TY - CONF AN - 00373455 AU - Amimoto, H AU - Ebi, H AU - ISHIDA, K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF THE ON-BOARD TYPE AIR-FUEL RATIO ANALYSIS SYSTEM PY - 1982 SP - p. 19-34 AB - This report describes the on-board type air-fuel ratio analysis system driven by DC 12V battery. Continuous measuring period available with a 50 AH battery is approximately 30 minutes. The analyzer unit adopts the gas filter correlation method and is capable of simultaneous measurement of three gas components (CO, CO2 and HC) with high speed response. The rise time of 90% can be easily obtained to be less than 0.5 seconds. The CPU based data processing unit provides the concentrations of each gas component and air-fuel ratio by means of the carbon balance method. The pressure sensor incorporated in the analyzer unit corrects the sensitivity variation due to the atmospheric pressure change. The system construction, characteristics of the gas analyzer and results of the field driving test are also described. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Analyzers /electric/ KW - Circuit analyzers KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Gas analysis KW - Information processing KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189409 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373456 AU - Reif, P-D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - DATA ACQUISITION AND EVALUATION IN TEST AUTOMOBILES WITH THE MOBILE COMPUTER SYSTEM FARES PY - 1982 SP - p. 35-42 AB - FARES is a powerful microcomputer system with mid-range performance, based on Digital Equipment Corporation's LSI 11 family. FARES has been designed to execute all parts of a test procedure in a test automobile under driving conditions. It supports datacollection-, processing- and test control functions as well as the graphic presentation test results. FARES's performance is based on a wide choice of CPU's, memories and process interfaces with many options for the connection of transducers and conditioning systems. FARES provides the usage of high level languages, including FORTRAN, BASIC and PASCAL. Two libraries facilitate the program development of realtime data acquisition and process control as well as graphics. Depending on the test problems, FARES can be configured as a small ROM-based system up to an extensive disc-based microcomputer system. FARES can therefore be adapted to every given problem in a very economic way. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Graphic methods KW - Graphics KW - Hardware KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - Software KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189410 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373470 AU - Grebner, R D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - IGNITION VANE SWITCH USING NEW AUTOMOTIVE HALL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PY - 1982 SP - p. 251-260 AB - This paper describes a custom vane switch using MICRO SWITCH's new automotive Hall Integrated Circuit (I.C.), which will be available for 1984 model year. This vane switch will meet the ever-increasing accuracy, transient damage resistance, noise immunity, and reliability requirements of ignition systems, especially digital ignition systems. The features and improvements over previous Hall vane switch designs will be discussed in detail. To provide background and to serve as an introduction, Hall vane switch design and manufacturing techniques needed to meet customer requirements will be presented. By providing information on state-of-the-art Hall vane switch design, manufacturing techniques, reliability levels and the superior electrical performance of the new automotive Hall I.C., potential users will become familiar with this significant advance in custom-designed Hall vane switches. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Ignition systems KW - Integrated circuits KW - Manufacturing KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Vane switches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189424 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373473 AU - Read, P L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - DEVELOPING ELECTRONIC ENGINE CONTROL SOFTWARE PRODUCTS AT FORD PY - 1982 SP - p. 299-310 AB - Microprocessor based control systems are now being developed to enable engines to meet the emission and economy requirements of the late 1980's. They provide fuelling, ignition and emission controls with operational precision and calibration flexibility not attainable with electro-mechanical design. The control functions to be performed by the microcomputer are specified by sets of instructions and data known as "software". This "software" becomes an integral part of the final product. For a predominantly mechanical engineering environment this requires new skills and development aids. This paper will describe VECTOR, the vehicle electronics development aid, developed by Ford in the U.S.A. and its use in making software modifications to permit an American Ford Electronic Engine Control System (EEC) to be transferred onto an European Ford 6 cylinder engine. The skills and training requirements of an engineering organisation undertaking microcomputer developments will be discussed. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Development KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Software KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189427 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373607 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - PRESIDENT ESTABLISHES COMMISSION ON DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - p. 2-3 AB - A 30-member Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving has been established to heighten public awareness of the driving while intoxicated (DWI) problem and serve as a catalyst for grassroots action. The Commission will meet with State and Community officials, develop citizen interest, encourage local programs to increase DWI arrests and use sanctions such as license suspensions and revocations. The Commission's 6-point program will emphasize programs to deter drunk drivers; local level responsibility; integration and coordination of enforcement, adjudication, education, and other functions at state levels; assessing fines, etc., to defray costs of local programs; citizen support; and changing societal attitudes. The Commission will lead a broad-based campaign to improve highway safety. The members of the Presidential Commission are listed together with their affiliations. KW - Costs KW - Deterrents KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Programs KW - Public participation KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194136 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373614 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - LEGISLATIVE APPROACHES TO REDUCING DWI PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 3 p. AB - This article reviews current legislative approaches by State governments and the District of Columbia intended to address the problem of drinking and driving. This legislation is concentrated on making it easier for police to enforce drunk driving laws, increasing the severity of legal sanctions and specifying mandatory penalties for various categories of offenses, and raising the minimum legal drinking age. In addition, legislation proposed or enacted in some States deals with rehabilitation programs for convicted offenders, often mandating rehabilitation or education for all first offenders in addition to legal sanctions. A few States have sought to develop laws requiring that violator's fines or separate fees be used to underwrite the cost of such programs. Several bills have sought to curtail the judicial system's use of plea bargaining. In conclusion, it is stated that many States are seeking to increase public awareness of the consequences of DWI and are recognizing the need to address such inter-State issues as what can be done to stop drivers whose licenses are revoked or suspended in one State from driving in another, and how States can develop and enforce uniform efforts to deal with drunk driving and to control youths' access to alcoholic beverages. KW - Awareness KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Legal factors KW - Penalties KW - Rehabilitation KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194143 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373908 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - National Safety Council TI - PREVENTING HIGHWAY CRASHES BY RAISING THE LEGAL MINIMUM AGE FOR DRINKING: AN EMPIRICAL CONFIRMATION PY - 1982 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - p. 57-71 AB - In recent years there has been increased interest in reducing the massive social costs due to alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes. Raising the legal minimum age for purchase and consumption of alcoholic beverages has been proposed as one way to reduce alcohol-related crashes among young drivers. Currently, many states are raising the legal age, in contrast to the trend towards lower legal drinking ages in the early 1970s. Recent studies of the effects of raising the drinking age are reviewed, and results from a controlled multiple time-series evaluation of the experience in Michigan are presented. Significant 11 to 28% reductions in alcohol-related crash involvements are shown to be attributable to the raised drinking age in Michigan. Suggestions for further research and discussion of policy implications are included. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194311 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373633 AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - PROCEEDINGS 26TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO, CANADA, OCTOBER 4-6, 1982 PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - 388 p. AB - This volume contains 23 papers prepared for the American Association for Automotive Medicine Proceedings, October 4-6, 1982, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The papers cover the following areas: Injury mechanisms and injury prediction models; Two-wheeled vehicles; Restraint systems (injury studies, Canada's seat belt experience, special needs of children, and incentives for usage); Collision characteristics; and Alcohol and other drugs in crashes and trauma. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Incentives KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Severity KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194161 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373640 AU - Ouellet, J V AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS IN MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 117-129 AB - The roadway environment presents hazards to the motorcycle that differ uniquely from other vehicles. These can be dichotomized generally as motorcycle control hazards or as injury hazards. Those threats to motorcycle control and stability are rare, accounting for less than 3% of accidents. However, the environment is a major source of injuries to motorcycle riders and passengers, who are protected only by the equipment they wear. Considerable research and development effort has been devoted to making the roadway environment a safer place for automobile collisions, but a commensurate effort for motorcycles is lacking. Consequently, roadway fixtures such as dividers, overpasses, poles and fences cause significant injuries which could be avoided. Data collected in 900 on-scene motorcycle accident investigations performed by the University of Southern California are used to identify both types of hazards and suggest ways to reduce injury exposure. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Crash causes KW - Crash exposure KW - Development KW - Environment KW - Exposure KW - Fixed object KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194168 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373647 AU - Hletko, P J AU - Hletko, J AU - Shelness, A AU - Nyberg, J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE EFFECT OF AN IN-HOSPITAL MATERNITY EDUCATION PROGRAM ON OBSERVED CORRECT CRASH RESTRAINT DEVICE USE PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 219-232 AB - The effectiveness of a postpartum hospital education program, designed to increase correct as opposed to mere use of automobile child restraining devices (CRDs), was evaluated. This was based on periodic observations of how infants were being transported rather than on parental reports. "Correct" use of CRD entails anchoring the device to the seat of the automobile, with a lap belt, facing rearward, and restraining the child within the CRD by means of a harness. Taking these correct use factors into account, the average (mean) observed correct restraint for ages 0-9 months of program infants was 33.5% opposed to 9.3% of "General Community" infants. Well conceived hospital-based postpartum CRD education programs were found to be an effective way of increasing correct use of CRDs, but other methods need to be tried in addition in order to increase correct usage rates still further. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Anchoring KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194175 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373425 AU - Dawson, P J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ACQUIRING AND ANALYSING IN-CYLINDER PRESSURE DATA USING A MINI-COMPUTER BASED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM PY - 1982 SP - p. 101-118 AB - In cylinder pressure data can be used to assess many aspects of an engine's performance and, at first sight, it is comparatively easy to obtain. All that should be required is an in-cylinder pressure transducer and suitable data acquisition and processing systems and then it should be possible to deduce such variables as friction, indicated cycle efficiency and heat release to name a few. This paper describes BL Technology's experiences in the application of techniques which are intended to deduce these variables. The techniques applied have been investigated and used by many organisations with varying degrees of success, and the difficulties in obtaining good data for subsequent analysis have been found to be extreme. Possible causes of problems are discussed, without necessarily offering definitive solutions, and experimental data is presented to reinforce the discussion. The data acquisition systems, which are proprietry units, and analysis techniques for the deduction of engine friction and fuel burn rates are described. Data is presented to show the current situation with regard to obtaining reliable, credible results, and the influence of variables on these results is discussed. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cylinders KW - Data collection KW - Engine performance KW - Information processing KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Measurement KW - Minicomputers KW - Piston engines KW - Pressure KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure measurement KW - Pressure sensors KW - Testing KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189381 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373432 AU - Morgan, N A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - THE BENEFITS OF USING CAD/CAM FOR DESIGN, DRAUGHTING AND PROTOTYPE PRODUCTION OF AUTOMOTIVE INSTRUMENTATION PARTS PY - 1982 SP - p. 211-224 AB - The paper will describe the work undertaken in the company over the last five years. This work now enables us to take a design concept through to volume production in about 12 months and delivery of prototypes 3-4 months from the start of design. This was not possible prior to the introduction of the CAD/CAM equipment. The C.A.D. graphics system will be described in terms of its method of use by designers, draughtsmen and part programmers. All these people use a common database to ensure validity of design. The C.A.M. operation on C.N.C. Milling machines will be described also, and indications given of future areas of work on this project. These will relate to tool manufacture using the same database. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Databases KW - Drafting KW - Instrumentation KW - Tooling KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189388 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373439 AU - Ionita, T AU - Florescu, V AU - Olteanu, C AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - PATTERNS AND PROGRAM PACK IN ELASTODYNAMICS OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PY - 1982 SP - p. 315-326 AB - Complying with the idea of computer assisted design, the system of mathematical patterns, presented as the program pack described in this paper, comes to facilitate and improve the designing activity in the toothed wheel transmission field. Mostly a verification instrument, it is remarkable for the rapidity and accuracy with which the designer may obtain a large range of information concerning his future product as gearing forces, geometry and strength of toothed wheels, shaft reactions and estimation of their working life and strength fatigue, computation of own and forced torsional vibration as well as bearing endurance. Helped by a unitary outlook concerning the motor vehicle transmission, the pack of programs can be used entirely, making a real radiography of the transmission system or only partially, making possible the improvement of components which proved to be unsatisfactory. Remarkable are also the small demanded computer memory, and the quickness in obtaining a complete set of results, as well as the easy verification of different transmission system versions by simple replacement of one or few cards. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189395 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373450 AU - TODOROVIC, J AU - DUBOKA, C AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - A NEW CLUTCH TESTING MACHINE PY - 1982 SP - p. 517-536 AB - On the basis of comprehensive clutch testing under service conditions a new stand for laboratory clutch testing is developed at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade. The stand is fully automated. The testing procedure is defined to duplicate real usage conditions of the clutch, i.e. to simulate vehicle acceleration from start in different gears, including the simulation of additional loading due to a trailer or road slope. This is realised by means of different flywheels, which may be fitted to the driven shaft. The stand design enables mounting of very different clutches by means of rather simple adaptors. The specific feature of the stand is extremely small length and size in general, which is achieved mainly by mounting the driven shaft inside of a driving shaft. The paper presents a general description of the stand and explains the main points of the procedure developed for clutch testing of different types of vehicles (cars and trucks). U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automation KW - Automobiles KW - Clutches KW - Flywheels KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189406 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373459 AU - Giachino, J M AU - KERANEN, T W AU - McNamara, D A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - SYSTEMS APPROACH TO SEMICONDUCTOR TRANSDUCER DESIGN PY - 1982 SP - p. 83-100 AB - This paper presents a design approach applied to a pressure sensor design using the silicon capacitive absolute pressure (SCAP) technology for the sensing element. A brief description introduces the system "components", i.e., sensing element, electronics and packaging that comprise the transducer. The criteria for a capacitive sensing element in an automotive environment is discussed. A reliable, accurate and cost effective automotive sensor is not only dependent on the selection of the sensing element technology, but also on the engineering tradeoffs made between all components. The tools used to explore and define these tradeoffs, such as computer modeling and laboratory testing, are presented. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Reliability KW - Semiconductors KW - Technology KW - Transducers KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189413 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373466 AU - Krachler, W A AU - Berg, M AU - Rosenkranz, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - DYNAMIC GRAVIMETRIC FUEL CONSUMPTION MEASUREMENT PY - 1982 SP - p. 197-210 AB - There are numerous instruments on the market for gravimetric measurement of fuel consumption during the static condition of engines. To meet requirements for the dynamic measurement of engine parameters and of consumption per cycle it was necessary to develop a dynamic fuel consumption measurement. For this purpose AVL designed a measuring instrument that is capable to determine the fuel consumption also during dynamic changes of the engine condition and/or mean consumption of the total consumption over a variable period of time. The system measures the actual change in weight of the fuel in a vessel. The measuring vessel is supported frictionless on a blade spring, its change in position is picked-up by means of a newly developed capacitive displacement sensor. The gravimetric calibration by means of an integrated calibrating weight is possible also in between two measurements without the need of disconnecting the fuel lines or connection of external measuring devices. The equipment is suitable for all conventional types of fuel and also for special fuels. This instrument has been applied successfully on test beds with various engines and different fuel systems. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Calibration KW - Dynamic conditions KW - Dynamics KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gravimetric analyses KW - Gravimetric analysis KW - Measuring instruments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189420 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373477 AU - Phillips, PEV AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - COMPLEX IGNITION SYSTEMS PY - 1982 SP - p. 363-380 AB - The elements that are likely to be included in the complex ignition systems of the future are examined and the common requirements for a microcomputer and a companion linear interface part are extracted. The microcomputer and interface that have been designed from the results of this exercise are presented in detail and it is demonstrated that a system based on these devices can be realised with a minimum of external components without having to compromise on the performance. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Design KW - Ignition systems KW - Microcomputers KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189431 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373484 AU - Chegolin, P M AU - Konchak, V S AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - CONTROL OF STAND TESTING AUTOMOBILE CONSTRUCTIONS ON FULL SPECTRAL MATRIX PY - 1982 SP - p. 463-472 AB - This study concerns the methods of organization of stand testing as a typical problem of a controlled experiment. The method of correction of transfer matrices and matrices AFC is proposed, which provides the adequate matching between stand and road testing and accelerates the convergence of the control procedure. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Labor unions KW - Organization KW - Road tests KW - Stand testing KW - Test stands KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189438 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373579 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - CHILD RESTRAINTS: IMMUNIZATION AGAINST TRAGEDY PY - 1982 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-4 AB - This article begins by relating the actual incidents in the lives of two children whose lives were saved by the fact that they had been placed in child restraints while in an automobile. It then proceeds to point out the statistics which reveal the death rates of infants and children involved in auto accidents and the impact forces which cause these child fatalities. Then various statistics are quoted showing the effectiveness of using child restraints. Emphasis is also given to the other advantages of child restraints, such as prevention of falling from the car, better riding behavior and thus less driver distraction, and often no more carsickness. Pediatricians are pointed out as one of the best sources for educating parents in the hows and whys of using car safety seats. The efforts of Dr. Tanis and Dr. Robert Sanders, both pediatricians, on behalf of child restraint use are praised and noted for their lasting impact upon the public, which is now beginning to awaken and pass laws requiring child restraints. Concluding remarks mention loaner programs for low-income families and the fact that the U.S. is still lagging behind other nations when it comes to mandatory seat belt laws and the use of child restraints. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Falls KW - Fatalities KW - Ground transportation crashes KW - Infants KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parents KW - Physicians KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189507 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373419 AU - Soliman, J I AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING--STATE-OF-THE ART PY - 1982 SP - p. 1-16 AB - From the trends over the last 5-10 years, it is obvious that the production of industrial robots, computer aided design (CAD) systems, and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) will continue to accelerate, whilst the numerical controlled (NC) machine tools, having already passed their peak, will diminish. The author reviews the achievements of the United States, Japan, France in robotics and "mechatronics" and how the new technologies can be used by automobile manufacturers in achieving their aims of fuel economy, comfort, minimum maintenance and safety. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Comfort KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Flexible manufacturing systems KW - Fuel consumption KW - Maintenance KW - Numerical control KW - Robotics KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189375 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373420 AU - Kelly, M P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - THE FUTURE USE OF ROBOTS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1982 SP - p. 17-26 AB - The future will see a dramatic increase in the number of robots used in the automotive industry. Well established applications, such as resistance spot welding, will continue to grow in the short term. Longer term, the much wider use of structural adhesives will supplant the spot welding process with robots applying the adhesives. Practical perception systems will enhance robot performance in arc welding, grinding, fettling, seam sealing and assembly operations, leading again to robot growth as vital elements of truly flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A major robotic impact will be made in automotive paint shops as the need to conserve energy increases. The development of alternative painting materials, offering improved performance will add further impetus. Robotics of the future will progressively move to a CAD/CAM orientated data base, offering off-line programming capability, which together with essential inspection elements, will provide the means for totally automatic manufacture. Major growth can also be expected in handling and assembly tasks. This will range from simple machine loading tasks to complex assembly of components. Final assembly will continue to remain a major challenge, and successful implementation will depend upon a fundamental re-appraisal of current design and manufacturing practices. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Automation KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Electric arc welding KW - Engine assembly KW - Engines KW - Equipment KW - Flexible manufacturing systems KW - Painting KW - Painting equipment KW - Resistance welding KW - Robotics KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189376 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373434 AU - Mihalcica, V AU - Goia, I AU - Vlase, S AU - Tofan, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - PROGRAMMING SYSTEM FOR CRANKSHAFTS DESIGN PY - 1982 SP - p. 237-248 AB - In the paper a programming system is presented which gives the possibility to do the calculi for the checking and designing of the combustion engine crankshafts. Complex models are used which enable the study of the dynamic stresses, longitudinal and torsional vibrations by using the hypothesis of the deformed and unfixed bearings. The elasticity of the crankshafts is taken into account when calculating the strength in the bearing, enabling the removement of the undetermineds that appeared. The method of the finite element is used to establish the concentration of the stresses used for the safety calculus. The programming system is accessible, it offers efficient pieces of information in designing of crankshafts and it is able to give best solutions in a certain context. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Crankshafts KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189390 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373437 AU - Simon, R L AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - IMPROVING PRODUCTION CONTROL WITHIN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1982 SP - p. 283-298 AB - The problems of controlling and minimising design and manufacturing information within the automotive industry are both costly and do not make maximum use of previous experience. With the advent of CAD/CAM, many new techniques have evolved for the speedy construction of design and manufacturing data bases. A means of binding together these data bases and controlling the design and process planning information is now presented in the form of Computervision's Migraphics and Miplan software. This gives a data retrieval capability from all area's of the production cycle including design and detail, numerical control and robotics, process planning, manufacture and procurement. Together with its numerous analytical capabilities this software provides an excellent tool for the optimisation of manufacturing techniques, thus providing a complete CAD/CAM system from a single data base. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Databases KW - Information retrieval KW - Production control KW - Robotics KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189393 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373438 AU - Pfeiff, N AU - Ahlers, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - CASS-SYSTEM GENERATION OF FREE STYLING FORMS PY - 1982 SP - p. 299-314 AB - CASS (Computer Aided Styling Sketches) is an interactive CAD-System developed and under further development for styling applications. The idea is to support stylists in doing their styling design work with interactive graphic methods. The basic graphic system already allows the animated representation of 3D-line structures on the screen, for instance the rotation. By graphic interaction with the line data base new 3D-lines can be created or existing lines can be modified to improve the form quality. At any time they allow a graphical comparison with the predefined geometrical limits for the styling form. Automated drafting machines of high accuracy allow for the creation of line drawings of the wire frame model in any view. This allows to continue the styling design work in the conventional manner. The outline up to now describes the present status of the system. A styling requirement for the effectiveness of this system for styling work is the system extension to surfacing methods. At this time the system development is being enhanced to fullfill these requirements. If the result of styling will later consist of an additional mathematical surface description of the styled form then the preconditions for many subsequent applications are created, for instance the NC-milling of styling forms. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Interactive computing KW - Interactive graphics KW - Styling KW - Three dimensional KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189394 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373451 AU - Roemer, J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ELECTRONIC ADJUSTING AND MEASURING DEVICE FOR FUEL INDUCTION SYSTEMS PY - 1982 SP - p. 537-556 AB - An electronically controlled adjusting and measuring device for carburetters is described which permits measurements without holding the pressure in the test room or in the test chamber constant the results of which may be converted to comparable values at a selected reference pressure by means of physical relations. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Carburetors KW - Electronic control KW - Measuring instruments KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189407 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373454 AU - Kay, C P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - A MICROPROCESSOR BASED DATA ANALYSIS AND COLLECTION SYSTEM PY - 1982 SP - p. 1-18 AB - Leyland Vehicles' recently completed Technical Centre contains a distributed network of computers and microprocessors used for engineering development testing. This paper describes an application of microprocessor technology to a programmable "on vehicle recorder" developed for long-term data collection on commercial vehicles undergoing endurance tests. A conventional approach to data logging is to record "raw data" over a relatively long and continuous period, with analysis carried out later on a main frame computer. As this paper will demonstrate, an alternative approach is to carry out "real time" analysis on "raw data" and hence be selective in what data is stored. A microprocessor forms an integral part of the "on vehicle package". LSI Technology reduces hardware size, weight and cost. The software is structured to perform both primary control functions and data analysis as defined by the application. An application will be discussed with reference to endurance testing and data collection on a lightweight truck, relating to brake usage investigations. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Braking KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Durability tests KW - Light trucks KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microprocessors KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189408 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373471 AU - Forster, B M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - A MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED OVERDRIVE FOR OPTIMISATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1982 SP - p. 261-282 AB - Described in this paper is a microprocessor controlled overdrive unit optimised to give maximum fuel economy coupled with an acceptable level of driveability. The basic principles of operation are developed into a control algorithm to be contained within a central processor and operated upon by external signal sensors. Operation of the overdriven gear is primarily controlled by the value of torque passing through the overdrive. The development of this particular sensor is discussed, together with detils of the associated signal inputs. A theoretical study is carried out on savings that can be achieved on the EPA schedule and practical tests, using a vehicle fitted with a business type computer, are also described for comparison. Full data acquisition facilities are provided within the test vehicle, these allowing a full analysis of particular conditions during a test run. Problems encountered during the development programme are also described together with, as yet unsolved, anticipated further difficulties. The work concludes by identifying the findings to date and highlighting areas for further work. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data collection KW - Driveability KW - Fuel consumption KW - Microprocessors KW - Optimization KW - Torque KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189425 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373472 AU - Chunn, G A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ELECTRONIC ENGINE CONTROL DEVELOPMENT AT CHRYSLER PY - 1982 SP - p. 283-298 AB - This paper covers the chronologic development of engine controls from the late 1960's through the systems currently under development for production in 1983. It briefly describes each system beginning with the Electronic Control Unit which Chrysler first introduced in 1970 to replace the mechanical points in the distributor. To meet emission standards required by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1976, the lean burn system utilizing a discrete custom analog Spark Control Computer was produced. This was followed by an LSI microprocessor based Digital Spark Control Computer (DSCC) and in 1980 the Digital Spark Control Computer was expanded to control the Feedback Carburetor with additional refinements each subsequent year including 1983. Also in 1983, The Throttle Body Injection Engine System utilizing a VLSI microprocessor will be introduced. An illustration of each module will be presented and for each the following will be discussed: the relative complexity of the module, the reasons for its development, its primary features and a brief description of the engine control system showing the electronic control module input and output interfaces. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Development KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Fuel injection KW - Microprocessors KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Throttle body injection KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189426 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373486 AU - Chegolin, P M AU - Borisov, I F AU - Danilenko, V V AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ANALYSIS OF RANDOM VIBRATIONS IN VEHICLE CONSTRUCTIONS STAND TESTING ON THE BASIS OF CONVERGENCE BASES PY - 1982 SP - p. 489-496 AB - The most important problems for the stand testing of motor vehicle constructions are the analysis of a stream of data and the reproduction of the random vibrations corresponding to the real vehicle mode of operations. The methods in existence are based on the use of Fourier basis providing for stationarity of the processes and linearity of an object to be examined. However, the real vibrations do not meet a stationarity condition. In addition, Fourier-analysis requires considerable computations and often leads to mathematical difficulties. The stand testing systems employ a group theory approach to expand the class of the analyzed vibrations and to minimize the computations. Algorithms and programs of a control digital system of a vibration test are based on the use of the characters of the finite Abelian groups and the convergence bases. Adequacy of the spectral characteristics produced in the convergence systems and the traditional bases (Fourier, Vilenkin-Chrestenson-Pontryagin) is shown. About two-thirds of the computer resources are used in an automated control system of the vibration tests for spectral transforms. Therefore, the application of the convergence bases in the system allows to reduce essentially (4-5 times) the computational quantity and to approach the functioning to the real-time mode. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Analysis KW - Automatic control KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Fourier analysis KW - Stand testing KW - Test stands KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373413 AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ISATA 82. INTRODUCTORY LECTURES. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING, WOLFSBURG 13-17 SEPTEMBER 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 72 p. AB - The Introductory Lectures presented at the Symposium are as follows: Automobile Technology for the Future, U. Seiffert; CAD in Automotive Engineering, H. G. Siepmann; and Development and Implementation of Robots in Manufacturing, P. Beske. KW - Automation KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Robots KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185881 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373642 AU - RANNEY, T A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - INJURY CAUSATION AND HEAVY TRUCK OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 149-165 AB - Selected automated accident data files, including DOT's FARS and the state files of Texas and Michigan were examined to determine what percentage of heavy truck accidents involve significant injury to truck occupants, and which subsets of these are amenable to application of occupant crash protection technology. Rollovers, because of the relatively high likelihood of severe vehicle damage and serious injuries, and frontal impacts because of their high incidence, were chosen as targets for further study. Details of injury causation were provided by analyses of the CPIR-B heavy truck file, which was recoded for the study. Consistent with previous studies of heavy truck injury causation, the primary injury sources were identified as ejection, entrapment, and contact with the steering assembly. Relative to injured drivers of other vehicle types, heavy truck occupants were found to be more prone to multiple injuries, resulting in part from the multiple-impact nature of heavy truck accidents. Arguments are presented for the development of useable restraint systems and collection of more detailed accident data as the next steps in the area of heavy truck occupant crash protection. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Causes KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Ejection KW - Entrapment KW - Frontal crashes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Rollover crashes KW - Steering wheels KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194170 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373645 AU - Agran, P F AU - Dunkle, D E AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - CHILD OCCUPANTS TRAVELLING IN NON-PASSENGER ZONES OF SMALL CARS PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 197-206 AB - The paper describes the use of non-passenger areas (center-rear and open luggage compartments) in small four-passenger cars and the possible risks of injury from use of these areas as compared with other rear seat locations. The data obtained was from a 20-month data collection period in emergency rooms in a large California county. Fifteen percent of the children were found to be occupying non-passenger areas. Use of the non-passenger areas was found to be more frequent when the number of passengers exceeded four (overcapacity). Cause of injury differed with respect to seat location. One-third of the center-rear children were thrown into the front seat of the vehicle and over one-half of the children in the luggage area were ejected from the vehicle. Severity of injury, overall, did not differ between those in actual seating positions and those children in non-seating positions. Travel in small cars increases the potential of children occupying non-passenger areas. Educational programs should address the hazards of travel in unacceptable seating positions where restraints are not available. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Automobiles KW - Causes KW - Children KW - Compact automobiles KW - Ejection KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Non-passenger areas /auto/ KW - Risk assessment KW - Severity KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194173 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373659 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Preusser, D F AU - Leaf, W A AU - DeBartolo, K B AU - Blomberg, R D AU - LEVY, M M AU - National Safety Council TI - THE EFFECT OF RIGHT-TURN-ON-RED ON PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST ACCIDENTS PY - 1982 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - p. 45-55 AB - Right-Turn-on-Red (RTOR), in its "Western" version allows motorists to turn right on a red signal after stopping and yielding, unless specifically prohibited by a sign. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Western RTOR on pedestrian and bicycle accidents in selected jurisdictions adopting the rule in the mid-1970s. The results showed significant increases in pedestrian and bicyclist accidents involving right-turning vehicles at signalized locations following the introduction of Western RTOR. These increases were: 48% for pedestrians and 82% for bicycles in New York State; 107% for pedestrians and 72% for bicycles in Wisconsin; 57% for pedestrians and 80% for bicycles in Ohio; and 82% for pedestrians in New Orleans. Analysis of police accident reports suggested that drivers stopped for a red light are looking left for a gap in traffic and do not see pedestrians and bicyclists coming from their right. Countermeasure research and development was recommended to deal with this well defined problem which involves between 1% and 3% of all pedestrian and bicycle accidents. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Cyclists KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Right turn on red KW - Signalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194187 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373608 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - FACTS AND FINDINGS ABOUT DRINKING AND DRIVING PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 7 p. AB - A review of research in the field of drunk driving revealed facts related to the scope of the problem, demographic variables, the blood alcohol levels and risk of crash involvement, drug interactions, and psychomotor performance. Between 40 and 55 percent of fatally injured drivers had blood alcohol levels (BAC) of at least .10 percent and 80 percent of these had BACs of more than .1 percent. Among the demographic variables, sex is one of the best differentiators of drinking drivers. There are more male drivers than female drivers in alcohol-related crashes. There are more young drivers than older drivers on the road on weekend nights and they also have a higher risk of alcohol-related crashes than older drivers. About 25 percent of arrested drunk drivers had another drug (excluding marijuana) present in their bodies, with a predominance of tranquilizers. Antianxiety drugs such as metrobamate, diazepam, and chlordiazepoxide are noted. BAC levels and their effect on psychomotor performance are briefly discussed. KW - Adolescents KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Demographics KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Teenage drivers KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194137 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373609 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - DEALING WITH THE DRINKING DRIVING PROBLEM PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 8 p. AB - This article, condensed from a paper commissioned by the National Research Council's Panel on Alternative Policies Affecting the Prevention of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, begins by examining data showing the calculated relative risk of accident for drivers in various BAC ranges and the overall reduction in accidents if all drivers had the accident risk associated with a BAC of zero; that is, the accident reduction that would occur if a perfectly effective countermeasure eliminated drinking-driving. The remainder of this article examines the promise of various drinking-driving countermeasures for realizing part of this potential savings. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194138 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373627 JO - MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures '82 PB - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - STRATEGY FOR RECOVERY ... WORKING TOGETHER PY - 1982 SP - 97 p. AB - This report is divided in four sections: (1) Overview; (2) Production, Sales, and Registrations; (3) Ownership and Usage; and (4) Economic and Social Impact. An index is included. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile ownership KW - Economic benefits KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Sales KW - Social benefits KW - Statistics KW - Trucking KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194155 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373574 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - WILL THIS SENSELESS CARNAGE CONTINUE... PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 14-16 AB - This two-page article explains that "fog is not the killer, the driver is the killer" and presents a series of tips for driving in fog the "Fog Code". It includes a casualty summary for 1981 and 1982. KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Driving habits KW - Fatalities KW - Fog KW - Injuries KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373936 AU - Traffic Authority of New South Wales TI - ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUGS AND ROAD SAFETY. JOINT STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE PARLIAMENT OF NEW SOUTH WALES ON ROAD SAFETY. FIRST REPORT PY - 1982 SP - 53 p. AB - This publication contains the first report of the Joint Standing Committee on Road Safety of the Parliament of New South Wales. The report consists of the following 12 chapters: (1) The magnitude of the problem; (2) Proposals to STAYSAFE (familiar name for the Committee); (3) Random breath testing; (4) Equipment for breath testing and analysis; (5) Enforcement of the PCA laws (PCA refers to Prescribed Concentration of Alcohol); (6) A zero PCA for first year drivers; (7) Penalties for drink-driving offences; (8) Drink-driving education; (9) Blood-alcohol tests in hospitals; (10) Vehicle interlocks for drink-drivers; (11) The cost to N.S.W. government funds of an unforgiving road environment; and (12) Other important issues. The text of the report is followed by a synopsis from votes and proceedings of the Committee. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190072 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373414 AU - Seiffert, U AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE FUTURE PY - 1982 SP - p. 1-31 AB - Stating that one of the essential tasks of the Research Division of Volkswagenwerk AG is to integrate the contradictory requirements of the car of tomorrow into new vehicle concepts and combine them in the best possible way, this paper briefly describes the potential of alternative means of transportation, alternative power plants and fuels, and other traffic control systems to satisfy consumer demands. The paper then demonstrates the potential of the passenger car of tomorrow by looking at the following specific areas: reduction of driving resistance; improvements of engine efficiency; improvements of transmission efficiency; and optimization of engine, transmission and management systems. In conclusion it is stated that the car of tomorrow will fulfill the demands of individual transportation better than all other transportation means. Two research cars which will offer solutions are the Audi and the VW "Auto 2000". U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing; Introductory Lectures, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile engines KW - Automotive engineering KW - Conferences KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Future concepts KW - Improvements KW - Innovation KW - Optimization KW - Technology KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189372 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373423 AU - Demel, H AU - Kampelmuhler, F T AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - THE MEASUREMENT OF BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION UNDER REAL TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AND THE APPLICATION OF THE RESULTS FOR ENGINE OPTIMIZATION PY - 1982 SP - p. 71-84 AB - Investigations on test benches, particularly under transient conditions, have one disadvantage. Some important influences on engine operation such as road gradients, dynamic forces or road bumps are not taken into consideration. In order to do away with this drawback, a new procedure to determine the brake specific fuel consumption under real traffic conditions has been developed. By means of suitable transducers, the road speed, the torque, the engine speed, the coolant temperature and the actual fuel consumption are measured and recorded on a pulse-code-modulated-magnetic storage (PCM). After the test drives, the recorded data are computer evaluated. The software allows the evaluation of a speed-torque versus time density matrix as well as classification of the transient engine operation parameters and the categorization of the results into different ranges of engine operation temperature. Examples are given to demonstrate the application of this new data acquistion and evaluation procedure. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data collection KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Eddy currents KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Measuring instruments KW - Optimization KW - Pulse code modulation KW - Test vehicles KW - Torque KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189379 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373430 AU - Walter, H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - SIMULATION OF DRIVING CYCLES ON ENGINE TEST STANDS PY - 1982 SP - p. 175-190 AB - In an era of restricted energy resources and increasingly stringent automotive emission standards a powerful tool for the engine developer becomes indispensible. It is not sufficient to examine fuel consumption and emission limits in a steady state test. It becomes more and more important to check it in a dynamic test during all development phases of the engine. For this purpose a program system was developed in the VW R & D division. It manages the automatic performance of any dynamic driving cycle on the engine test stand, simulating the real condition of a roller test stand or the road. The dynamic behavior of the car is simulated by a model and the driver by a complex controller. Connecting the real engine on the test stand to the computer simulated car and driver in a closed controller loop the whole system reacts exactly like a car on the road and the automatic driver tracks any driving cycle. Data acquisition and calculations are done simultaneously by the computer. The results are presented in numerical and graphic forms. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Dynamic tests KW - Engine idling KW - Engines KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Idling KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Open loop KW - Simulation KW - Speed control KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189386 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373441 AU - SHIMIZU, H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - NEW VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT METHODS PY - 1982 SP - p. 347-364 AB - In recent years there have been strong social demands for resource and energy conservation, and the intensified competition in the global automotive market has made it necessary to continually upgrade product competitiveness. These technical tasks, which the design development department must shoulder, cannot easily be accomplished with the product development approaches used heretofore. Accordingly, an effort has been made to utilize the latest computer technology as a powerful tool in the product development process. To this end, various computer application systems have been developed and a data base has been established for the engineering departments. Furthermore, by integrating the computer facilities, it has been possible to rationalize development methods and made them more efficient. Typical computer applications include optimization of structural designs through structural analysis, performance predictions based on computer simulation, CAD, laboratory automation, and the computerization of the administrative work in the design development department. The utilization of computer technology has achieved significant results in the way of reducing vehicle weight, improving designed quality and performance, and lowering product costs, among other benefits. This paper describes the current status for the application of computer technology in design development at Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. as well as tasks that will be tackled in the coming years. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Development KW - Information processing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189397 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373448 AU - Henoch, B T AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - PROGRAMMABLE REMOTE IDENTIFICATION PY - 1982 SP - p. 481-496 AB - PREM-ID is an identification system from PHILIPS with ID-plates to be attached to products and components flowing in the automotive industry. The code in the ID-plate is 20 decimals and the code can be remotely read and programmed from ID-communicators, which are instructed from and reporting to the main data handling system. A production control philosophy is described where the key sentence is: a data base physically connected to the process and product and accessible for reading and writing from the data handling system. Operative installations in the automotive industry are described for: supply of components to assembly line, storage systems, routing in automatic transport systems, automatic production lines and assembly lines. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Components KW - Databases KW - Information processing KW - Production control KW - Remote identification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189404 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373457 AU - Kasperowski, M AU - RICHARDSON, P AU - Fisk, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ADVANCES IN ROAD LOAD DATA ACQUISITION PY - 1982 SP - p. 43-60 AB - Quality of road data measurements can be adversely affected by a mobile laboratory directly linked to the test vehicle or alternatively by the weight of the in-vehicle test equipment. Compact, low power micro-electronic systems provide the means of overcoming these limitations. This paper outlines two complementary techniques, designed specifically to improve road load data collection and analysis efficiency. System choice however must be matched to the data application. Part I of the paper deals with a 24 channel system centred around a lightweight in-vehicle microcomputer, enabling data reduction whilst the test is in progress. Designed to accommodate a range of "level count" routines, this system is capable of very quick data turn round times. Part II outlines a 32 channel PCM/tape encoded system to collect raw data. It can be used in-vehicle or with short range telemetry to a chase vehicle for more extensive tests. The data can be subjected to any evaluation procedure. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Pulse code modulation KW - Telemetry KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189411 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373468 AU - Miyoshi, N AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - VORTEX AIR FLOW SENSOR FOR ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED ENGINE PY - 1982 SP - p. 227-240 AB - A new automobile flow sensor utilizing the Karman vortex has been developed for measuring intake air flow of engine. It has a vortex rod assembly which produces powerful and stable vortex even at a low flow rate and an optical vortex detecting system which has a mirror vibrated by vortex pressure change and detects the vibration of the mirror by means of an optical fiber. With the above features, this flow sensor offers a substantial reduction in manufacturing cost while maintaining the rangeability of 1:45 and the accuracy of less than plus or minus 3% necessary to control the engine. The flow sensor is completely free from the effects of electromagnetic noise and temperature change in the engine room. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accuracy KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Automobile engines KW - Costs KW - Flow KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vortices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189422 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373475 AU - Hirayama, T AU - Sasayama, T AU - Suda, S AU - Nakajima, J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - A MICROCOMPUTER ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM USING NEWLY-DESIGNED LSI'S PY - 1982 SP - p. 329-344 AB - A microcomputer controlled engine management system has been developed by using new sensors, semiconductor devices and architecture. This system is suitable for middle size or small size cars because of its small and inexpensive component devices, such as functional electronic sensors and semiconductor integrated circuits. One of the electronic sensors is a hot-wire air-mass flowmeter. The key large scale integrated circuit is an input/output signal control LSI which includes a high speed and high resolution analog to digital converter and several signal modulators for engine control systems. A unique processing procedure for controlling the quantity of intake air-mass has been developed. The electronic circuits for this purpose have also been fabricated on this interface LSI. This microcomputer system is especially suitable for multi-functional integrated engine control systems, but it can also be applied to some simplified systems aiming to control an individual function, such as electronic carburetion, fuel injection, and spark timing controls. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic engine control KW - Flowmeters KW - Integrated circuits KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Semiconductors KW - Sensors KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189429 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373482 AU - Kaufmann, H AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ASEA'S SPOTWELDING ROBOTS IRB 90/2 HELPING TO MODERNISE AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION PY - 1982 SP - p. 443-448 AB - Spotwelding robots are today, established production tools and are becoming increasingly important in modern industry. Although the robots themselves and their control systems have been the subject of considerable development effort, less interest has been shown in the associated spotwelding equipment. The welding equipment familiar from manual procedures remains that used in robot installations and innovations in this field have been limited to the development of welding guns with built-in transformers which have been adapted, to a degree, to robot application and programmable welding timers. Little has been done with respect to the conduction of secondary current to the welding gun fixed in the robot hand. The extensive working range of the robot and the flexibility of the hand cannot be exploited when the welding equipment has been installed on the robot. At the present, two different types of spotwelding equipment are used in industrial robot applications. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Machines KW - Robots KW - Spot welding KW - Welding KW - Welding machines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189436 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373513 AU - Warmschmidt, K AU - Teunis, G AU - Bertelsmeier, U AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - AUTOMATED ENGINE AND COMPONENT ENDURANCE TESTING PY - 1982 SP - p. 557-574 AB - Endurance testing on engines and components is an important part of Research and Development work for improving the reliability and the service life of new parts in their development phase. The test equipment and test procedures have to be developed with respect to operational applications, legal requirements, user convenience and costs. Nevertheless, the basic goal is to get reliable data and sufficient information, e.g. on fatigue strengths or strains from thermal loads. For these tasks only an extensive automatic system based on process computers fullfils the requirements. The VW endurance testing system will consist of engine test stands and component test stands on completion with test durations of up to 2500 hours per test. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automation KW - Durability tests KW - Engines KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373417 AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ISATA 82. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING. VOLUME 1, WOLFSBURG 13-17 SEPTEMBER 1982. PART 1 PY - 1982 SP - 574 p. AB - Contents: Computer Aided Engineering and Computer Aided Manufacturing-The State of the Art, J.I. Soliman; The Future Use of Robots in the Automotive Industry, M.P. Kelly; Applications of Group Technology in Automotive Manufacturing, P. Chevalier; The Development of CAE, F. Pinolini; The Measurement of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption Under Real Traffic Conditions and the Applications of the Results for Engine Optimisation, F. Th. Kampelmuhler; Computer Aided Vibration Measurement and Display, D. Karstens; Acquiring and Analysing in-Cylinder Pressure Data using a Mini-Computer Based Acquisition System, P.J. Dawson; Measurement and Analysis of Engine Indicator Diagrams, L. Astalosch and H.J. Schafer; A Test Rig for the Control and Complex Testing of Springs, D. Jankovic and M. Vujovic; Techniques for Automated Performance Testing of Shock Absorbers and MacPherson Struts, R.W. Seipp; Computer Aided Experiment System for Engine Development and Evaluation at Work, S. Nakagawa, et al.; Simulation of Driving Cycles on Engine Test Stands, H. Walter; Practical Applications of New Strain-Limit Strength Theory, J. Stanovsky; The Benefits of Using CAD/CAM for Design, Draughting and Prototype Production of Automotive Instrumentation Parts, N.A. Morgan; Electronic Vision as Input to Calculated-Variable Control of the Hydraulic Bulge Test, D.N. Harvey; Programming System for Crankshaft Design, V. Milhalcica, et al.; Improved Working Conditions and Productivity at Fiat, F. Schneider; and Computer Aided Design of Thin Wall Structural Elements for Crash Energy Management. Continued on TRIS 373418. KW - Automation KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Computer programs KW - Displays KW - Electronics KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Robotics KW - Robots KW - Simulation KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373453 AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ISATA 82. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING. VOLUME 2, WOLFSBURG 13-17 SEPTEMBER 1982. PART 2 PY - 1982 SP - 496 p. AB - (continued from TRIS 373452); A Microprocessor Controlled Overdrive for Optimization of Fuel Consumption, B.M. Forster; Electronic Engine Control Development at Chrysler, G.A. Chunn; Developing Electronic Engine Control Software Products at Ford, P.L. Read; Automatic Idle Control, A. Kratt; A Microprocessor Engine Control System Using Custom LSI's, T. Hirayama, T. Sasayama, S. Suda and J. Nakajima; High Performance Digital Interface for Powertrain Control Computers, R.L. Robinson; Complex Ignition Systems, P.E.V. Phillips and A. Gerceki; Electronic Dashboard Device Suggesting the Driving Behaviour for Improvement in Fuel Consumption, E. Perri; Results of a Fleet Test of Microprocessor Controlled "Modular" Engined Cars, A. Bassi and F. Arcari; Automation of a Car Body Inspection, R. Strauch; Completion, Final Assembly and Dress-up System for Engines Using Small Inductively Guided Vehicles (Robomatic), F. Schneider; ASEA's Spotwelding Robots IRb 90/2 Helping to Modernize Automobile Production, H. Kaufmann; A Consideration of the Introduction and Future Prospects of Industrial Robots, K. Takeuchi; Control of Stand Testing Automobile Constructions on Full Spectral Matrix, P.M. Chegolin and V.S. Konchak; Walsh Spectral Estimators for Test Control Problems of Vehicle Constructions, R.H. Sadykhov, A.V. Sharenkov and N.V. Nechaev; Analysis of Random Vibrations in Vehicle Constructions Stand Testing on the Basis of Convergence Bases, P.M. Chegolin, I.F. Borisov and V.V. Danilenko. KW - Automation KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Computers KW - Conferences KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microprocessors KW - Robots KW - Technology KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185921 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373612 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - PERSPECTIVES: AN INTERVIEW FEATURE PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-11 AB - Position statements are presented on approaches to reducing drinking and driving from several of the many national groups active in the alcoholism and traffic safety fields. The American Automobile Association (AAA) believes that any comprehensive program should include deterrence through law enforcement and court action, intervention to identify and rehabilitate problem drinkers, and prevention through education. The United States Brewers Association (USBA) concurs with the 6 major areas covered by proposed legislation, namely, deterrence, community focus, systems approach, financial self-sufficiency, citizen support, and prevention education. The National Council on Alcoholism, Incorporated bases its views on the position that a significant proportion of those arrested for drunk driving are alcoholic, that it is treatable, that treatment must be part of any Federal, State or other program, and that punitive measures are not incompatible with this position. The National Safety Council (NSC) urges certain recommendations. The views of the Alcohol and Drug Problems Association of North America and of the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States are also presented. KW - Alcoholism KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Deterrents KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Programs KW - Public relations KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194141 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373638 AU - Mortimer, R G AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE MOTORCYCLE RIDER COURSE (DISCUSSION) PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 77-96 AB - In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the Motorcycle Safety Foundation's motorcycle rider course, responses to a questionnaire were obtained from a sample of persons who had taken the course at least twelve months previously and a control group who had not taken the course. A total of 516 persons who had ridden at least some miles during the previous twelve months responded to the questionnaire. The survey indicated some differences in exposure variables among the groups. The control group had held a motorcycle operators license longer, rode more miles, rode more miles at night and on limited access highways, made less use of seatbelts, and had fewer aged eighteen or less. The major findings of the analysis indicated that: (a) when controlling for age and years licensed, those who took the course did not have a lower accident rate per million miles than the control group; (b) there were no differences in the violation rates per million miles between the groups; (c) the cost of damage to the motorcycles per million miles was not different in the groups; (d) the estimated cost of medical treatment of injuries per million miles was quite similar in the two groups; but (e) the mean medical cost per accident was less among those who took the course than the control group, which may have been partly attributable to the findings that (f) those who took the course made significantly more use of protective clothing consisting of helmets; eyeglasses, goggles or faceshields; long pants; long-sleeved shirts or jackets than the control group. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Accident costs KW - Clothing KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Eyeglasses KW - Helmets KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycle rider course KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Protective masks KW - Questionnaires KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194166 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373649 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stutts, J C AU - Bigelow, B E AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - USE OF ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO MODIFY SAFETY BELT USE BEHAVIOR (DISCUSSION) (COMMENTARY) PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 249-265 AB - This research explores the use of modest economic incentives to increase safety belt usage among automobile occupants at a senior high school. Some 1300 students, faculty and staff were presented an educational campaign emphasizing that: (1) even though an accident is a low-probability event for any given trip, the probability that such a mishap will occur during the course of one's lifetime is quite high, and (2) the only way to be protected in the event of this near certainty is to buckle up habitually. Following this educational campaign an incentive program was instigated which gave a modest monetary reward (a coupon redeemable for $5.00 cash) to randomly selected car occupants observed wearing their seat belts. Such an incentive program is based on the learning principle dictating that more frequent, smaller rewards (in this case, cash) are more likely to produce a change in behavior than less frequent albeit greater rewards (here, greater protection in the event of a crash). Effectiveness of the treatment was measured by monitoring observed belt usage before, during and after the educational campaign and incentive program. Seat belt observations were made on the school grounds as well as in the community at large. Overall results show that the shoulder belt usage rate (in vehicles equipped with shoulder belts) increased from about 21 percent in the baseline phase to 28-39 percent in the educational phase to 46-54 percent in the incentive phase. Usage ranged from 29-40 percent in the follow-up phase. When lap belts as well as the lap/shoulder combination were counted on special observation days, the overall restraint usage rate generally exceeded 80 percent. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Behavior KW - Behavioral objectives KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rewards KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194177 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373656 AU - Lawson, J J AU - ARORA, H R AU - Jonah, B A AU - Krzyzewski, J W AU - Smith, Gary A AU - Stewart, D E AU - Hieatt, D J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - 1981 NIGHT-TIME SURVEYS OF DRIVERS' ALCOHOL USE (RESULTS AND DISCUSSION) PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 375-388 AB - In the spring and summer of 1981, night-time surveys of drivers' alcohol use were undertaken in the provinces of British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Quebec. The surveys were performed by agencies of the provincial governments, using teams of students as interviewers. Advice and assistance in survey planning, sampling, instrument design, data processing and analysis was provided by the federal Department of Transport, based on experience with a national survey in 1974 and a survey in Ontario in 1979. A sample of sites was selected using a stratified, multi-stage procedure, and 90-minute survey periods were assigned to each site, within the survey limits of 9 p.m. and 3 a.m. on the nights of Wednesday to Saturday. Cars, light trucks or motorcycles were selected essentially at random from the traffic stream by police officers, taking the next available vehicle whenever interviewers were free. Interviews were conducted with drivers in off-road areas, each driver being asked to volunteer information and to give a breath sample into a J3D ALERT device, which gave an immediate estimate of blood alcohol content. Interviews were completed with samples of over 7300, 3200 and 6300 drivers respectively in British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Quebec, with very low rates of refusal to provide breath samples. The paper describes the survey and sampling methodologies, focussing on modifications made to improve upon the 1974 survey, particularly in the size and quality of the sample and in the breadth of information obtained. Results of the surveys are presented and compared to the earlier surveys. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Data collection KW - Methodology KW - Night KW - Sampling KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194184 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373655 AU - HOUSE, E G AU - Waller, P F AU - Stewart, J R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL AND INJURY IN TRAFFIC CRASHES PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 349-373 AB - Information was obtained on motor vehicle crashes investigated by the NC State Highway Patrol within a one-year period. Blood alcohol concentration (bac) data from breath tests, as well as the officer's opinion of driver sobriety, were considered. The analyses support previous studies of the relationship between alcohol and crash characteristics. In addition, analyses were conducted on only those cases for which a bac was available. Crash factors controlled for included speed prior to crash, type of crash (single or multivehicle), safety belt usage, driver age and sex, and model of car. It was found that, independent of other factors associated with driver injury, the higher the bac, the greater the probability that the driver would be seriously injured or killed. It appears that, independent of legal sanctions, higher bac's are associated with greater "punishment," that is, more severe injury in any resulting crash. The findings are supported by animal research investigating the effects of ethanol on response to injury. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Animals KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash injury research KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194183 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373575 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL IN GREATER MANCHESTER PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 19-21 AB - This article describes the new computerized traffic control system in Greater Manchester, England. Over 600 sets of traffic signals and pelican crossings are connected to the computer. The scheme also includes 20 closed circuit television cameras and other equipment for monitoring traffic flows and queues at about 100 sites. This article includes a description of the system and benefits for road users. KW - Control systems KW - Monitoring KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic flow KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373935 AU - American Automobile Association TI - AAA 1982 DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED VEHICLES TOWING MANUAL PY - 1982 SP - 380 p. AB - This manual contains lifting and towing instructions for most 1982 model cars and light trucks which were developed or approved by the vehicle manufacturers. Three important new developments are noted: T-hooks to provide a secure attachment to the towed vehicle; a 4 x 4 lumber crossbeam with a length of 4 or 5 feet and the trend away from sling-type towing equipment toward wheel lift and flat bed equipment. The manual also covers standard equipment, gives general towing instructions, and covers the following makes: Alfa Romeo, American Motors, Aston Martin, Audi, BMW, Chrysler, Datsun, DeLorean, Fiat, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Honda, Isuzu, Jaguar, Jeep, Lancia, Lotus, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, Peugeot, Porsche, Renault, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Subaru, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Volvo. KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Automobiles KW - Equipment KW - Light trucks KW - Manuals KW - Towing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190071 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373415 AU - Siepmann, H G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - CAD IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING PY - 1982 SP - p. 33-56 AB - This paper discusses Integrated Computer Aided Engineering (ICAE) as related to the automobile industry, or more particularly to Volkswagenwerk AG. The term is defined as the passing on of the results of individual processes involved in vehicle engineering from one development phase to the next within an integrated data system where all the individual processes are computer-aided. The picture given indicates the goal which Volkswagenwerk AG is trying to achieve rather than the current situation. Subject headings include the following: the vehicle engineering process, ICAE, examples of CAE, requirements and expectations regarding CAE techniques, and goals for the future. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Introductory Lectures, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Process control KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189373 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373422 AU - Pinolini, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF CAE AT IVECO PY - 1982 SP - p. 43-70 AB - The paper describes in general terms the present situation, considering specifically the CAE applications in the fields of design, drafting and testing; many examples of structure and dynamic performance optimizations are also examined. A particular emphasis has been given to the subject of the general coordination of the CAE process and its build-up inside the operative lines of the Engineering. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automotive engineering KW - Computer aided design KW - Design KW - Designing KW - Drafting KW - Information processing KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Testing KW - Training KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189378 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373424 AU - Karstens, D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - COMPUTER AIDED VIBRATION MEASUREMENT AND DISPLAY PY - 1982 SP - p. 85-100 AB - The computer aided method is quite different from modal analysis, because it shows the actual vibrations during vehicle operation. Up to approx. 200 accelerometer signals from a car which is operated on a dynamometer are recorded in groups of 11 together with rpm-pulses and a reference phase signal on analog tape. Each signal is then analyzed by order-tracking and fed into a computer which converts it to complex displacements versus rpm. This data enables different plots and animated vibration displays of a car model. A special hardware shall be built to reduce the processing time and to enable an on-line animated display of the vibrating vehicle. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - Displays KW - In-vehicle noise KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Propagation KW - Testing KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189380 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373447 AU - Wu, C L AU - Derr, J H AU - German, D AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - END-OF-LINE PRODUCTION TEST STAND EVALUATION OF TRANSMISSION NOISE PY - 1982 SP - p. 457-480 AB - This paper is an attempt to define the requirements for an on-line transmission vibration detection system that could be incorporated on an existing final test stand. The purpose of the system is to assess transmission noise in order that production tracking of noise levels is possible. A series of experiments was conducted to define: the best sensor to detect noise levels, the optimum mounting location of the sensor, the ability of a system to discern implanted faults, and the correlation of the vibration levels from an in-plant measurement system to in-vehicle human ratings of transmission noise levels. Results of these tests showed: (1) an accelerometer mounted on the transmission housing offered the best signal clarity in terms of preselected criteria versus a microphone or monitor of fluid pressures, (2) in-plant test stand vibration readings did not correlate well with human ratings of noise when the same units were driven in vehicles, (3) the frequency spectrum plots showed a tendency for the defects to give spectra with higher amplitudes at the gear meshing frequency, (4) signal repeatability on the test stand is excellent, and (5) a technique known as Cepstrum analysis offers promise as a method to reduce the vibration data from the test stand to improve signal discrimination capability. A discussion of a possible production system is presented. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - End-of-line KW - Production KW - Sensors KW - Sound level KW - Testing equipment KW - Transmission noise KW - Transmissions KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189403 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373449 AU - Denton, J J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ENGINE INLET AND EXHAUST VALVE HEAD STIFFNESS MEASUREMENTS USING LASER INTERFEROMETRY PY - 1982 SP - p. 497-516 AB - This paper describes the use of laser interferometry to measure valve head stiffness. The work was done as part of an investigation into excessive valve seat wear. Holographic and electronic speckle pattern interferometry were used to measure and record valve head deformation during static loading. Holographic interferometry was used to produce resolution interferograms representing valve head deformation, while the technique of electronic speckle pattern interferometry provided the opportunity for real-time observation of valve deformation. Two separate valve loading conditions were used, one being a tensile load applied to the valve stem, and the other a hydrostatic pressure applied to the valve face. The hydrostatic loading method gave more consistent results and overcame alignment problems encountered with the tensile loading rig. The techniques described were used to evaluate various valve designs in order to optimise valve head stiffness with minimum weight increase. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Diesel engines KW - Interferometers KW - Lasers KW - Measurement KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Valves KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189405 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373458 AU - Bell, M P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - AN IN-VEHICLE DATA LOGGER PY - 1982 SP - p. 61-82 AB - As the complexity of the motor vehicle and the amount of its associated legislation has increased, the quantity of test and development data required from a vehicle, together with the speed of collection, has increased to such an extent that it is no longer practical to employ traditional analogue techniques for the measurement of vehicle parameters. This paper discusses the advantages of data logging and the "clean sheet" approach to the specification of the In-vehicle Data Logging System, its philosophy and subsequent development. The reasons for the choice of a proprietory logger with software modifications, mass storage medium, graphics package and the desk-top computer used for analysis, are discussed together with the means of coping with extremes of ambient operating temperatures. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Data collection KW - Data recorders KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189412 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373460 AU - Fabregat, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - CENTRAL TIMER UNIT PY - 1982 SP - p. 101-110 AB - The number of car services which require a controlled time function is increasing progressively day by day, reaching the point in which it is economic to raise the question of eliminating the various units which are placed dispersedly in the vehicle and substitute them with an intelligent central unit to control these functions. This report describes a control unit of this type which carries out the following functions: Flasher unit; Hazard signal light; Rear window heating timer; Courtesy lights timer; Slow windscreen wiper-washer; Fast windscreen wiper-washer; Pulse wipe timer of windscreen wiper-washer; Windscreen wiper-washer timer; Pulse wipe timer of rear window wiper-washer; Slow rear window wiper-washer; Rear window wiper-washer timer; Detection of stop lights failure; Lights left on detection switch; and Engine parameters detection. The advantages of this type of system, apart from the economic point of view, are in the simplification of the wire harnessing and the reliability of the assembly due to the corresponding reduction of the components implied in the system. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Control devices KW - Defrosters KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Failure KW - Reliability KW - Timers KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle tests KW - Windshield defrosters KW - Windshield washers KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189414 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373483 AU - TAKEUCHI, K AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - A CONSIDERATION OF THE INTRODUCTION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS PY - 1982 SP - p. 449-462 AB - Ten years ago--in the early stages of introducing industrial robots into the automobile industry, there were problems with their "crazy motion." In some cases, defective motors of the magnetic memory drums caused robots to malfunction, crushing both the workpiece and the robot itself. In other cases, the axle bearings were found broken when the robots were overhauled to correct their imprecise stopping. The robots at that time were not durable enough or reliable enough to meet the application requirements. Today--Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. uses 730 playback robots. Our vehicle body assembly division has become about 97% automated, and through their contribution the rate of automation has been increasing every year. This paper reviews the history of industrial robots over the past ten years and it will consider the factors behind their increased use as well as the results obtained. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobile industry KW - History KW - Industries KW - Robots UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189437 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373485 AU - Sadykhov, R H AU - Sharenkov, A V AU - Nechaev, N V AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - WALSH SPECTRAL ESTIMATORS FOR TEST CONTROL PROBLEMS OF VEHICLE CONSTRUCTIONS PY - 1982 SP - p. 473-488 AB - The paper presents the matrix expression of the relationship between the arithmetic autocorrelation function and the spectral density of power in Walsh basis, the possibility of the connection matrix factorization is shown, on the basis of which the fast calculation procedures of the above estimators are set. The generalized analogy of the Gibbs formula is proved and the possibility of the effective determination of real and imaginary parts of the mutual spectral density of Walsh power is shown. The method of the fast calculation of the mutual spectral estimator in Walsh basis by random processes realization is considered, and the asymptotic unbiasedness and consistency of the available estimator are illustrated. The method of the fast recalculation of the spectral density of Walsh power in the Fourier spectrum based on the use of Walsh spectrum properties is presented. The application of this method and hardware which realizes it allows an essential increase of the operation speed of digital control systems for testing vehicle constructions, thus achieving a real time mode. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Algebra KW - Autocorrelation KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Fourier series KW - Matrices (Mathematics) KW - Matrix algebra KW - Power spectra KW - Walsh power UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189439 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373634 AU - Rimel, R W AU - Alves, W M AU - Jane, J A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF SEVERITY OF CNS TRAUMA AND VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS (DISCUSSION) PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 1-16 AB - During a twenty month period 1331 patients sustaining central nervous system (CNS) trauma were admitted to the University of Virginia Medical Center. The data base consists of 80% head injuries, 12% spine injuries and 8% combined head/spine injuries which represents all such injuries occuring in a well-defined geographic area. This report focuses on 645 patients who were injured in vehicular accidents (87% automobile and 13% two-axle truck). The injured person was most often the driver of the vehicle (59%). Sixty-one percent of patients tested had a positive blood alcohol level on admission and 51% of this group were legally intoxicated (blood ETOH greater than or equal to 0.10%). Automobiles were placed in four categories based on wheel base size from subcompact to full size. Fifty-four percent of those injured were in either intermediate or full size cars. The severity of neurologic injury was measured with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). While the literature shows that the relative risk of being injured at all in a smaller v. larger vehicle is greater, our findings in patients with CNS injuries do not support previous studies that persons in smaller vehicles are more severely injured. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Automobiles KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Central nervous system KW - Compact automobiles KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Nervous system KW - Severity KW - Size KW - Small car KW - Spinal column KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194162 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373636 AU - STATES, J D AU - Hight, P V AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TOLERANCE OF HUMAN FEMUR DERIVED FROM AN ACCIDENTAL FALL (DISCUSSION) PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 37-62 AB - This paper is presented because accurate data concerning impact velocity and deceleration could be derived from environmental findings and related to the injury tolerance of the human femur. A 55 year-old man fell 9.4 m from the top of a ladder and landed on bermuda grass sod and adobe clay. His initial and most severe injury was an open comminuted fracture of his right femur caused by impact of his flexed knee with the ground. His impact velocity was 13 m/s, virtually identical to the barrier impact velocity required of motor vehicles by the United States Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. The ground which he impacted provided significant energy absorption and load distribution, perhaps superior to that provided by the interiors of automobiles for unrestrained occupants. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Energy absorption KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Load transfer KW - Vehicle design KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194164 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373651 AU - Tomike, T AU - Mori, H AU - Foust, D R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN JAPAN--THE 1980 STATISTICS (DISCUSSION) PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 279-296 AB - Japan had 8,760 fatalities in traffic accidents in 1980, approximately one-half of the 16,765 fatalities which occurred in 1970. This decrease in fatalities is remarkable considering that the number of registered vehicles increased 113% from 1970 to 1980, and that total vehicle mileage increased 69% between 1970 and 1979. In order to understand the nature and cause of accidents and fatalities in Japan, police departments have been investigating all serious accidents in detail since 1966. These investigations have led to many recommendations for traffic safety improvements. Accident statistics were gathered from 476,677 injury producing accidents in 1980, involving 598,719 injured persons. Of these 8,329 accidents were fatal accidents and were studied in detail by specially trained and equipped police teams. Summaries of 1980 traffic accident statistics are presented, with emphasis on alcohol involvement (much lower than the United States), injury patterns, and the effect of traffic mix (vehicles, cycles, and pedestrians). Comparisons of motor vehicle accident statistics between Japan and the United States are included. Also described is the unique organization of Japanese police departments for accident investigation, including methods of data collection and analysis. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Methodology KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Registration KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194179 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373653 AU - PARTYKA, S C AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORISTS, PEDESTRIANS, AND BICYCLISTS PY - 1982 IS - 26 SP - p. 313-327 AB - Time series analysis of seven years of data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System shows some interesting seasonal and long-term trends. The number of bicyclist accidents is essentially a seasonal phenomenon with little long-term change. Motorist and pedestrian accidents are also largely seasonal, but have increased in number overall for the seven years available for study. Bicycle accidents can be modeled as a function of motorists and pedestrian accidents. The average age of fatally-injured bicyclists is increasing generally with a pattern of seasonal variability. U1 - 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineOttawa,Ontario,Canada StartDate:19821004 EndDate:19821006 KW - Cyclists KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194181 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373616 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Ross, H L AU - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism TI - PREVENTION AND DETERRENCE THE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 10 p. AB - This paper examines the problem of drinking and driving, the Scandinavian deterrence model, legislation in Scandinavia, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, The Netherlands, France, other European countries, and suggests further research is needed. KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legislation KW - Prevention KW - Psychological aspects KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194145 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373426 AU - Astalosch, L AU - Schaefer, H J AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF ENGINE INDICATOR DIAGRAMS PY - 1982 SP - p. 119-132 AB - The subject of this paper is a computer system to measure and evaluate cylinder pressures of internal combustion engines. Measurements taken with a high speed data acquisition system; a network consisting of a host and three process computers (DEC PDP-11) with microprogrammed I/O-peripherals. This system is able to sample 30 million data values with a maximum speed of 576000 values per second continuously. Data acquisition and quick look calculations can be performed on one or up to three process computers in parallel. Final evaluation data are transferred via the host computer to main frames (CDC CYBER). In addition to some standard programs for data analysis in the time and frequency domain there is a special program package implemented to evaluate cylinder pressure data in more detail, i. e. to calculate internal characteristics. Because of sampling data of different cylinders, simultaneous and continuous evaluations can be done cycle by cycle or for a period of some hundred cycles for any cylinder in respect to any other cylinder as well as for different transducers in the same cylinder. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Computer programs KW - Cylinders KW - Data collection KW - Engine performance KW - Information processing KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Measurement KW - Pressure KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure measurement KW - Pressure sensors KW - Testing KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189382 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373428 AU - Seipp, R W AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMATED PERFORMANCE TESTING OF SHOCK ABSORBERS AND MACPHERSON STRUTS PY - 1982 SP - p. 141-158 AB - As the design and quality of the modern automotive suspension system have become increasingly important, emphasis on performance testing of shock absorbers and MacPherson struts for product development and manufacturing quality assurance has also increased. Automated servo hydraulic performance testing of shock absorbers results in many benefits including improved accuracy and decrease the ability to store test data, recognize trends and communicate results. This results not only in increased manufacturing efficiency but also in increased product performance efficiency. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Information processing KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Macpherson struts KW - Performance tests KW - Quality assurance KW - Servomechanisms KW - Shock absorbers KW - Struts KW - Suspension systems KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189384 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373443 AU - Iwamatsu, M AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - AIDA LOW COST DIE MAKING SYSTEM PY - 1982 SP - p. 387-422 AB - This paper describes a new press-die production system which was developed to achieve fast production of superior dies, reduced production costs and easier operation. This system consists of a computer which performs graphic processing and makes Numerical Control tapes, software, hardware and a simultaneous 3-axis Numerical Control (NC) milling machine. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Components KW - Computer aided manufacturing KW - Computer graphics KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Die manufacturing KW - Hardware KW - Low costs KW - Machining KW - Numerical control KW - Press stamping KW - Software KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189399 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373445 AU - Remy, P AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - REAL TIME PRODUCTION CONTROL IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1982 SP - p. 437-442 AB - The SOCHAUX plant of Automobiles PEUGEOT has a production capacity of 2000 cars per day. Assembled models may represent 4500 different types over one month production. Mastership of more than 4000 in process car bodies, and about 2000 in process engines is only possible in those conditions using a real time production control system. Such a system has been running since 1973, and had to be replaced and improved. The new system will be described here. Its name is SOFFAS, French shortening for "Suivi et Ordonnancement des Flux de Fabrication Automobiles a SOCHAUX", that means "Work Flow Control and Scheduling of Car Manufacturing at SOCHAUX". U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Bar code scanners KW - Bar codes KW - Databases KW - Information processing KW - Production control KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189401 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373462 AU - RUSPA, G AU - TURINO, G AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - ENGINE AUTOMATIC QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM THROUGH NOISE ANALYSIS AND DIAGNOSTIC PY - 1982 SP - p. 129-144 AB - An automatic production test system for quality control and diagnostics of automotive gasoline engine is presented. The equipment, based on a DIGITAL microprocessor PDP 11/23, analyzes and processes vibration signals as induced by running engines during a defined test bench cycle. The vibration signals are coming from only one accelerometer placed on the engine crankcase wall. With this equipment, abnormal vibrations are detected and mechanical defects like valve rattle, connecting rod knock and crank rumble, related to various engine components, identified. The hardware signal treatment and reject philosophy employed in the microprocessor software have been developed on the basis of correlations with the observed defect's characteristics during inspection and repair operations. The system is operating in the workshop quality inspection room and the quantitative obtained information is in good agreement with the engine behaviour. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobile engines KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Gasoline engines KW - Inspection KW - Microprocessors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Quality control KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189416 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373464 AU - De Vita, A AU - FEOLA, M AU - Migliaccio, M AU - Rocco, A AU - SCOGNAMIGLIO, A AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - EVALUATION OF THE VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY OF THE SPARK IGNITION INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE USING MEASUREMENTS OF INDICATED DIAGRAMS PY - 1982 SP - p. 163-180 AB - It is known that the instantaneous measurement of the air mass flow of the spark and compression ignition internal combustion engine represents an essential element in the control of the engine mixture from a quantitative and a qualitative point of view. In a preceeding theoretical investigation methods to evaluate the volumetric efficiency based on the determination of physical quantities taken from the low pressure cycles of the four-stroke engine were proposed. Preliminary verification of this method in a previous paper was reported. In the present paper the authors show the results obtained during tests performed on a high speed spark ignition single-cylinder engine. Also this investigation proved the possibility of such a kind of measurement to provide the value, cycle by cycle, of the mass air flow or of the mass mixture flow. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Flow KW - Measurement KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189418 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373479 AU - Bassi, A AU - Arcari, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - RESULTS OF A FLEET TEST OF MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED "MODULAR" ENGINED CARS PY - 1982 SP - p. 395-414 AB - The paper deals with the results of a fleet test of 10 Alfa Romeo Alfettas equipped with the "modular engine". Engine modularity is achieved with a microprocessor electronic control which activates 2 or 4 cylinders according to the power required by the driver. Inactivation of the cylinders is achieved by fuel flow cut-off. Ten cars were put into regular service by a taxi company in Milan for more than six months, covering about 20,000 km each. Eight of the ten cars were run for half of the test on four cylinders and for the other half in "modular" configuration for comparison purposes. Two cars were run always in "modular" configuration to check up possible mechanical problems related to the "modular" mode of operation. Results are presented in terms of fuel consumption, reliability record, opinions of drivers about the behaviour of the cars, and reports on the check of mechanical components of the cars after the test. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Automobiles KW - Electronic control KW - Field tests KW - Fuel consumption KW - Microprocessors KW - Modular engines KW - Taxicabs KW - Types of engines KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189433 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00373481 AU - Schneider, F AU - Automotive Automotion Limited TI - COMPLETION, FINAL ASSEMBLY AND DRESS-UP SYSTEM FOR ENGINES USING SMALL INDUCTIVELY GUIDED VEHICLES (ROBOMATIC) PY - 1982 SP - p. 427-442 AB - In a final assembly plant for cars, it is essential to streamline material flows and to keep work-in-process at a strict minimum. For complex components and subassemblies, this has to be achieved through the introduction of flexible, dynamic production methods. A typical example for such improved solutions is a new system for the completion of base engines, final assembly together with the transmissions and dress-up before delivery to the car- assembly line. In the past, this work has been done in a small preparation area near the final assembly line. With the increasing complexity of our products it was no longer possible to solve this problem with a synchronized line system. The new system does provide an opportunity for the introduction of new work methods, with enlarged responsibility given to the qualified assembly workers. Optimum ergonomic and environmental conditions are another prime target of the new system. As a result, the new system has to offer a greater flexibility and adaptability to changing market demands. U1 - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation with particular reference to Computer Aided Engineering and Manufacturing, Volume 2, Wolfsburg 13-17 September 1982. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Ergonomics KW - Technology KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189435 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372885 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Holland, J AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - ROAD SENSE PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - p. 4-5 AB - This short article describes the RoSPAs Advanced Drivers Association and outlines membership requirements. The Advanced Driving test, which is the primary membership requirement, is often taken by driving instructors to improve their driving techniques and prepare them for the Diploma Course of the Association, which gives the highest award available to civilian drivers in the U.K. The primary goal of the Association is the promotion of road safety. KW - Associations KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Highway safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372886 AU - Ford Motor Company TI - FORD MOTOR COMPANY SUPPLEMENTAL COMMENTS ON DOCKET NO. 81-11; NOTICE 1--FMVSS 108 LAMPS, REFLECTIVE DEVICES AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT PY - 1982 SP - 36 p. AB - This publication contains supplemental comments by Ford Motor Company to Docket No. 81-11; Notice 1, and suggested language for amendments to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108 that would permit the use of aerodynamically designed headlamp systems with replaceable light sources. Changes to the standard are evaluated with regard to four general areas of headlamp performance that relate to traffic safety. These are: (1) Photometrics; (2) Durability; (3) Serviceability; and (4) Aim. The performance tests proposed in this publication reflect development work by Ford and its suppliers as well as the latest level of development of these requirements within the SAE Lighting Committee. Detailed drawings and specifications for the replaceable light source are included. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Aim KW - Amendments KW - Durability KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Headlamps KW - Performance tests KW - Photometry KW - Replaceable light source KW - Serviceability KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185606 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372871 JO - Unfall- und Sicherheitsforschung Strassenverkehr PB - Federal Institute of Road Research, Germany AU - Kobayashi, M AU - KLEBEL, E AU - KLETTE, H AU - SABEY, B E AU - BLANCHARD, C AU - Kroj, G AU - Federal Institute of Road Research, West Germany TI - SYMPOSIUM ON ALCOHOL AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1982 IS - 39 SP - 99 p. AB - On October 20, 1982 an international Symposium on Alcohol and Traffic Safety was held in Cologne which had been jointly organized by the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) and the "Union against Alcohol in Traffic." Sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Transport papers were delivered by experts from Japan, Austria, Scandinavia, Great Britain, France and the Federal Republic of Germany describing the data collected and programs established in their respective countries. This was followed by a panel discussion on the measures taken and envisaged to combat the problem of drinking and driving. This issue comprises all the papers delivered in both English and German. KW - Conferences KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372872 AU - Gothenburg University, Sweden AU - Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden TI - COMMUTING ACCIDENTS. A STUDY OF COMMUTING ACCIDENTS AND CASUALTIES IN SOME SWEDISH REGIONS DURING 1971 PY - 1982 SP - 266 p. AB - The primary purpose of this investigation is to establish the structure of circumstances in commuting accidents with personal injuries with special reference to factors in the physical environment. A secondary aim is to evaluate the possibilities to reduce welfare losses by changing the way of travelling. The risk population consists of the economically active population, 1.2 million persons, in the Stockholm region and Western Sweden in 1971. The number of casualties is 2,831, including 24 fatalities, 97 cases of permanent disability, and 169 cases with hospital stay. The primary material for the study consists of copies of the individual reports within the framework of the compulsory Employment Injury Insurance. The reliability control indicates that all severe injuries, such as fractures, are reported. Slight injuries, however, are underreported and the total rate of non-reporting is estimated to be in the order of between 1/5 and 1/3 of total. The concept of commuting accidents includes all casualties resulting from accidents during commuting journeys, while that of road traffic accidents is narrower since such accidents must include at least one vehicle in motion. The used method is an attempt to put a holistic perspective on the subject. It is based on a sociogeographical perception of society from a regional to an individual level. The applied method implies spatial disaggregation and a physical description of the accident process using empirical data. The successive development of a description or real model is performed. It consists of a set of netmodels describing different risk situations and specific accident processes. These submodels represent a constructed abstraction of reality emphasizing regional differences, the commuting journey and a spectrum of accident processes. These aspects are merged into a formal structure, the consequence model, which is based on the concept of mathematical expectation. The magnitude of welfare losses due to commuting journeys is depending on the size of the risk population, exposure conditions, assigned risk levels and average losses. The evaluation is expressed as lost days of health. A substantial part of commuter casualties is due to walking accidents. This fact influences the patterns of risk and of loss. A changed view of accident causation is suggested. Environment elements form the main area of accident factors, while human factors are ranked number two. It also has implications regarding the total number of traffic accidents in Sweden. The popular view of reducing commuting accidents by changing commuting habits from car to public means of transport is not supported. Loss reduction is most easily achieved by reducing commuting by mopeds and motor-cycles and by making path-ways clear from ice, snow, holes, kerbs, and other obstacles. KW - Commuters KW - Crash exposure KW - Crashes KW - Environment KW - Epidemiology KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Losses KW - Mathematical models KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Risk assessment KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372874 AU - Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles TI - 1981 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1982 SP - 30 p. AB - This report contains: (1) Feature Facts; (2) Time Lines; (3) Accidents and Fatalities by Month; (4) Accidents by Time of Day - Day of Week; (5) Fatal Accidents by Time of Day-Day of Week; (6) Contributing Causes of Accidents; (7) Holiday Traffic Accidents; (8) Traffic Deaths in Florida by County; (9) Florida Traffic Fatality Map; (10) Florida Traffic Statistics; (11) Florida Traffic Trends; (12) Estimated Property Damage; (13) Estimated Economic Loss; (14) Total Traffic Deaths; (15) Statewide-Conditions of Drivers and Pedestrians; (16) Sex and Residence of Drivers; (18) State, County, and City Maintained Roads; (19) Pedestrian Deaths and Injuries by Age; (20) Pedestrian Fatalities - Male and Female by Age; (21) Pedestrian Actions; (22) Pedestrian and Pedalcyclist Fatalities and Annual Standard Summary. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Costs KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Florida KW - Gender KW - Loss and damage KW - Pedestrians KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185590 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372134 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Bodycombe, B AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - ROAD SAFETY IS NO ACCIDENT PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - p. 26-28 AB - Although its performance on the road has been comparatively good, Conoco, in 1974, started a plan to better the record of its drivers. The plan fuses the employee's (driver) needs with that of the company and is called "Job pride development -- accentuating the positive." The plan includes participation in national schemes such as the RoSPA National Safe Driving Awards Scheme, National Lorry Driver of the Year Competition, Conoco Lorry Driver of the Year Competition, RoSPA Advanced Driver Status (Road Tankers), and Institute of Advanced Motorists -- Advanced Motorist Status. Each of these schemes is briefly described. Success in these activities is widely publicized. Rewards include achievement awards and cash vouchers. Thus Conoco achieves participation, skill-development, achievement, recognition and reward. As a result of the safety programs, Conoco's insurance premium costs are substantially below average. Conoco ensures that drivers have first class, well maintained vehicles. Conoco's program is based on a sound driver recruitment and selection policy and daily monitoring of performance, training, retraining, and good business discipline. KW - Awards KW - Driver selection KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Insurance KW - Professional drivers KW - Selection and appointment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372121 AU - Hide, H AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS IN THE CARIBBEAN: RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF VEHICLE OPERATORS PY - 1982 SP - 29 p. AB - This report describes an investigation into factors affecting vehicle operating costs in the Eastern Caribbean. The study was designed to check the validity of the vehicle operating cost relationships derived from an earlier study in Kenya and to extend these relationships to include the effects of road geometry and poor bituminous surfaces. Data were collected over a two year period by means of a user survey and the effect of various road and vehicle parameters on the components of vehicle operating cost was examined. The results of the analysis are presented and are compared with the results obtained from the Kenya study to show the different effects of poor quality paved and unpaved roads on the cost of operating vehicles. The results of both studies are combined to produce a set of relationships for both paved and unpaved surfaces. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Data collection KW - Highway design KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Surface treating KW - Surveys KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185244 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372124 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Carman, P AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - SIGNS AND SYMBOLS PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-16 AB - A scheme has been devised to assist motorists when a section of highway is closed temporarily. A sign, displayed at the closed section, tells the motorist which symbol to follow to return to the highway. If the motorist is already on the highway, the motorist sees a yellow colored sign with black lettering. If the motorist wants to join a highway then a similar sign will assist him, depending on the route he wants to take. These signs are hinged and are only opened when needed. The scheme is called the National Motorway Diversion Scheme. KW - Direction signs KW - Directional sign KW - Driver information systems KW - Signs KW - Symbols KW - Traffic diversion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188705 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372125 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Lomax, D AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - DRIVING ON FLOODED ROADS PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - p. 23-24 AB - This short article explains how to drive through water deeper than two inches: First you should observe the road very carefully, especially at night and where the road is undulating or where there is a dip under a bridge, then if you decide to go on, drive slowly in first gear, slipping the clutch to have more acceleration and thereby keeping the exhaust gases moving fast--this in turn helps to prevent water from entering the exhaust tail pipe--and wherever possible keep to the middle of the road. For automatics, apply sufficient pressure to the foot brake to prevent the vehicle from gaining speed whilst maintaining the necessary engine revs. For all cars, immediately after passing through deep water, drive slowly with the brakes lightly applied with the left foot, until you feel the brakes grip. Repeat this until brake efficiency has been fully restored. KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Floods KW - Hazards KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372116 AU - United States House of Representatives TI - MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT LAW ENFORCEMENT ACT PY - 1982 SP - 314 p. AB - A bill to enhance the detection of motor vehicle theft and to improve the prosecution of motor vehicle theft by requiring the Secretary of Transportation to issue standards relating to the identification of vehicle parts and components, by increasing criminal penalties applicable to trafficking in stolen vehicles and parts by curtailing the exportation of stolen vehicles and self-propelled mobile equipment, and by establishing penalties applicable to the dismantling of vehicles for the purpose of trafficking in stolen parts, and for other purposes. KW - Dismantling KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Hearings KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Penalties KW - Prosecution KW - Theft KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371163 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JANUARY 1, 1982-MARCH 30, 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 10 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during the first quarter of 1982 and/or any future issues. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Defects KW - Equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371105 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - ANNUAL REPORT 1981 PY - 1982 SP - 36 p. AB - Significant activities of the department included: (1) issuance of the final report and recommendations of the Governor's Alcohol and Highway Safety Task Force and preparations for the approval of county Special Traffic Options Programs for Driving While Intoxicated (STOP-DWI) aimed at reducing the number of drunken drivers on our highways; (2) initiation of a major, comprehensive auto theft prevention program and participation on the new Regional Task Force on Auto Theft and Insurance Fraud; (3) continuing conversion to a high-speed, high-security computer terminal system in motor vehicle issuing offices throughout the state; (4) implementation of an auto exhaust emissions inspection/maintenance program in a nine-county downstate area; (5) issuance of specially designed registration plates which afford specific parking privileges to disabled persons and development of plans to issue special registration plates for commercial vehicles and motorcycles; (6) introduction of an innovative management information system to aid department managers in decision making; and (7) establishment of a management study group to analyze DMV functions and recommend ways to improve efficiency. Even though there was an overall decrease of 4.2 percent in traffic deaths and an 8.3 percent decrease in deaths among motorcyclists and moped riders when compared with figures for 1980, there was a 2.2 percent increase in pedestrian fatalities and an 8.6 percent increase in deaths among bicyclists in 1981. In addition to reporting on the department's 1981 activities, this report highlights the 80-year history of motor vehicle and driver regulation in New York State and outlines the plans and programs to be implemented or initiated in the near future. KW - Air quality management KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Management information systems KW - New York (State) KW - Parking KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Programs KW - Registrations KW - State departments of transportation KW - State government KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371165 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. JULY 1, 1982-SEPTEMBER 30, 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 8 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during the first quarter of 1982 and/or any future issues. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Defects KW - Equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371082 AU - Baker, J S AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - SIMPLE ESTIMATES OF VEHICLE STOPPING DISTANCES AND SPEED FROM SKIDMARKS PY - 1982 SP - 5 p. AB - This publication is part of the Advanced Accident Investigation series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. It is a brief and basic approach to the subject matter, designed to provide a method of estimating the speed of a vehicle from skidmarks and a method for calculating stopping distances. Those who seek more detailed information on this topic should consult additional resources including The Traffic Institute's Traffic Accident Investigation Manual and Estimating Time and Distance for Stopping Motor Vehicles, both authored by J. Stannard Baker. This publication presents a six-step method of estimating the speed of a vehicle from skidmarks and a nine-step method for calculating stopping distances. A nomograph and mathematical equations are integrated into the methods of computation. This has been designed and written to replace The Traffic Institute's publication, Charts and Tables for Stopping Distances of Motor Vehicles, which has now been discontinued. KW - Computing KW - Crash investigation KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nomographs KW - Skidding KW - Speed KW - Stopping distances KW - Tire imprint KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371084 AU - Baker, J S AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - ESTIMATING STOPPING DISTANCE AND TIME FOR MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1982 SP - 62 p. AB - This publication is part of the Advanced Accident Investigation Series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. It supplements the discussion of estimating vehicle speeds from braking skid marks contained in the 1975 revision of the Traffic Accident Investigation Manual. Whereas the latter emphasizes collection of facts on which interpretation can be based, the former considers implication of whatever facts are available. The contents are presented under these categories: the process of stopping; slowing; aids to calculation; rate of slowing; brake performance requirements; drag factor for skidding; interrupted slowing; skidmark observations; irregular braking; and irregular skidmarks. KW - Braking performance KW - Crash investigation KW - Estimating KW - Manuals KW - Skidding KW - Slowing KW - Stopping distances KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371085 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - TIRE EXAMINATION FOLLOWING ACCIDENT PY - 1982 SP - 13 p. AB - This publication is part of the Advanced Accident Investigation Series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. This current edition is a major revision of the 1977 publication on the topic. It contains a brief, yet comprehensive, analysis of tire disablement in the vehicle accident investigation framework. The author discusses at-scene and technical follow-up investigations, methods of recording tire investigation results, descriptions of tires and wheels as well as their abnormalities, applications of the discovered abnormalities, and opinions and inferences derived from the tire examination. KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - Manuals KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Physical condition KW - Tire disablement KW - Tires KW - Training KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371069 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - STATISTICS '81 OF ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN JAPAN PY - 1982 SP - 57 p. AB - This statistical report is divided into 7 main sections: (1) Road Traffic Situation 1946-1981; (2) Traffic Accidents: Trends; (3) Traffic Accidents and Casualties in 1981; (4) Control of Traffic Violations; (5) Traffic Regulations and Controls; (6) Driver's License; and (7) Reference Information. KW - Analysis KW - Crashes KW - Driver licenses KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Statistics KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic regulations KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371086 AU - Baker, J S AU - Lindquist, T AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - LAMP EXAMINATION FOR ON OR OFF IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1982 SP - 42 p. AB - This publication is part of the Advanced Accident Investigation Series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. This publication details the principles of a sound investigation to determine whether vehicle lamps were on or off at the time of an accident. A variety of circumstances are considered, including the effects of prior accidents, tampering and fires. The accident investigator is provided with detailed techniques for lamp examination and circuit testing to assist in his determination. Additionally, lamp handling and storing problems are considered to assure minimal post-accident interference and to comply with evidentiary requirements which may arise in criminal or civil trials. KW - Crash investigation KW - Evidence KW - Headlamps KW - Manuals KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371102 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - 1981 MOTOR VEHICLE STATISTICS PY - 1982 SP - 64 p. AB - MOTOR VEHICLE STATISTICS is a valuable reference for news media, legislators, researchers, law enforcement agencies, judicial personnel, insurance companies, businesses and persons involved in traffic safety activities. Part one compares the latest accident information to that of previous years. The second part is a detailed report of the 1981 accidents. Part three offers summaries of special accident studies and facts about driver licenses, vehicle and driver programs, registration, motorboats, and snowmobiles. The accident statistics sections are based, in part, on written reports from both motorists and police agencies. These reports are compiled in computer data such as the "Statewide" and "New York City" printouts presented in this issue. Similar computer charts are available for the categories "Urban", "Rural", "Pedestrians", "Motorcycles", "Mopeds", and "Bicycles" from the DMV Division of Research and Development. KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Motorcycles KW - New York (State) KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371164 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. APRIL 1, 1982-JUNE 30, 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 10 p. AB - Detailed information is presented on defect recall campaign conducted by domestic and foreign automobile, equipment, and tire manufacturers during the first quarter of 1982 and/or any future issues. Automobiles, Jeeps, trucks, motor homes, vans, buses, motorcycles, recreational vehicles, motor scooters and mopeds, T-bar roof glass panels, truck engines, safety helmets, auxiliary transmission units, jacks, slide-in campers, aluminum hubs, push-bar controllers, tires, and rims are included. KW - Defects KW - Equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recall campaigns KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370664 AU - GLOYNS, P F AU - RATTENBURY, S J AU - Hayes, HRM AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ACCIDENT AND LABORATORY STUDIES OF DRIVER INTERACTION WITH THE STEERING SYSTEM IN EUROPEAN CARS PY - 1982 SP - 44 p. AB - This paper seeks to provide a description of the crash environment in which a steering system has to function. The influence of FMVSS 203 on design is examined by analysing the field performances of two different groups of steering assemblies in accidents in which unrestrained drivers were either seriously or fatally injured. Improvements to both the method of test and the injury criterion are suggested as a result of this work. The frequency and nature of lap-shoulder belt restrained driver head or face contacts with the wheel is analysed. Again, the relationship between these findings and current regulations is examined. Finally the results of these two field studies are compared with those obtained by other workers. KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Human machine systems KW - Interaction KW - Laboratory studies KW - Man machine interaction KW - Manual safety belts KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370929 AU - International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences TI - JAPANESE GOVERNMENT WHITE PAPER ON TRANSPORTATION SAFETY '82. PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE PY - 1982 SP - 236 p. AB - This publication is the 12th annual report submitted to the Diet since the traffic safety countermeasures law was enacted in 1971. This comprehensive description of the traffic accident situation focuses primarily on 1981 studies of countermeasures instituted in 1981 and plans for traffic safety measures to be implemented in 1982. The first section of the book entitled the Traffic Accident Situation consists of 4 chapters: Road Traffic Accidents (general situation of accidents, trends in vehicle traffic, and analysis of traffic 1981 traffic accidents); Railway Accidents; Disasters at Sea; and Aviation Accidents. The second section, Traffic Safety Measures, consists of three parts. Part 1, Land Traffic Safety Measures, covers financial measures related to safety, the improvement of the road traffic environment, spreading safety concepts in the Community, safety in driving, vehicle safety, traffic control, improvement of first aid and emergency services, automobile accident compensation, and traffic safety science and technology, as well as rail traffic safety measures (operations, rolling stock, rescue systems, rail crossings and science and technology). Part 2 considers Marine Traffic Safety Measures, and Part 3 covers Policies on Aviation Traffic Safety. KW - Aviation KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Compensation KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Disasters KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Drivers KW - Employee compensation KW - First aid KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Improvements KW - Policy KW - Public relations KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic environment KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370940 AU - IEEE Industrial Electronics Society AU - IEEE Computer Society TI - AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSORS PY - 1982 SP - 135 p. AB - This publication contains the papers presented at the Workshop on Automotive Applications of Microprocessors, October 7-8, 1982. The purpose of the Workshop was to bring together researchers in this area to exchange information, ideas and observations; and to document representative technology in a single printed volume. The papers are divided into four sections as follows: (1) Tutorials; (2) Engine and drivetrain control; (3) Automotive accessories; and (4) Test, service and diagnostics. KW - Accessories KW - Automobile engines KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronic control KW - Instrument panels KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Power trains KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicle tests KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370943 AU - Sandberg, U AU - Stahl, P AU - BARRETT, T J AU - Mild, R AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MEASUREMENT STANDARDS FOR REGULATING MAXIMUM MOTORCYCLE NOISE EMISSION PY - 1982 SP - 96 p. AB - This report presents a comparison between three methods for measurement of motorcycle noise emission, namely ECE Regulation 41, ECE Regulation 51 and a method specified by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. All three methods specify a standard for measurement of noise both from vehicles in motion and stationary vehicles. The methods are compared by applying them for measurements on twelve motorcycles of different sizes. Two to three times more measurements than required by the standards were made. In addition, the complete tests for two motorcycles were repeated at six different occasions. This enabled an analysis of the errors inherent in each method; especially the random errors. Data on run-to-run variation in noise level, repeatability, correlation between the methods, motorcycle rankings by the methods and noise levels for the motorcycles are presented. There is a potential for improvements in some of the methods, and suggestions concerning this are given. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Measurement KW - Motorcycles KW - Regulations KW - Sound level KW - Sound level meters KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184339 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370947 JO - Michigan Papers in Japanese Studies PB - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor TI - INDUSTRY AT THE CROSSROADS PY - 1982 IS - 7 SP - 107 p. AB - Table of Contents: Preface, R.E. Cole; Introduction, H.T. Shapiro; Opening Statement, P.W. McCracken; New Directions in Auto Transportation Policy, M.G. Aron; The Legal Framework of International Trade: Problems and Prospects, R.E. Hudec; The Internationalization of the Auto Industry: A Japanese Perspective, H. Tamura; The Need for Local-Content Legislation, D.A. Fraser; Responses of Conference Panelists to Audience questions; Notes on a Trip to Japan: Concepts and Interpretations, W.J. Abernathy and K.B. Clark; Participative Work Practices in the Japanese Auto Industry: Some Neglected Considerations, Y. Fujita; The "Just-in-Time" System: Its Relevance for the U.S. Auto Industry, R.B. Stone; Learning from the Japanese?, R.E. Cole; and Responses of Conference Panelists to Audience Questions. KW - Automobile industry KW - Competition KW - Employee participation KW - Employers KW - International trade KW - Japan KW - Just in time production KW - Labor force KW - Labor unions KW - Management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370448 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SEAT BELT SCIENCE: ACTIVITIES FOR GENERAL SCIENCE PY - 1982 SP - 54 p. AB - In this packet, several lessons are presented that apply scientific principles to the use of seat belts in automobiles. A variety of activities are presented including the film "Dynamics of a Crash," laboratory exercises relating to the forces and times of automobile accidents, class discussion about the film and labs, and written work, either in class or as a homework assignment. KW - Automobiles KW - Film KW - Manual safety belts KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370476 AU - Japan Motor Industrial Federation, Incorporated TI - GUIDE TO THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 262 p. AB - This publication contains the following: characteristics and highlights of the history of the Japanese automobile industry; a list of automobile manufacturers with addresses and foreign affiliates; a general catalogue for 1982 showing representative models of passenger cars, commercial vehicles and motorcycles; a listing of specifications giving standard data for all vehicles manufactured by members of the Japan Motor Industrial Federation, Inc.; motor vehicle statistics of Japan (production, exports, registrations); and a directory of organizations and manufacturers. KW - Automobile industry KW - Catalogs KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Industries KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370477 AU - Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Incorporated TI - MOTOR VEHICLE STATISTICS OF JAPAN 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 34 p. AB - This publication gives statistics for the following: motor vehicles in use; new registrations; production; imports; exports; and motorcycles and motor scooters. KW - Exports KW - Foreign KW - Imports KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Production KW - Registrations KW - Scooters KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370681 AU - Motorcycle Industry Council, Incorporated TI - 1982 MOTORCYCLE STATISTICAL ANNUAL PY - 1982 SP - 46 p. AB - This annual report contains statistical data and trends within the motorcycle industry. It is divided in five parts: (1) The Motorcycle Market; (2) Manufacturers and Distributors; (3) The Retail Market place; (4) Motorcycle Usage; and (5) The Motorcycle Owner. KW - Distributors KW - Imports KW - Industries KW - Markets KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Registrations KW - Retail trade KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370669 JO - Accident Reporter PB - Highway Safety Research Center AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - CAN INCENTIVES RAISE BELT USAGE? PY - 1982 SP - 2 p. AB - This article discusses one of the newest and most promising ways of increasing seat belt usage, which is through an incentive program. It is pointed out that a successful incentive program relies principally on rewarding desired behavior. This reinforcement has to be fairly certain and relevant. The magnitude of the reward is not as important as the probability of receiving it and its relevance. An incentive program conducted in Chapel Hill by the University of North Carolina's Highway Safety Research Center was successful in raising belt use rate from about 20 percent to about 80 percent. This particular incentive program is described in a story which accompanies this article. In conclusion, it is stated that it is quite possible to administer an incentive program in the work place. KW - Incentives KW - Manual safety belts KW - Programs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370811 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A GUIDE TO REPORTING HIGHWAY STATISTICS PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - This Guide was first issued in 1979 to organize into one volume the instructions for 16 separate reporting forms and other related data needs that had been issued over a period of several years. This complete reissuance of the Guide reflects a concerted effort by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to reduce the burden of reporting highway statistics. This 1982 version of the Guide includes all modifications to instructions issued since 1979 and eliminates a number of forms. It also reflects a number of modifications to ease the reporting burden that were suggested by the States in FHWA's and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' solicitation of comments in November 1981 and January 1982. This guide has two objectives: (1) It will serve as a reference to the reporting system that the Federal Highway Administration desires the States to use in submitting State and local highway statistical data to the Washington office; and (2) It should foster a working understanding of the unified concept behind the national reporting system for highway statistics and of the interrelations among different reporting areas. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway statistics KW - Highways KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Statistics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17300/17373/PB2001101154.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7100/7182/ghwystat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370820 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - HLDI INJURY AND COLLISION LOSS EXPERIENCE PY - 1982 SP - n.p. AB - The table on the inside of this publication summarizes the injury and collision loss experience of 1979-1981 passenger cars. The cars are grouped according to four body styles--station wagons, four-door models, two-door models, and sports and specialty models. Within these groups, cars are listed according to size--small, medium, and large (see Definitions). Most popular car models are listed, but some others are not reported because there are relatively few of them on U.S. highways and, hence, insufficient insurance coverage, or "exposure" data to obtain reliable results. Only cars with 1981 models are included, and in all instances where the results are based on cars grouped across model years their basic designs have remained unchanged for those years. Injury losses are presented in terms of frequencies of insurance claims filed for 1979-1981 model cars under Personal Injury Protection (PIP) coverage. Collision losses are presented in terms of average loss payments per insured vehicle year for 1980 and 1981 models. All losses are stated in relative terms - with 100 representing the result for all cars in each loss category (overall injury, severe injury, and collision). Cars are listed within each body style and size group in ascending sequence of their overall injury claim frequency result. The results are adjusted, or "standardized," to eliminate possible distortions due to two non-vehicle factors, operator age group (injury and collision results) and deductible amount (collision results only). KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370269 AU - LILLIS, R P AU - Williams, T P AU - Chupka, J Q AU - Williford, W R AU - Bureau of Alcohol and Highway Safety TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN RAISING THE MINIMUM LEGAL AGE FOR PURCHASE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES TO NINETEEN IN NEW YORK STATE PY - 1982 SP - 16 p. AB - Research on the involvement of young drivers in alcohol related highway crashes has produced the following findings: (1) Eighteen year old drivers have the highest rate of alcohol crashes of any age group; (2) While less than two percent of licensed drivers are 18 years old they are involved in over seven percent of alcohol related crashes, and nine percent of alcohol related fatal crashes; (3) Alcohol related crashes result in over 25% of all 18 year old deaths in New York State outside of New York City; (4) Eighteen year old drinking drivers will cost New York State over 90 million dollars in medical costs, insurance costs, emergency services, lost income and property damage resulting from alcohol related crashes in 1982; and (5) The difference in purchase age between New York and Pennsylvania attracts young Pennsylvania drivers to cross the border to drink. These young Pennsylvania drivers are involved in one out of ten alcohol related crashes in the 10 New York border counties. These statistics indicate a need for implementation of policies and programs which will result in immediate reduction of the young drinking driver problem. The policy which has received a great deal of attention nationally and in New York State is raising the legal minimum purchase age for alcoholic beverages. KW - Accident costs KW - Adolescents KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Legal drinking age KW - New York (State) KW - Pennsylvania KW - Policy KW - State government KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183796 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00370802 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY ACCIDENTS, PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIOR, AND BICYCLE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION SN - 0309033500 PY - 1982 IS - 847 SP - 108p AB - This Record contains 9 papers related to the analysis of highway accidents, including accidents on bridge approaches, ran-off-roadway fatal accidents, and railroad-highway grade crossing accidents, as well as other highway safety studies, including truck safety, accident exposure, and road markings as an alcohol countermeasure; 5 papers related to pedestrian behavior, including studies of pedestrian flows, portable intersection for travel training of mentally handicapped children, and pedestrian signals' effect on pedestrian accidents and safety; and 3 papers related to bicycle traffic. U1 - 61st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19820118 EndDate:19820122 KW - Bikeways KW - Bridge approaches KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash exposure KW - Cyclists KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian flow KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Road markings KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic marking KW - Trucks UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1982/847/847.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187910 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370455 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - DeFoe, J R AU - Breed, W AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - THE PROBLEM OF ALCOHOL ADVERTISEMENTS IN COLLEGE NEWSPAPERS PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 17-22 AB - A survey of 32 college newspapers found that alcohol dominates national advertising in these papers. Eleven of the 32 papers had more than two-thirds of their national advertising devoted to alcoholic beverages. First place for total space given to alcohol ads was won by Georgia State College in Altanta, with an average of 154 column inches per issue. This paper presents a discussion of these survey results, along with a closer look at the types of ads and messages which they convey. It is concluded that what the alcohol ads seem to promote is the temptation to chuck the hard work of study and intellection for the indignity of escape. The proposed method of dealing with the problem of alcohol ads is campus discussion. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Data collection KW - Newspapers KW - Surveys KW - Universities and colleges KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187712 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369646 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Hingson, R AU - Heeren, T AU - Mangione, T AU - Morelock, S AU - Mucatel, M AU - National Safety Council TI - TEENAGE DRIVING AFTER USING MARIJUANA OR DRINKING AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT PY - 1982 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - p. 33-37 AB - Anonymous random digit dialing telephone surveys of nearly 6000 16-19 year old respondents were conducted in Massachusetts and Upstate New York in 1979-1981. These surveys explored frequency of driving after using marijuana, driving after drinking, respondent accident involvement in the year prior to the interview, and a variety of other respondent characteristics. Frequency of driving after using marijuana and after drinking were each associated with greater accident involvement. To isolate the accident risk of driving after marijuana use, respondents who drove after drinking were excluded from a logistic regression analysis. This analysis also controlled for the distance respondents drove and several respondent demographic characteristics. Compared to respondents who did not drive after marijuana use, teenagers who drove after smoking marijuana on at least 6 occasions per month were 2.4 times likely to be involved in traffic accidents. Those who drove after marijuana use on at least 15 occasions per month were 2.9 times more likely to have an accident. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Marijuana KW - Regression analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369619 AU - National Safety Council TI - FLEET ACCIDENT RATES 1982 EDITION PY - 1982 SP - 35 p. AB - This booklet includes the individual and summarized experience of motor vehicle fleets participating in the National Fleet Safety Contest during the period January 1, 1981 to December 31, 1981. Some 1,303 fleets operating 274,217 vehicles reported their experience. These vehicles traveled about 6.5 billion miles, and experienced 53,256 accidents. The reader is cautioned that the accident rates shown for the different types of motor vehicle operations reflect the average experience of the reporting companies, but it is not known to what extent they represent the experience of all fleets in the nation. KW - Crash rates KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370223 AU - FORSTEN, L AU - KOIVUROVA, M AU - Central Organization for Traffic Safety, Finland TI - BICYCLE USE AND CONDITION AND CYCLISTS' ATTITUDES TO REFLECTOR ARMS AND REAR LIGHTS PY - 1982 SP - 31 p. AB - The study was carried out to survey the condition of bicycle frames and fittings, as well as the popularity of equipment designed to increase the conspicuousness of bicycles. The investigation took place on bicycle tracks, on highways and in the streets. Cyclists passing the inspection site were stopped, their bicycles were inspected and the cyclists were interviewed about the importance of some optional safety devices. The use of headlights and reflector arms was also noted. KW - Attitudes KW - Bicycles KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Equipment KW - Headlamps KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Safety equipment KW - Surveys KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183745 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369640 JO - National Safety News PB - National Safety Council AU - National Safety Council TI - 28 WAYS TO SEE BETTER DRIVING AT NIGHT AND IN BAD WEATHER PY - 1982 VL - 41 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-21 AB - Twenty eight tips are offered to drivers for seeing the road better at night and in bad weather. These tips relate to such factors as mirrors, windshields, headlights, eyesight, contrasting light conditions, smoking, drinking, oncoming vehicles in rural areas, and glare from headlights. Special tips are also offered for seeing better in fog and rain. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Fog KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Highway safety KW - Mirrors KW - Night visibility KW - Rainfall KW - Rural highways KW - Smoking KW - Vision KW - Windshields KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187187 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369746 JO - NATB Journal PB - National Automobile Theft Bureau AU - Daley, R M AU - National Automobile Theft Bureau TI - LAW ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS AGAINST VEHICLE THEFTS PY - 1982 SP - p. 2-4 AB - The extent of the auto theft problem and the handling of such cases by law enforcement agencies in Cook County, Illinois are described, and suggestions are made for the prosecution of car thieves. In 1980 over 43,000 motor vehicles were stolen and over $26 million was paid for auto theft claims. Most county police departments handle these cases like any other theft. The large agencies have specialized units to pursue theft rings and organized chop-shop activities. Cases involving juveniles are prosecuted differently from those involving adults. Five ways in which local, state and federal agencies can combat the problem are briefly discussed. These suggestions include the following: (1) better education and training; (2) renewing the commitment to attack the auto theft problem; (3) improved cooperation among different agencies in the area; (4) restructuring procedures for handling cases within the court system; and (5) by legislative reforms. KW - Automobiles KW - Courts KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187234 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369644 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Peltoniemi, T AU - National Safety Council TI - GENERAL AND PUBLIC OPINION ABOUT THE GENERAL SPEED LIMITS IN FINLAND IN 1973-1974 PY - 1982 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-24 AB - This article analyzes the general opinion (of the population) and the public opinion (of the press) about the general speed limits in Finland during the speed limit experiment of 1973-1976, as well as background and changes of opinions. The results showed: (1) The public opinion on speed limits has been more negative than the general opinion. (2) Negative attitudes toward speed limits are connected to at least three side issues--right-wing ideology, motoring as sport, and speed limits as a threat to one's own traffic behavior. (3) The significant decrease in traffic accidents during the speed limit experiment acted as a pressure of facts that rapidly increased the number of supporters of speed limits. (4) Comparison with other studies showed no great differences in support of speed limits among the countries of Europe. In West Germany, however, the public opinion about speed limits was more negative than in Finland. KW - Attitudes KW - Finland KW - Public opinion KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187191 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369645 JO - Journal of Safety Research PB - Elsevier AU - Drory, A AU - Shinar, D AU - National Safety Council TI - THE EFFECTS OF ROADWAY ENVIRONMENT AND FATIGUE ON SIGN PERCEPTION PY - 1982 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-32 AB - Drivers were stopped 200 m (656 ft) after passing a warning sign and tested for their recall and recognition of the sign. An average of 5 to 10% of drivers registered the sign under various conditions, but these results were independent of specific sign content or roadway environment. Both objective and subjective measures of fatigue were related to the probability of seeing a sign on a straight and level road but not on a hilly and winding road. It was concluded that under normal daylight conditions warning signs are either redundant (contain information directly available) or irrelevant to the driver's perceived needs and the driving task. Before ruling out their usefulness, warning signs should be evaluated under conditions of degraded visibility. KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Perception KW - Recall campaigns KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187192 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00370202 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY, INFORMATION NEEDS OF HIGHWAY USERS, AND PROMOTION OF SAFETY BELT USAGE SN - 0309033225 PY - 1982 IS - 844 SP - 77p AB - This Record contains fourteen papers which deal with specific areas of interest within the following subject areas: vehicle characteristics, human factors, and highway transportation safety. Each paper is entered separately in the on-line TRIS file (see TRIS 367442 through TRIS 367455). U1 - 61st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research BoardWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19820118 EndDate:19820122 KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Electric vehicles KW - Guide signs KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Information systems KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vans KW - Variable message signs KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187545 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369347 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - STEWART, M AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - MOTHERS AGAINST DRUNK DRIVERS--IN PENNSYLVANIA PY - 1982 VL - L1 IS - 3 SP - p. 12-13 AB - The establishment of Task Forces to find solutions to the problem of drunk drivers in California and Pennsylvania is described. The major emphasis of the work of the group in Pennsylvania has been on legislation. The group recognized the need for an illegal per se law, and the need for minimum sentencing to insure enforcement of the law. Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD), which has been active in the establishment of these task forces, is a voluntary organization composed of victims and concerned citizens. It's goals are to raise public awareness to the problem of drunk driving, help the victims family through the adjudication process, and to effect changes in the law. MADD is seeking laws to deter people from committing the crime and stronger enforcement of the law. MADD encourages price departments to treat drunk driving as a serious offense. KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Mothers Against Drunk Driving KW - Per se laws KW - Safety KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368937 AU - Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg TI - PUTTING THE BRAKES ON DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1982 SP - 13 p. AB - This paper briefly explains and discusses the following: (1) The Alliance for Traffic Safety; (2) Steps needed beyond legislation; and (3) From a researcher's viewpoint, effective and ineffective programs to handle the drunk driving problem. It is concluded that the best approach to reducing impaired driving is a local program containing the following elements: (1) Identify the alcohol crash risk; (2) Select risk management strategies and tactics and allocate resources; (3) Implement risk management actions; and (4) Evaluate outcomes in terms of risk reduction. KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Programs KW - Risk assessment KW - Risk management KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369352 AU - Kansas Department of Transportation TI - SCHOOL BUS LOADING AND UNLOADING SURVEY. CALENDAR YEAR 1980. SCHOOL YEAR 80-81 PY - 1982 SP - 21 p. AB - This survey includes only school pupils killed in the loading and unloading areas of school buses that were reported to state agencies. The fatalities included are those that occur when the pupil was going from or to school to board or alight from the school bus either in loading and unloading areas or in their vicinity, or crossing the road, street or highway to or from school to board or alight from the school bus during the school year 1980-1981. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash types KW - Fatalities KW - Loading and unloading KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Truck loading facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368926 AU - International Organization for Standardization TI - ISO STANDARDS HANDBOOK 11 VOLUME 1 (ISO 303-ISO 3996): ROAD VEHICLES PY - 1982 SP - 508 p. AB - This handbook is the first of two volumes containing the significant tests of 172 ISO International Standards prepared by the following ISO technical committees: ISO/TC 22: Road vehicles (153 standards); ISO/TC 31: Tyres, rims and valves (14 standards); ISO/TC 41: Pulleys and belts (including Veebelts) (2 standards); and ISO/TC 43: Acoustics (3 standards). KW - Acoustics KW - Belt drives KW - Definitions KW - International KW - International standards KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369362 AU - Transport Canada TI - ROAD SAFETY ANNUAL REPORT 1981 PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - This eleventh annual report covers the period April 1, 1980 to March 31, 1981. It outlines the ever-changing role of the Road and Motor Vehicle Traffic Safety Branch of the Department of Transport and details its programs for the improvement of motor vehicle safety in Canada. The report contains the following sections: Director's report; Programming and administration; Countermeasures development; Motor vehicle regulations; Motor vehicle investigations; and The Motor Vehicle Test Centre. KW - Administration KW - Countermeasures KW - Improvements KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programs KW - Test facilities KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368942 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - STATISTIC PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 19-22 AB - The details are described of a possible accident situation that even a careful, well-trained driver, driving at night on a familiar road could be faced with. It emphasizes the possibility of unexpected situations and the need for constant vigilance. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368945 AU - National Safety Council TI - HOW TO DRIVE AFTER DARK. THE FACTS ON SAFE DRIVING AT NIGHT PY - 1982 SP - 12 p. AB - This brochure provides some basic facts on safe driving at night and some techniques to use for getting and keeping both car and driver ready for safer night driving. KW - Automobiles KW - Brochures KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Night KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369356 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - THE YEAR'S WORK 1981-1982 PY - 1982 SP - 33 p. AB - This report states the Institute's objectives, and describes its major activities during 1981-1982: research on teenage drivers, alcohol-impaired drivers, facial injuries, automobile steering columns, cyclists, small cars, domestic versus Japanese cars, belt use and car size, bumpers, and new technology. The report also includes a statement on the objectives of the Highway Loss Data Institute and highlights of its major reports compiled during the same period. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Compact automobiles KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Injuries KW - Occupant restraint KW - Policy making KW - Restraint systems KW - Small car KW - Steering columns KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368927 AU - International Organization for Standardization TI - ISO STANDARDS HANDBOOK 11 VOLUME 2 (ISO 4000/1-ISO 7375/1): ROAD VEHICLES PY - 1982 SP - 506 p. AB - This handbook is the second of two volumes containing the significant tests of 172 ISO International Standards prepared by the following ISO technical committees: ISO/TC 22: Road vehicles (153 standards); ISO/TC 31: Tyres, rims and valves (14 standards); ISO/TC 41: Pulleys and belts (including Veebelts) (2 standards); and ISO/TC 43: Acoustics (3 standards). KW - Acoustics KW - Belt drives KW - Definitions KW - International KW - International standards KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368950 AU - Laurell, H AU - Toernros, J AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - HANG-OVER EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON DRIVER PERFORMANCE PY - 1982 SP - 30 p. AB - The aim was to study hang-over effects of alcohol on driver performance when all alcohol has been metabolized. The driving task was an avoidance maneuvre putting high demands on attention, reaction time, precision and coordination. Each of the 22 subjects participated in an arranged drinking party. The day after when their BAC was down to zero the first hang-over driving tests were carried out. Three hours later the same tests were repeated. It was found that driving performance was impaired in both hang-over conditions when compared to the subjects' normal performance. The subjects acted as their own controls in rotated order of conditions. No relationship was found between impairment and subjective well-being in the hang-over condition. When the subjects were awakened they were asked to estimate their BAC and time needed to become completely sober. Some gross under- as well as overestimations were made. KW - Alcohol effects KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Hangover KW - Impaired drivers KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368952 AU - Ohio State Department of Highway Safety TI - THE GOVERNOR'S STUDY GROUP ON ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED DRIVING IN OHIO PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - The Governor's Study Group on Alcohol Impaired Driving identified a number of complex sub-issues which contribute to the current drinking-and-driving crisis in Ohio. Among those issues are: a lack of factual knowledge by most drivers about how much alcohol they can consume before reaching a potentially dangerous BAC of 0.05 percent or an illegal BAC of 0.10 percent; widespread ignorance about how and why alcohol impairs driving ability, predictably accompanied by a widespread belief that any amount of drinking that leaves the subject able to walk is "safe" for driving; a generally permissive attitude in our society toward people who drive after drinking, predicated on an identification with the DWI violator by perhaps five million Ohioans who drive and who also drink--at least occasionally doing both on the same evening; overcrowded court dockets, a shortage of jail cells and understaffed prosecutors' offices pressured to meet "speedy trial" requirements; inconsistent emphasis on and support for aggressive DWI enforcement by local police agency management; illogical legal restrictions on some arrest and testing procedures and an absence of clear statutory language affirming the admissibility of key evidence in DWI cases; inefficient administrative procedures for suspending licenses and hearing appeals; and finally a set of DWI statutes and penalty provisions which fail to adequately differentiate between "social drinkers" who will respond to one set of sanctions, and problem drinkers and scofflaw repeat violators who must be dealt with in no uncertain terms to protect the public safety. The Study Group Recommendations which are detailed in Section A of this Report, and discussed in Section B and the Subcommittee Reports which follow, are designed to outline a Comprehensive Program of action to deal with these issues. KW - Driver impairment KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Laws KW - Legal factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186229 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368941 JO - On the Road PB - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association AU - Southern Africa Commercial Travellers Association TI - DON'T LET IT HAPPEN TO YOU! PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 12-13 AB - This short article reminds us that driving too close to the vehicle in front is a contributory cause in a significant number of road accidents. The safe rule is - never get closer than the average stopping distance - remember the "two-second rule": as the vehicle ahead passes a fixed point (a bridge for example) start saying slowly to yourself "one thousand and one, one thousand and two" - if you reach the fixed point before you've finished counting, you are too close. This rule holds good for all speeds but on icy or even wet roads, the gap should be doubled. The article warns us also about the "junction-jutter" the driver who, when wishing to join a main road from a side road allows the front of his car to jut out three to four feet into the main road - the object being to frighten the driver on the main road into either slowing down or stopping, thereby giving him immediate entry into the main road stream of traffic. KW - Behavior KW - Crash causes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Human characteristics KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186699 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368956 JO - Family Safety PB - National Safety Council AU - Golden, S AU - National Safety Council TI - CAN WE GET DRUNK DRIVERS OFF THE ROAD? PY - 1982 SP - 5 p. AB - Drunk driving has become the most often committed violent crime in America today. This article reviews some of the tragic results of drunk driving, and what programs need to be set up to attack the problem. It discusses also the establishment of the Presidential Commission on Drunk Driving, of Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) and includes a checklist of steps to be taken to afford maximum protection to one's family. KW - Courts KW - Dams KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal government KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Public opinion KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368775 AU - Ross, H L AU - Lexington Books TI - DETERRING THE DRINKING DRIVER PY - 1982 SP - 129 p. AB - This book explores both practical and theoretical questions. The practical, policy-oriented question concerns the extent to which law, acting as a deterrent, is effective in ameliorating the social problem of drivers impaired by alcohol (hereafter referred to as drinking and driving). The broader, theoretical question concerns the capabilities and limitations of law as an aspect of social control. These two questions are addressed through a review of deterrence-oriented legal innovations aimed at reducing drinking and driving. KW - Alcohol use KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal action KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368789 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BIBLIOGRAPHY: EFFECTIVENESS (IMPACT) EVALUATION REPORTS AND OTHER REPORTS RECEIVED FROM SEPTEMBER 1980 THRU APRIL 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 62 p. AB - This bibliography contains references to effectiveness (impact) evaluation reports and other reports on highway safety. The reports are listed by State in alphabetical order, followed by Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, foreign reports, and miscellaneous reports. There are 233 references. KW - Bibliographies KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reports KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182642 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367914 JO - Addictive Behaviors PB - Elsevier AU - Rimm, D C AU - Sininger, R A AU - Faherty, J D AU - Whitley, M D AU - Perl, M B AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A BALANCED PLACEBO INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL VS. ALCOHOL EXPECTANCY ON SIMULATED DRIVING BEHAVIOR PY - 1982 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - p. 27-32 AB - The present investigation employed a balanced placebo design to examine the effects of alcohol versus the belief that one has consumed alcohol, i.e., alcohol expectancy, on error production while operating a driving simulator. The male subjects employed were social drinkers, having no history of alcohol abuse. The alcoholic beverage consisted of vodka and tonic in the ratio of 1:5, resulting in a mean blood alcohol level of .064%. The placebo beverage consisted of water and tonic, also in the ratio 1:5. Principal findings were that alcohol ingestion had a debilitating effect on certain measures of driving behavior (operation of brakes, steering), whereas the belief that one had consumed alcohol had no discernable effects. The results are discussed in relation to other findings using the balanced placebo design. It was concluded that reckless driving under the influence of alcohol, is at least partly a result of the pharmological effects of ethanol. KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Drug effects KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pharmacologic effect KW - Placebos UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182056 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367956 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - ALCOHOL PROBLEMS AROUND THE WORLD PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 15-22 AB - This article describes alcohol consumption at the Radio Free Europe facility in Munich, Germany, and cites the problem of alcohol and drug abuse in the U.S. Armed Forces. It notes a reduction in France's wine consumption and presents per capita alcohol consumption ratings in various selected countries, including the U.S. A United Nations tabulation of percentages of personal income spent on food and alcoholic beverages in 42 countries is included. No per capita incomes are indicated for comparison purposes. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Consumption rates KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Military KW - Military organizations KW - Per capita consumption/alcohol/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367912 AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - WISCONSIN ACCIDENT FACTS 1981 PY - 1982 SP - 32 p. AB - Table of Contents: Facts and Figures; Economic Loss; Reporting Agency; 10 Year Summaries; Accidents by Highway Class-Rural; Accidents by Month; Fatal Accidents by Month; Types of Motor Vehicle Accidents; Blood Alcohol Content of Driver Fatalities; Accidents by Highway System and County; Accidents by County and Severity; Holiday Fatal Accidents and Fatal Accidents by Month; Environmental Conditions; Types of Motor Vehicles; Time of Occurrence; Age of Drivers; All Drinking Drivers and Pedestrians; Drinking Drivers and Pedestrians (Ability Impaired); Possible Contributing Circumstances; Motorcycle Accidents; Motorcycle Graph; Person Killed and Injured by Age and Type of Accident; Pedestrians Killed and Injured; Persons Killed and Injured by Age-Type of Person and Sex; Economic Loss by Severity-Urban by Population; and Graph on Speed Citations and Possible Contributing Circumstances of Speed. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic impacts KW - Environment KW - Environmental data KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Information organization KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178815 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367982 JO - Business and Society PB - Roosevelt University AU - Kelley, B AU - Roosevelt University TI - HOW TO MAKE DRIVING SAFER PY - 1982 IS - 41 SP - p. 22-28 AB - This article, written by the senior vice-president of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, discusses various accident reduction measures, including the 55 mph speed limit, drunk driving enforcement problems, driver education, motorcycle helmet use, safety belt and child restraint use, and motor vehicle safety design, including automatic crash restraints, rear crash avoidance equipment, improved windshield design, dashboard protrusion elimination, and improved bumper design. Roadway design and roadway safety up-grading plans are also addressed. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crashworthiness KW - Driver education KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Runoff KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182091 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367954 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - ALCOHOL USE IN TOP-RATED TELEVISION PROGRAMS PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 2-6 AB - This article is based on a study by Dr Bradley S. Greenberg, Professor of Communication and Telecommunication, Michigan State University. This study, which is an update of a previous study, indicates that in the 1980 top-ten prime time fictional series and the two top-rated soap operas, the incidence of scenes depicting tobacco usage and drug consumption is minuscule. On the other hand, the incidents per hour per show of alcohol consumption, inducements to consume, and laudatory remarks about the consumption of alcohol, were conspicuously present in all the shows. The research has not yet been taken to the point of examining whether these portrayals affect TV users. However, the author concludes it is clear that there is a sufficient number of incidents, typically presented in very positive social circumstances, to posit potential impact to the viewers. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impacts KW - Psychological aspects KW - Television UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368366 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST OF OWNING AND OPERATING AUTOMOBILES AND VANS 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 20 p. AB - This report updates "The Cost of Owning and Operating Automobiles and Vans--1979." It traces selected vehicles in personal use and their costs through a 12-year lifetime of 120,000 miles using mid-1981 data. The basic methodology is similar to that used in the earlier study with a few exceptions. The weight classes reflect the trend toward down-sizing in all size cars. Large, mid-size, compact and subcompact American cars have been studied. The vehicles, repair and maintenance operations, replacement items, insurance, fuel and oil consumption, taxes, and other costs included in the study and the values of the factors used to compute these costs are tabulated. Comparisons are made of the costs incurred by each automobile size class and one passenger van. This shows the costs in relation to the highway user taxes. The areas covered here include vehicle life and types of costs. Ownership costs include depreciation, insurance, registration or titling and sales taxes, scheduled maintenance, accessory costs, and finance charges. Operating costs include unscheduled repairs, gasoline, oil, tires, parking, tolls, and taxes. Adjustment of costs to other localities, applications for the study data, and opportunities for cost savings are also discussed. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Compact automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway user taxation KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Mid-size cars KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Service life KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367957 AU - Haddon, W AU - BLUMENTHAL, M AU - Heath (DC) and Company TI - FOREWORD TO DETERRING THE DRINKING DRIVER: LEGAL POLICY AND SOCIAL CONTROL PY - 1982 SP - 10 p. AB - This Foreword presents an overview of the material covered in the book. It is stated that the book presents and examines the best research and data now available on the extent to which various control programs have succeeded in reducing crashes in which alcohol has played a role. Evidence is considered from the U.S. and also from other countries in which competent research workers have dealt with this issue, and suggestions are made for the direction of future research. KW - Data KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal factors KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Social factors KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367936 AU - Asmussen, E AU - Kranenburg, A AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRAFFIC SAFETY PHENOMENON PY - 1982 SP - p. 1-26 AB - Stating that traffic unsafety is a combination of the critical coincidence of circumstances in the traffic of incidents (near-accidents) and accidents with unwanted (permanent) consequences, such as fatalities, injured and disabled persons and material damage, this publication presents an analysis of the traffic safety phenomenon. The discussion is presented within the following general topics: the model of the accident process; relationship between research and policy making concerning road traffic systems; control of the transport and traffic systems; decision and learning strategies of man; measures against unsafety; example of a set of output indicators; and coherent traffic safety policy. KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - High risk drivers KW - Human factors KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Near midair crashes KW - Near miss collisions (Ground transportation) KW - Policy KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179261 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367955 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - Plymat, W N AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - A PLAN FOR DEALING WITH DRUNK DRIVERS PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 7-14 AB - This article represents the author's testimony, given at a congressional hearing called to solicit ideas on how the courts can deal more effectively with drunk drivers. It goes beyond courtroom solutions to examine the whole spectrum of the drinking driver problem. It suggests different treatments for problem drinkers and reckless social drinkers, proposes the universal enactment of per se laws, and recommends mandatory two-day jail sentences. Other topics discussed include: monitoring court actions, money for enforcement actions, monitoring bars, closing bars at an earlier hour, media response to the problem, warnings on dangers of moderate drinking and driving, educational needs, needs for label warnings, and reduction of alcohol advertising. KW - Advertising KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Mandatory sentencing KW - Prosecution KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182069 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367994 JO - Bottom Line on Alcohol in Society PB - American Business Men's Research Foundation AU - DeFoe, J R AU - Breed, W AU - American Business Men's Research Foundation TI - THE PROBLEM OF ALCOHOL ADVERTISEMENTS IN COLLEGE NEWSPAPERS PY - 1982 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 17-22 AB - This article reports findings from a research study funded by a grant from the National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The study evaluated a sampling of 32 college newspapers selected at random from a list of the nation's 400 largest campuses. The Column Inch per Issue advertisements for books, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks were compared. The anti-education theme of the alcoholic beverage ads is described at length. While the exact influence of such ads has not yet been determined, the article cites other research that concludes that some 180,000 college students were arrested for driving while-under-the influence last year alone. The article indicates that alcohol ads in campus papers--both as to quality and quantity--contribute virtually nothing to the basic purposes of education. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholism KW - College students KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Newspapers KW - Psychological aspects KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367675 AU - Moore, R L AU - Sedgley, I P AU - SABEY, B E AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - AGES OF CAR DRIVERS INVOLVED IN ACCIDENTS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO JUNCTIONS PY - 1982 SP - 30 p. AB - Concern about the problems facing elderly drivers in certain kinds of accident situation at junctions has prompted an investigation into ages of drivers involved in accidents with special reference to junctions. To put the problem in perspective a general analysis relating age and accident rate, based on the National Accident Statistics and the latest National Travel Surveys, has been carried out. This was followed by more detailed analysis of particular situations: urban and rural roads at and away from junctions, different kinds of manoeuvre at junctions, disobeying junction control, and others. Overall, the accident rate per km driven for elderly drivers (65 + years) is just below average, while the peak rate (for the 17-19 year age group) is more than three times average. It is confirmed that elderly drivers have a higher than average risk of accident involvement for right turning movements at junctions, and at rural junctions generally. For some other kinds of accident, such as certain types of single-vehicle accident, elderly drivers have a lower than average risk of involvement. The youngest drivers have a higher than average risk of involvement in all kinds of accidents studied. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Intersections KW - Right turns KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural areas KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367652 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FLUID CONDUCTORS AND CONNECTORS PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - Advisory standards and recommended practices for automotive tubings and fittings. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Fittings KW - Fluid conductors KW - Fluid connectors KW - Hoses KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179376 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367637 JO - Unfall und Sicherheitsforschung Strassenverkehr PB - Federal Institute of Road Research, Germany AU - Federal Institute of Road Research, Germany TI - JOINT BIOMECHANICAL RESEARCH PROJECT KOB T2 - FORSCHUNGSVERBUND BIOMECHANIK PY - 1982 IS - 34 SP - 140 p. AB - Seven institutions participated in the Joint Biomechanical Research Project to study the biomechanical aspects involved in the evaluation of passenger car safety. In order to obtain an insight into the mechanisms leading to injuries in road accidents, 16 selected accidents were reconstructed under controlled conditions. The study focused on frontal and side collisions of two vehicles and car-pedestrian collisions. Car occupants were simulated by dummies and cadavers and loads and movements measured on these subjects in 133 tests. The report comprises an extensive comparison between real accidents and the experiments. The reproducibility of the test results is being checked at different laboratories. The dummies available turned out to be of limited use, at least as far as the reconstruction of side collisions and pedestrian accidents is concerned. For the protection criteria used in the car tests, modified values have been suggested in some cases. The study confirmed once more the usefulness of safety belts. A number of objectives for future research projects are outlined. KW - Automobiles KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367651 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LIGHTING EQUIPMENT AND PHOTOMETRIC TESTS PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - Advisory standards and recommended practices for motor vehicle lighting, including motorcycles, agricultural machinery, construction and industrial machinery, snowmobiles, seven conductor electrical connector for truck trailer jumper cable, seven conductor jacketed cable for truck trailer connections and low tension primary cable. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Automobiles KW - Construction equipment KW - Lighting equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Photometry KW - Snowmobiles KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367653 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IRON AND STEEL PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - Advisory standards and recommended practices for ferrous metals. Contents: Numbering system, chemical compositions, general data on steel, methods of testing steel, steel fasteners, spring wire and springs, ferrous castings, tool and die steels, ferrous materials, and ferrous and nonferrous--general. KW - Chemical composition KW - Ferrous materials KW - Iron KW - Iron compounds KW - Nonferrous metals KW - Specifications KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Standards KW - Steel KW - Test procedures KW - Wire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367270 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER AND PEDESTRIAN SAFETY TECHNOLOGY PY - 1982 SP - 15 p. AB - This report lists and briefly describes the publications, reports, and other technical materials that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) released during Fiscal Years 1980 and 1981 to highway safety-related State and community agencies and support organizations. These Materials were developed as part of NHTSA's program to advance the highway safety state-of-the-art through technical assistance to action agencies. While a small number of the reports deal with advancements yet to be completed, the vast majority present information that can be used by State and local agencies to improve the effectiveness of their accident and injury-severity reduction efforts. The variety of technical programs and the broad spectrum of topics in each program confirm the thesis that lasting safety accomplishments will be attained only through systematic improvements in all programs where deficiencies are identified. KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Information dissemination KW - Safety KW - Technology KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178350 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366991 JO - Alcohol Health and Research World PB - US National Inst on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism TI - LEGAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE CHANGES IN THE UNITED STATES: 1970-1981 PY - 1982 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - p. 21-26 AB - This report presents the results of an investigation to obtain accurate information on drinking age changes directly from each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia regarding (1) which States have changed their minimum drinking age, (2) when the legal changes were implemented, and (3) the age groups and types of alcoholic beverages affected by the changes. The accuracy of such information is viewed as important for making reasonable and informal decisions on important public policy issues. KW - Accuracy KW - Change KW - Decision making KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Public policy KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181445 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366974 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Morris, R L AU - Borchets, R H AU - Warlick, M V AU - Hopkins, H G AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - SPARK IGNITION ENGINE MODEL BUILDING--AN IDENTIFICATION APPROACH TO THROTTLE-TORQUE RESPONSE PY - 1982 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 48-60 AB - A rapidly obtained low-order sampled data description of the output response of driveshaft torque to throttle opening is described. Based upon a sampling interval of one engine revolution, the resulting fourth-order dynamic model is applicable over the range of 600-2000 rpm (vehicle speed 0-60 mph) for a 5.7 litre feedback carburetted engine and automatic transmission. Physical principles are used to obtain a block diagram of the system, and Landau's hyperstable identification algorithm is then used to determine the parameters of the model. KW - Control systems KW - Dynamic modeling KW - Dynamics KW - Engines KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Torque KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181438 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367287 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - FORD ENERGY REPORT. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN VEHICLE DESIGN PY - 1982 SP - 177 p. AB - This special publication is one in a series on Technological Advances in Vehicle Design, and forms part of the Proceedings of the International Association for Vehicle Design. It covers research and development in the energy field by Ford engineers. The contents have been distilled from many papers, and are presented in a form as readable to the non-expert as to the engineer. Some of the many topics discussed are alternative fuels, electric vehicles, automatic transmissions, lightweight plastic composites high strength steel versus aluminum, electronic fuel injection system, and computer simulation of air drag. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Aluminum KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Development KW - Drag KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Energy KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Plastics KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Simulation KW - Steel KW - Technology KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181640 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366980 JO - Aide Magazine PB - United Services Automobile Association Group AU - Haddon, W AU - United Services Automobile Association Group TI - HOW SAFE IS YOUR CAR? PY - 1982 SP - p. 1-7 AB - This report is based on real world data which includes the actual claims experience of 10 major insurance companies that insure about half of the private passenger vehicles in the United States. Results show that small cars are twice as likely as large cars to be involved in fatal single vehicle crashes and small American-built cars are safer than their Japanese-made counterparts (13 of the 17 cars with the worst injury loss experience are made in Japan). One of the reasons cited is that small cars are not designed and engineered with the special problems of smaller size, lighter weight and lower profile in mind. Conserving lives and reducing injuries while maintaining energy efficiency means making cars as lightweight as practical, while providing enough crash-absorbing outer structures and occupant compartment protection to assure maximum injury reduction in crashes. This article includes exhibits on the 1978-80 models with the best and the worst insurance injury claim experience, death per 100,000 registered cars by car size and crash type, relative injury claim frequencies by car size, comparisons of 1980 death rates by crash type (Japanese versus domestic small subcompacts), and relative injury claim frequencies small cars, 1978-1980 models. An insert considers improvements: manual belts, automatic belts, air bags non-lacerating windshields, child restraints and crashworthiness. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile makes KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design KW - Designing KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Japan KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety factors KW - Safety features KW - Small car KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366763 AU - Haslegrave, C M AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - PREDICTION OF SEAT BELT FIT--COMPARISON BETWEEN A GEOMETRICAL MODEL AND WEARER PREFERENCE. 1980/1 PY - 1982 SP - 16 p. AB - A geodesic computer model was developed at MIRA for the assessment of seat belt fit. The technique has been validated by comparison between the predictions of the model and reports of subjective assessments of belt layouts. It has also been used to assess the comfort of installations in current cars for a group of six representative car occupants. The geodesic model was found able to predict certain qualities which wearers demand of seat belts, and suggestions are made for further improvements to refine the model and extend the technique to more complex problems of comfort. KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Forecasting KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Subjective analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177906 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367104 JO - Checkbook Magazine PB - Washington Center for the Study of Services AU - Washington Center for the Study of Services TI - AUTO BODY REPAIR PY - 1982 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 2-5 AB - This article includes a rating table which lists 83 body shops, including independents, dealers, and several shops that are franchised by MAACO, customer ratings, results of complaint counts made at local government offices of consumer affairs, reports of recommendations made by claim adjusters, and information on mechanic certification. In addition, there are price index scores based on body repair and painting prices gathered by Checkbook researchers. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Certification KW - Consumers KW - Mechanics KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Painting KW - Prices KW - Ratings KW - Repair costs KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366828 AU - Richardson, B C AU - Segel, L D AU - Roberts, D C AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - AN INVENTORY OF SELECTED MATHEMATICAL MODELS RELATING TO THE MOTOR VEHICLE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED LITERATURE. SECOND SUPPLEMENT PY - 1982 SP - 367 p. AB - This volume continues an inventory of selected mathematical models (econometric, accounting, physical, etc.) relating to the motor vehicle transportation system, and of literature related to the subject matter or objectives of the models. This is a supplement to two earlier volumes that contain descriptions of 142 models and abstracts of 116 associated documents. This volume contains descriptions of 60 models added to the inventory, and a revised report on three of those from the earlier volumes. There are also 56 abstracts of 83 associated documents added to the collection. Each model predicts some variable (s) related to the motor vehicle transportation system as functions of policy-related variables. Most models have the potential for use in public policy analyses. Other models have been included because they have either advanced the development of models pertaining to the motor vehicle transportation system or they pertain to the public policies that may be analyzed by using models. The associated literature that is summarized contains data that may be used in running or building models, describes uses of models, or reports on evaluations of models. KW - Mathematical models KW - Public policy KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362431 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACTS ADMINISTERED BY THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION. MARCH 1982 EDITION PY - 1982 SP - p. 92-242 AB - This edition reviews the Highway Safety Act of 1966, the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, and the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966. KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362369 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY PROGRAM. SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS JANUARY 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 34 p. AB - This Report summarizes the activities of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during fiscal year (FY) 1981 toward the implementation of applicable sections of Title V: "Improving Automotive Fuel Efficiency," of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq.) as amended (the Act). Section 502(a)(2) of the Act requires submission of a report and publication in the Federal Register (FR) by January 15 of each year. Also included is a section summarizing the use of advanced automotive technology by the industry, required by Section 305, Title III of the Department of Energy Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-238); and a section on the accomplishments of NHTSA in carrying out the Automobile Fuel Efficiency Act of 1980. This is the first time in the history of this Annual Report to the Congress that the use of advanced technology by the industry has been quantified. This topic is detailed in Section III. NHTSA's fuel economy responsibilities include: (1) establishing average fuel economy standards for manufacturers of passenger automobiles and light trucks; (2) promulgating regulations concerning procedures, definitions, and reports necessary to support those standards; (3) considering petitions for exemption from established fuel economy standards by low volume manufacturers (those producing under 10,000 vehicles annually) and establishing alternative standards for them; (4) reporting to Congress annually on the progress of the fuel economy program; (5) enforcing the fuel economy standards and regulations; and (6) responding to petitions concerning domestic production by foreign manufacturers and other matters. To date, passenger car fuel economy standards have been established by the Congress for model years (MY) 1978 through 1980 and for 1985 and thereafter and by the Department of Transportation for the 1981 through 1984 MYs. Standards for light trucks have been established by the Department of Transportation for MYs 1979 through 1985. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Exemption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laws KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176954 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362380 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - WHY PEOPLE SING THOSE AUTO-INSURANCE BLUES PY - 1981/12/21 VL - 41 IS - 25 SP - p. 54-55 AB - Red tape, delays, insufficient payments, arbitrary rulings and other grievances cited by auto-insurance policyholders are prompting reform laws. Examples are given of cases where auto-insurance companies have attempted to settle for less than the fair price, of unwarranted cancellation of policies, of threats to hike premiums, and of the manner of carrying out accident repairs. Many state laws have been passed in recent years. An Unfair Claims Settlement Practices Act was passed in Texas. Michigan's Essential Insurance Act is aimed at insurance companies that deny policies solely because of where one lives and regardless of one's driving record. Ohio and some 30 states have changed the rules on establishing negligence to require the insurance companies to share damages based on each driver's share of fault for the accident. Illinois requires a 20 percent discount on comprehensive auto coverage if the car owner has installed antitheft devices. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Discount KW - Insurance claims KW - Laws KW - Loss and damage claims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453268 AU - Prince George's County, Maryland TI - DRUNK DRIVING TASK FORCE. PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, MARYLAND PY - 1981/12/16 SP - 26 p. AB - Due to the increasing number of problems with drunk driving occurring in Prince George's County, and throughout the State of Maryland, the County Executive established a Drunk Driving Task Force to study the problems relating to the drinking driver in Prince George's County, review the law enforcement procedures from arrest through the disposition of the drinking driver, and make recommendations to the County Executive that would decrease the number of tragedies caused by the drinking driver in the County. This final report from the task force presents a summation of all the interagency hearings and the recommendations which resulted from these hearings. KW - Committees KW - Countermeasures KW - County government KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Maryland KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Task force KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386008 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Goldsmith, M AU - Shinar, D AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENT DRIVING SYSTEM (NEEDS): FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II. DRIVER EDUCATION PROGRAM PY - 1981/12/15 SP - 100 p. AB - Studies were conducted to identify young driver deficiencies in knowledge, attitude, and performance with respect to fuel-efficiency. Five different programs of classroom-only and classroom/in-car instruction were administered experimentally to high school driver education students. Comparison of pre- and post-knowledge scores within and across groups showed that classroom instruction alone improved knowledge. In-car training did not provide additional improvement. Post-training performance scores of instruction groups were compared with those of a control group. Results disclosed no significant differences between any groups receiving instruction and the control group. In a second experiment, two revised programs of classroom-only, and classroom/in-car instruction were administered to another sample of driver education students. Comparison of pre and post knowledge and attitude scores showed significant improvements in knowledge and smaller improvements in attitudes among groups receiving instruction. In-car training was no more successful than classroom instruction alone in improving knowledge or attitudes. Performance measures indicated no significant differences within or across groups. Neither program was able to improve performance. In a final study, the relationship between acceleration rate and fuel economy was investigated using six automobiles of different weights, all with automatic transmissions. The cars were instrumented to permit measurement of fuel consumption between stops. Each was driven over the same test course and accelerated 30 times to 30 mph at each of three acceleration levels: low (.1 g), moderate (.2 g), and brisk (.3 g). Results indicated that in general a moderate acceleration is optimum. Some lighter vehicles were slightly more efficient at low accelerations, while some heavier vehicles were slightly more efficient at brisk accelerations. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Knowledge KW - Personnel performance KW - Teenage drivers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25568/DOT-HS-806-277.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386009 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Goldsmith, M AU - Williams, R D AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENT DRIVING SYSTEM (NEEDS): VOLUME III. HOME VEHICLE USE STUDY PY - 1981/12/15 SP - 84 p. AB - Eight vehicles were instrumented to permit travel distance and fuel consumption to be measured. Following the collection of baseline measures, three different systems were provided to feed back distance and fuel information to drivers: manual, a weekly trip log filled out by drivers; instrumented, an in-car device displaying the information; and mediated, a system in which information was summarized and discussed with drivers. Results disclosed that approximately 70% of trips involved one-way distances of three miles or less. This greatly exceeds estimates of short trip travel obtained from drivers elsewhere. The introduction of feedback did not cause a reduction in either the number or proportion of short trips, nor was there any improvement in average mpg. Failure to achieve an effect is attributed to the drivers' failure to perceive a need for further increases in fuel efficiency, given the ready availability of fuel at the time the study was conducted. KW - Drivers KW - Energy conservation KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Planning KW - Travel KW - Trip length KW - Trip planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25577/DOT-HS-806-278.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386011 AU - McKnight, A J AU - McPherson, K AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENT DRIVING SYSTEM (NEEDS), FINAL REPORT: VOLUME I. SURVEY OF REQUIREMENTS PY - 1981/12/15 SP - 92 p. AB - This report provides a state-of-the-art summary of the means by which individual drivers can achieve more fuel-efficient vehicle operation. It identifies fuel-efficient driving behaviors, the means of influencing behavior, appropriate audiences for attempts to foster fuel-efficient driving behavior, the types of materials needed to communicate fuel-efficient operation, and delivery systems capable of handling the communication of information. The report also describes research carried out under the project described in Volumes II and III of this report. The authors conclude that: (1) drivers lack critical items of information concerning fuel-efficient vehicle operation, (2) efforts to encourage fuel efficiency have been generally unsuccessful and are probably unnecessary, (3) there is no good system for providing training in fuel-efficient vehicle operation to large numbers of drivers, and (4) a federally-coordinated effort is needed to assure the delivery of up-to-date information to drivers. KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Fuel consumption KW - State of the art studies UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25593/DOT-HS-806-423.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396117 AU - Dotson, C O AU - Dotson (Charles O), Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF VISION TESTER RELIABILITY PY - 1981/12/04 SP - 54 p. AB - Test retest assessment of visual abilities recovered from the Mark II vision tester on two independent samples were submitted to reliability analysis. Subjects were age stratified individuals sampled from Indiana and New York states. Factor analysis of the two data sets revealed five factors underlying the eleven visual abilities. These factors were submitted to reliability analysis along with various weighted sums of responses to the Mark II vision tester Prom. Generally higher reliabilities were observed for these new criteria of visual abilities than previously derived for the standard scoring procedures. The reliability coefficients for the new criteria ranged from 0.45 to 0.78 in the Indiana data set and 0.07 to 0.60 in the New York set. KW - Factor analysis KW - Reliability KW - Samples KW - Testing equipment KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420249 AU - Mcknight, A J AU - Goldsmith, M AU - William, R D AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - National energy efficient driving system (NEEDS): volume 3, home vehicle use study PY - 1981/12 IS - DOT HS 806 278 SP - 80P KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Journey length KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel behaviour KW - Trip length KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420248 AU - Mcknight, A J AU - Goldsmith, M AU - Shinar, D AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - National energy efficient driving system (NEEDS); final report, volume 2, driver education program PY - 1981/12 IS - DOT HS 806 277 SP - 96P KW - Adolescent KW - Adolescents KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Driver training KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420247 AU - Mcknight, A J AU - Mcpherson, K AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - National energy efficient driving system (needs); final report: volume 1, survey of requirements PY - 1981/12 IS - DOT HS 806 423 SP - 92P KW - Automobile driving KW - Communication KW - Communication KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Driving KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365570 AU - Taylor, T J AU - Kallin, R L AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ASSESSMENT OF VARIABLE VALVE TIMING OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES FOR FUEL ECONOMY IMPROVEMENTS AND PRACTICABILITY PY - 1981/12 SP - 71 p. AB - This project studied the results of previous research on the potential effects of variable valve timing for improving automotive engine fuel economy. Methods of implementation of valve timing control and their practicality were also assessed. Some of the sources claim fuel economy improvements as high as 18 to 20% but conclusions suffer from insufficient test data as well as a recording of major variables. Other deficiencies include insufficient attention to effects on driveability; lack of standard reference for data comparisons; and little consideration toward manufacturing feasibility. It is concluded that savings of 5 to 10% over the normal drive cycle are probably realizable providing emphasis is directed towards optimizing valve timing schedules at low speeds under low loads as opposed to the current practice of wide open throttle. Methods of implementation as reported from research programs and patent disclosures were also evaluated, categorized and assessed for manufacturing practicability. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Motor fuels KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365740 AU - Snapper, K J AU - Seaver, D A AU - Schwartz, J P AU - Decision Science Consortium, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF BEHAVIORAL TESTS TO DETECT IMPAIRED DRIVERS PY - 1981/12 SP - 121 p. AB - This study was conducted to assess the feasibility and practicality of roadside behavioral tests for driving impairment. Such tests are seen as complementary to chemical tests of blood drug concentration. Methodological issues in the use of behavioral tests are identified and discussed focusing specifically on the validity of behavioral measures. It is argued that if validity is defined as predicting accidents, it will always be low for any behavioral test as well as for chemical tests because of the inherent unpredictability of accidents. The rationale for using behavioral tests, particularly a battery of behavioral tests, to detect driving impairment is, then, that such tests can measure the level of behavioral skills involved in driving. In order to evaluate various behavioral tests, a large literature was reviewed to identify potential tests and any previous studies of them. Criteria for evaluating the tests were developed, including validity, reliability, ease of operational use, safety, and diagnosticity. Each of 54 tests were scored on each criterion, and criteria were weighted by their relative importance from the perspectives of researchers and users to produce an overall index of the feasibility of each test. KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Human performance KW - Personnel performance KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Tests KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623517 AU - Partyka, S AU - National Center for Statistics and Analysis TI - WHIPLASH AND OTHER INERTIAL FORCE NECK INJURIES IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/12 SP - 18 p. AB - The National Accident Sampling System produces estimates that in 1979 there were over 530,000 cases of minor whiplash injuries. The majority of these (473,000) were occupants of passenger cars, of which 197,000 cars were towed from the accident scene. There were 716,000 occupants who received some type of neck injury from the inertial forces of the collision. Data from the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) for passenger car occupants show a large number of life-threatening no-impact neck injuries, including fractures and dislocations of the cervical vertebrae. Under the assumption that the NCSS injury distributions are similar to those of the nation, there are 3,000 fatalities caused by these injuries annually. KW - Dislocations KW - Fatalities KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Injuries KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - National crash severity study KW - Neck KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vertebrae KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363358 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453269 JO - COMMERCE AU - Chapin, D W AU - Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry TI - ILLINOIS' TOUGH NEW DWI (DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED) LAW PY - 1981/12 SP - 3 p. AB - As of January 1, 1982, changes in the Illinois Vehicle Code make the arrest and prosecution of drinking and drug-impaired drivers much easier. The widely heralded DWI, or implied consent amendment of the 1981 session of the Illinois Legislature puts the means to remove drinking and drug-impaired drivers from highways and streets in the hands of the police and the courts, something that the old law made it practically impossible to do. Further discussion in this article centers on the following areas: pressure for the new law; difficulties with the old law; scope of the DWI problem; major changes in the law; and the future outlook. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Illinois KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396293 AU - PUGLIESE, S M AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECE SIX-YEAR-OLD CHILD SIZE DUMMY PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - The objective of this research effort was to evaluate the measurement characteristics of a six-year-old child size dummy developed for the Economic Commission of Europe (ECE). The dummy was first subjected to a series of replicate calibration tests. The calibration tests consisted of a pendulum-to-head impact, a pendulum-to-thorax impact, a lumbar spine flexion test, and a head drop. Modified versions of the existing test procedures specified in 49 CFR, Part 572, Subparts B and C for calibration of three-year-old child size dummies were used. A series of four 30 mph sled tests using the procedures prescribed in the current FMVSS No. 213, Child Restraints was performed. Two sets of replicate tests using Ford Tot-Guard and Century Safe-T-Rider seats were performed. Indicators of the repeatability of dummy injury measures were provided for both the calibration and sled tests. Very repeatable responses were observed for the calibration tests. The sled test results indicate that repeatability of the acceleration response measures was not of the same quality as obtained in calibration tests and was a strong function of the type of child restraint tested. KW - Calibration KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Dummies KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Injuries KW - Repeatability KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396121 AU - FLECK, J T AU - BUTLER, F E AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION OF THE CRASH VICTIM SIMULATOR VOLUME 1, ENGINEERING MANUAL--PART I: ANALYTICAL FORMULATION PY - 1981/12 SP - 272 p. AB - A combined analytical and experimental research project was carried out to develop and examine the validity of an improved version of the computer program used to simulate the three-dimensional dynamic gross motion responses of motor vehicle crash victims. Among the improvements incorporated in the new (CVS-IV) version of the program are a more efficient integration technique, a routine to automatically position a seated occupant in equilibrium, and modifications of the input and output control routines that make it easier to use the program. Measurements of a Part 572 50th percentile male anthropomorphic dummy were made to define an input data set for a simulation model of the dummy. Dynamic pendulum impact tests of dummy sub-assemblies were performed and modeled with the computer program. Detailed comparisons of predicted system responses with those measured in special impact sled tests of the dummy restrained by a three-point restraint belt and by a pre-inflated air bag are also presented. KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer programs KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Crash victims KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Pendulum tests KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Three dimensional KW - Training simulators KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396127 AU - Fitzpatrick, M AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRAC USER'S MANUAL-REVISION B PY - 1981/12 SP - 92 p. AB - This manual was written to give the potential user of the DRAC computer program the specific information needed to: (a) set up the input file; (b) run the program; and, (c) interpret the results. DRAC is an acronym for Driver Air Cushion and was written to describe the interaction, during a crash, between the driver of the vehicle and his airbag. KW - Air bags KW - Computer programs KW - Drivers KW - Interaction KW - Manuals KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387708 AU - Segal, D J AU - Balasubramanian, N AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF USER CONVENIENCE PACKAGE FOR CAL-3D CVS PROGRAM--VOLUME 1--TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1981/12 SP - 100 p. AB - The NHTSA has, over the past number of years, funded development of the Calspan Three-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulation (CVS). This investment has resulted in the availability of a powerful analytical tool for studying the impact dynamics of vehicle occupants and pedestrians. The CVS is very general and maintains a high degree of fidelity in modeling the vehicle and occupant system. It, therefore, requires an extensive amount of data to be supplied in order to successfully conduct a simulation run. The number of input data cards required for a typical run may easily exceed 300. Extreme care must be taken in preparing an input deck because of the mixed formats with which the data is read and the necessity, at times, to include blank cards for proper sequencing. MGA Research Corporation has developed a preprocessing program that substantially eases the burden of construction of a CVS input data deck. A post processing program has also been integrated into a complete CVS processing system which allows interactive selection of input data library elements to construct the CVS data deck and interactive selection of output variables to be displayed and plotted after a run is made. These programs allow submission of normally seated vehicle occupant CVS runs with restraints provided by belts and/or airbags. This volume provides instructions for use of the developed programs. KW - Crash victim simulation KW - Information processing KW - Input KW - Instructions KW - Interactive computing KW - Output KW - Simulation KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387052 AU - Vinson, G E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Texas State Department of Public Safety TI - AN EVALUATIVE STUDY OF THE TEXAS DRIVER LICENSE PROCESS PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - This research project was initially established to determine the feasibility of Texas drivers license activities as possible traffic accident and motor vehicle violation countermeasures. A comprehensive literature search revealed that numerous treatments have been tried and only a few suggest promise of any success. These generally involve young driver restrictions and parent involvement type programs. The original constraints of this study were to make recommendations for improving effectiveness of the program without necessary increases in manpower, budget, or changes in the legal statutes concerning Texas drivers. None of the promising treatments reviewed could be administered in Texas within the framework of the constraints, so extensive field work was performed to discover ways of improving the existing process. This phase of the study describes results of surveys and treatments for more efficient processing of applicants. Also described are field tests and educational programs for upgrading examiner skills in working with the handicapped driver. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver examiners KW - Driver licensing KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Processing KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386754 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Department of Energy TI - OWNERSHIP AND USAGE OF SMALL PASSENGER VEHICLES: FINDINGS FROM THE 1977 NATIONAL PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY PY - 1981/12 SP - 93 p. AB - This report examines current patterns in the ownership and usage of small vehicles by private households. The analysis is conducted to shed additional light on the market potential for smaller, energy efficient vehicles, in particular, electric cars. This study, performed for the Analysis and Assessment Branch, Office of Transportation Programs of the U.S. Department of Energy, is based upon data from the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). This survey obtained information on the sociodemographic charactertistics and the travel and vehicle ownership behavior of U.S. households based on a national probability sample. The NPTS data represents perhaps the best information currently available for studying the complex interrelationships between household composition and economic conditions, the number and type of vehicles owned, and how those vehicles are used. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Electric automobiles KW - Energy efficiency KW - Households KW - Market research KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Patterns KW - Small car KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380947 AU - Wilhelm, T AU - Billing, A M AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - SURVEYS OF THE COMMERCIAL VEHICLES AND TRUCK TIRES USED IN THE TORONTO AREA PY - 1981/12 SP - 30 p. AB - On site investigations of commercial vehicle accidents have been conducted in the Toronto area during the last two winters. These surveys have been intended to assure the relevance of research projects concerned with commercial vehicle safety. Further data were required to put the accident data in context, leading to the two surveys described in this report. The first survey determined the make-up of the commercial vehicle population based on axle configuration, body style and weight class. The second survey sampled tire tread design used on the traction or drive axles of trucks for comparison with those tread types most often involved in jackknife or other skidding accidents. The surveys described the present commercial vehicle and traction tire type populations and they demonstrated significant differences between weight classes as well as between straight trucks, tractor-semitrailers, truck trailers and A- and B-trains. The most common heavy truck by far is a three-axle tractor pulling a tandem-axle semitrailer, usually with van-type body. The larger combinations make up less than 5% of the heavy truck population, with B-trains now nearly as popular as A-trains. The "cross rib" traction tire, though very common on straight trucks, is used on only 25% of articulated trucks: "mud and snow" type treads make up 65% of this group, and 85% of A- and B-train tires. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Population KW - Surveys KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379390 AU - Segal, D J AU - Balasubramanian, N AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF USER CONVENIENCE PACKAGE FOR CAL-3D CVS PROGRAM--VOLUME 2-PROGRAM LISTINGS PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - The NHTSA has, over the past number of years, funded development of the Calspan Three-Dimensional Crash Victim Simulation (CVS). This investment has resulted in the availability of a powerful analytical tool for studying the impact dynamics of vehicle occupants and pedestrians. The CVS is very general and maintains a high degree of fidelity in modeling the vehicle and occupant system. It, therefore, requires an extensive amount of data to be supplied in order to successfully conduct a simulation run. The number of input data cards required for a typical run may easily exceed 300. Extreme care must be taken in preparing an input deck because of the mixed formats with which the data is read and the necessity, at times, to include blank cards for proper sequencing. MGA Research Corporation has developed a preprocessing program that substantially eases the burden of construction of a CVS input data deck. A post processing program has also been integrated into a complete CVS processing system which allows interactive selection of input data library elements to construct the CVS data deck and interactive selection of output variables to be displayed and plotted after a run is made. These programs allow submission of normally seated vehicle occupant CVS runs with restraints provided by belts and/or airbags. This volume provides listings of the developed programs. KW - Crash victims KW - Information processing KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379389 AU - Chu, Angus AU - Dickey-Darby, S AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL EXPOSURE DATA SYSTEM (NEDS) SAMPLE DESIGN PY - 1981/12 SP - 139 p. AB - In the past, the National Center for Statistics and Analysis has focused most of its resources on the collection and analysis of motor vehicle accident data. However, it has long been recognized that to properly develop, implement and evaluate safety programs or standards, not only are accident data necessary but reliable exposure data as well. The purpose of this phase of the contract was to review previous research into the collection of exposure data; to determine a set of data elements; to select a methodology for collecting exposure data; to evaluate alternative household survey sample designs (as compared with alternative exposure systems based on vehicle counting or roadside surveys); and, using a preferred plan, design an optimal sampling procedure and data collection plan. These subjects are discussed in this report. KW - Crash exposure KW - Data collection KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Sampling KW - Surveys KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192354 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376431 JO - Israel Journal of Medical Sciences PB - Israel Medical Association AU - Richter, E D AU - Israel Medical Association TI - PREVENTION OF DEATH AND INJURY FROM MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES IN ISRAEL: SWIFT COST-EFFECTIVE OPTIONS IN THE 1980S PY - 1981/12 VL - 17 IS - 12 SP - 6 p. AB - By 1980, the toll over the years of people killed and maimed on Israel's roads (about 14,000 killed) had surpassed that from wars and terrorism (about 11,000 killed). Even after a drop in casualty figures over the three-year period 1978-80, Israel's death toll from motor vehicle crashes per vehicle population and per kilometer driven exceeds that of most developed countries, and this in spite of the low numbers of young and drunken drivers in Israel. With these facts in mind, this paper explores some of the strategies and programs for reducing death and injury from motor vehicle crashes and pedestrian accidents in Israel. The discussion is from the standpoint of costs, both capital and operating, and emphasizes the importance for less-developed countries of implementing those options shown to be cost effective and swift in impact. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Developing countries KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371118 AU - STANTON, H G AU - Stanton (Harry) and Associates AU - Department of Transport, Australia TI - INVENTORY OF EXPOSURE DATA PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - A survey was conducted with the aim of identifying the major sources of exposure data in Australia. For each source, the following items are listed: name and address of source, how frequently data become available (e.g. quarterly, annually), to what region the data pertain, particulars of any publications available, what supplementary information exists, the limitations that have to be taken into account when using the data, and a description of the data available. The Exposure Inventory is arranged in seven major Sections: Vehicles on Register, Vehicles in Use, Population, Drivers' Licenses, Roads Inventory, Traffic Counts, and Meteorological Data. Also included is a discussion of the concept of exposure, how exposure data can be used to obtain a more meaningful interpretation of accident statistics, and the shortcomings of exposure data currently available in Australia. Recommendations are made for further data collection. KW - Crash exposure KW - Data KW - Data collection KW - Statistics KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368925 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - AUTO THEFT IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1981/12 SP - 21 p. AB - The Federal Bureau of Investigation estimates that the dollar value of stolen vehicles totalled $3.2 billion in 1980. The value of stolen contents and accessories was estimated at an additional $620 million. Several common themes regarding these statistics emerge from the data presented in this fact book: The frequency of vehicle thefts has declined from the levels reported in the early 1970s. One out of every 145 vehicles was stolen in 1980, better odds than the 1970 figure of 1 in every 120 registered vehicles. However, the number of vehicle thefts remains at a high level, totalling 1,114,651 in 1980. The total dollar value of vehicle theft has increased substantially in the past decade, from $880 million in 1970 to $3.2 billion in 1980. This is a reflection of the number of motor vehicle thefts and the increasing value of motor vehicles. While auto theft occurs everywhere, it is a serious problem mostly in major urban areas. Owners of luxury car models and expensive sports and specialty vehicles face the greatest risk of theft. Vans and pickups are becoming popular targets. The tables included in this report provide basic facts on the scope and dimensions of auto theft in the United States. The book is intended as a reference source for insurance company personnel, government officials, news media people and other interested parties. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Sports cars KW - Statistics KW - Theft KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368930 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - PAM 81--PUBLIC ATTITUDE MONITOR, 1981: ATTITUDES OF THE PUBLIC TOWARD AUTOMOBILE AND HOME INSURANCE PY - 1981/12 SP - 27 p. AB - This is the second annual survey sponsored by the All-Industry Research Advisory Council (AIRAC) of the property and casualty insurance industry to monitor trends in the public's attitude toward that industry, particularly as they relate to issues of public policy. The first Public Attitude Monitor concentrated on automobile insurance. This second study tracked some of the key automobile insurance subjects from the first survey and added the following topics: a) The role of insurance costs among the factors influencing the selection of a new car; b) attitudes toward automobile safety; c) attitudes toward home insurance; and d) attitudes toward claim fraud. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Fraud KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182759 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368947 JO - Psychology Today PB - Communications, Research, Machines, Incorporated AU - Marlatt, G A AU - Rohsenow, D J AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - THE THINK-DRINK EFFECT PY - 1981/12 SP - 8 p. AB - This article examines evidence from studies which show that psychological processes have as much--or more--to do with some drinking behaviors than do the physical effects of alcohol. In a series of experiments with a unique "balanced placebo" design, psychologists have shown that people will act in certain stereotypical ways when they drink, even if they are drinking tonic water but have been told they are drinking vodka and tonic. KW - Behavior KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Experiments KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368778 AU - Snapper, K J AU - Seaver, D A AU - Schwartz, J P AU - Decision Science Consortium, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF BEHAVIORAL TESTS TO DETECT IMPAIRED DRIVERS PY - 1981/12 SP - 122 p. AB - This study was conducted to assess the feasibility and practicality of roadside behavioral tests for driving impairment. Such tests are seen as complementary to chemical tests of blood drug concentration. Methodological issues in the use of behavioral tests are identified and discussed focusing specifically on the validity of behavioral measures. It is argued that if validity is defined as predicting accidents, it will always be low for any behavioral test as well as for chemical tests because of the inherent unpredictability of accidents. The rationale for using behavioral tests, particularly a battery of behavioral tests, to detect driving impairment is, then, that such tests can measure the level of behavioral skills involved in driving. In order to evaluate various behavioral tests, a large literature was reviewed to identify potential tests and any previous studies of them. Criteria for evaluating the tests were developed, including validity, reliability, ease of operational use, safety, and diagnosticity. Each of 54 tests were scored on each criterion, and criteria were weighted by their relative importance from the perspectives of researchers and users to produce an overall index of the feasibility of each test. Tests that were rated highly include visual acuity, finger-to-finger, finger-to-nose, and romberg (and modified romberg). An analysis was also performed of legal issues relating to the use of roadside behavioral tests. Such tests appear to have useful status as evidence (primarily circumstantial), and probably can be used without a need for expert witnesses. KW - Behavioral tests KW - Case studies KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Impaired drivers KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Psychological tests KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Validity KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25576/DOT-HS-806-211.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368843 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1981 CRC ALTITUDE OCTANE REQUIREMENT PROGRAM SN - 0 7262 2533 9 PY - 1981/12 SP - 92 p. AB - The last CRC altitude octane program was run in 1977. Since then, vehicle designs have changed substantially. In particular, many of the 1981 models are equipped with electronic systems for controlling air-fuel mixture and spark timing. Consequently, this program was run to determine the effect of altitude on octane requirements of 1981 cars with electronic control systems and to provide data for ASTM to consider for possible revision of the D 439 altitude octane specifications for gasoline. KW - Altitude KW - Automobiles KW - Design standards KW - Electronic control KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368311 AU - Dusenberry, G AU - Hansen, D AU - Rocket Research Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CONCEPTS IN LOW TIRE PRESSURE WARNING DEVICES PY - 1981/12 SP - 157 p. AB - This report covers the conception, selection, design, and partial development of a low-cost, mechanical acoustic, in tire, low tire pressure warning device intended for passenger car and light truck service. Premature termination of the contract precluded demonstration and refinement of the design; however, it was judged to be technically and economically feasible. KW - Development KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Inflation KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368337 AU - Dueker, R L AU - Berger, S S AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TEST OF PROPOSED ANTI-DART-OUT TRAINING PROGRAMS. VOLUME 3. PROGRAM STAFF TRAINING MATERIALS AND VIDEOTAPE/FILM PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - This report (Volume 3 of three volumes) provides detailed descriptions of additional program materials suggested for use with the recommended version of a child pedestrian safety program. Volume 1 of this report describes the conduct and results of the evaluation of two alternate child pedestrian anti-dart-out training programs and provides recommendations concerning the more effective program. Volume 2 is a users guide for school systems implementing the program. Implementation guidelines and the full texts of the program guides specifying program content and conduct are provided. This volume contains additional materials and videotape/film scripts which have been recommended for use in the program. Training programs for the program coordinators and instructors are included, in addition to a program introductory videotape/film and videotape/film training vignettes for use in personnel training. KW - Before and after studies KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training KW - Training simulators KW - Videotapes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25609/DOT-HS-806-197.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368326 AU - Klein, T M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE 55 MPH SPEED LIMIT ENFORCEMENT DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS IN CONNECTICUT AND UTAH PY - 1981/12 SP - 33 p. AB - Demonstration projects were funded in Connecticut (an urban eastern State) and Utah (a rural western State) to investigate the effects of various levels of enforcement on 55 mph speed limit compliance on Interstate highways. One, two, four and six marked patrol cars were given rotating assignments on four road segments according to a statistical latin square design. The resulting percent reduction in the percent exceeding 55 mph is given for all pairwise treatment comparisons. Analyses were also conducted for the percent exceeding 60 mph and 65 mph. Citation data as well as enforcement costs and revenues were also reported. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compliance KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Rural areas KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368332 AU - Taylor, T AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES. VOLUME 1 SUMMARY PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - A series of research tasks were instituted to assess the impact of automotive technologies and the manufacturer's overall product plans on existing and future fuel economy requirements. Supported by NHTSA's Technology Assessment Division, this program provided analytical capabilities in the areas of automotive technology, manufacturing costs, and industry assessments. Specific subject areas of investigation include: potential fuel economy improvements from variable valve timing of internal combustion engines; effects of tire under inflation on fuel economy; reductions in engine friction; automotive applications of metal/plastic laminates as a substitute material; cost, weight and material analyses of a Ford F-150 light truck; design, cost and weight analyses of truck-trailer rear underride guards; the impact of FMVSS (seat belts) comfort and convenience on vehicle manufacturing; design modifications and manufacturing costs of child seat tether anchorages; and identification of auto manufacturer's technical progress in weight reduction through material substitution and component redesign. Volume I summarizes the results of the individual research efforts, the methodologies employed, and impact on automotive fuel economy requirements. The Appendices of Volumes I and II contain reports on those subject areas not previously submitted under NTIS. These subjects are: effects of automobile tire pressure changes on fuel economy; weight reduction through material substitution and component redesign; and an alternate design for truck rear underride guard protection. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Costs KW - Fuels KW - Inflation KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Technology assessment KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368335 AU - Dueker, R L AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TEST OF PROPOSED ANTI-DART-OUT TRAINING PROGRAMS. VOLUME 1 CONDUCT AND RESULTS PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes the conduct and results of an evaluation of a child pedestrian anti-dart-out training program. Two versions were tested: A film program and a film/simulator program. Before/after accident and street crossing behavior data were collected in one city for each program, and in a comparison city. Accident data were collected in two additional comparison cities. Data on student/teacher reactions and deviations in the conduct of the program were also collected. The film program was found to be superior in reduction of unsafe street-crossing behavior and on various practicality considerations. Although traditional levels of statistical significance were not obtained in the main analyses, there is statistical and intuitive evidence to support the effectiveness of the film program in the reduction of accidents among the children exposed to the program. Teacher attitudes toward the film/simulator program are initially superior, although this difference lessens over time. Student attitudes are generally positive. Deviations are numerous but serious in only a few cases concerning the film/simulator program. The film program is recommended for further development/implementation. Discussions of results and program improvements are provided. KW - Before and after studies KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training KW - Training simulators KW - Videotapes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25558/DOT-HS-806-195.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368333 AU - Taylor, T AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES. VOLUME II APPENDIX C PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - A series of research tasks were instituted to assess the impact of automotive technologies and the manufacturer's overall product plans on existing and future fuel economy requirements. Supported by NHTSA's Technology Assessment Division, this program provided analytical capabilities in the areas of automotive technology, manufacturing costs, and industry assessments. Specific subject areas of investigation include: potential fuel economy improvements from variable valve timing of internal combustion engines; effects of tire under inflation on fuel economy; reductions in engine friction; automotive applications of metal/plastic laminates as a substitute material; cost, weight and material analyses of a Ford F-150 light truck; design, cost and weight analyses of truck-trailer rear underride guards; the impact of FMVSS (seat belts) comfort and convenience on vehicle manufacturing; design modifications and manufacturing costs of child seat tether anchorages; and identification of auto manufacturer's technical progress in weight reduction through material substitution and component redesign. Volume I summarizes the results of the individual research efforts, the methodologies employed, and impact on automotive fuel economy requirements. The Appendices of Volumes I and II contain reports on those subject areas not previously submitted under NTIS. These subjects are: effects of automobile tire pressure changes on fuel economy; weight reduction through material substitution and component redesign; and an alternate design for truck rear underride guard protection. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inflation KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Technology assessment KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368336 AU - Dueker, R L AU - Berger, S S AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TEST OF PROPOSED ANTI-DART-OUT TRAINING PROGRAMS. VOLUME 2 IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES AND PROGRAM MATERIALS PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - This report (Volume 2 of three volumes) provides detailed descriptions of all program materials employed with the recommended version of a child pedestrian safety program. Volume 1 of this report describes the conduct and results of the evaluation of two alternate child pedestrian anti-dart-out training programs and provides recommendations concerning the more effective program. The materials in Volume 2 have been revised in accordance with the recommendations for modification of this program and its materials provided in Volume 1. This volume is designed to serve as a users guide for school systems implementing the program. It provides complete, organized information on every aspect of the program. Implementation guidelines are provided and issues of concern to users are discussed. The full texts of the program guides which specify program content and conduct are provided. Copies of all other printed materials are included. Specifications for other program materials are provided and possible alternatives are discussed. Several additional materials have been recommended for use in the program. These materials, training programs for the program coordinator and instructors and a script of an introductory videotape, are provided in Volume 3. KW - Before and after studies KW - Children KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training KW - Training simulators KW - Videotapes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25559/DOT-HS-806-196.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368309 AU - Siegel, H M AU - Schwarz, R AU - Andon, J AU - Kollars, G AU - Gerstenberger, T AU - GAINES, R AU - Falk, R AU - Renick, S AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - To support the Office of Research and Development of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration with focused studies in areas affecting automotive fuel economy and related safety issues, a series of in-depth studies were conducted during the time frame of the contract. In total, eight specific studies were carried out. These studies included: (1) Fuel Consumption Estimates of Stratified Charge Rotary Engines Installed in Five Vehicles; (2) Oldsmobile Omega X Body Baseline Weight Data; (3) GM X Body Material Substitution Weight Reduction/Cost Effectiveness Study; (4) Calspan RSV Restraint System Cost Study; (5) FMVSS No. 208 Extension to Light Trucks, Vans, and MPV's--Cost Lead Time Study; (6) Multipiece Rims for Trucks, Buses, and Trailers; (7) Identifying Design Changes, Cost Impacts and Manufacturing Lead Times to Upgrade FMVSS 114 for Passenger Cars, Trucks, and MPV's; and (8) Ford Escort GL Baseline Weight Data. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lead time KW - Light trucks KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Rims KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicles KW - Wheel rims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368331 AU - Taylor, T AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ASSESSMENT OF VARIABLE VALVE TIMING OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES FOR FUEL ECONOMY IMPROVEMENTS AND PRACTICABILITY PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - This project studied the results of previous research on the potential effects of variable valve timing for improving automotive engine fuel economy. Methods of implementation of valve timing control and their practicality were also assessed. Some of the Sources claim fuel economy improvements as high as 18 to 20% but conclusions suffer from insufficient test data as well as a recording of major variables. Other deficiencies include insufficient attention to effects on driveability; lack of standard reference for data comparisons; and little consideration toward manufacturing feasibility. It is concluded that savings of 5 to 10% over the normal drive cycle are probably realizable providing emphasis is directed towards optimizing valve timing schedules at low speeds under low loads as opposed to the current practice of wide open throttle. However, some well disciplined laboratory tests on a stock engine using different camshaft combinations are badly needed to substantiate benefits. Methods of implementation as reported from research programs and patent disclosures were also evaluated, categorized and assessed for manufacturing practicability. KW - Automobile engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Timing KW - Valves KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179404 ER - TY - SER AN - 00366936 JO - NCHRP Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Misch, M R AU - MARGOLIN, J B AU - Curry, D A AU - Glazer, L J AU - Shearin, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GUIDELINES FOR USING VANPOOLS AND CARPOOLS AS A TSM TECHNIQUE PY - 1981/12 IS - 241 SP - 154 p. AB - This manual will be of principal interest to urban transportation policy makers and practitioners, especially ridesharing practitioners, concerned with transportation system management. Furthermore, it will be of interest to heads of ridesharing departments of employers in private and public sectors. The policy maker will find a ready reference of core information needed to assess the potential of ridesharing as an element in the Transportation Improvement Program. Urban transportation practitioners will find a host of how-to-do-it information to assist in: targeting the market, determining appropriate ridesharing incentives, selecting the appropriate ridesharing and organizational types, identifying federal policies and programs relevant to ridesharing, determining a role for transit operators in the ridesharing program, and evaluating the effectiveness of proposed and on-going ridesharing programs. KW - Carpools KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Guidelines KW - Incentives KW - Markets KW - Ridesharing KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip KW - Transportation system management KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368324 AU - Klein, T M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF RAISING THE MINIMUM LEGAL DRINKING AGE ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE STATE OF MAINE PY - 1981/12 SP - 30 p. AB - Traffic accidents related specifically to alcohol use have been shown to be highly correlated with the age and sex of the drivers involved. This relationship reflects the lifestyle of American males, especially of young, unmarried males. Data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for ten States with good BAC reporting, shows that 55 percent of the fatally injured young adults had an illegal BAC of .10 percent or higher. By age 17, 43 percent of all fatally injured drivers in these States had some alcohol in their bodies, and 29 percent had an illegal BAC. The attitude toward the lower legal drinking age and its effect on youth involvement in traffic accidents has changed from the attitudes of the early 70's. To date, fourteen States have passed legislation raising the minimum legal drinking age from 18 to 19, 20 or 21. Previous research on the legal drinking age issue found significant increases in reported alcohol involvement for 18 and 19 year olds in Maine, concurrent with the lowering of the legal drinking age in 1972. This report analyzes the effect of raising the legal drinking in Maine from 18 to 20 years of age. Night male driver involvements and single vehicle night male accidents were analyzed as a proxy measure for alcohol involvement by age, using intervention analysis. The results found reductions of 18.6 percent and 13.9 percent for night male driver involvements by 18 and 19 year olds, respectively. In addition, there was a reduction of 19.9 percent single vehicle night male accidents for age 18. It appears that there is sufficient evidence to indicate significant benefits from raising the legal drinking age. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Night KW - Passenger transportation KW - Safety and security KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368327 AU - Reeder, R H AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE LEGAL AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE MINNESOTA LAW ENTITLED "CHEMICAL TEST FOR INTOXICATION" MSA SEC 169.123 PY - 1981/12 SP - 82 p. AB - This report provides information for use by state legislatures, state governmental agencies, traffic safety organizations and other persons in enacting laws to control driving and drinking on the highways and specifically the type of "administrative per se" law in the State of Minnesota. The report outlines the legal framework of the "administrative per se" law in the State of Minnesota. It explores the possible legal challenges which defendants might raise against the law. It studies the operational impact the "administrative per se" law has had in Minnesota on other alcohol countermeasures to control the drinking driver. The report concludes the Minnesota "administrative per se" law would withstand the possible legal challenges. It concludes that the enactment of this law has had a positive effect on the attitudes of law enforcement officers and has increased the effort of controlling DWI offenses. The report recommends that other states enact such a law. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25557/DOT-HS-806-170.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368330 AU - Taylor, C F AU - Taylor, T AU - Kallin, R L AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE ASSESSMENT OF ENGINE LOSSES DUE TO FRICTION AND LUBRICANT LIMITATIONS PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - A major area for improving the efficiency of spark ignition and diesel engines is a reduction of frictional losses. Existing literature on engine friction was used as a basis for estimating possible gains in engine fuel economy which look promising within the constraints of modern practice. The means considered include reduction in oil viscosity, increase in bearing and piston clearances, possible changes in piston and valve gear design, and reduction of pumping losses. Estimates indicate potential fuel consumption improvements of 3 to 4% for Otto-Cycle at wide open throttle, 7 to 9% for Otto-Cycle at road load, 4 to 5% for diesel at wide open throttle, and 6% for diesel at road-load. Much larger gains at road load could be obtained by using a stratified charge system which requires no air throttling. A literature search on techniques for measuring engine friction under firing conditions was also performed and various concepts employing Pressure-Volume Indicator Diagrams were assessed. Balanced pressure and direct pressure measurement in concert with instantaneous measurement of piston position provide the most reliable and repeatable assessment of engine efficiency. Pressure measurements in the range of 1/2 to 1% are achievable with digital processing techniques reducing dramatically the time and effort to generate P-V Indicator Diagrams. KW - Bearings KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lubricating oils KW - Otto cycle engines KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Valves KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179403 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367627 JO - BRITISH JOURNAL OF ADDICTION PB - Brunner-Routledge AU - Vingilis, Evelyn AU - Smart, R G AU - Longman Group Limited TI - EFFECTS OF RAISING THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE IN ONTARIO PY - 1981/12 VL - 76 IS - 4 SP - p. 415-424 AB - This paper reports four types of data which are relevant to the study of the effects of the increase in the drinking age. The data are from: (1) surveys of drinking and drinking problems among high school students; (2) a study of perceptions of vice-principals; (3) a trend analysis of young drinking offender charges; and (4) trend analyses of drinking-driving statistics. The results suggest a minimal effect for the changes in the legal drinking age. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Teenage drivers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181852 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00366773 AU - HERZOG, P AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers TI - STUDIES ON A UNIT INJECTION FOR CARS WITH HIGH-SPEED ENGINES PY - 1981/12 VL - 195 SP - p. 389-395 AB - The development of modern diesel engines is moving towards increased power per unit of displacement, lower engine weight, wider speed range, better fuel economy and lower noise and pollution levels. Due to these trends Friedmann and Maier have developed a new injection system, the unit injector. This paper deals with the development of the unit injector, its special features and its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with conventional in-line pumps. U1 - Institution of Mechanical Engineers Proceedings KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Unit injector UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181337 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366824 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Jick, H AU - Hunter, J R AU - Dinan, B J AU - Madsen, S AU - Stergachis, A AU - American Public Health Association TI - SEDATING DRUGS AND AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS LEADING TO HOSPITALIZATION PY - 1981/12 VL - 71 IS - 12 SP - 2 p. AB - The use of central nervous system depressant drugs among 244 people hospitalized for injuries suffered in an automobile accident was similar for drivers presumed at fault for the accident compared with other drivers and passengers. It was only slightly higher in the three groups than it was in the population at large. The absence of an important association in this population might be related to the warnings given to people filling prescriptions for these drugs. KW - Awareness KW - Drugs KW - Publicity KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366806 AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Douglass, R L AU - Compton, C P AU - Pettis, L C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse TI - RAISING THE LEGAL DRINKING AGE IN MICHIGAN AND MAINE PY - 1981/12 SP - 367 p. AB - Previous research has shown that increased alcohol availability associated with reductions in legal minimum age for purchase of alcoholic beverages resulted in increased alcohol-related traffic crash involvement among young drivers. In the late 1970s, Michigan raised the drinking age from 18 to 21, and Maine from 18 to 20, providing natural experiments reducing alcohol availability. Effects of the raised drinking age on motor vehicle crash involvement were evaluated using a tri-level hierarchical multiple time-series design. Results revealed a significant 20% reduction in alcohol-related injury-producing crash involvement among 18-20-year-old Michigan drivers directly attributable to the higher drinking age; alcohol-related property damage crashes decreased 17% for this age group. Maine drivers age 18-19 experienced a 20% reduction in alcohol-related property damage crash involvement attributable to the raised drinking age. It is concluded that the legal minimum drinking age has a significant effect on alcohol-related motor vehicle crash involvement among young drivers. Implications of the findings for beverage alcohol availability theory and public policy concerning the prevention of alcohol-related problems are included. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Legal drinking age KW - Public policy KW - Teenage drivers KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367001 JO - Public Attitude Monitor PB - All-Industry Research Advisory Council AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - ATTIUDES OF THE PUBLIC TOWARD AUTOMOBILE AND HOME INSURANCE PY - 1981/12 SP - 27 p. AB - The first Public Attitude Monitor concentrated on automobile insurance. This second study tracked some of the key automobile insurance subjects from the first survey and added the following topics: (1) the role of insurance costs among the factors influencing the selection of a new car; (2) attitudes toward automobile safety; (3) attitudes toward home insurance; and (4) attitudes toward claim fraud. Like the 1980 survey, the 1981 AIRAC/ACLI survey was a sample of in-home interviews of adults age 18 and over. There were 1,544 interviews in 1981 and 1,549 in 1980. These adults were sampled using area probability methods, with the non-metropolitan area sampled at half the expected rate. Weighting was used to reflect this and other kinds of under-sampling. The percentages and averages in the tables are based on weighted figures. The numbers of cases given in the tables are unweighted to allow the reader to judge how large the sample or sub-sample was. The result is a sample that is theoretically representative of the non-institutionalized adult population of the continental United States. For more details on the sample and on statistical reliability related to sample size, see the Technical Appendix. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Fraud KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181454 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00366771 AU - Harding, PRJ AU - DAY, A J AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers TI - INSTABILITY IN THE HAND-BRAKE PERFORMANCE OF CARS AND VANS PY - 1981/12 VL - 195 SP - p. 315-323 AB - Drum brakes of leading and trailing shoe design are commonly used on the rear axles of cars and vans, and their handbrake actuation is frequently accomplished by means of a strut between the two shoes. Occasional instability in the handbrake performance, which may culminate in brake lock and consequent shock loading of brake components, has been investigated experimentally and analytically. Lining friction and contact pattern, brake geometry and design are all considered as influencing factors and some unusual mechanisms of brake operation, which may occur under certain conditions, are explained as causes of the instability. U1 - Institution of Mechanical Engineers Proceedings KW - Automobiles KW - Brake linings KW - Braking performance KW - Drum brakes KW - Instability KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181335 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00366772 AU - NAKAJIMA, Y AU - Sugihara, K AU - Takagi, Y AU - Muranaka, S AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers TI - EFFECTS OF EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1981/12 VL - 195 SP - p. 369-376 AB - The effects of EGR on fuel consumption were analysed quantitatively in terms of factors improving and deteriorating fuel economy through experiment as well as thermodynamic calculations. To examine the effects of combustion duration on fuel economy under heavy EGR, experiments were performed with three engine variations. In calculation models, changes in specific heats, heat transfer rate, and dissociation rate caused by changes in gas temperature were considered. In conclusion, it may be stated that reductions of pumping loss, cooling loss, and dissociation were found to be improving factors, where the contribution ratio was approximately 4.5:4.0:1.5. The sum of calculated fuel economy gain increased steadily as the EGR increased, and reached more than 10 percent at a 20 percent EGR under light load condition. On the other hand, a major deteriorating factor was found to be a combustion fluctuation. This combustion fluctuation could be significantly reduced by achieving a "fast burn" through increased turbulence and/or dual point ignition. U1 - Institution of Mechanical Engineers Proceedings KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Experiments KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical models KW - Quantitative analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181336 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366808 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Sendelbaugh, J W AU - National Safety Council TI - SIMULATORS CAN BE ADAPTED TO TRAIN DEAF DRIVERS PY - 1981/12 VL - 81 IS - 6 SP - 4 p. AB - Stating that deaf drivers have fewer accidents than hearing drivers even though deaf drivers tend to use their vehicles more than hearing drivers, this article addresses the topic of driver education for hearing-impaired students. Results are reported from tests conducted on various ways to adapt standard simulator films so they can be used by both deaf and hard-of-hearing students. KW - Deafness KW - Driver training KW - Driving simulators KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181367 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367094 JO - Virginia Department of Highways Bulletin PB - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - COPING WITH WINTER DRIVING PY - 1981/12 VL - 47 IS - 12 SP - 3 p. AB - This article reviews some of the winter conditions and emergencies that face drivers: handling a skid, what to do when the windshield is abruptly coated with a grey film of ice, how to cope with reduced visibility or worse, complete blackout caused by headlights failure. Careful maintenance and driver preparedness can prevent many emergencies from happening. KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Ice KW - Reaction time KW - Skidding KW - Snow KW - Visibility KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181495 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362421 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Joseph, A AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - INSPECT YOUR CAR PY - 1981/12 VL - 45 IS - 10 SP - p. 30-31 AB - This article, which warns against the use of unsafe and defective vehicles, lists some common car problems and their warning signals. Daily and weekly checks are indicated for turn signals, loose wire connections, tire wear, tire pressure, shock absorbers, and engine problems. A monthly 15-mile run at about 45 to 50 mph is indicated for a hot engine check. Other monthly checks include those for misfire, accurate steering, brake squeal, and worn piston rings. KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181112 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362415 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Bhise, V D AU - Meldrum, J F AU - Forbes, L M AU - Rockwell, T H AU - McDowell, E D AU - Human Factors Society TI - PREDICTING DRIVER SEEING DISTANCE IN NATURAL RAINFALL PY - 1981/12 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - p. 667-682 AB - Four field studies were conducted in natural rainfall to develop a model for predicting distances at which drivers are able to see other vehicles in the roadway at various time periods following stoppage of a windshield-wiper stroke. The seeing distance prediction was developed as a function of rain intensity, rain accumulation time, and ambient daylight illumination. Two situations were studied; in the first, drivers seated in a stationary vehicle detected moving vehicles, and in the second, moving drivers detected a stationary vehicle. Useful seeing distance models were developed from field studies. Seeing distances predicted from the models developed from these earlier studies were compared with seeing distances obtained in a subsequent validation field test. Results indicated that average error in the prediction of seeing distances ranges from 9% to 23%. KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Rainfall KW - Sight distance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181108 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362068 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Agent, K R AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - AN EVALUATION OF PERMISSIVE LEFT-TURN PHASING PY - 1981/12 VL - 51 IS - 12 SP - p. 16-20 AB - In this study exclusive left-turn phasing was replaced with permissive left-turn phasing at four trial intersections. Intersection delay and accident studies were done before and after the trial installations. Also, a questionnaire was distributed to determine public opinion concerning the signal. Among the results of this study it was found that: permissive phasing at several locations in Lexington, Kentucky resulted in a 50 percent reduction in left-turn delay compared with exclusive phasing (total intersection delay was reduced 24 percent); permissive phasing resulted in an increase in accidents; questionnaire responses showed 90 percent of drivers in the area to be in favor of permissive left-turn phasing; signing to advise motorists of the meaning of permissive phasing is required; and advance publicity should precede installations. KW - Before and after studies KW - Exclusive phasing KW - Left turns KW - Permissive phasing KW - Public opinion KW - Publicity KW - Questionnaires KW - Signalized intersections KW - Signs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180897 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362402 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - CASE, K AU - BONNEY, M C AU - Port, J M AU - Levis, J AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - DESIGN OF MIRROR SYSTEMS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PY - 1981/12 VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - p. 15-17 AB - This article describes a computer aided design project for the evaluation of alternative rear-view mirror systems for a range of commerical vehicles. The design of rear-veiw mirror systems for buses is also discussed. Ergonomic as well as legislative criteria were the basis for the evaluation. KW - Buses KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Computer aided design KW - Ergonomics KW - Laws KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362403 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Harris, W J AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - COPPER IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY PY - 1981/12 VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - p. 22-23 AB - This article reviews the use of copper and copper alloys in motor vehicles. Specific applications discussed include bearings and bushing alloys and radiators. New fabrication techniques in the field of soldered copper/brass radiators are discussed. The article is supplemented with examples of copper use by the Swedish Granges Group and SU Butec's Llanelli Radiators. KW - Alloys KW - Antifriction bearings KW - Automobile industry KW - Bearing alloys KW - Copper KW - Copper alloys KW - Motor vehicles KW - Radiators KW - Sleeves (Electricity) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362067 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Box, P C AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - PARKING LOT ACCIDENT CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1981/12 VL - 51 IS - 12 SP - p. 12-15 AB - This study examined the assumptions made by some agencies or managements that special elements may be needed in parking lots for pedestrian protection. It also studied the question as to whether a safety relationship can be found between parking angle, stall width or other variables in parking layout. Results show a very low proportion of parking lot accidents involve injuries. Pedestrian accidents represent an even smaller fraction, and special pedestrian protection within parking lots was not found to be justified. No need was found to restrict diagonal crossing of parking rows. A significant increase in accident frequency was associated with higher parking turnover activity. Finally, the 90 degree parking layout appears to offer safety advantages as compared with lesser parking angles, however further research here is needed. KW - Angle parking KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Layout KW - Parking lots KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180896 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362414 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Sanders, M S AU - Human Factors Society TI - PEAK AND SUSTAINED ISOMETRIC FORCES APPLIED TO A TRUCK STEERING WHEEL PY - 1981/12 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - p. 655-660 AB - Each of 269 truck and bus drivers applied peak and sustained isometric forces to a truck steering wheel using three different hand positions. Subjects were instructed to maintain force for 15 s. Mean peak torque was 147 Newton-meters (Nm). The peak torque decayed 12% in the first 5 s, 17% after 10 s, and 21% after 15 s. The torque values were compared to steering wheel torques produced during a front tire blowout in a large truck. Depending on the hand position and time relationship between the peak torque produced from the blowout and the drivers' peak torque, 7 to 16% of the drivers might have lost control of the truck. The time-averaged blowout torques could probably be controlled by all subjects even 15 s after they produced their peak torque. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Blowouts KW - Bus drivers KW - Ergonomics KW - Outlet structure KW - Physiological aspects KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366528 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE LOSSES, COLLISION COVERAGES. PASSENGER CARS, VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES--1981 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST YEAR, 1980 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST TWO YEARS, 1979 MODELS DURING THEIR FIRST THREE YEARS PY - 1981/12 SP - 57 p. AB - This report describes the collision coverage loss experience of 1981 models during their frist year of availability, 1980 models during their first two years, and 1979 models during their first three years. Results are presented for passenger cars, vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles. This report is based on collision coverage and loss data supplied by nine insurers: Aetna, Allstate, GEICO, Kemper, Liberty Mutual, Nationwide, State Farm, Travelers, and USAA. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crashes KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177724 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362050 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - MOPEDS: THE 100 MILES PER GALLON BARGAIN. ECONOMY AND EASE ON WHEELS PY - 1981/12 VL - 64 IS - 12 SP - p. 18-21 AB - This article discusses mopeds in general: they have a variety of applications, are street legal in 45 states and the District of Columbia, use very little gas, require no special training to operate, need very little maintenance. Then it gives advice on selection and safety, and follows by listing eleven different models. Each listing includes a description of the vehicle, its performance and the warranty. Each model is given a rating. The listing includes a table which indicates the make and model, engine, starter system, transmission fuel capacity, weight, tires, full suspension or not, and price of the eleven mopeds. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mopeds KW - Performance KW - Prices KW - Safety factors KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362411 AU - Maxwell, D M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE RAISED LEGAL DRINKING AGE IN ILLINOIS PY - 1981/12 SP - 10 p. AB - Illinois raised its minimum legal drinking age in January 1980 from age 19 to 21 years. As a result, drivers age 19 and 20 who could previously purchase alcohol can no longer do so. This analysis attempts to determine what reduction, if any, in alcohol involvement in accidents can be attributed to the law change in Illinois. KW - Age KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25556/DOT-HS-806-115.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177002 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362051 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - MAKING SURE THE SAFETY SEAT IS SAFE PY - 1981/12 VL - 64 IS - 12 SP - p. 22-24 AB - This article lists the child safety seats which meet federal safety standards and warns consumers to make sure that the seat which they purchase is compatible with their car's design. It discusses several problems consumers might encounter when installing child safety seats and provides a list of eleven common mistakes for parents to avoid when using these restraints. KW - Automobile makes KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compatibility KW - Consumers KW - Facilities KW - Infants KW - Installation KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Selecting KW - Standards KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180883 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362373 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LATEST "WORLD CAR" AIMED FOR U.S. PRODUCTION PY - 1981/12 VL - 89 IS - 12 SP - p. 72-75 AB - The front-drive Renault 9 (R9) will be manufactured by American Motors at its Kenosha plant for U.S. sales starting in 1983. Most of the R9 assemblies and components are entirely new and include floorpan and body, transverse engine layout, a family of three end-on transmissions, rear suspension, and unique adjustable-tilt front seats. Permutations on the engine, transmission, and equipment options give an 11-model range. It is claimed that the car leads its class in strength, lightness (805-845 kg), noise suppression, and aerodynamics. Details of engine installation and camshaft design are briefly outlined. The automatic option was achieved with the usual torque converter and 3-speed epicyclic gearing. Front suspension is by MacPherson struts. Torsion bars are at the rear. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Front wheel drive KW - Noise control KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181088 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362392 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHANOL CAN BE CONVERTED TO GASOLINE PY - 1981/12 VL - 89 IS - 12 SP - p. 57-59 AB - This article describes a methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process for conversion of solid and gaseous fuels to liquid gasoline which can be used without requiring vehicle modification. The key to the MTG process is a novel shape-selective zeolite (ZSM-5 class) catalyst. MTG gasoline properties compare favorably with those of conventional petroleum-derived gasolines, the primary difference being the presence of a two percent weight concentration of durene in the MTG product. Conventional gasolines in the U.S. contain about 0.2-0.5 percent weight durene. However no adverse effect of the two percent durene was noted in any of the vehicles or laboratory simulations of distribution/handling exposures. KW - Catalysts KW - Chemical properties KW - Coal KW - Conversion KW - Durene KW - Gasoline KW - Methanol KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Performance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362416 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - SUMMALA, H AU - Human Factors Society TI - DRIVER/VEHICLE STEERING RESPONSE LATENCIES PY - 1981/12 VL - 23 IS - 6 SP - p. 683-692 AB - A steering maneuver was induced among unalerted drivers by the sudden opening of the door of a car parked near the path of travel. Lateral displacement of 1326 cars was measured unobtrusively. When plotted as a function of the time available for it, the averaged lateral displacement started at a latency of about 1.5 s, reached its halfway point at 2.5 s and its maximum at somewhat less than 4 s. This steering-response function was similar whether measured close to the parked car or 15 m in front of it, and it was independent of the cars' prior speed or lateral position. On the basis of these and consistent earlier results from related experiments, it was recommended that, for safe operation, at least 3 s should be reserved for drivers to respond, by steering, to changes in the road environment. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Door handles KW - Door opening KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Emergency response time KW - Parked vehicles KW - Parking KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181109 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362419 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Carrier, H AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - DYNAMOMETERS PY - 1981/12 SP - 6 p. AB - Modern chassis dynamometers can be used to simulate any normal highway operating condition and for the analysis of brake, fuel and ignition systems. This article presents schematic diagrams and briefly outlines the way in which the dynamometer could be used. KW - Brakes KW - Diagnostic clinic tests KW - Dynamometers KW - Fuel systems KW - Ignition systems KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181111 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366510 JO - Simulation PB - Simulation Councils, Incorporated AU - MITCHELL, B AU - ABRAMS, R AU - SCOTT, R A AU - Simulation Councils, Incorporated TI - ALL-DIGITAL SIMULATION OF SIMPLE AUTOMOBILE MANEUVERS PY - 1981/12 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - p. 179-186 AB - A new, all-digital simulation describes straight-line acceleration and braking of an automobile. The model has five degrees of freedom: longitudinal velocity, vertical velocity, pitch angular velocity, and the angular velocities of the front and rear wheels. The model is capable of handling severe maneuvers. Special provisions allow the user to include antilock systems, average suspension forces, perform braking studies, and assess the importance of nonlinear terms. A validation study shows a close comparison with results from earlier models. The model is modular, well-documented, and readily available to researchers in a convenient form. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Braking KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181170 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362401 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ROLLOVER ACCIDENTS--JEEP CJ-5 PY - 1981/12 VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - p. 14-19 AB - Stating that utility vehicles have the highest rate of involvement in single vehicle rollover crashes, this article addresses specifically the American Motors Corporatin Jeep CJ-5. A review of 1980 tests by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and 1981 tests by the Highway Safety Research Center at the University of North Carolina shows that the Jeep CJ-5 has a poor performance record. Also the Jeep CJ-5 had the worst report of personal injury claim frequency results for 1977 through 1980 model utility vehicles according to the Highway Loss Data Institute. Since knowledge of the vehicle and what it can and cannot do is essential, the last half of this article is devoted to tips for on-road driving and off-road operation of utility vehicles. These tips were provided by American Motors Corporation with the Jeep CJ-5 specifically in mind. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Performance tests KW - Rollover crashes KW - Utility vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362428 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - HOW TO BUY A HELMET PY - 1981/12 VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - 8 p. AB - Requirements that must be met by a good quality helmet are discussed, the different types of helmets are described, and the ways in which they provide protection for the head are outlined. A helmet must always fit snugly and have a double "D" ring fastener. Most manufacturers recommend an examination of the helmet after an accident. The stickers inside the helmets which represent various government and industry standards are explained in this article. The helmet is an impact-resisting container for the head which must prevent objects from entering the head and absorb impact energy. The helmet has a deformable shell and liner. The best shells are hand-laminated using woven fiberglass cloth and polyester resin. Helmet performance is measured by destroying test helmets under conditions that duplicate some accidents. Three commonly used standards are those of D.O.T., ANSI Z90.1 and Snell. KW - Energy absorption KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Performance KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362429 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - WHAT'S THAT NOISE? PART THREE PY - 1981/12 VL - 15 IS - 7 SP - p. 22-25 AB - Unusual noises that cars make are annoying and distract attention from driving. Even minor distractions such as "pinging" can cause near misses, minor accidents and sometimes major accidents. These unusual noises are indications of items needing maintenance or repair. Interpreting these audible clues is a major undertaking for any backyard mechanic and something all drivers should attempt to understand. In the October and November 1981 DRIVERs we covered general engine and drive train noises. This installment considers sounds unique to certain American Motors, Chrysler Corporation and Ford Motor Company vehicles. In part four of "What's That Noise?" General Motors cars will be discussed. KW - American Motors Corporation KW - Automobile engines KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Noise KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361937 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - KOCH, G G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - COMMENTARY ON STATISTICAL ISSUES UNDERLYING THE EVALUATION OF A SOCIAL POLICY CHANGE ON MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT PY - 1981/12 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 323-329 AB - This commentary addresses the statistical issues which are involved in assessing whether a causal interpretation can be given to an association between a change in social policy such as lowering the legal age for drinking alcohol and a change in the nature of accident involvement frequency for a particular sub-population of drivers like 18-20 year olds. In this regard, two methodological concerns are emphasized. The first is the resolution of a possible paradox in the nature of an association in the sense that individuals with greater tendency to accident involvement may also have a greater tendency to alcohol usage so that their alcohol related accident involvement is coincidental rather than causal. For this setting, alcohol would be an "after the fact" correlate with accident involvement as opposed to a possible cause. Similarly, the second concern is the role of population exposure as an explanation for the change in alcohol related accident frequency for a particular age group. Since availability naturally increases the size of the population at risk for such accidents, the corresponding accident frequency may similarly increase even though the corresponding accident rates may have remained unchanged or perhaps even decreased. For these reasons, although associations with change in social policy are definitely of general interest, their interpretation in a causal sense should be viewed with substantial caution until the implications of competing explanations are reconciled. This assertion, however, does not mean that such associations are not useful for policy purposes, but rather that they lack sufficiently targeted statistical validity to be the primary basis for such change. In other words, if there is a strong rationale on economic, political, or social grounds for a policy change, then data presenting meaningful associations which are compatible with it can often play an important supportive role for it. KW - Accident proneness KW - Adolescents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal age KW - Policy KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180816 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361936 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Jonah, B A AU - Dawson, N E AU - Bragg, BWE AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - PREDICTING ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT WITH THE MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR SKILL TEST PY - 1981/12 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 307-318 AB - The present study was conducted to assess the predictive validity of the Motorcycle Operator Skill Test (MOST) developed by McPherson and McKnight (1976). It was anticipated that among licensed motorcyclists those scoring higher on this off-road skill test would be less likely to become involved in an accident than motorcyclists scoring lower. A sample of motorcycle operator licence applicants was administered the MOST in addition to the regular licensing test. These motorcyclists were contacted about a year later and queried about their riding experiences including motorcycle accidents. Driver records were also searched for six months after the motorcyclist was licensed. Although bivariate analyses indicated that high scorers on the MOST were more likely to have had an accident than low scorers, multivariate analyses revealed no effect of test performance on subsequent accident involvement. However, accident likelihood was found to decrease as a function of age and increase as a function of vehicle distance travelled (i.e. exposure to risk). KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Accident proneness KW - Forecasting KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcyclists KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362004 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM DATA COLLECTION, CODING AND EDITING MANUAL. 1982 CONTINUOUS SAMPLING SYSTEM VERSION 5 PY - 1981/12 SP - v.p. AB - When completely developed, part of the National Accident Sampling System will consist of 75 small teams of accident investigators situated throughout the 48 contiguous states and Hawaii. At each site (Primary Sampling Unit--PSU), the accident research team will investigate a probability sample of police reported accidents on a continuous basis. Zone Centers will provide quality control. The purpose of this manual is to provide PSU team members, Zone Centers, the data processing contractor, sampling contractor, training contractors, and the National Center for Statistics and Analysis with a consistent, standardized set of instructions for sampling accidents and collecting, coding and editing the data. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Data sampling KW - Manuals KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Statistical sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179320 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361938 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Bayoumi, A AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN KUWAIT PY - 1981/12 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 339-348 AB - The main objectives of this study are to present data on fatal motor vehicle accidents in Kuwait with a view to find out the principal epidemiological features, establish a baseline for future evaluation, use international death rates to compare Kuwait with other countries and offer specific recommendations as to how the risks involved can be reduced. The epidemiology of all fatal accidents which had occurred in Kuwait between 1 January 1977 and 31 December 1978 are analysed. This two-year series, which includes 726 accidents and represents 1.7% of all types of accidents, resulted in 803 deaths (7.3% of the national deaths toll) and 1175 injuries. The death rates per hundred million vehicle kilometers of travel, per 100,000 registered motor vehicles and per 100,000 resident population in 1978 were about 8.5, 84.8 and 31.7 respectively. These figures reveal significantly higher rates than in some industrialized countries, thus ranking motor vehicle accidents among the four leading causes of death and probably as the commonest single cause of death in Kuwait. The study shows that children under the age of 15 yr contributed 26.2% of all motor vehicle fatalities, 40.9% of pedestrian deaths (55.2% of the series), 25% of pedal-cyclist deaths, 6.3% of motorcyclist deaths and 1.2% of driver deaths. It also confirms the importance of the motor vehicle-pedestrian type of accident (58.3%) and the over-representation of buses, trucks and motorcycles with respect to involvement in fatal accidents as compared to their relative ratios of registered vehicles. The principal recommendations call for the formation of a National Council for Road Safety, the establishment of intensive roadside care, traffic education of road users and at risk groups, improvement of the environment and the firm enforcement of the law to curb the toll of this killer disease in a traditional country undergoing rapid modernization like Kuwait. KW - Crash severity KW - Developing countries KW - Driver education KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180817 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361939 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Bourbeau, R R AU - LABERGE-NADEAU, C AU - Latour, R AU - Maag, U AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ROAD CRASHES AND INJURIES IN QUEBEC (1974): PATTERNS AMONG MANY VARIABLES PY - 1981/12 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 349-355 AB - Data on 1008 Quebec road victims obtained from linkage of governmental records have led to different types of analyses. This article presents an application of correspondence analysis to these data. We have chosen one example with its specific results showing expected associations between variables and new, unexpected associations which are plausible. The resulting patterns indicate a clear distinction between hospitalized and non-hospitalized victims and between a rural and an urban type of road crash. This multidimensional approach gives an overall picture of the patterns among the variables studied, indicating which subsets of variables might be investigated further. KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180818 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361998 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Brown, D B AU - Maghsoodloo, S AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A STUDY OF ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN YOUNG DRIVER ACCIDENTS WITH THE LOWERING OF THE LEGAL AGE OF DRINKING IN ALABAMA PY - 1981/12 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 319-322 AB - Accident experience in Alabama is reviewed in light of the reduction in the legal drinking age in 1975 from 21 to 19 years. Available data required an analysis of alcohol related accidents in the 18 to 20 year old group, which provided a conservative estimate of the overall change associated with the legislative action. Several statistical tests were performed to compare the 18-20 year old group with other groups throughout the period from 1972 through 1979. These confirm that (1) alcohol related single vehicle accidents within this age group were significantly lower than those of other age groups prior to the legal age reduction, and (2) currently, after the legal age reduction, there is no significant difference between the age groups. An analytical comparison of these results with other recent research findings is given. KW - Adolescents KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180865 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362010 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Hill, R AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - TROUBLE-SHOOTING YOUR CAR'S AIR SYSTEM PY - 1981/12 VL - 219 IS - 6 SP - p. 104-106 AB - There are two kinds of air-injection reaction (AIR) systems: one forces air into the exhaust with a belt-driven pump, the other uses exhaust-manifold vacuum to draw air in. To inspect an AIR system that uses a pump, one must: (a) look at the pump drive belt; (b) check pump output; (c) inspect hoses; (d) check the diverter valve; (e) inspect the check valve; (f) check the air manifold. To inspect an AIR system that does not use a pump, one must follow these procedures: (a) check the condition of the hoses; (b) inspect the check valve. Performing the preceding inspection rituals annually and at every tune-up will likely catch a problem before it develops. If not, some common problems with explanations of what one should do about them are reviewed: backfiring during deceleration, frozen pump, charred air-delivery hoses and surging or poor performance. KW - Air-injection reaction systems KW - Automobiles KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance practices KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364874 AU - Powell, J D AU - Glaser, I AU - Randall, K AU - Hosey, R AU - Stanford University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - CLOSED LOOP CONTROL OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES PY - 1981/12 SP - 316 p. AB - Internal combustion engine economy and emissions are known to be sensitive to changes in engine control variables. Two of the most important variables are fuel/air ratio (f/a) and spark advance. These variables are affected by environmental changes, manufacturing tolerances, and time degradation. The combined effect of all these changes can cause as much as a 15% loss in economy and a 30% increase in emissions. This research concerns the application of optimization theory to develop control laws for use in closed loop control strategies to minimize the effect of the variables discussed above. The report describes the automated dynamometer facility developed for the acquisition of engine mapping data. This data was used to develop analytical functions describing the fuel consumption and emissions at each of 10 torque/RPM points. The functions were used by an optimization procedure to arrive at control strategies and driving cycle predictions of fuel consumption and emissions. The optimum schedules were then used to determine a closed-loop control strategy. KW - Air quality management KW - Automatic control KW - Automobile engines KW - Computer programs KW - Control systems KW - Controller characteristics KW - Dynamometers KW - Electronic control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Optimization KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366774 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORTS--SUMMARY FORMAT--ISSUE NUMBER 2--1980 PY - 1981/11/20 SP - 120 p. AB - The highway field activity for the second half of Fiscal 1980 included 28 highway accident investigations. This document contains summary reports and statements of probable cause of 24 of these reports and of 4 from the first half of FY 1980. The criteria for selection of accidents for investigation were accident severity (5 or more fatalities), technical problems with a national implication and public interest. The summary reports briefly state the facts and circumstances of each accident, a brief analysis of the facts and the probable cause developed through the analysis. These summary reports are for use in providing a Safety Board approved statement of probable cause in the public docket. As reported they have no statistical significance. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362384 AU - HUME, R D AU - Squires, M L AU - Romberg, R A AU - Uppaluri, S V AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - SAFETY STANDARD BENEFIT ESTIMATES FOR LIGHT TRUCKS, VANS, AND MPVS PY - 1981/11/11 SP - 142 p. AB - This document reports the results of a study in which accident data were analyzed to estimate the effects of extending FMVSS 214, FMVSS 216, FMVSS 208, FMVSS 212, and FMVSS 219 to light trucks, vans, and multi-purpose vehicles. Study objectives were to (1) estimate the magnitude of light truck, van, and MPV crash injuries in relation to those resulting from passenger car crashes; and, (2) to estimate the potential savings in the form of injury reduction that could be attributed to the extension of these standards to light trucks, vans, and MPVs. Data from the National Crash Severity Study, the National Personal Transportation Survey, the Truck Inventory and Use Survey, and an exposure dataset collected by IRPS were analyzed. FMVSS 208 showed substantial potential benefit. The benefits of extending FMVSS 212, 214, and 216 were slight, with injury prevention potential lying in the 0.2% to 0.4% range. No potential benefit to the extension of FMVSS 219 was found. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Doors KW - Injuries KW - Light trucks KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Restraint systems KW - Roofs KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Vans KW - Vehicles KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368863 AU - Tyner, W E AU - BINKLEY, J K AU - Matthews, M E AU - Whitford, R K AU - Purdue University AU - Department of Transportation TI - TRANSPORTATION ENERGY FUTURES: PATHS OF TRANSITION. VOLUME 2: BENEFITS AND COSTS PY - 1981/11/01 SP - 214 p. AB - This research makes direct comparisons among a wide range of transportation energy alternatives, namely improved automobile fuel economy, coal liquification, synthetic fuels from oil shale, alcohol fuels from biomass, and railroad electrification. In a framework that facilitates comparison of alternative policies and transportation energy development strategies, this volume reports the efficiency analysis results, designated as Path One, assessed at three levels of development for each area: Scenario A - business as usual, Scenario B - accelerated development, and Scenario C - maximum feasible development. The results generally indicated that rail electrification, auto fuel economy, and shale oil were the least cost (highest rate of return) areas and biomass alcohols the highest cost (lowest rate of return) with coal liquids ranked in the middle. At oil price increases of 3 percent or more, all scenarios for all areas yielded positive discounted net benefits when discounted at rates up to 10 percent. Internal rates of return for all areas were greater than 10 percent for oil price increases of 3 percent or more. Only rail electrification (all scenarios) and auto fuel economy, Scenario A, are economic at an oil price of less than $40 per barrel. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Biomass KW - Coal liquefaction KW - Energy KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway transportation KW - Oil shales KW - Policy KW - Railroad electrification KW - Railroad transportation KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419624 AU - Greenblatt, J AU - Merrin, M B AU - Morganstein, D AU - Schwartz, D AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - National accident sampling system, non reported accident survey PY - 1981/11 IS - DOT HS 806 198 SP - 122P KW - Accident KW - Accident costs KW - Accident rate KW - Accident record KW - Attitude KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Crash rates KW - Crash records KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injury severity KW - Injury severity KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Sampling KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits KW - Statistical sample KW - Statistical sampling KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365535 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science, Inciorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES IN CONJUNCTION WITH FMVSS 301 COMPLIANCE TESTING (1981 MODEL YEAR) PY - 1981/11 SP - 86 p. AB - The Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. Collisions reported herein were performed under Contract titled 'FMVSS 301 Standards Enforcement Testing,' and were to establish data on frontal fixed barrier and rear-end moving barrier impacts. The information collected includes documentation of residual crush and acceleration data for each vehicle in each test. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Research KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365288 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - Goldblatt, R AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A REVIEW OF THE DRIVER-VEHICLE EFFECTIVENESS (DRIVEM) MODEL PY - 1981/11 SP - 259 p. AB - The DRIVEM computer model is an analytic/simulation tool. It incorporates known data which describe driver performance as influenced by variations in vehicle design, human factors responses, and driver capabilities in implementing accident-avoidance decisions and evasive actions. The objective of the model is to apply this data so as to produce quantitative estimates of accident probability and severity for specified environmental conditions. Following a detailed review of the model, sensitivity tests were conducted to analyze its performance. A workshop was held wherein invited experts assessed the model and rendered conclusions and recommendations. The most prominant of these are: Conclusions: (1) DRIVEM is not acceptable as an evaluative tool at the present time; (2) DRIVEM can become a valuable tool to assess safety standards if the model is satisfactorily upgraded; (3) The needed improvements to DRIVEM are technically feasible within its existing framework. KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396119 AU - Greenblatt, J AU - Merrin, M B AU - Morganstein, D AU - Schwartz, S AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM. NONREPORTED ACCIDENT SURVEY PY - 1981/11 SP - 122 p. AB - The National Accident Sampling System (NASS) is the data collection program from which the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) will estimate national totals for categories of police-reported accidents, in support of the research of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Because there is currently no provision in NASS for sampling non-police reported accidents, NASS could underestimate accidents, injuries, and societal costs associated with traffic accidents. The survey described in this report provides estimates of the magnitude of the non-police reported accident problem and thereby a means for adjusting for the underestimate. Telephone interviews were conducted with a nationally-representative set of 6,541 households with follow-ups to 5,424 of these households. A total of 215 police-reported and 264 non-police reported accidents were described in the form of a detailed set of questionnaires. This report describes the results and implications of the study. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Highway statistics KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Questionnaires KW - Statistics KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390889 AU - Hudson, C L AU - Putnam, E S AU - Bernard, M J AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - Department of Energy TI - VEHICLE CHARACTERIZATION FOR THE TAPCUT PROJECT: PERFORMANCE AND COST PY - 1981/11 SP - 136 p. AB - Three sets of technologies for urban transportation were developed for use in testing energy conservation strategies. Each set included both personal and mass transportation vehicles; different socieconomic conditions were assumed for each of the three sets. Vehicles in the first set combine the best performance and fuel economy characteristics while meeting stringent air emissions standards. Personal vehicles in the second set sacrifice performance for maximum fuel economy. Vehicles in the third set are more fuel efficient than 1980 vehicles but do not otherwise represent significant technological improvements for present vehicles. The method for forecasting vehicle characteristics is presented, as are data for performance, fuel economy, and purchase price for each vehicle. New engine technologies were introduced in every set, including diesel, Stirling, and Brayton engines, stratified-charge Otto engines, and electric and hybrid vehicles. Technology development for transit vehicles parallelled that of autos. KW - Brayton system KW - Diesel engines KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy conservation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel conservation KW - Heat cycle KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Otto cycle engines KW - Prices KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386514 JO - Journal of Analytical Toxicology PB - Oxford University Press AU - McCurdy, H H AU - Solomons, E T AU - Holbrook, J M AU - Preston Publications, Incorporated TI - INCIDENCE OF METHAQUALONE IN DRIVING-UNDER-THE-INFLUENCE (DUI) CASES IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA PY - 1981/11 VL - 5 SP - p. 270-274 AB - A retrospective study was undertaken to assess the range of blood methaqualone levels, which should be considered sufficient to produce deterioration of driving ability. Data from 974 driving-under-the influence (DUI) cases were subdivided into five major categories based on whether drugs other than methaqualone were discovered during the analytical procedures. The range of blood methaqualone levels, which appear to cause significant motor skill impairment, are discussed for each category. Also included are data from 20 of these cases indicating the symptoms of methaqualone intoxication which were reported by arresting officers. KW - Driver impairment KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Impaired drivers KW - Methaqualone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380700 AU - Michael, R B AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - THE EFFECT OF GASOHOL ON I/M PROGRAMS PY - 1981/11 SP - 5 p. AB - The idle emission changes with gasohol varied with the different short tests. Using the first idle readings of the Two-Speed Idle Test, average idle HC emissions increased by 19% while CO emissions decreased by 13% with gasohol. Using the second idle readings, HC increased by 8% and CO decreased by 9%. These results--the HC increases and the small CO decreases--conflict with the earlier study which showed large reductions in both idle HC and CO with gasohol. The earlier study only tested two vehicles, however. Gasohol generally caused a change in failure rate. The change varied depending on the test used, however. For the 207(b) Emission Performance Warranty cutpoints, the failure rate using the first idle portion of the Two-Speed Idle Test increased with gasohol from 39% to 46%. The failure rate using the second idle portion decreased with gasohol, however, from 27% to 23%. The failure rate using the full Two-Speed Idle Test (testing at both idle and 2500 rpm) remained essentially unchanged at 35%. The change in failure rate was almost entirely due to CO emission changes, not HC. For example, using the second idle portion of the Two-Speed Idle Test, the number of vehicles failing a 2% idle CO cutpoint decreases from 17.5% to 11% with gasohol, whereas the number of vehicles failing a 300 ppm HC cutpoint remains unchanged at 11.5%. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Engine idling KW - Gasohol KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Idling KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pollutants KW - Testing KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193500 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379037 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Fife, D AU - Rosner, B AU - McKibben, W AU - American Public Health Association TI - RELATIVE MORTALITY OF UNBELTED INFANT PASSENGERS AND BELTED NON-INFANT PASSENGERS IN AIR ACCIDENTS WITH SURVIVORS PY - 1981/11 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 5 p. AB - Aircraft accidents with survivors were examined to determine the relative risk of mortality for unrestrained infant passengers vs seat-belted adult passengers. The crude relative risk was estimated to be 7.1, based on US data, and 7.4 based on worldwide data. More refined estimates allow for possible effects of seat location and for differences in lethality between crashes. Using such estimates, unbelted infant passengers have relative risk of 5.9 based on US data and 9.6 based on worldwide data. The injury experience of restrained vs unrestrained automobile passengers suggests that the observed excess risk to infant air passengers may be related to the absence of a mechanical restraint system. Recommendations for a mechanical restraint system are made and the cost and benefits of implementing these recommendations in the US are discussed. KW - Adults KW - Aircraft KW - Crashes KW - Death rate KW - Fatalities KW - Infants KW - Passenger restraints KW - Restraint systems KW - Risk analysis KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377930 AU - FITZPATRICK, M U AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEMS ANALYSIS APPROACH TO INTEGRATING AIR BAGS INTO A PRODUCTION READY SMALL CAR PY - 1981/11 SP - 155 p. AB - During the course of this study test data derived from Contract No. DTNH22-81-C-07330 was used to further validate the computer models "DRACR" and "PAC." These validated computer programs were used to investigate other crash velocities, operating environments, design specifications, occupant sizes, occupant protections, and sensing and/or inflator staging scenarios. Design options for a restraint system package that, based upon computer simulations, promises to most optimally meet the combined and sometimes conflicting requirements of various occupant sizes, occupant positions and crash conditions are recommended. KW - Air bags KW - Compact automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Human factors KW - Small car KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371132 AU - Taggart, H E AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Department of Justice TI - METHODS OF SUPPRESSING AUTOMOTIVE INTERFERENCE PY - 1981/11 SP - 9 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to (1) review the sources of electromagnetic interference (EMI) within a vehicle so that the reader will have a basic understanding of the EMI problem; (2) discuss the techniques that have been used successfully by the auto industry to suppress EMI, and (3) suggest some newer techniques for suppressing EMI within an automobile. The automotive manufacturers utilize several techiques to reduce EMI emanating from the vehicle. The techniques include resistor spark plugs, resistor spark plug cables, use of silicone lubricant in the distributor, use of capacitors as filters, placement of grounding straps at key locations, conductive fan belt discharge, and tire static-charge reduction. If even further reduction of EMI is needed to obtain the maximum capability of a specific mobile communication system, there are additional suppression techniques discussed herein that can be employed to achieve this goal. These techniques are effective at frequencies from approximately 30 to 1000 MHz. Measurement results show that the EMI from a new production-line automobile, measured in accordance with SAE Standard J55lg, can be reduced as much as 10 to 15 dB by employing these new suppression techniques. The amount of degradation to a mobile narrow-band FM receiver, such as the type used by law enforcement agencies, can be measured using the measurement technique described. This same technique can then be used as a tool to further reduce EMI from the vehicle components. KW - Automobiles KW - Communication systems KW - Electromagnetic interference UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371112 AU - Opinion Research Corporation AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - ATTITUDES TOWARD FIVE-MILE-PER-HOUR BUMPERS. A NATIONAL SURVEY AMONG NEWER-MODEL CAR OWNERS PY - 1981/11 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the results of a nationwide survey which Opinion Research Corporation has recently completed. The survey was done for The Insurance Institute of Highway Safety. Interviewing was conducted by telephone, from October 22 through October 27, 1981, and 1103 households were interviewed. The purpose of the survey was to measure attitudes of car owners toward bumpers that meet the five-mile-per-hour federal property damage bumper To qualify for an interview a respondent had to be at least 21 years old, a head or co-head of the household and own at least one 1979-82 passenger car -- the model years required to meet the five-mile-per-hour federal property damage bumper standard. The questionnaire used in the survey is included in the appendix of this report as are descriptions of the sampling methodology and the interviewing experience. KW - Attitudes KW - Bumpers KW - Data collection KW - Questionnaires KW - Sampling KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370281 JO - American City & County PB - Penton Media AU - Buttenheim Publishing Corporation TI - WAYS THAT CITIES ARE SAVING COSTLY FUEL PY - 1981/11 VL - 96 IS - 11 SP - 4 p. AB - Five general options offered to the municipal fleet manager who has to cope with reduced fuel availability are presented: (1) Shift to more fuel-efficient vehicles; (2) Shift transportation requirements to existing modes or increase load factors; (3) Improve energy efficiencies; (4) Improve usage patterns; and (5) Verify total transportation demand. Some examples are given and an insert "Fifteen painless ways to cut fuel consumption" is included. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - City government KW - Costs KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Load factor KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187597 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370255 JO - American City & County PB - Penton Media AU - Buttenheim Publishing Corporation TI - DO TRAFFIC SIGNALS EVER BECOME TOO UNWARRANTED? PY - 1981/11 VL - 96 IS - 11 SP - p. 25-28 AB - This article discusses the considerations necessary when making the decision to remove a traffic signal. It includes a list and discussion of situations that have led to the removal of a traffic signal, a list and discussion of the eight different warrants for traffic signals found in the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices", and a discussion of the factors that affect accident rates after signal removal. It is recommended that, to minimize the possibility of an increase in accidents, the signal should be set to the flashing mode, rather than bagged or disconnected, for at least 30 days after stop signs are installed. An inset accompanying this article addresses the topic of financial benefits of signal removal both for the city and for the driver. KW - Crash rates KW - Decision making KW - Economic benefits KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Recommendations KW - Removal KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187573 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370214 JO - Thorax PB - British Medical Association AU - Mackintosh, A F AU - Fleming, H A AU - British Medical Association TI - CARDIAC DAMAGE PRESENTING LATE AFTER ROAD ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/11 SP - p. 811-813 AB - Six examples of cardiac damage secondary to non-penetrating trauma in road accidents are described. In all six cases the lesion was not recognised at the time of the accident but became clinically important two days to 17 years later. As the patients were young or had unusual lesions, the damage could be attributed to the accident. In older patients with common cardiac problems the trauma might not be recognised as the underlying cause. KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Heart KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187555 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369591 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nagy, B AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - CARWORDS--A BASIC GLOSSARY OF AUTOMOTIVE TERMINOLOGY. PART II PY - 1981/11 VL - 33 IS - 11 SP - 5 p. AB - As we said in our introduction to CarWords last month, this lexicon has been compiled to provide a fairly broad cross-section of the terms most often encountered. In an effort to help you develop an even better understanding of your car and how it functions, we've included a number of thumbnail overviews of major automotive systems and subsystems. Refer to the October 1981 issue of Motor Trend for terms ranging from A-pillar to Greenhouse. KW - Automobiles KW - Definitions KW - Glossaries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187147 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369622 JO - ROBOT PB - SNELCO-PRO PUBLIC RELATIONS CONSULTANTS AU - Walt, C van der AU - South African Road Safety Council TI - THREE OR MORE FOR THE ROAD? NEVER PY - 1981/11 IS - 119 SP - 1 p. AB - A few brief comments are made on NRSC's experiment whereby they used well-known personalities to convince sceptics that a blood alcohol level of 0.08 will have an effect on a driver's abilities. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Experiments KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187172 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369621 JO - ROBOT PB - SNELCO-PRO PUBLIC RELATIONS CONSULTANTS AU - South African Road Safety Council TI - MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PY - 1981/11 IS - 119 SP - 1 p. AB - A list of safety hints for motorcyclists is presented. The list was compiled by Keith Rivers, a well known participant in course and field races for motorcycles. KW - Guidelines KW - Helmets KW - Highway safety KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369310 AU - Griffin, L I AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - PROBABILITY OF OVERTURN IN SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS AS A FUNCTION OF ROAD TYPE AND PASSENGER CAR CURB WEIGHT PY - 1981/11 SP - 19 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of passenger car curb weight and road type (Interstate, U.S. and State, Farm to Market, County Road, and City Street) on the probability of vehicle overturn, in single vehicle accidents. Standard logistic regression procedures were used. The results show that the probability of passenger car overturn in a single vehicle accident is highly dependent upon vehicle weight, with lighter weight vehicles displaying a much greater propensity to overturn, that the likelihood of vehicle overturn is influenced by road class, with the most overturns on county roads (19.66%) and the least on city streets (3.95%), and that within road class probability of vehicle overturn is inversely related to passenger car curb weight. Finally, it is noted that while passenger car curb weight does vary inversely with the probability of vehicle overturn, it does not necessarily follow that reduced passenger car curb weight causes an increase in the probability of vehicle overturn and that more research is needed. KW - Automobiles KW - Overturning KW - Regression analysis KW - Road types KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Types of roads KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368864 AU - Hammoud, M AU - Purdue University AU - Department of Transportation TI - TRANSPORTATION ENERGY FUTURES: PATHS OF TRANSITION. VOLUME 5: BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1981/11 SP - 176 p. AB - This report contains 1780 entries that comprise the bibliography for Purdue's Transition Path Analysis for futures in Transportation and Energy. They have been organized in 14 subject areas. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bibliographies KW - Biomass KW - Coal liquefaction KW - Energy KW - Energy efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway transportation KW - Oil shales KW - Policy KW - Railroad electrification KW - Railroad transportation KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368860 AU - Ferguson, C R AU - Kizawa, H AU - Gillette, A AU - Purdue University AU - Department of Transportation TI - DIESEL EMISSIONS PY - 1981/11 SP - 108 p. AB - Time-resolved opacity measurements have been made at the exhaust port of a direct injection diesel engine. The opacity is stratified no more than a factor of two and shows significant cycle to cycle variations only near the smoke limit. Analysis of the results leads to the conclusion that droplet hydrocarbons exist in the port and have evaporated after flowing through an exhaust pipe one meter in length. Time-average particulate emissions have been mapped as a function of speed, load, dilution ratio, and filter temperature. Particle sizes have been measured as a function of speed and load. It is concluded that a model of the dilution process must admit multicomponent condensation and multilayer adsorption. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Particulates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182726 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368834 JO - British Journal of Clinical Practice PB - Harvey and Blythe Limited AU - Maitra, A K AU - Harvey and Blythe Limited TI - PATTERN OF CARE FOR MILD HEAD INJURIES IN ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT PY - 1981/11 VL - 35 SP - p. 385-389 AB - Two hundred and twenty one consecutive mild head injuries were treated at the Accident and Emergency Department of the Royal Victoria Infirmary during a four week period. Thirty-seven were admitted for 24-48 hours in the Observation Ward inside the Department, and 184 were treated and discharged. The epidemiological characteristics of these two groups have been described and compared with other published series. The need for an uncomplicated guideline for the initial management of head injuries at the Accident and Emergency Department is reiterated. KW - Age KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Gender KW - Head KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368859 AU - McGillem, C D AU - Cooper, G R AU - Chen, C L AU - Bass, S C AU - Purdue University AU - Department of Transportation TI - LORAN-C FOR LAND VEHICLE LOCATION PY - 1981/11 SP - 57 p. AB - A re-evaluation of the accuracy and stability of LORAN-C signals measured in a 400 square-mile area around Lafayette, Indiana, has been carried out. New data providing a 10-month period of coverage was added. The re-evaluation confirmed previous findings of excellent stability and accuracy of these signals. Methods of combining multiple time difference measurements, using least squares and maximum likelihood procedures, are shown to give improved estimates over single pairs of time differences. An experimental simulator for atmospheric noise was developed and tested for possible use in development of an improved tracking system for land vehicle use. A series of experimental measures was made to evaluate the transient performance of a typical marine receiver when operated in the dynamical environment of an automobile. Although transient errors of thousands of feet occurred following rapid stops, these generally died out more rapidly than had been expected. KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Grids (Coordinates) KW - Loran KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tracking systems KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182725 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368852 JO - Rhode Island Medical Journal PB - Rhode Island Medical Association AU - Ain, K B AU - Barrall, D T AU - Perez, R G AU - Ward, H A AU - Rhode Island Medical Association TI - PATTERNS OF AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY RESTRAINT USE IN RHODE ISLAND: IMPACT OF THE CHILD PASSENGER RESTRAINT LAW PY - 1981/11 VL - 64 IS - 11 SP - p. 515-519 AB - On July 1, 1980, a new law went into effect in Rhode Island, requiring that children aged 3 or under, if in the front seat of a motor vehicle, be restrained in a child passenger system approved under Federal Standard 213. The law excludes restraints for children in the rear seat. This study, conducted by four medical students, was undertaken to interpret the impact of this legislation, and to evaluate the extent of the present knowledge of this law and the degree of actual compliance. In addition, the degree of police knowledge and enforcement of this law was ascertained for the study period (15 days). It is concluded that the Rhode Island Child Passenger Restraint Law does not appear to have yielded results despite adequate publicity. Many safety seats appear to be unused, and 21%, of the Rhode Island study population was observed to be in violation of the law. Greater enforcement is both warranted and necessary. Physicians and other health-care professionals must increase their efforts through counseling and education to eliminate motor vehicle accidents as the leading cause of death in this age group. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compliance KW - Crash victims KW - Death rate KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367933 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - MOTOR VEHICLE COST RESPONSIBILITY STUDY 1980. TECHNICAL APPENDUM PY - 1981/11 SP - v.p. AB - This Technical Appendum explains and develops more fully some of the procedures, concepts, and issues presented in the Final Report. It also presents a list of recommendations which will provide assistance and guidance to the next Cost Responsibility Study Team. There are five chapters and five appendices, as follows: the history of cost responsibility in Oregon; 1980 cost responsibility study; responses to criticisms of the 1980 study; recommendations for the next cost responsibility study; a proposal for an axle weight-distance road user charge; comments on the 1980 cost responsibility study final report; special studies; computer program; errata; and primary legislation which resulted from the findings and recommendations of the 1980 study. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Cost sharing KW - Costs KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway user taxation KW - Rates KW - Road user costs KW - State highways KW - Taxation KW - Taxes KW - Travel budgets KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368305 AU - Zellner, J W AU - White, M AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCED MOTORCYCLE BRAKE SYSTEM PY - 1981/11 SP - v.p. AB - A state of the art assessment and experimental evaluation of motorcycle advanced hydraulic disc brake systems are reported. Motorcycle brake system requirements and technology are reviewed. A contemporary large street motorcycle was fitted with seven candidate conventional improvements, and full scale tests were conducted to compare these with baseline. A prototype all-mechanical antilock brake system was installed and evaluated. The feasibility of variable proportioned brake systems for motorcycles was investigated and a preliminary design prepared. Results showed strong advantages of antilock on wet (low SN) surfaces, and examined other practical aspects of antilock. Advanced wet friction materials and improved control feel properties also showed performance advantages. Recommendations include the experimental investigation of interconnected brake systems. KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brakes KW - Disc brakes KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Motorcycles KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - State of the art studies KW - Technology KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367927 AU - Saffron, D G AU - Traffic Authority of New South Wales, Australia TI - DRIVER AND RIDER EDUCATION, TRAINING AND LICENSING: A BRIEF REVIEW PY - 1981/11 SP - 33 p. AB - Relevant research related issues are briefly examined. The known influence of experience implies the possibility of effective education and training. At present, however, there is no sound evidence to show that effective programmes exist, to support the suspicion of a special effectiveness for motorcyclists, or to suggest that a licence test is an effective crash countermeasure--either as a selection device or as an incentive for prelicensing education. Great expenditure on fairly ineffective measures results in loss of opportunity to benefit from more effective, mainly engineering, measures. Longer term driver behaviour research seems to have a high priority. KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver education KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Research KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368306 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES IN CONJUNCTION WITH FMVSS 301 COMPLIANCE TESTING (1981 MODEL YEAR) PY - 1981/11 SP - v.p. AB - The Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collisions. Collisions reported herein were performed under Contract DOT-HS-9-02274, entitled "FMVSS 301 Standards Enforcement Testing," and establish data on frontal fixed barrier and rear-end moving barrier impacts. The information collected includes documentation of residual crush and acceleration data for each vehicle in each test. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Rear end crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368307 AU - Kleinman, E W AU - Conley, C G AU - Tom, J C AU - VERVE AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDIES SUPPORTING THE EVALUATION OF THE UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING SYSTEM PROGRAM EFFECTS ON THE CONSUMER MARKET PLACE. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1981/11 SP - 123 p. AB - This report describes the results of several research activities designed to support the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in its evaluation of the Uniform Tire Quality Grading System (UTQGS). The UTQG System provides consumers with comparison information on three performance characteristics: treadwear, traction, and temperature resistance. This program was intended to affect the tire marketplace by: (1) shifting consumer choices toward tires that best meet their needs; and (2) shifting manufacturer production towards safer and longer-wearing tires. An annotated summary report reviewed the type of data available on the tire industry structure and consumer behavior. Generally, these data were not in a useful form for evaluating the UTQGS program. A general sampling plan was designed for the survey and feasibility studies in this project and for conducting future fullscale nationwide surveys. In this plan, cities with independent market areas serve as a common framework across the set of surveys investigating UTQGS. Tire dealers' newspaper advertisements in 150 cities were surveyed to identify: (1) the regular and sale prices paid by many consumers; and (2) how dealers use UTQGS as a marketing strategy. Advertisements were collected at six points between March 15, 1981, and June 1, 1981. Findings showed that city UTQGS usage in dealer advertisements varied within a low range for most cities and averaged 5.8 percent. This survey also provides a baseline for comparison with future tire prices, to determine whether dealer pricing strategies vary over time for higher rated tires relative to lower rated tires. Two feasibility studies were conducted to develop and pilot test the questionnaires and data collection procedures for interviewing retail tire dealers in future full-scale nationwide surveys. The first study developed the methodology for surveying dealer marketing strategies and UTQGS usage. The second study developed the methodology for surveying dealers' tire price structure and proportions sold at varying markup levels for two points in time: 1979, before UTQGS was fully effective, and 1981, one year after UTQGS was fully effective. Findings indicate that it is feasible to survey the retail tire dealer network and more cost-effective to combine both dealer surveys into one. Finally, a conceptual analysis explored the feasibility of applying a mathematical equation to trace the effect of UTQGS on tire prices and quantities sold. Analysis demonstrated that this technique is not viable and that alternative research approaches are more appropriate for evaluating the UTQGS program. KW - Advertising KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Marketing KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prices KW - Surveys KW - Temperature resistance KW - Thermal resistance KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Uniform tire quality grading system KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367911 AU - Hall, W L AU - Orr, B T AU - Council, F M AU - Trinkoff, A M AU - Daniel, R B AU - Waller, A E AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - PROGRESS REPORT ON INCREASING CHILD RESTRAINT USAGE THROUGH LOCAL EDUCATION AND DISTRIBUTION PROGRAMS PY - 1981/11 SP - v.p. AB - North Carolina statistics indicate that, as in the past, automobile accidents continue to be the leading cause of death to children. Dynamically tested child safety seats could save the lives of at least 80 out of 100 children killed if parents would buckle their children up. Unfortunately, nine out of every ten children involved in North Carolina crashes are not protected by restraints. A countermeasure was instituted in 1977 in which the North Carolina Governor's Highway Safety Program and the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center began an education oriented project to educate parents through health care professionals. Since 1977, these efforts have been expanded to include community groups and to assist in setting up local loaner/rental programs and programs designed to protect foster children in each county. This year's efforts have been characterized by expansion into various areas of child passenger safety. In efforts to meet project goals, efforts have been concentrated in three main areas; education, distribution, and legislation. This report will consist of efforts expended in the following basic components: (1) An educational program aimed primarily at health care providers and educators; (2) A restraint distribution program setting up local restraint loaner/rental programs; (3) An expansion of local "Wards of the State" programs; (4) Expanded efforts in development of child restraint legislation; and (5) The continued evaluation of the effectiveness of the project. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368308 AU - WALSH, M J AU - Kelleher, B J AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A BELT RESTRAINT SYSTEM FOR SMALL CARS USING FORCE LIMITING--VOLUME II PY - 1981/11 SP - v.p. AB - Evaluation of the performance of a passive belt system designed to be force limiting and preloaded with regard to six-year-old sized anthropometric test devices (ATDs) is reported herein. The restraint system, including an energy managing knee bolster, was developed and demonstrated satisfactory performance when evaluated using adult sized ATDs in a small car (Chrysler L-body). This report addresses the special consideration of the problem of properly restraining the six-year-old sized ATD in a vehicle equipped with adult size restraint systems. In addition the results of sled tests of two prototype vest/belt restraint systems, one for handicapped occupants and one for the six-year-old size occupants, are presented. KW - Children KW - Compact automobiles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Performance evaluations KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Restraint systems KW - Sled tests KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367650 AU - Wolf, B AU - Campbell, K L AU - O'Day, J AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - OCCUPANT SURVIVABILITY IN HEAVY-TRUCK CRASHES PY - 1981/11 SP - 34 p. AB - Rollover and ejection are associated with heavy-truck occupant fatalities about twice as frequently as for passenger-car occupant fatalities. A panel reviewed 41 in-depth cases to assess the possbile effectiveness of restraint use and the contribution of rollover and ejection to the fatal injuries. The panel's responses indicated that belt use was expected to be particularly effective in preventing fatalities resulting from occupant ejection. The effectiveness of FMVSS 206, which required stronger door latches, seems to be reflected in lower ejection rates for 1972 and newer model year heavy trucks. KW - Door latches KW - Effectiveness KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Rollover crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367663 AU - Mayhew, D R AU - Warren, R A AU - Simpson, H M AU - Haas, G C AU - Traffic Injury Research Foundation TI - YOUNG DRIVER ACCIDENTS: MAGNITUDE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROBLEM PY - 1981/11 SP - 158 p. AB - Injuries and deaths resulting from the disproportionate collision involvement of young drivers have long been recognized as a major health and safety problem in Canada. An effective response to the problem has, however, been absent. In part, this is attributable to the absence of an empirically based understanding of the magnitude of the problem, its major characteristics, its causes and its correlates. Indeed, in Canada, even the magnitude of the problem has not been well-defined. The present report attempts to reduce the knowledge-gap by documenting the magnitude of the problem of young driver accidents in Canada, and evaluating several of the factors that contribute to the overrepresentation of young drivers in serious collisions. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367264 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - Goldblatt, R AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A REVIEW OF THE DRIVER-VEHICLE EFFECTIVENESS (DRIVEM) MODEL PY - 1981/11 SP - 189 p. AB - This report documents the results of a critical review of the Driver-Vehicle Effectiveness Model (DRIVEM) developed for NHTSA in 1978. An addendum to the report describes changes incorporated into the DRIVEM software to improve its perormance. The DRIVEM computer model is an analytic/simulation tool. It incorporates known data which describe driver performance as influenced by variations in vehicle design, human factors responses, and driver capabilities in implementing accident-avoidance decisions and evasive actions. The objective of the model is to apply this data so as to produce quantitative estimates of accident probability and severity for specified environmental conditions. Such a tool can be applied to predict the effectiveness of a proposed safety system in reducing the potential for, and/or severity of, auto collisons for a variety of environmental conditions. These environment conditions are defined in terms of "situational scenarios" which represent the initial conditions of a potential accident situation. Following a detailed review of the model, sensitivity tests were conducted to analyze its performance. A workshop was held wherein invited experts in the field assessed the model and rendered conclusions and recommendations. The most prominant of these are: Conclusions: (1) DRIVEM is not acceptable as an evaluative tool at the present time; (2) DRIVEM can become a valuable tool to assess safety standards on a relative or ordinal scale if the model is satisfactorily upgraded; (3) The needed improvements to DRIVEM are technically feasible within its existing framework; the total estimated dollar investment will be in six figures; (4) It will be necessary to gather additional data to complete the DRIVEM data base for calibration purposes. Recommendations: (1) Review and correct the faults embedded in the current analysis/code; identify underlying causes for anomalies revealed by the sensitivity studies; (2) Improve driver scanning (i.e., eye-movement) and event detection models and upgrade the associated data base; (3) Validate the contrast threshold parameters and model; (4) Modify driver-vehicle interaction model so that it is time-dependent. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Environment KW - Forecasting KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Personnel performance KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Standards KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178346 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367294 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - Matthews, M AU - UCLA Alcohol Res Center, Neuropsychiatric Cntr TI - CALIFORNIA'S 1982 DRINKING-DRIVER LAWS--AMONG THE STERNEST IN THE NATION PY - 1981/11 VL - 2 IS - 11 SP - p. 3-6 AB - This article compares current drinking-driver laws, which became effective on January 1, 1982, in the state of California, with previous laws. The current legislation makes it unlawful for any person to drive a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol content of .10 percent or higher. Previously, a blood alcohol level of .10 through .15 percent was a rebuttable issue. Also compared are the penalties for driving under the influence as they were under previous law and as they now are under current law. Previously penalties were either vague or were so heavy that implementation was unusual. Current penalties are specific and detailed. A listing of current penalties is included. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Penalties KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181646 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366978 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - Hutchinson, T P AU - Lai, P W AU - Operations Research Society of America TI - STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF INJURY SEVERITY PART III. MAKING ALLOWANCES FOR DIFFERENCES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF LEVEL OF TRAUMA PY - 1981/11 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - p. 297-305 AB - When accident data is collected by many people or organizations separately, the collectors may differ systematically in the way they assess injury severity. A statistical method of allowing for this is proposed and applied to a set of road accident data classified according to four sets of circumstances, five police force areas, and three severities of injury. It is concluded that appreciable improvements in the sensitivity of analysis can be obtained by allowing for possible differences in the grading of injury severity. KW - Data collection KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Severity KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181441 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367280 JO - Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine PB - Aerospace Medical Association AU - Betts, T AU - Aerospace Medical Association TI - EFFECT OF BETA BLOCKADE ON DRIVING PY - 1981/11 VL - 52 IS - 11 SP - p. S40-S45 AB - During tests of driving performance and kinetic visual acuity (KVA) under the influence of antihypertensive drugs (methyldopa, propranolol, atenolol, and reserpine), a significant improvement in KVA was found with atenolol and deterioration in driving was found with methyldopa and reserpine. Further tests of subjective response using an analogue rating scale revealed an apparently clear anxiolytic effect of atenolol. This was a surprising result as this particular beta-blocking agent is said not to penetrate the brain tissue via the blood/brain barrier. Preliminary results of the effect of atenolol on sleep showed that it reduced the number of changes in level of sleep thereby making it more restful. Atenolol is, therefore, an interesting compound having obvious peripheral but no central effects, but can yet act as an anxiolytic agent and influence the quality of sleep. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Personnel performance KW - Testing KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181634 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362059 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Winzer, T AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - MEASUREMENT OF ACCELERATION NOISE AND DISCUSSION OF THE ENERGY MODEL DEVELOPED BY DREW PY - 1981/11 VL - 15A IS - 6 SP - p. 437-443 AB - To find relationships between acceleration noise and the characteristic features of the traffic flow, an investigation has been conducted including the measurement of relevant parameters. By means of the average-car method relationships between acceleration noise and traffic volume, density and mean-time speed have been found, which can be represented in form of nomograms. The results of this investigation show that the concept of internal energy of a traffic stream cannot be maintained. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Average travel speed KW - Drew energy model KW - Mean time speed KW - Noise control KW - Nomographs KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180891 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362376 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - DRUNK DRIVERS TO BE JAILED ON FIRST OFFENSE PY - 1981/11 VL - 45 IS - 9 SP - 9 p. AB - New state bills passed by the California legislature in 1981 would make a 2-day jail sentence mandatory for a motorist's first drunk driving conviction, and would make mandatory instead of presumptive, the guilt of any motorist driving with a blood-alcohol content of more than 0.10 percent. Credit for calling attention to the need for such legislation is given to the Governor's Task Force on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. The Task Force study also indicated that sanctions for the felony driving under the influence (DUI) causing injury should reflect the seriousness of the injuries. Recommendation was made that the Department of Motor Vehicles should be granted the authority to place restrictions on the licenses of DUI offenders who are participating in educational and rehabilitation programs and to revoke or suspend licenses of non-participants. The need for funds for aid to DUI victims is discussed and a recommendation was made for a tax on alcohol. The article also discusses the criticism by the California Supreme Court of the Legislature for passing a law in 1978 to block victims of drunk drivers from suing bars, taverns and restaurants that have contributed to the drunken state of the drivers. The Governor's Task Force also recommended an educational campaign with the following objectives: raise the priority given to the DUI problem by citizens and officials; disseminate information concerning the enforcement program; and support alcohol-traffic safety in the driver education programs in schools. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Injuries KW - Jails KW - Laws KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181091 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362425 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Nojiri, S AU - Yokotsuka, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - NEW WASHING SYSTEM IN CONTINUOUS GAS CARBURIZING LINES PY - 1981/11 IS - 6 SP - p. 63-68 AB - New pollution-free, energy-saving cleaning systems have been developed for use in continuous gas carburizing lines. Details of such systems are outlined in this article and some of their practical applications are described. KW - Carburetors KW - Washing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366511 AU - Holtzman-Parcells, H AU - Environmental Policy Institute TI - IMPROVED AUTOMOBILE FUEL ECONOMY: KEY TO REDUCED PETROLEUM DEPENDENCE PY - 1981/11 SP - 42 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to suggest answers for three key question regarding achievement of fuel economy levels of 50-60 mpg by the mid-1990's. These questions are as follows: (1) Are technologies available which will yield greatly improved levels of fuel economy at a reasonable cost? (2) Will the market alone take the nation to economically and technologically feasible levels of fuel economy? (3) What policies might the federal government pursue to assure, for the national interest, attainment of high fuel economy levels? KW - Automobiles KW - Economics KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Markets KW - Policy KW - Technology assessment KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177704 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366509 JO - Transportation Science PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences AU - Wasielewski, P AU - Operations Research Society of America TI - THE EFFECT OF CAR SIZE ON HEADWAYS IN FREELY FLOWING FREEWAY TRAFFIC PY - 1981/11 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - p. 364-378 AB - In order to determine the effect of car size on freeway capacity, headways were measured and vehicles classified by size for 20,500 vehicles in near-capacity traffic on a Detroit freeway. The data were obtained using a videotape recorder system. Vehicle arrival times were measured from a videotaped image of the oncoming traffic using a photodetector mounted on the monitor screen. Size classifications were made by an observer from the pictures of each vehicle on the monitor. Average headways increased monotonically with lead car size from 1.87 s for "small" cars to 2.02 s for "large" cars. These differences are significantly greater than the differences expected from the greater road space occupied by the larger cars if the front bumper to rear bumper separation were independent of car size. The effect of following car size was nonmonotonic with the shortest average headways, 1.90 s, observed for "medium" following cars, and essentially equal headways of 1.99 s for "small" cars and 2.00 for "large" cars. The observed car size effects were found for long as well as for short headways. The net result of these effects would be an 8% increase in freeway capacity if the cars observed in the study were all replaced with small (subcompact) cars. KW - Arrival time KW - Data collection KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeways KW - Headways KW - Highway capacity KW - Schedules KW - Vehicle size KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181169 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362049 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Lee, C AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - HEAVY EQUIPMENT THIEVES: THE TEN-TON WHEELER-DEALERS PY - 1981/11 VL - 52 IS - 6 SP - p. 27-34 AB - Combating heavy equipment theft is not a problem for law enforcement alone. It is also a problem for insurers who are seeing more and higher theft claims; for the government, which must create effective legislation to aid law enforcement; for consumers and taxpayers through higher costs for buildings or roads; for manufacturers who are loosing markets here and abroad to thieves; for the contractor and builder in a highly competitive industry that is ruled by the lowest bid and ruined by cost overruns. It is a problem that fuels inflation and thereby touches everyone. Some of the measures taken to combat that problem are outlined in this article, along with suggestions for owners. KW - Computer memory KW - Databases KW - Developing countries KW - Heavy equipment KW - Identifying number KW - Law enforcement KW - Police identification number KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180881 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362375 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - KUME, M AU - Omori, H AU - Daiki, K AU - MATSUMOTO, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - LEGAL SYSTEM OF JAPAN ON MOTOR VEHICLES. PART 4 TYPE APPROVAL SYSTEM OF MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1981/11 IS - 6 SP - p. 99-109 AB - In Japan, every motor vehicle must pass an inspection by the Ministry of Transport to ensure that they conform with the Safety Regulations for Road Vehicles before they are allowed to operate on the roads. Since detailed technical inspection on all items is impossible, a type approval system has been established in which the inspection of each type of motor vehicle is performed collectively. This system consists of the type designation system for mass-produced vehicles and the type notification system for the non-mass-produced vehicles. There is also a type approval system for devices of motor vehicles to ensure that the inspection is conducted efficiently. The type designation system ensures conformity with Safety Regulations as well as uniformity. The conduct of this system is briefly outlined. The type notification system obliges a manufacturer to notify the Minister of Transport before manufacture or sale of the new type of vehicle. Under the type approval system for motor vehicle devices, manufacturers can obtain type approval of vehicles on noise, exhaust emission control devices, and other safety devices. All motor vehicles are designated by type (construction, use, shape, etc.). This article also lists the documents and motor vehicles to be submitted at time of application, the judgement criteria of technical examination and method of testing, test items for inspection of submitted motor vehicles, the special treatment of imported motor vehicles, and test facilities. KW - Automobile industry KW - Foreign KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Standardization KW - Types KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362377 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Nell, J J AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - WINTER DRIVING TIPS PY - 1981/11 VL - 45 IS - 9 SP - 2 p. AB - This article which provides advice for winter drivers, notes the need for snow tires and the need to check tire pressures (fluctuating temperatures alter pressure). If the state allows it, it would be advisable to use skid drains and/or studded tires. It would also be necessary that a driver be able to pull a car out of a skid and know how to brake on an icy road. Traction with small cars may be improved by the addition of a couple of hundred pound bags of sand or rock. Other winter driving tips include checking radiator hoses, heater hoses, carrying extra antifreeze, hoses, and an ice scraper. Many cities and states help improve winter conditions by salting the roads. KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Inflation KW - Skidding KW - Snow tires KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181092 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362424 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Takezawa, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - IMPROVEMENT OF PROCESS PLANNING IN AUTO-BODY PRODUCTION PY - 1981/11 IS - 6 SP - p. 51-60 AB - This paper describes an improved method of preparing for auto-body production. It discusses the methods which can be introduced to achieve higher targets, improve efficiency and maintain quality standards. Although, there are three major factors which comprise the target i.e., Quality, Cost and Quantity, only Quality governs the target basically. The author discusses first the method of "Quality Evolution" which has recently been developed and used to achieve quality targets, then the method of "Four Stages" which is applied to introduce automation for cost reduction. KW - Automation KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Planning KW - Productivity KW - Quantities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362426 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Takahashi, K AU - Hiraoka, T AU - Urano, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - SINTERED ALLOY MATERIALS FOR VALVE SEATS PY - 1981/11 IS - 6 SP - p. 83-89 AB - Sintered materials for automotive valve seats have recently come to be used also for diesel engines. The sintered materials now in use for valve seats were classified into several categories, and some examples of applications of composite valve seats using sintered materials that are expected to further increase in the future from the standpoint of energy saving are introduced. In addition, the views on troubles peculiar to valve seats when leaded gasoline is used as well as on the countermeasures for preventing them are presented. KW - Alloys KW - Diesel engines KW - Energy conservation KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Materials adaptation and use KW - Sinter /material/ KW - Sintering KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181117 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362422 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Yanai, T AU - Hitomi, N AU - Higuchi, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE VARIABLE RATIO STEERING GEAR PY - 1981/11 IS - 6 SP - p. 35-40 AB - The geometric relationships between the rack and pinion (sector) gears which compose a variable ratio steering gear and a universal method for analyzing these gear teeth surfaces were investigated. The proposed analytical method was applied to an investigation of a ball and screw type steering system. Various geometric characteristics of the sector tooth surface generated by the plane rack tooth surface were studied. Tooth design characteristics such as undercut limit and tooth profile interference were obtained. KW - Geometric design KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Steering gears UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366529 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Fife, D AU - Rosner, B AU - McKibben, W AU - American Public Health Association TI - RELATIVE MORTALITY OF UNBELTED INFANT PASSENGERS AND BELTED NON-INFANT PASSENGERS IN AIR ACCIDENTS WITH SURVIVORS PY - 1981/11 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - p. 1242 AB - Aircraft accidents with survivors were examined to determine the relative risk of mortality for unrestrained infant passengers vs seat-belted adult passengers. The crude relative risk was estimated to be 7.1, based on US data, and 7.4, based on worldwide data. More refined estimates allow for possible effects of seat location and for differences in lethality between crashes. Using such estimates, unbelted infant passengers have relative risk of 5.9 based on US data and 9.6 based on worldwide data. The injury experience of restrained vs unrestrained automobile passengers suggests that the observed excess risk to infant air passengers may be related to the absence of a mechanical restraint system. Recommendations for a mechanical restraint system are made and the cost and benefits of implementing these recommendatons in the US are discussed. KW - Aircraft KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Infants KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181177 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362060 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Branston, D AU - Gipps, P AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SOME EXPERIENCE WITH A MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION METHOD OF ESTIMATING PARAMETERS OF THE TRAFFIC SIGNAL DEPARTURE PROCESS PY - 1981/11 VL - 15A IS - 6 SP - p. 445-458 AB - Before any method of data collection becomes accepted as a practical tool, it should first be widely tested. This paper analyses in detail a regression method of estimating saturation flow, effective green time and pcu values on traffic signal approaches which has previously been suggested by one of the authors. The method is applied by dividing the green time given to an approach into consecutive "first", "middle" and "last" counting periods, covering the build up to saturation flow at the start of green, the period of constant saturation flow and the fall-off of saturation flow during the amber period. To estimate parameters, the number of straight-on cars in each counting period is regressed against its length and the number of vehicles of other types departing. It is shown that the method as previously described should be modified in two ways: first, counts from amber periods should not be included in the regression when pcu values are being estimated, and second, a weighted rather than unweighted regression should be used to ensure constant variance of the error term. An optimal sampling policy which produces parameter estimates with minimum variance is described. Applications of the method to data from several sites are described. It is shown that standard errors of parameter estimates are simply related to measurable variables. This allows simple formulae for the minimum number of observations required to achieve specified accuracies to be determined. Formulae for minimum sample sizes required to detect specified differences in saturation flow are also derived. In particular, it is shown that it is most economical, in term of sample size, to use data from single lane sites when testing differences in saturation flow between different times of day. When data from more than one site are available for testing differences, a composite test can be used which reduces sample sizes at individual sites over those required when testing a single difference. KW - Information processing KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180892 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362378 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Janicki, E AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - ALTERNATIVE FUELS PY - 1981/11 VL - 45 IS - 9 SP - 3 p. AB - The Ford Motor Company is developing vehicles which will be powered by alcohol, propane, natural gas and electricity. Propane-powered trucks are being produced and will be sold in Canada as 1982 models and later in the U.S. It is estimated that propane use could save a car owner about $350 a year based on driving 12,000 miles. Other companies also have converted cars and trucks to propane use. Last year, 28,000 trucks were altered to use propane. General Motors has done good business selling diesel engines. GM plans to offer an electric commuter car and van as early as the 1985 model year. KW - Alcohols KW - Diesel fuels KW - Electric vehicles KW - Fuels KW - Natural gas KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366504 AU - Messenger, G S AU - National Research Council of Canada TI - URBAN TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL FOR FUEL ECONOMY. PART 2: EXTENSION TO SMALL CARS PY - 1981/11 SP - 8 p. AB - Use of a small car's characteristics in a simulation program utilizing velocity profiles obtained in a traffic study by the Metropolitan Toronto Roads and Traffic Department and the Engine Laboratory at the National Research Council Canada has shown that trends shown in fuel consumption in NRC, Division of Mechanical Engineering Report No. ME-247 are similar for a samll-engined vehicle. NRC, DME Report No. ME-247 showed that under the TRANSYT timing plan, vehicles encountered fewer stops, saved time and used a slightly smaller amount of fuel than under the existing timing plan. In the above mentioned report a large vehicle's fuel consumption was calculated using a computer model of the vehicle which used velocity profiles obtained from an instrumented "floating" car. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Simulation KW - Small car KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Urban areas KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177696 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362427 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Fujiki, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM HEXATITANATE FIBERS TO AUTOMOTIVE MATERIALS PY - 1981/11 IS - 6 SP - p. 91-97 AB - Potassium hexatitanate (K2Ti6O13) fibers are fabricated by the flux and melt methods. The crystal structure of this fiber is characterized by a tunnel structure consisting of the chains sharing the edges and corners of TiO6 octahedra along the b-axis. The K2Ti6O13 fibers have high chemical stability and water resistance. Mechanical strength such as the bending strength, Young's modulus and thermal expansion coefficient, and thermal conductivity of the sintered potassium hexatitanates were measured. The thermal conductivity at high temperatures indicated this material was superior as a heat insulator. The improvements of the automotive brake lining material have been achieved through the replacement of asbestos by potassium titanate fibers. According to a NASA-report, the best low-cost composite formulation exhibits an essentially constant coefficient of friction with temperature to 650 deg F, and the average coefficient is approximately 0.34. The wear is equal to the standard at low temperature and 46 percent better between 400 and 650 deg F. The acoustic absorptivity of K2Ti6O13 fibers was roughly measured, and the results were expected to indicate that K2Ti6013 be utilized as the acoustic absorbing materials at high temperature. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Brake linings KW - Potassium KW - Potassium compounds KW - Sound absorption KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362423 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Inaba, A AU - MIYAJIMA, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - DESIGN CONCEPT OF FRONT SUSPENSION COMPLIANCE APPLICATION TO THE BLUEBIRD 910 WITH EXAMINATION OF STEERING SHIMMY PY - 1981/11 IS - 6 SP - p. 43-49 AB - It is known that the concept of suspension compliance is one of the important parameters in achieving better handling performance and improved riding comfort. Theoretical and experimental analyses were carried out on the influence of the front suspension compliance on steering shimmy and riding comfort. The results of the study were applied to the front suspension design of the Bluebird 910. KW - Compliance KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Steering gears KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181114 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362374 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Ohata, A AU - Ishida, Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - INLET DYNAMIC PRESSURE AND VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY OF FOUR CYLINDER FUEL INJECTED ENGINE WITH AIR-SURGE-TANK PY - 1981/11 IS - 6 SP - p. 9-17 AB - Volumetric efficiency and inlet pressure vibration of a four cylinder engine with air-surge-tank was investigated. It was found that the inlet pressure vibration in the induction system consists of two main waves, which can be distinguished clearly and explained by acoustic theory. One has a short period which is determined by factors of the induction system from the air purge-tank to the intake valve, the other has a relatively long period which is determined by overall design factors of the induction system. According to the numerical calculation, it was clarified that the volumetric efficiency is strongly influenced by the pressure in the short period before the intake valve closed. Therefore, how the design factors of the induction system are affecting the volumetric efficiency of the four cylinder engine with air-surge-tank can be shown by the following procedure. First, the mean pressure of two main waves in the short period before the intake valve closed are examined. It the pressure is positive value, the volumetric efficiency is improved by the wave. Second, the relation between the design factors and these waves is calculated by using acoustic theory. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Inlets KW - Pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181089 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361909 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Camel, N A AU - National Safety Council TI - HOW WE RESTORED LOUISIANA'S MOTORCYCLE HELMET USE LAW PY - 1981/11 VL - 81 IS - 6 SP - p. 6 AB - In the summer of 1981, Louisiana became the first state in the nation to reinstate its mandatory motorcycle helmet use law when the state legislature passed a bill requiring motorcyclists of all ages to wear protective head gear beginning January 1, 1982. This article outlines the course of the struggle to reinstate the helmet use law. The lessons learned are summarized in a list entitled "Some Tips on Piloting Traffic Safety Bills Through State Legislatures." KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Legal action KW - Legislation KW - Motorcyclists KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180807 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361923 JO - OWNER OPERATOR PB - MALMGREN TRUCKING. AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - RADAR BRAKES: LOOKIN' GOOD! PY - 1981/11 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - p. 38-40 AB - The Preston Trucking Company is testing a truck-mounted radar safety device that could save hundreds of lives a year. The author of this article took a test drive in one of Preston's tractor-trailers equipped with the Rashid Safety System. He reports that on a narrow highway, with oncoming traffic just a few feet to the left, the beam was so precise that only objects directly in front of the tractor-trailer triggered the in-cab light and buzzer. Since the radar beam is regulated by vehicle speed, the faster the tractor-trailer traveled, the further the beam was projected down the road. The beam was also precise enough to pick up the tail end of an automobile protruding from the side of the highway. Excerpts from a driver's daily report indicate further advantages of this radar safety system. KW - Accuracy KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Motor vehicles KW - Radar KW - Safety equipment KW - Sensitivity KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180814 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362008 JO - Ward's Auto World PB - Ward's Communications AU - SCANLON, M AU - Ward's Communications Incorporated TI - ELECTRONICS: THE FUTURE IS NOW PY - 1981/11 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - p. 44 AB - Electronics have been in automobiles for years, but today's widespread use-especially of "black boxes" with lightning-quick electrical relays replacing mechanical and pressure-operated engine-control functions-probably owes its development to Washington-imposed emission standards. Electronics is a correct technology for control and display systems and can improve engine efficiency and performance in a variety of ways. On board electronics provide greater reliability but are subject to misdiagnosis by mechanics in the field. While prospects for electronics in automobiles are bright, the beacon light for major short-term gains shines on heavy duty trucks: an electronically controlled transmission is being road tested and expected to improve mileage by 2 to 3%. KW - Automobiles KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronics KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Microprocessors KW - Mileage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180872 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362013 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Aigner, J AU - Gogel, E AU - Cayless, G AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THE NEW ESCORT. THE EUROPEAN VERSION OF FORD'S WORLDWIDE PINTO-ESCORT CONCEPT PY - 1981/11 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - p. 381-407 AB - The new Ford Escort is a front-wheel-driven vehicle with a 3/5-door semi fast back Sedan body style, with Wagon/Van derivatives. Its new aluminium head OHC engines of 1100cc, 1300cc and 1600cc displacement feature hemispherical combustion chambers and hydraulic tappets. To allow for optimum and flexible use of Ford's engine plant capacities the new Escort is also marketed in some European countries with the well known 1100cc Valencia engine of the Fiesta (Aigner and Franz, 1978). The Sedan and Wagon models have independent rear suspensions, and the Van derivative has a beam rear axle with leaf springs on an extended wheel base. The front suspension is based on the reliable McPherson strut concept with offset springs; the 1100cc model has a tie bar, and the 1300cc and 1600cc models have stabilizer antiroll bars to hold and support the front axle. The 4-speed, all synchromesh gear box is of the same design as the Fiesta's, which permits multi model usage and manufacturing rationalisation. An automatic 3-speed transmission option is in development and will be launched soon. Similar to other Ford models the new Escort series range from Base and "L" to "GL" and Ghia with additional "S" pack versions and a Super "S" for sporty driving. Local customer needs and preferences, together with national legal requirements made it necessary to combine and optimise body styles, engines and series for 15 different markets. The summary of technical data and features at the end of this report gives an impression of the many combinations possible. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Costs KW - Electrical equipment KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Finite element method KW - Flow KW - Front wheel drive KW - Interior KW - Microelectronic materials KW - Microelectronics KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Steering KW - Suspensions KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180876 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361596 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - McKeown, B AU - Hearst Magazines TI - SECRETS OF TOWING WITH YOUR COMPACT CAR PY - 1981/11 VL - 156 IS - 5 SP - p. 102-105 AB - Ten small cars from Detroit manufacturers were tested pulling various trailered boats. Every rig worked well because special attention to details was paid: safety factors, load matching and performance features were considered carefully. Six rules are given to insure trouble-free towing. The article is illustrated. KW - Boats KW - Compact automobiles KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Small car KW - Towing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180578 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362014 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Dudzinski, P AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - WHEEL SLIPS AND SLIDES DURING TURNING IN ARTICULATED VEHICLES PY - 1981/11 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - p. 439-452 AB - The paper presents the results of studies on the turning of stationary articulated vehicles. On the basis of these studies, mathematical models of articulated vehicles are suggested representing the most popular methods of coupling wheels to power transmission systems. Using these models, the author presents an analytical description of wheel slips and slides during the turning of these vehicles with one axle coupled to the power transmission system, a kinematic slip angle only occurs; in the case of a vehicle with two axles coupled by a driving shaft, however, longitudinal slips also occur. These slips have opposite signs for the outer and inner wheels. The results of computations concerning slip angles and longitudinal wheel slips for different design parameters of an articulated vehicle are presented diagramatically. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Constraints KW - Mathematical models KW - Sliding friction KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Vehicle design KW - Wheel slide KW - Wheel slip KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180877 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361920 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - THE COSTS OF DRUNK DRIVING PY - 1981/11 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - p. 1 AB - This article presents a hypothetical case study of the fines and penalties incurred for the conviction of drunk driving. Since fines and penalties for drunk driving vary widely across the country, the figures presented are localized, and are only for purposes of illustration. The final part of this article presents a discussion of the Blood Alcohol Level and includes a chart showing how much a person can drink, based on the amount a person drinks, the time interval and the person's body weight. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Costs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Penalties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180813 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361945 JO - Motor AU - Cerullo, B AU - Hearst Books TI - MOTORCRAFT MAKEOVER PY - 1981/11 VL - 156 IS - 5 SP - p. 33 AB - Often alternators are condemned as being bad when all that is really wrong with them is something simple like shorted diodes or worn brushes. This article offers a routine checking procedure for the mechanic, which will prevent him from overlooking simple problems in a rush to discover serious ones. This checklist consists of: Battery tests, output tests, bench tests, field circuit test, rotor tests, stator test, diode testing, and reassembly. The article is illustrated. KW - Alternators KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance practices KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180822 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361502 JO - American Motorcyclist PB - American Motorcyclist Association AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - AM INTERVIEW: RAY PECK--NHTSA'S NEW ADMINISTRATOR SHARES HIS VIEWS ON THE AGENCY'S GOALS AND ON MOTORCYCLE SAFETY PY - 1981/11 VL - 36 IS - 11 SP - p. 15-18 AB - In this interview, Ray Peck, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), shares his views on the agency's goals and on motorcycle safety. The purpose of the interview was to try to learn a bit about the man and his personal opinions, but, more importantly, his feelings about the proper role NHTSA can, and should play, in motorcycle safety. The interviewer indicates that Mr. Peck stresses the subject of driver and rider behaviour on the highway, rather than seeking out technological breakthroughs in prevention of accidents, or in prevention of injuries, once accidents have occurred. KW - Driver education KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Interviewing KW - Load factor KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety education KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180547 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361597 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Scott, D AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - SPLIT-PERSONALITY TRANSMISSION SHIFTS LIKE AN AUTOMATIC, SAVES FUEL LIKE A MANUAL PY - 1981/11 VL - 219 IS - 5 SP - p. 92 AB - A new automatic transmission has been developed by Britain's Automotive Products Ltd, and is based on an ordinary synchromesh manual gearbox. It has the same high mechanical efficiency and fuel economy as the manual version since there's no torque converter, and both hydraulic slip and creeping at red lights have been eliminated. Furthermore, it's small enough to fit alongside the transverse engines in the smallest front-drive cars. The transmission's biggest appeal to manufacturers is its use of standard parts, already made for existing manual transmissions. In addition A.P. already makes some of the clutches and hydraulic actuators, so major tooling could be avoided and production, at low cost, could start within a couple of years. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Compact automobiles KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Front wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manufacturing KW - New systems KW - Small car KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180579 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361599 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - CALLAHAN, J M AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - RASHID RADAR BRAKE ISSUE HEATS UP PY - 1981/11 VL - 161 IS - 11 SP - p. 67-69 AB - Preliminary reports on the Rashid radar brake are favorable, but the brake system has not yet been tested by NHTSA. Prototype systems have been promised but not delivered to NHTSA by Vehicle Radar Safety Systems Inc. of Mt. Clemens, MI. It seems that due to the competitive nature of the auto industry, there is concern about someone stealing the design. NHTSA has assured the owners that safety testing and the reporting of test results to the public are their only concern, and that NHTSA is not planning any further technology development on radar brakes. KW - Brakes KW - Radar KW - Safety KW - Testing KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361996 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT REDUCTION GUIDE. GUIDELINES FOR A SUCCESSFUL PROGRAM. WHY THE APPROACH WORKS, ACCIDENT TYPES, COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1981/11 SP - 40 p. AB - This Pedestrian Accident Reduction (PAR) Guide provides guidelines for a successful pedestrian safety program at the local, regional, and state levels. It also provides information about accident types and the countermeasures now available. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash types KW - Guidelines KW - Local government KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Programs KW - Regional government KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25579/DOT-HS-805-850.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176661 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361999 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Schorr, D J AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - THE SMALL CAR WITH A VIEW TOWARD A SAFETY INDEX PY - 1981/11 VL - 51 IS - 11 SP - p. 14-19 AB - This paper takes a broad look at the conditions contributing to the growth of the small car population and what effect it might have on the accident rate. It then looks at some of the attributes of the small car that could influence the accident rate and injury severity. There is also discussion on plans for a course of research that would be required to rate small cars and develop a safety index. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crashworthiness KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Ratings KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Small car KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180866 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362009 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - WHAT'S THAT NOISE? PART TWO PY - 1981/11 VL - 15 IS - 6 SP - p. 22-26 AB - This article reviews the noises made by clutches, manual transmission, automatic transmissions and axles, and gives suggestions on the causes of these noises. The automatic transmissions made by American Motors, the Chrysler Corporation, Ford Motor Company and General Motors are detailed. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobiles KW - Axles KW - Clutches KW - Maintenance KW - Manual transmissions KW - Noise KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180873 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361307 JO - American Motorcyclist PB - American Motorcyclist Association AU - Harrison, G AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - GONE...LONG GONE PY - 1981/11 VL - 45 IS - 11 SP - p. 19 AB - This article is the second of a series discussing motorcycle theft. It describes the background of the current seventeen character manufacturer Serial Number or VIN (vehicle identification number) which the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) requires on all 1981 or later models, and discusses its use by different manufacturers. The article describes the problems encountered in recovering stolen motorcycles, due to the improper recording of serial numbers on titles, the failure to stamp the entire serial number on the unit in locations other than on the easily removed Federal Identification Plate, the lack of uniformity in numbering pre 1981 motorcycles, and the ease with which thieves title self-assembled motorcycles in some juridictions. Several solutions are offered to combat the growing number of thefts and its effect on motorcycle insurance policy costs. KW - Costs KW - Identifying number KW - Insurance KW - Motorcycles KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347899 AU - Zub, R W AU - Meisner, R P AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF LIGHT TRUCK DESIGN VARIABLES ON TOP SPEED, PERFORMANCE, AND FUEL ECONOMY, 1981 PY - 1981/11 SP - 103 p. AB - The effect of vehicle weight, rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, and drive-line configuration on fuel economy and performance for light duty trucks is examined. The effect of lockup and extended gear ratio range is also investigated. The assessment of these vehicle variables on fuel economy and performance is determined by using the Transportation Systems Center's vehicle simulation program, VEHSIM, which predicts fuel economy and performance for vehicle parameter changes. The results indicate fuel economy and performance trends which can be used to project future improvements. KW - Drag KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gear drives KW - Gears KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Rolling friction KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Tires KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Variables KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle performance KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369719 AU - Mortimer, R G AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD TEST EVALUATION OF REAR LIGHTING DECELERATION SIGNALS: II--FIELD TEST PY - 1981/10/31 SP - 34 p. AB - This report describes the results of the field test phase of a research program whose objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of rear signals for motor vehicles which provide information of the magnitude of deceleration during braking. The test was conducted with over 600 taxicabs in San Francisco and Sacramento, California, which traveled 40.7 million miles during the study. Each cab was equipped with a lamp, mounted in the center of the vehicle just behind the rear window. The lamp operated in three different ways. In system 1, the lamp flashed at 2.5 Hz whenever the brakes were depressed. In system 2, the lamp flashed at 1.5 to 7.0 Hz, in four discrete steps of flash rate proportional to the deceleration. In system 3, the added lamp burned steadily. All the other lamps on the vehicles operated normally. Accident reports and the miles traveled by each vehicle were obtained monthly. The cabs were involved in 1477 accidents, of which they were rearended in 197 crashes. Considering only those 129 crashes in which the cabs were stopped in traffic, stopping slowly or quickly when rearended, which were those in which braking lamps would be lighted, there were no significant differences among the three systems in the rates at which the cabs were rearended nor in the mean costs to repair the damage. When all types of crashes in which cabs were rearended were included, the cabs were stopped in traffic in 51%, parked or temporarily stopped in 20%, stopping in 15%, and starting or moving in traffic in 14%, just before being struck, suggesting the need for a signal that indicates that a vehicle is stopped or moving very slowly. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking KW - Braking lights KW - Deceleration KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Rear end crashes KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Taxicabs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183409 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385308 JO - Lancet PB - Elsevier AU - Lancet Limited TI - DRUG-RELATED PROBLEMS IN LONDON ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS PY - 1981/10/17 SP - p. 859-862 AB - A prospective survey in seven hospitals revealed that the rate of drug-related attendances in the casualty population was 18.3 per 1000, 60% of these patients were under 30 years of age and 59% were female. At least 32% were dependent on drugs; and barbiturates, the drugs used most frequently in overdoses, had been obtained illegally in 77% of cases. During the course of the year there was a sharp decline in figures for barbiturates, explainable almost entirely in terms of fewer overdoses by drug-dependent individuals, but there was a steady rise in the use of minor tranquillisers, alcohol, and aspirin/codeine compounds. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Barbiturates KW - Crash victims KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drugs KW - London (England) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367262 AU - Siegel, H M AU - Burke, C E AU - Renick, S AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GM X BODY MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION WEIGHT REDUCTION/COST EFFECTIVENESS STUDY PY - 1981/10/13 SP - 68 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the near term weight reduction potential through use of substitute materials, high strength alloy steel, aluminum and plastics. The baseline vehicle used was the new front wheel drive GM X Body (Oldsmobile Omega). Significant weight reduction potential was identified, mostly at higher costs as the base vehicle clearly demonstrated that every effort was made to reduce weight without incurring added costs. The results of the study present shopping lists that would prove useful in the preparation of a weight reduction program. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - High strength steel KW - Materials KW - Plastics KW - Substitution KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373598 AU - Tarrants, W E AU - Voas, R B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY NEEDS STUDY 1981 UPDATE OF 1976 REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1981/10/09 SP - 112 p. AB - This report provides a summary of projected highway safety needs for the decade of the 80's. It begins with the countermeasures, their costs, and estimates of their effectiveness which were provided in the 1976 Needs Study. Highway safety needs for the period 1981 through 1990 are estimated by developing countermeasure descriptions to fit current best practice, updating the cost information on each countermeasure program to reflect the decade from 1981 to 1990 inclusive in constant 1980 dollars, and updating the life saving effectiveness of programs to reflect effectiveness data gathered since 1976 and changes in driving conditions and the nature of the highway safety problem during this period. The update considered a total of 20 countermeasures. Current estimates of effectiveness were developed by a panel of experts using the "Delphi Process," with consideration given to evidence derived from the best scientific information available. Costs include total State, local, and Federal dollars, as well as costs where appropriate (e.g., motorcycle helmet costs). Estimates were based on the original survey conducted in 1976, updated to reflect the change in CPI. Implementing all the countermeasures studied would cost 17 billion 1980 dollars and would result in a savings of about 140 thousand lives over the next decade. The countermeasures are presented in order of their cost effectiveness (costs per fatality forestalled) once each countermeasure program has been fully implemented. Six countermeasures produce a relatively large savings of lives at a relatively low cost per fatality forestalled. These include safety belt usage, selective traffic enforcement, 55 MPH speed limit, alcohol safety programs, mandatory motorcycle helmet usage, and pedestrian safety education. Four other countermeasures produce smaller total savings of lives at the same or lower cost. The results of this Needs Study suggest that current highway safety technology can forestall between 25% and 30% of current fatalities at a cost of roughly $3.9 billion per year in 1980 dollars. A selection of the ten most effective countermeasures currently available would reduce highway deaths by approximately 28% at an average cost of $92,000 per fatality forestalled, for a total annual cost of $1.4 billion. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Helmets KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Needs assessment KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Updates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362368 AU - Newland, L AU - Zachem, H AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Michigan Department of Transportation TI - MICHIGAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROGRAM (MTRP) FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/10/01 SP - 46 p. AB - This report describes the activities of MTRP during the past fifteen months. Studies conducted by MTRP and the nature of the MTRP organization are described. KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379446 AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - ENERGY IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT ACTIONS PY - 1981/10 SP - 272 p. AB - Recent federal regulations have placed greater emphasis on analysis of energy issues in the Urban Transportation Planning Process. Part of these requirements include analysis of energy savings resulting from Transportation Systems Management (TSM) actions. This document is a handbook of simple analysis methods that can be used to assess the direct energy impact of TSM actions. It contains step-by-step instructions to complete worksheets that have been included. Sample case studies are also included which demonstrate the use of the analysis procedures. The methods discussed should appeal to a variety of user groups by requiring minimum data input; reasonable staff time and expertise; and no computer use. KW - Case studies KW - Energy conservation KW - Handbooks KW - Systems analysis KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system analysis KW - Transportation system management KW - Umta section 8 KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56300/56391/energyimpactsoft824tran_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365353 AU - GARRETT, J W AU - Baum, A S AU - Parada, L O AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN INJURY CAUSATION PARAMETERS: PHASE II PY - 1981/10 SP - 297 p. AB - This report describes data collection, quality control and data analysis procedures for a five-team program to study pedestrian injury causation factors. The data file contains 1,997 pedestrian accidents collected during a two and one-half year period from September 1977 to March 1980. Data analysis includes evaluation of injury severity and injury types associated with impact speed, vehicle body style, injury source and pedestrian age. Other analyses include vehicle-pedestrian interactions, pedestrian orientation and injury severity, vehicle braking and injury type and severity and the effect of vehicle geometry on injury. Lower extremity injuries are evaluated in terms of pedestrian age and injury source. KW - Casualties KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrians KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452005 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport AU - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PY - 1981/10 SP - 604 p. AB - The International Symposium on Surface Transportation System Performance was a three-day meeting consisting of general and focused discussions of the state-of-the-art, policy issues, and concepts and definitions used in the evaluation of the performance of transportation systems. The overall motivation for the Symposium was to provide a forum in which transportation officials, policymakers and technical experts could explore the techniques and programs used by other countries to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of their transit systems. Specifically, five topics were chosen which focused the workshop session discussions on those areas which were and are of prime importance in the complex area of evaluating performance: energy conservation, economic development, urban form, impact of the transportation system on the environment, and safety. The organization of these Proceedings follows generally the organization of the Symposium. The keynote speeches presented at the plenary sessions are provided in Volume I, together with summaries of the content of each of the fifteen workshop sessions, and a list of the Symposium participants. In Volume II, the complete texts of the fifty technical papers presented at the workshop sessions are recorded. KW - Conferences KW - Economic development KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Energy conservation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Ground transportation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies KW - Transportation policy KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396118 AU - Donnelly, B R AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NHTSA SIDE IMPACT DUMMIES PY - 1981/10 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the results of development work performed on the two side impact dummies presently being considered by the NHTSA as research and compliance test instruments; the Side Impact Dummy (SID) and a modified version of the Association Peugot-Renault (APR) dummy. The primary results of this work are: (1) a set of physical measurements of the SID torso that can be used for modelling the kinematics of this dummy; (2) instrumentation for recording SID chest displacement with respect to the spine; (3) baseline performance data for the SID and the modified APR dummy; (4) the selection and testing of an improved shock absorber for the SID chest; and (5) a sled simulation technique to reproduce the dummy response from actual side impact tests. KW - Association peugot-renault dummy KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Kinematics KW - Measurement KW - Performance evaluations KW - Shock absorbers KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests KW - Spinal column KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386831 JO - Southern Medical Association PB - Southern Medical Association AU - Greenberg, L W AU - Coleman, A B AU - Southern Medical Association TI - SEAT BELT USE AND AUTOMOBILE SAFETY COUNSELING BY PEDIATRICIANS PY - 1981/10 VL - 74 IS - 10 SP - 3 p. AB - Safety restraints have proven effective in the prevention of serious automobile injuries and deaths, but safety education has been ineffective in getting consumers to use restraints. We surveyed the personal and counseling practices of a group of pediatricians over a one-year period to determine whether prenatal and postpartum safety education of parents influenced the pediatricians' own use of car restraints and their counseling practices. Seventy-two percent of participating pediatricians reported that they always or often wore restraints, but usage had not increased at the conclusion of the study. Seventy percent of pediatricians stated that they provided safety counseling in the prenatal and postpartum periods and during health examinations. There was a strong correlation between personal seat belt usage and frequency of counseling. KW - Education KW - Manual safety belts KW - Parents KW - Physicians KW - Safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204084 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380761 JO - Journal of Psychoactive Drugs PB - HAIGHT, GARDNER, POOR & HAVENS. AU - Grilly, D M AU - Haight-Ashbury Publications TI - PEOPLE'S VIEWS ON MARIJUANA, OTHER DRUGS & DRIVING: AN UPDATE PY - 1981/10 VL - 13 IS - 4 SP - p. 377-379 AB - This report updates information contained in two surveys conducted in January 1975 and 1977, which dealt with people's views on the effects of drugs on driving skills. The present survey, which was essentially the same as the previous surveys, was conducted in January 1980. To summarize, marijuana use in the age group sampled has stabilized over the past five years, but people's perceptions of its detrimental effects on driving have changed considerably. A large increase was noted in the percentage of respondents saying that marijuana impairs driving skills of other people; with respect to themselves, a similar but less dramatic trend has occurred. Alcohol is still regarded as more detrimental to driving than marijuana. KW - Data collection KW - Driver impairment KW - Driving KW - Drugs KW - Impaired drivers KW - Marijuana KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379570 AU - Yaniv, S L AU - Bauer, J W AU - Danner, W F AU - Flynn, D R AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF TIME-VARYING NOISE ON ANNOYANCE: A REVIEW PY - 1981/10 SP - 56 p. AB - This report summarizes the literature dealing with the adverse response of people to time-varying noise, and identifies both the acoustical and non-acoustical factors that influence the relationship between time-varying noise and annoyance. An examination of the laboratory research concerned with the functional relationship between annoyance and the temporal and acoustic parameters of noise shows the tenuousness of such relationships. The adequacy of currently used and/or proposed rating procedures for predicting subjective response to time-varying noise is examined. Critical gaps in current knowledge are identified. KW - Acoustics KW - Annoyance KW - Noise KW - Ratings KW - Subjective analysis KW - Time KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379388 AU - Lechner, J A AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF BLOOD ALCOHOL MEASUREMENTS PY - 1981/10 SP - 28 p. AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has instituted a voluntary program to evaluate the proficiency of laboratories measuring the amount of alcohol in blood. In this report, data from that program are examined, and the variability of those measurements assessed. Differences between labs, between dates for the same lab, and between samples on the same data are quantified. Differences in overall bias for the six different periods (covering two years) are noted. A few of the roughly 120 labs participating were observed to perform considerably less well than the others. KW - Accuracy KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Clinical tests KW - Highways KW - Laboratories KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Reliability KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377928 AU - Landrum, J AU - Miles, S AU - NEFF, R AU - Pritchard, T AU - Roebuck, J AU - Wells-Parker, E AU - Windham, G AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MISSISSIPPI DUI PROBATION FOLLOW-UP PROJECT PY - 1981/10 SP - 420 p. AB - This project encompassed the period from July 1, 1975 to July 31, 1981, incorporating 5,096 referrals who were classified as nonproblem or problem drinkers and randomly assigned to: (1) probation, (2) rehabilitation, (3) probation plus rehabilitation, or (4) control (no treatment). Probation was of the contact variety but not intensive (12 monthly sessions totalling no more than six hours of contact). Rehabilitation was alcohol safety school (for nonproblem drinkers) or group therapy (for problem drinkers). The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of probation in comparison to traditional countermeasures. The primary evaluation criterion was rearrests through 24 months of tracking. Secondary evaluation criteria included rearrests through 36 months (available on early entries only), accidents, and changes in lifestyle as measured by the Life Activities Inventory. Neither probation nor the traditional treatments showed conclusive evidence of effectiveness with either nonproblem or problem drinkers. However, strong validity evidence was provided for the drinker classification scheme: significantly more rearrests, accidents, injuries, and serious injuries among problem drinkers. Thorough cost/benefit analyses were completed, and alternative cost/benefit models were developed and compared. An unexpected treatment effect of the Life Activities Inventory was strongly suggested, though only among nonproblem drinkers. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Probation KW - Problem drinkers KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191273 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370267 JO - British Journal of Clinical Practice PB - Harvey and Blythe Limited AU - Deane, A M AU - Harvey and Blythe Limited TI - A NEUROVASCULAR TRACTION INJURY INVOLVING THE SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY AND BRACHIAL PLEXUS IN A MOTORCYCLIST PY - 1981/10 VL - 35 IS - 10 SP - p. 364-366 AB - This is a case report that illustrates problems of management presented by this type of combined injury suffered by a 28 year old man who was thrown from his motorcycle and hit a lamp post. The combined injury is best treated by supraclavicular exploration, with the possibility of extending the incision as a limited sternotomy. The Brachial Plexus should be inspected and prognosis assessed as to possible return of neurological function. The arterial injury may then be grafted, repaired, or simply ligated as appropriate. KW - Arm KW - Crashes KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - Neurology KW - Surgery UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187584 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368796 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - SMITH, M AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - REVIEW OF NHTSA SAFETY EDUCATION RESEARCH PY - 1981/10 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - p. 33-34 AB - Fourteen research projects are briefly reviewed. Three research projects relate to driver education: analysis of the driver education instructor; feasibility of developing a K-12 traffic safety education program; and young driver risk taking research. Four driver improvement projects are reported and include the following: driver improvement programs for traffic violators/accident repeaters; elderly driver retaining; provisional licensing demonstration; and young problem driver improvement project. Seven research projects relate to motorcycle/moped safety education: field test of motorcycle safety education course for riders; development of new forms of motorcycle operator skill test (MOST); field test of motorcycle in-traffic test (MIT); development of safety helmet education materials; advanced motorcycle rider course development; moped task analysis; and motorcycle rider education evaluation project. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Drivers KW - Driving instructors KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Task analysis KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368842 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - FUEL EFFECTS ON GAS TURBINE COMBUSTORS AND ENGINES PY - 1981/10 SP - 104 p. AB - The Fuel Quality Effects on Combustion and Engine Performance and Durability Panel of the CRC Aviation Group on Combustion Characteristics of Aviation Fuels was established in 1978 to investigate various combustion characteristics of fuels as they relate to hardware performance and durability, and identify the major fuel-related combustor and engine problem areas. The literature summary in this part is divided into six sections. These sections were prepared by two authors who reviewed the literature and submitted a critical digest of the applicable topics. The survey covers literature up to early 1980. KW - Bibliographies KW - Combustion KW - Combustion deposits KW - Combustion products KW - Durability KW - Fuels KW - Gas turbines KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182704 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368793 JO - 50 Plus PB - Whitney Communications Corporation AU - Fales, E AU - Whitney Communications Corporation TI - ARE AUTOMAKERS LISTENING TO THE OLDER DRIVER? PY - 1981/10 VL - 31 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-18 AB - Cars are being resized, reshaped, and practically reinvented as they are getting smaller. These cars are fine for young drivers, but older drivers have special needs and problems. Up to now, cars had to be universal and for everybody, old and young. But now, interest in older drivers is growing and Detroit and the other centers are finding out more about how older people enter and leave their cars, and how they drive. 50 PLUS proposes to be the intermediary between the older drivers and Detroit and to test cars in real-life conditions and interview drivers. In this article, the Pontiac J-2000, the Honda Accord and the Ford Escort Wagon are tested. Two inserts are included: " Should you believe the EPA mileage ratings", and "What America's 50-Plus Drivers Want in a Car." KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Honda automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368861 AU - Cooks, R G AU - Ferguson, C R AU - Wood, K V AU - Purdue University AU - Department of Transportation TI - DIESEL PARTICULATES--FUEL EFFECTS PY - 1981/10 SP - 18 p. AB - Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been applied to characterization of diesel particulates. For the engine and sampling condition analyzed, the volatile species are by mass in the range of 100 to 300 atomic mass units. Species identified include palmitic acid, methylnaphthalene isomers, and C sub 10 paraffin isomers. Positive and negative chemical ionization are used to confirm the presence of some carboxylic acids. Evidence suggesting the presence of other species is discussed. KW - Chemical analysis KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Particulates KW - Tandem mass spectrometry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182727 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368355 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Rhoads, M D AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - TEACHING ABOUT TIRES PY - 1981/10 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 2 p. AB - The article emphasizes that tires are one of the most important systems of the car and the lack of education regarding the basics of tire construction, function and maintenance are noted. The effects of heat (generated by spinning, underinflation, overloading, skidding, and high speeds), tire tests, tire pressure, temperature, and other aspects which influence tire performance (rotation, alignment, tread wear, etc.) are briefly discussed. Of all these factors, correct tire pressure is the most important. Also, tires must be replaced when tread wear is indicated. KW - Heat KW - Highway safety KW - Inflation KW - Temperature KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182283 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368354 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - TOMBRELLO, S M AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - A PRACTICAL CURRICULUM FOR CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY PY - 1981/10 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - p. 31-32 AB - Preventive action against fatal and injurious accidents to child passengers is described. Recent improvements in actions to protect child passengers are noted and some myths regarding the safety of such children are listed. Currently, there are 23 different models of crash-tested child restraint devices including some which protect children weighing up to 65 pounds. Actions taken by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration are listed. In teaching child passenger safety, attempts must be made to counteract the anxiety-arousing aspects of traffic safety education and address the psychosocial aspects underlying resistance to taking preventive steps. It should be a prime rule that families should be restrained on every motor vehicle ride. Characteristics of restraints and their use are briefly reviewed. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Education KW - Passengers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182282 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368348 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Snyder, W B AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - BROADEN YOUR FOCUS--MOBILIZE YOUR RESOURCES--MERCHANDIZE YOUR RESULTS PY - 1981/10 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - This article which notes that greater local, community and sector involvement will be essential for future success in traffic safety, points out areas in which attention should be focused. These areas include improved roadway design, safe vehicle design, and those areas which promise greatest payoff from intensified effort, namely, drivers and pedestrians. There is a need for innovative ideas for encouraging seatbelt use including child and infant protection. There is a need for closely coordinated programs at the local level to identify and control drunk drivers and to establish voluntary social controls to make drunk driving unacceptable behavior. Safety education and enforcement is important for the pedestrian as well as for the driver. Attention should be focused on laws requiring helmet use by motorcyclists. There are many reasons for making 55 MPH the national speed limit. It is important to maintain driver education classes in schools. Such classes improve driving performance and reduce accidents and benefit all the community. Community support is essential for improving such aspects as highway signs, street markings, enforcing traffic laws, and fostering good driving habits. It is noted that the private sector will be responsive to driver education and other safety programs that will serve corporate objectives. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Driver education KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Helmets KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcyclists KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Private enterprise KW - Public relations KW - Speed limits KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367648 AU - Hendtlass, J AU - Bock, I M AU - Ryan, M P AU - Victoria Road Safety and Traffic Authority, Australia TI - DRINK-DRIVING COUNTERMEASURES. A STUDY OF THE VICTORIAN SYSTEM PY - 1981/10 SP - 158 p. AB - In this study, a system analysis approach was used to describe and quantify the Drink-Driving Countermeasure System in Victoria, as it was in 1977. This approach involved a comprehensive description of the work carried out in the education-publicity, legislative, enforcement, judicial and medical rehabilitation areas and of the interaction of the components of the system and the environmental constraints under which it functions. The study included a field survey which was conducted to identify the various activities within the system. In addition, data were collected for various samples of drivers in order to achieve an understanding of their characteristics and progress through the system. This report contains information on how drivers entered the enforcement subsystem, their personal characteristics, blood alcohol concentration, prior conviction history, whether or not they were prosecuted and results of court hearings. The results of this study have led to recommendations for improvements to the system and additional research. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178634 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367640 JO - Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics PB - Mosby (CV) Company AU - Ellinwood, E H AU - LINNOILA, M AU - Easler, M E AU - Molter, D W AU - Mosby (CV) Company TI - ONSET OF PEAK IMPAIRMENT AFTER DIAZEPAM AND AFTER ALCOHOL PY - 1981/10 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 534-538 AB - Single doses of diazepam induced peak impairment of performance on cognitive and psychomotor tasks early (20 min after ingestion), when blood levels had reached less than two thirds of their eventual plateau. Alcohol did not have this effect. Early peak impairment and the acute tolerance that follows it contribute greatly to the lack of correlation between diazepam plasma level and performance impairment. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drugs KW - Motor skills KW - Psychomotor performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367618 AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Department of Justice TI - THE CHARACTERIZATION OF AUTO HEADLIGHT GLASS BY REFRACTIVE INDEX AND DENSITY PY - 1981/10 SP - 37 p. AB - This study was designed to evaluate the potential usefulness of measurements of refractive index (RI) and/or density of automotive headlight glass for forensic purposes. Automotive headlights were obtained from several sources. As of the time the analytic work was performed, it appeared that there were three subpopulations of headlight glass: General Electric (GE), Corning manufactured before 1971, and Corning manufactured after 1971. The distributions of RI (and density) for the first two subpopulations overlapped considerably, so that one could not reliably determine to which of these a candidate piece of glass belonged. However, the latter population was different enough that one could reliably classify a fragment as belonging either to one of the first two or to the third. Furthermore, since headlights on the road at that time were about equally split between the three groups, the performance of both RI and density for individualization (i.e., the matching of an unknown fragment with a specific lens) was evaluated using the fact of an even split. Since the analytical work was done, the composition of glass has been changed several times by both manufacturers (and a significant number of lenses not made in the United States have appeared on the road). Without another comprehensive sampling of lenses, it is not possible to know how different the lenses on the road today really are. However, one may obtain a conservative figure by acting as though there is only one population, and this is done in section 9 (which updates the report to January 1981). KW - Density KW - Forensic medicine KW - Forensic science KW - Glass KW - Headlamps KW - Materials selection KW - Refractivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367666 AU - Torrington, K AU - HULL, M AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - SEATBELT WEARING AND ADJUSTMENT TRENDS 1974-1979 PY - 1981/10 SP - 41 p. AB - Seatbelt Surveys from 1974 to 1979 are examined for trends in wearing and adjustment rates. Analysis in respect of wearing rates is undertaken separately for adults (those 15 years and over) who have been required to wear belts over the period and children who were not required to wear belts until 1978. It seems that to maintain public awareness publicity and/or enforcement campaigns may be required, at least every twelve months. It is concluded that adult wearing rates have remained in excess of 78% whilst rates for children are substantially lower. The inference is that publicity concerning wearing of belts by children has, to date, not been sufficiently effective. In view of high compliance with seatbelt fitting requirements it is suggested that regulations might be amended to require proper adjustment, and that the age for compulsory wearing be reduced still further. Several of the recommendations of this paper in this respect are currently under investigation. KW - Adults KW - Awareness KW - Child restraint systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Manual safety belts KW - Publicity KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178652 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366997 JO - Scoiology and Social Research PB - University of Southern California, Los Angeles AU - Higgins, P C AU - Albrecht, G L AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles TI - CARS AND KIDS: A SELF REPORT STUDY OF JUVENILE AUTO THEFT AND TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS PY - 1981/10 VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - p. 29-41 AB - Although automobiles play an important part in adolescent life, juvenile misuse of cars has been understudied by sociologists. The favored group and the disadvantaged group perspectives have been proposed as descriptions of and tentative explanations for the presumed patterns of auto theft and to a lesser degree of traffic offenses. Using self-report data from Atlanta, this study found that neither approach was well supported. Contrary to previous research, auto theft is not a "pure" delinquency specialty. Auto thieves and traffic offenders were likely to be involved in other delinquent activities as well. Further, gang members were more likely to be auto misusers than youth who did not belong to a gang. While auto misuse is not a unique pattern of delinquency, on both empirical and theoretical levels, an explanation of the situated dynamics of auto misuse and not merely the correlates of auto misusers seems to be warranted. KW - Adolescents KW - Automobiles KW - Delinquency KW - Disadvantaged persons KW - Social factors KW - Theft KW - Traffic violators KW - Transportation disadvantaged persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181451 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366807 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Williams, A F AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - CHILDREN KILLED IN FALLS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1981/10 VL - 68 IS - 4 SP - p. 576-578 AB - In 1978 in the United States, 38 children aged 5 years or younger were killed when they fell from the passenger compartments of moving motor vehicles not involved in crashes. Twenty-eight children (74%) were boys. Eighteen (47%) were 2 years old; 35 (92%) were aged 1 to 3 years. Thirty-six children fell out through doors, one fell out of a window, and one fell through a hole in the floor. Sixteen falls occurred when the driver was making a turn or going around a curve, nine when someone opened the door, seven when the driver was proceeding straight ahead, five when the driver was backing out of a driveway, and one when the driver was swerving. All 38 children killed in falls from vehicles were unrestrained. Use of seat belts or child restraint systems would prevent falls even if doors came open, as well as providing protection in crashes. A recent study has shown that pediatricians, by routinely counseling parents to restrain children in cars, can have some effect in increasing child restraint use. Pediatricians should also encourage parents to transport children in rear seats and to check at the start of trips to ensure that all doors are completely closed and locked. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Falls KW - Fatalities KW - Ground transportation crashes KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181366 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366803 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Scherz, R G AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - FATAL MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS OF CHILD PASSENGERS FROM BIRTH THROUGH 4 YEARS OF AGE IN WASHINGTON STATE PY - 1981/10 VL - 68 IS - 4 SP - p. 572-575 AB - During the decade beginning Jan.1, 1970 and ending Dec. 31, 1979, approximately 39,500 child passengers aged 0 to 4 years were in motor vehicle accidents reported and investigated in the State of Washington; 148 (0.4%) of the children were killed outright or subsequently died. Of the 39,500 children, approximately 6,300, or 16%, were wearing some type of safety restraint and only two, or 1:3,150, were killed. On the other hand, 33,200 were not wearing restraints and 146, or 1:227, were killed. If these ratios are extrapolated, one might conclude that if all the children had been wearing restraints, there would have been 93% fewer deaths. A detailed analysis was performed on 39 fatalities for the years 1977, 1978, and 1979. Fatal accidents involving young children in Washington State usually occurred under ordinary circumstances on dry roads at low speeds during daylight hours and were unrelated to alcohol usage. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crash analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Infants KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367259 AU - Ziedman, K AU - BURGER, W J AU - Smith, R L AU - Mulholland, M U AU - Sharkey, T J AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED COMMERCIAL VEHICLE CONSPICUITY AND SIGNALLING SYSTEMS. ANALYSES, EXPERIMENTS AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS. TASK II. PY - 1981/10 SP - 192 p. AB - The purpose of this project is the design and testing of marking and signalling systems for large commerical vehicles. Results of Task II are presented including: (1) Augmented conspicuity designs using retroreflective materials, intended for use in field tests or as an after-market add-on; (2) An integrated conspicuity design incorporating improved lighting, signalling and reflectorization, intended for original manufacture; and (3) A plan for field tests to compare accident rates of the recommended designs with current practice. Detailed rationale is given for the designs, including descriptions of six experiments on truck conspicuity. The recommended design includes vehicle perimeter outlining using retroreflective materials, reflectorized flaps, the addition and relocations of turn signals to ensure their visibility to other drivers, changes in the number and location of clearance and I.D. lights, and separation of functions for rear signalling. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash rates KW - Field tests KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear signals KW - Retroreflectors KW - Trucks KW - Turn signals KW - Turning lights KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367269 AU - GARRETT, J W AU - Baum, A S AU - Parada, L O AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN INJURY CAUSATION PARAMETERS-PHASE II PY - 1981/10 SP - 296 p. AB - This report describes data collection, quality control and data analysis procedures for a five-team program to study pedestrian injury causation factors. The data file contains 1,997 pedestrian accidents collected during a two and one-half year period from September 1977 to March 1980. The report describes the data sources, quality control measures, the data file and the case weighting procedures used in preparing the data for analysis. The study cases represent a sample of the pedestrian accidents occurring in the five collection areas. These samples were compared with the base rate data (all police reported pedestrian accidents) from the areas to determine the representativeness of the sample. Data analysis includes evaluation of injury severity and injury types associated with impact speed, vehicle body style, injury source and pedestrian age. Other analyses include vehicle-pedestrian interactions, pedestrian orientation and injury severity, vehicle braking and injury type and severity and the effect of vehicle geometry on injury. Lower extremity injuries are evaluated in terms of pedestrian age and injury source. Emphasis throughout the analysis is placed on frontal impacts which are the most common. One section is also devoted to vehicle side impacts with pedestrians. KW - Age KW - Causes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Quality control KW - Severity KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design KW - Weighting /mathematical/ UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25565/DOT-HS-806-148.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178349 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366815 JO - Journal of Fire & Flammability PB - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Maahs, G AU - Schuler, R AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - THE DETERMINATION OF SMOKE DENSITY AND OF SMOKE EVOLUTION RATE IN THE NBS CHAMBER AND THE INFLUENCE OF FLAMEPROOFING AGENTS AND SMOKE RETARDERS PY - 1981/10 VL - 12 SP - p. 281-300 AB - A modified method for determining smoke density and smoke evolution rate in the NBS smoke chamber is proposed. The effects of mains voltage fluctuations, sample size and thickness and deposition processes on chamber walls and the optical window are taken into account. Smoke behaviour is described by the two parameters smoke intensity and smoke evolution rate. It is shown that flameproofing agents and smoke inhibitors in plastics have different effects on smoke behaviour; these effects are discussed. KW - Fire resistance KW - Fireproof materials KW - Fires KW - Flameproofing KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Plastics KW - Smoke UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362404 AU - Zub, R W AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM (VEHSIM) FOR VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE SIMULATION (AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT TRUCKS) VOLUME I: DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS PY - 1981/10 SP - 104 p. AB - This report presents an updated description of a vehicle simulation program, VEHSIM, which can determine the fuel economy and performance of a specified vehicle over a defined route as it executes a given driving schedule. Vehicle input accommodated by VEHSIM include accessories, engine, rear axle, converter, transmission, tires, aerodynamic drag coefficient, and shift logic. The report is comprised of four volumes. Volume I presents a description of the numerical approach and equations. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362407 AU - Zub, R W AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM (VEHSIM) FOR VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE SIMULATION (AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT TRUCKS) VOLUME IV: ENHANCEMENTS PY - 1981/10 SP - 50 p. AB - This report presents an updated description of a vehicle simulation program, VEHSIM, which can determine the fuel economy and performance of a specified vehicle over a defined route as it executes a given driving schedule. Vehicle input accommodated by VEHSIM include accessories, engine, rear axle, converter transmission, tires, aerodynamic drag coefficient, and shift logic. The report is comprised of four volumes. Volume IV describes a simulation of the Integrated Overdrive Transmission with a split-torque converter. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362405 AU - Zub, R W AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM (VEHSIM) FOR VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE SIMULATION (AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT TRUCKS) VOLUME II: USERS GUIDE PY - 1981/10 SP - 162 p. AB - This report presents an updated description of a vehicle simulation program, VEHSIM, which can determine the fuel economy and performance of a specified vehicle over a defined route as it executes a given driving schedule. Vehicle input accommodated by VEHSIM include accessories, engine, rear axle, converter transmission, tires, aerodynamic drag coefficient, and shift logic. The report is comprised of four volumes. Volume II is a user's manual. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176996 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362070 JO - Virginia Dept of Hwys and Transportation Bulletin PB - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - TRUCK WEIGHT ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SAVES STATE'S ROADS AND REVENUE PY - 1981/10 VL - 47 IS - 10 SP - p. 4 AB - This article discusses Virginia's truck weight enforcement program, pointing out its successfulness, its benefits, and also its shortcomings. Virginia law sets the maximum truck weight limit at 76,000 pounds with a five percent weight tolerance. To enforce the limit, the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation has 14 permanent weigh stations and 9 mobile units in specially equipped vans. Two of the main problems faced at the present time are the inconsistency of the courts in assessing liquidated damages and the use of sophisticated CB radio equipment or hired scouts by truckers to avoid detection by the mobile units. KW - Axle loads KW - Courts KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Load limits KW - Portable equipment KW - Revenues KW - Truck highway damage KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Weigh stations KW - Weight stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362061 AU - Flowers, R J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - DISCRETE MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS USING LOG-LINEAR MODELS PY - 1981/10 SP - 33 p. AB - A broad class of log-linear models is discussed which contains as subsets the general linear model, the logit model, and the association model. By suitable choices of the transformation matrices, it is also possible to define additional models for which maximum likelihood estimates have not previously been obtained. The procedure presented here is not meant to replace specialized programs such as for the generallog-linear model or for the logit model. The specialized programs will generally have the capability of handling larger data sets than is possible for a general procedure like that presented here. The chief advantage of this procedure is its flexibility for defining new models. Also of importance is the obvious extentions to more complex models by alternately applying exponential and logarithmic functions separated by transformation matrices, as is done for the Grizzle-Starmer-Koch procedure. KW - Algorithms KW - Association models KW - Discrete multivariate analysis KW - Log-linear models KW - Logits KW - Multinomial logits KW - Multinomials KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Newton-raphson algorithm KW - Poisson distributions KW - Poissons distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362406 AU - Zub, R W AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM (VEHSIM) FOR VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE SIMULATION (AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT TRUCKS) VOLUME III: GLOSSARY AND LISTINGS PY - 1981/10 SP - 332 p. AB - This report presents an updated description of a vehicle simulation program, VEHSIM, which can determine the fuel economy and performance of a specified vehicle over a defined route as it executes a given driving schedule. Vehicle input accommodated by VEHSIM include accessories, engine, rear axle, converter transmission, tires, aerodynamic drag coefficient, and shift logic. The report is comprised of four volumes. Volume III contains the program listings. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361997 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS. AMENDMENT TO FMVSS 208 OCCUPANT CRASH PROTECTION. RESCISSION OF AUTOMATIC OCCUPANT PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS PY - 1981/10 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) assessment of the benefits and costs of a revision of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 208, Occupant Crash Protection. It addresses three possible amendments, examining each to determine the net effect on consumers, industry and the national economy. NHTSA's conclusion is that the automatic occupant protection requirements of FMVSS No. 208 should be rescinded. This conclusion is based on the following findings: (1) the standard is not practicable due to the high costs and the uncertainty of the magnitude, if any, of safety benefits associated with the standard; and (2) the standard would not lead to improved auto safety because of the potential adverve safety consequences that the standard would likely generate. KW - Automobile industry KW - Benefits KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179319 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361942 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Abbess, C AU - JARRETT, D AU - WRIGHT, C C AU - Printerhall Limited TI - ACCIDENTS AT BLACKSPOTS: ESTIMATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REMEDIAL TREATMENT, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE "REGRESSION-TO-MEAN" EFFECT PY - 1981/10 VL - 22 IS - 10 SP - p. 535-542 AB - This paper proposes to show that the Bayesian approach is particularly well-suited to analyzing accident blackspot data, and providing information on which to judge the effectiveness of remedial treatment. This method has two main advantages: (1) it focuses the user's attention on the subjective nature of certain aspects of the problem (other methods tend to ignore this), and (2) it automatically takes account of the "regression-to-mean" effect. It also answers a practical question for the traffic engineer, of whether the regression-to-mean effect is likely to be sufficiently large to be worth worrying about for sites in his area, by illustrating the problem with some typical calculations for sites in two local authority areas in the South of England. KW - Bayes' theorem KW - Crashes KW - High risk locations KW - Regression analysis KW - Remedial aids KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180819 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361943 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Roper, W L AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - CHP AND FBI CRACK $1.2 MILLION LUXURY CAR THEFT RING PY - 1981/10 VL - 45 IS - 8 SP - p. 6 AB - What is described as the biggest auto-theft ring roundup in Southern California in sixteen years, was made recently by the Southern Division of the California Highway Patrol working with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The ring specialized exclusively in luxury cars, the cars identification numbers being changed to match the counterfeit ownership titles for sale to buyers, usually in a locality some distance from where they were stolen. Law enforcement officers from 5 others states became involved in addition to CHP and the FBI, as cars stolen in those states were being brought in for sale in California, while cars stolen in California were often being transported out of state for sale. In addition to the story of that roundup, the article examines the stripping of cars for parts, juvenile joy riders, Auto-Statis, a computerized communication set-up (Automatic Statewide Auto Theft Injury System) which helps CHP in catching thieves driving stolen cars. Advice is also given on how to help thwart amateur car thieves, truck stealing and hijacking. KW - Adolescents KW - Antitheft devices KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automobiles KW - Communication systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Out of state KW - Police KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Theft KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361991 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY TRENDS AND FORECASTS PY - 1981/10 SP - 40 p. AB - The primary objectives of this document are to describe some of the past traffic safety trends and to forecast potential problem areas as they might emerge in the 1980 decade. It is designed to provide NHTSA program planners and managers with a uniform set of projections of future events, conditions and circumstances which could affect the future traffic safety environment. Hopefully, this document will be the first step in establishing a standardized forecasting data base with general applicability and with Agency-wide agreement on assumptions, analyses and projections. KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361992 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PY - 1981/10 SP - 63 p. AB - Quality emergency medical care is an essential public health service. The ability to provide prompt, effective emergency medical care to accident victims at the scene increases their chances of survival. State and local governments depending on their geographic and demographic features, provide emergency medical services (EMS) in a variety of ways. Since 1966 the Federal Government (U.S. Department of Transportation) has provided financial and technical assistance through the "402" grant process to States for improving EMS programs. However, recent cuts in Federal funding (including EMS) and the imposing of new eligibility guidelines has raised concern within the EMS community about it's ability to provide quality emergency medical care. This report focuses on five significant issues which impact the quality and availability of EMS. (1) Department of Transportation/Department of Health and Human Services Memorandum of Understanding; (2) "402" Funding of EMS Programs; (3) Terminology and Training Levels; (4) Evaluation Techniques; and (5) Hazardous Material Accident Response Guidelines. KW - Crash victims KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Evaluation KW - Federal aid KW - Fund allocations KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Survival KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362006 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM 1980. AN OVERVIEW OF U.S. TRAFFIC FATAL ACCIDENT AND FATALITY DATA COLLECTED IN FARS FOR THE YEAR 1980 PY - 1981/10 SP - 96 p. AB - This publication focuses on the fatal accidents and fatalities reported in the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data file for 1980. A wide spectrum of data, in many different combinations is presented under the headings: Figures and Tables, highlights, fatality profile, state statistics, accidents, vehicles, drivers, occupants, nonoccupants, Puerto Rico, selected comparisons for 1975-1980, fatality scenarios, glossary, 1980 coding forms, 1980 involvement and fatalities by body type, and index. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Bicycles KW - Crash reports KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Light trucks KW - Medium trucks KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361994 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Fancher, P S AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - DESCRIPTIVE PARAMETERS USED IN ANALYZING THE BRAKING AND HANDLING OF HEAVY TRUCKS. STEERING AND SUSPENSION SYSTEMS--VOLUME 4 PY - 1981/10 SP - v.p. AB - This Volume is one of a set of five volumes being prepared under support from the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association. The set of volumes is entitled "Descriptive Parameters Used in Analyzing the Braking and Handling of Heavy Trucks." The volumes address the acquisition of data on (1) brakes, (2) inertial properties, (3) tires, (4) steering and suspension systems, and (5) antilock systems. KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361926 AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Treat, J R AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - MANAGING THE SPEED CRASH RISK PY - 1981/10 SP - 52 p. AB - The driving error of improper speed has been identified as a leading cause of traffic crashes and associated losses. Excessive speed is particularly prevalent in fatal and other serious crashes. Society has taken formal action to control the crash risk posed by speeding; the earliest such response and the one most used today is the legal approach that rests on the concept of deterrence. In most jurisdictions criminal or criminal-like procedures are used to enforce speeding laws: police officers are deployed to observe for speeders; suspected violators are pursued and apprehended; and offenders are referred to judicial or administrative tribunals to determine guilt or innocence. A variety of patrol configurations, vehicles, and speed-measuring devices (chiefly radar) are used by police agencies to enforce speeding laws. Speed enforcement as currently carried out is labor intensive and costly, principally because legal requirements stemming from the use of criminal law and procedures must be followed. For traditional enforcement procedures to effectively deter speeding, large increases in funds and personnel would be required. Therefore, strategies other than the legal approach for managing the speed crash risk should be considered. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Police KW - Risk management KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361928 AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Treat, J R AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS AND TRAFFIC CRASH LOSS REDUCTION PY - 1981/10 SP - 39 p. AB - Automobile seat belts, child restraints, and motorcycle helmets have the demonstrated potential to prevent fatalities, reduce the severity of injuries, and reduce overall losses associated with traffic crashes. Modern restraints are inexpensive, widely available, and minimally inconvenient to the user, yet in spite of these attributes, most American travelers fail to take advantage of them. This is especially true with respect to seat belts and child restraints in passenger cars, where usage rates have consistently remained below 20 percent. Many nations have responded to the problem of nonuse of restraints by enacting laws requiring their use. Belt-use laws, which are common in Europe, Canada, and Australia, have not, so far, been politically feasible in the United States. Nevertheless, policymakers in both the public and private sectors have at their disposal a wide range of strategies other than comprehensive, mandatory belt-use laws. Legislation requiring certain classes of operators or occupants, especially motorcyclists and small children, to use restraints, enjoys popular acceptability. Regulations requiring restraint use while performing governmental business, and similar on-the-job regulations in private industry, are increasingly common. Information and education programs, directed at the general public and at such intermediate audiences as employers, physicians, and schoolteachers, may increase restraint use over a long period of time. Economic incentives for individuals who use restraints, or for those who actively promote restraint use by others, may lead to increased usage. This paper presents some promising alternatives to mandatory belt-use legislation that can be implemented in the immediate future to reduce traffic crash losses. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash severity KW - Education KW - Helmets KW - Incentives KW - Information dissemination KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176633 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361918 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Gregory, D R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE PHYSICIAN'S ROLE IN HIGHWAY SAFETY--REPORTING REQUIREMENTS PY - 1981/10 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 29-33 AB - This article examines the issue of the physician's responsibility with regard to the reporting of a patient's fitness or competence to drive. As of 1980, nine states required the reporting of physical/mental/medical impairments to driving by physicians, and five other states permitted rather than required such reporting. The most tenable argument raised by physicians in excusing or justifying their reluctance or failure to report their patients has been the apparent violation of the confidential physician-patient relationship. This argument is answered by the Uniform Vehicle Code which grants immunity from civil liability or prosecution for any physician who submits reports on his/her patients in compliance with the law. Many court cases dealing with this issue are cited throughout this article as it continues to examine the various questions that arise, such as what legal recourse may be had against a physician for failing to report or should a physician also be responsible for informing all potential victims who might be injured by his/her patient while that patient is driving. KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drivers KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal responsibility KW - Mental illness KW - Physical fitness KW - Physicians KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Statute cases KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180811 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361590 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Nagy, B AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - CAR WORDS. A BASIC GLOSSARY OF AUTOMOTIVE TERMINOLOGY PART I PY - 1981/10 VL - 33 IS - 10 SP - p. 79-83 AB - While space limitations prevent us from detailing every word that pertains to your car, the following automotive lexicon has been compiled to provide you with a fairly broad cross-section of the terms most often encountered. In an effort to help you develop an even better understanding of your car and how it functions, we've also included a number of thumbnail overviews of major automotive systems and subsystems. KW - Automotive systems KW - Definitions KW - Glossaries KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361916 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Donelson, A C AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - DRUGS AND HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1981/10 SP - 45 p. AB - Not enough is known yet about the drug and driving problem to define its magnitude precisely and support countermeasure development. Research required to define the drug and driving problem more precisely and develop more effective countermeasures has been hampered by the complexity and variety of available drugs, and by the lack of analytic capability, funding, and coordination of effort. Nonetheless, a series of near-term strategies can be carried out by units of state and local government. Deficient state laws should be amended. Vigorous prosecution of impaired drivers using behavioral and other available evidence should continue, and nontherapeutic drug users who choose to drive while impaired should receive license sanctions. The health/legal approach should be used to find and treat offenders with underlying drug abuse problems. Public information and education efforts should focus on health care professionals and both therapeutic and recreational drug users. Short-term, poorly controlled, poorly coordinated research should be avoided; future research should focus on rigidly controlled, large-scale epidemiologic studies of crashed and noncrashed drivers, and of human performance while under drug influence. This paper is a guide for action by policymakers at the state and local level. It provides a series of strategies directed at controlling the drug-crash risk--strategies that can be implemented by state and local units of government in the near-term future. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drugs KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Personnel performance KW - Prosecution KW - Risk assessment KW - State government KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176621 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361917 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Peck, R A AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - NHTSA REPORT PY - 1981/10 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 14-16 AB - In this speech given at the International Symposium on Occupant Restraint, Mr R.A. Peck, Jr, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), outlines the approach that the agency is going to take on public safety on the highways. NHTSA is going to undertake a massive public information and education campaign, involving both public and private organizations to include motor vehicle manufacturers, the insurance industry, health care providers automobile dealers, civic safety groups and others. The basic thrust of this campaign is going to be toward the use of active seat belts. One critical aspect of occupant restraint deals with the proper use of child restraint devices. Mr. Peck cites the case of Tennessee, which in 1977 adopted the first child restraint law in the United States, and Australia which enacted mandatory seat belt legislation in 1970. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway safety KW - Legislation KW - Occupant restraint KW - Publicity KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180810 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361919 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Keeney, A H AU - Garvey, J AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE DILEMMA OF THE MONOCULAR DRIVER PY - 1981/10 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - p. 34-35 AB - This brief article examines the case of the monocular driver seeking to be licensed for Class I professional driving such as school buses, public transportation, and emergency vehicles from the point of view of the clinical physician. Weighing circumscribed and even conflicting research against sound clinical judgment, it is concluded that the monocular driver should not be licensed for Class I professional driving. KW - Driver licensing KW - Monocular drivers KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361486 AU - Olson, P L AU - Sivak, M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - PROBLEMS IN THE DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNIFICANT ROADWAY CONDITIONS PY - 1981/10 SP - 14 p. AB - To respond effectively to significant roadway conditions, drivers must make timely and accurate detections and identifications. Detection and identification are different processes, and neither is necessarily simple or automatic. This paper discusses both processes; it points out problems with each, and suggests means for improvement. KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361927 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Jones, R K AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - MANAGING THE TRAFFIC CRASH RISK PY - 1981/10 SP - 90 p. AB - Traffic crashes result in thousands of fatalities and billions of dollars in losses annually, and constitute a leading public health and safety problem. Society has responded to this problem by spending large sums of money and employing many people in traffic-safety programs; however, these efforts have been unguided by any well-developed body of theory. Prevailing highway safety theory has focused on the crash event itself, to the exclusion of more remote but nonetheless important factors that lead to traffic crashes. More effective management of the social risks posed by traffic crashes requires development of a body of theory that accounts for the role of society and its systems in managing social risks such as traffic crashes. A conceptual framework applying societal risk-management systems to the disutilities produced by the Highway Transportation System is presented. The conceptual framework applies concepts drawn from the disciplines of systems analysis and risk management. It is presented to describe the highway safety process and to provide the basis for further development of highway safety theory. Strategies for further research in highway safety based on the conceptual framework are described, and directions for further activity within the highway safety field are identified. KW - Highway safety KW - Risk management KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utility theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176632 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361754 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Geurts, C A AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO HIGHWAY SAFETY FUNDING SANCTIONS PY - 1981/10 VL - 51 IS - 10 SP - p. 23-25 AB - This article presents a brief review of the history of imposed sanctions upon states which failed to comply with Federal safety regulations. It is then pointed out that current sanction imposition is based upon the "microscopic" premise whereby if an element has proven itself worthy for inclusion into the Highway Safety Program, it must be maintained or sanctions must be applied. Another evaluative tool is proposed. This technique is called "macroscopic" analysis and refers to the determination of the relative value of an overall program before the ascertainment of the values of its contributary parts. Using the FHWA annual report of highway classification fatalities and rates as well as injury accidents and rates (mandated since 1967), a scenario is created. In conclusion, it is stated that to correct deficiencies identified by this technique, local funding reapportionment could be applied rather than threat of withholding funds. KW - Compliance KW - Federal aid KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway Safety act KW - Sanctions KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180696 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361501 JO - American Motorcyclist PB - American Motorcyclist Association AU - Harrison, G AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - PARANOID OR PROTECTED? NOBODY WOULD STEAL MY BIKE...WOULD THEY? PY - 1981/10 VL - 45 IS - 10 SP - p. 17-20 AB - This article, the first of two parts, discusses the motorcycle theft problem. Approximately 100,000 bikes are stolen annually. Nationally, the recovery rate for stolen motorcycles is only 9 percent, against 60 to 70 percent for automobiles. The article presents an example of insurance economics that shows both owners and insurers lose when a motorcycle is stolen. It describes through direct quotes, the precautions taken both by victims, and by luckier motorcycle owners who have not yet been victimized. Motorcycle owners' false assumptions and unwise practices are discussed at length. The extreme protective measures taken by some owners are also described. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Insurance KW - Losses KW - Motorcycles KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Protection KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180546 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361764 JO - Traffic Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Rakowski, J P AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES: A STUDY OF TRANSPORTATION POLICY IN TRANSITION PY - 1981/10 VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - p. 623-637 AB - This article examines the process of legal and policy changes in the trucking industry. It is not an attempt to evaluate the desirability of deregulation, or the probable economic consequences of the recent changes in the law. Rather, it examines the regulatory process itself, analyzing the limits of the existing legal mechanisms and the various inputs and forces that determine legislative and policy change. Trucking reform is an extremely complex and emotional topic. The issues are numerous, the protagonists are many, and the process of change has been lengthy and quite vitriolic. This article examines the various interest groups involved, analyzes the specific issues, and looks at the substance of legal changes. This is followed by a description of relevant events since passage of the Motor Carrier Act of 1980. In conclusion, an attempt is made to evaluate the situation. KW - Deregulation KW - Economics KW - Legislation KW - Motor Carrier Act of 1980 KW - Motor carriers KW - Rates KW - Regulation KW - Transportation KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180703 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361027 JO - FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin PB - Federal Bureau of Investigation AU - Barron, J J AU - Aurilio, S L AU - Federal Bureau of Investigation TI - DRIVER TRAINING FOR YOUR DEPARTMENT? PY - 1981/10 VL - 50 IS - 10 SP - p. 1-6 AB - The purpose of this article is to convince the police administrator that he should develop or participate in a police driver training program and to show him how to do this efficiently and economically. It points out that driver training can and does reduce accidents and that a trained police officer operates his vehicle with competence and skill. In considering costs, the cost of the training program is viewed in light of the accident costs incurred when a police driver has an accident. The discussion of what a police driver training program is like covers what should be taught and how it should be taught, such as developing skill by behind the wheel training and utilizing visual aids to supplement lectures. In conclusion it is stated that the aim of a driver training program is to get the police officer where he is going quickly and safely, otherwise any skill which the officer has to handle the myriad of situations on the street is being wasted. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Driver training KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180214 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361355 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Frank, L AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - TIRE BASICS. A LITTLE HELP TO AID YOU IN CHOOSING THE RIGHT RUBBER FOR YOUR CAR PY - 1981/10 VL - 33 IS - 10 SP - p. 61-65 AB - This article evaluates the three types of tire construction in use today: bias-ply, radial, and a combination called bias-belted. The strong and weak points of each type are discussed, as well as the various materials used in tire construction. Each component of the standard tire size designation is explained, as is DOT designation which is also stamped on all tires legally sold for road use. Since 1979, the government has further required molded in markings disclosing the government's Uniform Tire Quality Grading standards which give an approximation of the tire's expected performance. These markings are also explained. Examples of various usage requirements are cited to show that there is no one "best" tire for every situation. The various trade-offs are discussed. The implications of tire inflation pressure are examined, as is the proper method of mixing different types of tires on a vehicle. Sketches portray the basic methods of tire construction, the tire aspect ratio, tire rotation, and the tread wear grade. A sketch and list of definitions are included to illustrate the basic component units of a tire. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Construction KW - Performance KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Requirement KW - Size KW - Specifications KW - Tires KW - Uniform tire quality grading UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180457 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361357 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Lewis, G D AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - RIM URETHANE ELASTOMERS: APPLICATIONS FOR THE 80S PY - 1981/10 VL - 113 IS - 10 SP - p. 45-48 AB - This article describes the advancements of the reaction injection molding (RIM) process, to produce urethane elastomer parts, since its first commercial usage in 1974. By the end of the decade, RIM elastomers were being produced at an annual rate of over forty million pounds, mostly for soft automotive fascia and bumper covers. Extensive programs to develop both chemical systems and processing equipment have resulted in additional applications for automotive components, spoilers, fender flares, air dams, and decorative trim parts. The development of the technology to produce reinforced reaction injection molded (RRIM) parts, has, more recently, opened up additional automotive potential for fenders and other exterior body skin components. The article reviews the advantageous features of RIM processing and its potential uses outside the automotive industry. KW - Applications KW - Components KW - Composite materials KW - Elastomers KW - Lightweight materials KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Processing KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180459 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349862 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - Greene, D L AU - Chen, CKE AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - SCRAPPAGE AND SURVIVAL RATES OF PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT TRUCKS IN THE U.S., 1966-77 PY - 1981/10 VL - 15A IS - 5 SP - p. 383-389 AB - In recent years sales of light trucks have increased dramatically raising their market share of new light duty vehicle sales from 12% in 1967 to 24% in 1978. Because light trucks are typically less fuel efficient than automobiles and because they have longer lifetimes, there is concern about the long run impact of this trend on the fuel efficiency of the light duty vehicle population. This paper investigates the scrappage patterns of imported and domestic automobiles and light duty trucks over the period 1966-77. Estimated scrappage functions for the three vehicle types differ significantly, the most striking difference being the longer lifetimes of light trucks as compared to passenger cars (median lifetimes were 14.5 and 9.9 years respectively). A comparison of pre and post 1973 time periods does not alter this conclusion. The long run effect of this is likely to be a vehicle population share about 5 percentage points higher than the light truck market share of new vehicles and a 3% reduction in overall fleet fuel economy. KW - Automobiles KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Life span KW - Life testing KW - Light trucks KW - Performance tests KW - Scrap KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180107 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361356 JO - Elastomerics PB - Communication Channels, Incorporated AU - Communication Channels, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOTIVE ELASTOMERS PY - 1981/10 VL - 113 IS - 10 SP - p. 39 AB - This article contends that the "world car" concept will lead to standardized components of world-wide manufacture. Energy requirements will figure in material selection, not only regarding the basic content of the material, but also in relation to later fabrication costs, assembly labor savings, and eventually potential fuel savings due to lighter weight over the useful life of the vehicle. It notes that 1982 autos mark the first time since the 1968 model year, that one tire construction (radial) has been standard equipment for all US auto manufacturers. Many other uses of elastomers in 1981 are cited, including elastomeric silicone to protect electronic circuitry from heat, shock, and weather; new EPDM hose construction for fresh air intake; ethylene-acrylic elastomer for oil seals; glass-reinforced nylon sheets which can be processed on existing metal-stamping presses; reinforced reaction injection molded (RRIM) polyurethane foam for auto seats, protective padding and sound deadening. Urethane-based adhesives are also discussed. KW - Elastomers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lightweight materials KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Plastics KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Standardization KW - Vehicle design KW - World car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180458 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361044 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Rinde, E A AU - Smith, R N AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - CONVENTIONAL ROAD SAFETY PY - 1981/10 VL - 51 IS - 10 SP - p. 29-34 AB - The California Department of Transportation developed a program to reduce fixed object accidents for non-freeways. The four types of fixed objects studied were guardrails at the ends of bridges, utility poles, traffic sign posts, and trees. A benefit cost analysis was made to determine the estimated cost effectiveness of the program. Costs are given in terms of the estimated improvement costs and average accident costs, and benefits in terms of the cost savings due to accident frequency reduction and accident severity reduction. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Fixed object KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Trees KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180223 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348747 JO - Modern Plastics PB - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated AU - Wood, A S AU - McGraw-Hill, Incorporated TI - BEDROCK PROOF OF PERFORMANCE IS DETROIT'S '82 CRITERION PY - 1981/10 VL - 58 IS - 10 SP - p. 46-49 AB - The article reviews the utilization of various plastic materials in automobile construction. Molded polycarbonate is used in body panels and other exterior automotive parts. RRIM-nylon is being tested by General Motors' Manufacturing Development Center for exterior panels with a view to a production part by 1984. Research is conducted on low-profile sheet moulding compound (SMC) to try to remedy appearance problems that compromise its wholehearted acceptance by the automobile industry. Trend is toward lighter weight low-profile SMC and BMC (bulk moulding compound) without tradeoff of physical properties. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Performance KW - Plastics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349497 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON EXPERIMENTAL SAFETY VEHICLES PY - 1981/10 SP - 1086 p. AB - This report of the proceedings is divided into 7 sections: (1) Conference Opening and Awards Presentation; (2) Government Status Reports: Federal Republic of Germany, United States Government, Japan, France, Italy, Sweden, Great Britain and the European Experimental Vehicles Committee Status Report; (3) Results of Experimental Safety Vehicle/ Research Safety Vehicle (ESV/RSV) Development: Minicars RSV, Calspan/Chrysler RSV and additional presentations of ESV/RSV Development; (4) Panel Discussion on the ESV Program with Special Regard to Smaller vehicles; (5) Technical Sessions: Restraint Systems, Child Protection, Biomechanics, Dummies, Analysis, Pedestrian Protection, Accident Avoidance, Handling, and Stability Braking; (6) Panel Discussion on Safety, Energy Conservation and Emissions; and (7) Conference Conclusion, including an exhibition of Research Safety Vehicles. KW - Biophysics KW - Braking KW - Child restraint systems KW - Compact automobiles KW - Conservation KW - Dummies KW - Energy KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pollutants KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety vehicles KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175529 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348745 JO - ASTM Standardization News PB - ASTM International AU - Colyer, C C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE ASTM TEST MONITORING SYSTEM--PURPOSE AND OPERATION PY - 1981/10 VL - 9 IS - 10 SP - p. 8-12 AB - The purpose of the Test Monitoring Center (TMC), created in 1973, is to establish, maintain and operate a system for assuring that the Lubricating Oil Engine Test Procedures, published in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Special Technical Publication (STP) 315, "Multicylinder Test Sequences for Evaluating Performance of Crankcase Lubricants" are conducted properly. TMC is not involved in engine oil approvals. Its basic contribution is to calibrate engine test stands and/or engine test laboratories as prescribed by the specific ASTM test procedure via reference oils to provide authenticity to the results from commercial oils run in-between reference oil runs. Also the Society of Automotive Engineers Lubricants Review Institute's (SAE LRI) Review Committee independently utilizes TMC reference oil data in evaluating candidate oils for approval by the Military. TMC's operation is detailed and further expansion possibilities are discussed. KW - Calibration KW - Evaluation KW - Lubricating oils KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347917 AU - BERKOWITZ, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STATE MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAWS USING THE NATIONAL ELECTRONIC INJURY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PY - 1981/10 SP - 12 p. AB - This report analyzes motorcyclist injury data collected by the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) from October 1978 through December 1980. Head area injury rates were compared for NEISS-reporting States with and without a mandatory helmet use law. The States without a helmet law had significantly greater head area injury rates than the States with a helmet law. In addition, the serious injury rate for the head and neck were significantly lower in the States having a helmet law as compared with the States not having a helmet law. It was concluded that State motorcycle helmet law's are effective in decreasing all motorcyclist head area injury rates as well as lowering most head area serious injury rates. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Law enforcement KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Severity KW - State government KW - States KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346713 AU - Hallaq, J H AU - Schaeffer, K H AU - Westenberg, D AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INDEX OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF FUEL EFFICIENCY (IFE) IN THE MOTOR VEHICLE MARKET PY - 1981/10 SP - 41 p. AB - The need for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to understand the importance of vehicle fuel economy in the marketplace has created the requirement for a quantitative measure of consumer attitudes toward fuel efficiency. This paper surveys the currently available measures of consumer attitudes toward fuel efficiency, concludes that they do not adequately meet NHTSA's needs, and develops the Index of the Relative Importance of Fuel Efficiency (IFE) to fill this void. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Market surveys KW - Markets KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370247 AU - McPherson, K AU - McKnight, A J AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE DRIVER ON-ROAD PERFORMANCE TEST. VOLUME III: EXAMINER'S MANUAL PY - 1981/09/30 SP - 26 p. AB - This report provides procedures for administering and scoring the Automobile Driver On-Road Performance Test (ADOPT). The ADOPT checks 21 separate driving performances. Performances are checked at pre-determined locations along a 10-minute route and are scored against specified criteria. The highly objective scoring system produces correlations across examiners in excess of .8 and correlations across routes in excess of .7. The ADOPT is primarily a measure of skill. While many of the performances checked do not require skill to perform (e.g., signaling, mirror checks), a high level of skill is required to perform them and maintain control of the vehicle at the same time. The ADOPT as a whole correlates approximately .5 with a measure of the vehicle handling skills. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motor skills KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Reliability UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25594/DOT-HS-806-209.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370246 AU - McKnight, A J AU - McPherson, K AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE DRIVER ON-ROAD PERFORMANCE TEST. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/09/30 SP - 112 p. AB - The Automobile Driver On-Road Performance Test (ADOPT) was developed during a three-phase project. In Phase 1, 51 candidate behaviors were identified and selected with the help of experts in the fields of traffic safety, measurement of driver performance, and driver licensing. In Phase 2, candidate behaviors were subjected to testing to determine their measurability and the best methods for achieving valid and reliable measurement. Relevant criteria for use in assessing performance were established. During Phase 3, the ADOPT was developed and documented in two manuals, one for administrators and one for examiners. The 10-minute test uses an objective scoring system and assesses specific performances at designated locations only. It is administered by one examiner. The ADOPT was pilot-tested in Oklahoma to assess its reliability and validity. Following the pilot test, the ADOPT was modified to improve overall reliability and validity. The revised version was field tested, again in Oklahoma. Results showed the ADOPT to be a reliable measure of the on-road performance of license applicants. It is primarily a measure of driver skill, which serves as an indirect measure of safe driving practices. Intercorrelation of applicant scores across examiners and across routes exceeds .8 and .7, respectively. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motor skills KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Reliability UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25596/DOT-HS-806-207.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370449 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Redmond, D AU - Ausherman, V K AU - Kinetic Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS--FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I--TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1981/09/30 SP - 287 p. AB - Collision-avoidance systems under development in the U.S.A., Japan and Germany were evaluated. The performance evaluation showed that the signal processing and the control law of a system were the key parameters that decided the system's capability, in terms of target discrimination, and the ability to avoid false alarms and missed the targets. The benefits evaluation of selected radar systems was conducted using the Kinetic Research Accident Environment Simulation and Projection (KRAESP) Model and an accident data base which was adjusted to be nationally representative. The results indicated that radar braking systems were most effective in the rear impact mode as well as substantial benefits in frontal, vehicle-to-vehicle, and fixed-object impacts. The effectiveness of the radar systems in the side impact mode was very limited. Non-motorist impacts may be avoided by radar braking systems; however, the ability of the radar to detect pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists needs further study. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Brakes KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Fixed object KW - Frontal crashes KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Performance evaluations KW - Radar devices KW - Rear end crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369724 AU - McPherson, K AU - McKnight, A J AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE DRIVER ON-ROAD PERFORMANCE TEST, VOLUME II: ADMINISTRATOR'S MANUAL PY - 1981/09/30 SP - 58 p. AB - This report provides procedures for setting up, administering, and scoring the Automobile Driver On-Road Performance Test (ADOPT). The ADOPT checks 21 separate driving performances. Performances are checked at pre-determined locations along a 10-minute route and are scored against specified criteria. The highly objective scoring system produces correlations across examiners in excess of .8 and correlations across routes in excess of .7. The ADOPT is primarily a measure of skill. While many of the performances checked do not require skill to perform (e.g., signaling, mirror checks), a high level of skill is required to perform them and maintain control of the vehicle at the same time. The ADOPT as a whole correlates approximately .5 with a measure of the vehicle handling skills. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving tests KW - Handling characteristics KW - Manuals KW - Personnel performance KW - Scoring KW - Scoring (Concrete) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25595/DOT-HS-806-208.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368787 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Redmond, D AU - Ausherman, V K AU - Kinetic Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS--FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II--APPENDICES A-E PY - 1981/09/30 SP - 259 p. AB - Collision-avoidance systems under development in the U.S.A., Japan and Germany were evaluated. The performance evaluation showed that the signal processing and the control law of a system were the key parameters that decided the system's capability, in terms of target discrimination, and the ability to avoid false alarms and missed targets. The benefits evaluation of selected radar systems was conducted using the Kinetic Research Accident Environment Simulation and Projection (KRAESP) Model and an accident data base which was adjusted to be nationally representative. The results indicated that radar braking systems were most effective in the rear impact mode as well as substantial benefits in frontal, vehicle-to-vehicle, and fixed-object impacts. The effectiveness of the radar systems in the side impact mode was very limited. Non-motorist impacts may be avoided by radar braking systems; however, the ability of the radar to detect pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists needs further study. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Brakes KW - Performance evaluations KW - Radar KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368788 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Redmond, D AU - Ausherman, V K AU - Kinetic Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS--FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III--APPENDICES F-M PY - 1981/09/30 SP - 459 p. AB - Collision-avoidance systems under development in the U.S.A., Japan and Germany were evaluated. The performance evaluation showed that the signal processing and the control law of a system were the key parameters that decided the system's capability, in terms of target discrimination, and the ability to avoid false alarms and missed targets. The benefits evaluation of selected radar systems was conducted using the Kinetic Research Accident Environment Simulation and Projection (KRAESP) Model and an accident data base which was adjusted to be nationally representative. The results indicated that radar braking systems were most effective in the rear impact mode as well as substantial benefits in frontal, vehicle-to-vehicle, and fixed-object impacts. The effectiveness of the radar systems in the side impact mode was very limited. Non-motorist impacts may be avoided by radar braking systems; however, the ability of the radar to detect pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists needs further study. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Brakes KW - Performance evaluations KW - Radar KW - Rear end crashes KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362367 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - QUESTIONED HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM COSTS IN MISSISSIPPI PY - 1981/09/29 SP - 14 p. AB - The Department of Transportation's Office of Inspector General conducted two audits of the Mississippi State Highway Safety Grant Program at the request of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. GAO believes that the State's response to questions raised during the audits was, on the whole, given a fair and equitable review by the Safety Administration. However, some actions of each party to the process may have complicated and prolonged the audit resolution process. KW - Auditing KW - Costs KW - Grant aid KW - Highway safety KW - Programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379387 AU - Jeffcoat, A R AU - Wall, M E AU - Perez-Reyes, M AU - Research Triangle Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS FOR DRUGS IN SALIVA AND BREATH PY - 1981/09/25 SP - 199 p. AB - Collection devices for saliva and breath that involved non-invasive techniques for sample collection were evaluated. Having subjects simply spit into a specially prepared glass vial was found to be an efficient, inexpensive and simple way to collect saliva. The device for trapping drugs in breath was efficient, but limited to laboratory use. Procedures for the extraction and analysis of secobarbital, amphetamine, chlorpromazine, diazepam, diphenhydramine and codeine from plasma and saliva were developed or validated. Procedures for the analysis of the two drugs (secobarbital and amphetamine) from those listed above that were deemed most likely to be excreted in breath were also developed. Validation of these procedures was accomplished from samples obtained following administration of single doses of the drugs in the therapeutic or subtherapeutic range to young adult male volunteers. No measurable quantities of drugs were found in most breath samples following administration of secobarbital or amphetamine. Correlations between concentrations in plasma and saliva of secobarbital, diazepam, diphenhydramine, and codeine were sufficiently good to permit the use of saliva samples for survey purposes, but not sufficiently precise to permit the evidential use of the results from a single sample, although calculation of approximate plasma concentrations of secobarbital from single saliva samples taken more than 0.5 hr after drug administration was possible. The use of the concentration of a drug in saliva to determine its concentration in plasma at some earlier time is not possible. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Amphetamines KW - Drugs KW - Saliva UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25608/DOT-HS-806-194_002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370474 AU - United States Congress TI - THE RISK ANALYSIS RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION ACT OF 1981 PY - 1981/09/24 SP - 83 p. AB - This publication contains the hearing on H.R. 3441, known as the Risk Analysis Research and Demonstration Act of 1981. This is a Bill to establish a coordinated program under the direction of the Office of Science and Technology Policy for improving and facilitating the use of risk analysis by those Federal agencies concerned with scientific and technological decisions related to human life, health, and protection of the environment. KW - Decision making KW - Environmental protection KW - Federal government agencies KW - Health KW - Hearings KW - Human factors KW - Risk analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361760 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SPECIAL STUDY: RAILROAD/HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING ACCIDENTS INVOLVING TRUCKS TRANSPORTING BULK HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PY - 1981/09/24 SP - 49 p. AB - The National Transportation Safety Board has studied accident data collected by four other Federal agencies, has investigated 14 accidents involving train collisions with trucks transporting hazardous materials, and as a result has determined certain characteristics of such collisions. An average of 62 accidents of this type occur annually, resulting in an average of more than 1.6 million dollars property damage, 41 injuries, and 7 fatalities. Some recent individual accidents have involved fatalities and property damage in excess of previous yearly averages. One railroad's data when extrapolated suggest that there may be as many as 750 near-collisions between trains and trucks transporting bulk hazardous materials each year. The accidents tend to involve trucks transporting petroleum products and to occur close to distribution/storage terminals. A uniform effort, as an extension of Operation Lifesaver, which includes engineering, education, enforcement, and legislation, is needed to reduce these types of accidents. Additionally, changes in data systems are needed. KW - Crashes KW - Data systems KW - Fatalities KW - Hazardous materials KW - Information systems KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Near midair crashes KW - Near miss collisions (Ground transportation) KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Statistics KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176495 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361303 JO - Journal of Sound and Vibration PB - Elsevier AU - NEMECEK, J AU - Wehrli, B AU - Turrian, V AU - Academic Press Incorporated TI - EFFECTS OF THE NOISE OF STREET TRAFFIC IN SWITZERLAND A REVIEW OF FOUR SURVEYS PY - 1981/09/22 VL - 78 IS - 2 SP - p. 223-234 AB - The results of four Swiss field studies of the relations between noise and annoyance in housing areas are presented and compared with those of recent studies elsewhere. In all these studies the degree of annoyance is taken to be the percentage of people "highly annoyed", and the ratio (noise level)/(% "highly annoyed") is found to be a non-linear function. In the Swiss studies the reasons for this non-linearity have been investigated by analysis of the effects of particular types of annoyance, such as disturbance of rest, of sleep or of communication. KW - Nonlinear equations KW - Physical condition KW - Psychological aspects KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180418 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349640 JO - AutoWeek PB - Crain Automotive Group AU - Doherty, R AU - Crain Consumer Group TI - AUTO ALARM SYSTEMS PY - 1981/09/21 VL - 31 IS - 38 SP - p. 14-15 AB - A car is stolen every 32 seconds-After just such an experience, the writer decided to protect his replacement car. This short article describes the pros and cons of anti-theft devices. KW - Alarm systems KW - Anti-theft devices KW - Deactivation KW - Electric batteries KW - Fail safe KW - Fail safe systems KW - Sonic alarms KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179969 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348752 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - THORNTON, J AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - WHY HIGHWAY DEATHS ARE CLIMBING AGAIN PY - 1981/09/14 VL - 61 IS - 11 SP - p. 69-71 AB - The highway death toll is again on the rise and appears to be approaching the record 56,278 killed in 1972. The problems behind this increase are clear: an epidemic of drunk driving, mass disregard of speed limits, widespread failure to use seat belts and other restraints, the mix of more smaller cars with ever bigger trucks, and lagging highway maintenance. Steps are being taken at both federal and state levels to combat these situations, but thus far it has been a losing battle. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Federal aid KW - Highway maintenance KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Small car KW - Speed limits KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361591 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SPECIAL STUDY--FATALITIES AND INJURIES ASSOCIATED WITH RIDING IN CARGO AREAS OF PICKUP TRUCKS PY - 1981/09/09 SP - 21 p. AB - An average of 242 persons were killed each year from 1975 through 1979 in accidents while riding in the cargo areas of pickup trucks, according to data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). In 1979, the Safety Board investigated an accident involving a compact pickup truck in which the driver and three persons were riding in the cab and eight persons were in the open-cargo area of the truck. The driver failed to negotiate a curve and the truck ran off the road and overturned. Seven persons in the cargo area were killed. As a result of its investigation of this accident, the Safety Board recommended that the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances (NCUTLO) establish model guidelines for prohibiting passengers from riding in open cargo areas of most vehicles. The NCUTLO had considered model guidelines on a broader scale in 1975, but because of several complications, the proposal was rejected. This study was made to demonstrate further the need for model guidelines prohibiting passengers from riding in the cargo area of a vehicle, and to make available information about the dangers to passengers riding in the open cargo area of a vehicle. Recommendations are made to the NCUTLO, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, the National Safety Council, Automobile Importers of America and to the Governors of the 50 States. KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Guidelines KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Open cargo areas KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Standardization KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform traffic laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173250 AU - Jeffcoat, A Robert AU - Research Triangle Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Analysis for Drug in Saliva and Breath PY - 1981/09//Final Report SP - 201p AB - Collection devices for saliva and breath that involved non-invasive techniques for sample collection were evaluated. Having subjects simply spit into a specially prepared glass vial was found to be an efficient inexpensive and simple way to collect saliva. The device for trapping drugs in breath was efficient, but limited to laboratory use. Procedures for the extraction and analysis of secobarbital, amphetamine, chlorpromazine, diazepam, diphenhydramine and codeine from plasma and saliva were developed or validated. Procedures for the analysis of the two drugs (secobarbital and amphetamine) from those listed above that were deemed most likely to be excreted in breath were also developed. Validation of these procedures was a accomplished from samples obtained following administration of single doses of the drugs in the therapeutic or subtherapeutic range to young adult male volunteers. No measurable quantities of drugs were found in most breath samples following administration of secobarbital or amphetamine. Correlations between concentrations in plasma and saliva of secobarbital, diazepam, diphenhydramine, and codeine were sufficiently good to permit the use of saliva samples for survey purposes, but not sufficiently precise to permit the evidential use of the results from a single sample, although calculation of approximate plasma concentrations of secobarbital from single saliva samples taken <0.5 hr after drug administration was possible. The use of the concentration of a drug in saliva to determine its concentration in plasma st some earlier time is not possible. KW - Bodily fluids KW - Data collection KW - Drug tests KW - Drug use KW - Drugged drivers KW - Random breath tests KW - Saliva UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33344/33344.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364877 AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM (HEVSIM) FOR HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE SIMULATION PY - 1981/09 SP - 523p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452422 AU - Lucke, R E AU - Stenzel, W W AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - State University of New York, Albany TI - FINAL EVALUATION OF PHASE I OF THE TRAFFIC SAFETY LAW ENFORCEMENT AND DISPOSITION PROJECT PY - 1981/09 SP - 83 p. AB - This document is a final report that summarizes the finding of an evaluation for the period February 1, 1980, through July 31, 1981, of the Traffic Safety Law Enforcement and Disposition (TSLE & D) System currently being tested in New York State. Developed by The Traffic Records Program of the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles and the New York State Division of State Police, the TSLE & D demonstration project is examining the operational feasibility and benefits of a new uniform traffic ticket and traffic ticket management information system. The evaluation is being conducted by The Traffic Institute of Northwestern University. The TSLE & D System has created a centralized computer file that can be used for ticket accountability and the production of ticket activity reports. Anticipated benefits of the system included: (1) reduced administrative work for police agencies and traffic courts, (2) increased availability of comprehensive traffic enforcement reports for highway safety planning, (3) improved accountability of traffic tickets, and (4) lower overall system cost. The results presented in this report are based on interviews with police, court, and TSLE & D staff personnel; field visits to participating agencies; a mail survey of participating agencies; and a review of project materials. KW - Benefits KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Information processing KW - New York (State) KW - Ticketing KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386762 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGES. INJURY CLAIM FREQUENCY RESULTS BY SIZE OF CLAIM VANS, PICKUP TRUCKS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES 1977-1980 MODELS PY - 1981/09 SP - 26 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) report presents the frequencies of insurance claims for injuries to occupants of 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980 model year vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles. Claim frequency results are shown separately for all medical claims and for those claims in which the medical losses exceeded $250, $500, and $1,000. The principal findings are: (1) In all claim size categories, pickup trucks, as a group, had the lowest claim frequencies; vans had the next lowest, followed by utility vehicles and then passenger cars with the highest; (2) Among the vans, the Volkswagen Kombi/Campmobile had the highest overall claim frequency and the highest frequency of claims exceeding both $250 and $500; all three results were almost 40 percent worse than the all-vehicle results. The Chevrolet G20 Sportvan (3/4T) had the lowest claim frequency in each claim size category; (3) Among the pickup trucks, the Subaru Brat had the worst results; its overall claim frequency was 72 percent worse than the all-vehicle average. The Dodge D-50 and Toyota Standard Bed pickups also had extremely poor results. The GMC C2500/K2500 (3/4T) had the best results with an overall claim frequency that was 32 percent better than the all-vehicle average and frequencies for claims exceeding both $250 and $500 more than 40 percent better than the all-vehicle results; and (4) The variation in the results for utility vehicles was much greater than that for either vans or pickup trucks. The Jeep Cherokee had the lowest overall claim frequency, 22 percent better than the all-vehicle average. Both of the Jeep CJ series had extremely high claim frequencies. The Jeep CJ-5 had by far the worst results; its overall claim frequency was 122 percent worse than the all-vehicle average and the frequencies rose to three times the average for claims with medical costs exceeding $1,000. The frequency of claims exceeding $250, $500, and $1,000 for the Jeep CJ-5 were all higher than those for any other vehicle in this report and were also higher than those for any of the passenger cars reported for the same model years. KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384510 AU - Ausherman, V K AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - SYSON, S R AU - Strother, C E AU - STRUBLE, D E AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE MINICARS RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE PROGRAM PHASE III--VOLUME I. TECHNICAL FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/09 SP - 349 p. AB - The objective of the RSV Program was to provide research and test data applicable to the automobile safety performance requirements for the mid-1980s, and to evaluate the compatibility of these requirements with environmental policies, efficient energy utilization, and consumer economic considerations. The program was designed to answer the question, "Can small fuel-efficient cars be made safe?," and to address such topics as: How safe should cars in general, and small cars in particular, be? What technologies will be required to make them this safe? Are these technologies feasible? Can they be, or have they been, sufficiently developed to justify the promulgation of more stringent safety standards? The RSV Program has demonstrated that it is possible to make cars much safer than they are presently. It has produced automobile designs that are consistent, at affordable cost, with the national objectives for fuel economy and environmental protection. It has indicated, at least to a limited degree, that the technological findings are applicable, at varying levels, to a variety of car designs. And it has provided evidence that these findings can be wrapped in a package of considerable appeal to the public. This Final Report is a comprehensive compilation of the findings of the Phase III efforts of Minicars, Inc. It describes the design and testing of the RSV systems, and the performance levels achieved. Specific topics include a vehicle description and performance specification, the structure, occupant restraints, braking and handling, propulsion, the vehicle exterior, driver controls, the radar and electronics, the Large Research Safety Vehicle, and the accident environment analysis. KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Driving KW - Electronics KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel conservation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Occupant restraint KW - Radar KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety vehicles KW - Small car KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381821 AU - Ausherman, V K AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - SYSON, S R AU - Strother, C E AU - STRUBLE, D E AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE MINICARS RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE PROGRAM PHASE III--VOLUME II, APPENDICES PY - 1981/09 SP - 301 p. AB - The objective of the RSV Program was to provide research and test data applicable to the automobile safety performance requirements for the mid-1980s, and to evaluate the compatibility of these requirements with environmental policies, efficient energy utilization, and consumer economic considerations. The program was designed to answer the question, "Can small fuel-efficient cars be made safe?," and to address such topics as: How safe should cars in general, and small cars in particular, be? What technologies will be required to make them this safe? Are these technologies feasible? Can they be, or have they been, sufficiently developed to justify the promulgation of more stringent safety standards? The RSV Program has demonstrated that it is possible to make cars much safer than they are presently. It has produced automobile designs that are consistent, at affordable cost, with the national objectives for fuel economy and environmental protection. It has indicated, at least to a limited degree, that the technological findings are applicable, at varying levels, to a variety of car designs. And it has provided evidence that these findings can be wrapped in a package of considerable appeal to the public. This Final Report is a comprehensive compilation of the findings of the Phase III efforts of Minicars, Inc. It describes the design and testing of the RSV systems, and the performance levels achieved. Specific topics include a vehicle description and performance specification, the structure, occupant restraints, braking and handling, propulsion, the vehicle exterior, driver controls, the radar and electronics, the Large Research Safety Vehicle, and the accident environment analysis. KW - Air bags KW - Antiskid device KW - Crashworthiness KW - Electronics KW - Foams KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Occupant restraint KW - Radar KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety vehicles KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380699 AU - Michael, R B AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - EFFECT OF LOW COST REPAIRS ON I/M FAILED VEHICLES PY - 1981/09 SP - 16 p. AB - This study measured the effect on emissions of specific quick and low cost repairs which differed from manufacturer specifications. Repairs centered on a simple carburetor adjustment to a universal target idle CO level of 0.2% for 1976 and 1978 model year vehicles which initially failed a state I/M test. No manufacturer specifies a procedure this simple for any recent model year vehicle. Repairs were performed in two stages, when appropriate: Stage 1, where only the simplest repairs, mainly the carburetor adjustment to 0.2% idle CO were made; and Stage 2, where the correction of other problems were also made if Stage 1 repairs did not result in low idle emissions. The study period was October 1980 through January, 1981. The vehicles used in this program were 1976 and 1978 model year passenger vehicles from Vancouver, Washington. They had been in a previous study (Test Group No. 9) and had failed the State I/M test in Portland. The vehicles were not screened in any way, such as for tampering. Selected vehicles were not restricted to those failing for idle CO, although all repaired vehicles did fail for idle CO; nearly all vehicles failed the state idle test for both HC and CO. After their initial tests, these I/M failed vehicles were given repairs by the contractor and subsequent retests. Since Vancouver does not have an I/M program, these vehicles are representative of ones which fail the I/M test in a newly instituted I/M program. The two important potential uses of the study results are: (1) to recommend to states specific low cost I/M repair procedures as a possible substitute for manufacturers specifications; and (2) to modify the mechanic training course for emission repairs developed by Colorado State University for EPA. KW - Engine idling KW - Failure KW - Idling KW - Inspection KW - Low costs KW - Mechanics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pollutants KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Specifications KW - Testing KW - Training KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376706 AU - Ma, J M AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 1978 AND 1979 NORTH CAROLINA ACCIDENT DATA RESULTING FROM ACCIDENT REPORT FORM CHANGES PY - 1981/09 SP - 23 p. AB - The intent of this study is to explore the effect of changes made in the Traffic Accident Report form on future statistical studies of North Carolina accident data. Minor problems that could be corrected are discussed as well as permanent changes. The North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles began using a new version of the Accident Report form in January 1979; the previous version had been in use since 1973. Only those variables commonly used in statistical studies were investigated. An Appendix (A.1) lists the variables considered; only illustrative tables are included in this report. Comparisons of the forms were based on 1978 and 1979 data. Initially, ten-percent samples were used. For each accident year a systematic sample was taken by selecting every tenth record beginning with a randomly selected record from the first hundred. Based on the findings from the ten-percent files, a few variables were also checked using the complete files. Whenever categories are similar, but are coded differently, the 1978 data was changed to resemble the new form used in 1979. KW - Change KW - Crash reports KW - Samples KW - Statistics KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376705 AU - Li, L K AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - A COST-BENEFIT STUDY OF BELT USAGE FOR DRIVERS OF "STATE" CARS PY - 1981/09 SP - 27 p. AB - Notwithstanding the positive benefits of safety belts documented in the literature and the low cost of these devices already installed in most passenger cars, the overall usage rate of safety belts remains at a low level, around ten percent for drivers involved in crashes (North Carolina Department of Transportation, 1977). Therefore, a major challenge is to devise techniques and strategies for encouraging a more widespread usage. Short of a mandatory belt usage law, there are a few promising alternatives which warrant serious study. One proposal involves providing better safety belt information to the public through existing communication networks such as through driver license examiners, driver education instructors or law enforcement officers (Waller, et al., 1977). An alternative approach, also proposed by Waller et al., is to require beginning drivers (provisional licensees) to wear safety belts as a condition for their licensure. Conceivably, this proposal could be modified and extended to other driver groups (although not necessarily tied to their licensure). For example, perhaps drivers of "State" vehicles should be required to wear safety belts in order to enjoy the use of such vehicles. In fact, there is already such a policy with some employers (e.g., Carolina Power Light Company) and with the military. Thus, the purpose of this paper is, specifically, to examine the expected cost savings to be realized from such a proposal, that is, the potential savings to the State of North Carolina if it were to adopt a mandatory belt policy for drivers of "State" vehicles. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Manual safety belts KW - State government KW - Utilization KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373597 AU - Fell, J C AU - TOTH, G R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS A STATE-OF-THE-ART 1970-1980 PY - 1981/09 SP - 50 p. AB - In 1979 in the United States, 8,090 pedestrians were killed in motor vehicle accidents out of a total of 51,093 total traffic fatalities. An estimated total of 150,000 police reported pedestrian accidents of all severities occurred during the same year with at least 128,000 of these resulting in injury. When one compares pedestrian accidents with total reported traffic accidents of all kinds in 1979 (7,330,000), it seems to be a very small segment of the problem--2 percent. However, pedestrian accidents account for a full 16 percent of the total traffic accident fatalities. This report discusses the pedestrian accident problem in this country by providing statistics on the basic characteristics of the accidents and summarizing the findings from four major research studies. It appears that the age and sex of the pedestrian, the location of the accident, and the type of vehicle striking the pedestrian all play an important role in the problem. The pedestrian problem truly is most severe for the young (5-8 years old) and the old (greater than or equal to 64 years old) with males being overrepresented in all age groups but especially those pedestrians between 25-34 years of age. Three location factors are very significant in fatal accidents--rural roads, high-speed roads, including major arteries, and non-intersection areas. The size of the striking vehicle is also important: the heavier the vehicle, the more likely a fatality. In the U.S. experience, there have been four major pedestrian accident research studies in the 1970s which have had important results. These four studies have provided further detail and new findings in the areas of injury causation and severity, pedestrian accident typologies and scenarios, and the role of alcohol involvement. Findings and recommendations emanating from these studies are reported and discussed. Future research using the National Accident Sampling System is recommended. The report concludes that the pedestrian problem is unique and has no single, high impact solution. A concerted effort of several promising countermeasure approaches must be made to reduce that loss. KW - Age KW - Aged KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Rural highways KW - Safety and security KW - Speed KW - State of the art studies KW - Statistics KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle size UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25567/DOT-HS-806-270_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186036 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373602 JO - Publication of: North Carolina University PB - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE USE OF NORTH CAROLINA ACCIDENT DATA FOR THE STUDY OF EJECTION PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 1-16 AB - An analysis of the computerized accident narratives from North Carolina accident report forms (which do not have a check box to indicate the occurrence of occupant ejection) revealed the following: (1) The narratives are appropriate for studying ejection; (2) The massive task of identifying ejection was accomplished and ejection cases were identified; (3) The behavior of the ejection variable seems to be consistent with relationships that have been shown by previous ejection studies; (4) It is now possible in future studies to examine the effects of belt use on ejection and the role of ejection related to accident type, driver age, etc.; (5) A limitation that still exists is the problem of pinpointing the relative injuries to ejectees vs. non-ejectees; and (6) The North Carolina narrative data system can adequately address ejection even though the data form does not contain such a check box. KW - Crash reports KW - Data systems KW - Ejection KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Information systems KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197157 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373604 JO - Publication of: North Carolina University PB - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - AN ANALYSIS OF REPORTED TIRE DEFECTS IN NORTH CAROLINA ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 1-53 AB - An analysis was made of North Carolina accident data for the years 1977 through 1980 to determine the relationship of tire defects to certain factors such as car size and age as well as driver age. The analysis was confined to passenger cars of model years 1974-79 and with sufficiently accurate VIN information to permit identification as large, intermediate, compact, subcompact or foreign car. Briefly, the study revealed significant differences in the relative frequency of reported tire defects based on age of car, size of car and age of driver. The range of difference is substantial, and is worthy of attention and consideration with respect to vehicle factors as well as driver factors. KW - Crashes KW - Defects KW - Motor vehicles KW - Service life KW - Tires KW - Vehicle age KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373601 AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THREE STUDIES OF NORTH CAROLINA ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1981/09 SP - 90 p. AB - This publication contains the following three papers: The Use of North Carolina Accident Data for the Study of Ejection; The Use of the Accident Report Form's Computerized Narrative Description to Study the Contribution of Vehicle Defects to Accident Occurrence; An Analysis of Reported Tire Defects in North Carolina Accidents. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data systems KW - Defects KW - Ejection KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Information systems KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/189789 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373603 JO - Publication of: North Carolina University PB - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE USE OF THE ACCIDENT REPORT FORM'S COMPUTERIZED NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION TO STUDY THE CONTRIBUTION OF VEHICLE DEFECTS TO ACCIDENT OCCURRENCE PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 1-21 AB - This study explores and illustrates ways of using the officers narrative description for the purpose of identifying vehicle defect problems that occur with significant frequency in accidents. One of the long range possibilities growing out of this analysis is the use of the computer on a routine basis to do some preliminary defect coding prior to intervention by an analyst. KW - Crash reports KW - Defects KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Information processing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371108 AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - PSV ACCIDENT SURVEY PY - 1981/09 SP - 122 p. AB - Part I of this report details the objectives of the study. It consists of an introduction to how the survey of bus accidents was carried out, what information was collected, and the use of the computerised databank. Part II is concerned with the accident events, and comparisons are made both according to bus body type (eg single deck against double deck), and according to casualty position (eg pedestrian, bus passenger etc). Part III details information about the casualty. It considers casualty characteristics such as sex, age and disability, and injury characteristics. Part IV concentrates on design features of the bus. Part V consists of an analysis of the detailed features of buses, with no reference to the accidents occurring. KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Computer memory KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Injuries KW - Passenger transportation KW - Safety and security KW - Surveys KW - Transportation safety KW - United Kingdom KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370926 AU - Mistro, R F AU - National Institute for Transport & Rd Res S Af TI - ACCIDENTS AT URBAN INTERSECTIONS--A SECOND STUDY PY - 1981/09 SP - 56 p. AB - A model (R squared = 0,64) able to predict accidents at intersections was derived from data from 110 Durban intersections. An alternative analysis showed that the use of peak hour volume data instead of 24 traffic volumes did not significantly reduce the ability of the model to predict accidents. When the data for Durban and Pretoria (181 cases) were combined, the variable place did not emerge as significant and another equation was derived to model the combined data. This equation modelled the data well (R squared = 0,79) and included variables such as the volume index, the measure of congestion on minor and major roads, the percentage of street fronting institutional activity, the number of parallel parking bays and signalization. The equation was used to determine in which volume ranges Tee junctions are safer than cross-intersections and vice versa. Use of the incorrect intersection configuration is shown to increase the accident estimate by 30 per cent. KW - Forecasting KW - Intersections KW - Land use KW - Mathematical models KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Safety KW - T intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368951 AU - Douglass, R L AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - LOWER LEGAL DRINKING AGES AND TRAFFIC SAFETY: CONTEXTS AND CONSEQUENCES PY - 1981/09 SP - 58 p. AB - Following a brief overview of the history of alcohol problems and how they have been dealt with, this paper focuses attention on alcohol availability control by lowering the legal drinking age. The history of this control method as utilized in the United States and Canada is discussed, followed by a more thorough discussion of its application in the state of Michigan. In conclusion, it is stated that the electoral decision to raise the legal drinking age in Michigan in 1978 has provided the opportunity to test the impact of a new dynamic of "constricted" legal availability to youth on traffic safety. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Availability KW - Drivers KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Supply KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182786 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367984 JO - American Bicyclist & Motorcyclist PB - Cycling Press, Incorporated AU - Meyers, S AU - Cycling Press, Incorporated TI - THE COMMUTER BIKE PY - 1981/09 VL - 102 IS - 9 SP - p. 26-28 AB - This article describes a type of bicycle that has become a part of the daily life for Europeans, Asians and Africans throughout the 20th century. It is used to get to work, shop, visit friends, run errands, all the short distance runs that Americans are doing on four wheels. While these bikes take on different wheel size, brake systems, frame angles etc., they all have essentials in common: an erect riding position, a comfortable saddle, protection for street clothes, simple fool proof gears and brakes, and carriers. The author contends that there should be a growing market for simple, undemanding bicycles in the U.S. if their image can be enhanced. KW - Bicycles KW - Consumers KW - Design KW - Markets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182093 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368344 JO - American Bicyclist & Motorcyclist PB - Cycling Press, Incorporated AU - Brown, T AU - Cycling Press, Incorporated TI - TROUBLE-FREE TIRES: NEW BOON FOR THE SHORT-TRIP CYCLIST PY - 1981/09 VL - 102 IS - 9 SP - 2 p. AB - The emergence of products that promise flat-free cycling is of great significance to the bicycle-riding public and to bike shops everywhere. This article provides hints to bike shop salesmen on how to identify prospective no-flat tire customers. A chart which illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of flat-free products is presented. Merchandising ideas for bike shop owners are listed. KW - Bicycle tires KW - Bicycles KW - Flat-free tires KW - Retail trade KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182272 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367990 JO - ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurements and Control PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Hammond, J K AU - HARRISON, R F AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - NONSTATIONARY RESPONSE OF VEHICLES ON ROUGH GROUND--A STATE SPACE APPROACH PY - 1981/09 VL - 103 IS - 3 SP - p. 245-250 AB - The motion of vehicles traveling over rough ground at variable speed is nonstationary. In this paper, a method for the computation of response variance is presented which uses the concept of a "spatial" shaping filter to represent the uneven ground, leading to a state space form for the combination of vehicle and excitation. The formulation is for linear systems of arbitrary order and allows any deterministic velocity history to be accommodated easily. An example is discussed in detail. KW - Ground profile KW - Motion KW - Nonstationary response/vehicles/ KW - Roughness KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367975 JO - ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurements and Control PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Sweet, L M AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY: A LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1981/09 VL - 103 IS - 3 SP - p. 173-180 AB - This paper is a review of current research on applications of control systems and theory to achieve energy conservation in automotive vehicles. The development of internal combustion engine control systems that modulate fuel flow, air flow, ignition timing and duration, and exhaust gas recirculation is discussed. The relative advantages of physical and empirical models for engine performance are reviewed. Control strategies presented include optimized open-loop schedule type systems, closed-loop feedback systems, and adaptive controllers. The development of power train and hybrid vehicle control systems is presented, including controllers for both conventional transmissions and those employing flywheel energy storage. KW - Automobiles KW - Control systems KW - Controllers KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy storage systems KW - Feedback control KW - Flywheels KW - Hybrid vehicle control KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Mathematical models KW - Microprocessors KW - Models KW - Open systems architecture KW - Power trains KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368302 AU - VAN VALKENBURGH, P G AU - Klein, R H AU - Szostak, H T AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ELECTRIC AND HYBRID 3-WHEELED VEHICLES FOR HANDLING AND STABILITY. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/09 SP - 30 p. AB - This report describes the results of a project to determine the handling, stability, and braking characteristics of 3-wheeled vehicles, and how they compare to small 4-wheeled vehicles. Analysis and full-scale tests of four 3-wheeled electric and four 3-wheeled gasoline vehicles were performed. The test vehicles were selected from an extensive survey of candidates and included both 2-front/1-rear wheel and 1-front/2-rear wheel configurations. Two vehicles from each class were selected and tested for steady-state understeer, transient steering response, rollover, crosswind sensitivity, straight brake, brake in turn, and double lane change maneuvers. Results were compared between vehicles and across vehicle groups. The results from all maneuvers indicate that there are no fundamental differences in most handling characteristics between groups. The one significant exception is steady-state oversteer/understeer at the limit of adhesion. It appears that while the 2-front/1-rear configuration has an inherent tendency toward understeer at the limit, the 1-front/2-rear configuration has an almost insurmountable tendency toward oversteer. Although one of the 3-wheelers could be easily overturned, the best 3-wheeler was better than the best 4-wheeler. In summary, a properly engineered 3-wheeler can be made as stable as a properly engineered 4-wheeler. KW - Braking performance KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuvering KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Three wheeled vehicles KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368303 AU - VAN VALKENBURGH, P G AU - Klein, R H AU - Szostak, H T AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ELECTRIC AND HYBRID 3-WHEELED VEHICLES FOR HANDLING AND STABILITY. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1981/09 SP - 133 p. AB - This report describes the results of a project to determine the handling, stability, and braking characteristics of 3-wheeled vehicles, and how they compare to small 4-wheeled vehicles. Analysis and full-scale tests of four 3-wheeled electric and four 3-wheeled gasoline vehicles were performed. The test vehicles were selected from an extensive survey of candidates and included both 2-front/1-rear wheel and 1-front/2-rear wheel configurations. Two vehicles from each class were selected and tested for steady-state understeer, transient steering response, rollover, crosswind sensitivity, straight brake, brake in turn, and double lane change maneuvers. Results were compared between vehicles and across vehicle groups. The results from all maneuvers indicate that there are no fundamental differences in most handling characteristics between groups. The one significant exception is steady-state oversteer/understeer at the limit of adhesion. It appears that while the 2-front/1-rear configuration has an inherent tendency toward understeer at the limit, the 1-front/2-rear configuration has an almost insurmountable tendency toward oversteer. Although one of the 3-wheelers could be easily overturned, the best 3-wheeler was better than the best 4-wheeler. In summary, a properly engineered 3-wheeler can be made as stable as a properly engineered 4-wheeler. KW - Braking performance KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuvering KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Three wheeled vehicles KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179098 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367703 AU - Kalbe, P AU - SUREN, E G AU - OTTE, D AU - Tscherne, H AU - Appel, I H AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - TRAUMA ASSESSMENT OF INJURIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES IN ACCIDENTS WITH TWO-WHEELERS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 166-175 AB - This investigation of the degree of injury, the clinical progress and the long term consequences of accidents involving motorbicycles represents a valuable supplement and extension of the data obtained by analysis of traffic accidents at the accident site by the Hannover Accident Research Unit. Although in the medical documents the type of accident is mostly inaccurately documented and soft tissue damage is not comprehensively described, the problematic nature of injury patterns can be estimated by considering the progress in typical cases. The data in this paper comes partly from records of 123 patients who were hospitalised in the Traumatology Department of the Hannover Medical School in 1978 and 1979 as a result of motorcycle accidents and partly from the files of the Hannover Accident Research Unit. In 59 cases additional information was obtained from answers to specially designed questionnaries. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Two Wheelers. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Brain KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Disabling injury KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Injury characteristics KW - Leg KW - Protective clothing KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181905 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367704 AU - VALLEE, H AU - Thomas, C AU - Sacreste, J AU - Henry, C AU - Tarriere, C AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECTS STRUCK BY THE HEAD OF MOPED RIDERS OR MOTORCYCLISTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 176-183 AB - On the basis of 293 moped and motorcycle accidents involving a head impact, the objects struck by the head have been classified according to their shape and estimated stiffness. Eight characteristic object parts were classified according to the frequency and severity of the head injuries recorded. The differences between the type of obstacles hit by moped riders and by motorcyclists were investigated from this standpoint. The distribution of the sites of impact on the head (or helmet) was also given. Cases of multiple impacts were analyzed separately. These data should help to improve the representative nature of the collision tests to which the two-wheelers' helmets would be submitted. The efficiency of the protection afforded by the helmet is not included in the scope of this study. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Two Wheelers. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Hazards KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Obstructions (Navigation) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181906 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367718 AU - Wismans, J AU - Maltha, J AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - APPLICATION OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATHEMATICAL OCCUPANT MODEL FOR THE EVALUATION OF SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 331-341 AB - A three-dimensional mathematical model for simulation of the human body crash dynamics was formulated, for which the general MADYMO CVS program package was used. This model is employed for the analysis of the side impact behaviour of two different dummies: the Part 572 50 percentile male dummy and the APROD 80 dummy. Model predictions for both dummies are compared with the results of lateral drop tests and rigid wall sled tests. It is concluded that the mathematical model gives a realistic prediction of kinematics, impact forces and accelerations. The influence oof the arm-shoulder assembly in loading the vehicle paddings and dummy ribcage is analysed. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Anthropometry KW - Computer programs KW - Crash phase KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact KW - Impact tests KW - Kinematics KW - Mathematical models KW - Side crashes KW - Three dimensional KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181920 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367721 AU - Dura, H AU - FILOU, C AU - Organisme National De Securite Routiere TI - SOME ELEMENTS OF STUDIES CONCERNING THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF LAMINATED WINDSCREENS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 1-11 AB - The elements of information presented here are extracted from studies made by the Evaluation Centre of the O.N.S.E.R. (National Center for Highway Safety), on behalf of the Road and Highway Traffic Department. These studies developed successively in three directins: (1) First of all, the objective chosen was to evaluate the primary safety concerns associated with untimely breaking of toughened windscreens (1973-74); (2) Then studies wre oriented toward the problem of eye injuries due to traffic accidents (1975-77); (3) Finally, a comparison between the effects of toughened windscreens and the effects of laminated windscreens was undertaken (1979-80). U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Crashes KW - Eye KW - Injuries KW - Nonshattering glass KW - Toughened windshields KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181923 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367689 AU - Romer, C J AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - ROLE OF W.H.O. IN ROAD ACCIDENT PREVENTION PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 1-5 AB - The role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in accident prevention, and information on major problems of general concern in many countries of the world faced with the consequences of rapid industrialization and motorization, are presented. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8, 9, 10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Cooperation KW - Developing countries KW - Epidemiology KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Public health KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Standardization KW - Technology transfer KW - World Health Organization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181891 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367700 AU - ALDMAN, B AU - Balldin, U AU - Gustafsson, H AU - Nygren, A AU - Sporrong, A AU - Astrand, I AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - CARBON DIOXIDE RETENTION INSIDE MOTOR-CYCLE HELMETS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 128-137 AB - The present study is divided intwo parts. In the first part, motorcycle helmets are tested in regard to carbon dioxide retention to determine whether the helmets meet the requirement concerning carbon dioxide concentration stipulated by the Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health. In the second part, the interactive effects of an external dead space and exercise on the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in the body on performance are studied. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Two Wheelers. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Helmets KW - Motorcyclists KW - Performance KW - Physiological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181902 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367707 AU - Bourret, P AU - Sejourne, P AU - Orsoni, P AU - Cavallero, C AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - LOWER LIMB INJURIES OF TWO WHEELERS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 206-218 AB - This paper examines the specific mechanisms of two-wheeled vehicles crashes producing lower limb injuries (these constitute about one third of all motorcycle accident injuries), and offers designs of protective devices for the lower limb. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Two Wheelers. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Energy absorption KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Leg KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367714 AU - Walfisch, G AU - Fayon, A AU - Chamouard, F AU - Guillon, C AU - Got, C AU - Patel, A AU - Hureau, J AU - Tarriere, C AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - HUMAN HEAD TOLERANCE TO IMPACT: INFLUENCE OF THE JERK (RATE OF ONSET OF LINEAR ACCELERATION) ON THE OCCURRENCE OF BRAIN INJURIES PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 286-296 AB - Acceleration, S.I. and H.I.C. are parameters often considered in relation to head injuries produced by impact. This does not imply that any of these factors considered alone correlates very closely with the severity of the injuries. Do other parameters derived from a gamma (t) pulse, such as the acceleration jerk (d gamma/dt) for the same type of impact loading to the head, have any influence on the extent of injuries? The first objective of this communication is to synthesize experimental data concerning any possible influence of linear acceleration jerk of the head on the extent of the cerebral injuries produced by frontal head impact to freshly perfused and instrumented cadavers. The data obtained from these experiments, combined with that already obtained and published (2)(3)(4)(7) define the relationships between cerebral injuries and HIC values obtained by blows to the head without fracture of the skull. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Anthropometry KW - Brain KW - Cadavers KW - Deceleration KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Jerk values KW - Kinematics KW - Neck UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181916 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367635 JO - Minnesota Medicine PB - Minnesota State Medical Association AU - Carr, W P AU - Brandt, D AU - Swanson, K AU - Minnesota State Medical Association TI - INJURY PATTERNS AND HELMET EFFECTIVENESS AMONG HOSPITALIZED MOTORCYCLISTS--SPECIAL ARTICLE PY - 1981/09 VL - 64 IS - 9 SP - p. 521-527 AB - Motorcycle use in Minnesota has been increasing steadily over the past decade as have injuries and deaths resulting from motorcycle collisions. Three-hundred ninety-seven motorcycle injury cases were identified at seven Minneapolis-St. Paul area hospitals. Information on the nature and severity of injury and the circumstances surrounding the accident was obtained. Extremity injuries occurred most commonly. Head injuries were present in 40 percent of the cases. A case-control approach was used to describe the association between helmet use and head trauma. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181860 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367690 AU - Tahon, P AU - Brombart, M AU - Poulet, B AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - THE INFLUENCE OF TRAUMA UPON THE CERVICAL SPINE IN FUNCTION OF AGE AND SEX PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 1-11 AB - Comparison of the mobility and the presence of pathological signs as osteophytosis, discopathia and olisthesis between two populations, one with traumatic history (traffic accident AIS=1) and one without traumatic antecedents. A radiological method is used. The influence of age is significant. The influence of sex upon mobility is clear. The used criteria made no significant difference between traumatic (AIS=1) and non traumatic population. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Age KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Pathology KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181892 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367692 AU - Nielsen, H V AU - NORDENTOFT, E L AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - PREDICTING PERMANENT PHYSICAL DISABILITY FOLLOWING ROAD-TRAFFIC-ACCIDENT TRAUMA PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 20-29 AB - The objective of the present study is to examine the relationship between AIS-scores, estimated incapacitation and observed permanent physical disability among victims of road-traffic accidents. Whenever possible, the study will also investigate the effect of age. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Age KW - Disabling injury KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Injury characteristics KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Physical disabilities KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181894 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367715 AU - Cooper, G J AU - Bexon, R AU - Pearce, B P AU - Stainer, M C AU - Maynard, R L AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - PREDICTION OF CHEST WALL DISPLACEMENT AND HEART INJURY FROM IMPACT CHARACTERISTICS OF A NON-PENETRATING PROJECTILE PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 297-312 AB - Sternal injury, gross cardiac pathology and cardiac dysrhythmias following non-penetrating impact by a variety of impactors to the sternum of experimental animals are described. The biomechanical response of the chest wall to the impact are presented and a correlation between injury severity and chest wall displacement is demonstrated. A simple mathematical model is developed which predicts chest wall displacement when the mass, velocity and dimensions of the impactor are known. The model demonstrates the dependence of chest wall displacement on pre-impact kinetic energy, impactor diameter and target size. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Animals KW - Biophysics KW - Chest wall KW - Heart KW - Impact KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Kinetic energy KW - Nonpenetrating impact KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181917 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367717 AU - Wismans, J AU - STALNAKER, R L AU - Maltha, J AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - COMPARISON STUDY OF TWO 3-YEAR OLD CHILD DUMMIES (PART 572 AND P3) IN A HARNESS TYPE CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM. PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 321-330 AB - The frontal crash response of the Part 572 3-year old child dummy in an American child restraint system was compared with that of a child cadaver in a previous study. In this study a new 3-year old dummy, the P3 which is prescribed in the ECE Regulation 44 was compared with both the behaviour of the Part 572 dummy and that of the cadaver. In addition the MADYMO mathematical crash victim simulation program was used in an extensive sensitivity study for detailed analysis of the differences between both dummies. Simulations were performed wth varied dummy characteristics like mass distribution and joint range of motions. Differences between both dummies and the cadaver were shown and explained by means of the results of the sensitivity study. The kinematical effect of the vertebral column of the cadaver was found to be simulated in a more realistic way by the P3 than by Part 572 dummy. Some recommendations on how to improve future child dummy design are given. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Anthropometry KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Kinematics KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181919 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367722 AU - ALDMAN, B AU - Cacciola, I AU - Gustafsson, H AU - Nygren, A AU - Wersall, J AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING WORN BY MOTORCYCLISTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 1-9 AB - Many articles have been written about motorcycle accidents. Accident investigations have been made to describe the injury panorama and to clarify the accident mechanism (ref 2,3). However, very little is written about the effect of different kinds of protective clothing. Feldcamp (ref 4) showed that severe injuries were diminished by the use of protective clothing from 52.9% to 28.1%. Riders without protective clothing had compound fractures three times more often than riders wearing protective clothing. Engstrom (ref 1) found that out of 39 persons equipped with protective clothing, none had injuries above the AIS-grade III. Neither did he find any serious open fractures among these patients. The aim of this study was to examine the use of different kinds of leather clothing and to evaluate the protective effect of such safety equipment. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, Salon de Provence, France. 8,9,10 September 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Leather KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Safety factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181924 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367694 AU - Juhl, M AU - Seerup, K K AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION. MEDICAL AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 49-58 AB - According to data from the registry maintained by the Danish National Health Service (Sundhedsstyrelsen) a little more than 200 persons are hospitalized annually in Demark because of cervical spine injuries sustained in road traffic accidents. Experiences from the Odense University Hospital show that not all injuries are reported to the national registry. According to the hospital registrations an estimate of 385 road traffic accident victims with cervical spine lesions should be hospitalized in Denmark annually and another 1050 should be treated as outpatients. 67.1% of the victims were front-seat car riders. The role of the classical whiplash injury is stressed by the fact that 46.5% of the patients with cervical spine lesions had been involved in rear-end collisions in opposition to 5.2% of the persons injured in all registered car collisons in Denmark in 1979. Although most injuries to the neck were graded as AIS 1 a follow-up investigation showed that even patients with this lesion only had long lasting complaints. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8, 9, 10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Epidemiology KW - Front seats KW - Injuries KW - Physical disabilities KW - Rear end crashes KW - Spinal column KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181896 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367696 AU - Quincy, R AU - Ramet, M AU - Uny, C AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - TRUCK ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION: ANALYSIS OF OCCUPANT INJURIES PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 70-77 AB - This study involves trucks accidents investigation where occupants are injured. It has been made from the analysis of 51 accidents in which we found 59 occupants. These crashes are on an average very serious and usually the occupants are polytrauma injured; the main lesion being in the cephalic segment. We found main lesions either in case of frontal impact and rollover, or in case the cab is very collapsed. We concluded that the increase of occupants' safety during a crash involved either a better stiffness or a higher protection of the cab. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Crash investigation KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Passengers KW - Rear end crashes KW - Rollover crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181898 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367711 AU - BUNKETORP, O AU - ALDMAN, B AU - JONSON, R AU - Romanus, B AU - Roos, B AU - THORNGREN, L AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON LEG INJURIES IN CAR-PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 243-255 AB - A biomechancial model was used for experimental studies of leg injuries in car-pedestrian accidents. Human leg specimens including the hip joint were loaded by a concentrated body mass, balanced on an instrumented platform and impacted by a simulated car front mounted on a test cart. Injuries to the different parts of the leg specimens were analysed for various bumper levels, bumper lead angles, and bonnet edge heights at impact velocities 20 - 28 km/h. An energy absorbing and force limiting bumper was tested at 23 and 42 cm impact levels. A comparison is made of the injuries seen in real accidents and the possibility to mitigate these injuries by modifying the car front is discussed. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Biophysics KW - Bumpers KW - Cadavers KW - Energy absorption KW - Hoods KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Leg KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181913 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367713 AU - Mackay, G M AU - Smith, C A AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - SOME OBSERVATIONS ON LAMINATED GLASS WINDSCREENS AND THE INJURIES THEY CAUSE IN ACTUAL ROAD ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 269-285 AB - This paper descirbes the results of a study aimed at examining the field performance of modern laminated windscreens in car accidents. It considers the nature of the head impacts with glass and the injuries sustained as a result. It also considers a number of other effects that have an influence on the impact performance of windscreens, such as pre-fracture, gasket separation and the position of initial contact. Consideration has been given to the insensitivity of the AIS for scaling minor and moderate soft tissue injuries. A Tissue Damage Scale has been developed to describe and scale the injuries to a finer degree than the AIS. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Face KW - Head KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Nonshattering glass KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181915 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367693 AU - GLOYNS, P F AU - RATTENBURY, S J AU - Rivlin, A Z AU - Hayes, HRM AU - Hanstead, J K AU - PROCTOR, S AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - STEERING WHEEL INDUCED HEAD AND FACIAL INJURIES AMONGST DRIVERS RESTRAINED BY SEAT BELTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 30-48 AB - Many field studies of accidents have identified head and face impacts with the steering wheel as a predictable occurrence for the driver restrained by a lap-diagonal seat belt (1-8). The intentions of the present paper are two-fold. Firstly, it examines the frequency of such head strikes for seriously and fatally injured drivers using an accident sample that is demonstrated to be representative in terms of police reported variables of all accidents in a large study area. Secondly, the nature of the injuries resulting from such contacts are described to help indicate the types of injury tolerance data that are most applicable to this situation. U1 - This paper was presented the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Drivers KW - Face KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Lap-diagonal seat belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sampling KW - Seat belts KW - Steering wheels KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181895 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367695 AU - Henry, C AU - Faverjon, G AU - Thomas, C AU - Tarrieve, C AU - Got, C AU - Patel, A AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - COMPARISON OF RISKS FOR RESTRAINED DRIVERS AND THEIR FRONT PASSENGER IN FRONTAL COLLISIONS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 59-69 AB - The over-risk for the driver due to the steering system can be highlighted if drivers' state is compared with front passengers', provided no other significant side effects are involved, such as asymmetrical intrusion or rear over-loading. The comparison is made in a sample of 112 cars involved in frontal collision. No significant difference is observed between the proportion of severe injuries among drivers and passengers, but severe thoracic injuries are more frequent for passengers, severe injuries to lower members are more frequent for drivers. It cannot be affirmed that the steering system generates a manifest over-risk for drivers. Improving protection for front restrained occupants involved in frontal collisions will consist, for the main part, in better ride-down between restrained occupant and passenger compartment. That will result in reducing load on the thorax and frequency and seriousness of lower members contacts. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Age KW - Drivers KW - Front seat occupants KW - Frontal crashes KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Lap-diagonal seat belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passengers KW - Risk assessment KW - Sampling KW - Seat belts KW - Steering wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181897 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367710 AU - BUNKETORP, O AU - Romanus, B AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - CLINICAL STUDIES ON LEG INJURIES IN CAR-PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 235-242 AB - This is a retrospective study of adult pedestrians injured by cars and treated at an orthopaedic department between January 1975 and June 1976. Medical records and police reports were used to analyse the accidents and to correlate the injuries to the impact areas of the vehicles. Clinical follow-up and interviews were made 1-3 years after the accidents. Special interest was focussed on such long term effect of the injuries to the lower extremity as the walking impairment caused by the impact of the bumper and the car front. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Age KW - Extrusion KW - Impact extrusion KW - Impact factor KW - Injuries KW - Leg KW - Long term KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Physical disabilities KW - Safety engineering KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181912 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367712 AU - CHAPON, A AU - VERRIEST, J P AU - TRAUCHESSEC, R AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE AGGRESSIVENESS OF PARALLEL SLIDING DOORS ON THE UPPER LIMB PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 256-268 AB - In the VAL transport system (Light automated vehicle for the urban transport system of the city of Lille) with a safety purpose in mind, the access to the vehicle has been made possible as it is for a lift thanks to a fully automatic drive and on account of the precision of stops in stations. The passengers are kept away from the track by a partition located at the platform edge and provided with sliding doors. The vehicle is equipped with similar sliding doors which come in front of those of the platform when the vehicle stops in the station. Under normal working conditions, the axes of vehicle and station doors coincide. However, an offset of 30 cm maximum between the vehicle and platform doors may be tolerated. In this case, the simultaneous closure of vehicle and station doors may induce a shearing type loading on the passenger remaining caught between. In particular, it could be thought that it would be the case for the upper limb mainly considering the space between door planes (about 20 cm) and the passenger behaviour when coming in and out. Bending forces, even slight, applied to elbow and wrist joints, induce important loadings which may result in isolated or associated lesions such as sprains, dislocations or fractures. Therefore, the injury risk for the passenger had to be assessed in this configuration to decide whether the device had to be modified before putting the vehicle into service. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Arm KW - Automated guideway transit KW - Cadavers KW - Door handles KW - Door operating mechanisms KW - Doors KW - Injuries KW - Lille (France) KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Sliding doors KW - Subways KW - Thrust KW - Val system UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181914 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367697 AU - LANGWIEDER, K AU - HUMMEL, T AU - Sagerer, F AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF NECK INJURIES OF CAR OCCUPANTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 78-98 AB - Based on two independent accident studies of a 10 year research period with a total of 45,000 car accidents basic data on the occurrence of neck injuries are presented. The risk determination of neck injuries by frequency and severity for front, side and rear end crashes is analysed. The paper includes a review of literature and the results of neck injury occurrence are compared. The distribution of neck injuries with seating position, sex, age and the correlation of neck injury and overall injury severity is discussed. Results of the effect of head restraints and safety belts are presented. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Age KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Frontal crashes KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Occupant restraint KW - Rear end crashes KW - Restraint systems KW - Risk assessment KW - Seating position KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181899 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367699 AU - PEDDER, J B AU - Hagues, S B AU - Mackay, G M AU - Roberts, B J AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - A STUDY OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLE CASUALTIES TREATED AT A CITY HOSPITAL PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 111-127 AB - This paper describes a sample of two-wheeled motor vehicle and pedal cycle accident casualties treated at a hospital in the city of Birmingham, England. Under reporting of two-wheeled vehicle accidents in national official statistics is shown and the possible reasons and implications of this finding are discussed. The patterns of injuries sustained by the 2 groups of casualties are described with comments on the likely reasons for the observed differences in their injury patterns. A comparison is drawn between the injuries sustained by the TWMV riders in this hospital study and a sample of fatally injured TWMV riders. Finally, the validity of the Treatment Period criteria of the Comprehensive Research Injury Scale is examined. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon-de-Provence, France. Session on Two Wheelers. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Age KW - Comprehensive research injury scale KW - Crash reports KW - Cyclists KW - Gender KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181901 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367706 AU - Ramet, M AU - Cesari, D AU - Dedoyan, A AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - TWO WHEELERS ACCIDENTS: INJURY MECHANISMS AND MEANS OF PREVENTION PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 193-205 AB - From 1976 to 1980, the O.N.S.E.R laboratory conducted three accident investigations concerning two wheelers. The first one analysed the data of 150 moped users involved in traffic accidents. The second one concerned 150 motor cyclist victims. The third one is focused on the behaviour of new helmets and takes into account 100 of two wheelers wearing a helmet and injured in traffic accidents. The results of these three studies are presented in this paper. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 181, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Two Wheelers. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorption KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Safety engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181908 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367708 AU - LENZ, K H AU - FRIEDEL, B AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - RECONSTRUCTION OF ACCIDENTS WITHIN THE FRAME OF JOINT BIOMECHANICAL RESEARCH PROJECTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 219-224 AB - In September 1977, several European institutions joined together to establish the Joint Biomechanical Research Project (KOB) to study certain problems in the fields of passive safety, in particular the biomechanical processes important in this context. The objectives and the research programmes, the organization, the members and the funds were described at the IIId. International Conference on Impact Trauma, 1977. The research work has been finished in May 1981 and the final report will be available in the next months. The whole test programme included 18 reconstructions with 87 dummy- and 46 cadaver tests. Therefore it is quite clear, that this large research project has created a considerable amount of data and detailed results. In the following paper it is only possible to present a small view of the whole work and only some special results. This short version was prepared on the basis of a draft of the final report written by various authors. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181910 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367701 AU - ALDMAN, B AU - Gustafsson, H AU - Nygren, A AU - JOHANSSON, B AU - Wersall, J AU - JONASSON, H AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - THE SOUND ATTENTION AND THE AERODYNAMICALLY GENERATED NOISE INSIDE MOTOR CYCLE HELMETS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 138-148 AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the attenuation of the sound when using a motorcycle helmet, and to measure the aerodynamically generated noise inside a helmet when driving. The possibility of detecting certain signals was judged, when masking and attention effects were taken into consideration. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Two Wheelers. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Aerodynamics KW - Attenuation KW - Helmets KW - Horns KW - Motorcyclists KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181903 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367702 AU - OTTE, D AU - Kalbe, P AU - SUREN, E G AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - TYPICAL INJURIES TO THE SOFT BODY PARTS AND FRACTURES OF THE MOTORIZED TWO-WHEELERS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 148-165 AB - 224 accidents of motorized two-wheelers, involving 272 users, documented, reconstructed and analyzed within the framework of a research project by the Federal Highway Department (BAST, Cologne, West-Germany) are the basis of this survey. The project, carried out on the basis of field studies, has existed since 1973 at the Department of Trauma Surgery, Medical School Hannover. It is carried out in co-operation with the Institute of Automotive Engineering, Technical University Berlin. A team of accident surgeons, engineers, and psychologists collect data of traffic accidents. This comprehensive data is collected by direct approach of the accident scene and hospital, immediately after the event of accident. For this purpose special cars, equipped with blue light, radio and sirens, are at the disposal of the team. This data is not available by other means, such as files of the Statistical Federal Office and insurance companies. The methodical advantage is especially noticeable in two-wheeler accidents. They are rarely comprehensively documented by the police. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Two Wheelers. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Accident record systems KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash records KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181904 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367719 AU - Farisse, J AU - Seriat-Gautier, B AU - Dalmas, J AU - Daou, N AU - Bourret, P AU - Cavallero, C AU - Cesari, D AU - Ramet, M AU - Billault, P AU - Berthommier, M AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - ANATOMICAL AND BIOMECHANICAL STUDY OF INJURIES OBSERVED DURING EXPERIMENTAL PEDESTRIAN-CAR COLLISONS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 342-354 AB - This study examines the impact in a pedestrian/car collision when the bumper comes into contact with the lower limbs, i.e. from below the middle thigh downwards. Two reference positions of the subject in relation to the vehicle were adopted: (1) the subject received the impact from the front and the two lower limbs were hit almost simultaneously and (2) the subject received the impact by smashing into the left lower limb. The subjects were fresh cadavers, close examination of the progression of the impact was filmed at 500 frames/second and the cadavers underwent a full medical examination, and X-rays and a complete autopsy after the simulated accidents. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held, 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Anatomy KW - Biophysics KW - Cadavers KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181921 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367720 AU - Sturtz, G AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - ANTHROPOMETRY AND TRAUMATOLOGY OF THE PELVIS OF CHILDREN PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 355-362 AB - In the case of child road users the pelvis shows the lowest risk of injury compared to other body regions. Being also located near to the body's centre of gravity, the pelvis is particularly suitable for the diversion of mass forces. For this reason, an analysis will be given of the traumatology, the biomechanics and especially the anthropometry of the child's pelvis, taking the following items into consideration: (1) typical contact region of exterior road users under lateral load; (2) contact region of restrained passenger car occupants under frontal load; and (3) geometrically relevant construction in the case of anthropometric dummies. Using frontal (anterior - posterior) and lateral X-ray photographs of the pelvis with children - given by post mortem examinations -, the typical geometry of the pelvis depending on physiological age is deduced. In addition to this, these results are compared with data of anthropometric dummies. Furthermore, an analysis of the traumatology of the child's pelvis is carried out with regard to type, severity and risk of injuries based on in-depth single-case analyses of real road accidents. The aim of this is to improve the understanding of the special injury mechanisms of this body region respectively to round off the level of knowledge by describing the general biomechanics of the pelvis. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Anthropometry KW - Biophysics KW - Children KW - Dummies KW - Injuries KW - Lap belts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pelvis KW - Seat belts KW - Submarines KW - Submarining UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181922 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367691 AU - McLean, A J AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - THE SEVERITY ANDD CONSEQUENCES OF INJURIES IN URBAN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 12-19 AB - As part of an in-depth accident study, information was collected on the nature and severity of the injuries sustained by all road users involved in a representative sample of accidents to which an ambulance was called in metropolitan Adelaide during a twelve-month period. The treatment received, duration of hospital stay, period of restricted activity and the characteristics of any residual permanent disability were recorded. These factors are presented in relation to the severity of the injury and discussed with respect to causal mechanisms and possible preventive measures. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Disabling injury KW - Injuries KW - Injury characteristics KW - Injury severity KW - Injury Severity Score KW - Physical disabilities KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181893 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367698 AU - Bourret, P AU - Gastaud, R AU - Orsoni, P AU - Cavallero, C AU - Cesari, D AU - Ramet, M AU - Quincy, R AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - INJURY INVESTIGATIONS IN ROAD ACCIDENTS: TYPOLOGY, FACTORS AND MECHANISMS AND MINOR LESIONS CHARACTERISTICS AIS MINUS OR EQUAL 3 PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 98-110 AB - An homogeneous sample of 262 injured persons were studied to find out: (1) The distribution of the injuries according to the AIS index; and (2) The inventory of injuries: (a) according to their own index of seriousness, (b) within the context of their lesional association and global OAIS index, (c) their distribution according to the corporeal segments, (d) according to the type of injury, (e) the role of the OAIS on the temporary industrial disablement and the hospitalization time, and (f) the role of the injured parts in establishing the index of seriousness. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Disabling injury KW - Energy methods /structural/ KW - Epidemiology KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury characteristics KW - Injury classification KW - Minor injuries KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181900 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367705 AU - Schuller, E AU - BEIER, G AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - SAFETY HELMETS SHELL MATERIAL AND HEAD INJURY INCIDENCE IN MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 184-192 AB - From an accident field study carried out in greater Munich area in 1980 a sample of 131 helmeted motorcyclists was investigated with respect to head injury incidence and the material of the shell of the safety helmets. Helmets made of Polycarbonate (PC), Acrylenitrile-Butadiene-Styrole (ABS), and Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) were represented in a sufficient number for evaluation. With respect to these shell materials, differences of head injury incidence were found, which in part proved significant. The observed degree of shell damage correlates not necessarily to the sustained head trauma. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Two Wheelers. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Acrylenitrile-butadiene-styrole KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Energy absorption KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Motorcyclists KW - Polycarbonates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181907 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367709 AU - GUSTAFSSON, G AU - Karlsson, L AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - ON THE CALCULATION OF HEAD IMPACT MOTION USING EXPERIMENTAL DATA PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 225-234 AB - Numerous head impact tests have been carried out by the Biomechanics department of the Highway Safety Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, during the past few years. The purpose of this work is to investigate the head motion during impact loading (the unloading phase is not considered) and especially to determine if the head slips on the impactor or rotates around it. Data from three different types of tests have been analysed: Front, side and rear impacts on human heads. The data consists of linear and angular accelerations and velocities for the head (considered as a rigid body). These four quantities are some of the most common that have been suggested as primary causes of injury. By using experimental data the position of the instantaneous point of rotation was determined as a function of time during impact loading. It was found that slip occurs between the impactor and the head with very few exceptions. It was also found that the human skull performs plane motion after front or rear impact. This is probably due to the symmetry around the midsagittal plane. In side impact on the human skull it was found that the motion is three-dimensional. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Motion KW - Motion studies KW - Studies KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181911 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367716 AU - Cooper, G J AU - Bexon, R AU - Pearce, B P AU - Stainer, M C AU - Maynard, R L AU - Taylor, DEM AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - VISUALISATION OF HEART MOVEMENT FOLLOWING NON-PENETRATING IMPACT USING CINE AND FLASH X-RAY PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 313-320 AB - Previous experiments have demonstrated the relationship of the severity of heart injury following non-penetrating chest injury to the dynamic behaviour of the chest wall and the kinetics of the projectile (Ref 1). This paper describes a method designed to determine the 3-dimensional distortion and displacement of the heart within the thorax following mid-sternal impact. The method uses a combination of flash and high-speed cine X-radiography and implantation of silver spheres. An example of its use in assessing heart movement following non-penetrating chest impact is given. U1 - This paper was presented at the VIth International IRCOBI Conference on Biomechanics of Impacts, held 8,9,10 September, 1981, Salon de Provence, France. Session on Experimental Studies. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Animals KW - Chest wall KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Distortion KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Heart KW - Impact KW - Injuries KW - Kinetic energy KW - Nonpenetrating impact KW - Thorax KW - Three dimensional KW - X rays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181918 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00367723 AU - Stalhammar, D AU - Holmgren, E AU - LINDGREN, S AU - Lindstrom, L AU - IRCOBI (International Research Council on the Biokinetics of Impacts) TI - BRAIN INJURY SCALING. PY - 1981/09 SP - p. 1-8 AB - The aim of this paper is: (1) to describe the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS-80); (2) to describe the classification of brain injuries in the ICD system (International Classification of Diseases); (3) to present an improved classification; (4) to use the elements of this classification to design an injury scale; and (5) to compare the proposed injury scale with the AIS-80. U1 - Introduction to panel discussion at VIth International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts Salon de Provence, September 8-10, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Brain KW - Classification KW - Injuries KW - Scaling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367671 AU - Hargroves, B T AU - Hargroves, J M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - ACCURACY OF VIRGINIA ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1981/09 SP - v.p. AB - The sources, magnitude, and characteristics of the inaccuracies in Virginia's police-reported accident data were examined. Five techniques were used to (1) determine how accident data are documented, (2) examine the contents of the accident report used to collect the data, and (3) document problems relating to the accuracy of the data. Recommendations were designed to enhance the overall quality of the data by (1) revising the current accident report and accompanying instruction manual, (2) modifying police training procedures, (3) upgrading the field reviews and editing procedures for the accident reports, and (4) establishing a process to continually monitor and update the police accident report. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash reports KW - Police UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36497/82-R13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367293 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated TI - COSTS, BENEFITS AND METHODS OF INCLUDING TIRE INFLATION IN STATE VEHICLE INSPECTION PROGRAMS. PY - 1981/09 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents information to help states include a tire inflation check in their existing and planned emissions, safety and combined safety and emissions insepction programs. It has been estimated that as much as 515 million gallons of gasoline are wasted in the United States each year due to improper tire inflation. Tire inflation if added to a state motor vehicle inspection program would help motorists increase vehicle fuel economy and reduce tire wear as well as improve safety. States adding tire inflation to inspection programs would be able to reduce the effective cost of their programs. Numerous surveys of the tire pressure of vehicles-in-use have shown that many vehicles are being operated with underinflated tires. It is estimated that if a tire pressure inflation program were implemented in State motor vehicle inspection programs a .36 to 2.2 percent fuel economy benefit for the inspected fleet could be achieved depending on the type of inflation program implemented. Tire inflation would have saved each vehicle owner between $3.59 and $13.94 in fuel costs per year. Additionally, correct inflation would increase tire life, resulting in an additional savings of $1.23 to $4.54 per year, as well as improve vehicle safety. If the benefits of improved consumer maintenance practices are considered, a tire inflation program could save motorists as much as $28.72 per year. An examination of available options for implementing a tire inflation check in existing and planned centralized and decentralized inspection programs indicates that (1) the cost per vehicle of adding a tire inflation check would be about 70 cents, and (2) the test could be added relatively easily. Thus the inclusion of a tire inflation check in State vehicle inspection programs is both beneficial and cost effective from the standpoint of the motorist and State. The net savings for the motorist (fuel economy and treadware savings minus additional test cost) could exceed the total test fee of most inspection programs ($5 to $10). KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inflation KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Savings KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179363 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366804 JO - American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics PB - American Academy of Optometry AU - Van Norren, D AU - American Academy of Optometry TI - VISUAL ACUITY IN A CONDITION OF TRAFFIC SIGN VIEWING: THE EFFECTS OF LUMINANCE CHANGES PY - 1981/09 VL - 58 IS - 9 SP - p. 699-705 AB - Landolt C visual acuity of eight subjects was measured as a function of stimulus luminance. To simulate traffic sign viewing, a stimulus field width of 0.7 degree with a surround field of 60 degrees was used. The surround luminance was changed in steps of a factor of 10 from 0.5 to about 5000 cd/sq m. Both dark symbols on a light background and light symbols on a dark background were considered. The presentation time was either unlimited or 200 msec. For surround luminances up to 5 cd/sq m, the relation between acuity and stimulus luminance can be described by a function of the same shape. For all surround luminances higher than 50 cd/sq m a second function is needed. In all conditions with long presentation times, the results were identical for light symbols on a dark background and dark symbols on a light background. With a stimulus time of 200 msec the acuity is, on the average, 0.7 times the acuity with long presentation time. KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Brightness KW - Luminous intensity KW - Traffic signs KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181365 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366990 JO - Journal of Pediatrics PB - Elsevier AU - Litt, I F AU - Steinerman, P R AU - Mosby (CV) Company TI - COMPLIANCE WITH AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY DEVICES AMONG ADOLESCENTS PY - 1981/09 VL - 99 IS - 3 SP - p. 484-486 AB - The present study was undertaken to examine the automotive safety practices of patients in a general adolescent clinic and to explore the possibility that psychosocial differences exist between adolescents who are compliant with helmet and seat-belt usage and those who are not. KW - Adolescents KW - Compliance KW - Helmets KW - Manual safety belts KW - Psychological aspects KW - Social factors KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362366 AU - Compagna, M AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Department of Transportation TI - NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS. ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1981/09 SP - 220 p. AB - This report is a summary of selected national transportation statistics from a wide variety of government and private sources. Included are cost, inventory, and performance data describing the passenger and cargo operations of the following modes: air carrier, general aviation, automobile, bus, truck, local transit, rail, water, oil pipelines, and gas pipeline. The report includes basic descriptors of U.S. transportation, such as operating revenues and expenses, number of vehicles and employees, vehicle miles and passenger miles, etc. A supplementary section includes Transportation and the Economy and Energy in Transportation. Energy in Transportation is divided into four parts: Energy Consumption, Energy Transport, Energy Intensiveness, and Energy Supply and Demand. Also included are the operating costs of automobiles of different sizes. In this edition, the selected data cover the period 1969 through 1979/1980. KW - Air transportation KW - Automobiles KW - Bus transportation KW - Costs KW - Energy KW - Freight transportation KW - Pipelines KW - Railroad transportation KW - Statistics KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362399 JO - Rubber World PB - Bill Commuications, Incorporated AU - Torres, J AU - Bill Commuications, Incorporated TI - WAX-TYPE ADDITIVE EXTENDS TIRE LIFE PY - 1981/09 VL - 184 IS - 6 SP - 2 p. AB - This article states that hydrocarbon wax-type additives inhibit tire damage from atmospheric ozone. The additives keep the exposed areas (the tread and sidewalls) from cracking, thus maintaining tire serviceability and appearance. A discussion is then presented of the outward migration of the wax additives. KW - Durability KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Ozone KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362381 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROTECTION FOR SCHOOL BUS OCCUPANTS. ISSUE PAPER PY - 1981/09 SP - 7 p. AB - This Issue Paper examines the recurrent issue of whether large school buses should be required to have seat belts. It is concluded that improving the seating compartment in large school buses eliminates the need for seat belts and provides sufficient crash protection. KW - Manual safety belts KW - Protection KW - School buses KW - Seats KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362382 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR LICENSING. ISSUE PAPER PY - 1981/09 SP - 4 p. AB - This Issue Paper was prompted by the growth in motorcycle use and the increase in accidents, injuries and fatalities among motorcyclists. Research over the past several years has led to the development of an effective motorcycle operator licensing system capable of substantially reducing the likelihood of novice motorcyclists being involved in crashes. Efforts are now needed to obtain implementation of this improved licensing system in each State. KW - Crashes KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Novices KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176972 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361756 JO - Car and Driver PB - Ziff-Davis Publishing Company AU - Bedard, P AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - SOMEONE DOESN'T WANT YOU TO HAVE THE CAR OF YOUR DREAMS, AND IT ISN'T THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PY - 1981/09 VL - 27 IS - 3 SP - p. 79-83 AB - In 1970, the Clean Air Act was amended to prohibit the importation of any post-1968 automobile that does not meet federal specifications, except for racing cars, test cars and show cars. This meant that for ordinary citizens' importation was impossible unless he was willing to spend up to $20,000 beyond the price of the car to bring it into compliance with federal regulations. Yet, despite the cost and hassle, 1400 cars are brought in and certified each year. In the July 21, 1980 Federal Register, EPA published a proposed change of rule: cars could no longer be imported subject to later certification (except for racing cars etc.,), but individuals would be granted a one-time exemption to bring in an uncontrolled car for personal use. This proposal applies to emissions only, and the car would still have to meet all safety regulations. At the hearing, on November 3, 1980, of the eleven people who showed up, only one spoke in favor of the proposal. All the rest, independent American businessmen spoke against the new rule, claiming that they would loose the sales of these imported cars to individuals bringing in European models. At the time this article is written, EPA is still weighing more than 500 written comments from enthusiastic individuals who see a chance to get the car of their dreams, but the word from a few of the businessmen is that the fix is in: there will be no change in the rules. KW - Clean Air Act KW - Competition KW - Imports KW - Managerial personnel KW - Profits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180698 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361766 JO - Brake and Front End PB - Babcox Publications, Incorporated AU - Carrier, H AU - Babcox Publications, Incorporated TI - WHEN THEY SHAKE, WADDLE AND ROLL USE THESE VIBRATION STOPPING TIPS PY - 1981/09 VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - p. 18-22 AB - Wheel unbalance causes 75% of highway speed vibration problems, however 25% of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) complaints are not directly related to that. Suspension movement can be caused by an out-of-round tire, tire stiffness variation (radial force variation), or a bent or out-of-round rim. Noise can be caused by axle gears, the pitch of exhaust gases as they rush through the exhaust system, roof racks on station wagons and small cars that can set up airfoil effects, trim moulding and grille assemblies, special tires, or engine accessory assemblies. Another cause of vibration encountered nowadays is low-speed driveline vibration caused by action of some automatic transmission lock-up converters. Procedures for identification and repair of these problems are given in this article, which also includes a chart "Representative rolling roughness diagnosis procedure", and a list and explanation of various words used to describe noise. KW - Automobiles KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise-vibration-harshness KW - Rims KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Speed KW - Suspensions KW - Tires KW - Vibration KW - Wheel rims KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180705 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362002 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Grossman, A M AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - 227 MILLION AMERICAN HOSTAGES PY - 1981/09 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - p. 41-42 AB - Stating that Americans are being held hostage in automobiles, this article goes on to point out the various statistics on fatalities and injuries, concluding that we are facing a "disease" which can be medically diagnosed as "mobilopathy". Pointing out that historically diseases were eliminated by identifying the cause, vector, and disease, and providing treatment and prevention, it is stated that these things have now been scientifically established in the case of automobile accidents and that the "vaccine" now available for the prevention of death due to transportation is the implementation of better public transportation and safer, cleaner, efficient personal transportation vehicles, along with making streets and roads accident-proof. KW - Automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Public transit KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180869 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362003 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Huttich, R C AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/09 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - p. 44-49 AB - The author presents a methodology for studying traffic accidents as a form of epidemic. He gives a lengthy history of epidemiology beginning with Hippocrates, and then procedes with methodology for research of traffic accidents based on epidemiological research. Criteria are given for personnel training and data acquisition, classification and analysis. The author then discusses the application of epidemiological concepts such as etiology, infectiousness, virulence, pathogenic capacity, resistance, immunity, and carriers to the field of accident research. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Epidemiology KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361492 AU - Raub, R A AU - Illinois Department of Law Enforcement TI - MOVING RADAR: AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS ROLE IN TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT PY - 1981/09 SP - 118 p. AB - Police use of moving radar as a tool for enforcing the speed limit is increasing. At the same time, this equipment has come under criticism by a few courts and those persons opposed to any police use of doppler radar. There have been evaluations of the accuracy of moving radar, but none have addressed its effectiveness as well as its cost of operation. These aspects are addressed in this report. KW - Accuracy KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Doppler navigation KW - Doppler system KW - Radar KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361940 AU - ALLSOP, R E AU - University College London TI - COMPUTER PROGRAM SIGSET FOR CALCULATING DELAY-MINIMISING TRAFFIC SIGNAL TIMINGS DESCRIPTION AND MANUAL FOR USERS PY - 1981/09 SP - 32 p. AB - Starting from conventional data describing a signal-controlled road junction and the pattern of traffic passing through it, the computer program SIGSET checks whether the specified traffic is within the practical capacity of the junction and, if so, calculates signal timings which minimise the estimated average delay per unit time for the specified traffic, subject to the usual constraints on the durations of the cycle and of particular green periods. The calculated timings provide a basis for setting the maximum green periods of vehicle-actuated signals, or the green periods of fixed-time signals. SIGSET accepts the data and provides output in terms which are largely familiar to practising traffic engineers. It is thus intended for everyday use by them without recourse to specialists in computing or in the theory underlying the calculations. The program has been quite extensively used for a number of years, and this manual draws together earlier documentation and augments it in the light of experience, especially in relation to the scope and applicability of the program and the treatment of opposed turning traffic. The facilities provided by the program are described and illustrated by examples and detailed instructions for data preparation are given. Current developments based on SIGSET and its companion program SIGCAP are mentioned. KW - Computer programs KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176644 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361613 JO - HSRI Research Review PB - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Fancher, P S AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF HEAVY-TRUCK DYNAMICS PY - 1981/09 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - 16 p. AB - Eight different computer simulation models have been developed at HSRI for studying the dynamic performance of heavy trucks. To obtain parametric inputs for the computer programs, HSRI also uses six special facilities developed to measure properties of vehicles, suspension systems, braking systems, and tires. The computer models and measurement facilities were developed over several years with research support mainly from the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, and have been used in recent or current research programs sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, and other industrial or governmental organizations. As an overview for nonspecialists, this article briefly describes those research resources and their applications. KW - Brakes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Suspension systems KW - Tires KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180588 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361600 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oaks, R L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROLE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN REALTIME TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1981/09 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - p. 62-67 AB - This article demonstrates how computer graphics can be used to help the traffic engineer retime traffic signals within a computerized signal system. The system described is called KARTS--the Kettering Area Responsive Traffic System. Using 1976 dollars, the entire system cost just over one million dollars. KW - Computer graphics KW - Computers KW - Costs KW - On line computers KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180582 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362000 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY--AN INTERNATIONAL CONCERN PY - 1981/09 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - p. 36-37 AB - This article addresses the problem of attaining agreement on international regulations for safety in traffic. It states that the recommendations made by international organizations usually go no further than what the country with the least demands can accept. It points to the need in Europe for agreement with regard to speed limits, obligatory use of seat belts, obligatory use of helmets, regulations dealing with the use of alcohol and drugs in traffic, driver training, and medical prerequisites for a driver's license. In conclusion it is stated that harmony as regards traffic regulations in Europe is not to be expected within the foreseeable future unless extraordinary measures are taken. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Helmets KW - International roads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180867 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362001 JO - Journal of traffic medicine PB - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine AU - Ozorio, P AU - International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine TI - WHO EXPERTS WARN OF DANGER IN MIXING PSYCHOTROPICS WITH DRIVING PY - 1981/09 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - p. 38-39 AB - Pointing out that few studies have been made of the role that pyschotropic drugs play in traffic accidents, this brief article discusses the role of the World Health Organization in evaluating the safety and efficacy of drugs and in recommending controls when a threat to public health has been shown. Reference is made to a recent measure adopted in Norway to increase public awareness of drugs that are a hazard in combination with driving. Pharmacists are required to place red triangle labels on designated drugs to warn that medication so marked should not be taken when driving. KW - Driving KW - Drugs KW - Hazards KW - Psychotropic agents KW - Public health KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361912 AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Li, L K AU - POPKIN, C L AU - O'Neill, B AU - Burchman, P F AU - Wells, J K AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - A COMPARISON OF THE CRASH EXPERIENCE OF UTILITY VEHICLES, PICKUP TRUCKS AND PASSENGER CARS PY - 1981/09 SP - 54 p. AB - The purpose of the present study is to examine in detail the crash experience of leading utility vehicle models to determine the extent to which there are variations in their crash experience and whether specific models appear to have particular problems, such as high rollover accident rates. This study focuses on the three leading utility vehicles--the AMC Jeep CJ-5, the Ford Bronco and the Chevrolet Blazer--that represent well over half of the utility vehicles currently in use. For the Jeep CJ-5 the model years studied were 1972 to 1978; for the Chevrolet Blazer, 1973 to 1978 (prior to the 1973 model the Blazer was smaller); and for the Ford Bronco, 1972 to 1977 (the 1978 and later model Broncos were larger). For comparison purposes, the crash experience of a number of leading small (half-ton) pickup truck models was used. These were the Ford F-100 and F-150, the Chevrolet C-10 and K-10, and the smaller Toyota and Datsun pickup trucks. In addition, the crash experience of four passenger car size groups--subcompacts, compacts, intermediate, and full-sized--was examined. The overall crash experience of these vehicles in Maryland and in North Carolina, together with the national fatal crash experience as recorded by FARS (the Fatal Accident Reporting System), were studied. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Jeep automobile KW - Jeeps KW - Light trucks KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Small car KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176617 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361753 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hegmon, R R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WET WEATHER ACCIDENTS AND PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1981/09 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - p. 68-74 AB - This article reviews the problems in relating pavement skid resistance to accidents. It shows that the failure to agree on minimum skid resistance requirements is not because of a lack of effort. A friction potential is defined and a hypothetical relationship is suggested which, it is hoped, will stimulate discussion and generate sufficient interest to test the hypothesis in future research studies. KW - Crashes KW - Friction KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180695 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361499 JO - Rubber Chemistry and Technology PB - American Chemical Society AU - Kennedy, R H AU - Patel, H P AU - McMinn, M S AU - American Chemical Society TI - RADIAL TRUCK TIRE INFLATION ANALYSIS: THEORY AND EXPERIMENT PY - 1981/09 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - p. 751-766 AB - The finite element method is a useful tool in the design process to give deformations, strains and stresses in tires when they are loaded. To show this, a geometrically nonlinear, materially homogeneous, and generally orthotropic finite element model is described and used in the inflation analysis of radial truck tires. The element, a linear strain axisymmetric triangle, has three displacement degrees of freedom at each mode in order to correctly model the three-dimensional states of strain and stress present in generally orthotropic structures. Two radial truck tires, a tube-type 10.00R20 and a tubeless 11R22.5, are analyzed both experimentally and analytically for inflation loading. Experimentally, cord forces are measured by cord force transducers, belt edge interply shear strain is measured by a pin rotation technique, sidewall growth is measured by a laser profilometer, and sidewall strains are measured with liquid metal strain gages. These values are compared with those predicted by the finite element model. The model works well for the tube-type 10.00R20 tire and above the mid-sidewall of the tubeless 11R22.5 tire. Further work needs to be done on the lower sidewall and bead area portions of the 11R22.5 tire model. The finite element model and solution procedure for the 11R22.5 radial truck tire is used for current designs. trend predictions. Several tire construction features, belt bias angle, belt end count, body ply end count, and belt skim stock modulus are varied, and their effect on inflation growth, strains and cord forces are predicted. The largest effect on inflation behavior was variation of the belt bias angle. The other features had minor effects. These predicted trends are important in giving the design engineer direction in creating new tire types or modifying current designs. KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Inflation KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Tire pressure KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180544 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361757 JO - Traffic Safety Bulletin PB - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research AU - Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research TI - TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD ANALYZES VEHICLE COLLISIONS WITH TREES PY - 1981/09 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - p. 6-7 AB - This article reviews the National Transportation Safety Board's recent report entitled "Special Study-- Motor Vehicle Collisions with Trees Along Highways, Roads and Streets: An Assessment." It points out some interesting data on this type of accident and includes a list of states giving the number and percentages of fatalities resulting from collisions with trees (1975-1979). Also presented are the board's 12 conclusions and 4 recommendations. KW - Data KW - Fatalities KW - Recommendations KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Trees UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361759 AU - Karpf, R S AU - Williams, A F AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - TEENAGE DRIVERS AND MOTOR VEHICLE DEATHS. PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1981/09 SP - 24 p. AB - Motor vehicles account for nearly half the deaths of 16-19 year olds in the United States. Teenage drivers contribute substantially to motor vehicle related deaths, both their own and others. Teenage drivers have greatly elevated rates of fatal crash involvement per capita and especially, per licensed driver. More deaths per licensed driver are associated with the passenger vehicle crashes of 18 year olds than for any other age. Deaths per licensed driver are next highest for 16, 17, and 19 year olds. Various possible ways to reduce the deaths that result from teenagers driving are discussed, including raising the minimum age of licensure to age 18. In 1978, passenger vehicle drivers 16 and 17 years old were in crashes that resulted in 4,198 deaths. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Safety KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361382 AU - O'BRIEN, J P AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - CONCENTRATED TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM. ILLINOIS STATE POLICE EVALUATION OF THIRD-YEAR PROJECT PY - 1981/09 SP - 20 p. AB - An impact evaluation of the third year of a highway safety project was conducted by the Illinois State Police. Concentrated traffic enforcement consists of increasing the enforcement of selected traffic laws on sections of highway that have previously experienced high rates of accidents. The State Police applied this method of traffic enforcement at each of 51 selected locations at times of the day and on days of the week when accidents at these locations occurred most frequently. The duration of the third-year project was from September through December 1979 and from May through June 1980. Traffic accidents at the patrolled locations declined by 35 percent from expected levels. Moreover, accidents decreased 41 percent during those hours when the police were present on patrol. Statewide accidents, however, decreased 20 percent over the same period. Therefore, the minimum net reduction attributable to the project operations was 15 percent. A linear model was developed relating accident changes to enforcement activity. However, it explains only 20 percent of the variation in accident levels. This project was paid for with Federal Highway Safety funds at a cost of $674,442. State police were hired back on their days-off to provide a total of 49,498 hours of extra patrol. Because fewer accidents occurred, approximately $12,350,500 was saved according to the National Safety Council's estimates of costs for accidents. Consequently, the benefits resulting from the concentrated enforcement were calculated to be 18 times greater than the cost of this project. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - High risk locations KW - Police patrol KW - Safety KW - Savings KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176187 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349641 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - AT THE CROSSROADS PY - 1981/09 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - p. 10-13 AB - National Safety Council figures for 1977 to 1979 show that nearly 40 percent of all traffic accidents, both urban and rural, happened at intersections, perhaps because they are confusing to a lot of drivers, or because too many drivers take chances with cross traffic. Some basics of driving at intersections, along with some pictorial examples of right-of-way and turning situations, are presented in this brief article. KW - Approach lanes KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - High risk locations KW - Intersection approach KW - Intersections KW - Right of way KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179970 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361359 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Green, B AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - LET'S STOP THE STOLEN CAR TRAFFIC PY - 1981/09 VL - 42 IS - 5 SP - p. 8-12 AB - This is a description of the Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act of 1981 (H.R. 2639), as proposed by the author, to address the vehicle theft problem on a national and international basis, through uniform nation-wide controls. The act contains provisions to control motor vehicle exports, number major component parts of motor vehicles, study vehicle security systems, outlaw interstate transport of stolen vehicle parts, include motor vehicle titles as "securities" in the National Stolen Property Act, and study off-highway mobile equipment theft. The bill would elevate to federal crime status the removal, obliteration or tampering with federally-mandated vehicle identification numbers, and the trafficking of motor vehicles, or motor vehicle parts which have had their identification numbers removed or altered. KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Legal action KW - Theft KW - Vehicle theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180461 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361374 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS. A CRITICAL REVIEW. DISCUSSION PAPERS PY - 1981/09 VL - 31 IS - 9 SP - p. 939 AB - Mr. John C. Elston's paper, entitled "Motor Vehicle Inspection/Maintenance Programs--A Critical Review", was published in the May 1981 issue of the Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association (JAPCA) and subsequently presented in summarized form at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association in Philadelphia. Prepared discussions and comments from the floor followed his presentation. These discussions and comments are reproduced here in the September 1981 issue of JAPCA. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ozone KW - Programs KW - Technology KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180467 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361315 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ross, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FUTURE OF TRAFFIC SIMULATION PY - 1981/09 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - p. 75-79 AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Research has long been a leader in traffic simulation. NETSIM, probably the most widely used traffic simulation program in the world today, was originally developed under contract to FHWA and has been modified and extended by the Office of Research many times. Many other developments in traffic simulation originated in the Office of Research, where modification of old programs and development of new programs are continuing efforts. This article projects the future of traffic simulation--what features traffic simulation programs will have 20, 30, or even 50 years from now. The statements in the article are necessarily hypothetical and subjective and will exclude ideas on traffic simulation that are currently being developed or planned. Pilot studies or preliminary research on nearly all of the features described will not be incorporated into publicly released traffic simulation programs within the next 5 years. KW - Computers KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180428 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349642 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Chang, C J AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - A CROSS-CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SAFETY HELMETS IN MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT INJURIES PY - 1981/09 VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - p. 17-25 AB - The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between head protection and injury characteristics, in order to assess the effectiveness of safety helmets in reducing the likelihood and severity of head injuries in motorcycle accidents. The analysis is based on a systematic sampling of 751 motorcycle accidents from the three-year (1977-79) accident record of 10,729 cases in the State of Wisconsin. The technique of systematic sampling is to take every Kth element from a list, say every tenth or every fifteenth case from the accident file. The systematic sampling satisfies the requirements of a truly random sample as long as there is no bias in the ordering of the original list. In this study a ten percent sample was obtained by taking every 10th case from the accident record. However, because of incomplete reporting, approximately three percent of these cases were dropped. This resulted in a sample size of 751 cases. The 751 cases include 751 drivers and 137 passengers, totaling 888 victims. The effectiveness of the helmet protection is evaluated with respect to each individual accident regarding the use of the helmet and the particular accident situation. For the purpose of determining the dynamic effects of protective equipment on head injuries, the accidents are described by the manner of collision, the type of collision, and speed. KW - Analysis KW - Crash types KW - Effectiveness KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361041 AU - Williams, A F AU - Karpf, R S AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - DEATHS OF TEENAGERS AS PASSENGERS IN MOTOR VEHICLES. PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1981/09 SP - 18 p. AB - Teenagers far exceed all other ages in fatalities per capita both as drivers and as passengers in motor vehicles. Most studies of vehicle crashes involving teenagers focus on teenage drivers, despite the fact that the numbers of teenage deaths as passengers and as drivers are about equal. In 1978, 63 percent of all fatally injured teenage passengers sustained their injuries in vehicles driven by teenage drivers; 72 percent of the passengers fatally injured in vehicles driven by teenage drivers were teenagers. Half of the teenage passenger deaths occurred in nighttime crashes. Possible ways to reduce the crash deaths of teenagers are discussed. These include restricting the driving of teenagers; prohibiting teenage drivers from transporting teenage passengers; greater implementation of crash packaging technologies; cleaning up highway and roadside hazards, and laws requiring seat belt use by teenagers. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Attenuation (Physics) KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash rates KW - Crash victims KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver restriction KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Law enforcement KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passengers KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364988 AU - Marks, M E AU - McNair, J W AU - Jones, R K AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WORKSHOP TO REVIEW PROBLEM-BEHAVIOR RESEARCH PROGRAMS: PEDESTRIAN, BICYCLE, AND PUPIL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY PY - 1981/09 SP - 131 p. AB - This report presents the proceedings of a workshop on pedestrian, bicycle, and pupil transportation safety. The purpose of this workshop was to develop specific recommendations for the planning and implementation of NHTSA research, development, and demonstration projects in the program area of Pedestrian, Bicycle, Pupil Transportation Studies. Workshop participants represented both the practitioner and researcher communities. Specific program elements were reviewed in-depth. Two working groups participated in a series which dealt with the following topics: Research and Development; Traffic Safety Programs; and Technology Transfer. This report summarizes discussions of these topics. Recommendations about specific program elements concerning the direction of future research in this area are presented. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Bicycles KW - Buses KW - Child safety KW - Countermeasures KW - Cyclists KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Evaluation KW - Meetings KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research projects KW - School children KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177205 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349867 JO - Automotive Industries PB - Randall Publishing Company AU - McCann, M K AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - THE GREAT MATERIALS SHOOT-OUT PY - 1981/09 VL - 161 IS - 9 SP - p. 60-66 AB - The aim of this exercise was to design a trunk lid that would combine maximum weight savings at the lowest possible cost using the finite element analysis method. The criteria: The lid must look and work the same as the Omega 1980 lid. Reinforcing section depths could not exceed those used in the Omega lid. Five tests checked strength and stiffness, structural beaming, corner stiffness, hinge mounting pad stiffness, torsional rigidity and dent resistance. The materials were metals/steel, metal/aluminum, and plastics/sheet molding compounds. This multi-material competition showed steel had the resources to win many of the lightweight battles and came out the clear-cut winner in terms of costs. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile bodies KW - Finite element method KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Materials tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Plastics KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180111 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349874 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - MUNICIPAL TRAFFIC SAFETY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES PY - 1981/09 VL - 51 IS - 9 SP - p. 34-38 AB - The Washington-Baltimore Section of the Institute of Transportation Engineers, through its Technical Affairs Committee, assumed the task of identifying those technical, institutional and procedural measures that might improve traffic safety studies in Maryland. To accomplish this task, the Section Technical Affairs chairman appointed a committee which, in cooperation with the faculty at the University of Maryland Transportation Studies Center and the Maryland Municipal League, proposed a seminar format. The seminar would bring together for one day traffic engineers and municipal and elected officials to answer the following questions: (1) What are the most pressing problems in small towns? (2) What are the most effective traffic engineering countermeasures? (3) How can traffic engineers and elected officials join forces to get these countermeasures in place and in operation? It is hoped that this report of the committee's activities and conclusions will be of use to other traffic engineers and may serve as a model for similar projects in other districts and sections. KW - Countermeasures KW - Local government KW - Small towns KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361358 JO - Journal of Insurance PB - Insurance Information Institute AU - Butterfield, B AU - Insurance Information Institute TI - INSURANCE IN THE NEW ADMINISTRATION PY - 1981/09 VL - 42 IS - 5 SP - p. 2-6 AB - This article examines the impact of the 1980 election of a conservative White House and Senate, on the insurance industry. The move towards "deregulation" of business has caused Federal policy makers to search for regulatory surrogates, in matters affecting public safety. With increasing frequency, financial responsibility schemes are being enacted as a means of enlisting insurers as policemen of business conduct. Pressure for this quasi-regulatory status for the insurance industry, is bound to increase as the political focus shifts from personal lines issues to commercial lines issues, such as motor carrier liability. KW - Deregulation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Insurance KW - Law enforcement KW - Policy KW - Politics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180460 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361176 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Bauman, R AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - CARS THAT ALMOST FLEW PY - 1981/09 VL - 45 IS - 7 SP - p. 22 AB - This article traces the history of flying cars, from the 1917 Curtiss Auto-Plane to the 1973 AVE Mizar, a combination of a Ford Pinto car and the airframe and engine from a Cessna Skymaster. The Mizar differed from earlier flying cars which were not at all compatible with the design of cars of their day. Poor design and prices well above the separate costs of owning both a car and a plane, doomed earlier models such as the Taylor Aero-Car, Waldo Waterman's Arrowbile, and the T.P. Hall Flying Car. The crash of the AVE Mizar on its maiden flight when a wing collapsed and the flying car whirled several hundred feet to the ground, killed not only the designer, but possibility of all future flying cars. KW - Experimental design KW - Flying automobiles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180326 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349648 JO - Simulation PB - Simulation Councils, Incorporated AU - GARROTT, W R AU - Wilson, D L AU - SCOTT, R A AU - Simulation Councils, Incorporated TI - DIGITAL SIMULATION FOR AUTOMOBILE MANEUVERS PY - 1981/09 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - p. 83-91 AB - A new all-digital simulation of automobile handling allows severe maneuvers involving braking or acceleration and cornering. A novel feature is the incorporation of closed-loop control based on a mathematical model of the human driver. The program is modular and well-documented. The model includes provisions for nonlinear tire and suspension forces and moments; it also allows the user to switch off the nonlinearities and to include an antilock brake system. KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Engineering KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Mechanical engineering KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361178 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGES. CLAIM FREQUENCY RESULTS BY SIZE OF CLAIM 1978-1980 MODELS PY - 1981/09 SP - 35 p. AB - This report presents injury claim frequency results for 1978-1980 model year cars. The frequency of all paid and pending claims combined, and the frequencies of paid claims exceeding $250, $500 and $1,000 respectively are shown for those cars with sufficient claims to be statistically valid. The results, based on the larger medical claims, indicate the frequency of occurrence of injuries of increasing severities. Each claim frequency result is in relative terms, with 100 representing the result for all cars combined in each claim size category. Thus, comparisons among vehicles must be made either within a particular claim size category, or by considering the sets of claim frequency results. The relative claim frequency results for the different claim size amounts are not directly comparable because the sets of relative results are based on different values of 100. The report is based on injury coverages and injury claims involving 1978 through 1980 models in the period from their introduction through December 1980. The results for vehicles discontinued prior to the 1980 model year, are not included in this report. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Severity KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361367 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGES. INJURY CLAIM FREQUENCY RESULTS BY SIZE OF CLAIM VANS, PICKUP TRUCKS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES 1977-1980 MODELS PY - 1981/09 SP - 26 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) report presents the frequencies of insurance claims for injuries to occupants of 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980 model year vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles. Claim frequency results are shown separately for all medical claims and for those claims in which the medical losses exceeded $250, $500, and $1,000. The principal findings are: (1) In all claim size categories, pickup trucks, as a group, had the lowest claim frequencies; vans had the next lowest, followed by utility vehicles and then passenger cars with the highest; (2) Among the vans, the Volkswagen Kombi/Campmobile had the highest overall claim frequency and the highest frequency of claims exceeding both $250 and $500; all three results were almost 40 percent worse than the all-vehicle results. The Chevrolet G20 Sportvan (3/4T) had the lowest claim frequency in each claim size category; (3) Among the pickup trucks, the Subaru Brat had the worst results; its overall claim frequency was 72 percent worse than the all-vehicle average. The Dodge D-50 and Toyota Standard Bed pickups also had extremely poor results. The GMC C2500/K2500 (3/4T) had the best results with an overall claim frequency that was 32 percent better than the all-vehicle average and frequencies for claims exceeding both $250 and $500 more than 40 percent better than the all-vehicle results; and (4) The variation in the results for utility vehicles was much greater than that for either vans or pickup trucks. The Jeep Cherokee had the lowest overall claim frequency, 22 percent better than the all-vehicle average. Both of the Jeep CJ series had extremely high claim frequencies. The Jeep CJ-5 had by far the worst results; its overall claim frequency was 122 percent worse than the all-vehicle average and the frequencies rose to three times the average for claims with medical costs exceeding $1,000. The frequency of claims exceeding $250, $500, and $1,000 for the Jeep CJ-5 were all higher than those for any other vehicle in this report and were also higher than those for any of the passenger cars reported for the same model years. KW - Data analysis KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Personal injury KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Statistics KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176171 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349825 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Pacejka, H B AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - IN-PLANE AND OUT-OF-PLANE DYNAMICS OF PNEUMATIC TYRES PY - 1981/09 VL - 10 IS - 4-5 SP - p. 221-251 AB - During the last decade research has been conducted on the dynamics of the tyre considered as a vehicle component. A survey is given of these developments where tyre mass plays an important role. The underlying theoretical considerations concerning the massless tyre have been discussed as well. Two groups of tyre response have been distinguished: the lateral (out-of-plane) response and the vertical/ longitudinal (in-plane) response to motions of the wheel. In both categories tyre compliance, slip and inertia have influence. The dynamic properties of the rolling tyre have been presented in the form of transfer functions and/or differential equations. The frequency of the imposed oscillations is assumed to be below ca. 40 Hz. Non-linear effects and modelling have been briefly touched on. KW - Compliance KW - Differential equations KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamics KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Lateral dynamics KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips KW - Tires KW - Transfer functions KW - Vertical dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349847 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Dunne, J AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - HOW DESIGNERS BUILD MORE MPG INTO NEW LOW-DRAG CARS PY - 1981/09 VL - 219 IS - 3 SP - p. 74-76 AB - There is an intense search for fuel economy through improved aerodynamics: reducing drag reduces fuel consumption. No matter how much the engine is abused, every mile a car is driven, fuel efficiency is improved. Three 1981 car series have received extensive aerodynamic fine-tuning: Ford Escort/Mercury Lynx, Plymouth Reliant/ Dodge Aries, and Pontiac Grand Prix/Chevrolet Monte Carlo/ Buick Regal/Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme. Eventually, designers plan to cut the efficiency-gouging coefficient of drag from today's average of 0.40-0.45 down to a practical minimum of about 0.25. KW - Aerodynamic configurations KW - Aerodynamics KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drag KW - Drag forces KW - Fuel consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349842 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - FOR YOUR BODY ONLY--BUCKLE UP PY - 1981/09 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - 5 p. AB - This article points out some facts which a person should be aware of before he rejects or ignores the use of a seatbelt. These subjects are considered: what seatbelts can do if they're worn; what causes the injuries to people who don't wear them; and a few of the real reasons people have for failure to buckle up. KW - Choice models KW - Crash severity KW - Human factors KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180094 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349859 JO - Vehicle System Dynamics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - CROLLA, D A AU - Swets & Zeitlinger TI - OFF-ROAD VEHICLE DYNAMICS PY - 1981/09 VL - 10 IS - 4-5 SP - p. 253-266 AB - Recent developments in off-road vehicle dynamics are reviewed. Progress on this topic and the application of new techniques to the particular problems associated with off-road operation tend to lag behind practices established for road vehicles. The factor which limits further progress is the lack of appropriate off-road tyre data, in particular, on vibrational and lateral force generation characteristics. Also, a long term study should be aimed at understanding the dynamic behaviour of tyres on yielding surfaces. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Lateral loads KW - Rolling contact KW - Tires KW - Tracked vehicles KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349873 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - NIGHT RIDING TRADEOFFS PY - 1981/09 VL - 15 IS - 4 SP - p. 18-20 AB - A brief review is made of what a motorcyclist encounters during night riding. One of the major considerations is driver vision, including the problems of on-coming headlights and eye sensitivity, the relaxation of eye muscles when alcohol has been consumed, and slow glare recovery of riders who smoke due to eye photochemical reaction slowdown from lack of oxygen. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Motorcyclists KW - Night vision KW - Smoking KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364879 AU - Buck, R E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM (HEVSIM) FOR HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE SIMULATION. VOLUME II: USERS' MANUAL PY - 1981/09 SP - 78 p. AB - Volume II is the second volume of a three volume document describing the computer program HEVSIM for use with buses and heavy duty trucks. This volume is a user's manual describing how to prepare data input and execute the program. A strong effort has been made to prepare this manual from a user's viewpoint. Sample cases have been included to illustrate the various simulation methods available, and the most frequently used HEVSIM options. KW - Buses KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Drag KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gear drives KW - Gears KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle drive systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Simulation KW - Tires KW - Transmissions KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - User needs KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177136 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348754 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Taylor, J I AU - National Safety Council TI - WHAT PRICE SAFETY? FACING THE MORAL DILEMMAS PY - 1981/09 VL - 81 IS - 5 SP - p. 6 AB - Highway safety engineers and transportation administrators are increasingly being faced with ethical and philosophical dilemmas surrounding trade-offs between the public good and public savings. This article considers the various questions that highway safety engineers and transportation administrators must face in making or influencing these cost benefits decisions. From a pragmatic standpoint, the answers appear obvious, since all programs would halt if decision makers challenged each project and expenditure, but from the moral or ethical standpoint, the answers are not so clear. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Civil engineers KW - Decision making KW - Highway safety KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364878 AU - Buck, R E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM (HEVSIM) FOR HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE SIMULATION. VOLUME I: DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS PY - 1981/09 SP - 26 p. AB - This report presents a description of a vehicle simulation program, which can determine the fuel economy and performance of a specified motor vehicle over a defined route as it executes a given driving schedule. Vehicle input accommodated by HEVSIM include accessories, engine, rear axle, converter, transmission, tires, aerodynamic drag coefficient, and shift logic. The report consists of three volumes. Volume I presents a description of the numerical approach and equations, Volume II is a user's manual, and Volume III contains the program listings. KW - Buses KW - Computer programs KW - Drag KW - Engines KW - Equations KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gear drives KW - Gears KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle drive systems KW - Simulation KW - Tires KW - Transmissions KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364880 AU - Buck, R E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM (HEVSIM) FOR HEAVY DUTY VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE SIMULATION. VOLUME III: APPENDICES A THROUGH F PY - 1981/09 SP - 319 p. AB - Volume III is the third and last volume of a three volume document describing the computer program HEVSIM. This volume includes appendices which list the HEVSIM program, sample part data, some typical outputs and updated nomenclature. KW - Buses KW - Computer programs KW - Drag KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gear drives KW - Gears KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Motor vehicle drive systems KW - Simulation KW - Tires KW - Transmissions KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347732 AU - Kaldobsky, P R AU - Fava, N E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROFILES OF AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS INDUSTRIES-ENGINEERED MECHANICAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS: VOLUME I, TEXT PY - 1981/09 SP - 433 p. AB - This profile describes and analyzes that segment of the automotive supplier industry which provides engineered mechanical components/assemblies/systems to the prime auto manufacturers. It presents an overview of the role and structure of this industry and of its historical business performance data (1975 through 1979). It profiles, in some detail, 76 leading companies in this industry, and discusses domestic and foreign changes and growing international competition. It provides an assessment of capital requirements, of structural changes in the industry, and of evolving suppliers' strategy and tactics. KW - Assessments KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Capital KW - Competition KW - Demand KW - Economic analysis KW - Industries KW - International trade KW - Machinery KW - Market value KW - Mechanical engineering KW - Mechanical equipment KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sales KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347733 AU - Kaldobsky, P R AU - Fava, N E AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROFILES OF AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS INDUSTRIES-ENGINEERED MECHANICAL COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS: VOLUME II, APPENDICES PY - 1981/09 SP - 189 p. AB - The profile describes and analyzes that segment of the automotive supplier industry which provides engineered mechanical components/assemblies/systems to the prime auto manufacturers. It presents an overview of the role and structure of this industry and of its historical business performance data (1975 through 1979). It profiles, in some detail, 76 leading companies in this industry, and discusses domestic and foreign changes and growing international competition. It provides an assessment of capital requirements, of structural changes in the industry, and of evolving suppliers' strategy and tactics. KW - Assessments KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Capital KW - Competition KW - Demand KW - Economic analysis KW - Industries KW - International trade KW - Machinery KW - Market value KW - Mechanical engineering KW - Mechanical equipment KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sales KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171641 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362398 JO - BMJ PB - British Medical Association AU - Tachakra, S S AU - British Medical Association TI - DRIVING FOR THE DISABLED PY - 1981/08/29 VL - 283 SP - p. 589-591 AB - This article discusses adaptations available for modifying vehicles for disabled drivers. It also briefly discusses other needs of disabled drivers such as special parking facilities and insurance at reasonable cost. Mention is made of the planned production of specialized vehicles which will provide personal independent mobility to disabled people unable to transfer themselves from wheelchair to car as they may remain in their own wheelchair while driving. Since this article is addressed to medical practitioners that they may be aware of how easy it is for the disabled to drive a suitably adopted vehicle, it concludes by stating that, "A doctor will have done enough even if he just raises the question of driving and refers his patient to a motoring club for the disabled." KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Disabled drivers KW - Insurance KW - Mobility KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parking KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Physicians KW - Vehicle design KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373623 JO - Medical Tribune PB - Medical Tribune, Incorporated AU - Medical Tribune, Incorporated TI - AUTO LAP BELTS SEEN AS CAUSE OF LOW BACK INJURIES IN CHILDREN PY - 1981/08/26 SP - p. 3-4 AB - In lap-belted children, the sudden deceleration of a head-on collision causes their bodies to hyperflex about the belt, resulting in lower spinal injuries. However, without a belt most children would be killed in the same type of accident. Perhaps the best solution lies with the use of lap-and-shoulder harness for front and back seat riders. This type of restraint does not seem to be associated with a characteristic injury. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear seats KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361608 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION--THE USEFULNESS OF INSURANCE DATA IN HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH PY - 1981/08/25 SP - 53 p. AB - The National Transportation Safety Board has evaluated the potential usefulness of insurance data in highway safety research. In the course of the study, the Safety Board reviewed methods used by the insurance industry to gather and process applications, claims, and other data that insurance companies use in their routine business. Additionally, the Safety Board reviewed past and current attempts by Federal agencies to use insurance data in highway safety research. The Safety Board concludes that most of the data collected by insurance companies are inappropriate for use in highway safety research. However, some data are potentially useful. In its evaluation, the Board cites examples of Federal safety research that has made beneficial use of insurance data. The Board also cites research efforts that attempted to use insurance data in inappropriate ways. The Board recommends that DOT and the insurance industry establish a formal consultative arrangement, through AIRAC, an insurance industry research committee, to avoid future inappropriate use of insurance data. KW - Data KW - Highway safety KW - Insurance KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361363 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--D & J TRANSPORTATION CO., COMMUTER BUS RUN-OFF-ROADWAY, I-95 NEAR TRIANGLE, VIRGINIA, FEBRUARY 18, 1981 PY - 1981/08/25 SP - 48 p. AB - About 4:36 p.m., on February 18, 1981, a D&J Transportation Company commuter bus occupied by the driver and 23 passengers was southbound in the median traffic lane of I-95 near Triangle, Virginia. As the bus approached the Chopawamsic Creek bridge, it veered to the driver's right, traveled across the right traffic lane, an acceleration lane, and off the pavement. The right front of the bus struck and overrode a W-section guardrail, 59 feet north of the Chopawamsic Creek bridge parapet. After the left front of the bus struck the north end of the parapet, the bus became airborne and vaulted about 84 feet horizontally before landing on its right front in the creek, about 25 feet below the highway surface. The bus came to rest on its right side, roughly perpendicular to and facing the bridge, in about 2 feet of water. Eleven bus occupants, including the driver, were killed and 13 passengers were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the separation of a severely worn steering linkage ball joint connection which resulted in the jamming of the steering linkage and prevented the driver's controlling the steering of the bus. Contributing to the cause of the accident were ineffective inspection procedures followed by both the operator and the State inspection agency which failed to detect the worn ball joint assembly, and the steering system design which included mechanical components that could gradually deteriorate with no forewarning of impending failure and which did not incorporate fail-safe features. KW - Bridges KW - Bus drivers KW - Bus transportation KW - Commuter buses KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Guardrails KW - Injuries KW - Inspection KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Maintenance KW - Steering gears KW - Transit buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176166 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349884 JO - Science PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AU - Ramo, S AU - American University TI - REGULATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES: A NEW APPROACH PY - 1981/08/21 VL - 213 IS - 4510 SP - p. 837-842 AB - Efforts to regulate technological activities have led to confusing and inconsistent government actions, delays in realizing the benefits from scientific advances, huge financial burdens, and doubtful protection. In the absence of a clear decision-making authority on technological issues, appeal from regulations is frequently sought in the courts. A new approach to regulation is proposed in which the tasks of investigating a technological activity and of making decisions are separated. The former would be carried out by an investigatory agency charged with and enabled to determine the negative aspects of the technological activity, the latter by politically appointed decision boards. The boards would consider the negative evidence presented by the investigatory agency and balance it against the benefits of the proposed activity. KW - Crash investigation KW - Decision making KW - Regulations KW - Studies KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346176 AU - Ramboz, J D AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION METHODS FOR AN ANGULAR ACCELEROMETER PY - 1981/08 SP - 75 p. AB - A transducer which measures angular acceleration along one axis was investigated to assess three of its performance characteristics, viz., sensitivity factor, amplitude linearity, and response to linear (non-angular) input accelerations. Accelerometer specifications and response theory are presented. Test philosophy and methodology are discussed along with measurement results. Tests were conducted over a frequency range from 1.5 to 100 Hz and an acceleration range from 64 to 5000 rad/square second. Generally, the performance observed was in agreement with the manufacturer's preliminary specifications. KW - Accelerometers KW - Angular acceleration KW - Calibration KW - Frequency response KW - Specifications KW - Transfer functions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365566 AU - Snell, J L AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ODOMETER TAMPERING VIOLATIONS ANALYSIS: MANUAL FOR ADMINISTRATION OF STATE ODOMETER ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS PY - 1981/08 SP - 84 p. AB - The objectives of this report are to describe the occurrence of odometer tampering within the general population of vehicles registered in California and to document the steps of odometer investigation/litigation procedures. A review of all consumer complaints alleging odometer tampering was conducted. A stratified random sample (5,000) of the general vehicle population, as well as selection of lease vehicles (2,000), were used to describe the occurrence of tampering/reporting violations. The results of this analysis indicate that odometer tampering exists within the used vehicle market. Additional studies have indicated that the frequency of occurrence is greater than observed in this analysis. A concise manual was prepared for the enforcement of odometer tampering violations and recommendations were made for improvement of the California enforcement system. KW - California KW - Crash investigation KW - Law enforcement KW - Litigation KW - Manuals KW - Odometers KW - Reviews KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399236 AU - Campbell, K L AU - CARSTEN, O AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FLEET ACCIDENT EVALUATION OF FMVSS 121 PY - 1981/08 SP - 342 p. AB - The report presents the final results of a four-year project to evaluate the safety impact of FMVSS 121. The study focuses on the experience of 1974-1977 model year vehicles during the calendar years 1976-1978. National estimates of fatal and injury accident involvement rates (number of involvements per hundred million vehicle miles) are developed for pre-and post-standard vehicles in various exposure categories. Many approximations and assumptions were necessary to carry out this analysis with the available data. The influence of these factors must be taken into account when interpreting results. National samples of vehicles were selected from manufacturers' sales lists for exposure surveys. The data collected included descriptive information on the company and vehicle, mileage, and type of use. The NHTSA Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) provides information on all fatal accidents. These data were supplemented by telephone interviews. Injury level accident data were obtained from the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety. The authors conclude that this study provides no evidence of a substantial safety benefit for post-standard vehicles. It is recommended that future evaluation programs be expanded to include limited pilot, or demonstration, programs and planning of the national impact evaluation prior to implementation of the countermeasure. KW - Countermeasures KW - Evaluation KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396147 AU - Reis, R E AU - Sacramento County Health Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE COURT REFERRAL AND RANDOM ASSIGNMENT PROCESS: INTERNAL VALIDITY OF THE RESEARCH DESIGNS 1980 ANNUAL REPORT: VOLUME III PY - 1981/08 SP - 91 p. AB - This volume of the 1980 Annual Report presents the final analysis of the CDUI Project's random assignment process. The treatment assignment procedures were detailed and sources of bias and controls were discussed. To verify that the random assignment process had distributed clients among the treatment groups of each research design in an unbiased manner, the groups were compared on fourteen client profile variables. The Project's three research designs (one for first offense drunk drivers, and two for multiple offenders) were examined separately. Thus a total of 42 comparisons were made. Of the 42 comparisons, only one resulted in a statistically significant between group difference. The magnitude of this difference was small and the statistical significance was considered spurious. Overall, the results of this study provided no evidence of bias in the random assignment procedures that could confound the analysis of treatment effectiveness. Within each research design, the treatment groups were comparable in terms of initial client characteristics. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Random assignment KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396130 AU - Johnson, N AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESULTS OF A 30 DEGREE ANGLED BARRIER CRASH TEST ON THE MINICARS RSV CONDUCTED IN ENGLAND PY - 1981/08 SP - 125 p. AB - This report presents the results of a 30 deg angled barrier frontal impact test on a Minicars RSV. The impact velocity was 37.5 mph. The test was conducted by the Motor Industry Research Association, under the direction of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, in Nuneaton, England. The crash test evaluated the structural integrity and response of the Minicars RSV, and dynamic response of its two dummy occupants, in a 30 deg angled barrier crash. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety vehicles KW - Structural evaluation KW - Structural tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396148 AU - Reis, R E AU - Sacramento County Health Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPACT OF EDUCATIONAL COUNSELING PROGRAMS FOR MULTIPLE OFFENSE DRUNK DRIVERS 1980 ANNUAL REPORT: VOLUME V PY - 1981/08 SP - 83 p. AB - This volume of the 1980 Annual Report presents an interim analysis concerning the effectiveness of the CDUI Project's educational counseling programs for multiple DUI offenders. The post-conviction presentence (PCPS) research design, used for clients with only one prior DUI conviction, involved random assignment to year-long group counseling programs with or without chemotherapy (disulfiram), or a biweekly contacts only group, or a no treatment control group. All clients in the State Senate Bill 38 (SB38) research design were assigned to counseling/chemotherapy programs. SB38 clients were reclassified, after random assignment, into four post hoc treatment groups; life skills counseling or disease model counseling, with or without chemotherapy. Treatment effectiveness was assessed in terms of drunk driving offenses and accident involvement occurring subsequent to random assignment. The PCPS analyses indicated that group counseling resulted in a significantly higher DUI survival rate (lower rearrest/recidivism rate) relative to the control group. Chemotherapy had no significant effect on the DUI recidivism rate of PCPS clients. There was also tentative evidence that the biweekly contacts procedure was as effective as counseling in reducing DUI recidivism. Neither counseling nor biweekly contacts affected accident involvement. The SB38 analyses suggested that the disease model counseling approach with chemotherapy resulted in a lower DUI recidivism rate than the other modalities examined. This relative difference in effectiveness may have been limited to clients without severe drinking problems. Neither of the Project's secondary interventions, letter monitoring and follow-up interviews, had a traffic safety impact. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Chemotherapy KW - Crashes KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Group counseling KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Psychotherapy KW - Recidivism KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396146 AU - Reis, R E AU - Sacramento County Health Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF EVALUATIVE FINDINGS 1980 ANNUAL REPORT: VOLUME I PY - 1981/08 SP - 46 p. AB - The CDUI Project's 1980 Annual Report was written in six volumes. The present document is the first volume in the series and it provides a summary of the evaluative findings detailed in Volumes II through VI of the Annual Report. Volumes II and III, which examine the external and internal validity of the research designs, and Volume VI, which describes the Life Activities Inventory (client follow-up protocol), are final reports on these topics. Volumes IV and V, the analytic studies concerning impact or treatment effectiveness, are interim reports. This document also presents a review of the Project's research procedures with an emphasis on the court referral-intake process and the research designs. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396137 AU - Reis, R E AU - Sacramento County Health Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE TRAFFIC SAFETY IMPACT OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR FIRST OFFENSE DRUNK DRIVERS 1980 ANNUAL REPORT: VOLUME IV PY - 1981/08 SP - 46 p. AB - This volume of the 1980 Annual Report presents an interim analysis concerning the effectiveness of the CDUI Project's education programs for drivers convicted of their first drunk driving offense. First offense drunk drivers were randomly assigned to a home study program, an in-class education program, or a no treatment control group. Within each of these conditions one-half of the clients were also assigned to quarterly letter monitoring, and one-half to follow-up interviews: two secondary interventions. Clients in each treatment condition were compared in terms of drunk driving offenses (DUI) and accident involvement occurring subsequent to assignment. The results indicated that both the education programs resulted in a significant reduction in DUI recidivism relative to the control group but there was no significant difference between the home study and in-class approaches. The education programs had no significant effect on accident involvement. Neither of the secondary interventions had a traffic safety impact. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Crashes KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recidivism KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396149 AU - Holden, C A AU - Reis, R E AU - Sacramento County Health Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DESCRIPTION OF THE LIFE ACTIVITIES INVENTORY AND SCORING PROCEDURES 1980 ANNUAL REPORT: VOLUME VI PY - 1981/08 SP - 159 p. AB - This volume of the 1980 Annual Report provides a description of the follow-up interview protocol and questionnaires (collectively called the Life Activities Inventory) that were used to obtain information on client life activities and personality characteristics prior to beginning treatment, and then again at ten and twenty months from the initial (baseline) interview. Factor analytic techniques were applied to a sample of 2,892 initial interview cases in order to combine the questionnaire and interview items into a smaller number of scales reflecting current life status and personality characteristics in different domains. Eight life status scales, five personality scales, and one response bias scale were constructed, all of which showed acceptable internal consistency reliabilities. The life status scales will be used to supplement the direct traffic safety criteria, e.g., DUI recidivism and accident involvement, in the evaluation of program effectiveness. The personality scales will be used primarily as client profile measures to determine their relationship, if any, with treatment outcome. The scales obtained from the CDUI Project's version of the Life Activities Inventory are comparable to those used in the evaluation of the NHTSA's Alcohol Safety Action Projects. KW - Activity choices KW - Crashes KW - Demonstration projects KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Life activities inventory KW - Life styles KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Personality KW - Recidivism KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394048 AU - Tisdale, H N AU - Belford, J AU - Smith, C W AU - Delaware State College, Dover TI - DELAWARE ALCOHOL PROCESS EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/08 SP - 141 p. AB - This report provides a comprehensive analysis of alcohol-related highway safety problems in the State of Delaware. Also included in the report is documentation of processes and procedures of agencies relative to the handling of the defendant who is charged with Driving Under the Influence (DUI). Driving Under the Influence is defined as having a blood alcohol content of one-tenth of one percent or more by weight, within four hours of arrest. Any person charged with driving under the influence is processed pursuant to Delaware Code, Title 21, Section 4177. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384683 JO - Drive and Trail PB - Automobile Association AU - Oxford, R AU - ROY, P AU - Automobile Association TI - WOULD YOU BELT YOUR CHILD? PY - 1981/08 VL - 73 SP - p. 117-122 AB - A series of tests were conducted to find out what happens to children secured in an adult's seat belt during a collision. While it is acknowledged that these collision tests using dummies prove little, they did indicate several important things: (1) Some children who would otherwise be unrestrained in the rear could be saved by adult belts in the front; (2) The older and bigger the child, the better its chances of surviving a crash by being belted into an adult harness; (3) Properly designed booster cushions hold the key to making adult belts suitable for children--especially older children; (4) Household cushions should not be used; and (5) The lap-belt-only carries a serious risk of allowing the child to "jacknife" with the danger of head and abdominal injury. The conclusion is, in the present state of the art, if you want to keep your children safe in the car, belt them into properly approved restraints that have been made just for them. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Cushions KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Testing KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376704 AU - Campbell, B J AU - Governor's Highway Safety Program TI - AN ATTEMPT TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT ON ACCIDENTS OF VARIOUS SELECTIVE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROJECTS FUNDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA GOVERNOR'S HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM AND CARRIED OUT BY SEVERAL NORTH CAROLINA CITIES PY - 1981/08 SP - 114 p. AB - This report examines citywide accident trends in STEP (Selective Traffic Enforcement Projects) cities. The analysis was carried out utilizing an interrupted time series design. The results of this analysis fail to show that modest size STEP projects, involving overtime or equivalent for police officers have detectable results in preventing the kinds of accidents whose unsafe behavior are targetted. Growing out of this failure to find satisfactory results are some thoughts as to ways that this situation may be improved in future projects. KW - Analysis KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impact studies KW - Law enforcement KW - Methodology KW - Moving violations KW - Police KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190549 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373626 JO - Central African Journal of Medicine AU - Kobus, H J TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING: THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION PY - 1981/08 VL - 27 IS - 8 SP - p. 149-151 AB - The drunk driving legislation in Zimbabwe has a blood alcohol level concentration of 80 mg/100 ml. In addition the law has a second higher limit of 150 mg/100 ml and exceeding this level carries more severe penalties. This paper examines the factors that affect the rate of absorption and elimination of alcohol in the body and therefore influence the final blood alcohol concentration: (1) Quantity of alcohol consumed; (2) Rate of consumption; (3) Time of sampling; and (4) Individual variation. Data is currently being amassed in an attempt to correlate blood alcohol concentration and alcohol consumption for local beverages and the results are reported. KW - Absorption KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Consumption KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194154 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369729 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - SAKAI, H AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF TYRES: PART 3: CALCULATION OF THE SIX COMPONENTS OF FORCE AND MOMENT OF A TYRE PY - 1981/08 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - p. 335-372 AB - The method of calculating the six components of force and moment generated in a tyre is presented, and then applied. Partial results of the calculation are presented. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamics KW - Experimental data KW - Momentum KW - Theoretical studies KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187222 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369614 JO - AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEER PB - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - TERRELL, T J AU - Costin, I J AU - Simpson, R J AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - A MICROPROCESSOR-BASED SPARK IGNITION ADVANCE-ANGLE METER PY - 1981/08 VL - 6 IS - 4 SP - p. 21-22 AB - The derivation and measurement of ignition advance-angle information is described. The implementation of a practical measuring process (for on-vehicle or test laboratory use) based on an 8-bit microprocessor system is discussed, also associated tests and practical results are included. KW - Advance angle meters KW - Electronics KW - Ignition systems KW - Ignition timing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Microprocessors KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346111 AU - Maxwell, D M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF THE SPEED ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM IN MASSACHUSETTS PY - 1981/08 SP - 38 p. AB - The report contains an analysis of the impact of the 55 MPH NMSL and the 55 MPH Enforcement Program in Massachusetts from 1973-1979. Monthly fatal and injury accident data from 1970-1979 were used in the Box-Jenkins Time Series approach to estimate the number of fatal and injury accidents forestalled on 55 MPH highways. The time series approach relates changes in monthly accidents to the implementation of the NMSL and the Enforcement Program. A significant reduction in fatal accidents was found for the Enforcement Program on Massachusetts Interstate highways. Significant reductions in fatal and injury accidents were found for the NMSL on Interstate and Federal-Aid Primary highways. KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Highway transportation KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Speed limits KW - Statistical analysis KW - Time series KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171357 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368794 JO - Technometrics AU - McDonald, G C AU - American Statistical Association TI - CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR VEHICLE EMISSION DETERIORATION FACTORS PY - 1981/08 VL - 23 IS - 3 SP - p. 239-242 AB - A method for assessing the statistical variability of emission deterioration factors is constructed. The deterioration factor is the ratio of the least squares estimate of the mean emission at 50,000 miles to the least squares estimate of the mean emission at 4,000 miles. The ratio of the true mean emission responses at two given mileages is treated as a population parameter around which confidence regions are constructed. The method involves inverting a test of hypothesis that can be expressed as a special case of the general linear hypothesis. The calculations are illustrated with a set of vehicle emission data. The implication of uncertainty on risk analysis is noted and an improved experimental procedure is suggested. KW - Compliance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fieller's method KW - Least squares method KW - Linear method KW - Ratios KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368371 AU - Governor's Alcohol and Highway Safety Task Force TI - GOVERNOR'S ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY TASK FORCE. COMMITTEE REPORTS: VOLUME 2--RESEARCH AND REHABILITATION; RESOURCE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT; VEHICLE AND ROADWAY SAFETY PY - 1981/08 SP - 124 p. AB - The second volume produced by this study consists of four reports: two reports by the research and rehabilitation committee, a report by the resource and community development committee, and a report by the vehicle and roadway safety committee. The report by the research subcommittee of the research and rehabilitation committee recommends changes to the current effort which may involve the reallocation of current resources or the development of new ones, as well as changes in the legislation and system structure. For the effective implementation and subsequent evaluation of the system, it is recommended that a framework for implementing the various programs be developed, that all models should include evaluation/research designs, and that an integrated alcohol and safety information system be maintained to evaluate the system. The report by the rehabilitation subcommittee of the research and rehabilitation committee describes the rehabilitative efforts which now exist in New York State and show that they do not always match client need to the appropriate treatment modality. A model system is proposed which would require administrative and legislative changes. The report by the research and community development committee identifies four areas of concern: community programs; cost assessment; insurance industry; and resources. State-of-the-art programs, policies, future needs, and model programs in each of the above areas are described. The report by the vehicle and roadway safety committee recommends measures that could reduce alcohol related accidents. These include measures to discourage or prevent drinking and driving, measures to reduce the chances of an accident; and measures to reduce the severity of an accident. Problem analysis and program funding are also discussed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Community action programs KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Information systems KW - Insurance KW - Laws KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Resource allocation KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic safety KW - Treatment programs KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367916 JO - Acta Psychologica PB - North-Holland Publishing Company AU - RIEMERSMA, JBJ AU - North-Holland Publishing Company TI - VISUAL CONTROL DURING STRAIGHT ROAD DRIVING PY - 1981/08 VL - 48 IS - 1-3 SP - p. 215-225 AB - In a laboratory experiment, visual thresholds were determined for change in heading angle and change in lateral position during simulated straight road driving. These thresholds differ for different delineations, forward speeds and exposure durations. The thresholds as found are low enough to be compatible with the precision with which a driver actually keeps course on a straight road. Therefore, they are likely candidates as visual cues for course control by a driver. Some implications for future research are discussed. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Perception KW - Thresholds (Perception) KW - Vision KW - Vision characteristics KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368304 AU - Snell, J L AU - California State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ODOMETER TAMPERING VIOLATIONS ANALYSIS: MANUAL FOR ADMINISTRATION OF STATE ODOMETER ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS PY - 1981/08 SP - 79 p. AB - The objectives of this report are to describe the occurrence of odometer tampering within the general population of vehicles registered in California and to document the steps of odometer investigation/litigation procedures. A review of all consumer complaints alleging odometer tampering was conducted. A stratified random sample (5,000) of the general vehicle population, as well as selection of lease vehicles (2,000) were used to describe the occurrence of tampering/reporting violations. Experience in the investigation and litigation fields was used to document the steps for the manual of enforcement. No odometer tampering cases were observed in the stratified random sample review. This could be due to the very small sample, sampling techniques, or low reporting levels for odometer readings. As a result of the leased vehicle review, 129 incidences of possible odometer tampering were discovered. (95 cases were supported by evidence.) Of the 187 consumer complaints alleging odometer tampering reviewed, 59 complaints were substantiated and an additional 15 complaints indicated misrepresentation involving odometer readings. The results of this analysis indicate that odometer tampering exists within the used vehicle market. Additional studies have indicated that the frequency of occurrence is greater than observed in this analysis. A concise manual was prepared for the enforcement of odometer tampering violations and recommendations were made for improvement of the California enforcement system. KW - Crash investigation KW - Evidence KW - Law enforcement KW - Litigation KW - Manuals KW - Oedometers KW - Rental cars KW - Studies KW - Tampering KW - Used vehicle industry UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366812 AU - GAB Services Incorporated TI - ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE NO FAULT STATUTES PY - 1981/08 SP - 33 p. AB - The material contained in this publication is an attempt to analyze only "Pure No Fault Statutes", that is, those statutes which restrict or limit the right to recover for "pain and suffering". Additional jurisdictions have purported "No Fault Statutes", but these statutes do not restrict or limit the right to recover for pain and suffering. The Federal "Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1980" amended Section 1862 (b) of the Social Security Act. This amendment, effective December 5, 1980, indicates that Medicare is to be excess where payment for Health Care Services can be made under automobile liability or No Fault Insurance. This has created a conflict with the language of many of the State No Fault Acts. KW - Laws KW - No fault insurance KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362418 AU - Military Traffic Management Command TI - MTMC PAMPHLET 55-16 VOLUME III--MASTERING TRAFFIC ENGINEERING PY - 1981/08 SP - 64 p. AB - MTMC Pamphlet 55-16 presents economical ways to increase roadway capacity and reduce traffic demand through transportation system management (TSM) and basic traffic engineering actions. MTMC Pamphlet 55-16 is divided into three volumes: I-MASTERing Alternative Work Schedules, II-MASTERing Ridesharing, and III-MASTERing Traffic Engineering. To meet the pressing need for ridesharing guidance, Volume II, dated October 1980, was published ahead of the other two volumes. Volume I, which presents work schedules as a means of facilitating ridesharing and reducing traffic congestion, was published in January 1981. Volume III, this volume, has two sections. Section 1 presents ways to clear up common traffic bottlenecks that result in wasted gasoline. Section 2 assists in the planning and design of facilities that will encourage motorists to switch to a more energy-efficient travel mode--the bicycle. KW - Bikeways KW - Bottlenecks KW - Design KW - Energy conservation KW - Flexible hours KW - Highway capacity KW - Planning KW - Ridesharing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361934 AU - Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission TI - STANDARDIZATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST SYSTEMS INCLUDING MAXIMUM NOISE LEVELS PY - 1981/08 SP - 5 p. AB - To establish national, uniform performance and equipment requirements for exhaust systems on vehicles, as herein defined, and to furnish state administrators with a guide for the uniform regulation of exhaust systems on those vehicles. The scope of this regulation is applicable to passenger cars, multi-purpose passenger vehicles, motorcycles, trucks and buses of gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less for use on the public highways. The regulation sets forth maximum noise levels and discharge point(s) and prohibits certain alterations to exhaust systems. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Minibuses KW - Motorcycles KW - Sound level KW - Standardization KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361924 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT LIMITS PY - 1981/08 SP - v.p. AB - This study applied a systematic investigation of the range of benefits and costs to the U.S. economy and society as a whole, as well as to individual interest groups, resulting from a set of alternative changes to current Federal limits on truck size and weight. The ten alternatives, or "scenarios," that were examined consist of a Base Case and five categories of changes in current Federal truck size and weight limits. A broad range of increases and decreases in limits are covered. The results of this analysis show that transport cost savings (from improved truck productivity) could overwhelm the associated costs of increased highway and bridge wear and tear and truck accident costs. The analysis also shows relatively little diversion of traffic from rail to truck. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Change KW - Laws KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179314 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361907 JO - Abstracts & Reviews in Alcohol & Driving PB - UCLA Alcohol Research Center AU - RYAN, B E AU - Vasquez, J E AU - UCLA Alcohol Research Center TI - AN APPRAISAL OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY SB-38 PARTICIPANT DUI RECIDIVISM AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT PY - 1981/08 VL - 2 IS - 8 SP - p. 3-5 AB - Successful participation in the San Diego County SB-38 program appears to be as effective a countermeasure to subsequent DUIs (Driving Under the Influence offenses) as the otherwise mandated license suspension for second offenders. DUI survival rates were calculated for a sample of San Diego County SB-38 graduates for the year post program completion and compared with the survival rates calculated by DMV on individuals for the year post license suspension. The San Diego County group had higher DUI survival rates. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recidivism KW - Survival KW - Suspensions KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361925 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT LIMITS. APPENDICES TO THE FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/08 SP - v.p. AB - This volume contains nine appendices which present supporting material for the Secretary of Transportation's truck size and weight report to Congress as required by Section 161 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Change KW - Laws KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361935 AU - Vehicle Equipment Safety Commission TI - MINIMUM PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR AUXILIARY LIQUID FUEL TANKS PY - 1981/08 SP - 5 p. AB - The two purposes of this regulation are: (A) To enhance safety by requiring a minimum level of strength and structural integrity in the manufacture and installation of auxiliary liquid fuel tanks; and (B) To provide a uniform, minimum performance standard for auxiliary liquid fuel tanks to state motor vehicle administrators in the regulation of those tanks. This regulation shall be applicable to auxiliary liquid fuel tanks for passenger cars, multi-purpose passenger vehicles, trucks and buses of gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less and shall apply to their manufacture, installation, sale and use. This regulation applies to auxiliary liquid fuel tanks except those which have been certified to FMVSS 301 (Fuel System Integrity-Passenger Cars, Multi-Purpose Passenger Vehicles, Trucks and Buses) or FMCSR 393.65 (All Fuel Systems) and FMCSR 393.67 (Liquid Fuel Tanks), as applicable. KW - Automobiles KW - Auxiliary liquid fuel tank KW - Buses KW - Fuel tanks KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance KW - Standards KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176639 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349883 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - WHITAKER, L A AU - Stacey, S AU - Human Factors Society TI - RESPONSE TIMES TO LEFT AND RIGHT DIRECTIONAL SIGNS PY - 1981/08 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - p. 447-452 AB - In two experiments, choice response times to word and arrow signs were measured. Subjects were asked to respond to visual stimuli which presented right or left directional instructions. Both left- and right-handed subjects were tested. In each experiment, a different response mode (vocal and ballistic lateral movement) was used; they produced similar results. Choice response times were faster for arrow directions than for words. Permissive stimuli (DO) produced faster responses than did prohibitive (DO NOT). Response times to left stimuli did not differ from latencies to right stimuli. Subject's hand preference did not influence choice response times or accuracy of responses. Some conclusions about designing traffic signs to facilitate left-right directional decisions are drawn. KW - Arrow (Traffic control) KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Design KW - Direction signs KW - Directional sign KW - Emergency response time KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349664 JO - Traffic Laws Commentary AU - English, J W AU - Denis, AJR AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUPPLEMENT TO BICYCLING LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES 1974-1980 PY - 1981/08 VL - 10 IS - 6 SP - 138 p. AB - This is an update of information contained in an earlier Commentary, "Bicycling Laws in the United States", designed to be used with the original Commentary, as a supplement to that document. The Supplement covers changes in state vehicle codes in the seven-year period from 1974 through 1980. Together the original Commentary and the Supplement reflect the status of state laws as of January 1, 1981. The original Commentary reviewed the laws of 50 states and the ordinances of 50 selected municipalities. The Supplement updates this information only as to the 50 states and the District of Columbia. It does not update the information regarding the 50 municipalities except as to the District of Columbia. KW - Bicycles KW - Laws KW - Registrations KW - States KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179986 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349833 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Johnson, W AU - Walton, A C AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - FIRES IN PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM PY - 1981/08 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - p. 322-334 AB - Past records show that fires in public service vehicles (PSVs) in the United Kingdom result in few injuries per year. In apparent contradictions of this, there is evidence to suggest that the time it takes for fire to spread through a PSV can be short and can be considerably exceeded by occupant evacuation times via emergency exits. The characteristics of rapid flame spread and slow evacuation times are related to the possibility of a catastrophic collision between a PSV and a potentially high-risk vehicle such as a petrol tanker. Although fire-retarding materials are being used in PSVs, it is doubtful if these will ultimately prevent extensive injuries in an accident of this nature, and the solution seems to hinge on the design of such vehicles as tankers. The cost of a multi-vehicle garage fire is discussed and the importance of garage design in addition to vehicle design is considered. KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Evacuation KW - Fire resistance KW - Fires KW - Garages KW - Public service vehicles KW - Tankers KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349870 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - 1980 IOWA ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1981/08 SP - 56 p. AB - The information included in this report was taken from report forms provided by investigating officers and drivers involved in accidents. The information is presented in tabular form and includes a summary of Iowa and National trends (1969-1980); Vehicle miles/fatalities (1969-1980; Time: fatal/all accidents; Drivers/fatalities: age/sex; Drinking and driving; Holiday fatalities (1962-1980); Pedestrians; and Counties, Vehicles involved in accidents by type: Automobiles, buses, cycles, farm vehicles, motor homes, recreational vehicles, trains and trucks. There is also a sample of the Investigating Officer's Report. KW - Age KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Holidays KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175812 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349646 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Gordon, D A AU - Human Factors Society TI - THE ASSESSMENT OF GUIDE SIGN INFORMATIONAL LOAD PY - 1981/08 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - p. 453-466 AB - The informational load of highway guide signs was measured in laboratory experimentation by having subjects view projected highway signs and choose the highway lanes leading to preassigned destinations. The informational load was measured in terms of response times and errors. Subjects were able to very quickly select the proper lane when they viewed common freeway signs and fictitious signs with as many as eight possible destinations. The inclusion on the sign display of unfamiliar destinations and nonguidance information did not appreciably slow subjects' responses. When the destination was not on the sign, subjects had to make navigational decisions, relating sign information to what they knew about the routes. The associated response times were significantly longer than when scanning alone was required. The findings are interpreted in terms of their implications for the design of highway signs. KW - Attention value KW - Behavior KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Emergency response time KW - Guide signs KW - Information content KW - Information organization KW - Laboratory tests KW - Perception KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179973 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349850 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - ANTI-ROLL BARS--LET'S BELLY UP TO THE BAR, FOLKS, AND SEE WHAT WE CAN LEARN PY - 1981/08 VL - 32 IS - 12 SP - p. 56 AB - The effects of anti-roll bars are tested comparatively, with bars variously connected and disconnected in three handling environment: skidpad, slalom and racing circuit. The objective of the test is to share diagnostic skills so one is able to assess what an anti-roll bar can- and cannot-be expected to do. KW - Anti-roll bars KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lateral placement KW - Traction KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349654 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - Robertson, L S AU - American Public Health Association TI - AUTOMOBILE SAFETY REGULATIONS AND DEATH REDUCTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1981/08 VL - 71 IS - 8 SP - p. 818-822 AB - The effectiveness of federal automobile safety standards was examined using detailed data on 236,000 vehicles in fatal crashes in the United States during 1975-1978. Controlling statistically for type of regulation, types of vehicles, and ages of vehicles, the federal motor vehicle safety standards were associated with substantial reductions in car occupant deaths per 100 million vehicle miles travelled, and some reductions in fatal collisions of the federally regulated vehicles with pedestrians, motorcyclists and bicyclists. Some 37,000 fewer deaths occurred in 1975-1978 than would have been expected without the federal standards. KW - Automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Federal government KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179980 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349861 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - WATANABE, Y AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - REDUCTION OF COMBUSTION NOISE AND STRUCTURAL IMPROVEMENT OF ITS TRANSMISSION PATH IN DIESEL ENGINE DESIGN PY - 1981/08 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - p. 276-288 AB - In order to provide a quieter diesel engine as an essential component of low-noise trucks, a two-year investigation of combustion noise and engine structural analysis was carried out. Influences of various variables related to combustion noise were observed on a Vee type two-cylinder engine, and the variables which seemed to be effective for noise control were confirmed on a multi-cylinder engine. Structural analysis was advanced by using improved measuring techniques such as applications of laser holography, transfer function and F.F.T. Furthermore, the adoption of accelerated running simulation on an eddy-current dynamometer made noise evaluation possible in an engine operating condition that was close to the actual vehicular situation. The target figure of engine noise reduction, 2 to 4 dB(A), could be almost achieved by cylinder block structural modification and turbocharging or by increasing the compression ratio for N.A. engines. Engine noise control techniques so far found effective and their problems are also discussed at the end of the paper. KW - Combustion KW - Diesel engines KW - Holography KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Vibration tests KW - Vibrational testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180106 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361322 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - Simmonds, A G AU - Printerhall Limited TI - THE EFFECTS ON VEHICLE SPEEDS OF ROADSIDE SAFETY POSTERS: PHASE III PY - 1981/08 VL - 22 IS - 8-9 SP - p. 480-485 AB - Since two previous studies on the use of roadside safety posters gave conflicting results, a third study was conducted. The posters used were of double crown size with the legend WATCH YOUR SPEED 30 MPH LIMIT. They had red lettering on white or black backgrounds and were placed on lamp columns. Results of this study are presented in tabular form. There is a discussion of the results with several conclusions drawn and an appraisal of the results obtained from all three studies. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Symbols KW - Traffic sign observance KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361312 AU - Andary, J J AU - Flora, J D AU - Huelke, D F AU - O'Day, J AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Department of State Police TI - ESTIMATES OF DIRECT COSTS TO THE STATE RESULTING FROM TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/08 SP - 98 p. AB - This is the final report for the project entitled "Estimates of Direct State Costs to the State Resulting From Traffic Accidents," sponsored by the State of Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning. The project aimed to provide quantitative estimates of traffic accident-related direct expenditures from state tax revenues as a result of traffic accidents. This report serves three purposes. The first is to detail the methodology and the sources of data. The second is to present estimates of the costs. The third is to show how the cost estimates can be used to estimate the likely benefits of countermeasures related to highway safety. The estimated annual direct cost to the state has been computed to be 21.5 million dollars, with 13.9 million associated primarily with injuries, 2.7 million with property damage, and 4.9 million associated with both injuries and property damage. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Economic impacts KW - Estimates KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364985 AU - Phillips, B M AU - Opinion Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATIC SAFETY BELT SYSTEMS: CHANGES IN OWNER USAGE OVER TIME IN GM CHEVETTES AND VW RABBITS PY - 1981/08 SP - 25 p. AB - Follow-up interviews were conducted with 417 owners of 1978-1979 Chevettes and with 441 owners of 1978 Rabbits. Both makes of cars when purchased had automatic restraint and starter interlock systems. This follow-up study had the following two basic objectives: (1) To determine any decrement in use of the automatic restraint system, and (2) To assess any change in owners' attitudes toward the automatic restraint system over a two year period. Findings from the current study when compared with those from the earlier study are helpful in trying to predict any potential decrement over time of automatic safety belt usage should all cars produced in the future come equipped with automatic restraint systems. It should be recognized, however, that both these earlier model Chevettes and Rabbits have a starter interlock which tends to have a positive effect on belt usage while cars manufactured in the future are not likely to include a starter interlock. KW - Attitudes KW - Automatic control KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Control devices KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Ignition seat belt interlocks KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization KW - Volkswagen automobile KW - Volskwagen UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349643 AU - Simeone, L F AU - Maider, R K AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - EFFECT OF OVERWEIGHT CARBURETOR FLOATS ON FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS OF A 1980 FORD 2.3-LITER ENGINE PY - 1981/08 SP - v.p. AB - The objective of this test was to determine the effect of carburetor float malfunctions on the fuel economy and emissions of a spark-ignition engine. The aim of this project was to generate steady-state engine data in support of previous investigations involving transient cycle vehicle tests. Previous studies have shown that nitrile rubber carburetor floats have a tendency to absorb gasoline over a period of time. This results in a heavier-than-stock carburetor float and a consequent change in fuel level within the float bowl. This alters the carburetor's calibration and effects the fuel consumption and emissions characteristics of the engine. KW - Calibration KW - Carburetors KW - Floating structures KW - Floats KW - Fuel consumption KW - Nitrile rubber KW - Pollutants KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Steady state KW - Synthetic rubber KW - Testing KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179282 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349655 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Wartburg, R J AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - BUCKLE-UP BABES PY - 1981/08 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-10 AB - In September 1980 at Grissom AFB, Indiana the "Buckle-Up Babes" program was initiated. It is designed not only to tell parents about the life-saving benefits of seatbelts and child seats, but also to provide the equipment. This article describes how the system works and points out the "safety habit" they are creating among children. The program also serves to motivate parents and older children to use their seatbelts more frequently. KW - Benefits KW - Child restraint systems KW - Infants KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motivation KW - Programs KW - Safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179981 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349845 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYDROGEN AS AUTOMOTIVE FUEL: WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD? PY - 1981/08 VL - 89 IS - 8 SP - p. 69-74 AB - The production, distribution and storage of hydrogen are considered. Its safety and effect on the environment, are reviewed. Its use as an automotive fuel is compared to alternative fuels. The near term conclusion is that its use as an automotive fuel is not for this century, while the longer term conclusion sees its prospects as brighter. Some promising areas of hydrogen-related research are presented. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel cells KW - Fuels KW - Hydrogen UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361042 JO - IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Fling, R T AU - Fenton, R E AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - A DESCRIBING-FUNCTION APPROACH TO ANTISKID DESIGN PY - 1981/08 VL - T-30 IS - 3 SP - p. 134-144 AB - A describing-function approach is employed in the design of an antiskid braking system. This includes the specification of the dynamics of a braking vehicle, a proposed system employing a feedback compensator to provide antiskid behavior, and the determination of the design parameters by a describing-function analysis. A wide range of tire-roadway conditions was considered in the latter. The resulting design was implemented and evaluated in field tests. The observed antiskid braking performance was approximately that predicted from the design. Thus the describing-function approach, especially in view of its ease of application and the insights it provides, appears to be a useful one for the control aspect of antiskid design. KW - Antiskid device KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Brakes KW - Performance tests KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Wheel lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180221 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348749 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Janicki, E AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - WERE YESTERDAY'S SMALL CARS 30 YEARS TOO SOON? (OR HOW HISTORY REPEATS ITSELF) PY - 1981/08 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - p. 22-26 AB - As prices of gasoline soared, and import sales in the United States skyrocketed, sales of Detroit cars fell off horrendously. General Motors, Ford and the Chrysler Corporation went on a small car spree with the X-cars, the Ford Escort, the K-cars and now the J-cars. However, small fuel-efficient cars are not new and many of them got high-mileage before the U.S. Government's edict ordering Detroit to make cars with higher mileage per gallon. A brief description of these and other cars from 1900 to present times is given. The article includes a table giving length and wheelbase comparisons of some of the old small cars, the new ones and the imports. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mileage KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349492 AU - Planek, T W AU - Race, K AU - Hoskin, A AU - Bryk, J A AU - Miller, T AU - National Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYMPOSIUM ON TRAFFIC SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS (IMPACT) EVALUATION PROJECTS PY - 1981/08 SP - v.p. AB - A Symposium on Traffic Safety Program Effectiveness (Impact) Evaluation Projects was held on May 19-21 at Chicago, Illinois. It described traffic safety countermeasure and evaluation project results to decision makers and other users at the state level. Invitees included state governor's highway safety representatives and coordinators, or their designees, and federal and regional administrators from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and the Federal Highway Administration. Presentations were selected from 32 reports submitted by the NHTSA Office of Program and Demonstration Evaluation. These projects were evaluated for the scientific quality of the effectiveness (impact) evaluations conducted and their potential use to the participants. Some 24 participants attended the symposium. They evaluated the event favorably and recommended that it be continued on an annual basis. It was also apparent from the results of surveys conducted before, during, and after the symposium that in selecting projects for presentation at future symposia, more weight should be placed on the criteria of practicality for state use. Also, symposium promotion should be heightened to increase participant attendance. The proceedings were published 3 months following the event. KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal government KW - Information dissemination KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Regional government KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349495 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL SUMMARY REPORT ON THE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ACCIDENT DATA IMPROVEMENT PLAN PY - 1981/08 SP - 13 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) convened a joint Task Force to determine the standards of comparison to be used in their review of accident data collected by the individual States. The Task Force also developed uniform review criteria. They then surveyed each State's accident data system, identifying problems and recommending corrective actions. The reviews were conducted in 1979, 1980 and the spring of 1981. The major portion of this report is devoted to the presentation of the findings, conclusions and recommendations of this Accident Data Improvement Plan (ADIP) project. Also included is a brief discussion of current FHWA and NHTSA program activities to improve traffic records systems, followed by a summation of national objectives determined as a result of the ADIP project findings. KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Federal government KW - Improvements KW - Recommendations KW - Records management KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175527 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348748 JO - Traffic Engineering & Control PB - Hemming Group, Limited AU - HILLS, B L AU - JACOBS, G D AU - Printerhall Limited TI - THE APPLICATION OF ROAD SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES PY - 1981/08 VL - 22 IS - 8-9 SP - p. 464-468 AB - Various examples of major differences between countries are used to emphasize the point that the order of priorities in road safety programs in developing countries can, more often than not, be very different from that in industrialized countries. As a consequence, there is a need to evaluate any countermeasures that are undertaken by mounting local or regional trials and carefully monitoring their cost-effectiveness before using them nationally. This then indicates the further and fundamental need for a good accident data collection analysis system, sufficient to produce essential information for accident investigation purposes, but not too sophisticated either for the needs or abilities of those needed to operate or contribute to it. A program of cooperative road safety research under the aegis of the Overseas Unit of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory and the Egyptian Ministries of Transport and Interior is outlined. KW - Countermeasures KW - Developing countries KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346680 AU - DeLeys, N J AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DATA FOR VALIDATION OF CRASH VICTIM SIMULATOR PY - 1981/08 SP - 422 p. AB - Replicate 30 MPH sled tests of a 50th percentile male anthropomorphic dummy restrained by a pre-inflated air bag and a three-point belt restraint were performed to provide data for validating mathematical simulation models of a crash victim. Special instrumentation of the dummy included triaxial accelerometers on the lower arms and 64 photographic targets attached to the dummy to permit measurement of segment motions from analysis of films from six high-speed cameras used to photograph the tests. Normal and tangential loads generated by contact of the dummy with the seat, toeboard, knee bolster and air bag reaction panel were also measured. KW - Air bags KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Dynamics KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Photographs KW - Safety engineering KW - Sled tests KW - Testing KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346686 AU - MACDONALD, D AU - WAGNER, M AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REPORT ON A NATIONAL STUDY OF PRELIMINARY BREATH TEST (PBT) AND ILLEGAL PER SE LAWS: EFFECTIVENESS OF PBT AND IPS LAWS PY - 1981/08 SP - 179 p. AB - The report provides information for use by state governments or traffic safety organizations interested in obtaining passage of either PBT or IPS in their states to control DWI offenses. The report sets forth the laws currently in effect and describes experiences with these laws in a sample of IPS and PBT jurisdictions, and discusses issues that would normally be addressed in a legislative analysis of alternative statutory approaches to control DWI traffic offenses. These include basic arguments for and against PBT and IPS, a description of practical, legal and constitutional issues, anticipation of special interest group concerns, the attitudes of police, prosecutors, judges, and defense attorneys, and a sample of before and after traffic safety and BAC statistics. The presentation of study findings and documentation of recommendations also include the tactical issues associated with obtaining support for these bills in the legislature. The report includes model statutory language and supporting rationale for an IPS and PBT law that should be acceptable to most state legislatures, and provides sample jury instructions, based upon those that have proven to be satisfactory in states with IPS and PBT statutes. The report also incorporates the results of a two-day NHTSA sponsored workshop attended by national authorities on IPS/PBT laws. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Before and after studies KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Meetings KW - Police KW - State government KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171526 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346161 AU - Loxley, C J AU - Luce, P AU - Osiecki, T AU - Rodenrys, K AU - Wharton Econometrics Forecasting Associates, Inc AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PAST AND FUTURE TRENDS IN LIGHT TRUCK SALES PY - 1981/08 SP - 125 p. AB - This report uses the Wharton EFA Motor Vehicle Demand Model (Mark II) and its associated databases to discuss and analyze past and future trends in the Light Duty Truck market. The dynamic historical growth in this market and its implications for energy, safety, and emissions policies in transportation enhance the value of increased information and understanding concerning these trends. Part A analyzes the historical trends, generally covering the 1955-77 period, its three chapters presenting and discussing data on new registrations, physical characteristics, and prices and costs. The discussion focuses on trends by manufacturer and by truck type. Part B presents preliminary projections of disaggregate truck and car sales, prices, fuel economy, etc., based upon certain economic, energy, demographic, and policy assumptions. In addition, simulation results are presented, indicating the likely impacts of changes in some of those assumptions. KW - Demand KW - Light trucks KW - Market research KW - Mathematical models KW - Sales KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366507 AU - U.S. General Accounting Office TI - CONSUMERS NEED MORE RELIABLE AUTOMOBILE FUEL ECONOMY DATA PY - 1981/07/29 SP - 26 p. AB - Since 1976, purchasers of new automobiles in the United States have relied on fuel economy test data to help choose fuel-efficient vehicles. Under a fuel economy labeling program administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in cooperation with the Departments of Transportation and Energy and the Federal Trade Commission, every automobile manufactured for sale and use in the United States is required to display a label showing its tested fuel economy, its estimated annual fuel costs, and the fuel economy range of comparable vehicles. A Gas Mileage Guide, containing data on all automobile fuel economy test results, is published annually. Since the program began, there have been complaints of discrepancies between EPA's fuel economy test results and consumers' reported on-road fuel economy. For combined city/highway driving, recent statistics show that the discrepancies varied from 12 percent in 1975 to 20 percent in 1977 to 16 percent in 1979. Any projected fuel savings that have not recognized these discrepancies are therefore overstated. This report was prepared in response to a request from the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, which asked GAO to determine why these discrepancies exist, whether better measures of fuel economy can be developed, and whether better ways of disseminating this information to consumers can be devised. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Errors KW - Fuel consumption KW - Information dissemination KW - Labeling KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Statistics KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349815 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--EAST SIDE CHURCH OF CHRIST BUS SKID AND OVERTURN, U.S. ROUTE 183, NEAR LULING, TEXAS, NOVEMBER 16, 1980 PY - 1981/07/22 SP - 39 p. AB - About 7:25 a.m., central standard time, November 16, 1980, an intercity-type bus was traveling south on U.S. Route 183, a two-lane rural highway in south-central Texas. It was raining and the pavement was wet. As the bus approached and attempted to negotiate a curve to the left, the rear tires of the bus lost traction. The bus skidded across the opposing traffic lane and onto the shoulder before it could be steered back onto the highway. As it crossed the highway again, the bus spun 180 deg and slid into a drainage ditch where it struck the side of the ditch and overturned onto its left side. Two passengers were killed, and the busdriver and 35 passengers were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of the accident was the low wet cornering capability of the marginal yet "legal" rear bus tires and the low frictional quality of the wet pavement, which combined to produce loss of rear tire traction and vehicle control as the bus was being operated at or near the posted 55 mph speed limit. KW - Buses KW - Crash reports KW - Friction KW - Overturning KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Skidding KW - Speed KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349822 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--DIRECT TRANSIT LINES, INC., TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER/MULTIPLE-VEHICLE COLLISION AND FIRE, U.S. ROUTE 40, FROSTBURG, MARYLAND, FEBRUARY 18, 1981 PY - 1981/07/07 SP - 32 p. AB - On February 18, 1981, about 4:10 p.m. eastern standard time, a tractor-semitrailer loaded with building supplies accelerated out of control while descending a steep 3-mile grade near Frostburg, Maryland. The combination vehicle was traveling eastbound on U.S. Route 40 when it passed and sideswiped a slower moving pickup truck in the eastbound lane. The combination vehicle then entered the city limits of Frostburg, Maryland, where it collided with eight vehicles and pushed them into six other vehicles. The semitrailer uncoupled and overturned, and the tractor pushed another vehicle with two occupants into a three-story commercial building before coming to rest. As a result, an explosion and fire erupted in the building. Three persons were killed, and the truckdriver and 11 vehicle occupants were injured. Property damage was estimated at more than $675,000. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the failure of the truckdriver to respond to appropriate regulatory and warning signs and to properly use the service brakes and transmission for speed control purposes which permitted the tractor-semitrailer to accelerate to a high rate of speed before entering the city of Frostburg. Contributing to the accident was the improper adjustment of the trailer's service brakes due to inadequate vehicle maintenance. KW - Brakes KW - Braking performance KW - Crash reports KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Leasing KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Speed KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344443 AU - Sosktowski, R H AU - Nash, W J AU - Mayer, R C AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODEL POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES DIRECTIVES (POLICY, PROCEDURES, RULES) FOR POLICE EXECUTIVES PY - 1981/07/01 SP - 127 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) contracted with the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) to conduct a series of workshops consisting of state and local law enforcement representatives having police traffic services responsibilities, designed to focus on the problems and needs of the enforcement community as they affect the delivery of police traffic services, and to provide assistance in the identification of problems and the dissemination of proposed solutions. In addition, the workshop participants were also to utilize their expertise in the merging and restructuring of two IACP publications, Highway Safety Policies for Police executives and A Manual of Police Traffic Services Policies, Procedures, Rules, into model police traffic services directives manuals suitable for adoption and use by an enforcement agency. KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Level of service KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Police traffic services KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Services KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344801 AU - Flores, A AU - Eliason, L K AU - Wu, Y C AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BREATH ALCOHOL SAMPLING SIMULATOR (BASS) FOR QUALIFICATION TESTING OF BREATH ALCOHOL MEASUREMENT DEVICES PY - 1981/07 SP - 34 p. AB - The blood alcohol content of an individual suspected of driving while intoxicated is often measured through the analysis of a breath sample using an evidential breath tester (EBT). Two factors determine the ability of an EBT to provide an accurate analysis of alcohol concentration: (a) the capability of obtaining an appropriate breath sample, and (b) the inherent accuracy of the analytical instrument. This report characterizes the relevant breath parameters and describes a breath alcohol sample simulator (BASS) that was developed as a means of reproducing accurate equivalents of human breath. The report discusses measurements made on human subjects to establish values for parameters the BASS must accommodate, and to demonstrate the validity of the BASS as a replacement for human drinking subjects with different levels of alcohol content and a range of physiological characteristics. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcoholism KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Drivers KW - Measuring instruments KW - Physiological aspects KW - Respiratory system KW - Sampling KW - Simulation KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365349 AU - Oates, JFJ AU - Bishop, E W AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S 1980-81 WORKSHOP SERIES ON ALCOHOL AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS - CENTRAL STATES PY - 1981/07 SP - 73 p. AB - The content and format of each workshop were developed through close coordination among state personnel, NHTSA personnel at the national and the regional levels, and contractor personnel. The workshops also served as a forum for state programs and problems as well as a means of communication among participants. Overall, the workshops were very favorably received by participants. Based upon participants' comments and the workshop leaders' observations, it is expected that significant improvements in many states' programs will result directly from the workshop experience. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Highway transportation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Meetings KW - Safety KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380680 AU - Epps, J A AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Hughes, C H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - FIELD MANUAL ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEAL COATS PY - 1981/07 SP - 84 p. AB - Seal coats have been successfully used on Texas highways for many years and with traffic volumes as high as 4000 vehicles per lane per day. The average life of seal coats is about six to seven years in Texas, however; some seal coats have performed successfully for periods of 20 or more years. These economical surfaces will continue to be a popular rehabilitation and maintenance alternative in Texas and their use in other states will increase as available highway funds decrease. This manual provides guidelines for the design and construction of seal coats. If followed, these guidelines will improve the chance of successfully placing seal coats. The manual is directed primarily to office and field engineers, laboratory personnel, and field inspectors responsible for the design and construction of seal coats. An extensive discussion of the variables affecting the design and construction of seal coats is not presented in this manual. References 1 to 15 contain a detailed discussion. KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Manuals KW - Seal coats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376594 AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - INJURY: AN ONTARIO SURVEY OF THE SOCIETAL AND PERSONAL COSTS OF HOSPITALIZED MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT VICTIMS (TECHNICAL REPORT) PY - 1981/07 SP - 192 p. AB - This study is the first in more than a decade to attempt to estimate the real and full costs of motor vehicle accident injury to the people of Ontario. The variety of costs dealt with, both financial and other, has little precedent in earlier work in Canada. Accident costs include far more than just the cost of repairing a vehicle. Within the study, costs are considered in terms of (i) health care (medical fees, hospital, physiotherapy, emergency room, etc.), (ii) vehicle repair or replacement; (iii) loss of wages; (iv) legal services and (v) expenses to friends. Non-monetary "costs" are also considered, such as (i) days lost from normal activities (school, recreation, housekeeping); (ii) emotional problems; (iii) physical after-effects and (iv) family disruptions. KW - Accident costs KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Medical costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Personal injury KW - Psychological aspects KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Social factors KW - Societal costs KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370812 AU - International Organization for Standardization TI - INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR ROAD VEHICLES INCLUDING MOTORCYCLES, MOPEDS AND BICYCLES. BIBLIOGRAPHY 20 PY - 1981/07 SP - 26 p. AB - This bibliography contains details of ISO International Standards, draft International Standards and draft proposals as well as International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Publications dealing with road vehicles, including motorcycles, mopeds and bicycles. Documents concerning automotive aspects of the caravan are included under the appropriate headings e.g. weights and dimensions, braking, connections between towing vehicles and trailers etc. No particular heading is, therefore, foreseen for caravans as such. ISO Standards for caravans are also included in ISO Bibliography 15 - Consumer products. Information concerning regulating activities with regard to motor vehicles of some intergovernmental organizations is also added. KW - Automobiles KW - Bicycles KW - Braking KW - Connecting devices KW - Fasteners KW - International KW - International standards KW - Mopeds KW - Motorcycles KW - Size KW - Standards KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346107 AU - Gertler, J AU - Recka, E AU - Dewey, M AU - DiGregorio, R AU - Fava, N AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROFILES OF MATERIAL SUPPLIER INDUSTRIES TO THE AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS PY - 1981/07 SP - 277 p. AB - This report presents a study of industries supplying materials to the automobile manufacturers. As the automobile industry restructures itself to produce more fuel-efficient vehicles, many of the industries that depend on the automobile will be forced to restructure themselves as well. The industries supplying steel, castings, aluminum, glass, plastics, and paint and their trends toward restructuring are covered in this report. The organization of this report reflects an automotive focus and special attention is paid to the impact of changing automotive requirements. At the same time, an effort has been made to recognize that each industry has its own unique dynamics and that automotive demand is only one factor influencing these dynamics. KW - Aluminum KW - Aluminum industry KW - Automobile industry KW - Casting KW - Glass KW - Glass industry KW - Industries KW - Iron and steel industry KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Metal industry KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Paint KW - Plastics KW - Plastics industry KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Suppliers KW - Supply KW - Supplying KW - Trade KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368841 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1980 CRC FUEL RATING PROGRAM: ROAD OCTANE PERFORMANCE IN 1980 MODEL CARS PY - 1981/07 SP - 200 p. AB - Road octane rating programs have been conducted periodically since 1963 by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) Light-Duty Vehicle Road Test Group to investigate relationships between gasoline variables and road octane numbers. Leaded gasolines were tested during the 1963 - 1969 period; unleaded gasolines were tested in the 1971, 1973, 1975, and 1978 programs. This is the eleventh program in the series and includes gasoline blends containing ethanol (gasohol) in addition to normal gasoline variables. Full-Throttle Modified Uniontown Road Octane Numbers (Road ON) were obtained by Twelve participating laboratories in thirty-seven cars that represent twenty-four different 1980 makes and models, one 1979 model, and one 1981 model. Part-throttle Road ON ratings were obtained by four participating laboratories in twelve cars representing nine different 1980 makes and models. KW - Automobiles KW - Gasohol KW - Laboratory tests KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344434 AU - Loxley, C J AU - Luce, P AU - Osiecki, T AU - Rodenrys, K AU - Wharton Econometrics Forecasting Associates, Inc AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PAST AND FUTURE TRENDS IN AUTOMOBILE SALES PY - 1981/07 SP - 136 p. AB - The report uses the Wharton EFA Motor Vehicle Demand Model (Mark I) and its associates data bases to discuss and analyze past and future trends in the automobile market. Part A analyzes the historical trends, generally covering the 1958-1976 period, with four sections devoted to the data on new registrations, vehicles in operation and vehicle miles travelled, physical characteristics and fuel economy, and prices and costs. The discussion focuses on trends by manufacturer and by size class. Part B presents long-range projections of future trends in sales, prices, stock of vehicles, fuel consumption, etc., based upon economic, energy, demographic, and policy assumptions. Also presented is an alternative simulation that seeks to evaluate the likely broad impacts resulting from extended MPG standards beyond 1985. KW - Automobiles KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost estimating KW - Demand KW - Economic forecasting KW - Economic models KW - Estimates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Market surveys KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prices KW - Sales KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344416 AU - Naman, T M AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY - POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENT THROUGH SELECTED ENGINE AND DIFFERENTIAL GEAR LUBRICANTS PY - 1981/07 SP - 50 p. AB - This report evaluates the effects of four engine lubricants and three differential gear lubricants on the fuel economy of two 1978 automobiles operated at 20F, 70F, and 100F ambient temperatures. The engine lubricants were evaluated using the 1978 Federal Test procedure and steady state tests from a cold start. The gear lubricants were evaluated in steady state operation from a cold start. KW - Automobile engines KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gears KW - Lubricants KW - Lubricating oils KW - Lubrication KW - Performance evaluations KW - Steady state KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170659 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368351 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Sklar, J R AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - AN INTRODUCTION TO VAN MODIFICATION FOR THE DISABLED PY - 1981/07 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 3 p. AB - Different types of van modifications are described and comments are made regarding the advantages and disadvantages of each. Differences between makes, models and sizes of vans can determine a disabled driver's access to the controls and his/her ability to perform the driving task. The modifications described here include the following: Wheelchair lift systems (side mounting, rear mounting, folding style wheelchair, pivot style wheelchair) and electric door operation. Interior space modification is also discussed. This consists of two options--modifying the interior headroom and the height of the doorways (bubble or extended top and floor conversion). Other van equipment described include transfer seats, wheelchair tiedowns, restraints, quick disconnect seats and knob and lever modifications. Other modifications such as exterior lights that illuminate the lift doorway, auxiliary batteries, oversize mirrors, and special driving systems are also noted. KW - Disabled drivers KW - Doors KW - Electronic control KW - Manual safety belts KW - Modifications KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Transfer seats KW - Vans KW - Vehicle design KW - Wheelchair lifts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368370 AU - Governor's Alcohol and Highway Safety Task Force TI - GOVERNOR'S ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY TASK FORCE. COMMITTEE REPORTS: VOLUME 1--EDUCATION; ENFORCEMENT; COURT RELATED ISSUES PY - 1981/07 SP - 49 p. AB - The first volume produced by this study includes three reports which cover education, enforcement and court related issues respectively. The first report examines the current system of alcohol and highway safety public information and education in New York State, compares the system to the state-of-the-art and suggests improvements to the current system that will entail no new costs or legislation. In the second report, a review of enforcement efforts showed that valuable effort was expended on driving while intoxicated (DWI) enforcement; the arrest process is time-consuming, that resources are under budgetary pressure, and that arrests were excessive. Three models formulated for statewide DWI enforcement are described. The third report examines the court process, the individuals involved, and the impact of the process on the defendant. The socio/legal constraints imposed on the process through judicial practice and constitutional provisions for the defendant are also examined. The report concludes that there are few modifications that can be made to expedite the court process. The need to differentiate the criminal nature of the charge from the administrative action is emphasized. Resources must be provided so that the courts could process the criminal actions in a proper and timely manner on the merits of the case away from the pressures of external concerns. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Courts KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Publicity KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic arrests KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179161 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368350 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Olson, P L AU - Sivak, M AU - Henson, D L AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - HEADLAMPS AND VISIBILITY LIMITATIONS IN NIGHTTIME TRAFFIC PY - 1981/07 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - p. 20-23 AB - The present situation with regard to headlamps is briefly reviewed and the reasons for the situation are discussed. The present state of the headlamp problem is related to the fact that low beams do not provide adequate visibility under many driving conditions. The major limitations to improved headlamp design are due to certain characteristics of the human vision system as well as practical problems associated with headlamp mounting and conditions of use. Limitations arising from the human visual system are related to problems of brightness contrast detection at night, problems of glare, sharpness of central vs. peripheral vision, and the sensitivity of the eye to a broad range of lighting conditions. Limitations arising from headlamp design and use and related to system performance and estimations of visibility by drivers are also discussed. Both drivers and pedestrians need to be educated about the problems and the ways in which they may be resolved. Drivers should be aware that while low beams are adequate for some driving tasks, they are not adequate to safely reveal low-contrast objects at any but very low speeds. High beams should be used in poorly lighted areas. Pedestrians must not assume that they are visible to drivers. They are advised to stay off dark roads or walk facing traffic. KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Headlamps KW - High beamed headlamps KW - High beamed headlights KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Night visibility KW - Pedestrians KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367649 AU - Bertram, B AU - O'Day, J AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - PASSENGER CAR OCCUPANT EJECTION PY - 1981/07 SP - 50 p. AB - This is the final report for Project Number 1153 entitled "Occupant Ejection/Accident Data Analysis," sponsored by the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association. The project aimed to determine the influence of various vehicle systems in preventing (or not preventing) occupant ejection from passenger cars. Accident data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Fatal Accident Reporting System and from the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) were examined. In addition, a special analysis was completed for a subset of the NCSS data in which only one of two front-seat occupants was ejected. The reduction in ejection rate associated with the advent of improved door latches and glazing components appears to have levelled off. In the mix of cars of varied size, there are complex interactions of factors associated with ejection. While smaller cars generally have higher ejection rates, these are largely explained by a higher propensity to rollover and by the predominance of young drivers in these cars. KW - Adolescents KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Data analysis KW - Door latches KW - Drivers KW - Ejection KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rollover crashes KW - Small car KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178635 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367616 JO - Anaesthesist PB - Springer Verlag AU - Korttila, K AU - Springer Verlag TI - RECOVERY AND DRIVING AFTER BRIEF ANAESTHESIA PY - 1981/07 VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - p. 377-382 AB - It seems clear that patients should always be escorted when leaving the hospital after brief anaesthesia. The length of hospital stay should be based on the patient's test performance as well as on the supposed effects of the drugs on psychomotor performance. Minimal requirements for safe discharge should, in addition to stable vital signs and the ability to maintain oral fluids, include that patients are able to dress themselves and able to walk out. Recommendations not to drive should be based on the extent of the impairment of performance when assessed at the hospital, as well as on documented objective knowledge of the residual effects of the drugs used. In most cases patients should refrain from driving for at least 24 hours after anaesthesia. KW - Anesthesia KW - Anesthetics KW - Driving KW - Motor skills KW - Psychomotor performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181845 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367641 JO - Western Journal of Medicine PB - California Medical Association AU - Luna, G K AU - Copass, M K AU - Oreskovich, M R AU - Carrico, C J AU - California Medical Association TI - THE ROLE OF HELMETS IN REDUCING HEAD INJURIES FROM MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS: A POLITICAL OR MEDICAL ISSUE? PY - 1981/07 VL - 135 IS - 2 SP - p. 89-92 AB - The cases of 311 motorcycle accident victims who were seen at a major trauma center over 17 months were reviewed. The types and severity of injuries were standardized according to the Injury Severity Score (ISS) for motor vehicle accidents. Victims were categorized into groups: helmet or no helmet and major, minor or no head injury. Major injury was defined as a 3 on the Abbreviated Injury Scale for "head" (loss of consciousness for at least 15 minutes with or without skull fracture and with or without neurological deficit). The following conclusions are drawn: (1) The death rate for those with and without helmets was not significantly different, (2) the victims of fatal accidents had identical total ISS scores regardless of the presence of helmets, (3) the chance of sustaining a severe head injury was significantly higher in the no helmet group and (4) the incidence of long-term neurological defect was three times greater in the no helmet group. KW - Abbreviated Injury Scale KW - Crash severity KW - Crash victims KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181866 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362052 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Nishikura, S AU - Usui, H AU - Takematsu, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - TRACTIVE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PART-TIME FOUR-WHEEL-DRIVE VEHICLE PY - 1981/07 IS - 5 SP - p. 39-44 AB - The part-time four-wheel-drive system, which requires a manual shift into two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive, is widely used for off-road vehicles. Since the part-time four-wheel-drive connects the front and rear drive line directly, tractive capability, braking performance and other characteristics of the vehicle are often influenced by tire-to-road contact conditions. Especially, on a dry paved road which has high friction tire-to-road coefficient of friction, the influence becomes clearly apparent, so some restrictions on the part-time four-wheel-drive are usually recommended. This paper reviews the mechanism of the part-time four-wheel-drive on a high-friction paved road. It analyzes the tractive capability and braking performance. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Braking KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Four wheel drive KW - Performance KW - Rolling contact KW - Tractive forces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180884 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362055 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Mukai, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - LEGAL SYSTEM OF JAPAN ON MOTOR VEHICLES. PART 3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES AND ENERGY-SAVING MEASURES FOR MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1981/07 IS - 5 SP - p. 77-91 AB - This paper discusses exhaust gas pollution and noise pollution caused by motor vehicles in conjunction with the legal control of motor vehicles through the enforcement of the regulations concerning their construction and equipment. Then it examines energy-saving measures concerning motor vehicles in the light of the legal regulations. KW - Air quality management KW - Energy conservation KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180887 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362056 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Takase, K AU - Noro, S AU - MAKINO, S AU - Naito, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATED ADJUSTMENT MACHINE FOR VALVE CLEARANCE OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINES PY - 1981/07 IS - 5 SP - p. 93-99 AB - A new fully automated adjustment machine for valve clearance of automobile engines has been developed. In the machine, clearances of intake and exhaust valves at each cylinder are adjusted with screwdrivers driven by pulse motors, air motors provided with torque detector, and electric micrometers. The sequence of various adjustment processes as well as valve clearance and fixing torque are controlled and monitored by a central control unit. After adjustment the control unit performs the valve timing test. The adjustment machine brings such advantages as improvement of accuracy of valve clearance and easy detection of misassembly of parts. The machine completely eliminates the need for manual adjustment work which requires a highly skilled operator. Improved accuracy of valve clearance with the machine has contributed to a reduction of the number of readjusted engines in the production line to 1/40, reduced the noxious ingredients in the exhaust gas, and guaranteed free engine maintenance to customers. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Automation KW - Automobile engines KW - Emission control systems KW - Engines KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Exhaust gases KW - Intake systems KW - Intake valves KW - Manufacturing KW - Valves KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362053 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Hori, O AU - Nishikawa, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - AN ANALYSIS ON THE VOLTAGE REQUIREMENT OF SPARK PLUG AND ITS EFFECT ON ELECTRO-MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE PY - 1981/07 IS - 5 SP - p. 61-66 AB - It was clarified that there was a close relationship between the voltage requirement (spark discharge voltage) and the electromagnetic interference (EMI) for the spark discharge of the spark plug as one of the major sources of EMI along with the distributor. It was also clarified by quantitative analysis that the voltage requirement could be calculated with the combustion chamber pressure and the electrode temperature of the spark plug during time of spark ignition. KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Ignition systems KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Spark plugs KW - Voltage KW - Voltage requirement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180885 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362054 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - NISHIO, K AU - Suzuki, T AU - SUGINO, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - STUDY ON SPARK DISCHARGE CURRENT FOR NOISE SUPPRESSION PY - 1981/07 IS - 5 SP - p. 69-75 AB - The ignition system of any internal combustion engine is well known as a major source of radio frequency interference, and various kinds of suppressors are adopted in order to reduce ignition interference. However, most of them are intended to decrease the spark discharge current by means of inserting resistors in the ignition circuit. Of primary importance for noise suppression is the capacitive component of ths circuit which can decrease current amplitude. In this paper the authors present for noise suppression. In this paper the authors present a theory on the capacitive current in the ignition cable, and compare it with experimental results. As a result, they have confirmed that the agreement between the theory and experiments was satisfactory to some degree and the noise current can be roughly determined from the theoretical equation. Based on these results, it is possible to collect the noise current at a part of the cable by applying the wire-wound resistor cable, and thus achieve more effective noise suppression. KW - Ignition systems KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Noise control KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Sound level KW - Sparks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180886 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362007 JO - Rubber Chemistry and Technology PB - American Chemical Society AU - Akasaka, T AU - American Chemical Society TI - STRUCTURAL MECHANICS OF RADIAL TIRES PY - 1981/07 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - p. 461-492 AB - The principal object of this paper is to review and summarize (but not all inclusively) the structural properties of radial tires, along with elastic belt properties that have been reported since 1967. The paper is divided into five main sections: (1) Introduction; (2) Cross-sectional shape of inflated radial tire; (3) Elastic properties of a tire belt; (4) Structural properties of radial tires; and (5) Conclusions. KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rolling contact KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Tire belt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361772 AU - NISONGER, R L AU - Fancher, P S AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - TRANSIENT DIRECTIONAL RESPONSE TEST PROCEDURES FOR AUTOMOBILES PY - 1981/07 SP - 90 p. AB - Four tests for measuring the transient directional response of passenger cars were performed to evaluate their respective merits. The tests examined were (1) ramp-step steer test, (2) reverse steer, (3) lane change (sinusoidal steer), and (4) pseudo-random steer. The results show that each test is capable of contributing useful information concerning the transient directional response of the vehicle in specific operating scenarios. In addition, the findings indicate that no single test provides an accurate means for assessing the results obtained from the other test procedures. Hence a combination of these test procedures is recommended for evaluating the steering response of passenger cars. KW - Automobiles KW - Directional response KW - Directivity pattern KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Test procedures KW - Transient analyzers KW - Transient response KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176509 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361767 JO - Popular Mechanics PB - Hearst Magazines AU - Schultz, M AU - Hearst Magazines TI - TROUBLE-SHOOTING FORD'S SOLID STATE IGNITION SYSTEM. PART 1 PY - 1981/07 VL - 156 IS - 1 SP - p. 49-52 AB - Since its introduction in 1974, the Solid State Ignition (SSI) system used in Ford, Mercury and Lincoln cars, and Ford trucks, has been modified several times. Trouble shooting involves testing the primary and secondary ignition systems and different procedures must be followed for variation in the system components. An extensive and illustrated explanation of these procedures is given. KW - Ignition systems KW - Maintenance KW - Solid state KW - Solid state devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180706 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361755 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Ennis, P AU - Vingilis, Evelyn AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - THE VALIDITY OF A REVISED VERSION OF THE MORTIMER-FILKINS TEST WITH IMPAIRED DRIVERS IN OSHAWA, ONTARIO PY - 1981/07 VL - 42 IS - 7 SP - p. 685-688 AB - This study attempted to relate Mortimer-Filkins classifications to those based on the CRIT, an external criterion that measures the extent of a drinking problem. The test scores examined were those of 78 persons in a program for drivers charged with 2 or more alcohol-related traffic offenses in Oshawa, Ontario. The correspondence between test scores and the problem drinker classification of the CRIT indicated a satisfying degree of discrimination. KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholism KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180697 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361751 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Barni, E AU - National Safety Council TI - WHAT TO DO WITH THE DWI OFFENDER: A QUESTION OF ATTITUDES PY - 1981/07 VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - p. 6 AB - This article addresses the problem of the DWI offender and what should be done about it. An appeal is made to everyone to examine their attitudes about forced responsibility and misplaced kindness. It is pointed out that the typical DWI offender is not a social drinker who drives while drunk, but a problem drinker whose addiction to alcohol involves a progressive loss of control and repeated alcohol-related trouble in his life. Our legal system has an effective motivation tool in the desire of the defendant with alcoholism to keep his driving privileges and his freedom, but as long as our attitudes prevent us from exerting forced responsibility, all our efforts to reduce the tragic consequences of DWI are doomed. KW - Attitudes KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Responsibilities KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180693 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361752 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Hurley, C AU - National Safety Council TI - WHERE STATE GOVERNMENTS STAND ON CHILD RESTRAINT LEGISLATION PY - 1981/07 VL - 81 IS - 4 SP - p. 10-14 AB - This article reports the results of a survey of state legislatures on child restraint legislation. Information is also included on state 55 mph legislation. Most of the child restraint legislation introduced deals with four main issues: (1) the age and weight of the child; (2) the position in the motor vehicle where safety seats must be used; (3) to whom and under what circumstances the laws apply; and (4) sanctions, if any, for violations. The major portion of this article addresses these four issues and in conclusion the benefits of child restraint legislation are examined in light of the current anti-regulatory mood. KW - Benefits KW - Child restraint systems KW - Laws KW - Sanctions KW - Speed limits KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361779 AU - Sivak, M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - WHAT A MOTORIST CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THE CHANCES OF BEING INVOLVED IN AN ACCIDENT PY - 1981/07 SP - 12 p. AB - Traffic accidents result every year in over 50,000 fatalities and 4,000,000 injuries. Past research has identified the causal role of human errors in the majority of such accidents. This report briefly summarizes current knowledge of how human factors contribute to traffic accidents, and outlines preventive measures motorists can take to minimize their chances of being involved in an accident. KW - Crashes KW - Defensive drivers KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Driving habits KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High beamed headlamps KW - High beamed headlights KW - Human factors KW - Occupant restraint KW - Prevention KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176516 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361508 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Watson, P E AU - Watson, I D AU - Batt, R D AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - PREDICTION OF BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS. UPDATING THE WIDMARK EQUATION PY - 1981/07 VL - 42 IS - 7 SP - p. 547-556 AB - Equations are derived for expressing the relationship between alcohol intake and blood alcohol concentration in terms of total body water and the blood water fraction. These equations are more exact than Widmark's, and if used in conjunction with regression equations to calculate total body water, will give more accurate predictions of BAC. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Blood water fraction KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Regression analysis KW - Total body water KW - Widmark equation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180551 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361601 JO - Journal of Studies on Alcohol PB - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - Swenson, P R AU - Struckman-Johnson, D L AU - Ellingstad, V S AU - Clay, T R AU - Nichols, J L AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick TI - RESULTS OF A LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION OF COURT-MANDATED DWI TREATMENT PROGRAMS IN PHOENIX, ARIZONA PY - 1981/07 VL - 42 IS - 7 SP - p. 642-653 AB - This article evaluates rehabilitation activities of the Alcohol Safety Action Program in Phoenix, Arizona. The short-term rehabilitation study called for random assignment of persons arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) to short-term treatment and control (minimum-exposure) conditions. A test battery, the Life Activities Inventory, was developed to permit assessment of treatment outcome in terms of a number of dimensions of client behavior. The results of this analysis raise doubts about the effects of short-term treatment on the behavior of DWI offenders referred by the courts, for men in three types of short-term treatment programs showed few differences in drinking patterns, drinking-related behavior and social adjustment at 6 months, 12 months and 18 months after treatment. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rehabilitation KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349890 AU - Hess, R L AU - Weber, K AU - Melvin, J W AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND REGULATIONS RELATING TO THORACIC IMPACT TOLERANCE AND INJURY CRITERIA PY - 1981/07 SP - 281 p. AB - The technical and scientific literature dealing with thoracic injury, to or within the rib cage, from blunt loading is reviewed. The history of the development of associated Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards is reviewed from the aspect of its relationship to the history of development of the research information. Field case data from car-to-car and car-to-tree/pole crashes has been examined and summarized. This study suggests that the laboratory research has not adequately covered the principal variables found to exist in actual injury cases. Specifically, more research attention should be given to the shape of the impactor, to the loading location and direction, and to injuries in the contusion and/or laceration family. Correspondingly, the accident investigation process needs to be more sensitive to occupant/vehicle-interior interaction variables so that laboratory research can be properly guided. KW - Biophysics KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Injuries KW - Thorax KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175836 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361386 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - Gerondeau, C AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - MANDATORY SEAT BELT USAGE: THE FRENCH EXPERIENCE 1973-1981 PY - 1981/07 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 25-30 AB - On July 1, 1973, seat belt use became mandatory in France, making it the first European country to use equipment which was subsequently to become an integral element of any rational road safety policy. The legislation was initially limited only to traffic outside the large centers, but as of October 1, 1979, seat belt use was expanded to cover city driving as well. This paper discusses the step-by-step approach to implement mandatory seat belt usage measures in France. KW - Implementation KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Public opinion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180473 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361029 JO - IEEE Spectrum PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - DETROIT BETS ON ELECTRONICS TO STYMIE JAPAN PY - 1981/07 VL - 18 IS - 7 SP - p. 29-32 AB - This article discusses the use of programmable controllers, robots, lasers, and microwave detectors in the manufacturing of automobiles in the United States. Brief mention is made of the possible future use of ultrasonic liquid-level gauges and gamma-ray systems. KW - Automobile industry KW - Electronics KW - Manufacturing KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180216 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361304 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Blackledge, R D AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EXAMINATION OF AUTOMOBILE RUBBER GUARDS BY ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY USING A FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROMETER PY - 1981/07 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - p. 554-556 AB - A piece from an automobile rubber bumper guard was found at the scene of a hit-and-run accident and was compared to a sample obtained from the front bumper guard of a suspect's vehicle. The samples were examined by attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with data system. KW - Bumpers KW - Crash investigation KW - Crimes KW - Fourier transforms KW - Hit and run crashes KW - Rubber KW - Spectrometers KW - Spectroscopic analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349837 AU - Sivak, M AU - Olson, P L AU - Farmer, K M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - HIGH-MOUNTED BRAKE LIGHTS AND THE BEHAVIOR OF FOLLOWING DRIVERS PY - 1981/07 SP - 33 p. AB - This daytime study evaluated in-traffic responses of unsuspecting drivers to supplemental, high-mounted brake lights using two different test vehicles (compact and full size) and two different test routes (suburban and urban). The supplemental lamps were mounted just below the rear window or at roof level. Measures were taken of brake-response and vehicle speed-change frequencies, and of the corresponding reaction times. (The speed changes were measured by radar.) The following main results were obtained: The frequency of brake responses and of speed changes did not differ statistically among the systems tested in either of the test vehicle/test route combinations. Brake-reaction times did not vary among the systems tested for any of the test vehicle/test route combinations. Speed-change reaction times also did not vary among the systems tested for any of the test vehicle/ test route combinations with the exception of the compact vehicle/urban route combination: Here, a system with a single, supplemental lamp, center-mounted just below the rear window, was associated with statistically shorter reaction times than the control system. The relation of the present findings to previous behavioral and accident studies of the efficacy of high-mounted brake lights is discussed. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Compact automobiles KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Height KW - Mounting KW - Reaction time KW - Speed changes KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175765 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361043 JO - HSRI Research Review PB - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Green, P AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - DISPLAYS FOR AUTOMOTIVE INSTRUMENT PANELS: PRODUCTION AND RATING SYMBOLS PY - 1981/07 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 12 p. AB - An experiment was conducted to produce pictographic symbols for identifying gauges and/or warning lights on instrument panels of motor vehicles. Students in a University of Michigan psychology class drew pictures to symbolize seven vehicle systems (brake, coolant, etc.), four properties of these systems (fluid level, temperature, pressure, filter), and 26 combinations (brake fluid level, coolant temperature, etc.). In a second experiment, the students rated the meaningfulness of 216 symbols proposed for 26 different display functions. The proposed symbols, assembled from several sources, included those the students had produced. The rating experiment identified promising candidates for further investigation. KW - Displaying KW - Information display systems KW - Instrument panels KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pictograms KW - Vehicle design KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180222 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361387 JO - AAAM Quarterly Journal PB - Assoc for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine AU - McSwain, N E AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT KINEMATICS AND INJURY PATTERNS PY - 1981/07 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 31-33 AB - Understanding the kinematics of the motor vehicle occupant during collision assists in analyzing the deceleration and compression forces created on collision and permits an efficient approach to modifying the forces that lead to human tissue injury. Engineering research and developments can provide the standards for improving the hardware and environment, but must rely upon the medical experts as involved partners in the early planning stage of vehicle and roadway design so that modifications in human tissue injury are inherent in our overall transportation system. KW - Compression KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Injuries KW - Kinematics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180474 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361310 JO - Popular Science PB - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated AU - Edelson, E AU - Times Mirror Magazines, Incorporated TI - THE GREAT GASOHOL DEBATE PY - 1981/07 VL - 219 IS - 1 SP - p. 53-55 AB - This article attempts to explore the whole gasohol question by evaluating the state-of-the-art in mid-1981. The gasohol debate concerns a complex set of interactions involving, primarily, these five questions: (1) What are the economics of gasohol; (2) Do you use more energy to make alcohol than you gain; (3) What would additional demand for corn do to our farmland and to farming; (4) Would gasohol help our balance of payments; and (5) Would using corn to produce fuel send fuel prices skyrocketing? Although the experts cannot agree on the answers to these questions, the article presents the current thinking on both sides of each problem, and how each problem interacts with the others. KW - Economic efficiency KW - Economics KW - Efficiency KW - Energy KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasohol KW - Prices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364983 AU - Hendricks, D L AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLLISION DEFORMATION CLASSIFICATION TRAINING PROGRAM: INTERMEDIATE LEVEL - TRAINING/REFERENCE MODULE PY - 1981/07 SP - 277 p. AB - This training module was prepared for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The module describes the Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) system which is used in the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) and other accident data collection programs to describe direct contact damage sustained by light trucks and automobiles. Primary emphasis is placed on providing field personnel with additional information and coding directives which, in turn, result in more uniform and precise application of the CDC. Approximately twenty-four study hours are required to complete the module. KW - Automobiles KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Instructional materials KW - Light trucks KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Research KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349820 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES COLLISION COVERAGES. INITIAL RESULTS FOR 1981 MODELS PY - 1981/07 SP - 44 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report presents results from the collision coverage loss experience of 1981 model year passenger cars during their first seven months of availability. The principal findings are: (a) The initial collision coverage losses for the 1981 models increased over the 1980 model year results from the same calendar period. The overall claim frequency decreased by five percent, but the average loss payment per claim increased by seven percent and the average loss payment per insured vehicle year by two percent. (b) Within each car size group, sports and specialty models had the worst results and regular two-door models had higher collision coverage losses than regular four-door models and station wagons. (c) There were large variations in the collision coverage loss experience of individual vehicle series, even among vehicles of the same size class and body style subgroup. KW - Accident costs KW - Automobile bodies KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Four door cars KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Payment KW - Two door cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175747 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361379 JO - California highway patrolman AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - THE KILLER WE IGNORE: THE DRUNK DRIVER PY - 1981/07 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - p. 10 AB - This article reviews the drinking driver problem, pointing out how current statistics underestimate the extent of the problem. Ideas are then presented on how to reduce the size of the problem. These ideas are centered on the responsibilities of the public, the peace officers, the courts and the legislature. KW - Courts KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Governments KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Police KW - Public KW - Responsibilities KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349855 AU - Shelton, E M AU - Department of Energy TI - MOTOR GASOLINES, WINTER 1980-81 PY - 1981/07 SP - 64 p. AB - Analytical data for 546 samples of motor gasoline, were collected from service stations throughout the country and were analyzed in the laboratories of various refiners, motor manufacturers, and chemical companies. The data were submitted to the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center for study, necessary calculations, and compilation under a cooperative agreement between the Bartlesville Energy Technology Center (BETC) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). The samples represent the products of 23 companies, large and small, which manufacture and supply gasoline. These data are tabulated by groups according to brands (unlabeled) and grades for 17 marketing districts into which the country is divided. A map included in this report, shows marketing areas, districts and sampling locations. The report also includes charts indicating the trends of selected properties of motor fuels since 1959. Sixteen octane distribution percent charts for areas 1, 2, 3, and 4 for unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 90.0, unleaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 90.0 and above, leaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 below 93.0 and leaded antiknock index (R+M)/2 93.0 and above grades of gasoline are presented in this report. The antiknock (octane) index (R+M)/2 averages of gasoline sold in this country were 87.6 unleaded below 90.0, 91.4 unleaded 90.0 and above, 89.1 leaded below 93.0, and 93.3 leaded 93.0 and above grades of gasoline. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Chemical analysis KW - Engine knock KW - Fuel elements KW - Gasoline KW - Laboratory tests KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175792 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361378 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Orne, D E AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - MANAGING TRAFFIC AND SAFETY ENGINEERING WORK PY - 1981/07 VL - 51 IS - 7 SP - p. 45-50 AB - Approximately four years ago, administrators in the Michigan Department of Transportation, Traffic and Safety Division, implemented a Management by Objectives (MBO) approach for its program responsibilities. The division has a staff of 200 scientific, professional, technical, and support personnel whose duties encompass the full range of traffic and safety engineering. At times the work has been extremely frustrating, but some positive benefits are now emerging and the staff are both enthusiastic and optimistic that a good program management system is at hand. This article presents a case study of the Michigan Department of Transportation's experience with this management approach, pointing out that the information gleaned here may be applicable elsewhere, even in smaller city and county organizations. KW - Administration KW - Case studies KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Personnel management KW - Programs KW - Responsibilities KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180471 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361179 JO - Journal of Fire & Flammability PB - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated AU - Borsini, G AU - Cipolla, M AU - Pandolfi, G AU - Technomic Publishing Company, Incorporated TI - COMBUSTION MODIFIED INTEGRAL SKIN URETHANE FOAM PY - 1981/07 VL - 12 IS - 3 SP - p. 250-257 AB - The use of integral skin urethane foam in transportation vehicle interiors is presently limited to the automobile with a few exceptions such as bus and aircraft armrests. Nevertheless continued research and development on transportation crash-safety has emphasized use of integral skin, flexible and semiflexible urethane foams. There are still some problems associated with this material, particularly from its fire performance, which prevent a larger application. A new integral-skin urethane foam characterized by a combination of good mechanical properties and an improved fire performance is described. By comparison with conventional integral skin urethane foams either fire retarded or not, fire performance remains substantially unchanged and acceptable even after dry and humid aging. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Fire resistance KW - Interior KW - Mechanical properties KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180328 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349663 JO - Traffic Laws Commentary AU - Kearney, E F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RULES OF THE ROAD RATED 1980 PY - 1981/07 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 33 p. AB - This Commentary presents an annual rating of state traffic laws to show how they compare with the rules of the road part of the Uniform Vehicle Code as of January 1, 1981. This rating covers 1980 state traffic laws but does not include changes adopted by state legislatures in 1981. This rating does include changes in the Uniform Vehicle Code which were adopted by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances when it met in August of 1979. This Commentary attempts to provide a precise picture of the status of state traffic laws as of January 1, 1981 that will facilitate rapid identification of particular areas of a state's law that may not be in substantial conformity with the Code, indicate areas of the statutory law where uniformity may be markedly poor on a nationwide basis, and identify states whose traffic laws may need substantial attention on a priority basis as part of contemporary efforts to improve highway safety. This document, when used with "Traffic Laws Annotated", is particularly useful in determining which laws in any one state differ from provisions in the Uniform Vehicle Code (and from laws in other states). KW - Conformity KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform traffic laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179985 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361034 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Bellamy, L J AU - Courtney, A J AU - Taylor & Francis TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SEARCH TASK FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PERIPHERAL VISUAL ACUITY PY - 1981/07 VL - 24 IS - 7 SP - p. 497-509 AB - Experimental evidence is discussed which indicates a relationship between peripheral visual acuity and search performance. It is suggested that use of this relationship can be made in assessing the relative extent of a person's peripheral visual field (visual lobe) for target detection when visually screening individuals for industrial inspection tasks. A card sorting task involving visual search was developed which was shown to be sensitive to subject difference in search speed (p less than 0.001). Speed of search correlated significantly with visual lobe area (r=-0.92, p less than 0.01). Subjects foveal acuities were not significantly related to search time. Test retest reliability for forms A and B of the card sorting task over a 1 week period was r=0.81(p less than 0.001). KW - Peripheral vision KW - Searching KW - Target detection KW - Tracking systems KW - Vision KW - Vision characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180217 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361324 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Olson, P L AU - Sivak, M AU - Henson, D L AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - HEADLAMPS AND VISIBILITY LIMITATIONS IN NIGHTTIME TRAFFIC PY - 1981/07 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - p. 20-22 AB - This article discusses the problems involved in trying to see adequately while driving at night and the limitations of all headlighting systems. Despite substantial improvement in headlamp performance low beams, which are the ones used by most drivers, do not provide adequate visibility distance under many driving conditions. No improvement in design is foreseen in the near future since the major limitations are the human visual system and some practical problems associated with headlamps mounting and conditions of use. KW - Design KW - Headlamps KW - Human factors KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Mounting KW - Night visibility KW - Night vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349493 AU - Oates, J F AU - Bishop, E W AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S 1980-81 WORKSHOP SERIES ON ALCOHOL AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS--CENTRAL STATES PY - 1981/07 SP - 75 p. AB - From November 1980 through April 1981, Dunlap and Associates, Inc., conducted eight workshops on highway safety countermeasures relative to both alcohol and occupant restraints under Contract No. DTNH22-80-C-05158 to the NHTSA. These workshops were held in the central portion of the United States. Seven were bi-state workshops; the eighth was conducted exclusively for individuals from one state. The fifteen states are Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wisconsin. Each workshop was designed not only to transmit relevant information from NHTSA to the states but also to tailor the information to the participants' needs and interests. The content and format of each workshop were developed through close coordination among state personnel, NHTSA personnel at the national and the regional levels, and contractor personnel. The workshop also served as a forum for state programs and problems as well as a means of communication among participants. A total of 413 persons attended these workshops as participants. In one workshop only one roster was kept, showing a total of 30 persons attended one or both of the two sessions. In the other seven workshops, 240 persons registered for the Alcohol session and 185 for the Restraint (thus, 42 persons attended both). An average of 34 persons attended the Alcohol sessions and 23 attended the Restraint. Overall, the workshops were very favorably received by participants. Based upon participants' comments and the workshop leaders' observations, it is expected that significant improvements in many states' programs will result directly from the workshop experience. Important conclusions were reached concerning the features and characteristics of successful workshops. This report documents the workshop content and procedures, and their evolution throughout the series. Findings, conclusions, and recommendations also are given. KW - Alcoholism KW - Child restraint systems KW - Highway safety KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346031 AU - MORRISON, D AU - Karsick, R V AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - ACOUSTIC AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL, HIGH-SPEED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES PY - 1981/07 SP - 362 p. AB - The intent of this study is to obtain information on small high-speed engines so that their effect on the urban environment may be assessed, and if necessary, programs devised to reduce the noise and other emissions from vehicles using these highly desirable and efficient power plants. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Automobiles KW - Diesel engines KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Spark emission engines KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Transportation KW - Transportation noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346170 AU - RICE, R S AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK PILOT CRASH TEST ROLLOVER PY - 1981/07 SP - 84 p. AB - A ninety-degree rollover of a tractor-trailer on its left side was accomplished. This test was performed at an approach speed of 35 mph by directing the vehicle from a straight-ahead level path onto a side slope with a nominal inclination angle to the horizontal of 55 degrees. The test vehicle, which was operated at a total weight of 35,000 pounds, carried two 50th percentile Part 572 anthropometric test devices - one unrestrained at the driver position and the other, restrained by a lap belt, at the co-driver position. Test instrumentation consisted of 33 data channels to measure vehicle accelerations, dummy acceleration and force data, and vehicle roll rate. Photographic coverage of the event was provided by one real time and eight high speed motion picture cameras. This report contains information on all aspects of the test physical characteristics of the vehicle and dummies, photographic and kinematic instrumentation, and data reduction methods. Still photographs of pre-test and post-test scenes as well as time histories of all measured vehicle and dummy responses are included. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rollover crashes KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344501 AU - Looby, L F AU - Armco, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - STEEL OPTIMIZATION AND SUBSTITUTION FOR 1980 OLDSMOBILE OMEGA X-BODY CAR PY - 1981/07 SP - 33 p. AB - This report studies the potential of weight reduction for a 1980 Oldsmobile Omega X-body four-door sedan through steel optimization and substitution of newer steels. The study shows that 74 pounds can be removed from this vehicle using current steel technology. An additional 100-pound weight saving can be achieved through the use of newer steels in the 1990 time span. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Optimization KW - Steel KW - Substitutes KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170697 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349817 JO - Business America PB - Department of Commerce AU - Department of Commerce TI - AUTO PARTS PRODUCERS EXPAND EXPORT EFFORTS PY - 1981/06/29 VL - 4 IS - 13 SP - p. 12-14 AB - The U.S. automotive parts industry, facing growing penetration by imported parts and a severe recession in the domestic market, has now set its sights on carving out a bigger export business. Many of the steps they are taking are "firsts" for these American producers. The long-range outlook is a mixture of hard work and some promising prospects. KW - Automobile industry KW - Exports KW - International trade KW - Long term KW - Parts KW - Recession KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366996 JO - New Zealand Medical Journal PB - New Zealand Medical Association AU - Frith, W J AU - Otago Daily Times, Limited TI - ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES IN CHILD VEHICLE OCCUPANTS IN NEW ZEALAND PY - 1981/06/24 VL - 93 IS - 686 SP - p. 431-433 AB - Records of reported child vehicle occupant fatalities and injuries were examined. Child vehicle occupants accounted for approximately 5 percent of all road injuries and deaths in 1979, with an approximate hospital cost of one million dollars per year. It is thus worth spending considerable sums of money on countermeasures. The problem of parents' perception of risk is illustrated by the observation that annually only about one child in 1000 is injured and one in 50,000 dies as an occupant of a vehicle. International comparisons show New Zealand child occupant accident rates per 100,000 population to be of the same order as those of a selection of other developed countries. KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366976 AU - United States Congress TI - VETERANS' ADMINISTRATION AUTOMOTIVE ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT PROGRAM PY - 1981/06/15 SP - p. 1-32 AB - Contents: Statement by S.B. Hall, Jr., Texas, Chairman; Statements by witnesses: Dr Carl W. Hugues, Assistant Chief Medical Director for Professional Services, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterans' Administration; P. Riggin, Deputy Director, National Legislative Commission, the American Legion; G. H. Mansfield, Associate Legislative Director, Paralyzed Veterans of America; C.E. Joeckel, Jr., Assistant National Legislative Director, Disabled American Veterans. A letter to chairman Hall from E. Philip Riggin of June 15, 1981, regarding the cost of expanding benefit eligibility is included in an appendix. KW - Adaptive equipment/disabled drivers/ KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Disabled drivers KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Legislation KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Veterans administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362383 AU - Robbins, D H AU - Becker, J M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - BASELINE DATA FOR DESCRIBING OCCUPANT SIDE IMPACTS AND PEDESTRIAN FRONT IMPACTS IN TWO DIMENSIONS PY - 1981/06/15 SP - 68 p. AB - The objective of this project has been to modify baseline data sets developed for use with the Calspan three-dimensional crash victim simulation (HSRI Version, 1981) to a form compatible with Version 4 of the MVMA two-dimensional dynamic occupant/pedestrian simulation. The report describes the baseline vehicle geometry in Part 2. The occupant and pedestrian along with their contact interactions with the vehicle are described in Parts 3 and 4. The baseline input data sets and a sampling of the resulting computer program output are given in Part 5. KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Frontal crashes KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Two dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346670 AU - Jacobs, G AU - Jacobs (Glenn) and Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROGRAM OVERVIEW FOR ESTABLISHING A YOUTH TRAFFIC SAFETY COUNCIL. MANUAL REPORT PY - 1981/06/15 SP - 31 p. AB - Given the significant overinvolvement of young drivers in highway accidents and the important influence that young people have on the behavior of their peers, an organizational framework for youth activity in highway safety is greatly needed. The Program Overview was prepared specifically for State officials interested in establishing such a framework. The emphasis of the program recommended is on youth activity at the local level with the State providing support primarily through a network of communications and materials resources. The Program Overview contains a summary of the recommendations contained in the Implementation Guide. These recommendations relate to matters such as organization, the extent of State personnel and monetary support, State and regional conferences and specific activities that might be undertaken by local units. The recommendations are designed to be liberally interpreted and applied, depending upon the particular needs and desires of the individual States. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Financing KW - Labor unions KW - Organization KW - Organizations KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349193 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DECISION ANALYSIS OF THE "DAYTIME RUNNING LIGHTS" PROJECT PY - 1981/06/14 SP - 85 p. AB - The objective of this study is to reduce daytime motor vehicle accidents by improving vehicular conspicuity with daytime running lights. This report contains the following: (A) Project Plan and Background; (B) Decision Analysis Model; (C) Identification of Countermeasures and Candidate Populations; (D) Accident, Injury and Fatality Counts; (E) Estimated Fatality Reductions; (F) Cost Information and (G) Model Analysis. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Days KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Prevention KW - Running lights KW - Safety KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175284 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366814 JO - Medical Journal of Australia PB - Australasian Medical Publishing Company AU - Landauer, A A AU - Australian Medical Publishing Company, Limited TI - DIAZEPAM AND DRIVING ABILITY PY - 1981/06/13 VL - 1 IS - 12 SP - p. 624-626 AB - A review of the literature indicates that neither experimental nor epidemiological studies can give a clear indication as to whether orally administered diazepam adversely affects the ability of a patient to drive a car. It is preferable for anxious, aggressive, or depressed patients not to drive. Since diazepam tends to relieve these symptoms, this particular medication should not lead to an automatic prohibition of car driving. Patients should always be urged to use great care while at the wheel of a motor car. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181371 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366799 JO - JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association PB - American Medical Association AU - Technical Publishing Company TI - LAP SEAT BELTS USEFUL BUT CAN INJURE CHILDREN PY - 1981/06/12 VL - 245 IS - 22 SP - 2 p. AB - In discussing the issue of seat belt use, this article specifically points out the "seat belt syndrome". According to Kamal N. Ibrahim, M.D. and assistant professor of orthopedic surgery at Loyola University of Chicago's School of Medicine, "There is no doubt that the automobile lap seat belt is an effective means of reducing fatalities from car accidents. However, the lap belt focuses the collision forces on the pelvis and lower part of the torso producing abdominal and lumbar injuries." Seven patients with such injuries who were back seat passengers, wearing lap belts, in cars involved in head-on collisions at estimated speeds of 40 to 50 mph were treated by Ibrahim and colleagues between 1977 (when Ontario's compulsory seat belt law went into effect) and 1979 at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Further discussion of these seven patients is included in this article and the question is raised as to whether or not shoulder harnesses should be installed in the back seats of automobiles. KW - Abdomen KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rear seats KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343713 AU - Hand, D H AU - Approved Engineering Test Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT RESPONSE AND VEHICLE ACCELERATION IN A 30 MPH FRONTAL IMPACT TEST: 1981 SUBARU DL-4 WHEEL DRIVE-4 DOOR WAGON PY - 1981/06/10 SP - 111 p. AB - The purpose of the effort documented was to acquire occupant response and vehicle acceleration data in a 1981 Subaru DL - 4 Wheel Drive - 4 Door Wagon, NHTSA 811301 during a 30 MPH frontal fixed barrier impact test. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Barrier types KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research KW - Response KW - Safety engineering KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343716 AU - Hand, D H AU - Approved Engineering Test Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT RESPONSE AND VEHICLE ACCELERATION IN A 30 MPH FRONTAL IMPACT TEST - 1981 FORD F150 CUSTOM EXPLORER STYLESIDE-PICKUP PY - 1981/06/10 SP - 107 p. AB - The Office of Passenger Vehicle Research (OPVR) Occupant Packaging Branch (OPB) has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The information collected includes occupant injury measurements as well as seat belt loads, and vehicle acceleration. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Response KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361364 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--MULTIPLE-VEHICLE COLLISIONS AND FIRE, INTERSTATE 15, NEAR SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA, NOVEMBER 10, 1980 PY - 1981/06/10 SP - 38 p. AB - About 7:25 a.m. on November 10, 1980, southbound traffic on Interstate Route 15 suddenly encountered dense fog north of the Highland Avenue offramp near San Bernardino, California, that reduced visibility to between zero and 50 feet. Drivers, whose vehicles were traveling 55 mph on the well-maintained, eight-lane, divided highway, said the visibility obscurement was immediate and unexpected. Some drivers slowed their vehicles partially as they entered the fogbank and others did not. A tractor-trailer combination vehicle braked suddenly to avoid a small car that changed lanes in front of it, and a pickup truck struck the trailer from the rear. This initiated a chain of collisions that involved at least 24 vehicles over a period of 5 to 10 minutes within a distance of 450 feet and resulted in 7 fatalities, 17 injuries, and extensive damage to all vehicles. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this multiple-vehicle accident was the failure of the drivers of many of the vehicles involved to reduce speed as necessary to be able to stop in distances compatible with visibility which was severely restricted by dense fog. The initial collision occurred when a tractor-trailer was rear-ended after its driver braked abruptly to avoid hitting an unidentified car which changed lanes immediately in front of the truck. Contributing to the severity of the consequences was the extremely varied sizes and weights of the vehicles in the collisions. KW - Braking KW - Bulk carriers KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Fog KW - Injuries KW - Lane changing KW - Motor reactions KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - Panic brake application KW - Pedestrians KW - Sight distance KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Underride override crashes KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346175 AU - Donnelly, J H AU - Market Facts, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USE OF ADVERTISING AND MARKETING INCENTIVES TO PROMOTE SALES OF FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES. PART II PY - 1981/06/10 SP - 71 p. AB - The objectives of the project were accomplished through the performance of a series of tasks. The tasks included a comprehensive literature review, the development of advertising and incentive typologies or evaluation frameworks, an evaluation of the effectiveness of advertising and promotion in the marketing of fuel-efficient cars, and the identification and description of methods to measure the effectiveness of advertising and promotion in promoting fuel efficiency as an attribute. Part II is a more detailed explanation of the background and major findings of the study. KW - Advertising KW - Automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Incentives KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346661 AU - Donnelly, J H AU - Market Facts, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USE OF ADVERTISING AND MARKETING INCENTIVES TO PROMOTE SALES OF FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES. PART I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/06/10 SP - 33 p. AB - The study illuminates how consumer acceptance of fuel-efficient automobiles is influenced by advertising and incentives. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) wishes to use the study to become more knowledgeable about the use and effectiveness of these tools in marketing automobiles, particularly fuel-efficient vehicles. The purpose of the study is to develop a basis for understanding the strengths and limitations of these marketing tools. The objectives of the project were accomplished through the performance of a series of tasks. The tasks included a comprehensive literature review, the development of advertising and incentive typologies or evaluation frameworks, an evaluation of the effectiveness of advertising and promotion in the marketing of fuel-efficient cars, and the identification and description of methods to measure the effectiveness of advertising and promotion in promoting fuel efficiency as an attribute. The executive summary provides a description of the objectives of the study, major findings and conclusions. KW - Advertising KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Incentives KW - Marketing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171508 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362011 JO - US News & World Report PB - US News and World Report, Incorporated AU - US News and World Report Incorporated TI - END THE 55-MPH SPEED LIMIT? PY - 1981/06/08 VL - 90 IS - 2 SP - p. 43-44 AB - This article consists of two interviews, one with Senator Carl Taggart, Wyoming, and the other with Vincent L. Tofany, President of the National Safety Council. Senator Taggart argues that the states should decide whether to enforce or repeal the 55-mph speed limit, that it does not save that much gas anyway, that the federal government should not blackmail the states by withholding federal highway funds that are sorely needed if the states don't comply with that speed limit, and concludes that he is hopeful that the Reagan administration will not penalize Wyoming for raising the speed limit. Mr Tofany on the contrary, says the law should not be repealed, that it does save fuel and as important that it saves many lives (for example Interstates account for 8% of the fatalities nationally but in Wyoming they account for 26%) and he concludes that conserving energy and conserving a national resource people-are clearly in the national interest. KW - Energy conservation KW - Fatalities KW - Federal government KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364987 AU - Drahos, R W AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPECIAL TRAINING IN INJURY CODING PY - 1981/06/03 SP - 38 p. AB - This report presents the background concerning and discusses the training materials developed under this contract in support of the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). Materials developed are aimed at improving the quality of injury coding by NASS investigators. The injury coding process is conceptually divided into five major substantive tasks and one appreciative task. Course materials were developed for tasks one through three. The instruction takes the investigator from encountering injury data in its natural context to being able to list encoded descriptions of injury in accordance with the Occupant Injury Classification (OIC) system and Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) protocols on the appropriate NASS forms. KW - Classification KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346162 AU - Woodson, W E AU - Selby, P H AU - Man Factors, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INGRESS CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS AND SEAT POSITIONING FOR AUTOMATIC BELT SYSTEMS PY - 1981/06/01 SP - 32 p. AB - The purposes of this study were (1) to determine how much clearance between a seat belt and seat cushion is needed for a driver to enter the front seat of an automobile equipped with automatic seat belts---without his/her having to lift the webbing, and (2) to derive data regarding where driver prefer to--and therefore realistically would--position themselves with relation to the steering wheel and pedal controls. Based on subjects representative of the 5th, 50th and 95th percentile, a clearance envelope for acceptable ingress/egress clearance was determined and a compliance test procedure recommended. Using these same subjects, their preferred seating positions are essentially those for which they were designed, i.e., 5th percentile females position the seat as far forward as it will go; the general 50th percentile group place the seat about midway between fore and aft extremes, and the 95th percentile males almost invariably position the seat as far aft as it will go. KW - Automatic safety equipment KW - Automobiles KW - Car clearances (Railroads) KW - Clearances KW - Comfort KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Performance evaluations KW - Safety equipment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25571/DOT-HS-805-982.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346120 AU - Mathematica Policy Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUBLIC ACCEPTABILITY OF HIGHWAY SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1981/06 SP - 688p-in 5v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346186 AU - Booz Allen Hamilton AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF EXISTING MOTOR VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION CONCEPTS PY - 1981/06 SP - 786p-in 5v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343729 AU - Koehler, D E AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Stamper, K R AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 13: 1977 CHRYSLER 318 CID (5.2L), 2V PY - 1981/06 SP - 60 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 Chrysler 318 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicle engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453270 AU - Governor's Task Force on Alcohol & Highway Safety TI - TASK FORCE REPORT: ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1981/06 SP - v.p. AB - In late December of 1980, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. appointed a 26-member task force on alcohol, drugs and traffic safety. The charge to the six-month Task Force was to recommend practical, economically feasible and publicly supported reforms to reduce the number of drivers who are impaired by the abuse of alcohol and/or drugs. The Task Force which was named "Governor's Task Force on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety" consisted of private citizens, state department directors, attorneys, judges, representatives from private industry and members of the Legislature. This report is a record of their deliberations and recommendations. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Committees KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Recommendations KW - Task force KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386845 AU - WEBB, R F AU - Webb (RF) Corporation Limited AU - Transport Canada Research and Development Centre TI - BATTERY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CANADA PY - 1981/06 SP - 59 p. AB - The report analyzes the current state of battery R&D in Canada, with particular reference to rechargeable batteries for use in automobiles, electric vehicles and stationary electric power storage. The present and possible future levels of production of electricity in Canada are shown to be adequate to meet the energy need defined by the National Energy Program for the substitution of oil by alternatives. The production capacity in Canada and the large contribution to be made by hydroelectric power are such that there is no urgent need for the development of electric storage batteries for load-levelling by utilities, which is important elsewhere. The principal opportunity for Canada is shown to lie in the preservation of current and expanding markets for electric storage batteries for transport vehicles--both the existing type of starting, lighting and ignition battery and the high performance battery for electric vehicles. The analysis shows that R&D on batteries in Canada is both insufficient and unbalanced. Recommendations are made to rectify this situation, including expansion of battery R&D in Canada from the present level of about $2.5 million to the $10 million level within 5 years. Cost/benefit considerations are provided to show that this level of R&D is justified and overdue. KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Electric automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric power KW - Electric vehicles KW - Hydroelectric power generation KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379386 AU - Edmonds, H J AU - Greenblatt, J C AU - Lago, J A AU - Morganstein, D AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS OBTAINED IN 1977 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY (NPTS) VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1981/06 SP - 248 p. AB - The 1977 National Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) was sponsored by the Department of Transportation and was conducted by the Bureau of the Census through personal interviews with almost 18,000 households. The NPTS obtained data on all trips and travel in the U.S. over a specified period, and on the social and economic characteristics of the person making the trip. The emphasis of this report is to extract information regarding exposure to motor vehicle accidents and therefore focuses on travel involving such vehicles and not on travel by plane or train. The objectives of this report are: to convey a methodology for using the NPTS data tapes to accident researchers; to provide a qualitative description of the travel characteristics measured; and to display a descriptive summary of several exposure measures and their relation to households, vehicles and drivers. In particular, Volume II contains bivariate tables of counts of persons, counts of trips or counts of vehicles, which enables one, along with Volume I summaries, to compute estimates of miles driven in various driver, vehicle, and environmental-related categories. KW - Crash exposure KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Exposure KW - Households KW - Research KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel patterns KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379384 AU - Edmonds, H J AU - Greenblatt, J C AU - Lago, J A AU - Morganstein, D AU - Westat, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS OBTAINED IN 1977 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY (NPTS) VOLUME I: SURVEY SUMMARY PY - 1981/06 SP - 116 p. AB - The 1977 National Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) was sponsored by the Department of Transportation and was conducted by the Bureau of the Census through personal interviews with almost 18,000 households. The NPTS obtained data on all trips and travel in the U.S. over a specified period, and on the social and economic characteristics of the person making the trip. The emphasis of this report is to extract information regarding exposure to motor vehicle accidents and therefore focuses on travel involving such vehicles and not on travel by plane or train. The objectives of this report are: to convey a methodology for using the NPTS data tapes to accident researchers; to provide a qualitative description of the travel characteristics measured; and to display a descriptive summary of several exposure measures and their relation to households, vehicles and drivers. KW - Crash exposure KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Exposure KW - Highways KW - Households KW - Passenger transportation KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transportation systems KW - Research KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel patterns KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192349 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373931 JO - Design Engineering (England) PB - Morgan-Grampian Limited AU - Morgan-Grampian Limited TI - MID 80S CARS: SAVING WEIGHT AT ALL COSTS PY - 1981/06 SP - 5 p. AB - This article reviews the concept vehicle Project VERA, developed by Peugeot in response to the express wish of the French Agency for Energy Savings. VERA is a laboratory vehicle aimed at the study of factors which contribute to fuel savings. The principal factors considered are drag, weight, and fuel efficiency. The target is to achieve fuel consumption at least 25% below that of the medium size model, the Peugeot 305. Operation Saville, the fiberglass Cadillac in which the weight of the body and chassis are reduced by 37% is also reviewed briefly as well as composite torsion bars. KW - Automobiles KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Composite materials KW - Drag KW - Fuel consumption KW - Peugeot KW - Peugeot automobile KW - Plastics KW - Torsion KW - Torsion bars KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weight KW - Weight control KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194331 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370466 JO - Pennsylvania Medicine PB - Pennsylvania Medical Society AU - Widome, M D AU - Pennsylvania Medical Society TI - A SAFE RIDE FOR PENNSYLVANIA'S CHILDREN PY - 1981/06 SP - p. 26-30 AB - This paper reviews certain aspects of crash protection as it applies to the pediatric population with emphasis on preventive intervention by physicians. Recent state legislation including the proposed Pennsylvania Child Passenger Protection Act is also discussed. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Infants KW - Laws KW - Physicians KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369723 AU - Weaver, J K AU - Stock, J R AU - Ray, H W AU - Brink, J R AU - DeKalb County School System AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFE PERFORMANCE SECONDARY SCHOOL DRIVER EDUCATION CURRICULUM DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1981/06 SP - 117 p. AB - The primary purpose of this project is to determine the crash reduction potential of the Safe Performance Curriculum and curriculum delivery system in the secondary school. The research design is a comparative analysis of randomly assigned students receiving instruction in the Safe Performance Curriculum (SPC), the Pre-Driver Licensing Course (PDL), and a group receiving no driving instruction in the secondary school (Control). This report discusses the operational activities from July 1980 to June 1981, and delineates the interim research findings. At the completion of the Project data generation phase (June 1981), 17,161 students have been randomly assigned to either the treatment (SPC & PDL) or Control groups. Approximately 12,000 students have completed the treatment and become licensed drivers. Interim analysis of the data show a modest trend favoring the SPC student. However, this trend is statistically significant only as it relates to the violation rate of male drivers. Trend data indicates no significant differences in the mean accident rates of the SPC, PDL and Control students. KW - Curricula KW - Driver education KW - Highway safety KW - Safety KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346125 AU - Vayda, A AU - Crespi, I AU - Mathematica Policy Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUBLIC ACCEPTABILITY OF HIGHWAY SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES. VOLUME V: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1981/06 SP - 118 p. AB - This volume, part of a larger study on public attitudes towards proposed highway safety countermeasures for alcohol and drugs, unsafe driving behaviors, and pedestrian safety, is a condensation summary of the results detailed in each of the separate program-area reports. The principal issues, concerns, and reactions associated with each of the countermeasures studied are concisely summarized for quick reference; guidelines for designing countermeasure programs which engender public cooperation and support are provided; and implications of the reactions obtained are discussed. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Public opinion KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346121 AU - Vayda, A AU - Crespi, I AU - Mathematica Policy Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUBLIC ACCEPTABILITY OF HIGHWAY SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES. VOLUME I: BACKGROUND OF STUDY AND METHODOLOGY PY - 1981/06 SP - 144 p. AB - This study provides information about public attitudes towards proposed highway safety countermeasures in three program areas: alcohol and drugs, unsafe driving behaviors, and pedestrian safety. This volume describes the three research methodologies employed in the project. First, focus group discussions were conducted to identify the nature of public concerns about, and attitudes towards, the countermeasures in order to develop a questionnaire for use in a general public survey. Second, a statistically generated sample of the general public was surveyed to produce estimates of acceptability that could be projected to the national adult population. Third, special interest case studies were conducted in each of ten states to obtain qualitative perspectives from experts in key organizations that were believed to have special interest or expertise in the countermeasure areas under investigation. KW - Countermeasures KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Public opinion KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346123 AU - Vayda, A AU - Crespi, I AU - Mathematica Policy Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUBLIC ACCEPTABILITY OF HIGHWAY SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES. VOLUME III: ALCOHOL AND DRUG RESEARCH PY - 1981/06 SP - 225 p. AB - This volume, part of a larger study on public attitudes towards proposed highway safety countermeasures for alcohol and drugs, unsafe driving behaviors, and pedestrian safety, discusses reactions to breath testers, drunk-driving deterrence techniques, and roadside surveys. Although not a safety strategy, roadside surveys are necessary to obtain accurate measures of drivers' impairment conditions in order to develop appropriate highway safety programs. Safety strategy acceptability issues in the public survey are presented in relation to demographic characteristics, personal drinking habits, perceived countermeasure effectiveness, and perception of the drinking-driving problem; while likelihood of participation, personal safety, validity of information obtained, and logistical factors in data collection mark the criteria for evaluating roadside surveys. Legal and liability concerns, cost and implementation issues, potential effectiveness, and perceived public opposition exemplify dimensions used by special interest group members to evaluate countermeasure strategies. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Legal factors KW - Public opinion KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346109 AU - Perrott, J AU - McPherson, K AU - ROBINSON, A AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION 1980-1981 WORKSHOPS ON ALCOHOL AND OCCUPANT RESTRAINTS: EASTERN SERIES PY - 1981/06 SP - 82 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1980-1981 Workshops on Alcohol and Occupant Restraints consisted of three series: Eastern, Central and Western. Three teaching contractors conducted the workshops for NHTSA. The National Safety Council served as logistics contractor. NHTSA's goal in sponsoring the workshops was to transfer to States and localities the technology and materials available to implement comprehensive alcohol safety and occupant restraints programs. This report discusses the Eastern Workshops, conducted by the National Public Services Research Institute, which covered twenty States (AL, CT, DE, GA, KY, ME, MD, MA, MS, NH, NJ, NY, NC, PA, RI, SC, TN, VT, VA, and WV), the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Workshop agenda and invitations were coordinated through the Offices of the Governors' Representatives for Highway Safety. Participants were drawn from the areas of adjudication, education, enforcement, health, highway safety, legislation, rehabilitation, and community support. KW - Adjudication KW - Automobiles KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal government KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Information dissemination KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Laws KW - Local government KW - Manual safety belts KW - Meetings KW - Public relations KW - Rehabilitation KW - State government KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education KW - United States KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346122 AU - Vayda, A AU - Crespi, I AU - Mathematica Policy Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUBLIC ACCEPTABILITY OF HIGHWAY SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES. VOLUME II: SAFE DRIVING CONFORMANCE RESEARCH PY - 1981/06 SP - 146 p. AB - This volume is part of a larger study providing information about public attitudes towards proposed highway safety countermeasures in three program areas: alcohol and drugs, unsafe driving behaviors, and pedestrian safety. Topic areas discussed in this volume include Speed Limit Acceptance, Speed Detection Methods, and Dangerous and Negligent Driving. For each proposed countermeasure, results from the public survey provide measures of opinion, acceptability, and perceived effectiveness. The relationship of various demographic factors (e.g., age, sex, education, income, etc.) to countermeasure acceptance and perceived effectiveness is also reported. Issues such as perceived effectiveness, perceived safety benefits, potential for public resistance, legal problems, and ideological perspectives emerged as the dimensions along which members of special interest groups evaluated each of the proposed countermeasures. KW - Compliance KW - Countermeasures KW - Demographics KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High risk drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Legal factors KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Politics KW - Public opinion KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346124 AU - Vayda, A AU - Crespi, I AU - Mathematica Policy Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUBLIC ACCEPTABILITY OF HIGHWAY SAFETY COUNTERMEASURES. VOLUME IV: PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PY - 1981/06 SP - 55 p. AB - This volume is part of a larger study providing information about public attitudes towards proposed highway safety countermeasures in three program areas: alcohol and drugs, unsafe driving behaviors, and pedestrian safety. Pedestrian safety countermeasures discussed in this volume include street safety classes for children, vendor regulations, and model parking laws. For the general public survey, acceptability issues are analyzed in terms of demographic characteristics (including age of children under 25), role of schools in safety training, perceived seriousness of the safety problem, and perceived effectiveness of the proposed countermeasure. Special interest perspectives include discussions of parental involvement in children's safety programs, implementation costs, significance of the safety problem, degree of inconvenience imposed on the public, and effectiveness in accident reduction. KW - Child safety KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Parking regulations KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Prevention KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344623 AU - BAIRD, R C AU - Lewis, R L AU - Kremer, D P AU - Kilgore, S B AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS OF SPEED MEASURING RADAR UNITS PY - 1981/06 SP - 65 p. AB - The objective of this project was to measure the microwave radiation emitted by speed measuring radar units to obtain a data base for evaluating the potential radiation hazards of these devices. Measurements were taken both in free-space and with the radar units mounted in typical operating positions inside or attached to a four-door sedan. The free-space measurements were made at four different distances to determine the field strength as a function of distance from the radar units. Calibrated radiation level probes were used to measure the field strength inside the automobile and scan the interior volume of the four-door sedan with particular attention to the driver and passenger locations. Twenty-two radar units were involved, and the data are presented in a power density format. KW - Calibration KW - Distance KW - Doppler radar KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Flux density KW - Microwave spectra KW - Microwaves KW - Motor vehicles KW - Power spectra KW - Radar devices KW - Radiation hazards KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Velocity measurement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25573/DOT-HS-805-928.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368785 AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - CHILD SAFETY RESTRAINTS: THE SAFE WAY FOR CHILDREN TO TRAVEL IN MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1981/06 SP - 22 p. AB - It is the primary recommendation of this report that child restraint legislation be enacted in New York State. Senate bill 3639 would require that all children under the age of five, who are passengers in a motor vehicle registered in New York State, ride in a federally approved child restraint system. To supplement mandatory child restraint legislation, the following recommendations are also made: Continue to expand educational programs, especially in hospitals and HMO's; Encourage health insurance companies to provide child restraint systems for their policyholders, as some are now doing; Look into the possibility of health insurance companies paying for child restraint systems as part of their hospital coverage; Establish additional rental agencies throughout the state; Encourage automobile manufacturers to improve, and make safe, their interior car design; and Explore the possibility of granting tax credits to people who purchase child restraints. Regardless of one's feeling concerning the wearing of seat safety belts by adults, society has a responsibility to protect those who cannot make the decision to protect themselves, much the same as certain medical precautions are required for children by the state. Since voluntary action has not worked, the enactment of legislation seems to be the only answer. KW - Automobile industry KW - Child restraint systems KW - Equipment leasing and rental businesses KW - Insurance KW - Laws KW - Ownership, leasing and rental KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182639 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367918 JO - Journal of Otolaryngology PB - ORL Publications Limited AU - Lee, L A AU - Chung, D Y AU - Gannon, R P AU - ORL Publications Limited TI - SPEECH DISCRIMINATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF HEARING AIDS UNDER LISTENING CONDITIONS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF A TRANSIT OPERATOR PY - 1981/06 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - p. 237-244 AB - Some controversy exists regarding regulations that permit hearing impaired drivers to operate passenger carrying vehicles. In other situations it has been shown that the hearing impaired generally have more difficulty than normals discriminating speech in noise. The present study investigates this under listening conditions simulating those of a transit operator, and also looks at the effects of a hearing aid on speech discrimination in the same situation. One normal hearing group and three groups representing varying degrees of symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss were given a sentence type discrimination test in a background of recorded diesel bus noise at different speech-to-noise ratios. The hearing impaired groups performed more poorly than normals and the use of hearing aids did not affect the performance of the hearing impaired groups. Regulations pertaining to licensing of transit operators should take into account hearing above 2,000 Hz. The results of this study, combined with the possibility of noise damage from amplified noise levels, lead us to conclude that hearing aids should not be worn by transit operators on the job. KW - Bus drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Hearing aids KW - Hearing impaired persons KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Speech discrimination KW - Speech recognition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344440 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Huber, K R AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT PROTECTION/SPEED LIMIT PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG. NUMBER 3 PY - 1981/06 SP - 108 p. AB - The Occupant Protection/ Speed Limit Public Information Materials Catalog is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on those topics. It lists materials produced for campaigns, along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. KW - Catalogs KW - Highway transportation KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Instructional materials KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Occupant restraint KW - Public relations KW - Restraint systems KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344438 AU - Munz, P M AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY COMPONENT FOR DRIVER EDUCATION PROGRAMS PY - 1981/06 SP - 57 p. AB - As part of the Child Passenger Safety Program's comprehensive public information activities, a driver education in-service program was developed to integrate a child passenger safety curriculum unit into driver education classes. Four major school systems were selected for the in-service training. It was felt that driver education classes offered an excellent means for informing and influencing young student drivers in the area of child passenger safety. In addition to the teacher training sessions, materials for teaching child passenger safety were developed. Research and evaluation activities were conducted to assure that these materials would be appropriate for use by driver education instructors. Input from driver education instructors indicated that self-instructional materials would be more practical because of the unique classroom situation in driver education. As a result of research findings and instructor suggestions, self-instructional child passenger safety curriculum units were distributed to the four major school systems. KW - Adolescents KW - Automobiles KW - Children KW - Curricula KW - Driver training KW - Education KW - Minors KW - Passengers KW - Protection KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344445 AU - Grimm, A C AU - Huber, K R AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL/SAFETY PUBLIC INFORMATION MATERIALS CATALOG. NUMBER 5 PY - 1981/06 SP - 245 p. AB - The Alcohol/Safety Public Information Materials Catalog is designed for use by persons developing public information programs on alcohol and highway safety. It lists materials produced for campaigns along with journal articles and reports describing and evaluating such programs. Materials and reports listed in the catalog may be borrowed free of charge. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Catalogs KW - Drivers KW - Ethanol KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Instructional materials KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25554/DOT-HS-805-941.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344441 AU - RICE, R S AU - Shoemaker, N E AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK PILOT CRASH TEST: FRONTAL IMPACT PY - 1981/06 SP - 124 p. AB - A frontal impact test of a tractor-trailer into a crushable barrier at a nominal initial speed of 30 mph was performed. The test vehicle, which was operated at a total combination weight of 34,690 lbs., carried two 50th percentile Part 572 anthropomorphic test devices - one unrestrained at the driver position and the other restrained by a lap belt at the co-driver position. Test instrumentation consisted of 38 data channels providing acceleration information on both vehicle and dummy motions and force information on barrier performance as well as photographic coverage by eight real time and high speed motion picture cameras. The test report describes all aspects of the experiment - physical and operational characteristics of the vehicle, occupants, and barrier; instrumentation and photographic coverage; data acquisition and reduction; and time histories for all measured vehicle and dummy responses. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Anatomical models KW - Anthropometry KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Impact tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344437 AU - Cunningham, J L AU - Culler, C J AU - Pentz, C A AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICE LOANER PROGRAMS PY - 1981/06 SP - 245 p. AB - The child restraint device (CRD) loaner programs in Tennessee were evaluated. Interviews were conducted with loaner program clients in Memphis, Chattanooga, and Knoxville. Clients were asked their opinions in the areas of child passenger safety, health and safety, government intervention, and loaner programs; administrators were asked about program procedures with an emphasis on effectiveness and efficiency. Clients were classified by location of program, method of acquisition, CRD use status, CRD possession status, income level and interview method. Support for mandatory restraint use laws for both children and adults was higher than the rate of restraint use with either group. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Consumer behavior KW - Demonstration projects KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Tennessee KW - Urban areas KW - User reactions KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25549/DOT-HS-805-945.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344439 AU - Swinehart, J W AU - Public Communication Resources, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A DESCRIPTIVE REVIEW OF SELECTED MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGNS ON HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1981/06 SP - 122 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration sponsored the study to obtain information on methods for conducting mass communications programs on highway safety and to receive recommendations for future campaign activities. Twelve campaigns are reviewed on a variety of topics. Selection of campaigns for study reflect deliberate differences in scope, sponsor, level of effort, and technical approaches. Through a literature review and interviews with persons responsible for the campaigns, essential elements for campaign success are identified. Twenty-one recommendations for future highway safety campaigns are presented, 14 recommendations for preparing mass media materials are offered, and 12 recommendations regarding needed research are listed. The report also includes an annotated bibliography on the use of media for highway safety. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Catalogs KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recommendations KW - Reviews KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367981 JO - Applied Acoustics PB - Elsevier AU - Hay, B AU - Applied Science Publishers Limited TI - HIGHWAY INQUIRIES--THE ISSUE OF TRAFFIC FORECASTING PY - 1981/06 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 191-192 AB - The issue of whether the reliability and statistical validity of the methods of traffic prediction, used by the Department of Environment, are suitable for investigation at local inquiries into draft schemes for the construction of motorways is critically examined. In particular, the effect of the recent decision of the House of Lords in Bushell v. Environment Secretary 7 February, 1980 is considered. The Highways (Inquiries Procedure) Rules, 1976 were not in force at the time of this local inquiry; however, the express rights of statutory objectors to cross-examine persons giving evidence at a local inquiry are examined. KW - Inquiry KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Reliability KW - Statute cases KW - Traffic forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367964 AU - Gingold, M AU - Shteingart, S AU - Green, P AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - TRUCK DRIVERS' SUGGESTIONS AND PREFERENCES FOR INSTRUMENT PANEL SYMBOLS PY - 1981/06 SP - 100 p. AB - Ideas and preferences for symbols to label truck controls and displays were collected in two experiments. In the first, 31 tractor-semitrailer drivers were interviewed at a truck stop near Detroit, Michigan. They drew pictures representing 18 functions: cab lock down, dump load, engine oil temperature, engine oil filter, brake fluid level, air pressure, retarder, air filter, loading light, axle lift, gearbox malfunction, winch, power take off, trailer connection/lock-up, engine stop, fuel shutoff, differential lock, and third (interaxle) differential lock. From those drawings and manufacturers' suggestions 125 candidate symbols were developed. In the second experiment, 33 other truck drivers at a restaurant and at a truck depot in the Detroit area ranked those candidates, by function, from best to worst. The rankings identified some candidates as not being meaningful and others as being worthy of testing on an international scale. KW - Ergonomics KW - Instrument panels KW - Interviewing KW - Symbols KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343739 AU - Mason, R L AU - Zub, R W AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY FUEL ECONOMY STUDY PY - 1981/06 SP - 155 p. AB - In 1979, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) with support from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), convened a Task Force to develop a base of information on the effects of the 55 MPH speed limit. This report addresses the fuel consumption changes attributable to speed reduction and compliance with the 55 MPH speed limit. It also discusses the effects of vehicle size and type, and driver-controllable functions on vehicle fuel economy at highway speeds. Most of the analytical work in this report is related to passenger cars and light trucks. However, medium and heavy trucks, primarily commercial in application, have been included in the highway fuel economy analyses. KW - Air conditioners KW - Automobiles KW - Drag KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rolling friction KW - Speed limits KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle size KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343747 AU - Hsia, H AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WEIGHT REDUCTION POTENTIAL OF AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT TRUCKS: 1980 SUMMARY SOURCE DOCUMENT PY - 1981/06 SP - 327 p. AB - This report provides an assessment of the potential of weight reduction for passenger cars and light trucks (including pickup trucks, vans, and utility vehicles of GVWR up to 8500 pounds) in the post-1985 period. Vehicle characteristics and weight reduction methodologies, as well as methodologies for determining secondary weight reduction, are presented. Results of four weight reduction scenarios for material substitution, emphasizing high strength steels, fiberglass reinforced plastics, aluminum, and hybrid reinforced plastics, are presented for baseline vehicles. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Building materials KW - Fiberglass KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - High strength steel KW - Light trucks KW - Lightweight materials KW - Materials KW - Materials management KW - Materials replacement KW - Properties of materials KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Structual properties KW - Structural materials KW - Technology assessment KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343681 AU - Hand, D H AU - Approved Engineering Test Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT RESPONSE AND VEHICLE ACCELERATION IN A 30 MPH FRONTAL IMPACT TEST: 1981 CHEVROLET C10 CUSTOM DELUXE FLEETSIDE-PICKUP PY - 1981/06 SP - 97 p. AB - The purpose of the effort documented herein was to acquire occupant response and vehicle acceleration in a 1981 Chevrolet C10 Custom Deluxe Fleetside-Pickup, NHTSA 810601 during a 30 mph frontal fixed barrier impact test. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Barrier types KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Research KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170519 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367626 JO - British Heart Journal PB - British Medical Association AU - Millar-Craig, M W AU - Mann, S AU - Balasubramanian, V AU - Cashman, P AU - Raftery, E B AU - British Medical Association TI - EFFECTS OF CHRONIC BETA-BLOCKADE ON INTRA-ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE DURING MOTOR CAR DRIVING PY - 1981/06 VL - 45 IS - 6 SP - p. 643-648 AB - Continuous intra-arterial blood pressure recordings during motor car driving were performed in 15 patients with untreated essential hypertension, using the "Oxford" recording technique. Each subject was an experienced driver who used his car every day, and for the study drove from his work place to the hospital during the later afternoon. This drive took place in urban traffic and the average duration was 20.9 minutes. Blood pressure during car driving was remarkably stable, and the average systolic and diastolic pressures were similar to the mean daytime pressure. After 16 weeks of treatment with oxprenolol each patient was restudied. Blood pressure during driving had dropped from 176/107 to 160/93 mmHg, but the blood pressure response to driving and blood pressure variation during driving (expressed as the coefficient of variation) were unchanged. After treatment, the mean daytime systolic pressure was lower than the mean pressure during driving, but the relative antihypertensive effect during driving was similar to that observed in the same patients during dynamic exercise on a bicycle ergometer. No drug-induced side effects occurred and there were no apparent effects on driving ability. Chronic treatment with oxprenolol reduced blood pressure during car driving without affecting the normal blood pressure response to driving. KW - Blood pressure KW - Driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367647 AU - Atkins, A S AU - Melbourne University, Australia TI - THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COSTS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS IN AUSTRALIA: WITH PRELIMINARY COST ESTIMATES FOR AUSTRALIA IN 1978 PY - 1981/06 SP - 128 p. AB - This report contains a review of recent accident cost estimation studies and proposes a unit cost framework which is considered appropriate from both conceptual and empirical view points for the estimation of the social costs of road accidents in Australia. A detailed set of unit and total cost estimates for Australia in 1978 is presented, based mainly on existing data sources, supplemented by accident claims data from a sample of insurance companies and the Motor Accidents Board of Victoria. These preliminary cost estimates are also classified according to injury severity. Problems associated with accident statistics and data sources are discussed together with the estimation procedures. The report concludes that social costs provide only minimum estimates of the benefits gained from accident reduction, and also that the use of average cost levels is constrained by the skewed distribution of most accident cost characteristics. Further research directed towards refinement of the conceptual and empirical bases of these estimates is recommended. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Estimating KW - Injuries KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366782 AU - Armstrong, J AU - Tierney, E AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - COMPILATION OF INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE FACTS AND FIGURES PY - 1981/06 SP - 18 p. AB - Since the passage of the 1977 Amendments to the Clean Air Act, a great deal of information has been assembled about vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs. Laboratory studies, surveys, and investigations of operating I/M programs have been conducted to quantify the costs and benefits and to project the impact of these programs on air quality. This report compiles and summarizes the latest technical information available from these studies for the use of policy makers and planners. The facts and figures in this report have been gathered from the technical reports referenced at the end of the document. Interested readers are encouraged to obtain these reports for additional information. KW - Air pollution KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Data KW - Environmental impacts KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Programs KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177933 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366998 JO - Hastings Center Report PB - Institute of Society, Ethics and Life Sciences AU - Paulson, J A AU - Institute of Society, Ethics and Life Sciences TI - SHOULD STATES REQUIRE CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION? PY - 1981/06 VL - 11 IS - 3 SP - p. 21-22 AB - This commentary argues in favor of mandatory child restraint for the health and safety of children and their parents when riding in motor vehicles. It states that although mandatory laws for child restraint would discriminate economically because parents with limited incomes may not be able to afford the devices, other laws which now exist in the field of health and safety are similarly discriminatory. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Laws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181452 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367106 JO - IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - Macadam, C AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - APPLICATIONS OF AN OPTIMAL PREVIEW CONTROL FOR SIMULATION OF CLOSED-LOOP AUTOMOBILE DRIVING PY - 1981/06 SP - p. 393-399 AB - An optimal preview control method is applied to the automobile path following problem. The technique is first used to examine the straight-line regulatory driving task and results compared with similar experimental measurements. The method is further demonstrated by closed-loop simulation of an automobile driver/vehicle system during transient lane-change maneuvers. The computer simulation results are compared with equivalent vehicle test measurements. KW - Driving simulators KW - Feedback control KW - Lane changing KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181506 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362072 JO - Perceptual and Motor Skills PB - Ammons Scientific AU - Sivak, M AU - Post, D V AU - Olson, P L AU - DONOHUE, R J TI - AUTOMOBILE REAR LIGHTS: EFFECTS OF THE NUMBER, MOUNTING HEIGHT, AND LATERAL POSITION ON REACTION TIMES OF FOLLOWING DRIVERS PY - 1981/06 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - p. 795-802 AB - The efficiency of 22 configurations of brake lights in actual traffic was tested in a daytime experiment by measuring reaction times of following drivers to brake signals. Analysis showed that adding supplemental (including high-mounted) lamps to conventional two-lamp configurations did not shorten reaction times. Other findings indicate that the lateral position of the lamps, the following distance, as well as the sex (6 men, 6 women) and age (19-31 yr. vs 63-71 yr.) of the 12 drivers had significant effects on reaction times, while the mounting height of the lamps did not. KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Gender KW - Height KW - Laws KW - Mounting KW - Reaction time KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362393 AU - National Highway Safety Advisory Committee TI - SUPPORT FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1981/06 SP - 12 p. AB - The National Highway Safety Advisory Committee formed a Task Force on Support for Highway Safety Programs. The Task Force held a series of public meetings in Washington, D.C., on February 3 and 4, 1981, to address the question of how the U.S. Department of Transportation might work more effectively with the participants' organizations to achieve goals of mutual interest. This report represents the summation of what transpired during those public meetings. The following three major areas emerged as central concerns: (1) The importance of recognizing motor vehicle injuries as a major public health issue that needs to be addressed in a manner commensurate with other major health issues confronting our society; (2) The need for recognition of the enormous economic costs associated with motor vehicle injuries and how these costs translate into higher State and local budgets, higher costs for business and industry, and higher family expenses; and (3) The importance of better communication and public relations between DOT/NHTSA and organizations, agencies, and groups (both government and private) that are involved in highway safety-related activities. These three areas are discussed in more detail in this report. KW - Agencies KW - Budgeting KW - Businesses KW - Communications KW - Cooperation KW - Costs KW - Federal government KW - Government agencies KW - Highway safety KW - Industries KW - Injuries KW - Local government KW - Organizations KW - Public health KW - Public relations KW - State government KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361595 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - SAFE GROUP RIDING PY - 1981/06 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 1 AB - The pleasures and the dangers of group motorcycle riding are outlined. The numerous rules which have to be established for the group before any bike rolls down the road are explained. The establishment of signals, both CB and hand signals is emphasized, and hand signals are illustrated with photos. KW - Behavior KW - Citizen band radio KW - Driver training KW - Group behavior KW - Group riding KW - Groups KW - Hand signaling KW - Hand signals KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180577 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349887 JO - Pediatrics PB - American Academy of Pediatrics AU - Agran, P F AU - American Academy of Pediatrics TI - MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT INJURIES IN NONCRASH EVENTS PY - 1981/06 VL - 67 IS - 6 SP - p. 838-840 AB - Data on injuries sustained by child occupants in motor vehicles occurring in noncrash events are generally unrecorded. This study was undertaken to ascertain the occurrence of medically confirmed injuries sustained by child occupants in motor vehicles as a result of noncrash events. Seventy-nine children were seen in the emergency room for evaluation of injuries that they incurred as occupants in motor vehicle incidents over a period of 18 months. The majority of injuries occurred in crash events. However, 18 (23%) were injured in noncrash events. These events included sudden stops, swerves, turns, and movement of an unrestrained child within the vehicle. The mechanism of injury was either ejection from the vehicle or impact with an interior area of the vehicle. In five of the 18 cases safety restraint use could not be established. Of the 13 cases in which information was obtained, no child was restrained. Although the injuries were predominately minor (Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 1), two children sustained moderate injury (AIS 2), and one child sustained severe injury (AIS 3). These results need to be confirmed by a larger study and if confirmed, the additional hazard of injury from noncrash events should be incorporated into health education messages that currently place primary emphasis on the potential for injury in crash events. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Adolescents KW - Child restraint systems KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Interior KW - Minors KW - Safety KW - Stopping KW - Traffic safety education KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349888 AU - Raub, R A AU - Sweat, G L AU - Illinois Department of Law Enforcement TI - A METHOD FOR ALLOCATING STATE POLICE OFFICERS IN ILLINOIS PY - 1981/06 SP - 34 p. AB - The model designed for the allocation of state police officers or highway patrolmen to rural areas is based on assignment of manpower to three functions: administration (overhead), handling calls for service, and patrolling as a deterrent to crime and to violations of traffic law. Administrative support represents those officers required for managing the operations including central office, line, and specialty functions. These officers normally do not patrol or perform policing actions. Their assignment to positions is a function of the executive. Assignment of manpower to answer calls for service is dependent upon the number of calls received in two categories: accidents and generalized complaints. Sufficient personnel must be available to handle most of the requests when they are received and to respond to these requests within a reasonable time. Finally, officers are also assigned to preventative patrol. For a state police organization; this number is dependent on the number of miles of highway that require patrol, the traffic on those highways, and the number of persons residing in rural areas. The allocations based on these three criteria are assigned to counties. In turn, these counties are aggregated into districts which represent the primary organizational structure. The use of various parameters gives management the flexibility of selecting different policing objectives and examining the distribution of manpower that satisifies these objectives. This model works either with a predetermined allotment of police or it can be used to project the number of officers required. KW - Administration KW - Allocation models KW - Cost allocation KW - Deployment KW - Mathematical models KW - Personnel management KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175833 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361763 JO - LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION REVIEW AU - RUPPENTHAL, K M AU - Schillerstrom, K AU - University of British Columbia, Vancouver TI - THE UNECONOMIC CONSUMPTION OF AUTOMOBILE FUEL--ONE EXAMPLE PY - 1981/06 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - p. 213-220 AB - This paper deals with private automobiles and the fuel that is consumed in the process of moving across a political boundary. For this study, the Blaine/Douglas (Washington/British Columbia) border crossing was selected, and observations were taken to determine queue lengths, queueing time, and processing time on Friday, July 6, 1980 and Sunday, July 8, 1980. Data was gathered for vehicles crossing in both directions, on both days. The study indicates that during the two three-hour periods, some 500 U.S. gallons of gas were consumed by private automobiles while they waited to be cleared by customs and immigration services. The paper concludes by suggesting that some of the procedures which have been adopted by the European Common Market to facilitate the movement of persons and vehicles might well be adopted for crossing the U.S.-Canadian border and by thus doing, an enormous amount of fuel, which is currently wasted, could be saved. KW - Automobiles KW - Customs administration KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Fuel consumption KW - International borders KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Processing KW - Queuing KW - Waiting time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180702 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349877 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Reid, L D AU - Solowka, E N AU - Billing, A M AU - Taylor & Francis TI - A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF DRIVER STEERING BEHAVIOUR PY - 1981/06 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - p. 447-462 AB - A sequence of driving tasks has been carried out in a driving simulator. The initial tests represented lane tracking along a serpentine roadway and were employed to verify the operation of the simulator and the ability of a computer algorithm to fit linear driver models to experimental data. A second series of tests involved an obstacle avoidance manoeuvre in both a car and a truck. These latter simulator runs were augmented by field trials in an automobile during which driver eye point-of-regard data were recorded. Eye point-of-regard results from both simulator and field trials were compared and employed in formulating a simple driver model for the obstacle avoidance manoeuvre. The results from a preliminary fitting of this model to the experimental data are reported. It was found that a single linear model of the driver's dynamic characteristics can be used to represent adequately all of the driver response data measured in the present study. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Algorithms KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Field tests KW - Line of sight KW - Mathematical models KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361512 JO - Accident Analysis & Prevention PB - Elsevier AU - Joksch, H C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A RELATION BETWEEN COLLISION CLAIM FREQUENCY AND DRIVER AGE DISTRIBUTION IN HLDI DATA PY - 1981/06 VL - 13 IS - 2 SP - p. 147-151 AB - Collision claim frequency data for 1977, 1979 and 1980 modes of 2-door cars with no youthful drivers are studied. For subcompacts, the claim frequencies by make/series increase with the ratio of cars with youthful drivers to those with no youthful drivers for the same make/series. KW - Age KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Frequency distributions KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Regression analysis KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180555 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361495 JO - LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION REVIEW AU - Claxton, J D AU - McDougall, GHG AU - Ritchie, JRB AU - University of British Columbia, Vancouver TI - THE PRIVATE AUTOMOBILE IN CANADA--THE ENERGY GUZZLER PY - 1981/06 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - p. 221-229 AB - The initiatives that have been implemented in Canada to stimulate gasoline conservation are of three types: automobile fuel efficiency standards, gasoline price increases, and information programs to stimulate voluntary consumer efforts. The extent to which each of these is having an impact can be determined by answering these questions: What has been the impact of the voluntary standards for automobile fuel efficiency established by the federal government? Have higher gasoline prices had an impact on the driving habits (and maintenance practices) of Canadian drivers? Have advertising campaigns and information booklets had an impact on household driving patterns? Since answers to these questions must be based not only on statistics regarding aggregate gasoline consumption levels, but also on an understanding of consumer life styles, a major research effort was devoted to studying automobile gasoline usage and other aspects of household energy consumption. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the gasoline-related findings of this 3-year research effort while considering the three questions above. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Consumers KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Households KW - Impacts KW - Information dissemination KW - Prices KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361995 AU - Green, P AU - Burgess, W T AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Auto Glass Industry Committee for Highway Safety TI - WINDSHIELD DAMAGE AND DRIVING SAFETY PY - 1981/06 SP - 73 p. AB - Three tasks concerned with windshield damage and driving safety were completed. First, a review of the literature revealed abundant information on general problems of visibility and the assessment of windscreen optical quality, but little information specifically pertaining to windshield damage. Second, the available accident data were analyzed. While the evidence is tenuous and sparse, there were no indications that windshield damage has been a causal factor in accidents. Only in the CPIR computerized accident file has windshield condition been coded, and in that file only two vehicles had pre-crash windshield damage. In neither case was it a causal factor. Finally, in a two-choice response time experiment, sixteen drivers viewed slides of nighttime road scenes through four different windshields. Drivers were asked to indicate if it was "safe to proceed" (or not) by pressing buttons. Increasing the degree of windshield damage led to increases in response time, especially when a light simulating the glare of an oncoming vehicle's headlamps was present. This last result suggests to the authors that windshield damage is a visibility problem that should receive more attention from drivers and safety organizations. KW - Crash causes KW - Data analysis KW - Emergency response time KW - Experiments KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Night visibility KW - Reaction time KW - Safety KW - Visibility KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176660 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361504 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - MOTORCYCLES FOR BEGINNERS PY - 1981/06 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - p. 352-357 AB - This article evaluates five light, small-engined motorcycles, which might interest first-time riders who want to get around without a car. A previous article (May 1981), covers motorized bikes and mopeds. Two motor scooters were also evaluated, along with the small motorcycles for this article and are discussed in a separate box. Another box describes how to ride a motorcycle and survive. Four of the motorcycles tested had engines ranging from 125 to 250 cc. The fifth had a 400 cc engine. The article also recommends that the novice consider a 70 cc engine vehicle, which is bigger than a moped, but smaller than a motorcycle and was originally reported on in the May 1981 article. KW - Driver training KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Scooters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180549 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361505 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - MOTORCYCLE HELMETS PY - 1981/06 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - p. 358-362 AB - This report evaluates both full-face (full facial coverage) and three quarter (full-coverage) motorcycle helmets. It cites a University of Southern California study of motorcycle helmets that discovered that expensive helmets did not prove significantly better than "cheap" ones in traffic accidents. Consumers Union believes full-face helmets offer considerable extra facial protection. Additional information is presented in two boxes that accompany the article. The first, Decoding the Safety labeling on helmets-discusses the three sets of standards currently used: U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Snell Memorial Foundation. The second box - The attack on helmet laws-describes the ups and downs of mandatory helmet laws, and cites statistics which show that during the period (1966-1976) when they were being introduced, the fatality rate among motorcyclists declined from 12.8 to 6.5 deaths per 10,000 registered motorcycles. From 1976, when the Highway Safety Act stripped the Transportation Secretary of the right to refuse funding to states that did not require the wearing of helmets, the fatality rate rose to 8.9 per 10,000 in 1979. Ratings of motorcycle helmets are also included. KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Legislation KW - Mandatory helmet laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Ratings KW - Safety equipment KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180550 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349878 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - McDonald, N AU - Taylor & Francis TI - SAFETY AND REGULATIONS RESTRICTING THE HOURS OF DRIVING OF GOODS VEHICLE DRIVERS PY - 1981/06 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - p. 475-485 AB - The enhancement of safety is an explicit reason for regulations restricting hours of driving and work of heavy goods vehicle drivers; however the effectiveness of such regulations has been questioned. In some cases the regulations cannot be effective because they are neither enforced nor adhered to. Recent evidence suggests that both long hours of work and driving at night may be associated with an increased risk of accident; and a small part of recent improvements in the heavy goods vehicle accident rate may be due to regulations governing, amongst other things, drivers' hours. However, some drivers may be increasingly at risk because of high mileages and driving at night. KW - Crash rates KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Hours of labor KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Regulations KW - Risk assessment KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361615 AU - Hamilton, E G AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - SINGLE VARIABLE TABULATIONS FOR FATAL 1976-1980 NORTH CAROLINA ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/06 SP - v.p. AB - The tables in this reference document were generated from HSRC data tapes of accidents occurring in North Carolina from 1976 through 1980. Only accidents involving a fatality were used. An introduction to this document explains accident definitions and reporting procedures, gives the characteristics of the tables which make up the body of this document, and provides a detailed explanation of the HSRC accident tapes. KW - Crash reports KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179310 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349652 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - FULLER, RGC AU - Taylor & Francis TI - DETERMINANTS OF TIME HEADWAY ADOPTED BY TRUCK DRIVERS PY - 1981/06 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - p. 463-474 AB - As a measure of driving performance, time headway provides a way of representing the total interaction between a driver, his vehicle and the road environment as well as an exact description of episodes of dangerously close following. This paper presents the results of a field experiment on the effects on time headway of prolonged driving in a continuous convoy situation. In all, 12 professional truck drivers in two age groups were used. Each drove an instrumented 7 ton rigid van-type heavy goods vehicle for 11 hours on each of 4 consecutive days. Time headway was measured using a closed-circuit television system designed to provide a continuous record of instantaneous time headway. Conditions under which the drivers' following performances were measured were different types of following manoeuvre, prolonged driving and early and late shifts. Comparison with the results of an earlier study of incidental episodes of vehicle following provided an evaluation of the effects of infrequent versus continuous following. The results showed that time headways in convoy driving are much lower than in naturally occurring following situations, particularly for steady-state following during daytime hours. It also appears that drivers need a period of time to adjust to the demands of convoy driving and that driving at night requires longer time headways. No evidence of an increase in performance riskiness was found either during the 11 hour driving day or cumulatively over the 4 days of the experiment. KW - Convoys KW - Days KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Hazards KW - Headways KW - Night KW - Personnel performance KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic platooning KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179978 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349836 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Sheehy, N P AU - Taylor & Francis TI - THE INTERVIEW IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGICAL PITFALLS PY - 1981/06 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - p. 437-446 AB - The apparent randomness of traffic accidents effectively guarantees that traffic researchers will never witness more than a handful of collisions. Thus the nature of accidents demands a retrospective method of enquiry, and interviewing procedures have traditionally provided the primary tools in this regard. Potential pitfalls associated with the use of interview procedures in accident research have rarely been elucidated. It is suggested here that the use of interviews in accident investigation are problematic at both the technical and theoretical level. At the technical level demands for accuracy, reliability and consistency in accident reports may promote bias in the accounts offered by witnesses. At the theoretical level retrospective methods generally tend to lead the researcher to infer causal connections between accident antecedents and consequents whereas correlational associations would be more appropriate. Some factors contributing to this sort of erroneous inference are identified. It is shown that "prospective" methods of accident enquiry, such as are incorporated in current traffic conflict techniques, may suffer from similar types of interpretational bias. KW - Accuracy KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Interviewing KW - Reliability KW - Witnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180089 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349657 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Humphreys, M AU - Taylor & Francis TI - THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF IN-DEPTH ROAD CRASH DATA PY - 1981/06 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - p. 423-435 AB - The collection of in-depth road crash data is considered from three perspectives. (1) The problems of sampling are illustrated by reference to several recent studies. (2) The techniques of collecting statements from witnesses are reviewed and the problem of when to stop collecting details is illustrated by consideration of the importance of post-traumatic psychological "sequelae" of road crashes. (3) The training and support systems needed for personnel working on in-depth projects are considered. A simple contributing factor classification technique for the analysis of road crash data is described and its usefulness illustrated by the brief presentation of some results of in-depth studies at the Traffic Accident Research Unit including pedestrian, pedal and motorcycle crashes. KW - Classification KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Psychological aspects KW - Sampling KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training KW - Witnesses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349851 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION AND COLLISION COVERAGES. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INJURY AND COLLISION LOSSES AND ENGINE OPTIONS FOR SELECTED 1977-1979 COMPACT CARS PY - 1981/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report summarizes the injury and collision coverage loss experience of a group of selected 1977 through 1979 compact cars in relation to their engine sizes. The principal findings are: (A) For the specialty models there were pronounced relationships between their collision coverage loss experience and the size of their engines. The cars with the most powerful engines had the worst loss experience; (B) For the specialty models there were no consistent relationships between their injury loss experience and the size of their engines; (C) For the regular two- and four-door models there were no consistent relationships between their loss experience--either injury or collision-- and the size of their engines; and (D) There were consistent differences between the loss experience--both injury and collision--for corresponding two- and four-door models. In virtually every case the results for the two-door models were worse than the results for the corresponding four-door models with the same engine. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Four door vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Losses KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personal injury KW - Two door vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175788 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349843 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - AMERICAN EXCESS--SOME OBSERVATIONS ON A NATIONAL PASTIME PY - 1981/06 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-16 AB - This article discusses speeding, an "American Excess" that has become a severe problem. The problem exists not only on highways with the national maximum of 55 mph, but also on roads with slower posted limits and where it is a far more serious problem. The problem is made worse by many things, including bad weather and following too close. Speeding causes greater fuel consumption, but those who speed don't seem to care. This article takes a look at some of the reasons given for speeding, and asks the reader to consider his own reasons, then slow down and live. KW - Drivers KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway safety KW - Speeding KW - Traffic violators KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349846 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Balcar, G P AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - THE FEDERAL ROLE IN HIGHWAY SAFETY: A SUCCESS STORY PY - 1981/06 VL - 51 IS - 6 SP - p. 51-55 AB - Some perspectives on the history and future directions of the U.S. Federal Highway Safety Programs are presented. In recent years, the federal government has accepted the responsibility of dealing with the issue of the cost of human and economic damage of highway accidents with new measures of skill and advanced thinking that have produced evidence of success. Continued federal responsibility for highway safety standards and funding is necessary since most states have neither the funds, the capability nor the inclination to set satisfactory safety standards. KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Federal programs KW - Highway safety KW - Standards KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361314 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wachtel, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELECTRONIC ADVERTISING ALONG HIGHWAYS--CONCERN FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1981/06 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-5 AB - Developments in electronics, computers, and communications are being applied to traffic signs. One of the most advanced developments is the lamp matrix system which is one form of a commercial electronic variable message sign (CEVMS). Although a 1978 amendment to the Highway Beautification Act legitimized commercial signage using the latest technology, earlier federal laws still in force prohibited signs illuminated by flashing, intermittent, or moving light or signs that move or have animated or moving parts. The Federal Highway Administration through research and field observations demonstrated that CEVMS's have the potential for animation and for flashing, moving, and intermittent message presentation, and some operating signs already display these characteristics. In addition a correlation was established between roadside advertising and traffic accidents. KW - Animation KW - Beautification KW - Computer animation KW - Highway beautification KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Roadside advertising KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signal hardware KW - Traffic signs KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180427 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349839 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Van Cott, D AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - AIR CUSHION RECOVERY SYSTEM PY - 1981/06 VL - 45 IS - 4 SP - p. 10 AB - This article discusses the use of air bags to return overturned commercial vehicles, tractor trailers or other heavy vehicles to an upright position. From a demonstration of their use, several facts became obvious: they are time saving, they are cost effective, and they increase the safety of recovery operations involving vehicles transporting hazardous materials. The air cushions are also considered life savers, enabling fast rescue of persons trapped by overturned vehicles, fallen trees, collapsed scaffolding, collapsed tunnels, or in various other emergency situations. KW - Air bags KW - Collapse KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Emergencies KW - Hazardous materials KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Overturning KW - Productivity KW - Recovery KW - Safety KW - Time savings KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180091 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349863 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Kourik, J W AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - BEATING THE HIGH COST OF POOR DRUM BRAKE MAINTENANCE PY - 1981/06 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - p. 33 AB - This article evaluates school bus drum brake performance and service life. The use of original equipment, quality replacement parts, the replacement of all parts that should be replaced, and proper training of mechanics, coupled with a well thought-out overall maintenance program that includes regularly scheduled inspections, will result in extended service from hydraulic drum brakes, while reducing maintenance and repair costs. KW - Drum brakes KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361321 AU - Williams, A F AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Harris, S S AU - Karpf, R S AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - THE EFFECT OF RAISING THE LEGAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE ON FATAL CRASH INVOLVEMENT PY - 1981/06 SP - n.p. AB - In the early 1970's, many states in the U.S. lowered their legal minimum drinking ages, resulting in increased fatal crash involvement among young drivers. Beginning in 1976 and continuing into the 1980's, some of these states raised their drinking ages. The present study, conducted in nine states in which the drinking ages were raised, found that this resulted in reductions in fatal crash involvement among drivers the law changes applied to, especially in types of fatal crashes in which alcohol is most often involved. The reductions in the nighttime fatal crash involvement of such drivers, that occurred in eight of the nine states, ranged from 6 to 75 percent. On average, a state that raises its drinking age can expect about a 28 percent reduction in nighttime fatal crash involvement among drivers the law change applies to. It was estimated that in the 14 states that had raised their drinking ages as of January 1981, the result each year is about 380 fewer young drivers involved in nighttime fatal crashes. In the 31 states that still had a legal minimum drinking age less than 21 as of that date, it is estimated that each year there could be about 730 fewer young drivers in nighttime fatal crashes if the legal drinking age were raised to 21. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Legal drinking age KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179301 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361028 JO - Washingtonian PB - Washington Magazine Incorporated AU - Weiss, M J AU - Washington Magazine Incorporated TI - HOW TO FIND A SAFE CAR PY - 1981/06 VL - 16 IS - 9 SP - p. 186 AB - This article reviews the safety facts about cars, trying to dispel some of the myths that have grown up about car safety. It states that safety experts estimate that the shrinking size of the automobile could lead to an increase of 15,000 fatalities annually by 1990. It also points out the general lack of concern for safety, stating that although statistics show that seatbelts are the best crash protection you have, 89 percent of Americans don't buckle up. The problem of the drinking driver is highlighted, and a large part of the article is devoted to a discussion of the NHTSA crash tests and why safety doesn't sell. In conclusion, some safety guidelines for new-car purchasers are given, along with tips for motorists who want to make and keep their own cars safer. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Purchasing KW - Safety KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180215 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349876 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - England, L AU - Taylor & Francis TI - THE ROLE OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IN ROAD SAFETY PY - 1981/06 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - p. 409-422 AB - A road accident is a rare, random, multifactor event to which it is usually impossible to assign a single cause. In recent years a systematic approach to Accident Investigation has been adopted by many local authorities in the United Kingdom. A description of such an approach is based on the author's experience in the Accident Investigation Unit in Nottinghamshire. In the early stages of Accident Investigation, location in space and time makes it possible to identify accident clusters at specific sites or particular problem areas and to detect diurnal or seasonal variations within this distribution. More detailed investigation identifies a multiplicity of factors which may or may not have contributed to the accident. Frequently recurring factors may point to a predominant accident type or pattern at a particular site. A multidisciplinary approach to the second-level in-depth investigation is needed in order to identify important environmental and behavioural factors. From this information it is often possible to determine countermeasures which are both appropriate and cost effective in terms of accident savings. KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Drivers KW - Environmental impacts KW - Multidisciplinary teams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349662 JO - Traffic Laws Commentary AU - Liner, S A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING LAWS AFFECTING HANDICAPPED DRIVERS PY - 1981/06 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 57 p. AB - This Commentary evaluates the statutory laws which form the framework for balancing the needs of the handicapped person for mobility afforded by having a license and the needs of the public for protection from unsafe drivers. The Commentary focuses on and examines the state laws with specific application to the handicapped and the state laws which affect the handicapped without having specifically applicable provisions. In each instance the pertinent licensing provisions of Chapter 6 of the Uniform Vehicle Code and the comparable state statutes are covered. The scope of the Commentary is limited to the state statutes enacted as of January 1, 1981, and does not consider any state regulations. The Commentary examines those laws affecting persons with physical or mental handicaps such as impaired vision and hearing, permanent loss of a limb or eye, disorders that could result in periodic lapses of consciousness, mental illness or retardation, and aging. KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver licensing KW - Hearing loss KW - Laws KW - Medical disability KW - Mental illness KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Physical condition KW - Physical disabilities KW - States KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349827 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION AND COLLISION COVERAGES. COMPARISONS OF THE LOSS EXPERIENCE OF TWO- AND FOUR-DOOR CARS 1978,1979, AND 1980 MODELS PY - 1981/06 SP - 56 p. AB - This report analyzes differences in the injury and collision, (In this report the term collision refers to the particular type of insurance sold as "Collision" coverage), loss experience between two- and four-door cars. In particular, it examines the influence of three non-vehicle factors--insured driver age, vehicle density of the garaging location, and vehicle use--to determine whether they contribute to the repeatedly documented differences in loss experience between these two body styles. Results were based on the personal injury protection and collision coverage experience of four popular cars that were marketed in two- and four-door versions. Injury results are presented for 1978 and 1979 models and collision results for 1978-1980 models. Principal findings are: (A) In virtually every loss category two-door cars had worse experiences than corresponding four-door cars. These differences were most pronounced for the collision coverage results, but were also present for most of the injury results. There was no evidence that the non-vehicle factors studied were significantly contributing to these differences. (B) Although driver age had a strong influence on the results, it did not account for most of the differences in loss experience between the two car body styles. (C) Vehicle density and vehicle use also influenced the results but did not contribute to the differences in loss experience by body style. KW - Age KW - Automobile travel KW - Crash severity KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Four door cars KW - Garages KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Personal injury KW - Two door cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175754 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349835 JO - Ergonomics PB - Taylor & Francis AU - Taylor, D H AU - Taylor & Francis TI - THE HERMENEUTICS OF ACCIDENTS AND SAFETY PY - 1981/06 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - p. 487-495 AB - The engineering aspects of road safety have now become so sophisticated that road accidents have seemingly reached an asymptotic level. Unfortunately this level is well above zero, and the remaining accidents seem to be due not so much to faults in the environmental interface as to carelessness and perversity. Mechanistic models of man are not well equipped to deal with these properties of men, and a different mode of explanation is sought. Hermeneutics is a discipline originally concerned with textual interpretation, which has recently been introduced into psychology, and which focuses on elucidation of the meanings of human actions. Within this framework, it is proposed that accidents are by definition meaningless events, and the meanings of actions antecedent to accidents must be sought elsewhere than in their statistical association with the latter. The implications of this, and some directions for enquiry, are discussed in the paper. KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Psychological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180088 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361305 JO - Consumers' Research PB - Consumer's Research Incