section 216 of the Motor Carrier Safety Act (1984), improved driver hours and speeds, new entrants, safety belt use, dialogue between the trucking industry and the states, Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance, Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program; Trucking Industry Alliance, tractor/trailer brake research, and emergency response plans for hazardous materials accidents. Recommendations are made in each of these areas. KW - Brakes KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Emergency response KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - Hours of labor KW - Laws KW - National Driver Register KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495769 AU - Rollins, J B AU - McFarland, W F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COSTS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 156 p. AB - In order to provide highway project analysts with better means of evaluating roadway projects in Texas, improved and updated accident costs were developed in this study. Based on Texas traffic accident data for 1981-82, these accident costs were developed by several cross-classifications and for different subsets of accidents. The accident costs developed in this study can be used in the highway Economic Evaluation Model (HEEM) and in analyzing traffic accident countermeasures. Recommendations for future updating of the costs and for using them in setting project priorities are provided. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305831 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495693 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Chatterjee, I AU - Gu, Y-G AU - Gandhi, O P AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - QUANTIFICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ABSORPTION IN HUMANS FROM BODY-MOUNTED COMMUNICATION TRANSCEIVERS PY - 1985/05 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - p. 55-62 AB - The internal electric (E) field and energy deposition in a full-size adult male mannequin in the immediate vicinity of 1.5 W body-mounted communication transceivers have been measured. Transceivers operating at the four frequencies 50, 150, 450, and 800 MHz, and placed at various locations vis-a-vis the body were used. The mannequin was filled with two-thirds muscle-simulant biological phantom mixtures at each of the four frequencies. The complex permittivities of these mixtures were confirmed by measurement. The internal E-field distribution was measured by three-dimensional implantable E-field probes. Relatively superficial energy depositions were obtained at points close to the location of the transceiver antenna for the two higher frequencies with energy depositions typically less than 1-2 W/kg. Considerably reduced energy depositions were measured at the two lower frequencies on account of in-depth and wider dissemination of the absorbed energy and the relatively high complex permittivities of the tissues which results in an increased shielding of the body. KW - Absorption KW - Communication transceivers KW - Driver information systems KW - Electromagnetic absorption KW - Electromagnetism KW - Human beings KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Vehicular communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491019 AU - Stultz, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PROTECTION IN PRODUCTION VEHICLES. MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1981 HONDA CIVIC AT 33.5 MPH. TEST REPORT PY - 1985/05 SP - 157 p. AB - The report documents one of ten crash tests conducted to evaluate side impact protection in various vehicle models. Testing was conducted on a 1981 Honda Civic 4-door sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility in Ohio. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier, crabbed to 26 deg, at 33.5 mph. The test was a simulation of a 90 deg intersection collision with the striking vehicle travelling at a 30 mph and the struck vehicle travelling at 15 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the left rear seating position. The test date was April 12, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 70 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Deformable barriers KW - Dummies KW - Honda automobile KW - Honda Civic KW - Impact tests KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453199 AU - Farmer, E AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - IMPROVING SCHOOL BUS DRIVER PERFORMANCE PY - 1985/05 SP - 45 p. AB - This book was written with the school bus driver training instructor in mind. It is not intended as a course of instruction but rather as a reference source to be utilized by the instructor in the preparation of his own course of study. He, alone, knows the extent of his instructional needs, the materials that should be used and the effort that must be put forth to meet them successfully. In essence, it can be stated, without equivocation, that its one all encompassing objective is to provide the instructor with some of the information that is needed to ensure the operation of school buses in a safe, efficient and economical manner. The book contains a series of suggested instructional units that, hopefully, will provide the instructor with a simplified, systematic approach to program planning. Most of the information is drawn from more than twenty-five years of experience in the field. It is, understandably, supplemented with information gleaned from attendance at dozens of local, state, regional and national level conferences on pupil transportation, from conversations with many of the nation's leading authorities in pupil transportation, from such nationally recognized organizations as the National Safety Council, the American Red Cross, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Federal Highway Administration and throughout the reading of driver instructional manuals published by numerous state departments of education. KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Instructions KW - Personnel performance KW - School bus drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267640 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453177 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - TEST YOUR SEAT BELT KNOWLEDGE PY - 1985/05 VL - 18 IS - 12 SP - p. 11 AB - This one page article is a self-test consisting of 12 true or false statements concerning seat belts. Answers are included with explanations. KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Self evaluation KW - Self testing KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452035 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE AND VIBRATION CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PY - 1985/05 SP - 358 p. AB - These proceedings contain papers presented at the Surface Vehicle Noise and Vibration Conference held in Traverse City, Michigan, May 15-17, 1985. Topics discussed include vehicle interior noise, engine noise, engine mount systems, drivetrain dynamics, idling rattle, motorcycle noise, heavy vehicles, ride quality of trucks, automotive cooling system noise, grooved tire noise, exhaust system design, brake noise, acoustic test facilities, steering column vibration, and diesel engine research. KW - Acoustics KW - Automobiles KW - Brake squeal KW - Brakes KW - Conferences KW - Cooling systems KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Emission control systems KW - Engine idling KW - Engine mounting KW - Engine mounts KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Idling KW - Interior KW - Motorcycles KW - Noise KW - Power trains KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Ride quality KW - Steering columns KW - Test facilities KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452182 AU - Yarmus, J AU - WALTER, R AU - Mengert, P AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF TIRE TREADWEAR DATA PY - 1985/05 SP - 88 p. AB - This report describes the results of a statistical analysis of the treadwear variability of radial tires subjected to the Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG) standard. Because unexplained variability in the treadwear portion of the standard could lead to the misgrading of tires and provide false information to the consumer, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) had temporarily suspended the treadwear test. This report documents NHTSA's efforts to determine and eliminate sources of this variability. Data analyzed in this report were obtained from UTQG compliance tests performed at the San Angelo, TX test track, and from various tire manufacturers. Both aggregate and disaggregate regression analyses, as well as an analysis of variance, were performed. From these analyses, it is concluded that NHTSA should standardize the tire grade assignment procedure to ensure the true precision of the UTQG test. It is proposed that such standardization be accomplished either by assigning numerical grades with a given error range, or by assigning letter grades reflecting a range of grades. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Regression analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Uniform tire quality grading KW - Wear UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33383/33383.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452184 AU - Vegega, M E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURVEY FORMS FOR CONDUCTING ALCOHOL HIGHWAY SAFETY SURVEYS PY - 1985/05 SP - 83 p. AB - Five Alcohol Highway Safety Survey Questionnaires are provided in this report. The questionnaires are available for use by State and local jurisdictions interested in assessing and/or evaluating anti-drinking-driving activities through surveys addressing relevant attitudes, knowledge and behavior. As Form A emphasizes the risk of being apprehended and punished for driving while intoxicated (DWI), individuals primarily interested in the effects of general deterrence programs will find Form A useful. Both versions of Form B emphasize attitudes about drinking and driving and actions for avoiding driving after drinking too much. Either version of Form B can be used by jurisdictions interested in assessing prevention, education and/or public information programs. Practitioners interested in assessing both general deterrence and public information activities can employ either Form C or Form D. However, Form D is recommended primarily for use by jurisdictions wishing to append questions specific to local anti-drinking-driving activities. Items on each questionnaire have been pretested for understanding and interpretability. The report includes information on the purpose, description and use of the various survey instruments. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Deterrence KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Information dissemination KW - Knowledge KW - Questionnaires KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452187 AU - Beebe, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF A 1982 RENAULT FUEGO WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 60.1 MPH PY - 1985/05 SP - 263 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in the unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1984 Honda Accord 4-door Sedan and a 1982 Renault Fuego 2-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The Honda Accord was towed into the Renault Fuego at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 60.1 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the subject vehicle. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was February 19, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 33 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Testing KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267175 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452374 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - O'Rourke, P J AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - THE NATURAL INFERIORITY OF PEDESTRIANS PY - 1985/05 VL - 30 IS - 11 SP - p. 131-132 AB - This whimsical article, written to amuse readers, conveys some not so whimsical ideas. The author reveals his prejudices against the 55 mph speed limit, safety belts and air bags, and enforcement of speed limits, to mention only a few. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Air bags KW - Manual safety belts KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270677 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452376 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - Berger, M L AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - WOMEN DRIVERS PY - 1985/05 VL - 36 IS - 9 SP - 4 p. AB - This article reviews the roots of the women-driver stereotype. It is concluded that they lie in assumptions and ideas that were accepted well before the automobile first began to affect American life. Previously established premises regarding the freedom and mobility of women in society, the definition of her "femininity" and the nature of her emotional constitution led to the initial questioning of women's ability to drive. When women proved early on that they were indeed technically capable of driving, the specific women-driver stereotype emerged to minimize their driving and the social changes that might accompany it. So successful was the stereotype that it would take scientific studies in the late Twenties and Thirties to "prove" that women were as good, if not better, drivers than men. KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - History KW - Mobility KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270679 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451591 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - American Automobile Association TI - WEAR IT! PY - 1985/05 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 9-10 AB - This article reviews the tragic facts of the statistics which reveal the number of Americans who die in traffic accidents and the estimated costs for this road trauma. It then reviews the success other countries have had in diminishing such tragedy simply by requiring drivers and passengers to wear seat belts. Emphasis is placed on the fact that, in addition to passing seat belt laws, there must be adequate enforcement of these laws. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270316 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451883 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Leersum, J van AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ADVISORY SPEED ALGORITHM IN TRANSYT PY - 1985/05 VL - 19A IS - 3 SP - p. 207-217 AB - Dynamic advisory speed signs which display speeds at which motorists can travel smoothly through downstream signalized intersections appear to offer benefits to both the national economy and the driver. Modifications to the traffic simulation program TRANSYT have enabled some of these benefits to be quantified on a typical urban road network. Provided that the greater proportion of motorists obey the signs it is shown that fuel consumption can be reduced by as much as 13% and the total number of stops by up to 38%. KW - Advisory speed KW - Algorithms KW - Economic benefits KW - Fuel consumption KW - Speed control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270452 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451796 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Oderda, G M AU - Klein-Schwartz, W AU - Public Health Service TI - PUBLIC AWARENESS SURVEY: THE MARYLAND POISON CENTER AND MR. YUK, 1981 AND 1975 PY - 1985/05 VL - 100 IS - 3 SP - p. 278-282 AB - A telephone survey of residents of metropolitan Baltimore was conducted in 1981 to assess awareness of the Maryland Poison Center and a program based on the Mr. Yuk poisoning symbol. The results of 280 telephone interviews are compared with a similar survey conducted 6 years earlier by the Maryland Poison Center. When faced with a harmful exposure, the most common response in the 1981 survey (32.9 percent) was to call the poison center. That response was only the fourth most frequent answer (14.5 percent) in the 1975 survey. Calling a physician or taking the person to a physician was the most frequent response in 1975 (29.5 percent) but only the fourth most frequent in 1981 (15.0 percent). Of the respondents who would call a poison center, 55.7 percent in the 1981 survey knew the center's telephone number or had ready access to it. Public awareness of Mr. Yuk remained at approximately 60 percent in both surveys. Persons familiar with the warning symbol in the latest survey were three times as likely to call the poison center as those who were not aware of it. KW - Awareness KW - Data collection KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response KW - Poison centers KW - Publicity KW - Surveys KW - Symbols KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451612 AU - SAUL, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPEATABILITY PROGRAM DUMMY VARIABILITY ANALYSIS--VOLUME I PY - 1985/05 SP - 117 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Office of Market Incentives, conducted a series of identical 1982 Chevrolet Citation crash tests to assess the repeatability of 35 mph frontal barrier crash tests. The dummies from those crash tests were subsequently calibrated by the NHTSA Vehicle Research and Test Center through the Dummy Management Program. This project was conducted for two purposes: 1.) To analyze and compare the dummy calibration results with the crash test results, and, 2.) To assess Part 572 neck variability at a severity level greater than that of the calibration procedures. The report is prepared in two volumes. Volume I describes the dummy calibration analysis and results. Volume II covers neck pendulum and HYGE sled testing which was conducted to assess the neck variability at different severity levels. The results indicate that the dummy measurement repeatability had no correlation to the calibration and sled test dummy measurements. KW - Calibration KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Neck KW - Repeatability KW - Severity KW - Sled tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451890 AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - NATIONAL RIDESHARING DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM: EMPLOYER-BASED RIDESHARE PROMOTION IN ATLANTA, GA PY - 1985/05 SP - 120 p. AB - The Atlanta Ridesharing Demonstration represented an expansion of existing ridesharing promotion activity in the metropolitan Atlanta region. The demonstration used federal funds from several sources, including the National Ridesharing Demonstration Program (a joint program of three U.S. Department of Transportation agencies), the Federal Highway Administration, and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration. Federal sources accounted for 69 percent of the project budget of $600,520, while state sources accounted for 31 percent. An existing Georgia DOT ridesharing program had been promoting ridesharing through employers, with a focus on employers with more than 1000 employees in one location. The major elements of the demonstration were expansion of ridesharing promotion to: 1) single employers with more than 100 employees at one location; and 2) multi-employer work locations in the Central Business District. The evaluation measured the impact of the demonstration through workplace-based surveys of employers and employees in the Atlanta region. These surveys indicated that the demonstration was successful in reaching the large employers in the region, but that the direct impact of the program on employers' decisions to provide ridesharing could not be determined. Employers most likely to provide employee ridesharing assistance were those with inadequate parking. The employee survey indicated that 17 percent of the region's employees were aware of the ridesharing demonstration. Although it was not possible to determine the direct impact of the demonstration on employee commuting decisions, employers who participated in the program showed higher rates of both ridesharing and transit usage among their employees. Ridesharing employees tended to travel farther to work than non-ridesharing employees and were more likely to be concerned about commuting cost and auto wear. The programs to employers should emphasize direct benefits, such as improved management of scarce parking facilities and improved labor market position through fringe benefits. KW - Atlanta (Georgia) KW - Benefits KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Employee participation KW - Evaluation KW - Paratransit services KW - Promotion KW - Ridesharing KW - Surveys KW - Umta section 6 KW - Urban Mass Transportation Act UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451606 AU - Flick, M A AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF BRAKING REGULATIONS-REPORT NUMBER 3: EVALUATION OF THE THIRD PROPOSED TEST PROCEDURE FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1985/05 SP - 276 p. AB - Nineteen passenger cars were tested to the third version of the proposed harmonized international braking regulation test procedure to evaluate the procedure and to expand the data base to be used in development of harmonized performance requirements. These vehicles were also tested to the FMVSS No. 105 for comparison of test severity and to establish equivalent performance requirements. The vehicles were then tested to a brake distribution/adhesion utilization procedure to refine the technique for possible inclusion in the harmonized procedure. Two of the vehicles were equipped with antilock systems which were evaluated with additional tests. This report, which is the third in a series of reports that will be published by NHTSA's Vehicle Research and Test Center as the harmonization effort progresses, presents vehicle performance summaries and graphs, a discussion of results and a critique of the revised procedure. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Braking KW - Evaluation KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Performance tests KW - Regulations KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451609 AU - Beebe, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF A 1984 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY INTO A 1984 DODGE OMNI WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 54.8 MPH PY - 1985/05 SP - 261 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1984 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door Sedan and a 1984 Dodge Omni 4-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The Chevrolet Celebrity was towed into the Dodge Omni at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 54.8 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the subject vehicle. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was February 28, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 42 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451898 AU - Yoon, I-S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - SOUTH KOREA'S INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT PY - 1985/05 SP - 85 p. AB - This report gives a history of the economic development of South Korea and outlines the political and social environment of Korea. Further, it discusses the major characteristics of the Korean economy and the major industries of South Korea. An appendix presents questions and answers on investment in the Korean automotive industry. KW - Automobile industry KW - Economic development KW - Industries KW - International trade KW - Investments KW - South Korea KW - World trade UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267018 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451894 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - OVEREXTENSION PY - 1985/05 VL - 18 IS - 12 SP - 10 p. AB - This article discusses the practice of overextending oneself physically by staying behind the wheel too long on a long distance trip. Such overextension impairs a driver's ability to stay alert and drive safely. Included in the discussion are specific ways to avoid the problems of fatigue, monotony, and highway hypnosis. One piece of advice given in conclusion is this: Plan your trip around a minimum of distance and a maximum of rest. KW - Alertness KW - Driver impairment KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway hypnosis KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intercity travel KW - Long distance travel KW - Monotony KW - Rest stops KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270462 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450767 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Kaplan, H L AU - Sellers, E M AU - Hamilton, C AU - Naranjo, C A AU - Dorian, P AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - IS THERE ACUTE TOLERANCE TO ALCOHOL AT STEADY STATE? PY - 1985/05 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 253-256 AB - Although acute tolerance to the psychomotor impairment caused by alcohol has been documented in single-dose studies, the pharmacodynamic effects of continued alcohol administration in humans have not been well studied. Six nonalcoholic men received alcohol to achieve and maintain breath alcohol levels of 80-100 mg/dl for 6 hr. The men suffered an initial impairment in word recall but improved over the next 6 hr. Measures of standing steadiness and manual tracking did not show evidence of the development of tolerance. This lack of tolerance was reflected in subjects' self-assessments of sedation and intoxication. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Impairment KW - Intoxication KW - Motor skills KW - Physical disabilities KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Sedation KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269758 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451761 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Tornatore (Ralph) TI - FUTURE ROAD SIGNS WILL "TALK" TO DRIVERS PY - 1985/05 VL - 49 IS - 5 SP - p. 58-59 AB - This article describes an experimental road-vehicle communication system, known as Driver Aid, Information and Routing System (DAIR), which has been developed by General Motors, and another system developed by Ford Motor Company known as Radio Road Alert. While the two systems sound futuristic, they could become a reality within a few years. They represent the first step toward automatic highways. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Automated highway systems KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Future concepts KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Innovation KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio road alert KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270365 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451590 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Burke, K AU - American Automobile Association TI - AN EARLY MORNING TRAGEDY: KELLY BURKE'S STORY PY - 1985/05 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 2b-2c AB - Kelly Burke, an award-winning Washington-area television journalist who has covered hundreds of stories, became the subject of news stories himself last year when he was involved in an alcohol-related fatal traffic accident. This article presents, in his own words, the agonizing consequences anyone can expect to go through in such a tragedy, as well as Burke's efforts to cope with the future. KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451799 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - McCormack, A AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - RISK FOR ALCOHOL-RELATED ACCIDENTS IN DIVORCED AND SEPARATED WOMEN PY - 1985/05 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 240-243 AB - The relationship between marital status and risk for alcohol-related automobile accidents was examined in 10,544 subjects (12% women) who entered 28 driver alcohol education programs over a 6-month period in 1983. Women were more likely than men to be divorced or separated (28 vs 16%). In this marital category, women were younger than men and were more likely to be living alone with their children. The findings implicate the role of lifestyle factors in the development and maintenance of alcohol-related problems, and suggest that women in driver alcohol education programs may require more help than men because they have less social support. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Females KW - Hazards KW - Life styles KW - Marital status KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451611 AU - Ziegler, P N AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR OBSERVING CHILD SAFETY SEAT USE PY - 1985/05 SP - v.p. AB - This manual provides guidelines for collecting observational data needed to assess the use of child safety seats. Specific directions are included for (a) observing child safety seat use, (b) determining the extent of correct and incorrect installation of child seats, and (c) instructing observers on how to use sample data collection forms. The Appendix provides detailed information on various types of child safety seats. It can be used to identify seat manufacturers and models to assess whether the seats are correctly installed. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Misuse KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269209 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451800 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Alterman, A I AU - Tarter, R E AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILIAL ALCOHOLISM AND HEAD INJURY PY - 1985/05 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 256-258 AB - In 76 alcoholic men who were Veterans Administration inpatients, the presence of familial alcoholism was ascertained by means of an investigator-expanded version of the family history section of the Renard Diagnostic Interview. Subjects who had experienced 5 min of unconsciousness resulting from trauma, or at least two periods of unconsciousness or hospitalization as a result of injury were categorized as head injured. Of the familial alcoholics, 60.4% were found to be head injured, as contrasted with 34.8% of nonfamilial alcoholics, a statistically significant group difference. The possible etiological origins of this difference and its behavioral and treatment implications are discussed. KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Etiology KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Treatment KW - Unconsciousness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270381 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451895 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLING PY - 1985/05 VL - 18 IS - 12 SP - p. 14-17 AB - This article discusses a few basic rules for safe and enjoyable off-road motorcycling. These include dressing properly, knowing your machine and the terrain, and avoiding alcohol. KW - Alcohol use KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Clothing KW - Eye KW - Eye protection KW - Helmets KW - Leather KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451613 AU - SAUL, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPEATABILITY PROGRAM DUMMY VARIABILITY ANALYSIS--VOLUME II PY - 1985/05 SP - 144 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Office of Market Incentives, conducted a series of identical 1982 Chevrolet Citation crash tests to assess the repeatability of 35 mph frontal barrier crash tests. The dummies from those crash tests were subsequently calibrated by the NHTSA Vehicle Research and Test Center through the Dummy Management Program. This project was conducted for two purposes: 1.) To analyze and compare the dummy calibration results with the crash test results, and, 2.) to assess Part 572 neck variability at a severity level greater than that of the calibration procedures. The report is prepared in two volumes. Volume I describes the dummy calibration analysis and results. Volume II covers neck pendulum and HYGE sled testing which was conducted to assess the neck variability at different severity levels. The results indicate that the dummy measurement repeatability is good and that the crash test dummy measurement variability had no correlation to the calibration and sled test dummy measurements. KW - Calibration KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injury severity KW - Neck KW - Repeatability KW - Severity KW - Sled tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266766 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451884 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - WRIGHT, C C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - GEOMETRIC DELAY TO PEDESTRIANS PY - 1985/05 VL - 19A IS - 3 SP - p. 219-226 AB - Most traffic engineers are familiar with the term "geometric delay" as applied to roundabouts. The delay comes from the geometric layout, which forces a driver to slow down and deviate from a straight path, irrespective of whether there are any other vehicles using the roundabout at the time. It accounts for a substantial proportion of all vehicle delay at roundabouts, and is regarded as an important factor in the economic evaluation of roundabout schemes. Pedestrians are subjected to delay in a similar way, at a wide variety of locations and for a number of different reasons. However, very little is known about the magnitude of this delay, and in practice it is usually ignored by planners. Some of the more obvious features of the road environment which deflect people from their natural paths are guardrails, pedestrian crossings, and, of course, roundabouts. However, the most pervasive feature is the carriageway itself. Even when there are no vehicles in sight, most pedestrians cross the road approximately at right angles, because this minimizes the time during which they are exposed to risk. On an urban street network, where the shortest route usually runs diagonally across the street from one junction to another, this entails an appreciable extra walking distance. The average excess distance can be calculated as a function of street width and separation for a rectangular grid network. The object of this article is to review what appear to be the main sources of geometric delay to the pedestrian and to estimate the magnitude of the delay in typical cases. It turns out that overall, geometric delays account for a small, but appreciable, component of the pedestrian journey time in an urban area. KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic delays KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270453 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450758 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Mawson, A R AU - Biundo, J J AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - CONTRASTING BELIEFS AND ACTIONS OF DRIVERS REGARDING SEATBELTS: A STUDY IN NEW ORLEANS PY - 1985/05 VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - p. 433-437 AB - To study the association between actual and claimed belt usage, to determine drivers' attitudes toward seatbelts, and to identify some of the factors associated with the use and nonuse of seatbelts, we administered a one-page questionnaire to 1,103 drivers attending their annual brake tag inspection in New Orleans, Louisiana. Actual belt use was unobtrusively recorded at the same time. Fifty-one percent of drivers stated that they wore seatbelts always or most of the time, 52% agreed that seatbelts should be worn, and 28% favored mandatory seatbelt use. Yet only 5.4% of drivers were actually observed wearing seatbelts. Drivers who had experienced a previous auto injury that required a doctor's visit were 1.7 times as likely to be wearing seatbelts as those without prior injury, yet only 8% of the injured were wearing them. The results of the survey are discussed in relation to the discrepancy between attitudes towards seatbelts and observed seatbelt use. KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451608 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF A 1984 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY INTO A 1984 HONDA ACCORD WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 55.5 MPH PY - 1985/05 SP - 276 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1984 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door Sedan and a 1984 Honda Accord 4-door Sedan at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The Chevrolet Celebrity was towed into the Honda Accord at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 55.5 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the subject vehicle. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was March 26, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 56 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451610 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF A 1984 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY INTO A 1984 DODGE OMNI WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 37.7 MPH PY - 1985/05 SP - 271 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in both the restrained and unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with a 1984 Chevrolet Celebrity 4-door Sedan and a 1984 Dodge Omni 4-door Hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The Chevrolet Celebrity was towed into the Dodge Omni at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 37.7 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the subject vehicle. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was March 15, 1985 and the ambient temperature was 41 deg F. KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451755 AU - Jones, I S AU - LUND, A K AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DETECTION OF ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVERS USING A PASSIVE ALCOHOL SENSOR PY - 1985/05 SP - 23 p. AB - The effectiveness of a passive alcohol sensor was tested in a sobriety checkpoint situation. Use of the sensor increased the detection of drivers with BACs greater than or equal to 0.10 from 46 to 68 percent and the detection of drivers with BACs between 0.05 and 0.10 from 24 percent to 45 percent. At the same time, the rate at which drivers with low BACs were detained was reduced by half with the use of the sensor. These results indicate that a passive alcohol sensor can substantially increase both the effectiveness and the efficiency of the enforcement of laws aimed at controlling alcohol-impaired driving. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passive sensors KW - Roadblocks KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266894 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450955 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Fife, D AU - Hollinshead, W AU - Faich, G AU - Public Health Service TI - NURSING HOME RESIDENCY AFTER HEAD INJURY PY - 1985/05 VL - 100 IS - 3 SP - p. 336-340 AB - A survey of 93 nursing homes in and near Rhode Island in May 1982 identified all head-injured patients who were State residents. Nineteen were identified, of whom ten were injured in motor vehicle crashes. The median age was 35 years. The median time since injury was 3 years and increased with age. The prevalence of such patients was 2 per 100,000 population. Except for a recent survey by the Connecticut Department of Health, little is known about the prevalence or duration of nursing home residency after head injury. To obtain such data, nursing homes in and near Rhode Island were surveyed for State residents who were patients because of head injury. KW - Age KW - Data collection KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Hospitals KW - Injuries KW - Nursing homes KW - Patents KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269923 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450766 JO - Public Health Reports PB - U.S. Public Health Service AU - Goodman, R A AU - Smith, J D AU - Sikes, R K AU - Rogers, D L AU - Mickey, J L AU - Public Health Service TI - FATALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH FARM TRACTOR INJURIES: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY PY - 1985/05 VL - 100 IS - 3 SP - p. 329-333 AB - Death certificates were used as a source of information to characterize fatalities associated with farm tractor injuries in Georgia for the period 1971-81. In this period, 202 tractor-associated fatalities occurred among residents of Georgia; 198 of these persons were males. The annual tractor-associated fatality rate for males based on the population of male farm residents was 23.6 per 100,000; rates of fatal injury increased with age for this population. Persons whose primary occupation was other than farming accounted for more than half of all tractor-associated deaths. Fatal injuries occurred throughout the year but predominantly during the planting and harvesting months. Injuries occurred throughout the day (7 a.m. to midnight), with a peak at 4 p.m. to 5 p.m. Most fatal injuries, 76 percent, resulted when tractors overturned. Fatalities were attributed to crushed chest, exsanguination, strangulation or asphyxia, drowning, and other injuries. Current safety standards for the operation of farm tractors are limited; rollover protective canopies are not required for farm owners or their family members. Descriptive epidemiologic information obtained from death certificates can be used to define injury determinants and to suggest approaches for the further study and prevention of specific types of injuries. KW - Age KW - Agricultural vehicles KW - Epidemiology KW - Farm tractors KW - Farm vehicles KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Males KW - Overturning KW - Rollover crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451605 AU - Flick, M A AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HARMONIZATION OF BRAKING REGULATIONS-REPORT NUMBER 2: EVALUATION OF THE SECOND PROPOSED TEST PROCEDURE FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1985/05 SP - 149 p. AB - Four vehicles were tested to the first revised version of the proposed harmonized international braking regulation test procedure to evaluate the procedure and to expand the data base to be used in development of harmonized performance requirements. Two of these four vehicles were used in a previous test program which evaluated the initial version of the proposed harmonized procedure and were used in this program to evaluate how changes to the procedure affected vehicle performance. This report, which is the second in a series of reports that will be published by NHTSA's Vehicle Research and Test Center as the harmonization effort progresses, presents detailed data sheets, vehicle performance summaries and graphs, a discussion of results and a critique of the revised procedure. KW - Braking KW - Evaluation KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Performance tests KW - Regulations KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451871 AU - Wells-Parker, E AU - Landrum, J W AU - Cosby, P J AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State TI - CLASSIFYING THE DUI OFFENDER: A CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF ARREST HISTORIES PY - 1985/05 SP - 27 p. AB - Written as a companion study to the November 1984 report entitled "The Mississippi Drunk Driver: A Profile of DUI Offenders," this report describes distinct sub-groups among 353 people convicted of DUI. These offenders were arrested for DUI in Tupelo, Mississippi, between September 1976 and August 1977. Five sub-groups among the Tupelo DUI offenders are described, based on actual behavior--the total arrests incurred by the offenders. It is hoped that this analysis will provide an additional, perhaps easier to obtain, basis for identifying possible high risk drivers. KW - Arrests KW - Behavior KW - Classification KW - Cluster analysis KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Repeat offenders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450629 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DIGEST OF STATE ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY RELATED LEGISLATION PY - 1985/05 SP - 355 p. AB - This Digest is designed for use by anyone interested in State Laws related to alcohol use and highway safety. It provides the reader with the status of such State laws as of January 1, 1985. The Digest is divided into three main areas: (1) Introduction; (2) High Interest Legislation; and (3) State Law Summary. The Summary is organized by State and then by specific legal topics. The Summary includes code and, where needed, case law citations; these should help individuals conducting additional research in this area of the law. It should be noted that the Summary can be used to facilitate the comparison of State laws in the subject areas. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Per se laws KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450630 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - WILLIAMS, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM--REPORT NUMBER 3: EVALUATION OF PARKING AND EMERGENCY PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS ON AIR BRAKED TRAILERS PY - 1985/05 SP - 130 p. AB - This report contains results of vehicle, dynamometer and laboratory mockup tests that were conducted at the Vehicle Research and Test Center in order to address issues received in response to Notice 5 of Docket 79-93 and to evaluate pneumatic systems used for parking and emergency braking on trailers in general. KW - Air brakes KW - Emergency brakes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Parking brakes KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic systems KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450359 AU - Bigelow, G E AU - Bickel, W E AU - Liebson, I A AU - Nowowieski, P AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Institute on Drug Abuse TI - IDENTIFYING TYPES OF DRUG INTOXICATION: LABORATORY EVALUATION OF A SUBJECT-EXAMINATION PROCEDURE PY - 1985/05 SP - 17 p. AB - The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) has developed a rating procedures for use in detecting drug-impaired drivers. The purpose of the rating procedures is to determine whether the driver is impaired and to identify the responsible drug class (e.g., stimulant, depressant, etc.). As part of a research effort designed to provide data regarding the validity of the LAPD Drugged Driver Detection program, a laboratory evaluation sponsored jointly by NHTSA and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), was recently completed by the Johns Hopkins University. The experimental procedure involved the administration of specific drug dose conditions to volunteer subjects who were then rated independently by each of four LAPD Drug Recognition Experts. The drugs administered were: Marijuana (2 dose levels; Depressants--Diazapam (Valium; 2 dose levels); and Secobarbital (1 dose level); and Stimulants--d-Amphetamine (2 dose levels). The results can be summarized as follows: For certain drug-dose combinations most subjects were rated as intoxicated, but for other combinations most were not; Subjects rated as intoxiccated had almost always receive a drug and raters were quited accurate in specifying which drug had been given to the subjects they rated as intoxicated; and Subjects who did not receive a drug were almost always rated as not intoxicated. KW - Accuracy KW - Depressants KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drugs KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intoxication KW - Law enforcement KW - Marijuana KW - Stimulants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25712/DOT-HS-806-753.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450339 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE PROFIT IN SAFETY BELTS: GUIDELINES FOR CONDUCTING EMPLOYERS SAFETY BELT WORKSHOPS PY - 1985/05 SP - 39 p. AB - Companies are in a unique position to positively influence the attitudes and safety belt usage behavior of their employees. Positive employer programs have been tested and proven to be effective in numerous companies throughout the nation. Considerable cost savings have resulted from the implementation and continuing operation of these programs. Procedures have been established for getting started. This Guide takes the next step by establishing guidelines and procedures for introducing these programs and materials to Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and Safety Directors of companies through workshops conducted within counties and major population centers throughout the United States. The objective of this Guide is to provide for the planning, organization and implementation of occupant protection workshops for companies/employers. The three main objectives to be accomplished in these workshops are: (1) stimulating programs that promote safety belt use for employees and their families; (2) providing information on the safety potential of automatic restraint equipped cars for company fleets; and (3) promoting safety belt use laws. KW - Automatic restraints KW - Automatic seat belts KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Employers KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Guidelines KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Planning KW - Programs KW - Utilization KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266085 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450656 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Berger, D E AU - SNORTUM, J R AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE PREFERENCES OF DRINKING--DRIVING VIOLATORS PY - 1985/05 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 232-239 AB - Relationships between the preferred type of alcoholic beverage and various drinking-driving behaviors and attitudes were examined in a representative sample of 1000 licensed U.S. drivers interviewed in a national telephone survey. Substantial differences were found between subjects who preferred beer and those who preferred wine or distilled spirits. Those who preferred beer typically drank to higher levels of intoxication, were more likely to drive after drinking and tended to consider driving while intoxicated to be less serious. With few exceptions, these findings were true regardless, of sex, age, education, income and marital status. These data contradict the popular perception of beer as a relatively harmless drink of moderation, and challenge policies of special concessions for the legal purchasing age and advertising of beer. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Beer KW - Behavior KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269651 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450654 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Abel, E L AU - Zeidenberg, P AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - AGE, ALCOHOL AND VIOLENT DEATH: A POSTMORTEM STUDY PY - 1985/05 VL - 46 IS - 3 SP - p. 228-231 AB - A detailed examination of the files of the medical examiner's office of Erie County, New York, for 1973-1983 inclusive was conducted with respect to cause of death, age of victim and presence of alcohol in the blood at time of death. In 48.6% of the traffic accidents the victim had been drinking compared with 38.9% miscellaneous accidents (e.g., drowning, falling), 45.2% homicides and 35.4% suicides. Among those aged 15-19, 42.7% of these violent deaths were alcohol related compared with 51.1% of those aged 20-24, 48.6% of those 25-34, 49.1% of those 35-44 and 47.2% of those 45-54. The data indicate that alcohol is involved to a considerable extent in all major categories of violent death for all age cohorts especially for traffic accident victims aged 35 and under. KW - Age KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Autopsies KW - Crash victims KW - Fatalities KW - Post mortem KW - Traffic crashes KW - Violent crimes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269650 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399106 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - National Glass Association TI - MORE GLASS-PLASTIC GLAZING AHEAD PY - 1985/05 VL - 35 IS - 5 SP - p. 38-39 AB - A resolution supporting glass-plastic glazing on automobile windshields and side windows recently approved by the American Medical Association (AMA) states that glass-plastic glazing "has proven to greatly reduce ejection and largely eliminate lacerations." The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) agrees with this resolution and finds it to be in compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 205. The NHTSA estimated cost for glass-plastic glazing is $38 to $45 greater than the current glazing system. A glass-plastic glazed side window deforms, stretching to prevent head or neck injury due to impact, and then returning without breaking. However, the automobile has to be able to retain or hold onto that piece of side glazing so that when the glass breaks, it remains in the body frame. No current design allows this and at the same time allows the window to be rolled up and down. This leaves attaching the plastic to side channels as the most feasible solution. KW - Costs KW - Ejection KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Glass KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Glass plastic glazing KW - Glazing KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Side windows KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218012 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399111 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Walsh, J AU - National Safety Council TI - OHIO BELT USE SURVEYS SHOW: DRIVERS WHO DON'T BUCKLE UP PUT COMFORT BEFORE SAFETY PY - 1985/05 VL - 85 IS - 3 SP - 4 p. AB - The Ohio State Highway Patrol conducted a series of statewide surveys designed to determine belt usage in each of the state's 88 counties. Information was gathered on who wore seat belts, who didn't, and why. Surveys were conducted in 1981, 1982, 1983 and 1984. Results are reported in this article. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the Ohio State Highway Patrol has been able to keep its seat belt program vitally effective through the use of information collected by these surveys. They have been able to develop several promotions addressing specific problem areas and make measurable progress toward the solution of these problems. A principal benefit of the survey program has been the opportunity to personally convey the Highway Patrol's total commitment to seat belts to over 368,000 motorists. These personal contacts have helped to keep seat belt use in Ohio comparatively high and have made a positive contribution to traffic safety in Ohio. KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ohio KW - Promotion KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218014 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399086 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Muller, A AU - American Public Health Association TI - MOTORCYCLE HEADLIGHT-USE LAWS: A CONTRASTING VIEW PY - 1985/05 VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - p. 547-549 AB - Zador's preceding study estimates a 13 percent reduction in fatal daytime motorcycle crashes for states which enacted daytime headlight-use laws during the late 1960s and early 1970s. This finding is not noteworthy, since prior research using similar data challenges the effectiveness of these laws. The purpose of the following research is to point out major discrepancies between Zador's and Muller's findings and to examine critically key assumptions made by both researchers. New evidence suggests that the effect attributed to headlight-use laws may, indeed, be spurious. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399268 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1983 PY - 1985/05 SP - v.p. AB - This report on activities under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966) and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of (1972), briefly describes NHTSA's responsibilities, the motor vehicle safety problem, trends in traffic accidents, and its program emphasis. The various chapters describe NHTSA activities: Saving Lives (occupant protection, child safety seats, automatic protection, frontal impact protection, side impact protection, pedestrian impact protection, engineering analysis, biomechanics, regulatory actions, crashworthiness rule-making, and scientific and technical conferences and workshops); Avoiding Accidents (visibility and vehicle conspicuity, lighting, vehicle identification number, power windows, controls and displays, brakes, handling and stability, heavy truck safety research, and vehicle research and test center); Fuel Economy (enforcement); Enforcement; Consumer Activities; Support for Motor Vehicle Safety; and Administration. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Automatic protection KW - Brakes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Conferences KW - Control KW - Displays KW - Driving KW - Frontal crashes KW - Fuel consumption KW - Handling characteristics KW - Information display systems KW - License plates KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399269 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1983 PY - 1985/05 SP - v.p. AB - The activities under the Highway Safety Act of 1966 (Amended January 1, 1983-December 31, 1983) are described in this report in two parts. Part I gives a general introduction (highway safety problem, trends, fatality rates, and program emphasis) and describes in detail the program activities, (research relating to standards, management alcohol and drug use, occupant protection, police services, emergency services, pupil transportation, driver licensing, driver education, adjudication of traffic violations, enforcement, traffic laws, records systems, pedestrians, motor cycles, and older drivers), and support activities. Part II covers highway safety within the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), FHWA Section 402 program accomplishments, highway safety standards and federal agency roads, and Section 403 accomplishments. Appendices provide information on statistics, the National Highway Safety Advisory Committee membership (1983), funding, research, publications of NHTSA and FHWA, and innovative project grants. KW - Aged drivers KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Child safety KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Documents KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Enforcement KW - Fatalities KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Motorcycles KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Pedestrians KW - Police KW - Publications KW - Research KW - School children KW - Standards KW - Statistics KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215998 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399103 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Watt, W W AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - HOW TO AVOID AUTO ANGST PY - 1985/05 VL - 68 IS - 5 SP - p. 22-25 AB - Driving on a long pleasure or business trip will be less trying and more enjoyable by preparing your car through ordinary inspection and maintenance procedures. These include making sure the brake and suspension systems are in top performing condition and knowing how to handle an overheated engine. This article gives tips for making sure the brake system is in proper condition, for determining whether your car is properly aligned, and for what to do when the dashboard light indicates engine overheating. KW - Alignment KW - Automobile engines KW - Brakes KW - Inspection KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Overheating KW - Planning KW - Suspension systems KW - Travel KW - Trip planning KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218009 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399112 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - ULTRASONIC BACK-UP DEVICE "HEARS" OBJECTS THAT CANNOT BE SEEN PY - 1985/05 VL - 85 IS - 3 SP - p. 18-19 AB - This article describes the Rear Guard detector system which is distributed by Castleton, Inc., of Rancho Cordova, California. Rear Guard is described as a variable ultrasonic proximity alert that uses advanced ultrasonic technology to detect objects to the rear of a vehicle at distances ranging from 6.5 feet down 15 inches. When the vehicle is put in reverse and an object behind it comes into range, an alarm starts to beep, at first intermittently, and then continuously as the vehicle approaches the object and reaches the inner limits of the sensing device. At the same time a set of lights on the Rear Guard control box, attached to the dashboard, flash on green at first, then turn red as the vehicle comes within a preset distance of the object from 15 to 30 inches. The device has been used on large trucks, ambulances, and an adaptation of it on school buses. It can also be installed on regular automobiles. KW - Ambulances KW - Audible warning devices KW - Automobiles KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Detectors KW - Distance KW - Driving KW - Instrument panels KW - Rear guard detector system KW - School buses KW - Technological innovations KW - Trucks KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399271 AU - Cerrelli, E C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE 1984 TRAFFIC FATALITIES EARLY ASSESSMENT PY - 1985/05 SP - 112 p. AB - This report presents preliminary estimates of traffic fatalities for 1984 and traffic fatality trend data for both long and short term, and identifies and discusses broad changes from previous years. All statistics are obtained from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). The information on fatality trends cover national trends as well as state and regional trends. An attempt is also made to compare selected statistics from both 1984 and 1983. In order to provide a broader view, tables are presented which include comparisons with 1980 statistics. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Estimates KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399085 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - ZADOR, P L AU - American Public Health Association TI - MOTORCYCLE HEADLIGHT-USE LAWS AND FATAL MOTORCYCLE CRASHES IN THE US, 1975-83 PY - 1985/05 VL - 75 IS - 5 SP - p. 543-546 AB - Fatal motorcycle crashes in the United States from 1975 to 1983 were analyzed. In the 14 states that had motorcycle headlight-use laws during the study period, about 600 daytime crashes of the type included in the study were prevented by these laws. This reduction corresponds to a 13 percent reduction in fatal daytime crashes and to an average reduction of about five fatal crashes per year for each of the 14 states. About 30 states did not have motorcycle daytime headlight laws in effect during the study period. If all of these states had such laws, in an average year, approximately 140 additional fatal motorcycle crashes would have been prevented. KW - Daytime running lamps KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395670 AU - Stoke, C B AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - CHILD SAFETY SEAT AND SAFETY BELT USE AMONG URBAN TRAVELERS. RESULTS OF THE 1984 PY - 1985/05 SP - 29 p. AB - During nine days in June 1983 and nine in June 1984, four major metropolitan areas of Virginia were surveyed to determine whether safety restraints were being used by urban travelers. Observers stationed at selected signalized intersections displayed to stopped motorists a clipboard bearing the question, Are you wearing seat belts? The observers then approached the vehicles to visually verify any response given, and recorded whether safety belts or child safety seats were being used. They also recorded the license numbers of the vehicles and the sex and approximate age of each occupant. The passage of the Child Safety Seat Law in 1982 resulted in a dramatic increase in infant safety restraint use in 1983 over that in the 1977 baseline period. One of the objectives of the 1984 survey was to determine whether there was a change in the use of safety restraints by infants from that observed in June 1983. The rates of use found in June 1984 were nearly the same as those observed in June 1983. In 1984, 78.6% of the infant RFP's and 66.7% of the infant RP's were restrained by safety devices (child seats, safety belts, or both). The 1983 figures were 76.0% for RFP's and 66.8% for RP's. The 1984 data also show that when there was an infant in the car, and the infant was in a child safety seat, 30.8% of the drivers, 42.3% of the RFP's, and 81.1% of the RP's were also using restraints; when the infant was not in a child safety seat, only 11.6% of the drivers, 16.0% of the RFP's, and 15.8% of the RP's were using belts. In both cases of use and nonuse by infants use rates by other passengers were higher in 1984 than in 1983. Finally, the study also identified an association between the driver's use of safety belts and the use by RFP's. When 1983 and 1984 survey data were compared, there was a higher rate of restraint use by drivers in 1984. Lap belts were used by 2.8% of all drivers surveyed and lap/shoulder belts were used by 17.7% in 1984; these figures were 2.0% and 14.4% in 1983. There was no practical or statistical difference in safety restraint use by RFP's or RP's. As in previous surveys in Virginia, a greater percentage of female drivers and RFP's used safety restraints than did males. The Child Safety Seat Law has been responsible for a significant increase in restraint usage by infants, and there appears to have been a "spillover effect" that has influenced increases in safety restraint usage by other categories of vehicle occupants over that found prior to the passage of this statute. (Author) KW - Behavior KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36817/85-R35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213365 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452019 JO - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) PB - Department of Health and Human Services AU - US Center for Disease Control TI - INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH THREE-WHEEL ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES--ALASKA PY - 1985/04/19 VL - 34 IS - 15 SP - p. 213-215 AB - From January 1983 through December 1984, at least 20 deaths and 538 injuries, including six persons permanently disabled by neurologic injuries, were associated with three-wheel all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) in Alaska. Analysis of the data shows that potential risk factors for injuries associated with ATVs included alcohol use, ineffective helmet use, rider inexperience and inattention, and excessive speed. Of major importance is the finding that 12 (60%) of the 20 fatalities may have been prevented by wearing a helmet. KW - Alcohol use KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Attention value KW - Data analysis KW - Experience KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Knowledge KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Speeding KW - Three wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419736 AU - Maclaughlin, T F AU - Saul, R A AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - Crashworthiness, aggressiveness and crash test procedures: final report PY - 1985/04 IS - DOT HS 806 749 SP - 141P KW - Accident severity KW - Crash severity KW - Crash test KW - Crashworthiness KW - Crashworthiness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Head on collision KW - Impact tests KW - Injury prevention KW - Overdimensional vehicle KW - Oversize loads KW - Safety fence KW - Side crashes KW - Sideways collision KW - Strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495874 AU - Osen, W R AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 210 - PASSENGER CARS AND EVALUATION OF COST AND WEIGHT TRENDS FOR STANDARDS 201, 203, 204 - PASSENGER CARS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1985/04 SP - v.p. AB - The consumer cost and weight effect on 1983 vehicles, to comply with FMVSS 201, 203 and 204 was determined by a process of teardown analysis of those components affected by the Standards. The Standards cover: FMVSS 201 - Occupant Protection in Interior Impact, Volume I; FMVSS 203 - Impact Protection for the Driver from the Steering Control System, Volume II; FMVSS 204 - Steering Control Rearward Displacement, Volume III. A pre, post and trend cost and weight effect of complying with FMVSS 210 was determined by detail analysis of those components affected. The cars selected for this study were to be high volume representatives of all the various size classifications and, as near as possible, carry-over models or direct descendants of those in previous related studies. The sampling also includes cars downsized by weight reductions, recently redesigned smaller, more effecient vehicles with 4 and 6 cylinder engines, rack and pinion steering and front wheel drive. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495875 AU - Osen, W R AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 210 - PASSENGER CARS AND EVALUATION OF COST AND WEIGHT TRENDS FOR STANDARDS 201, 203, 204 - PASSENGER CARS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II PY - 1985/04 SP - v.p. AB - The consumer cost and weight effect on 1983 vehicles, to comply with FMVSS 201, 203 and 204 was determined by a process of teardown analysis of those components affected by the Standards. The Standards cover: FMVSS 201 - Occupant Protection in Interior Impact, Volume I; FMVSS 203 - Impact Protection for the Driver from the Steering Control System, Volume II; FMVSS 204 - Steering Control Rearward Displacement, Volume III. A pre, post and trend cost and weight effect of complying with FMVSS 210 was determined by detail analysis of those components affected. The cars selected for this study were to be high volume representatives of all the various size classifications and, as near as possible, carry-over models or direct descendants of those in previous related studies. The sampling also includes cars downsized by weight reductions, recently redesigned smaller, more effecient vehicles with 4 and 6 cylinder engines, rack and pinion steering and front wheel drive. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495876 AU - Osen, W R AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARD 210 - PASSENGER CARS AND EVALUATION OF COST AND WEIGHT TRENDS FOR STANDARDS 201, 203, 204 - PASSENGER CARS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III PY - 1985/04 SP - v.p. AB - The consumer cost and weight effect on 1983 vehicles, to comply with FMVSS 201, 203 and 204 was determined by a process of teardown analysis of those components affected by the Standards. The Standards cover: FMVSS 201 - Occupant Protection in Interior Impact, Volume I; FMVSS 203 - Impact Protection for the Driver from the Steering Control System, Volume II; FMVSS 204 - Steering Control Rearward Displacement, Volume III. A pre, post and trend cost and weight effect of complying with FMVSS 210 was determined by detail analysis of those components affected. The cars selected for this study were to be high volume representatives of all the various size classifications and, as near as possible, carry-over models or direct descendants of those in previous related studies. The sampling also includes cars downsized by weight reductions, recently redesigned smaller, more effecient vehicles with 4 and 6 cylinder engines, rack and pinion steering and front wheel drive. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495560 AU - O'Day, J AU - RUTHAZER, R AU - Gonzales, T AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF TRUCK FIRE ACCIDENT DATA. APPENDIX G: DICTIONARY/CODEBOOK FOR THE ACCIDENT FILE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 114 p. AB - Truck fires which occurred in connection with fatal traffic accidents in the U.S. during 1982 are examined in detail. Additional information has been derived from a Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) file covering the period 1975-1982. Fires are associated with tractor-trailers involved in fatal accidents in more than 5% of the cases, compared with about 2.5% for passenger cars. Large straight trucks exhibit a fire incidence in fatal accidents on the order of 4%. About half of the truck fires involve burning of the truck fuel, which follows from rupture or leakage associated with severe crashes. In the long-term data a correlation is observed between the incidence of truck fires and factors relating to ambient temperature. Cause of fatal injury to truck occupants was attributed to the fire (smoke or burns) alone in 20 out of 214 burned vehicles. In another 53 cases, fire was reported as a contributing factor to an occupant fatality; in these latter cases it was generally not possible to determine from the available data whether the truck occupant would have died from traumatic injuries alone. This is appendix G, which is the dictionary/codebook for the accident file. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Leakage KW - Rock fracture KW - Temperature KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495559 AU - O'Day, J AU - RUTHAZER, R AU - Gonzales, T AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF TRUCK FIRE ACCIDENT DATA (INCLUDING APPENDICES A-F). FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 95 p. AB - Truck fires which occurred in connection with fatal traffic accidents in the U.S. during 1982 are examined in detail. Additional information has been derived from a Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) file covering the period 1975-1982. Fires are associated with tractor-trailers involved in fatal accidents in more than 5% of the cases, compared with about 2.5% for passenger cars. Large straight trucks exhibit a fire incidence in fatal accidents on the order of 4%. About half of the truck fires involve burning of the truck fuel, which follows from rupture or leakage associated with severe crashes. In the long-term data a correlation is observed between the incidence of truck fires and factors relating to ambient temperature. Cause of fatal injury to truck occupants was attributed to the fire (smoke or burns) alone in 20 out of 214 burned vehicles. In another 53 cases, fire was reported as a contributing factor to an occupant fatality; in these latter cases it was generally not possible to determine from the available data whether the truck occupant would have died from traumatic injuries alone. This is the final report which also contains appendices A-F. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Leakage KW - Rock fracture KW - Temperature KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491270 AU - Abramson, P AU - Yedlin, M AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF 1983 INSURANCE CLAIMS TO DETERMINE EFFECT OF 1983 BUMPERS ON CRASH DAMAGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 211 p. AB - A total of nine experiments were designed to identify the effects on insurance claim data of the modification of NHTSA's bumper standard to 2.5 mph Phase I protection effective with 1983 vehicles. In the first five of these, State Farm insurance data is used to: compare aggregate 1981-1983 model year samples as well as claim samples for 1983 5 mph and non-5 mph bumpers; compare 1983 unchanged 5 mph bumper systems with weaker bumpers based on the changes introduced in bumper design; compare claim patterns on a make/model basis; analyze differences between manufacturers; and analyze differences in bumper effectiveness in protecting safety related parts. These experiments are intended to provide a comprehensive analysis of the differences in performance of 5 mph and non-5 mph bumpers. The remaining experiments examine data from other insurance companies obtained through the ADP Collision Estimating Services. These experiments identify factors which may influence the interpretation of results from these samples. KW - Bumpers KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303579 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452365 JO - RV Business PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Longsdorf, B AU - TL Enterprises, Incorporated TI - MICRO-MINI INVESTIGATION PY - 1985/04 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 8 p. AB - Although micro-mini motorhomes have always demonstrated a potential for filling a niche in the recreational vehicle (RV) marketplace, the diminutive, fuel-efficient rigs have never really caught on in great numbers. The reason has been the micro-mini's basic payload limitations and consequent overloading problems. Now, however, with a new beefed-up chassis on the way from one Japanese manufacturer, the day of the micro-mini may finally have dawned. It may be eclipsed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), however, who is only now acting on complaints received since 1978. There is much concern and anger by those who are directly and indirectly affected by the secretive NHTSA probe. As Wayne Mertes, president of Dolphin RV Products, the No. 1 producer of micro-minis, puts it, "The problem is that NHTSA is about five years too late." KW - Crash investigation KW - Industries KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Payload KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Studies KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270672 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452277 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Runyan, C W AU - Earp, JAL AU - American Public Health Association TI - EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE AND MOTOR VEHICLE POLICY MAKING PY - 1985/04 VL - 75 IS - 4 SP - p. 354-357 AB - After being randomly assigned to receive policy effectiveness information expressed as attributable benefit, attributable risk, or relative risk, 318 graduate students were asked to indicate their preferences for the current voluntary seat belt use policy, a mandatory seat belt policy or mandatory passive restraints. A control group received no data. Exposure to effectiveness information (any type) was significantly associated with favoring either mandatory seat belts or passive restraints over the current policy. Those exposed to attributable benefit or risk data were more apt to make proregulatory choices than subjects exposed to relative risk data. Attitudes toward government regulation and specific views about personal freedom and policy effectiveness were also found to be significant predictors of policy preference. KW - Attitudes KW - Benefits KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Epidemiology KW - Hazards KW - Mandatory KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Policy KW - Risk assessment KW - Surveys KW - Utilization KW - Voluntary UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270659 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452278 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Preusser, D F AU - Williams, A F AU - LUND, A K AU - American Public Health Association TI - DRIVER LICENSING AGE AND LIFESTYLES OF 16 YEAR OLDS PY - 1985/04 VL - 75 IS - 4 SP - p. 358-360 AB - The relationship of driver licensure rate differences to 16 year old lifestyles was assessed by surveying 15 and 16 year olds in New York, Michigan, and New Jersey. Michigan 16 year olds reported the highest rates of licensure (56 percent), whereas New York (14 percent licensed) and New Jersey (2 percent licensed) had much lower rates. Teenagers in Michigan reported greater decreases in use of bicycles and reliance on parents and relatives for transportation but, for the most part, the differences in 16 year old licensure and mobility were not reflected in lifestyle differences. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Driver licensing KW - Life styles KW - Mobility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270660 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452372 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Magazines TI - HOW TO SOLVE FIVE TOUGH BRAKE PROBLEMS PY - 1985/04 VL - 162 IS - 4 SP - p. 35-38 AB - This article discusses the potential causes of five tough brake problems that occur with some frequency and provides the home mechanic with general guidelines for the repair of these brake malfunctions. These five problems are: (1) a brake-system malfunction which causes the car to pull to one side; (2) a pulsating brake pedal; (3) brake squeal; (4) a brake pedal that goes to the floor or almost to the floor and then "pumps up" to a normal position after repeated applications; and (5) no brake lights. KW - Brake fade KW - Brake lamps KW - Brake squeal KW - Brakes KW - Braking lights KW - Braking performance KW - Guidelines KW - Mechanical failure KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Noise KW - Repairing KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270676 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452276 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Rosner, D AU - Markowitz, G AU - American Public Health Association TI - A "GIFT OF GOD"?: THE PUBLIC HEALTH CONTROVERSY OVER LEADED GASOLINE DURING THE 1920S PY - 1985/04 VL - 75 IS - 4 SP - p. 344-352 AB - The intent of this paper is to show that as early as the 1920s public health experts, government officials, scientists, corporate leaders, labor, and the public were acutely aware of the dangers posed by the introduction of lead into gasoline. A spirited and often heated controversy arose with debates centering on issues of health and public policy that remain current today. By examining this controversy, the authors of this paper illustrate how, at every stage of the debate, the political, economic, and scientific issues were inextricably intertwined. KW - Awareness KW - Economic factors KW - History KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Policy KW - Politics KW - Public health KW - Scientists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270658 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452272 JO - Glass Magazine PB - National Glass Association AU - Still, G AU - National Glass Association TI - TOMORROW'S TECHNOLOGY IS WORKING PY - 1985/04 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 7 p. AB - This article discusses the use of robots in the glass industry. Most of the robots in use in the glass industry are "pick-and-place" mechanical arms which "man" stations in factory production or assembly lines. Specific examples of this type of robot use are cited. It is also pointed out that, although other car manufacturers are major robot users, only General Motors is currently using robots to install auto glass. Safety measures for workers around robots are also briefly discussed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Glass KW - Installation KW - Robots KW - Safety KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452179 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INSTRUCTION HANDBOOK FOR COMPLYING WITH REGULATIONS ON IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1985/04 SP - 25 p. AB - This handbook provides guidance to persons who import motor vehicles, or motor vehicle equipment, into the Customs Territory of the United States, under the provisions of Customs Regulation 19 CFR 12.80, Section (b)(1)(iii), which do not conform to U.S. motor vehicle safety standards. Such importations are indicated by marking box No. "3" on the import declaration, HS Form 7, which is completed at the port of entry. Importers are required to post a bond with Customs to assure that such vehicles or equipment are brought into conformity with all applicable Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) in effect on their dates of manufacture. KW - Compliance KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Handbooks KW - Imports KW - Regulations KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450757 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Meyer, R D AU - Daniel, W W AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE BIOMECHANICS OF HELMETS AND HELMET REMOVAL PY - 1985/04 VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - p. 329-332 AB - To better understand motion in the cervical spine related to helmet wearing and removal, normal volunteers underwent videotaped fluoroscopy during helmet removal and lateral spine X-rays in various positions. There was a tendency towards increased flexion in the supine position in the helmeted volunteers which disappeared with minimal traction. In forced hyperextension, the posterior lip of the helmet did not gullotine the cervical spine. There was no significant difference in cervical spine motion between a one-person and two-person technique of helmet removal, and in both techniques, a minimum of flexion occurred in clearing the occiput. KW - Biophysics KW - Flection KW - Helmets KW - Removal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269748 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450759 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Mizutani, S AU - Nakano, Y AU - Ohtake, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - THE CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE TRENDS IN AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS PY - 1985/04 IS - 16 SP - p. 9-19 AB - Engine control which has promoted the adoption of electronics technology in automobiles is developing steadily. The microcomputer has played a major role in areas such as exhaust gas control, improvement of fuel economy and driveability. The lean combustion system has been introduced to improve fuel economy, where both electronics and ceramics technologies have played important roles. The use of electronics has extended to the transmission, and a power train control that integrates the control of engine and transmission in a single package has appeared. Electronics have also been used beneath the chassis to improve controllability of the vehicle, such as the suspension and brakes. For the instrumentation, full colored liquid crystal displays have appeared, which permits a freer display format than LEDs and FLTs. Non-volatile memories and EPROMs have come into use with the improvement of the technology and reliability of semiconductors. KW - Air quality management KW - Brakes KW - Combustion KW - Driveability KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Liquid crystal displays KW - Microcomputers KW - Power trains KW - Semiconductors KW - Suspension systems KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269750 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450938 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Sumida, S AU - Nobumoto, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - VEHICLE STARTUP CONTROL SYSTEM USING FRICTION CLUTCH PY - 1985/04 IS - 16 SP - p. 48-58 AB - The electronic control of the power train components, e.g., the mechanical transmission and the continuously variable transmission, is a subject of research and development by numerous manufacturers and laboratories. In putting an electronic control into practical use, there is an important need to establish a vehicle startup control method commonly applicable to such transmissions. At the authors' company, analysis was made on the driver's clutch operation in manual-clutch cars. Based on the results, a vehicle startup control system using a friction clutch has been developed. The key of this system is sensing an engine revolution peak which takes place upon clutch engagement, making it possible to match clutch engagement to varying operating conditions such as engine output torque and clutch-transmitted torque. The development target was to achieve starting characteristics equivalent to those attainable by the manual clutch operation. In designing an optimum control system and putting it to practical use, numerical and statistical analyses were conducted using an equivalent circuit model of a car along with a theoretical model of the clutch system. As a result, starting characteristics virtually as targeted have been achieved, indicating that system analyses and design using those models are effective means for development. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Clutches KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Control systems KW - Friction KW - Power trains KW - Vehicle startup UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269907 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451805 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - Mullins, P J AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - SAAB ADDS MORE ROBOT POWER TO ENGINE ASSEMBLY PY - 1985/04 VL - 165 IS - 4 SP - p. 31-32 AB - Nine additional robots have been installed in Saab's engine plant in Sodertalje, south of Stockholm to increase the flexibility of assembly and expand capacity. The original group assembly concept has been replaced by individual assembly stations using special unmanned mobile assembly carriers. The highlights of the system which is a blend of automatic and manual assembly which offers maximum flexibility are described. Engineers comment that the new system has brought considerable improvements in quality and marked labor savings. The system is so designed that further automatic assembly can be introduced as the need and opportunity arises. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile engines KW - Productivity KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Robots KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270384 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451809 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SO YOU WANT TO DRIVE FASTER THAN 55 PY - 1985/04 VL - 18 IS - 11 SP - p. 14-15 AB - The safety aspects of driving faster than 55 miles an hour and the risks involved are described. It is pointed out that to-day's cars are built so that when occupants are wearing installed safety equipment, a 30 mph frontal impact is survivable. It is also pointed out that at 55 mph, it will take 106 feet to get the car slowed from 55 to 30 mph for the survivable impact. At 70 mph, the perceive-recognize-decide-react process takes 108 feet or two feet beyond the impact point. The forces in a 70 mph impact are nearly five and a half times greater than those in a 30-mph collision. At such speeds, the odds of survival are nil. It is noted that the Sports Car Club of America requires special equipment for speeds above the national legal speed limit and includes safety harness, roll cage, fire extinguisher, and window net. Even this equipment will not give adequate protection in a car driven at over 55 mph on a public road. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Automobiles KW - Deceleration KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed KW - Sports cars KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270386 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450761 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - BRAKING LIKE A PRO PY - 1985/04 VL - 18 IS - 11 SP - p. 8-11 AB - The goal of all anti-lock brake systems is to ensure that the driver has the opportunity of retaining control over the vehicle under emergency braking conditions by maximizing the available tire-to-road adhesion when trying to avoid a potential accident situation. Under such braking conditions, a vehicle fitted with an anti-lock braking system can retain directional stability even on slippery road surfaces, particularly where differing road surfaces create the rapidly changing levels of tire-to-road adhesion. This article describes three such anti-lock brake systems: the Bosch Antiskid System, the Teves Anti-Lock MK II system, and Lucas Girling's Stop Control System. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Braking performance KW - Design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269752 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450763 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Nozaki, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - THE EFFECTS OF STEERING SYSTEM RIGIDITY ON VEHICLE CORNERING CHARACTERISTICS IN POWER-ASSISTED STEERING SYSTEMS PY - 1985/04 IS - 16 SP - p. 84-89 AB - The increase in equivalent steering torsional rigidity induced by power assistance causes vehicle cornering characteristics to change. Since power assistance increases in proportion to the increase in centripetal acceleration during cornering, changes in centripetal acceleration are accompanied by changes in cornering characteristics. The effect of the rigidity of each steering system component on changes in cornering characteristics has been clarified and an examination has been made of the desirable rigidity distribution. KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Power steering KW - Steering KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269754 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451798 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Kobayashi, Y AU - Shibuya, M AU - Ito, S AU - Desaki, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - RECENT SUSPENSION TECHNIQUES OF JAPANESE PASSENGER VEHICLES PY - 1985/04 IS - 16 SP - p. 90-98 AB - Suspensions of Japanese passenger vehicles lately are being improved as a result of the rapid increase of FWD vehicles and competition among manufacturers striving to out-perform each other in the world market. The characteristics required of the suspension have many contradictory aspects such as handling and stability, riding comfort, noise and vibration. The suspension mechanism has been improved to fulfill all of these requirements simultaneously. Recently, vehicles with variable components of the suspension mechanism are increasing. The authors herein describe current suspension techniques of Japanese passenger vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Ride quality KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270379 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450765 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Hamabe, K AU - KITOH, K AU - Ogata, H AU - KOBAYASHI, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - AN ESTIMATION OF AERODYNAMIC DRAG COEFFICIENT OF A PASSENGER CAR BY COAST-DOWN TESTS IN WINDY ENVIRONMENTS PY - 1985/04 IS - 16 SP - p. 114-120 AB - In this paper, the aerodynamic drag is separated from the total drag acting on a passenger car during coast-down in windy environments by using the least square method. The coefficients for the rolling resistance of tires and the losses in the driveline are determined to minimize the variations of aerodynamic drag coefficients over the yaw angle ranges tested and the aerodynamic drag coefficient is expressed in terms of yaw angle. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Coefficients KW - Drag KW - Least squares method KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tires KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wind KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269756 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451892 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - STATES, J D AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE NEW YORK STATE SAFETY BELT USE LAW--A POLITICAL SUCCESS STORY FOR AAAM, TRAFFIC SAFETY AND ORGANIZED MEDICINE PY - 1985/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 18-20 AB - This article provides a brief overview to the events leading up to enactment of New York's safety belt use law on July 12, 1984. For the American Association for Automotive Medicine (AAAM) it was the culmination of many years of effort. It is expected that many other states will follow New York's leadership. Financial support of the New York Coalition for Safety Belt Use has been limited. Current efforts are now underway to implement the law and set up evaluation programs to determine its effectiveness. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - History KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270460 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451807 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SCENE OF THE CRIME PY - 1985/04 VL - 18 IS - 11 SP - 7 p. AB - This article describes "accident pictures" which illustrate real-life crashes and which help one to arrive at possible explanations for traffic accidents and ways to deal with the traffic accident-problem. In one accident scenario in icy weather in midwinter, two cars both travelling about 50 mph, collided head-on totalling both cars and killing one driver. It is noted that the speed of the two cars was much too high for the weather and road conditions. No matter what the speed limit, road and weather conditions should determine the driving speed. In another fatal accident involving a motorcycle, both the motorcycle driver and the driver of the automobile were under the influence of alcohol. The importance of abstaining from alcohol before driving is emphasized. Another fatal accident is used to emphasize the importance of concentrated attention on the road during driving. It is recommended that people do not drive when they are emotionally upset. The same accident pinpointed the benefits of wearing the safety belt. In another scenario, the driver's overconfidence was the prime cause of the fatal accident. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Emotions KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Personnel performance KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451736 AU - Preusser, D F AU - Williams, A F AU - LUND, A K AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - PARENTAL ROLE IN TEENAGE DRIVING PY - 1985/04 SP - 21 p. AB - Students in 75 high schools in seven states participated in a questionnaire survey. The results showed that high school students want to become licensed as soon as possible and that parents are important in teaching them to drive. Once licensed, the majority of students have their own cars, though they do not typically pay the majority of the costs. Seventy-one percent of licensed students who do not have their own cars reported that they can usually or always use a family car. Most students, particularly younger ones and females, reported that their parents expect them to conform to certain rules or restrictions when driving and when riding as passengers. The most common restrictions were that their parents asked them not to drive after drinking, to tell them where they were going and with whom, and to be home at a certain time. Students were far less likely to report that their parents required that they wear seat belts. KW - Data collection KW - Parents KW - Restrictions KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266869 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451893 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Shapiro, R G AU - Williams, A F AU - Preusser, D F AU - LUND, A K AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - NEW YORK'S BELT USE REGULATION FOR LEARNER'S PERMIT HOLDERS PY - 1985/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-24 AB - In 1983 New York State established an administrative requirement that learners permit holders use seat belts. Subsequently, observations were made of belt use of permit holders and of other drivers traveling at the same sites and times at three different locations in New York. Permit holder use rates exceeded those of other drivers at two locations (39 vs. 7%; 32 vs. 12%), but not at the third (6 vs. 6%). KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Graduated licensing KW - Manual safety belts KW - New York (State) KW - Permits KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270461 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450953 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - WHAT EVERY MOTORIST SHOULD KNOW ABOUT MOTORCYCLISTS PY - 1985/04 VL - 18 IS - 11 SP - p. 16-19 AB - The article attempts to give advice to motorists regarding precautions to be taken to safeguard against accidents with motorcyclists. The importance of looking out for motorcyclists is emphasized. The differences between experienced and inexperienced motorcyclists are noted. Once a motorcyclist has been seen, the motor vehicle driver should prepare for moves that the motorcyclist might make. Lane changes made by motorcyclists are noted and the problem of blind spots is discussed. Intersections are areas where special care is necessary. KW - Blindspots KW - Drivers KW - Intersections KW - Lane changing KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269921 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451812 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Takahashi, F AU - Watanabe, G AU - Nakada, M AU - Sakata, H AU - Ikeda, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - TIRE/SUSPENSION SYSTEM MODELLING FOR INVESTIGATION OF ROAD NOISE CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1985/04 IS - 16 SP - p. 100-106 AB - Recent developments in analysis methods for noise and vibration have advanced to the extent that they are now being applied to the analysis of vehicle interior noise in higher frequency range including road noise. Analysis of road noise by these methods, however, is executed mainly from the viewpoints of body structure of acoustical characteristics. This report describes a tire/suspension system model developed for the purpose of investigating road noise with respect to the input forces transmitted to the body from the road through tire and suspension. The modelling method is based on the combination of a tire modal model and a physical suspension model using MSC/NASTRAN. Tire modal model is adopted to describe faithfully the tire behavior at higher frequency range. Effects of model parameters on the input forces applied to the body which is assumed to be completely rigid are investigated. By comparing these effects with the body acoustical sensitivity analyzed experimentally, we can obtain the effective parameters for reducing road noise. KW - Acoustics KW - Interior KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Suspension systems KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450937 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Sugi, H AU - Kinkori, S AU - Tsuzuki, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - VIBRATION AND STRENGTH SIMULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR PY - 1985/04 IS - 16 SP - p. 40-46 AB - This technical paper discusses and clarifies the vibration characteristics and strength of an alternator which is installed on an engine and subjected to the influence of vibration to a greater extent than other automotive electrical parts and equipment. With the application of well-established analytical techniques including modal analysis, building block approach (or substructure synthesis method) and finite element method, we completed a simulation model which makes feasible analytical prediction of vibration characteristics and strength of the alternator installed on an engine in operation. The simulation model exhibited an excellent correlation with the corresponding experimental measurements. KW - Forecasting KW - Simulation KW - Strength of materials KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269906 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450762 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Furukawa, Y AU - Nakaya, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - EFFECTS OF STEERING RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS ON CONTROL PERFORMANCE OF DRIVER-VEHICLE SYSTEM PY - 1985/04 IS - 16 SP - p. 74-83 AB - A series of closed-loop tests was conducted on a lateral motion simulator and a proving ground to find out how the driver's control performance would be affected by the steering response characteristics of the vehicle. In any existing automobile with a conventional front-wheel steering system, the yaw and lateral acceleration responses can hardly be separated from each other. During the tests, these two characteristics were set independently by using a special experimental vehicle that could steer both the front and rear wheels. This permitted us to examine separately what roles each of the two response characteristics plays in a driver-vehicle system. KW - Driver control response function KW - Driver performance KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Human machine systems KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Lateral movement KW - Personnel performance KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Vehicle tests KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269753 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450764 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Sakuma, N AU - Kadono, I AU - Dohi, M AU - NAKAI, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - HEAVY DUTY TRUCK RIDE-COMFORT ANALYSIS BY COMPUTER SIMULATION PY - 1985/04 IS - 16 SP - p. 108-113 AB - The vibration and ride-comfort of some heavy duty trucks were analyzed by the simple model developed by finite element method. Ride-comfort of heavy duty trucks is significantly influenced by bending vibration of the frame, so the frame was modeled by a BAR element having a number of different cross sections. Bending eigenvalue of large components such as the engine and cab are rather high compared with analysis frequency areas, so a separate model as a rigid body was established. For non-linear components such as mounting rubber, tire, leaf spring, the best data from specific areas of vibration were selected for inputting into the model and corrections were added to the model. For modeling check, frequency response of consolidating several kinds of component models was calculated in the initial stage of the system model. And each component model was consolidated with the frame model to obtain the system model. From this system model calculation results of frequency response and PSD response were obtained for making comparison with actual test and were found to be sufficient to make qualitative evaluation of ride-comfort. Consequently this simulation method was used in design stages, such as development of cab-suspension and improvement of rid-comfort of tractor pulling trailer. KW - Comfort KW - Finite element method KW - Frequency response KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Ride quality KW - Simulation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450357 AU - MacLaughlin, T F AU - SAUL, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASHWORTHINESS, AGGRESSIVENESS AND CRASH TEST PROCEDURES PY - 1985/04 SP - 141 p. AB - Several aspects of the Agency's Frontal and Side Impact programs were addressed. Barrier crash test data were analyzed to determine front structural characteristics associated with good crash survival potential. Car/car crash tests were performed which demonstrated significant aggressiveness differences among large cars, and enabled characteristics associated with aggressive behavior to be identified. The standard fixed rigid barrier was evaluated as a crashworthiness-measuring device, and three different barriers were evaluated for their ability to measure frontal structural aggressiveness. Finally, the importance of striking vehicle front structural stiffness distribution on struck vehicle occupant injury severity in side collisions was considered, and crash data were analyzed which showed differences in front stiffness distribution between two mid-size automobiles. KW - Aggression KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity KW - Side crashes KW - Stiffness KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450352 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - Williams, S F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NO. 1--STOPPING CAPABILITY OF AIR BRAKED VEHICLES VOLUME 1--TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1985/04 SP - 236 p. AB - A number of different types of heavy duty air braked vehicles including buses, trucks, truck tractors and trailers were tested to determine their stopping capability in straight line and turning maneuvers on various types of road surfaces including ice. In addition, the braking force distributions of the vehicles were experimentally determined, several different brake proportioning systems were evaluated and the effect of initial brake temperature on stopping capability was investigated. Results of the testing indicate that stable stopping capability is primarily determined by brake force distribution. If brake force distribution is close to the normal force distribution on the axles of a vehicle, its stopping capability will be optimum; however, if brake force distribution does not match normal force distribution, premature wheel lockup and loss of control will occur before the vehicle is able to achieve full utilization of the friction forces available at the tire/road interface. Brake force distribution on most heavy duty vehicles is fixed at a level that favors the loaded condition and therefore they do not perform as well in the empty condition. In addition, many heavy duty vehicles are "underbraked" on their front steering axles under all operating conditions and would benefit even in the loaded mode if front brake force level was increased. Devices that adjust braking distribution as a vehicle's load changes appear to provide very significant gains in braking performance not only in the straight line stopping situation but also in braking and turning maneuvers. KW - Air brakes KW - Brake lockup KW - Braking force KW - Braking performance KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450657 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Seko, Y AU - KATAOKA, S AU - Senoo, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - ANALYSIS OF DRIVING BEHAVIOR UNDER A STATE OF REDUCED ALERTNESS PY - 1985/04 IS - 16 SP - p. 66-72 AB - In this research, attention was focused on the irregularities that appear in the driver's operation of a vehicle accompanying a decline in alertness. A practical system that does not impose any burden on the driver has been developed for detecting driving behavior characteristic of a state of reduced alertness. The first part of this paper will explain our attempt to construct an index of alertness as a tool for quantifying levels of alertness in human beings. This index was used in analyzing the driving behavior that occurs when the driver's level of alertness drops. In the latter half, the prominent characteristics of such driving behavior will be discussed with particular emphasis on steering patterns. KW - Alertness KW - Behavior KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450353 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - Williams, S F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT NO. 1--STOPPING CAPABILITY OF AIR BRAKED VEHICLES VOLUME 2--APPENDICES PY - 1985/04 SP - v.p. AB - This volume consists of Appendices A through G which provide detailed vehicle information and test data that supports the technical report (Volume 1). KW - Air brakes KW - Brake lockup KW - Braking force KW - Braking performance KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00405143 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - Williams, S F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM : REPORT NO. 1, STOPPING CAPABILITY OF AIR BRAKED VEHICLES PY - 1985/04 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Testing KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/221959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399267 AU - Compton, R P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PILOT TEST OF SELECTED DWI DETECTION PROCEDURES FOR USE AT SOBRIETY CHECKPOINTS PY - 1985/04 SP - 85 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study designed to evaluate a variety of potential screening procedures police officers could use at the brief initial stop at a sobriety checkpoint to discriminate between impaired and sober drivers. The potential checkpoint screening procedures examined in the study included the horizontal gaze nystagmus test, observations of driving and stopping behavior, the driver's personal appearance, a divided attention task and a passive alcohol sensor. In the study, dosed and sober drivers drove their own cars down a closed street and were stopped by police officers at a sobriety checkpoint. The setting of the experiment and the procedures used were designed to closely simulate the conditions found at real checkpoints. The results indicated that the officers using a test screening procedure were able to accurately discriminate between impaired drivers (those with a breath alcohol level of 0.10% or higher) and sober drivers. The officers correctly identified 95% of the impaired drivers while misidentifying few of the sober drivers. The accurate performance of these officers appeared to be primarily due to the use of the gaze nystagmus test. Also, the passive alcohol sensor was accurate in detecting whether the driver had been drinking. The sensor correctly identified 94% of the impaired drivers (who had BACs of 0.10% or higher) as having been drinking, while misidentifying 10% of the sober drivers. These screening procedures produced a more accurate discrimination between impaired and sober drivers than did police officers using a common technique of stopping a vehicle, speaking briefly with driver and then making a subjective judgment. These results suggest that the typical checkpoint screening procedure (where the officers simply observe the driver and form a subjective opinion) can be improved by the use of techniques like the nystagmus test or a properly designed and used passive sensor. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Police KW - Screenings KW - Sensors KW - Sobriety checkpoints UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25707/DOT-HS-806-724.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214682 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399107 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - McGuigan, DRD AU - Printerhall Limited TI - ACCIDENT "MIGRATION"--OR A FLIGHT OF FANCY? PY - 1985/04 VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - p. 229-233 AB - The application of risk compensation theory to the field of road safety has brought about the currently controversial hypothesis of accident "migration". The upshot of this hypothesis is the suggestion that the successful treatment of an accident blackspot can lead to a rise in accidents at neighbouring sites. Recent research has indicated that accident "migration" could be responsible for a 10 percent increase in accidents at sites neighbouring blackspots. This paper suggests, on the basis of observed Lothian region data and theory, that accident "migration" can be explained as being the inevitable complement to (or corollary of) the regression-to-mean effect which is now generally accepted to occur at blackspots. It is shown that for those sites which cannot be described as accident blackspots, a regression-to-mean effect of the opposite hand to that observed at blackspots can be expected. KW - Accident migration KW - Crashes KW - Hazards KW - High risk locations KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Improvements KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399270 AU - RADLINSKI, R W AU - Williams, S F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NHTSA HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE BRAKE RESEARCH PROGRAM--REPORT 2: THE EFFECT OF ADJUSTMENT ON AIR BRAKE PERFORMANCE PY - 1985/04 SP - 69 p. AB - Vehicle and dynamometer tests were conducted and results indicate that air brake adjustment is a critical factor in achieving optimum system performance. Brake chamber stroke must be minimized if maximum brake torque is to be achieved. A significant loss of brake torque occurs over what is considered to be the acceptable brake adjustment range particularly if the brake is hot. A large number of air braked vehicles on the road have brakes out of adjustment or have brakes considered to be in adjustment that are operating at a reduced effectiveness level. Better adjustment maintenance would improve truck safety. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Dynamometers KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Heavy duty brakes KW - Maintenance KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214683 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399094 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Owsley, D W AU - Mires, A M AU - Keith, M S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - CASE INVOLVING DIFFERENTIATION OF DEER AND HUMAN BONE FRAGMENTS PY - 1985/04 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - p. 572-578 AB - In a recent Louisiana forensic anthropology case, it was necessary to attempt species identification of six small bone fragments. The primary concern was whether or not they matched the fractured humerus of a woman killed by two shotgun blasts and then disposed of in the Mississippi River. These tiny fragments were recovered by law enforcement officers inside a jeep pickup and at the gas station where the vehicle had been cleaned. The police suspect claimed that these fragments were from a deer that he had recently killed. The small size of the pieces precluded positive recognition of human versus nonhuman origin based upon gross morphology and cortical thickness. Microscopic examination was possible. This analysis involved comparison of the unknown specimens to reference deer and human thin sections including bone recovered from the woman during autopsy. Examination of the jeep and gas station fragments revealed no plexiform bone, secondary (not primary) osteons, and variability in size and shape of the osteons and Haversian canals. These and other variables identified the bone fragments as human. KW - Bones KW - Deer KW - Forensic medicine KW - Human beings KW - Identification KW - Identification systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218002 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399104 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - UNIFORM ACCIDENT REPORTING MAY SOON BE REALITY PY - 1985/04 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - p. 18-20 AB - The 10th National Conference on Pupil Transportation, which will be held May 19-24, 1985 at Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, Missouri, will consider for adoption a uniform accident reporting procedure. If adopted nationwide the proposed National Minimum Standard School Transportation Uniform Accident Report Form will provide accident data exclusive to pupil transportation and the yellow bus industry. To better understand the probable impact the reporting form will have throughout pupil transportation, this article reviews the events that led up to it. KW - Crash reports KW - School buses KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218010 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399093 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Copeland, A R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - FATAL OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS--THE FIVE-YEAR METRO DADE COUNTY EXPERIENCE, 1979-1983 PY - 1985/04 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - p. 494-503 AB - A study of fatal occupational accidents in Metropolitan Dade County between the years 1979 and 1983 was performed from the case files of the office of the medical examiner. A total of 147 cases were collected and were subdivided into 25 traffic-related and 122 nontraffic-related cases. Cases were then analyzed as to age, race, sex, cause of death, alcohol, toxicology, scene circumstances, and who was at fault in the accidental fatality. Traffic-related fatalities, comprising 17% of the cases, were young white males, commonly less than 45 years of age, who died of multiple injuries in the majority of instances while working as drivers on tractor trailers, migrant farms, or fruit produce trucks. The most common scenario was a vehicle-vehicle collision in which seat belts were not used and decedent or the decedent's driver was at fault. Nontraffic-related fatalities, comprising 83% of the cases, were likewise white males, commonly less than 45 years of age, who died of multiple injuries in the majority of instances as construction workers or as loading forklift operators. The most common scenario was one in which alcohol or drugs were not involved. While the "fault" was unassignable in the majority of cases, in those in which it could be, the deceased was at fault approximately half the time with the company or others at fault the other half. KW - Age KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Intoxication KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupational safety KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218001 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399102 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Basha, P E AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - SIGHT DISTANCE ANALYSIS AT RAILWAY-HIGHWAY INTERSECTIONS PY - 1985/04 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 4 p. AB - The issue of sight distance at uncontrolled at-grade railway-highway intersections most definitely needs to be examined from the perspective of probability and severity of failure. Large dollar amounts of property value are lost in a locomotive and motor vehicle collision. More frequently, very serious injury or death result. It is therefore incumbent upon traffic engineers to professionally respond to the possibilities of locomotive-motor vehicle accidents. This article presents a procedure for reducing the probability of these accidents. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452370 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--CHURCH BUS LOSS OF CONTROL ON LONG STEEP GRADE, STATE ROUTE 155, NEAR WOFFORD HEIGHTS, CALIFORNIA, JULY 7, 1984 PY - 1985/03/05 SP - 19 p. AB - About 4:05 p.m. on July 7, 1984, a bus owned and operated by a church accelerated out of control while descending a long steep grade on State Route 155 near Wofford Heights, California. The bus failed to negotiate a curve, left the road, and rolled to the right down a steep 28-foot embankment before coming to rest. Two of the 41 bus occupants were killed, 9 occupants sustained moderate to severe injuries, and 30 occupants received minor injuries. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the accident was the failure of the busdriver to appropriately respond to the warning sign and to use the vehicle's transmission and service brakes properly to control the vehicle's speed while descending the steep grade. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173210 AU - Bair, Richard J AU - Esterberg, Melodie A AU - Leavitt, James A AU - Madnick, Beth J AU - Walter, R A AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Motor Vehicle Attributes Status Report PY - 1985/03 SP - 150 p AB - The Transportation Systems Center (TSC) was requested by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Office of Vehicle Research to compile and computerize a data base of vehicle safety attributes for automobiles and trucks. The data base was developed as a source of vehicle specifications and dimensions for research in the areas of Crash Avoidance and Crashworthiness. As a result of this effort, a series of data bases has been developed by TSC. The data bases include information from manufacturers and other sources on automobiles and trucks and their respective dimensions and specifications. TSC also developed a data base of automobile interior and exterior dimensions collected through a program of direct measurement of automobiles. Other data bases were obtained from within the automotive industry and NHTSA during the course of this study. TSC transferred these data bases along with the above mentioned TSC data bases onto the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) computer system in Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS) data sets for NHTSA/TSC research use. The information within the data base will aid NHTSA and TSC researchers in relating vehicle characteristics to injuries and fatalities by providing data input for computer modeling and the formulation of accident-avoidance concepts. The vehicle safety attributes data base will be up-dated on a continuing basis to reflect changing trends in the vehicle population. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33378/33378.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01007213 AU - Sursi, Peter l AU - Mullins, Harry M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Evaluation of Power Steering Assist on 1980-81 General Motors (GM) X-Cars PY - 1985/03//Final Report SP - 28p AB - Driving tests were performed, using a modified GM X-body automobile, to observe driver response to simulated sudden and unexpected loss of power steering assistance. Three other vehicles reportedly exhibiting the alleged problem were also tested and the steering gears inspected. Test drivers were members of the driving public who were not aware of any problem with the power steering assist. Upon completion of the tests, each driver was questioned privately concerning their reactions to the loss of power steering assist and the implications if it had occurred on public roadways. Results showed: (1) All ten test drivers were of the opinion that the intermittent, total loss of power steering assist had safety implications; (2) Steering effort without any assist increased beyond what two of the ten test drivers could generate; and (3) All three test vehicles that allegedly exhibited the problem had grooves cut into the valve spool housing corresponding to the position of each of the sealing rings. KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - General Motors automobiles KW - Inspection KW - Power steering KW - Steering gears KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/763050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495726 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Dowling, A M AU - Dalton, K M AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research TI - AN ADMINISTRATIVE EVALUATION OF THE NEW YORK STATE STOP-DWI PROGRAM PY - 1985/03 SP - 135 p. AB - On November 28, 1981, New York State began to implement landmark legislation to combat the problem of drinking and driving. This legislation established the first Statewide comprehensive, financially self-sustaining alcohol and traffic safety program in the country. The program is known as "Special Traffic Options Program for Driving While Intoxicated" (STOP-DWI). This publication presents the Statewide administrative evaluation of the STOP-DWI program. The report opens with an account of the goals of the STOP-DWI legislation, placing the legislation within the context of prior efforts to combat drinking and driving in New York State. A description of the law is then provided. The description focuses on the responsibilities of the State and the Counties. The results of the evaluation are then presented as follows: An administrative history of the program at the State and County levels; A fiscal overview of the program, discussing total revenues and proposed and actual expenditures by program area for 1982, 1983, and 1984; A discussion of STOP-DWI activities Statewide by program area, including a brief description of selected innovative programs conducted by individual Counties; and A review of the "Immediate Effects of STOP-DWI" in four components of the alcohol and highway safety system: enforcement, prosecution/adjudication, probation, and rehabilitation/treatment. The concluding chapter discusses a series of issues which emerged from 1) the experience of the NYS Department of Motor Vehicles in overseeing the program, 2) the experience of the Counties in operating STOP-DWI programs, and 3) the results of the impact and administrative evaluations. These issues relate to the operation of the program at the State and local levels and components of the alcohol and highway safety system which have been affected by the program. The discussion of these issues, in turn, leads to a series of recommendations relating to the continuation of the program. KW - Adjudication KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Expenditures KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) KW - Probation KW - Programs KW - Prosecution KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Responsibilities KW - Revenues KW - Strategic planning KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495302 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Dowling, A M AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AN IMPACT EVALUATION OF THE NEW YORK STATE STOP-DWI PROGRAM PY - 1985/03 SP - 151 p. AB - This report describes the research design of the impact evaluation of the STOP-DWI program, and summarizes the projected statewide STOP-DWI expenditures. The establishment of the STOP-DWI intervention, and its immediate and intermediate effects are described. Statewide accident experience is analyzed, and the alternative explanations are discussed. Time series anslyses are described. Drinking and driving laws for selected states and the nation are reviewed and the conclusions drawn are presented. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Failure KW - Failure lines KW - Laws KW - New York (State) KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495301 AU - McCartt, A T AU - Dowling, A M AU - Dalton, K M AU - Carman, J A AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE COUNTY STOP-DWI PROGRAMS IN THE WESTERN REGION: ALLEGANY, CATTARAUGUS, CHAUTAUQUA, ERIE, GENESEE, LIVINGSTON, MONROE, NIAGARA, ONTARIO, ORLEANS, SENECA, WAYNE, WYOMING, YATES PY - 1985/03 SP - v.p. AB - This report gives a summary of STOP-DWI legislation and program design, projected statewide expenditures by program area, and provides a description of the evaluation methodology and the format of the individual county reports. The STOP-DWI programs in each county are evaluated. Appendices provide further information on the STOP-DWI Legislation and the activities in the counties, as well as a glossary of terms. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Laws KW - New York (State) KW - Safety programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491249 AU - Love, M L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MPMD (MOBILE PARAMETRIC MEASUREMENT DEVICE) USERS MANUAL. FINAL REPORT ON TASK 6 OF CONTRACT DOT-FH-11-9158 PY - 1985/03 SP - 64 p. AB - The objective of the project was to analyze the Mobile Parametric Measurement Device (MPMD) and correct any deficiencies found. The analysis uncovered such a large number of deficiencies that the scope of the project was narrowed to only trying to correct the center of gravity and mass moment of inertia measurement procedures. The device was modified, calibrated and validated in accordance with this limited scope. The resulting device is much better in most areas of measurement, however, several future improvements are suggested. This document is the User's Manual for the MPMD as it functioned at the completion of the work described above. It details the set up and operation of the modified MPMD. KW - Calibration KW - Center of gravity KW - Manuals KW - Mobile parametric measurement device KW - Modifications KW - Moment of inertia KW - Moments of inertia KW - Testing equipment KW - Validation KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491248 AU - Love, M L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REFURBISHMENT OF MPMD (MOBILE PARAMETRIC MEASUREMENT DEVICE). FINAL REPORT ON TASK 6 OF CONTRACT DOT-FH-11-9158 PY - 1985/03 SP - 30 p. AB - The objective of the project was to analyze the Mobile Parametric Measurement Device (MPMD) and correct any deficiencies found. The analysis uncovered such a large number of deficiencies that the scope of the project was narrowed to only trying to correct the center of gravity and mass moment of inertia measurement procedures. The device was modified, calibrated and validated in accordance with this limited scope. The resulting device is much better in most areas of measurement, however, several future improvements are suggested. A new User's Manual was also produced as part of this work. It details the set up and operation of the modified MPMD. KW - Calibration KW - Center of gravity KW - Mobile parametric measurement device KW - Modifications KW - Moment of inertia KW - Moments of inertia KW - Testing equipment KW - Validation KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490319 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - MOTOR VEHICLE MANUAL FOR MAGISTRATES PY - 1985/03 SP - 133 p. AB - This publication explains some of the vehicle and traffic law and the procedures of the Department of Motor Vehicles. Services the Department offers to magistrates are described, as well as the uniform traffic ticket, pleas by mail, sentencing, bail forfeitures, suspension of and revocation action by a court. Recording convitions on record of convictions stub, motion to vacate judgment and appeal, administrative action taken by the Department of Motor Vehicles are covered. Scofflaws, miscellaneous information - specific violations, other methods of handling traffic matters, and alcohol-related offenses are also covered. An appendix covers vehicle and traffic law violations. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Courts KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Laws KW - Manuals KW - Penalties KW - Revocation KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violations KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490321 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - MOTORCYCLE INSPECTION REGULATIONS PY - 1985/03 SP - 46 p. AB - This publication provides operating guidance for conducting inspections, completing forms and submitting records to the Department of Motor Vehicles. It is intended for official inspection stations. The Vehicle and Traffic Law provides for a system of inspection of all vehicles registered in New York State. All vehicles are required to be inspected once every 12 months by official inspection stations. KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00411681 AU - Love, M L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MPMD USERS MANUAL, MOBILE PARAMETRIC MEASUREMENT DEVICE MPMD PY - 1985/03 SP - 59 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Dynamics KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/226332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453202 AU - Purdue University AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - A SPECIAL STUDY OF THE SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF THE UTILIZATION OF SMALL URBAN CARS IN THE U.S.A. PY - 1985/03 SP - v.p. AB - The Automotive Transportation Center of Purdue University is currently studying innovative transportation concepts which show promise of increasing the productivity of the personal automobile in the United States. One Purdue project, the Mobility Enterprise, is a concept designed to test a method for increasing automobile productivity and yet retain the personal freedom of the individually owned automobile. During the 1984 operations of the Mobility Enterprise study, a special study of the safety implications of the utilization of the small urban cars was undertaken with the support of the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety to develop information on: (1) driver behavior--for urban car drivers, their choice of voluntary risk and how drivers compensate for it, and for regular car drivers, why they tailgate smaller cars and the identification of other such reactions to small car size; (2) vehicle safety performance of small urban cars in American traffic, including ability to climb hills and accelerate as needed to drive safely, eye and headlight height, and braking characteristics; (3) evaluation of Japanese data on safety records of the small urban car and the regulations governing their use in Japan; and (4) development of recommendations for a new definition of an urban car in America, including suggested vehicle safety standards specifically designed for the mini/micro car. This report summarizes the results of a series of studies aimed at these areas of interest. KW - Behavior KW - Compact automobiles KW - Data analysis KW - Drivers KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Japan KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microautomobiles KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Productivity KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Small urban vehicles KW - Standards KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453203 AU - Baker, F AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES OCCURRING IN THE U.S. MOTOR CARRIER INDUSTRY PY - 1985/03 SP - 32 p. AB - At the present time, the deregulated motor carrier industry and highway safety are on a collision course. Structural changes resulting from deregulation of the industry have produced a combination of rapidly aging equipment operated by underpaid and overworked drivers, many of whom are not intellectually or emotionally qualified for what they are doing and these changes are threatening the safe operation of motor carrier equipment on the highways and endangering the lives of motorists and truckers alike. There is a need for positive action by the safety groups and responsible motor carriers to bring order out of chaos and there is a need to do it now if we are to prevent catastrophic incidents on our highways. There is a need for a willingness to consider more productive articulated combinations in exchange for: (1) stringent licensing procedures for all drivers requiring a demonstrated ability to handle the specific type of equipment to be driven and the specific commodities to be handled--particularly in the area of hazardous materials; (2) total support for an expanded specific items inspection program throughout the states designed to substantially raise the maintenance quality of all trucks operating over the highways; (3) support for a program in all states designed to identify and shutdown the individual driver who is exceeding "hours of service" limits; and (4) an agreement to limit two-unit combinations of tractor and semi-trailer to a maximum length of 60 feet. KW - Deregulation KW - Driver licensing KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Length KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucking KW - Vehicle length KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267643 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453171 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Rosenfield, H N AU - Dole, E H AU - McDermott, R F AU - SMITH, R B AU - CALDWELL, P AU - Iacocca, L A AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Safety Council TI - DRUNK DRIVING AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS: THE DECISION-MAKERS EXPRESS THEIR VIEWS PY - 1985/03 VL - 85 IS - 2 SP - 12 p. AB - Following a brief introduction on the topics of drunk driving and occupant restraints, the varied views on these two important topics by past and present decision-makers in the federal government, the Big Three automakers, and the insurance industry are presented. Though their approaches to the subjects differ considerably, the intensity of their arguments reflect the growing concern by the public with the important issues of drunk driving and occupant restraints. KW - Automobile industry KW - Decision making KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal government KW - Insurance industry KW - Occupant restraint KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453200 AU - Schelling, D R AU - AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety TI - THE INFLUENCE OF HEAVY TRUCKS ON THE OVERLOAD AND ALLOCATION OF USER COSTS ON BRIDGE STRUCTURES PY - 1985/03 SP - 70 p. AB - This report deals with the two basic issues of safety and cost, which must be factored into any criteria which would be applied to the effectiveness of any bridge rebuilding program. The report is divided into four Parts. Part I introduces the problem of bridge overload and identifies the following issues: infrastructure; national statistics for bridge structures; bridge overload limits and restrictions; and cost responsibility. Data presented in Part II deals with the actual overloading of bridge structures which is clearly a safety issue. In Part III information is presented which deals with the comparison of cost responsibilities with user tax payments. The basic conclusions concerning bridge overload and safety and costs are summarized in Part IV, along with the results that suggest the conclusion and possible remedies. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridges KW - Cost allocation KW - Effectiveness KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Load limits KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Safety KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267641 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452263 JO - WORKING WOMAN AU - Shroeder, M AU - Hal Publications, Incorporated TI - IF YOU CAN'T BEAT 'EM, JOIN 'EM PY - 1985/03 SP - p. 69-71 AB - This article discusses the controversial joint venture by General Motors Corporation and Toyota, known as New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI). The NUMMI venture marks the first time competing automakers are sharing technology and management to build small cars in the rich U.S. market. The new hybrid Chevrolet Nova which they are building is really a refined Toyota Corolla. It is designed to appeal to the young professional consumer who hasn't considered buying a domestic car in years. Production is at the idle GM plant in Fremont, California. The competitive pressure from the GM project has pushed other domestic automakers into operating agreements with the Japanese. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Competition KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Joint ventures KW - Management KW - Manufacturing KW - Markets KW - Production KW - Small car KW - Technology sharing KW - Technology transfer KW - Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270646 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452267 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - HORN, B AU - Matthews, B AU - Symmes, D AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - ASSESSING PRESENT CAR OWNERSHIP AND FUTURE PROSPECTS PY - 1985/03 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - p. 26-32 AB - A recent study by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on car ownership and use points toward more increases in both auto ownership and total auto use among the 25 OECD countries. This article is based on the auto ownership portion of that report which was prepared by an international Expert Group. It discusses recent trends and current status of car ownership in OECD countries, factors affecting car ownership, and future trends in car ownership. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Future growth KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270649 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452268 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Hakkert, A S AU - Ben-Yakov, Y AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL DESIGN FOR PEDESTRIANS ON DIVIDED HIGHWAYS PY - 1985/03 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - p. 42-45 AB - The need exists for an optimal balance between the right-of-way to pedestrians and to vehicles. Without proper recognition of the pedestrian's needs while crossing, pedestrian delay and number of stops generally increase when optimizing for vehicles. Although the traffic signal efficiency from the driver's point of view generally decreases when the traffic signal efficiency for pedestrians improves, it is shown in this article that this is not always the case. A further difficulty occurs on divided highways. The pedestrian has to cross two separate streams of traffic, and unless coordinated, his delays will increase still more. A method for reducing pedestrian delay time at traffic signals on divided highways is presented in this article where it is shown that, according to this method, vehicle efficiency criteria will be either unaffected or improved. KW - Divided highways KW - Optimization KW - Pedestrian delay KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Right of way KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270650 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452375 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Carney, H B AU - National Safety Council TI - TOGETHER SEAT BELTS SAVE LIVES. BUSINESS AND CIVIC LEADERS UNITE TO SPUR BELT USE IN DULUTH PY - 1985/03 VL - 85 IS - 2 SP - 3 p. AB - In an effort to convince more people to use their seat belts, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has provided financial backing to 19 cities to conduct safety belt promotional campaigns. Duluth, Minnesota, one of the cities to receive the funds, sponsored a lively and successful safety belt campaign that has become a model for other cities. This article describes their campaign which resulted in raising the percentage of safety belt use from 3.5 percent to 15 percent. Their campaign, known as CARS (the Committee for Automobile Restraint Systems), is being funded again by NHTSA for the 1984-85 program year. Plans are in place for increased emphasis on public education as a complement to the successful incentive program conducted in 1984. KW - Education KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452358 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, THEFT COVERAGES. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES 1984 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR, 1983 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST TWO YEARS, AND 1982 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST THREE YEARS PY - 1985/03 SP - 50 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance theft losses involving 1982, 1983, and 1984 model year passenger cars, vans, pickups, and utility vehicles. Principal findings include the following: The theft loss experience of different cars varies enormously. Average theft loss payments per insured vehicle year ranged from less than $0.50 to nearly $350. Luxury cars and sports cars have the highest overall theft losses. Among the individual makes and models summarized, the 1982 Chevrolet Corvette has the highest average loss payment per insured vehicle year. European imports, led by the Volkswagen Rabbit convertible, have the highest frequency of theft claims. An easily accessible radio is considered a major cause of the high frequency of theft claims for these models. Other Volkswagen models, certain Audi, BMW, and Saab models, and the 1982 Chevrolet Corvette also have particularly high theft claim frequencies. Small domestic models have the lowest claim frequencies. The 1982 Porsche 911 Coupe has the highest average loss payment per theft claim, nearly $8,000. Other models with average claim payments exceeding $5,000 are the 1984 Chevrolet Corvette and 1982 Mercedes Benz 380SL Coupe. In each model year, sports and specialty cars account for less than 20 percent of the total insurance exposure but are responsible for over 50 percent of the dollar paid in theft claims. The generally consistent pattern of theft results for 1982-1984 models of the same make and series indicates that 1985 models of these cars are likely to have similar theft losses, although relatively minor design changes, such as the introduction of an easily removable radio on recent model Volkswagens, can have a major impact on the insurance theft loss experience. Small utility vehicles, principally the Jeep CJ-5 and CJ-7, have extremely high theft claim frequencies and average loss payments per insured vehicle year. Small pickup trucks have the lowest claim frequencies and average loss payments per insured vehicle year. The 1983 full-size Chevrolet Blazer has the highest average loss payment per theft claim ($5,746), which is over three times the all-passenger-car average. KW - Automobiles KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Insurance claims KW - Insurance industry KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Sports cars KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452281 AU - New York State Senate TI - STOP DWI: THREE YEARS LATER PY - 1985/03 SP - 48 p. AB - STOP-DWI is perhaps the most visible of some 40 reform measures enacted by New York State over the past five years. It has put in motion a process within every county to sustain efforts to implement New York State's drunk driving laws and to save lives. Over the first three years of the program, drunk driving fines totaling over 30 million dollars have been used to support local efforts to combat the problem. This report describes the process and provides some evidence of effectiveness of STOP-DWI in reducing injuries and fatalities due to vehicular crashes in New York State. The report also describes the comprehensive nature of the reform efforts, highlighting the many significant pieces of legislation enacted by the Senate and Assembly. The sound legal framework embodied by these measures has provided local governments with a workable set of laws to use in establishing drunk driving deterrence programs which have saved more than 1,000 lives since STOP-DWI became effective in November 1981. KW - Countermeasures KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452180 AU - Goryl, M E AU - Cynecki, M J AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM USAGE IN THE TRAFFIC POPULATION PY - 1985/03 SP - 105 p. AB - This report presents findings from four independent studies on occupant restraint use for various segments of the traffic population. Field observations, collected in 19 U.S. cities from January through December, 1984, are the basis for this report. The four studies and their findings are as follows: (1) Driver Safety Belt Use: A total of 130,207 drivers stopped for traffic signals were observed during the 12 month period. 15.3 percent were observed to wear safety belts during the last data collection period (July to December). (2) Passenger Safety Belt and Child Safety Seat Use: Findings from this study are based on 108,076 passengers observed at shopping mall entrances and exists. Child safety seat usage (for infants and toddlers) increased throughout 1984, reaching a high in the third quarter (July to December) of 49.3 percent. The percent of toddlers, subteens, teens, and adults wearing safety belts during the third quarter was observed to be 8.1, 15.2, 7.2, and 13.4 percent, respectively. (3) Safety Seat Installation Characteristics: Observations were recorded on a total of 3,476 child safety seats in vehicles parked at shopping malls and 88.1 percent were observed in the toddler mode. For toddler seats that require securing by only the vehicle safety belt, 56.4 percent were used correctly. However, only 8.7 percent of toddler seats that require the safety belt and tether were used correctly. (4) Helmet Use by Operators and Passengers of Motorcycles and Mopeds: Driver and passenger helmet use was observed to be 66.6 and 54.0 percent, respectively, for 14,898 motorcycle observations. Moped observations totalled 1,085 and helmet use among drivers and passengers was observed to be 42.1 and 35.0 percent, respectively. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Misuse KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Tether belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267168 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452265 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - McCarty, D AU - Argeriou, M AU - Blacker, E AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - LEGISLATED POLICIES AND RECIDIVISM FOR DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR IN MASSACHUSETTS PY - 1985/03 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - p. 97-102 AB - Legislation on driving under the influence of liquor was changed significantly in Massachusetts on 1 December 1975; it permitted courts to continue cases without a finding if defendants were placed on probation and assigned to driver alcohol education. The effect of the revisions on the incidence of rearrest was assessed. The 3-yr arrest records of 522 individuals arrested for drunken driving 2 yr before the changes (1973) were compared with 716 and 690 offenders arrested 1 (1976) and 2 (1977) yr post-law modification. Sample participants were selected randomly. The legislation strongly affected court dispositions. Over 70% of the 1976-1977 cases were continued without findings and more offenders were sanctioned. The proportion found not guilty dropped from 1973 to 1976-1977. Absolute rearrest rates were similar for each cohort. Probability of arrest, however, rose substantially between 1973 and 1980. Relative to the increased arrest rate, there was a significant decline in rearrests 2 and 3 yr after a drunken driving arrest during the post-law period. The legislation apparently contributed to an amelioration of the drunken driving problem by encouraging judicial reforms and educational interventions. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Probation KW - Recidivism KW - Records management KW - Revisions KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270647 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452266 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF MEDIAN STORAGE AND ACCELERATION LANES FOR LEFT-TURNING VEHICLES PY - 1985/03 VL - 55 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-25 AB - This is a summary of a full report by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Technical Committee 5B-4 which bears the same title. While the full report contains a literature review of median acceleration lanes (MALs) and 2 Way Left Turn Lanes (2WLTLs) as well as a survey of local and state highway officials concerning their current use and opinions of MALs and 2WLTLs, this article summarizes only the results of the survey and not the literature review. The survey of highway and traffic agencies in Canada and the United States was conducted using a questionnaire consisting of a covering letter, followed by a set of questions concerning the extent to which the agency used MALs and 2WLTLs and a data sheet for each location where either a MAL or a 2WLTL was used. A total of 71 useful responses were received and analyzed, 48 from the United States and 23 from Canada. Of these, 56 were from municipal agencies and 15 from provincial and state governments. KW - Acceleration lanes KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Left turns KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Median acceleration lanes KW - Median lanes KW - Medians KW - Questionnaires KW - State government KW - Surveys KW - Two way left turn lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452211 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROTECTING OUR OWN. COMMUNITY CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1985/03 SP - 73 p. AB - This publication shows how everyone from health professionals, teachers, and civic leaders to parents can demonstrate their awareness of the need for child safety protection in automobiles. As child passenger safety advocates, each has to make sure that parents and other drivers understand the requirements of laws dealing with child restraints, each must emphasize the importance of using car safety seats whether required by law or not, and each must encourage the development of the habit of buckling up. The manual presents this information in the following chapters: (1) Selling safety--community program ideas; (2) how to design a child passenger safety program for your community; (3) success stories; (4) how to protect children: what child passenger safety advocates need to know; and (Appendixes) additional sources of information. KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Community action programs KW - Laws KW - Manuals KW - Parents KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267197 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452233 JO - Annals of Emergency Medicine PB - American College of Emergency Physicians AU - Fife, D AU - BARANCIK, J I AU - American College of Emergency Physicians TI - NORTHEASTERN OHIO TRAUMA STUDY III: INCIDENCE OF FRACTURES PY - 1985/03 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 244-248 AB - To determine the frequency with which fractures are encountered in emergency care and to estimate the incidence of fractures in a well-defined population, a population-based sample of emergency department (ED) visits was examined. Eleven percent of ED visits for trauma involved fractures. The incidence of fractures was 21 per 1,000 persons per year and had two peaks, the first at ages 10 to 14 and the second at ages greater than 60. Among young peoples, falls (often related to sports or recreation), striking objects, motor vehicle injuries, and assaults were the major causes of fractures. Among the elderly, falls caused 87% of all fractures. KW - Age KW - Crash causes KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Frequency distributions KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Injuries KW - Ohio KW - Population UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270622 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450936 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Golladay, E S AU - Slezak, J W AU - Mollitt, D L AU - Seibert, R W AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - THE THREE WHEELER--A MENACE TO THE PREADOLESCENT CHILD PY - 1985/03 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 232-233 AB - Children riding three-wheeled motorcycles have recently become victims of serious or fatal accidents. Twelve children (aged 3 to 12 years, mean, 8.7 years) all white, sustained serious or fatal injuries as a result of striking objects or overturning while riding these vehicles. The injured children were preadolescent, white, rural, male, and from relatively affluent families. Most injuries were to the head and upper torso causing severe cosmetic and functional deficits. Our experience suggests the need for better regulations for these vehicles when being ridden by children. KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Regulations KW - Rural areas KW - Three wheeled motorcycles KW - Three wheeled vehicles KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269905 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450756 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Hansbrough, J F AU - Zapata-Sirvent, R AU - Sullivan, J AU - Boswick, J AU - Wang, X-W AU - Dominic, W AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - HYDROCARBON CONTACT INJURIES PY - 1985/03 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 250-252 AB - Cutaneous injury caused by exposure to gasoline and other hydrocarbons is a clinical entity with potentially life-threatening effects. We report four cases of such injury. One patient developed full-thickness skin loss following gasoline immersion, and another developed severe systemic complications following contact with a carburetor cleaning solvent. Initial therapy should consist of removal of solvent-containing clothing and extensive lavage or soaking with water, followed by wound care that is generally similar to that used in the treatment of partial-thickness burns. In most cases this includes debridement, topical antimicrobial agents, and dressing changes. Severe pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurologic, renal, and hepatic complications may accompany hydrocarbon absorption, particularly in cases involving gasolines containing lead additives. Therefore immediate surgical debridement should be considered if there is suspicion of continued absorption of toxic compounds from the wound. KW - Gasoline KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Injuries KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Skin contact KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269747 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450760 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - DEAD MEN DON'T WEAR SEAT BELTS PY - 1985/03 VL - 18 IS - 10 SP - p. 10-16 AB - This article is written in the form of a detective story. Its purpose is to convey in a dramatic way to the reader that it pays to wear seat belts. It consists of a dialogue between a private investigator and his secretary, which is an answering machine, or his partner, which is a computer, on the topic of seat belts. KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269751 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450956 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Greiner, A L AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ONE SIMPLE FACT: SEAT BELTS WORK! PY - 1985/03 VL - 18 IS - 10 SP - p. 21 AB - The author urges the use of seat-belts and recounts his personal experience of a serious accident in which himself, his wife and two children were left with only minor injuries after a serious accident in which the truck in which they were travelling was left an almost total wreck. Their escape from serious injury is attributed to their being belted securely within the truck. KW - Manual safety belts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269924 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450755 JO - Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins AU - Purdue, G F AU - Hunt, J L AU - Layton, T R AU - Copeland, C E AU - DelMundo, A G AU - Baxter, C R AU - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins TI - BURNS IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1985/03 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - p. 216-219 AB - Burns received as a result of motor vehicle accidents (MVA's) create special problems in their care, as they are frequently severe and are often associated with other injuries. One hundred seventy-eight consecutive patients with burns sustained in an MVA were studied. The mean TBSA burn was 33.9%. The mortality was 24.7%, but the mean burn size in this fatal group was almost doubled at 63.9%. The injury most commonly associated with death was inhalation injury (in 36.3%). Thirty-six percent of the patients sustained other injuries in addition to their burn, the most frequent of which was to the musculoskeletal system (67 injuries). Multiple trauma had little effect on mortality unless severe, but fractures especially complicated burn wound care unless surgically stabilized. Current methods of management are presented along with our approach to multiply injured burn patients. KW - Burns (Injuries) KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mortality KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Severity KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269746 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450225 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Welsbacher, A AU - American Automobile Association TI - WE MUST BE DOING SOMETHING RIGHT PY - 1985/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 8-9 AB - This article looks at the decline in highway fatalities in the 1980's and suggests some possible reasons for this. Admitting that no one is quite sure just exactly why the highway death toll has gone down, the following theories are offered as playing a contributing role: cars are safer; the 55 mph speed limit; highway improvements; the decline in the number of young drivers; higher gasoline prices along with a depressed economy; a behavioral change in drinking and driving patterns; passive safety features on newer cars; and greater public awareness of highway safety as an issue, an example being the passage of laws requiring safety belt utilization. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Adolescents KW - Awareness KW - Behavior KW - Costs KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic factors KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Teenage drivers KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269431 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450224 JO - AAA World PB - AAA Potomac AU - Reynolds, M A AU - American Automobile Association TI - FIGHT THAT SPEEDING TICKET IF YOU THINK YOU'RE INNOCENT, BUT HOPE FOR AN OFFICER AND JUDGE WHO UNDERSTAND RADAR PY - 1985/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 2b-2c AB - Following a brief review of the effectiveness of radar in apprehending speeders in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area, this article points out some of the possibilities of error that exist when radar equipment is being used by police officers who have not received adequate training. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has proposed minimum equipment and training standard, but Florida, North Carolina and Michigan are the only states with legislation requiring police departments to meet those standards. AAA Potomac currently is seeking legislation from state lawmakers to require all police departments to meet NHTSA standards. KW - Legislation KW - Police KW - Radar KW - Radar devices KW - Speeding KW - Standards KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450351 AU - Beebe, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF 2 1983 DODGE OMNIS WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 60.0 MPH PY - 1985/03 SP - 263 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in the unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with 2 1983 Dodge Omnis at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicles were towed together at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 60.0 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Part 572 dummy was located in the right front seating position in the subject vehicle. One Part 572 dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was December 18, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 37 deg F. KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399156 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-SECOND AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CONTRACTORS' COORDINATION MEETING P-155 PY - 1985/03 SP - 547 p. AB - This publication contains papers from the Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Automotive Technology Development Contractors' Coordination Meeting. The following topics are covered: United States/Canadian Joint Session on Alternative Fuels--Alcohol Fuels; United States/Canadian Joint Session on Alternative Fuels-Alcohol, Liquid Hydrocarbon and Gaseous Fuels; Stirling Technology (Sessions I and II); Program Overview/Industry Perspectives Session; Heavy Duty Transport Technology (Sessions I and II); Gas Turbine Technology Session; and Ceramic Technology (Sessions I and II). KW - Alcohols KW - Alternate fuels KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Ceramic materials KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Engine performance KW - Gas turbines KW - Heavy duty engines KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Liquefied gases KW - Methane KW - Methanol KW - Natural gas KW - Stirling engines KW - Technology assessment KW - Turbine engines KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214599 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399354 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - KELLY, P AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - DESTROY ALL PYLONS PY - 1985/03 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 3 p. AB - The author of this article describes his experience of participating in a demonstration sponsored by the Los Angeles Chapter of Mothers Against Drunk Drivers at Pasadena City College. The participating drivers, including celebrity and race car drivers, were competing against each others' lap times on a pylon-infested slalom course that proved a real challenge for most of the drivers even before they were administered their first drink. One smashed pylon equaled one smashed pedestrian. At the conclusion of the demonstration most of the drivers agreed that it was a good thing they had someone to drive them home. A few still believed they could handle it, which was the main point of the demonstration. Alcohol affects different people in different ways--all negative when it comes to driving. The overconfident is as deadly as the incompetent driver when drunk behind the wheel. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218148 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399371 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Magazines TI - SOLVING OIL PRESSURE PROBLEMS PY - 1985/03 VL - 162 IS - 3 SP - p. 49-52 AB - The first thing you notice might be the soft glow of an idiot light when your engine is idling. Or perhaps the needle of your oil pressure gauge has begun to drop out of the safe range. Or maybe you have just noticed that your engine ticks and clatters much more than it used to. They are all clues that could point to an oil pressure problem. If you do not act right away, extensive engine damage can result. This article discusses the lubrication system, checking oil pressure, solving low pressure problems, pulling the oil pan, checking the oil pump and checking bearing clearance. KW - Automobiles KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engine performance KW - Loss and damage KW - Lubrication KW - Oil pressure KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453272 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - A STUDY ON FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1985/02/22 SP - 53 p. AB - Public transportation is an important component of a total transportation system, and serves important national, state, and community objectives. Currently, however, public transportation is facing an uncertain future. Loss of support from traditional funding sources, increased costs of labor and fuel, and new institutional relationships are potentially serious threats to the survival of many public transportation systems and services. The AASHTO Standing Committee on Public Transportation decided that a comprehensive study should be undertaken to investigate the current problems facing public transportation, examine the innovative actions being adopted throughout the U.S. to solve these problems, and identify the key components of a national and state public transportation strategy. This report presents the findings of the task force established to conduct this study. In a very important sense, this report represents a national effort on the part of state transportation agencies to identify the important role they can play in supporting public transportation, in cooperation with the federal government, the private sector, and local communities. KW - Committees KW - Costs KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Future policies KW - Labor costs KW - Local government KW - Paratransit services KW - Policy KW - Private enterprise KW - Problem solving KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - State departments of transportation KW - Task force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451760 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - THE 55-MPH SPEED LIMIT PY - 1985/02/21 SP - 320 p. AB - This publication contains the Hearing before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Aviation and Materials of the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, February 21, 1985, on the 55 mph speed limit. The subcommittee considered the pros and cons of the 55 mph national speed limit, and the safety and feasibility of allowing states to set their own speed limits, at least on nonurban, limited-access highways. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Federal government KW - Governments KW - Hearings KW - Highway safety KW - Jurisdiction KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - States KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450771 AU - United States Senate TI - NHTSA AUTHORIZATION AND MEANS OF IMPROVING HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1985/02/21 SP - 124 p. AB - This publication contains the Hearing on the authorization of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and generally on means of improving highway safety. An examination is presented of NHTSA activities to determine the appropriate reauthorization levels for the funding of NHTSA programs during fiscal years 1986 and 1987 and to identify specific actions that can be taken by Congress, NHTSA, and others to significantly improve highway safety. KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Hearings KW - Highway safety KW - Safety KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497511 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - NOTABLE PAPERS ON ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY - 1984 PY - 1985/02 SP - 63 p. AB - The papers published here were presented during 1984, and include a brief paper on the Federal position on administrative license suspension programs and other issues presented at the 10th International Forum on Traffic Records Systems in Orlando, Florida. This is followd by a series of papers on 'The Role of Communications in an Effective Comprehensive State Alcohol Safety Program,' presented at the 52nd Annual Conference of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators in Des Moines, Iowa. The remainder represent a series of presentations at the 16th Annual Institute on Motor Vehicle and Traffic Law in Boulder, Colorado. The latter series deals with the legal issues dealing with drinking drivers. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Communications KW - Conferences KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310764 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00496534 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - AUTO BATTERIES; AUTO-BATTERY CHARGERS PY - 1985/02 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - p. 94-101 AB - The first article, "Auto Batteries," reports the results of tests conducted on four brands of high-performance batteries priced at $64 to $90. For comparison, two popular normal-performance batteries were also tested. Definitions are given for the basic types of batteries and for the measures of performance (cold-cranking capacity and reserve capacity). Guidelines are also provided on what to consider when shopping for a battery, determining the size needed, and what types of warranties are offered. The second article, "Auto-Battery Chargers," reports the results of tests conducted on 20 battery chargers. Information is also included on the types of battery chargers available, costs, damage from overcharging a battery, and results from the misuse of a battery charger. KW - Battery chargers KW - Costs KW - Electric batteries KW - Guidelines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312570 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452369 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - Simanaitis, D AU - REYNOLDS, K AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - 50-SERIES HIGH PERFORMANCE TIRES. LOW, WIDE AND HANDSOME PY - 1985/02 VL - 36 IS - 6 SP - 10 p. AB - This article reports the results of tests performed on 7 sets of 225/50 VR-16 tires mounted on identical Rial 16 x 7-in. wheels. The test car was a Porsche 944. Included in the discussion are a general description of the 50-series tires, a description of the test car, an explanation of the test method, and summaries of the subjective impressions of each tire. Data are presented in charts and graphs. A final summary chart indicates the tires which placed within the confidence window of the best-performing tire in the following categories: ride/comfort; dry braking; wet braking; skidpads (dry and wet); slalom; lane change; autocross; and road course. KW - Braking KW - Comfort KW - High performance KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Ride quality KW - Skidding KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270675 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452386 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gosman, A D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODELING OF COLD FLOWS AND TURBULENCE IN RECIPROCATING ENGINES PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 137-153 AB - A survey is made of progress in the development and application of multidimensional methods for predicting the in-cylinder flows of reciprocating engines: also discussed is the relevance to combustion prediction. It is concluded that there have been significant advances in the numerical methodology, such that it is now possible to contemplate calculation of the complex three-dimensional flows found in production engine combustion chambers. The cost and effort involved is, however, likely to be high for adequate computational grid densities, and there remain some unresolved problems in the representation of inlet and exhaust flows. A second important conclusion is that as the accuracy of the numerical methods has improved, so has the agreement between predictions and measurements of the ensemble-average flow based on conventional turbulence models. Thirdly, the accurate prediction of the flow behavior during individual cycles, which is of interest in connection with cycle-to-cycle variations in combustion performance, is believed still to be outside the capabilities of current methodology. It is argued, however, that advances in this direction are likely to be accelerated if it is recognized that similar phenomena occur in simple stationary flows, such as are found in stirred combustion bombs. KW - Accuracy KW - Combustion KW - Flow KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel flow KW - Fuels KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Piston engines KW - Three dimensional KW - Turbulence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270688 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452217 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - Herman, R AU - Ardekani, S AU - Operations Research Society of America TI - THE INFLUENCE OF STOPS ON VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION IN URBAN TRAFFIC PY - 1985/02 VL - 19 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-12 AB - A simple linear relation between fuel consumption per unit distance, phi and trip time per unit distance T, phi equals k sub 1 plus k sub 2 multiplied by T is established for the fuel data collected in Austin and Dallas, Texas, and Matamoros, Mexico. The qualities of traffic service in these cities are compared through the study of the spread of the data points along the phi, T trend, showing that the Matamoros data in general have higher phi and T values. The fuel consumption model phi equals k sub 1 plus k sub 2 multiplied by T is improved by the addition of a term proportional to delta N sub s(T), the deviation of the number of stops for a given datum point from the average number of stops associated with the trip time interval into which the datum point falls. It is shown in the resulting new model, phi equals k sub 1 plus k sub 2 multiplied by T plus k sub 3 delta N sub s, that since T and delta N sub s are virtually uncorrelated, the values of k sub 1 and k sub 2 in the simpler model remain unchanged. A discussion of the physical interpretation of the model parameters is presented. In addition, an analysis of data obtained in central London shows that k sub 1 depends almost entirely on vehicle mass. It is also shown that the value of the parameter k sub 3 is approximately given by the product of the warmed-up idle fuel flow and the average stop duration. KW - Distance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Linear equations KW - Mathematical models KW - Stopping KW - Time intervals KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270611 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452382 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dyer, T M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR IN-CYLINDER ENGINE STUDIES PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 71-87 AB - A wide variety of new experimental diagnostic techniques have been developed to more fully characterize the physical and chemical processes occurring in an IC engine. The advent of lasers has spurred interest in the development and application of optical techniques for nonperturbing, in situ measurements of temperature, species concentration, velocity and turbulence. These supplement and expand the capability of those classical techniques that are reviewed in a companion paper. The new diagnostics are categorized according to the particular part of the engine cycle under investigation: precombustion fluid motion, fuel preparation, combustion, and emission formation. Current applications of each technique to engine experiments are surveyed and put into the perspective of resolving critical issues facing the engine design community. KW - Combustion KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - In situ measurements KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Optical measurement KW - Turbulence KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452384 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Borman, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECIPROCATING ENGINE COMBUSTION RESEARCH NEEDS PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 101-112 AB - A discussion of reciprocating engine combustion research needs is presented. Results of a survey ranking 31 specific research topics are also given. The twenty-three respondents gave the five highest grades to: particulate formation and oxidation mechanisms, high temperature ring friction, end gas heat transfer and high pressure transient fuel spray studies. KW - Combustion KW - Friction KW - Heat transfer KW - Oxidation KW - Particulates KW - Piston engines KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452207 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DRIVER LICENSE COMPACT. OPERATIONS MANUAL PY - 1985/02 SP - 36 p. AB - The Driver License Compact (DLC) was initiated in 1961 to give States a means for cooperative action to control problem drivers. The DLC is an interstate compact designed to advance highway traffic safety through the use of consistent reporting procedures and the exchange of information on driver records. There are currently 29 States in the DLC and several other States comply with its major provisions. This manual gives a brief history of the DLC, then examines the procedures for implementing the DLC. Appendices contain: model enabling legislation; the exact text of the DLC; notice of confirmation; suggested information for forms; endorsements; bylaws of the DLC Commission; and definitions. KW - Cooperation KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Highway safety KW - History KW - Implementation KW - Interstate compacts KW - Manuals KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267193 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452385 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bracco, F V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MODELING OF ENGINE SPRAYS PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 113-136 AB - Atomization and full-cone sprays from single cylindrical orifices are considered. The following subjects are reviewed: the structure of the breakup region; the structure of the far field; modern models that, given the outcome of the breakup process, compute the steady and transient of sprays; some comparisons with detailed measurements; and some practical applications. The following conclusions are reached: the spray breakup and the development regions are the most relevant in engine applications; the inner structure of the breakup region is still largely unknown; two- and three- dimensional spray models are available but remain mostly untested, particularly in their vaporization and combustion components, in part because of a lack of accurate measurements in controlled engine-type environments; engine applications of such models are, nonetheless, recommended for very valuable learning, interpretative, and exploratory studies, but not for predictions. KW - Fuel injection KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452378 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Myers, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ART OF CHOOSING A MODEL PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 1-14 AB - Information to be gained using an air-standard model of an engine is discussed as well as the thermodynamic inconsistencies of the model. A number of useful trends arrived at by use of a time-independent fuel-air model are presented. The thermodynamic rate model, made possible by the advent of high speed computers, provides a great deal more insight on engine behavior than the fuel-air model but still has serious deficiencies. Progress towards expanding the thermodynamic rate model to include transient operation, multidimensions and Second Law analysis is discussed. Lack of experimental data on which to base sound models is progress limiting for the first two; obtaining these data should be given high priority. Second Law analysis is of potential help in understanding losses and improving fuel economy. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel conservation KW - High speed computers KW - Mathematical models KW - Thermodynamics KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452381 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - AMANN, C A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CLASSICAL COMBUSTION DIAGNOSTICS FOR ENGINE RESEARCH PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 43-70 AB - The use of engine diagnostic techniques in research on the reciprocating internal combustion engine has contributed substantially to engine progress over the years. Many of these techniques were developed before the advent of the laser, and most engine research still uses these classical methods. This paper provides historical snapshots of efforts to understand flame propagation and knock in homogeneous-charge engines, and fuel-air mixing and some of its ramifications in diesels. Such a review demonstrates the accomplishments facilitated by measurement of pressure, temperature, fluid motions, and chemistry within the cylinder. A critique of these classical diagnostics is then offered. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine knock KW - Flame propagation KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - History KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452377 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE COMBUSTION ANALYSIS: NEW APPROACHES. P-156 PY - 1985/02 SP - n.p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: The Art of Choosing a Model, P. Myers; Performance and Combustion Modeling of Heterogeneous Charge Engines, R.J. Primus and V.W. Wong; A Discussion of Turbulent Flame Structure in Premixed Charges, J. Abraham et al; Classical Combustion Diagnostics for Engine Research, C.A. Amann; New Experimental Techniques for In-Cylinder Engine Studies, T.M. Dyer; The Applicability of Combustion Modeling and Diagnostics--Observations, Issues and Outlook, P.N. Blumberg; Reciprocating Engine Combustion Research Needs, G. Borman; Modeling of Engine Sprays, F.V. Bracco; Multidimensional Modeling of Cold Flows and Turbulence in Reciprocating Engines, A.D. Gosman. KW - Combustion KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Flow KW - Fuel flow KW - Fuels KW - Mathematical models KW - Piston engines KW - Research KW - Turbulence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269236 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452383 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Blumberg, P N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE APPLICABILITY OF COMBUSTION MODELING AND DIAGNOSTICS--OBSERVATIONS, ISSUES AND OUTLOOK PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 89-99 AB - Issues surrounding the applicability of combustion modeling and diagnostics (CMD) to engine combustion system development, and to the advancement of engine technology as a whole, are systematically reviewed. The unique technical aspects of the environment in which CMD must function are identified thereby providing a basis for assessing the applicability of CMD to the very particular needs of combustion system research, development and engineering activities. The major obstacles which inhibit the effective use of CMD techniques are discussed and a set of general, technical and organizational recommendations is developed which points towards ways of realizing the full current and future potential of this methodology. KW - Combustion KW - Development KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Mathematical models KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452379 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Primus, R J AU - Wong, V W S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE AND COMBUSTION MODELING OF HETEROGENEOUS CHARGE ENGINES PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 15-25 AB - This paper reviews the phenomenological modeling of the combustion processes for the diesel and fuel-injected stratified charge engines. Distinctions are made between phenomenological and multi-dimensional finite-difference approaches. The modeling methodologies and the basic components in these models are described. These include characterization of the fuel spray, fuel-air mixing, ignition, burning and heat transfer processes. An attempt is made in the paper to highlight the similarities and contrasts of various models and relate to their utility in addressing emission research and engine performance development objectives. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Heat transfer KW - Ignition KW - Mathematical models KW - Research KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270681 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452380 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Abraham, J AU - Williams, F A AU - Bracco, F V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A DISCUSSION OF TURBULENT FLAME STRUCTURE IN PREMIXED CHARGES PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 27-42 AB - Propagation of turbulent flames in spark-ignition engines is considered from the viewpoint of the different possible regimes of premixed turbulent combustion. Nondimensional parameters defining known combustion regimes are reviewed, and numerical values of these parameters are estimated for both research and production engines. The reaction-sheet regime is inferred to apply at least for some operating conditions, and therefore literature on turbulent flame propagation in the reaction-sheet regime is reviewed. Implications of these results on interpretations of existing experimental observations of combustion in engine cylinders and on modeling of turbulent flame propagation in engines are discussed. KW - Combustion KW - Flame propagation KW - Mathematical models KW - Premixing KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Turbulence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452240 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Wiviott, MBT AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - DIRECT OBSERVATION OF SEAT BELT USE IN MICHIGAN: DECEMBER 1984 PY - 1985/02 SP - 74 p. AB - A direct observation survey was conducted in December, 1984, of 17,568 motor vehicle occupants at a carefully selected probability sample of 240 intersections throughout the State of Michigan. The sample was designed to adequately represent all regions of the state. Among drivers, 19.5% were using seat belts, among front seat passengers, 17.6% were restrained, and among all occupants, 19.8% were restrained. In Michigan, children under age four are required by law to be restrained when traveling in an automobile. Of the 538 children under four observed, 60.8% were restrained. Differential restraint use was examined by age, sex, seating position, time of day, day of week, type of roadway, weather conditions, vehicle type and size, and region of state. Use of occupant restraints was higher in December, 1984 than August, 1983, when an earlier survey was conducted. As of July 1, 1985, all drivers and front seat passengers traveling in Michigan will be required by law to be restrained. Results of the current survey will function as a baseline from which the effects of the law will be measured. Additional survey waves are planned for 1985 and 1986. KW - Before and after studies KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Intersections KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267238 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451794 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Bull, M J AU - Stroup, K B AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - PREMATURE INFANTS IN CAR SEATS PY - 1985/02 VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - p. 336-339 AB - Advancements in health care have made it possible for many premature infants weighing less than 2.2 kg (5 lb) to be discharged from the hospital. Medical professionals however, have no information available from which to make recommendations on which child safety seats are most appropriate for safely transporting the low-birth-weight infant. Current federal safety standards do not specify the minimum weight of an infant for which a seat is appropriate. The suitability of various types of infant car safety seats for premature infants was documented by placing 2.0-kg (4 lb 8 oz) babies in a representative sample of seat models. Ease and ability of the seat to fit the size of the infant and allow for proper positioning of the baby was noted. Each seat was measured from the seat back to crotch strap and shoulder strap to seat bottom to provide a basis for comparison of various seat models. Convertible seats with seat back to crotch strap height of 14 cm (5 1/2 in) or less provided relatively good support for the infant. Seats with longer seat back to crotch strap distances allowed the infant to slouch. Seats with lap pads or shields were uniformly unacceptable. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Infants KW - Measurement KW - Standards KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270376 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451738 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Faber, M M AU - Hoppe, S K AU - Diehl, A K AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - PHYSICIAN KNOWLEDGE AND CLINICAL BEHAVIOR REGARDING AUTOMOBILE SAFETY FOR CHILDREN PY - 1985/02 VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - p. 248-253 AB - A mail survey was conducted in May 1983 of pediatricians and family and general practitioners in San Antonio, TX, to assess their influence on automobile safety of patients. Information on sociodemographic data and personal and professional behavior with respect to automobile safety for children was elicited. A 17-item knowledge index was significantly correlated with physician's own use of seat belts, number of children less than 5 years old, exposure to use of child restraints during residency, clinical behavior (asking about use of child restraints during the first and subsequent well-child visits, instructing parents about automobile safety for children, dispensing literature in the office), being a pediatrician, and being Board certified. Knowledge was inversely correlated with physician's age. Education of parents by physicians about automobile safety for children was infrequent. Only 29% of physicians always or usually ask at the first well-child visit if child restraints are being used. Only 8% of physicians received training during their residencies; this points to a need for educating physicians in automobile safety for children. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Knowledge KW - Manual safety belts KW - Parents KW - Physicians KW - Safety education KW - Surveys KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270345 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450118 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - RATIONALE FOR EMPLOYER INVOLVEMENT IN THE BATTLE AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1985/02 VL - 131 IS - 2 SP - p. 72-73 AB - Many corporations have found a cost-effective relationship between on-the-job health promotion and cost factors such as absenteeism, productivity, disability claims, medical utilization patterns and overall morbidity and mortality. Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of off-the-job injuries to employees. Some facts about alcohol-related fatalities and their costs to society are briefly examined. It is pointed out that employers who already have health promotion or wellness programs for employees will find it relatively inexpensive to add meaningful information on alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes. Actions that employers take to reduce their risks are noted. A significant action that employers can advocate as a protection against other drunk drivers would be the wearing of safety belts. Charts are presented which represent case study results regarding the costs involved in use vs. non-use of safety belts. KW - Corporations KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Employers KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269382 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450120 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Edelson, E AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - ROBOTS--THE NEXT GENERATION PY - 1985/02 VL - 226 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - The problem of designing robots that imitate human senses and behavior is discussed. Researchers are following a number of paths. Sensors are being tested that can give robots vision and a sense of touch, and attempts are being made to place robots in situations in which other kinds of sensors or strain gauges can be used. IBM's 7665 Manufacturing System is described as well as IMP (Intelligent Mobile Platform) developed at the Carnegie-Mellon University. Other current research in robot development is reviewed. A robot with advanced vision system has been developed at the General Electric Research and Development Center in New York. The technique which uses a lidar, a light-emitting version of radar, is the key element in GE's new Weld Vision System. Research at Western University to meet the need for tactile-sensing in robots is described. The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory's work in the same field is also described. KW - Design KW - Failure KW - Failure lines KW - Robots KW - Sensors KW - Tactile perception KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450220 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Webster, D W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Office of Highway Safety Planning TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF MICHIGAN'S MANDATORY CHILD RESTRAINT LAW PY - 1985/02 SP - 93 p. AB - Michigan implemented a law in April, 1982, mandating the use of child restraint devices for children under age four traveling in automobiles. This study assessed the effects of that law on restraint use and injury rates among young children. Box-Jenkins intervention analysis models were developed using data on all police-reported crash-involved residents of Michigan between January, 1978, and December, 1983. Results indicated a 299% increase in restraint use among crash-involved injured children under four years old after the child restraint law took effect. That is, the proportion of young children traveling restrained increased from 12% before to 51% after the law was implemented. More importantly, a 25% decrease in the number of children under age four injured in crashes was associated with the law. A reduction of this magnitude was repeatedly found, whether analyzing the raw frequency of children injured, the rate of injured children per crashed vehicle, the rate of injured children per vehicle mile traveled, or the proportion of all injured occupants accounted for by young children. The substantial increase in restraint use and decrease in number of children injured appear to be direct results of the law, since similar changes did not occur among any of the comparison age groups. The 25% reduction in the number of injuries to young children means that an estimated 522 children per year are not injured because of Michigan's mandatory child restraint law. Based on these findings, expansion of the child restraint law to motorists of all ages is recommended. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Michigan KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Time series analysis KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265993 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450143 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - GETTING A BETTER GRIP PY - 1985/02 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 2 p. AB - Inclement weather poses unique transportation problems. A new device helps school buses in snow and ice covered roads. This product is called Onspot Safety Chains. This device is permanently mounted under the spring axle of the drive wheels in the rear wheel well. By utilization of a control switch on the driver's console, a swing arm automatically lowers to the engaged position. Attached to the arm is a small eight inch diameter wheel with six 14 inch chains attached. When engaged that small wheel revolves parallel to the perpendicular tire; the spinning motion of the tire turns the small wheel and then throws the chains under the wheel with each revolution. The article states the chains were originally developed and tested in Sweden and have been proved effective. Units are currently in use in 25 school districts in the United States. KW - Axles KW - Driving KW - Frost damage KW - Mounting KW - School buses KW - Snow and ice control KW - Technological innovations KW - Tire chains KW - Weather KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269397 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450119 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - REAR AXLE NOISES YOU SHOULD KNOW PY - 1985/02 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 5 p. AB - Technicians are often led astray when diagnosing noise that is believed is in the vehicle's suspension system but is actually caused by problems in the rear axle assembly. On the other hand, noises from the rear axle actually begin with problems in tires, road surfaces, wheel bearings, engine/transmission, or body drumming. This article offers tips and guidelines on correct diagnosis of rear axle noise. The car should be checked-out on the road. Eight points in such a checking procedure are outlined. Different types of noise and what they signify are noted. A tabulated form of excess noise complaint diagnostic procedure is presented. KW - Axles KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Noise KW - Rear axles KW - Technicians KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle rear end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269383 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450219 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Owolabi, B AU - Noel, E C AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - THE RIGHT TURN RED ARROW PY - 1985/02 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - p. 45-48 AB - This study focuses on the question of whether the user of the red arrow in lieu of red ball for exclusive right turns would result in a higher violation probability because of motorists' misinterpretation of the device. Traffic violations of the red arrow and the red ball indications were observed at 15 intersections in Washington, D.C. Overall 15,532 light cycles were observed. Important criteria for selecting the field sites were exclusive right turn signals and lanes, No-Right-Turn-On-Red (NRTOR) indicated by signing, approaches consitituting each composite site being in close proximity to each other, full utilization of signal cycles over the data collection period, and similar volume characteristics between the pair of approaches constituting each composite site. The data collection involved "before" and "after" observations. Observations at intersections with the red ball represented the "before" situation, while observations at intersections with the red arrow represented the "after" situation. The violation probability was calculated for both the red arrow and the red ball. The violation probability is defined as the ratio of the number of violated cycles to the total number of cycles with opportunities for RTOR violations. The analysis is based primarily on observed volume, cycles and violations. These parameters were used in the assemblage of the contingency tables. The Chi-square test was then used to analyze the contingency tables for testing the hypotheses; the primary hypothesis being whether the red right turn arrow will experience the same level of violation as the red ball used for the same purpose. The study concludes that the ball receives significantly fewer violations than the arrow when used for right turns, regardless of the time of day. This finding appears to support the suspicions of some practitioners that the right turn red arrow is not a safe traffic control device, and that the carryover effect of RTOR may be undermining the true potential of the right turn red arrow. KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Right turn on red KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269429 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450365 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - McKenna, F P AU - Taylor & Francis TI - DO SAFETY MEASURES REALLY WORK? AN EXAMINATION OF RISK HOMOEOSTASIS THEORY PY - 1985/02 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 489-498 AB - The claim that safety measures in general fail to work is examined. This claim is seen as consistent with risk homoeostasis theory which proposes that following the introduction of a safety measure drivers compensate in such a way as to bring the accident involvement back to the preceding level. The validity of risk homoeostasis theory rests on several assumptions: (i) people have a simple and straightforward representation of accident risk, (ii) people can detect all changes in this accident risk, (iii) people can, over time, completely compensate for changes in accident risk and (iv) people cannot be discouraged prevented from compensating for changes in accident risk. Each of these assumptions is examined. KW - Behavior KW - Driver psychology KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Interchanges KW - Psychology KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Theory KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450115 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - CALDWELL, P AU - National Safety Council TI - A RATIONAL APPROACH TO CAR-OCCUPANT PROTECTION PY - 1985/02 VL - 131 IS - 2 SP - 3 p. AB - This article emphasized the need for the use of safety belts, the establishing of 21 as a minimum drinking age, and mandatory driving bans for repeat-drunk driving offenders. It also notes the need for passive air bag protection as an additional safety measure in all cars. Automatic safety belts are also discussed. Statistics show that in typical automobile accidents, occupants restrained by standard safety belts have at least 50% better chance of avoiding death or serious injury than those who are unrestrained. It is noted that airbags offer supplemental protection in frontal collisions at speeds greater than 12 to 15 mph but it does not provide protection as safety belts do in other kinds of accidents like secondary collisions, rollovers, rear-end, or side-impact collisions. Statistics are quoted to illustrate the extent of the drunk driving problem which has generated grass roots campaigns against habitual drunk driving offenders and in favor of more effective prevention and tougher penalties. KW - Air bags KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Legal drinking age KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Restraint systems KW - Rollover crashes KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269379 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450141 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - SBF SURVEY LOOKS AT THE DANGER ZONE PY - 1985/02 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - The article reports on a state Director's Survey that was conducted by the editors of School Bus Fleet early in December 1984. Survey forms were sent to all 50 State Directors of Pupil Transportation. A second mailing was sent to directors who failed to reply by the pre-Christmas deadline. Altogether 47 directors, representing 47 states, eventually submitted data. Conclusions were as follows: adoption of the various provisions of Standard 17 is spotty with certain of the provisions, such as the four light and eight light system and stop arms, in widespread use, with others widely ignored and that there is a decline in the number of pupil transportation fatalities among age populations. KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Pupils KW - Questionnaires KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Standards KW - State government KW - Surveys KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269395 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450142 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - STOP! IN THE NAME OF SAFETY PY - 1985/02 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 5 p. AB - School bus equipment manufacturers respond to ever increasing safety with a wide range of products, innovations and modifications. These include crossing control arms, school bus warning lights (strobe lights), advanced mirror systems, ultrasonic sensing systems and public address systems. Manufacturers mentioned include Aeroflash Signal Corporation, Con-Serv, Inc. Fleet Specialties, K-10 Enterprises, Inc., Midwest Electronic Industries, N.C.G. Distributing Company, Rear Scope International (U.S.A) Limited, Specialty Manufacturing Company, Inc., Per-Lux, Inc., and Weldon, Inc. KW - Industries KW - Mirrors KW - Public address systems KW - Remote sensing KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Strobes KW - Technological innovations KW - Ultrasonics KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450218 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - COMMITTEE SAYS 55 LAW SAVES LIVES: RECOMMENDS RETENTION ON "ALMOST ALL" ROADS PY - 1985/02 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - p. 12-13 AB - This article briefly reviews the findings of a 19-member National Research Council committee that examined the costs and benefits of the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit and whether the laws of individual states provided a "substantial deterrent" to speeding violations. The committee's basic conclusion was that, because of the "substantial benefits to safety," the 55 mph National Maximum Speed Limit "should be retained on almost all of the nation's highways," but the method for determining federal compliance with the law should be changed to better reflect safety priorities. A list of committee members is included. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Compliance KW - Deterrents KW - Laws KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Speeding KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269428 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450145 JO - Rider PB - TL Enterprises, Incorporated AU - TL Enterprises, Incorporated TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1985/02 VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - p. 19-20 AB - Motorcycle accident reconstruction poses various technical, tactical and legal problems. First, the preservation of physical evidence at the scene of the motorcycle accident is important with the following being done: determination of exact final vehicle locations: thorough photographic coverage of the scene; and, exact location of impact determined (evidence including skid marks, debris, etc.). And secondly, there must be a thorough inspection of each vehicle involved in the accident including photographs, lights, damaged vs. undamaged parts, frame deformation, related damage and the speedometer. KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Evidence KW - Inspection KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - On the scene crash investigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269399 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450117 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - Sulowski, A C AU - National Safety Council TI - THE SAFETY BELT QUESTION PY - 1985/02 VL - 131 IS - 2 SP - p. 44-46 AB - The little known and underestimated hazard of falling out of the safety belt (which has claimed several lives) is discussed in this article. Three documented accidents are presented in which fall-out occurred and increased the severity of the consequences of the fall. A figure is used to illustrate and analyze the falling out of the belt in the FAS (Fall Arresting System). Three different modes of fall are considered. It is noted that in all the accidents described, the severity of the injuries would have been substantially lower and there would have been no fatalities if all the victims had been wearing a full body harness instead of a waist belt. KW - Crash severity KW - Fall arresting systems KW - Falling KW - Full body harnesses KW - Harness KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety equipment KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Waist belt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450229 AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Stein, H AU - HALL, J AU - WRIGHT, P AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - SUPERELEVATION DEFICIENCY AT FATAL CRASH SITES PY - 1985/02 SP - 35 p. AB - Survey data on superelevation, curvature, and grade collected at the sites of fatal rollover crashes and at comparison sites in New Mexico and Georgia were analyzed to determine the effect of grade on superelevation after adjustment for curvature. These adjusted data were then used to determine the effect of superelevation on crashes. After controlling for curvature, it was found that in comparison with flat roadway sections (grade plus 2.5 percent to -2.5 percent), sections with grade (greater than plus 2.5 percent or less than -2.5 percent) had less superelevation. After adjustments for both curvature and grade, fatal rollover crash sites were found to have less superelevation than comparison sites. Inadequate superelevation presents a risk that should be monitored and gradually eliminated from the roadway system. KW - Curvature KW - Deficiencies KW - Fatalities KW - Grade (Slope) KW - Highway design KW - Rollover crashes KW - Slopes KW - Superelevation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450345 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL OCCUPANT SLED SIMULATION CORRELATION 1983 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY SLED BUCK PY - 1985/02 SP - 311 p. AB - This test report documents a series of Hyge sled tests conducted to simulate a frontal impact 1983 Chevrolet Celebrity barrier crash using two fully instrumented Hybrid III dummies. Both dummies were unrestrained. The sled occupant responses were compared to the crash test responses to determine modifications in the sled test procedure. Testing was conducted at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the front passenger's seat. Tests were conducted from December 19, 1984 through January 7, 1985. KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450232 AU - Shelton, E M AU - Dickson, C L AU - National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Res TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, SUMMER 1984 PY - 1985/02 SP - 59 p. AB - The samples were collected from service throughout the country and were analyzed in the laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, chemical companies, and research institutes. The analytical data for 1,755 samples of motor gasoline, were submitted to the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research, Bartlesville, Oklahoma for study, necessary calculations, and compilation under a cooperative agreement between the National Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (NIPER) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). They represent the products of 71 companies, large and small, which manufacture and supply gasoline. These data are tabulated by groups according to brands (unlabeled) and grades for 17 marketing districts into which the country is divided. A map included in this report, shows marketing areas, districts and sampling locations. The report also includes charts indicating the trends of selected properties of motor fuels since 1959. Twelve octane distribution percent charts for areas 1,2,3, and 4 for unleaded antiknock index (R plus M)/2 below 90.0 and leaded antiknock index (R plus M)/2 below 93.0 grades of gasoline are presented in this report. The antiknock (octane) index (R plus M)/2 average of gasoline sold in this country were 87.3 for unleaded below 90.0, 91.7 for unleaded 90.0 and above, and 89.0 for leaded below 93.0 grades of gasoline. KW - Analysis KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Engine knock KW - Gasoline KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Properties of materials KW - Samples KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450342 AU - Beebe, M AU - Wade, B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL CRASH RESPONSES CAR-TO-CAR IMPACT TEST OF 2 1983 RENAULT FUEGOS WITH A CLOSING VELOCITY OF 60.1 MPH PY - 1985/02 SP - 267 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of crash tests conducted to evaluate Part 572 and Hybrid III dummy responses in the unrestrained environment, and to catalog vehicle structural responses from a variety of crash configurations. Testing was conducted with 2 1983 Renault Fuegos at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. The test vehicles were towed together at 0 deg with a closing velocity of 60.1 mph. One Hybrid III dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Part 572 dummy was located in the right front seating position in the subject vehicle. One Part 572 dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one Hybrid III dummy was located in the right front seating position in the partner vehicle. The test date was November 29, 1984 and the ambient temperature was 51 deg F. KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450344 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONTAL OCCUPANT SLED SIMULATION CORRELATION 1980 FORD MUSTANG SLED BUCK PY - 1985/02 SP - 442 p. AB - This test report documents a series of Hyge sled tests conducted to simulate a frontal impact 1980 Ford Mustang barrier crash using two fully instrumented Hybrid III dummies. Both dummies were unrestrained. The sled occupant responses were compared to the crash test responses to determine modifications in the sled test procedure. Testing was conducted at the TRCO Crash Test Facility, East Liberty, Ohio. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position and one was located in the front passenger's seat. Tests were conducted from October 30 through November 16, 1984. KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Occupant dynamics KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399360 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - Iacocca, L A AU - National Safety Council TI - GRASS-ROOTS PRESSURE CAN MAKE RESTRAINTS MANDATORY PY - 1985/02 VL - 131 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - In the last few years, grass-roots pressure across the nation got tough laws passed requiring child restraints in automobiles. The same kind of grass-roots pressure has resulted in more effective drunk driving laws and enforcement. These laws will go a long way toward making driving safer, but they are only part of the solution. The most effective step we could take to save lives on our streets and highways is to require people to use the seat belts that are already in their cars. While other alternatives include air bags and passive belts, to date, the most effective device ever developed for saving lives and preventing injuries in an automobile is the lap and shoulder safety belt. Safety belts are not just a proven solution to the safety problem, they are a solution that is available right now. The problem is that seat belts can save lives and prevent injuries only when they are used. The best way to solve this problem is to pass laws to make seat belt use mandatory and to fine people who refuse to comply. KW - Air bags KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compliance KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Mandatory KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Public opinion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399150 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Taniyama, K AU - Kubo, S AU - TANIGUCHI, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF DIMENSIONAL FACTORS ON THE LIFE OF RZEPPA UNIVERSAL JOINT PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 25-32 AB - Certain dimensional factors and a method for evaluating dimensional errors have been developed to improve the service life of the Rzeppa universal joint. The Rzeppa joint spalling life is extended by disposition of the balls on a constant velocity plane under loading conditions which include proper determination of the offsets of the ball grooves and the windows of the cage. The ball center containment ranges, which consist of the grooves of both inner and outer races, can be affected by dimensional miscalculation of components. Moreover, the extent of scatter in the ball center containment ranges has a remarkable effect on the Rzeppa joint service life. KW - Durability KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399135 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - JUST IN TIME-JUST IN TIME PY - 1985/02 SP - n.p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: Keynote Address, R.B. Stone; The Principles of Just-In-Time, L. J. Ricard; What's Involved in Implementing a Just-In-Time Production Program?, J. Gerber; Just-In-Time at Chevrolet Flint Motor Plant, J. Revnew; Buick City Materials Management Strategy, T. A. Guith, Jr.; Just-In-Time at Chrysler Assembly, A. Pollack; L.I.F.E.--Lowering Inventories for Excellence, K. Stork; Continuous Flow Customized Production, W. A. Sandras, Jr.; Just-In-Time Manufacturing Coordination at Ford, W. Deal. KW - Automobile industry KW - Inventory KW - Just in time production KW - Management KW - Manufacturing KW - Production control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215984 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399351 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - SMITH, R B AU - National Safety Council TI - BUILT-IN PROTECTION COMPLEMENTS PASSENGER RESTRAINTS PY - 1985/02 VL - 131 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - This article discusses General Motors' program for improving automatic safety through occupant protection engineered into the vehicle itself. This built-in protection is independent of, but complementary to, add-on protection such as air bags or lap-shoulder belts. The program focuses on two principal areas. First, the structure of the car is carefully engineered to absorb energy in a crash, thus protecting the integrity of the passenger compartment. Secondly, inside the passenger compartment, improved energy absorbing steering columns, instrument panels, and windshields are integrated into a system aimed at reducing the risk of injuries when occupants strike the interior; this is called the "friendly interior." The advantages of built-in protection are that it is non-intrusive and not subject to rejection by new car buyers and that it is cost effective. KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Automotive engineering KW - Consumers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashworthiness KW - Energy absorption KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Interior KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Safety equipment KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218145 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399154 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Timoney, S S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - OPTIMISATION OF SPUR GEARS IN A PLANETARY HUB REDUCTION SET PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 71-80 AB - This paper describes a computer program for optimising the bending and contact strength of the spur gears in a planetary hub reduction set. Classical optimisation techniques are not employed because of the complexity of the problem and the number and variety of constraints encountered. Instead, the approach described covers the complete design space and successively filters out solutions that do not meet the required constraints. Thus the very large design space is reduced to a relatively few possible solutions whose properties can then be examined by the designer, leaving the final trade-offs to his discretion. KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Gears KW - Optimization KW - Planetary gear trains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399109 AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Pettis, L C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - TRUCK-TRUCK FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1980-82 (VERSION FEBRUARY 5, 1985) PY - 1985/02 SP - 177 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Truck-Truck Fatal Accidents, 1980-82. This file describes all two-vehicle fatal accidents involving two medium or heavy trucks. In describing the medium or heavy trucks, the file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for an appropriate medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo, weights, and lengths. Overall, a total of 173 fatal accidents involving two medium or heavy trucks occurred in 1980, 138 in 1981, and 127 in 1982. Accidents involving at least one tractor and semi-trailer constituted 87.2 percent of the total; accidents involving at least one straight truck with no trailer constituted 33.6 percent of the total. KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399149 AU - Moroto, S AU - Kobayashi, K AU - HAYAKAWA, Y AU - Kubo, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPUTER CONTROLLED TRANSFER FOR FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE VEHICLES PY - 1985/02 SP - n.p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to outline a new computer controlled transfer for four-wheel drive vehicles, which AISIN-WARNER LIMITED of Japan has developed in cooperation with TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION. Certain difficulties still remain with shifting of a conventional transfer. Coupled with a 4-speed automatic transmission, the new transfer discussed in this paper consists of 3 wet clutches, a simple planetary gear set, a chain for front drive and a control unit. This transmission-transfer combination (30-80LE) has realized "ON THE GO SHIFT" for easier operations of the 4WD applications. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Clutches KW - Control systems KW - Four wheel drive KW - Gears UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399153 AU - Tsangarides, M C AU - Tobler, W E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A TORQUE CONVERTER WITH CENTRIFUGAL BYPASS CLUTCH PY - 1985/02 SP - n.p. AB - Performance, driveability and NVH characteristics of a vehicle are altered when the hydraulic torque converter is bypassed with a mechanical clutch device in an effort to increase the overall efficiency of the transmission. To better illustrate and explain some of the behavior of such systems, a theoretical investigation of a torque converter with a centrifugal bypass (lock-up) clutch is presented. Computer-based simulations demonstrate how the lock-up characteristics of the clutch affect the torsional vibrations and the tip-in response of the drivetrain. In particular, the bypass clutch slip capacity is shown to be responsible for self-excited oscillations if "negative damping" is present. In addition, the dynamic responses of open, locked and slipping drivetrains are investigated with regard to firing torque transmissibility and sudden changes in throttle. Comparisons with instrumented vehicle results are also presented. KW - Clutches KW - Dynamics KW - Power trains KW - Simulation KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips KW - Torque converters KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215990 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399361 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - McDermott, R F AU - National Safety Council TI - THE FUTURE OF AUTOMOBILE SAFETY PY - 1985/02 VL - 131 IS - 2 SP - 1 p. AB - This article notes briefly the future of automobile safety. Positive aspects noted include the adoption of a legal drinking age of 21 in 23 states, media coverage of harsher penalties for abuse of driving privileges through drugs or alcohol, and a Gallup Poll showing 60 percent favoring air bags in all new cars and 75 percent favoring a legal drinking age of 21 in all states. Negative aspects noted are issuing of a weak and ambiguous standard for occupant protection by the Department of Transportation, the need for a safer car, and the lack of support for insurance companies and other trade associations in bringing the issue of auto safety before the general public. KW - Air bags KW - Awareness KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Future policies KW - Insurance industry KW - Legal drinking age KW - Mass media KW - Occupant protection KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Penalties KW - Policy KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399148 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - TSUDA, M AU - Kojima, H AU - Arita, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT ON COLD FORGING TECHNIQUE TO FORM A COMPONENT OF THE CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINT PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 1-7 AB - Cold forging has been applied to form a component of the constant velocity joint. This part, slide joint housing, is made of JIS S48C (SAE 1048) high carbon steel. As it has been very difficult to form this part by cold forging, it has been formed by hot forging up until now. Success was obtained in forming this part by cold forging through improving the chemical composition of S48C high carbon steel and tool design, determining the optimum condition for heat treating the slug, and using a TiC coated punch. Since this slide joint housing, which is nearly net shape, was able to be formed through this cold forging technique, material saving was improved about 40% and machining time was reduced much in comparison with hot forging. Manufacturing cost can be greatly reduced through this cold forging which has been developed. KW - Carbon steel KW - Cold forming KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Forging KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399110 AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Pettis, L C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - TRUCK-OTHER FATAL ACCIDENTS, 1980-82 (VERSION FEBRUARY 5, 1985) PY - 1985/02 SP - 153 p. AB - This report provides one-way frequencies for all the variables in UMTRI's file of Truck-Other Fatal Accidents, 1980-82. This file describes all two-vehicle fatal accidents involving one medium or heavy truck and one vehicle of some other type. In describing the medium or heavy truck, the file combines the coverage of the FARS data with the detail of the BMCS data. Where no BMCS report could be found for an appropriate medium or heavy truck listed by FARS, UMTRI conducted a survey, by telephone interview or by mail, to obtain the desired information on ownership, type of trip, vehicle configuration, cargo, weight, and lengths. Overall, a total of 2,924 fatal accidents involving one medium or heavy truck and one vehicle of some other kind occurred in 1980, 3,115 in 1981, and 2,850 in 1982. The 8,889 medium and heavy trucks were divided into 2,378 straight trucks and 6,443 tractors. Of the latter, 6,205 were combination vehicles. KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Statistics KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399147 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PASSENGER CAR TRANSMISSIONS PY - 1985/02 SP - n.p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: The Development on Cold Forging Technique to form a Component of the Constant Velocity Joint, M. Tsuda et al; A Computer Controlled Transfer for Four-Wheel Drive Vehicles, S. Moroto et al; Effect of Dimensional Factors on the Life of Rzeppa Universal Joint, K. Taniyama et al; Modeling Torque Converter Clutch Viscous Damper Performance, S. C. Y. Tung and J. L. Linden; Control Technology of Minimal Slip-Type Torque Converter Clutch, T. Hiramatsu et al; Dynamic Behavior of a Torque Converter with Centrifugal Bypass Clutch, M. C. Tsangarides and W. E. Tobler; Optimisation of Spur Gears in a Planetary Hub Reduction Set, S. S. Timoney; A Microprocessor Based Controller for a Dry Plate Clutch and Constant Mesh Gearbox, P.R. Page. KW - Clutches KW - Cold forming KW - Control systems KW - Durability KW - Dynamics KW - Forging KW - Four wheel drive KW - Gears KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Microprocessors KW - Optimization KW - Torque converters KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215987 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399365 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Agran, P F AU - Wehrle, P F AU - American Public Health Association TI - INJURY REDUCTION BY MANDATORY CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY LAWS PY - 1985/02 VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - p. 128-129 AB - This article critiques studies, such as that reported by Guerin and MacKinnon in the American Journal of Public Health. These studies are urgently needed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of child passenger safety laws. Using motor vehicle traffic accident reports from local police jurisdictions and California Highway Patrol field officers, Guerin and MacKinnon reported an eight percent decrease in injuries to children in the first year (1983) following implementation of the California Child Passenger Safety Law. In considering the implication of this study, however, some of its limitations need to be kept in mind. One limitation is the reliance on police records. Several studies in the past two years have indicated that police report data appear to underestimate the magnitude of motor vehicle injury rates. Furthermore, the impact of child passenger safety laws on the severity and patterns of injury are not reflected in the gross numbers reported in official statistics. Also to be considered is the extent to which the eight percent decrease in injuries reported by Guerin and MacKinnon can be accounted for by factors other than the restraint laws themselves. Another factor to be taken into account is possible misuse of child restraints. Evaluation of the effectiveness of mandatory child restraint use law is complex and requires a variety of measures and methods. Hospital based data systems may provide additional trauma data. However, additional measures would be required including correct restraint use, law enforcement activities and intensity of educational activities. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Mandatory KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218155 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399366 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Guerin, D AU - MacKinnon, D P AU - American Public Health Association TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CALIFORNIA CHILD PASSENGER RESTRAINT REQUIREMENT PY - 1985/02 VL - 75 IS - 2 SP - p. 142-144 AB - To evaluate the California Child Passenger Restraint Law requiring children under four years of age to be transported in car seats, we examined monthly injury and fatality levels from January 1978 to December 1983 for children 0-3 and 4-7 years of age using Box-Jenkins time series models. A significant 8.36 percent reduction in injuries was found for the 0-3 year old age group, but no significant reduction in injuries was found for 4-7 year olds. No significant reduction in fatalities was found for either age group. A similar analysis of injuries and fatalities in Texas, a state without a car seat law, showed no significant reductions in either injuries or fatalities. There was no change in the number of California 0-3 year olds in the years after the law was enacted. KW - Age KW - Assessments KW - Child restraint systems KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399126 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1985/02 SP - n.p. AB - This publication contains the following papers: MWM TBD 234 Compact High-Output Engines for Installation in Heavy Equipment and Military Vehicles, M. Schittler; ISUZU New 8.4L Diesel Engine, M. Okino et al; Elko's Conversion of a 6 Cylinder 11.6L Turbocharged Intercooled Truck Engine for Experimental Purpose, M. Behrens et al; Design and Development of the Onan L Series Diesel Engine Family, S. E. Data et al; The New Isuzu 2.5 Liter and 2.8 Liter 4-Cylinder Direct Injection Diesel Engine, K. Takeuchi et al; The Ford 2.5 Litre High Speed Direct Injection Diesel Engine--Its Performance and Future Possibilities, G. L. Bird; Direct Injection Diesel Capabilities for Passenger Cars, W. R. Wade et al; The Development of Detroit Diesel Allison's New Generation Series 53 Engines, M. Fellberg et al. KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection engines KW - Engine design KW - Engine performance KW - Engines KW - Fuel injection KW - High speed engines KW - High speed vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399091 AU - Cosby, P J AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State TI - MASEP ANNUAL REPORT: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MASEP PARTICIPANTS PY - 1985/02 SP - 15 p. AB - One of the most frequently asked questions about the people who attend the Mississippi Alcohol Safety Education Program (MASEP) is: "Who are these people?". In other words, are they male or female? Where do they live? How old are they? Are they married or single? Do they work? What kind of work do they do? Do they go to church? This report is an attempt to provide answers to some of these questions by focusing on the socio-demographic characteristics of those individuals who attended the MASEP classes during 1983. There was a total enrollment of 13,551 individuals attending 34 schools located in 26 Mississippi communities. In order to provide the structural context in which these people are required to attend MASEP classes, a brief history of the program is presented. Also provided is a general discussion of the schools and MASEP's research objectives in regard to obtaining a better understanding of those individuals convicted of a first offense for driving under the influence (DUI). KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Demographics KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Mississippi KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399242 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY 1984: A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF THE KNOWLEDGE PY - 1985/02 SP - 123 p. AB - This interim update of the Alcohol and Highway Safety Report of 1978, revises the report and includes the most important studies and findings during the period from January 1978 to December 1982. This present report has been reorganized to fit the current emphasis of program activities on general deterrence to drinking and driving. Large portions of the original report, which was based on material selected from an extensive list of literature developed through a survey of 450 individuals who had participated in research and operational programs in alcohol safety, have been left intact. Those sections in which major new information was not available have not been significantly changed. Significant new developments have the new data systems, the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), and the National Accident Summary System. Another new source of information is the review of world experience with drunken driving problems by H. Lawrence Ross entitled "Deterrence of the Drinking Driver: An International Survey". Chapters 2 (General Approaches and Methodological Problems), 3 (Defining the Alcohol-Crash Problem), and 4 (Dealing with the Alcohol-Crash Problem) give a limited update of the 1978 report. Chapter 5 covers alcohol and highway safety research needs, and Chapter 6 describes new directions in alcohol programs. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Deterrence KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Highway safety KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214662 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399362 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - Claybrook, J AU - National Safety Council TI - HAD WE KNOWN IN 1900 PY - 1985/02 VL - 131 IS - 2 SP - 2 p. AB - In 1900, the idea of government regulation was in its infancy. But, perhaps that was the best time of all to determine that a new transportation system must be designed to not only get you from here to there, but use state of the art technology to protect the lives of its user. This is especially true in the case of drinking and driving. The consequences of drinking and driving have been known by every adult American for decades. Sparked by outrage and complaints of drunk driving victims and their survivors, in the last several years Congress has enacted substantial drunk driving laws. While victims groups have focused on the effective administration of drunk driving laws, air bags provide a technological method of reducing death and injury in frontal collisions--the type of crash that most frequently involves the drinking driver. However, the U.S. automobile industry has persistently refused to offer this technology for sale to customers. KW - Air bags KW - Automobile industry KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Government intervention KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public opinion KW - Regulation KW - Regulations KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399115 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEAVY TRUCK RIDE PY - 1985/02 SP - 68 p. AB - Designing trucks for good ride characteristics is a challenge to the engineer, given the many design constraints imposed by requirements for transport productivity and efficiency. The objective of this lecture is to explain why trucks ride as they do, and the basic mechanisms involved. The response of primary interest is the vibration to which the driver is exposed in the cab. Whole-body vibration tolerance curves give an indication of how those vibrations are perceived at the seat; however, ride studies have shown that visual and hand/foot vibrations are also important to the perception of ride in trucks. The ride environment of the truck driver is the product of the applied excitation and the response properties of the truck. The major excitation sources are road roughness, the rotating tire/wheel assemblies, the driveline, and the engine. In the low-frequency range the truck's response to these inputs is predictable from rigid-body models of the basic suspension isolation mechanisms, and the pitch-plane tuning to road inputs characterized by "wheelbase filtering." At higher frequencies, the response is influenced by frame bending, cab mounting, fifth wheel position, trailer loading, and other variables. Examples of the influences on ride from these many variables are given. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Ride quality KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214578 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399151 JO - Publication of: Newcastle University, Australia PB - Newcastle University, Australia AU - Tung, SCY AU - Linden, J L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MODELING TORQUE CONVERTER CLUTCH VISCOUS DAMPER PERFORMANCE PY - 1985/02 SP - p. 33-45 AB - A viscous damper is used as part of the automatic transaxle torque converter in some new passenger cars for improved driveability and fuel economy. A viscous silicone fluid is a critical component of the damper. Fluid viscosity-shear rate characteristics were determined in the laboratory for temperatures of 25 to 150 deg C at shear rates from 400 to over 6000 reciprocal seconds. Using these data, and the dimensions of the viscous damper, a mathematical model was developed which predicts viscous damper output torque. Correlation between model predictions and actual measured torques from dynamometer tests was excellent. As a result, the mathematical model is useful for predicting viscous damper performance from measured fluid viscosity-shear rate characteristics. Also, since the model includes the critical viscous damper dimensions, it can be used for determining effects of damper design modifications on damper performance. KW - Clutches KW - Dampers KW - Design KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Shear rate KW - Torque KW - Torque converters KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/219029 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399359 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - GOOD ALIGNMENTS GONE BAD: COVER ALL THE BASES THE FIRST TIME AROUND PY - 1985/02 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - p. 14-21 AB - Alignment work requires special knowledge and skills and is usually reserved for experienced front end technicians. However, even the experts make mistakes--with blame placed on poor designs of vehicular suspensions or upon a system which does not permit time to perform a thorough alignment ("quickie" alignments). The purpose of the article is to reshape thinking about the basics of alignment. The article discusses various aspects of performing alignments including the importance of thorough inspections and of going beyond correcting the most obvious problem. Various diagnostic guides are provided covering: car wanders, steering wheel not centered, car pulls to one side, car shimmies and shakes and excessive tire wear. Reference charts are provided for strut-type and dual arm suspensions. KW - Alignment KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Inspection KW - Performance KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Suspension systems KW - Technicians KW - Wheel alignment KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399263 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY 1982 PY - 1985/02 SP - v.p. AB - This report on activities under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 and the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972, describes briefly the motor vehicle safety problem, trends and NHTSA's program emphasis, and goes on to discuss specific activities in helping to save lives, avoiding accidents, fuel economy, enforcement, and consumer activities. Support activities which aid motor vehicle safety are also discussed. Appendices provide information on statistics, funding, publications of NHTSA, and research grants and contracts and the problems they address. KW - Consumers KW - Contracts KW - Documents KW - Enforcement KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Grant aid KW - Prevention KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399347 AU - United States International Trade Commission TI - A REVIEW OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE U.S. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY INCLUDING AN ASSESSMENT OF THE JAPANESE VOLUNTARY RESTRAINT AGREEMENTS PY - 1985/02 SP - 50 p. AB - Many developments influenced the U.S. automobile industry during 1981-84, including changes in consumer demand, fluctuations in gasoline prices, and increasing development of joint venture arrangements between U.S. and foreign auto companies. The effect on the domestic auto industry of any one of these developments is not easily isolated. However, of the factors influencing the industry during this period, the principal events were the initiation of the voluntary restraint agreement (VRA) with Japan, that became effective on April 1, 1981, and the development of smaller automobiles (downsizing) by U.S. manufacturers that were designed to compete with such cars imported from Japan. This paper reviews developments in the U.S. automobile industry in recent years and attempts to quantify the effects of the VRA on the U.S. automobile industry, employment, and consumers during 1981-84. The analysis by the staff of the U.S. International Trade Commission for this paper drew on the results of recent economic research by Data Resources, Inc. (DRI) and other independent economic analyses. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Competition KW - Consumers KW - Demand KW - Economic analysis KW - Employment KW - Federal government KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Imports KW - Japan KW - Small car KW - United States KW - Voluntary restraint agreement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399152 AU - Hiramatsu, T AU - AKAGI, T AU - Yoneda, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTROL TECHNOLOGY OF MINIMAL SLIP-TYPE TORQUE CONVERTER CLUTCH PY - 1985/02 SP - n.p. AB - If a torque converter clutch is allowed to slip to a minimal amount, engine torque can be transmitted through a transmission without torque variation problem, and also low fuel consumption is realized by putting the clutch in operation even at low engine revolution. Oil pressure applied to clutch is electronically feedback-controlled to keep clutch slip to a minimal amount. But this feedback system tends to become unstable by impairment of various factors of the system. This paper relates to the stability analysis of feedback system, and especially to the control method by which feedback system can be made stable even when microvolts characteristic of clutch facing material is impaired. KW - Clutches KW - Feedback control KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips KW - Stability analysis KW - Torque converters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399155 AU - Page, P R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MICROPROCESSOR BASED CONTROLLER FOR A DRY PLATE CLUTCH AND CONSTANT MESH GEARBOX PY - 1985/02 SP - n.p. AB - This paper describes the development of a microprocessor based controller for conventional dry plate clutch and constant mesh gearbox transmissions as found on heavy goods vehicles. The controller is also applicable to vehicles fitted with synchromesh gearboxes. The controller is designed to enable the vehicle to be driven in either a protected semi-automatic mode or a fully automatic mode. The controller provides a cheap route to the advantages of automatic transmission, which include easier driving, improved fuel economy and improved reliability. In particular it gives improved clutch and gearbox life, without incurring the cost, weight and fuel efficiency penalties of conventional torque convertor based automatic transmissions. A description of the diagnostic aids incorporated in the controller covering both the depot maintenance and service aspects and the on-vehicle warning and limp home facilities is given. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Clutches KW - Control systems KW - Gear boxes KW - Microprocessors KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399262 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1982 PY - 1985/02 SP - v.p. AB - This report on the activities under the Highway Safety Act of 1966 (as Amended January 1, 1982-December 31, 1982) briefly describes the highway safety problem, trends observed in various areas, the fatality rate, NHTSA's program emphasis, and goes on to discuss in detail, the various activities. Programs which provide support for the major activities are also described. Part II of the report discusses highway safety activities within the Federal Highway Administration (trends, program responsibilities, safety standards, research and improvements); FHWA section 402 program accomplishments; Highway Safety Standards and Federal Agency and Section 403 accomplishments. Appendices provide information on statistics, National Highway Safety Advisory Committee (1982 membership), funding tables, publications of NHTSA and FHWA, current research grants and contracts and the problems they address. KW - Documents KW - Fatalities KW - Grant aid KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Safety programs KW - Standards KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396316 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF WINDSHIELD GLAZING AND INSTALLATION METHODS FOR PASSENGER CARS PY - 1985/02 SP - 278 p. AB - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 205 sets requirements for the penetration resistance of windshields upon impact while Standard 212 regulates windshield retention in crashes. The High Penetration Resistant (HPR) windshield, developed during the 1960's, was designed to crumple and deform at speeds where earlier windshields would have been penetrated by head impacts. Adhesive bonding provided a tighter windshield installation method than earlier rubber gasket designs. The objectives of this agency staff evaluation are to determine if HPR windshields and adhesive bonding achieved their performance objectives in highway crashes and to measure their casualty-reducing benefits, side effects and costs. The study is based on statistical analyses of National Crash Severity Study, New York, Texas, Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation and Fatal Accident Reporting System Data. It was found that: HPR glazing doubled the impact velocity needed for the occupant's head to penetrate the windshield, preventing 39,000 serious lacerations and 8,000 facial fractures per year; Adhesive bonding halved windshield bond separation and occupant ejection through the windshield portal, saving 105 lives per year; HPR glazing did not increase the risk of concussions and adhesive bonding did not increase the injuries of persons who were not ejected; HPR glazing added $6 (in 1982 dollars) to the lifetime cost of owning and operating a car, but adhesive bonding saved $15 per car. KW - Adhesion KW - Benefits KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Ejection KW - Facilities KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Glazing KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - High penetration resistance KW - Injuries KW - Installation KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Performance KW - Statistical analysis KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452371 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--COLLISION OF ISLE OF WIGHT COUNTY, VIRGINIA, SCHOOLBUS WITH CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILWAY COMPANY FREIGHT TRAIN, STATE ROUTE 615, NEAR CARRSVILLE, VIRGINIA, APRIL 12, 1984 PY - 1985/01/25 SP - 51 p. AB - About 3:25 p.m. on April 12, 1984, a westbound Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company freight train traveling about 49 mph struck the front right side of a northbound 1980 Isle of Wight County schoolbus stopped at a railroad grade crossing on State Route 615 near Carrsville, Virginia. The weather was clear, the sun was to the schoolbus driver's left, and the train's whistle and bell were sounding before the collision. There were crossbucks on both sides of the single track crossing. The driver's sight distance in the direction of the approaching train was about 1/3 of a mile. The 64-passenger schoolbus body separated from the chassis at impact, rotated counterclockwise 180 degrees, rolled over 270 degrees to the right, and came to rest on its left side about 80 feet southwest of the crossing. Of the 26 school-aged bus passengers, two were injured seriously, one had moderate injuries, and the other 23 sustained minor injuries. The busdriver was seriously injured and died five days after the accident. The train crew was not injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the schoolbus driver's failure to stop before driving onto the railroad crossing to determine that it was safe to proceed. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Freight trains KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267344 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450122 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - SCANNING THE FIELD FOR IDEAS. MERCEDES-BENZ IMPROVES AUTO SAFETY AND EMISSIONS PY - 1985/01/10 VL - 57 IS - 1 SP - p. 60-61 AB - Anti-lock braking and emergency seat belt retraction that improve automobile safety, and a special filter that cleans diesel engines have been introduced into Mercedes-Benz automobiles. The details are described of the Anti-lock brake system (ABS) which automatically pump the disc brakes if one or more wheels lock during braking. Although many American manufacturers are experiencing with the idea, only the Ford Motor Company is equipping a limited number with ABS. The new Mercedes belt retractor is controlled by a crash sensor that triggers a small charge of solid propellant when it senses an impact of over 12 mph. A ceramic honeycomb filter embedded in a stainless steel structure acts as a trap oxidizer in diesel engines and lowers soot emissions. KW - Air quality management KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Automobiles KW - Daimler Benz AG KW - Diesel engines KW - Disc brakes KW - Filters KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mercedes automobile KW - Mercedes-benz KW - Retraction KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450370 AU - Evans, Leonard AU - General Motors Corporation TI - RISK HOMEOSTASIS THEORY AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1985/01/07 SP - 37 p. AB - The risk homeostasis theory posits, in essence, that a control mechanism analogous to the thermal homeostatic system in warm-blooded animals tends to keep risk per unit time constant, and, as a consequence of this posited effect, the number of traffic accidents per unit time of driving also tends to remain constant, essentially independent of changes in the traffic safety system. The theory is increasingly mentioned in discussions of the effectiveness of traffic accident countermeasures. It is the purpose of the present research to examine the validity of the theory by using publicly available traffic accident data to examine the behavior of the following seven quantities: (1) Long term trends in traffic accident rates; (2) Short term trends in traffic accident rates in response to a one time perturbation; (3) Long term trends of traffic accident rates after a major perturbation; (4) Traffic accident rates on different types of roads; (5) Response of traffic accident rates to changes in laws mandating the use of safety equipment; (6) The traffic accident rate of individuals over time; and (7) Long term trends in overall accident rates (all causes). These quantities are found to vary in ways that are incompatible with the risk homeostasis theory. The only specific field accident data offered in the literature in support of the risk homeostasis theory are found to, in fact, refute the theory. Indeed, the accident data demonstrate a rich variety of user responses. Such responses can be conceptualized along a continuum described in a general human behavior feedback model. The responses of cancelling out exactly the effect of the traffic safety system change is a possible, but not particularly common, response. It is certainly not a universally occurring response, as suggested by the risk homeostasis theory. It is concluded that the risk homeostasis theory should be rejected because there is no convincing evidence supporting it and much evidence refuting it. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Effectiveness KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Hazards KW - Interchanges KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Theory KW - Traffic crashes KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00450032 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - VAUGHAN, R AU - Printerhall Limited TI - EQUITY SOLUTIONS FOR TRIP DISTRIBUTION PY - 1985/01 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-25 AB - Many criteria have been used to formulate trip distribution models -the approach introduced in this paper is make the sum of location and travel costs equal for each zone in a linear city. It is shonw that linear programming can be used to find solutions to this "equity" problem. A simple example is examined where the distribution of origins and destinations is fixed. It is discovered in the example that equity solutions can be found which are almost as efficient as the minimum trip distribution. (TRRL) KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Distribution (stat) KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Journey KW - Linear programming KW - Linear system KW - Linear systems KW - Location KW - Location KW - Mathematical model KW - Mathematical models KW - Origin and destination KW - Origin destination traffic KW - Region KW - Regions KW - Travel KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Tricalcium aluminate KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495871 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility AU - Automotive Safety Foundation TI - THE SAFETY BELT PROPONENT'S GUIDE PY - 1985/01 SP - 96 p. AB - This document is intended as an aid to individuals and organizations at the state level in efforts to gain passage of a safety belt use law. A summary is given of the traffic accident problem as related to safety belt solution, and the issues surrounding mandatory safety belt use are examined. Answers are provided to the most frequently asked qestions about safety belt use and effectiveness, and the key points of information vital to testimony in support of safety belt legislation are outlined. The effects of mandatory safety belt use in foreign countries are summarized. Appendices provide further information on statement of conviction, sample resolution, references, and national organizations concerned with occupant protection. KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305959 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495692 JO - Injury PB - Elsevier AU - Gilroy, D AU - Butterworth Scientific Limited TI - DEATHS (144) FROM ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS OCCURRING BEFORE ARRIVAL AT HOSPITAL PY - 1985/01 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - p. 241-242 AB - One hundred and forty-four deaths occurring as a result of road traffic accidents are reported, with reference to circumstance of accident, cause of death, severity of injury and blood alcohol levels. In seven cases there may have been a contribution to death from aspiration of blood or vomit. In two other cases there were lesions which might have responded to the very early provision of full medical care. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Cause of death KW - Fatalities KW - Injury severity KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309214 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495691 JO - Injury PB - Elsevier AU - Krantz, KPG AU - Butterworth Scientific Limited TI - HEAD AND NECK INJURIES TO MOTORCYCLE AND MOPED RIDERS--WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE EFFECT OF PROTECTIVE HELMETS PY - 1985/01 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - p. 253-258 AB - In a consecutive series of 132 motorcycle and moped riders killed in 1977-1983 in southern Sweden and examined post mortem, almost half of the fatal injuries of the head and neck occurred remote from the point of impact, namely certain intracranial injuries without fractures, ring fractures of the base of the skull, disruption of the junction of the head and neck and injuries of the cervical spine. Ring fractures of the base of the skull were noticeably more frequent in motorcyclists than in car occupants who died. Injuries occurring remote from the point of impact were often the result of impacts against the anterior part of the head, especially against the face. All 5 riders suffering disruption of the junction of the head and neck were helmeted, which suggests that the helmet may promote such injuries. In some of these cases, no sign of impact against the head could be detected. The inertia of the head, enhanced by the helmet, is supposed to contribute to some of these injuries, which calls into question the protection provided by the helmet. Fatal head injuries at the point of impact were mostly found on the lateral-posterior part of the head. These injuries were often irrespective of whether or not a helmet was used. The points of impact were found mainly rung around the head. Protective helmets should be improved in order to give better protection against injuries at the site of impact, especially in the above-mentioned area, to give better protection of the face and to increase energy-absorbing capacity. Concomitant with these improvements, the helmet's mass must be reduced, otherwise the injuries are likely to be transferred from the site of impact to the occipitocervical junction. KW - Autopsies KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Neck KW - Post mortem UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00492234 AU - Bell, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT AGGRESSIVENESS ATTRIBUTES: MDB-TO-CAR SIDE IMPACT TEST OF A 26 DEGREE CRABBED MOVING DEFORMABLE BARRIER TO A 1980 VOLKSWAGEN RABBIT AT 46.2 MPH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1985/01 SP - 169 p. AB - This test report documents one of a series of twelve crash tests conducted to evaluate the side impact aggressiveness attributes of various deformable barrier face configurations. The configurations to be used are designated 'Lowered Stiffness', 'Altered Profile and 'Lowered Bumper'. Testing was conducted on a 1980 Volkswagen Rabbit 2-door hatchback at the TRCO Crash Test Facility. The test vehicle was impacted on the left side by a moving deformable barrier designated 'lowered bumper', crabbed to 19 deg, at 46.2 mph. Occupant responses of two side impact dummies and a 3-year-old child dummy were measured. One dummy was located in the driver's designated seating position, one was located in the left rear seating position and the child dummy was seated in a child restraint seat located in the right rear passenger position. The test date was December 4 1984 and the ambient temperature was 30 deg F. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Side crashes KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Velocity KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452128 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Robertson, G D AU - Printerhall Limited TI - MICROPROCESSOR AIDS TO OPTIMISING UTC SIGNAL PERFORMANCE PY - 1985/01 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - p. 4-8 AB - In the urban traffic control (UTC) development offices of the West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council a number of computer programs have been developed for use in UTC implementation and signal design. This article briefly describes the programs and indicates some of the ways in which these can improve signal performance. Time/distance diagrams can now be drawn using a microprocessor computer with a graphics VDU display. The computer program (called TD) allows 6 to 8 junctions to be displayed, has edit facilities on the input data and allows intermediate and final edited data to be stored. Co-ordination of traffic signals at complex networks can be achieved using the TD program to complement the delay calculations obtained from TRANSYT. The TD program is also useful for optimising staging, finding the natural cycle time, deciding between alternative strategies and for evaluating new junctions. The TD screen display can be used to demonstrate many of the complex reasons for the co-ordination finally implemented. It is possible to point out advantages of existing signal timings and to show what would happen if alternative timings were implemented. Four other programs developed are briefly described, they are:-(1) drawing out phase timings within intergreens (INTGRN); (2) controller logic (LOGSIM); (3) pedestrian delays (PEDEL); (4) one in twenty queue length (1IN20Q). Programs (1) and (2) are used in connection with the MCE 0141 controller a microprocessor-based traffic signal controller for isolated linked and urban traffic control installation. (TRRL) KW - Chart KW - Charts KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Crosswalks KW - Delay KW - Evaluation KW - Intersections KW - Junction KW - Length KW - Length KW - Linked signals KW - Microprocessor KW - Microprocessors KW - Optimization KW - Pedestrian crossing KW - Queue KW - Queuing KW - Signalized intersections KW - Software KW - Television KW - Television KW - Time KW - Time KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal cycle KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270577 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452129 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - TWEDDLE, G AU - Cooper, J C AU - Printerhall Limited TI - RECENT TRENDS IN LORRY TRAFFIC BY NIGHT PY - 1985/01 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-11 AB - Trends in lorry traffic at night have been analysed using the 200-point census data, collected throughout the U.K. By the Department of Transport, as source material. The current findings are summarised with special reference to lorry traffic in London. The analyses indicate that between 1973 to 1980 there has been a decline of about 10 percent in the total number of goods vehicles travelling at night. Substitution of 4-axle articulated vehicles has increased at the expense of 3-axle articulated vehicles and 3-or 4-axle rigids. Total carrying capacity of goods vehicles operating at night is estimated to have remained almost constant during the period under study. Traffic data for census points in London and surrounding counties indicated that night-time lorry traffic levels were very similar to the national pattern. As far as providing justification for lorry movement controls is concerned, such as proposed by the Greater London Council (GLC), the results in this paper do not point to any traffic changes which would point to significant increases in noise at night. It seems that much of the popular support for night movement controls on lorries could be attributed to greater environmental expectations by the public rather than any substantial increase in noise from traffic. (TRRL) KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Legislation KW - Lorry KW - Night KW - Night KW - Noise KW - Prohibition KW - Prohibitions KW - Sound KW - Traffic count KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic noise KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - United kingdom KW - United Kingdom KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270578 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452271 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - REGULAR TIRE INSPECTION CAN SAVE YOUR LIFE AS WELL AS YOUR MONEY PY - 1985/01 VL - 18 IS - 8 SP - p. 13-15 AB - This article gives instructions for making a mini-inspection of your car. This should be done at least once a month. Primary attention is given to tires. They should be inspected for proper inflation pressure, uneven wear, tread depth, balance, damaged valve stems, presence of valve caps, presence of some foreign object wedged in the tread, and punctures by a nail. Also mentioned are inspections for proper alignment and inspection of rims or wheels. KW - Alignment KW - Inflation KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Punctures KW - Rims KW - Tire balance KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear KW - Wheel rims KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452178 AU - Phinney, J AU - Colker, L AU - COSGROVE, M AU - Applied Management Sciences, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE PRESCHOOL PEDESTRIAN PY - 1985/01 SP - 465 p. AB - The purpose of this literature review was to describe (1) the factors leading to typical preschool pedestrian accidents, (2) the developmental characteristics of the preschool child that affect his/her behavior in traffic, (3) social factors that may place a preschooler at risk in traffic, (4) programs of traffic safety education for in-school and preschool use in the United States, and (5) preschool traffic safety programs developed by foreign countries. Detailed information relevant to each of these objectives is presented in this volume. KW - Behavior KW - Hazards KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Preschool children KW - Risk assessment KW - Social factors KW - Traffic safety education UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25693/DOT-HS-806-679.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452210 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRINKING AGE 21: FACTS, MYTHS AND FICTIONS PY - 1985/01 SP - 26 p. AB - This paper presents the results of a review of hundreds of hours of testimony before State legislatures, large amounts of editorial opinion and voluminous research reports in an effort to distill the most commonly heard arguments against the 21 year old drinking age. Many of these arguments are myths or misperceptions of fact. Some are outright fictions. Some are sincere concerns for rights and liberties that are no less valid simply because they compete with other, equally valid rights. All are views strongly held by many people, the vast majority of whom are honestly motivated by and interested in the freedom and well being of young Americans. Those who see the drinking age 21 as an essential step toward preserving that freedom and well being need to treat their opponents and their arguments with respect. Legitimate concerns and sincere questions deserve respectful, logical responses. KW - Attitudes KW - Legal drinking age KW - Motivation KW - Psychological aspects KW - Public opinion KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452360 AU - ARORA, H R AU - Transport Canada TI - SEAT BELT USE BY CANADIAN DRIVERS NOVEMBER, 1983 PY - 1985/01 SP - 67 p. AB - Since the early 1970's seat belt use has been a major objective of federal and provincial government's road safety policy addressed by public education programmes, by equipment performance standards under the Motor Vehicle Safety Act, and in some provinces, by the compulsory seat belt use legislation. To investigate the effects of these measures, the Department of Transport conducted roadside observation surveys of belt use nationally in 1975, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983. The estimated proportion of drivers taking advantage of shoulder belts when they are available increased from 45.6% in 1982 to 52.0% in 1983 for the nation as a whole. The increase is more noticeable among provinces with compulsory seat belt use legislation (Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan and British Columbia), in which estimated belt use increased from 55.4% to 61.4%. In New Brunswick where compulsory belt use was enforced from November 1, 1983, the estimated proportion of drivers wearing their shoulder belts rose from 4.2% in 1982 to 66.5% in 1983 during the survey period. This survey was undertaken between October 31st and November 6th, 1983. The week of observations covered the day prior to the New Brunswick legislation and six days after it. From the few observations taken on the first day, it appears that belt use was still below 17%, while the average for subsequent six days was 75%. In Newfoundland, the estimated proportion of drivers wearing their shoulder belts was once again higher among all provinces. A very substantial increase was also seen in British Columbia, from 53.0% in 1982 to 67.4% in 1983. In Ontario and Saskatchewan shoulder belt usage rose, while in Quebec it fell slightly from its 1982 peak. KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Mandatory KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452208 AU - JOHNSON, W A AU - Stein, A C AU - HOGUE, J R AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FULL-SCALE TESTING OF DEVICES TO REDUCE SPLASH AND SPRAY FROM HEAVY TRUCKS PY - 1985/01 SP - 86 p. AB - The overall objective of this study was to provide detailed full-scale measurements of the effectiveness of several splash and spray suppression devices on large trucks. Specific information is presented in 3 general areas: 1) the incremental and cumulative effects of adding more levels of spray suppression treatment, and using different types of products; 2) spray suppression differences as a function of truck type; and 3) the correlation between spray suppression differences for several flaps, as measured in the spray tunnel; and the measured spray cloud densities for the same flaps in a real world full-scale environment. The results showed that visibility can be improved incrementally by adding spray suppression devices (e.g., a drag shield on the tractor, or side skirts or "textured" flaps at the various wheel locations). The results also showed that combinations of devices can give a significant improvement in visibility for van semi-trailer configurations. A further result was that van semi-trailers are more amenable to treatment than tankers or flatbeds. Good correlation was found between spray tunnel results and full-scale results. KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sideguards KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Testing KW - Trucks KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267194 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452270 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - CHOOSING THE RIGHT TIRE FOR YOUR NEEDS PY - 1985/01 VL - 18 IS - 8 SP - p. 8-12 AB - Stating that the first thing the tire-buying consumer should do is go back to the basics, this article examines the three basic types of tire construction (bias ply, belted bias and radial) and points out how each meets specific needs from a performance point of view as well as cost effectiveness. In addition the article provides a list of tips to keep in mind when selecting new tires. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Purchasing KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Selecting KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452213 AU - Pierce, R N AU - Mason, R L AU - Hudson, K E AU - Staph, H E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF A LOW-VARIABILITY TIRE TREADWEAR TEST PROCEDURE AND OF TREADWEAR ADJUSTMENT FOR AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. VOLUME II. APPENDICES A, B, C, D & E, TEST DATA FILES PY - 1985/01 SP - 542 p. AB - This volume is the first part of a two-part appendix to the report on a low-variability tire treadwear procedure and treadwear adjustment for ambient temperature. This volume contains Appendices A through E, covering data sheets describing equipment, equipment calibration, laboratory records, test course records and a summary of the measurement data. KW - Calibration KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Testing equipment KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33370/33370.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452181 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM: NINTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS PY - 1985/01 SP - 25 p. AB - This Ninth Annual Report to the Congress summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during Fiscal Year (FY) 1984 regarding the implementation of applicable sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.), as amended (the Act). Section 502(a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report by January 15th of each year. Included in this report are sections summarizing rulemaking activities during FY 1984 and a discussion of the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry as required by Section 305, Title III of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238). KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel conservation KW - Implementation KW - Motor vehicle information and cost savings act KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452214 AU - Pierce, R N AU - Mason, R L AU - Hudson, K E AU - Staph, H E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF A LOW-VARIABILITY TIRE TREADWEAR TEST PROCEDURE AND OF TREADWEAR ADJUSTMENT FOR AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. VOLUME III. APPENDICES F, G, H, I, J & K. ANALYTICAL FILES PY - 1985/01 SP - 502 p. AB - This volume is the second part of a two-part appendix to the report on a low-variability tire treadwear procedure and treadwear adjustment for ambient temperature. This volume contains Appendices F through K, covering the fundamental statistical analyses records consisting of the analysis of variance tables, regression analysis tables, weight loss analysis, and driver acceleration response ANOVAS. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Regression analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33371/33371.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267200 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00452269 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - TIRE SAFETY: IT'S THE DRIVER'S JOB PY - 1985/01 VL - 18 IS - 8 SP - 7 p. AB - This article reviews the responsibilities of car owners with respect to tire safety. It covers such areas as proper inflation pressure, traction in snow, the use of snow tires, winter driving tips, the use of studded tires, and skidding. KW - Driving KW - Inflation KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Skidding KW - Snow tires KW - Studded tires KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452367 AU - Transport Canada TI - ESTIMATES OF SHOULDER SEAT BELT USE FROM ANNUAL 1979-1984 SURVEY PY - 1985/01 SP - 3 p. AB - This leaflet briefly summarizes the results and survey method of the most recent in a series of annual seat belt use surveys which was undertaken by Transport Canada between November 23rd and November 29th 1984. Among the results was the report that in 1984, 98% of the cars observed had shoulder belts available and the estimated proportion of drivers wearing shoulder belts among all cars increased from 50.5% to 53.7% nationally. Two tables of data are presented showing the following: (1) Estimates of shoulder seat belt use from annual 1979-1984 survey; and (2) Estimates of shoulder seat belt use by road types for 1984 survey. KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rural areas KW - Surveys KW - Tables (Data) KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267339 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451878 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Loukissas, P J AU - Schultz, L C AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - HANDLING CHANGES IN HIGHWAY ACCIDENT DATA REPORTING: THE CASE OF PENNSYLVANIA'S TOWAWAY CRITERION PY - 1985/01 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - p. 73-92 AB - Since evaluation studies require accident data over a long period of time before implementation, one of the possible threats to internal validity is a change in the procedures for measuring accident data. Generally, accidents are reported if they involve injuries or fatalities or extensive property damage. The focus of this research is on accidents that result in property damage only (PDO). In 1977, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania enacted a new motor vehicle code that replaced the dollar threshold value for reportable PDO accidents with a towaway criterion. This article reports the results of a study conducted to determine the impact of this change in procedure on the validity of evaluation studies involving PDO accidents. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pennsylvania KW - Procedural requirements KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Towaway criterion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270447 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451879 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Seneviratne, P N AU - Morrall, J F AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - LEVEL OF SERVICE ON PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES PY - 1985/01 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - p. 109-123 AB - Although the significance of the walk mode, especially in central business districts (CBD), is well recognized, pedestrians have received far less attention than vehicular traffic. A fundamental reason for this limited concern is the complexity of pedestrian travel patterns. In-depth research and standard procedures for planning and designing pedestrian facilities are largely underdeveloped compared to other modes. The planning and design methods suggested by many researchers are based primarily on vehicular traffic flow theory. The objective of this article is to present a closer look at the existing methodologies and discuss their effectiveness or their usefulness in the planning process. This article also proposes an alternative planning technique that is more flexible and that will enable user needs to be better incorporated into design considerations. KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Flexibility KW - Level of service KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Needs assessment KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Planning KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270448 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451730 JO - Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine PB - Aerospace Medical Association AU - Hearon, B F AU - Brinkley, J W AU - Raddin, J H AU - Fleming, B W AU - Aerospace Medical Association TI - KNEE LIGAMENT INJURY DURING LATERAL IMPACT PY - 1985/01 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - p. 3-8 AB - A volunteer woman subject incurred injury to her right knee consisting of a torn anterior cruciate ligament and stretched medial collateral ligament during a lateral (+Gy) impact test. Similar injury has not been reported in the English-language literature on accidental sideward automotive crashes or lateral impact experimentation involving humans. The primary mechanism which produced this injury was external tibial rotation on the femur with the knee flexed. The factors contributing to the injury included extraordinarily forceful leg bracing by the subject, her knee joint laxity or hypermobility, and the absence of side supports to limit lower extremity flailing during the impact response. In future lateral impact tests, women subjects should be used with caution and any subject with abnormal joint mobility should be excluded from participation. KW - Human subject testing KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Knee KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451868 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Yang, J-M AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - BICYCLE TRAFFIC IN CHINA PY - 1985/01 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - p. 93-107 AB - China not only houses the largest population, but also the world's largest fleet of bicycles. Bicycles are the principal and most often used means of private transportation in this eastern Asian nation. In fact, the bicycle plays an important transportation role in all developing countries. Bikes have many advantages: low initial cost, low operating expense, small space needs for operating and storing, and the flexibility to go where other vehicles cannot. Bicycles are especially advantageous in China where city mass transit systems are often inadequate for meeting urban travel demands. Used as a primary means of transportation by large numbers of urban inhabitants, bicycles are a mixed blessing, having advantages as well as serious disadvantages. Like some of the adverse impacts of motor vehicle traffic, bicycles contribute to street congestion and noise (bicycle bells), interfere with pedestrian and other vehicular movements, and are the cause of many street accidents. If urban transportation in China is to be improved, the best place to start is with the use and misuse of bicycles. This article describes bicycle traffic in China and suggests measures to improve bicycle use in the overall transportation mix. KW - Bicycles KW - Developing countries KW - Highway planning KW - Improvements KW - Traffic KW - Traffic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270439 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451598 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Koike, S AU - Ohira, K AU - Watanabe, K AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - PROGRESS OF POWDER METAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES PY - 1985/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 93-107 AB - Due to the unique methods and outstanding productivity of powder metallurgy (PM), it has already become firmly established as a field in metal processing technologies and in recent years has shown ever greater growth. Particularly in automobiles where many sintered machine parts are used together with sintered bearing parts, the increased use of PM parts, which require less machining, is expected to significantly reduce the base price of automobiles. Furthermore, high-strength PM products that could not be obtained through previous methods are becoming more and more common, and in the future the percentage of PM parts used in automobiles is expected to increase even further. This paper describes several advances made in powder metallurgy and future trends while giving some examples of the current use of PM parts in automobile engines. KW - Automobile engines KW - High strength materials KW - Powder metallurgy KW - Prices KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270322 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451869 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Matsoukis, E C AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF VEHICLE RESTRAINT MEASURES PY - 1985/01 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - p. 125-133 AB - To reduce air pollution and other problems associated with traffic congestion in Athens, the Greek government, based on preliminary testing, initiated an auto-restriction program for the central area of Athens beginning September 1982. A program of "alternate day" car use was established for a defined central area of the city, called by its Greek name "dactylios." After nearly a year of operation, it became apparent that certain adjustments were needed in the vehicle restraint program. Although traffic was clearly relieved within the cordoned area, traffic conditions in the areas immediately adjacent to the dactylios worsened substantially. Assessments were subsequently undertaken to determine the effects of vehicle restraint on traffic and air quality. This article summarizes te principal findings of these assessments with particular emphasis on traffic composition and congestion impacts. KW - Air pollution KW - Central business districts KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic restraint KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270440 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451599 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Okada, K AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - FLEXIBLE MACHINING LINE FOR HEAVY-DUTY TRUCK PARTS PY - 1985/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 108-120 AB - In the production of many varieties of heavy-duty trucks in small or medium volume, the installation of separate machine tools and manufacturing equipment for each individual truck line is extremely disadvantageous in terms of production cost and the ability to meet changes in product distribution. Therefore, using the group technology concept, a single automated production system has been developed, whereby all the parts sorted into groups by their shape or production process can be machined, irrespective of the truck line. This new line is referred to as the flexible machining line and is capable of producing parts in large volume as well as meeting sudden changes in product design in a single manufacturing location, thus attaining economy of scale. This paper outlines the implementation at ISUZU Motors of transmission gear machining provided mainly with all-round machine tools and the flexible utilization of transfer machine typical of compound tools. KW - Automation KW - Economics KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible machining KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Machining KW - Manufacturing KW - Parts KW - Production KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270323 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451593 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Mayer, A AU - Kirchofer, H AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THE COMPREX PRESSURE WAVE SUPERCHARGER IN PASSENGER CAR APPLICATIONS PY - 1985/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-23 AB - The pressure wave machine COMPREX has proven to be a very supercharging device for diesel vehicle engines. A supercharger family which with six types covers the entire passenger vehicle swept volume range has been released for manufacture. The design and the charger map are presented. Using the example of a medium type CX 85 for the supercharging of a 1.6 litre IDI engine, the design method is described, and the engine map is shown with and without charge air cooling. Road performance calculations relating to the test vehicle VW-Passat are compared to measurements in drive cycle and in city driving and show possibilities for further optimization, whereby in particular fuel economy is improved. KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Performance KW - Superchargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270317 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451877 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Chan, Y AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - HIGHWAY TRAVEL AND FUEL CONSUMPTION FROM 1970 TO 1980 PY - 1985/01 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - p. 39-57 AB - From 1970 to 1980, the United States has experienced a significant change in the price and availability of fuel. This change has had a profound impact on the way and the extent of travel. This article reviews the historical impact of these factors from 1970 through 1980. Its objective is to observe the relative significance of each of various energy-saving alternatives on the growth rate of travel and fuel use. This historical perspective is particularly interesting since it presents the before-and-after effects of two "crises" occurring during this 10-year period. Various geographic units have been used in the past to study the effects of energy-saving measures. This article focuses on a regional geographic unit--a unit that has not been analyzed in as much depth as the others. Regional geographic units refer to the 10 administrative regions of the U.S. Department of Energy. A study of these regions allows insight into the urban and rural travel and fuel consumption patterns in different parts of the country, since the ten regions encompass drastically different socioeconomic and transportation conditions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Availability KW - Before and after studies KW - Costs KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - History KW - Regional economics KW - Regional transportation KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Supply KW - Travel KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270446 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00451880 JO - Transportation Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Moreno, L E AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - FLASHING SIGNALS IN PEAK PERIODS PY - 1985/01 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - p. 151-166 AB - The majority of computerized model applications developed for traffic engineering operations and transportation planning have been in problematic situations--applied to the appropriate problem under specific conditions. For example, the traffic model NETSIM has been used to set signals to minimize fuel consumption at a particular site, and to determine whether a traffic actuated or progressive control system should be used. Transportation Systems Management techniques require traffic engineers to address problems in a more general fashion than in the past, using traditional methods and tools to recognize issues at a more universal level--the policy level. This article cites an application of the NETSIM model in an investigation of a policy rather than a problem. KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Peak periods KW - Policy KW - Traffic simulation KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450356 AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - Monk, M W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE PROTECTION IN 2-DOOR AND 4-DOOR PRODUCTION VEHICLES PY - 1985/01 SP - 58 p. AB - A study was conducted to provide the following side impact information: A crash test mode and severity level representing a threshold life threatening injury level (AIS greater than or equal to 4) for a mid-sized vehicle; data needed to extrapolate the performance of the modified V.W. Rabbit into the vehicle fleet; and data needed to investigate apparent safety differences between 2-door and 4-door vehicles and between varying weights within the vehicle fleet. The data was obtained by performing side impact crash tests with production vehicles, using the NHTSA's Moving Deformable Barrier (MDB). KW - Crash severity KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Side crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266101 ER -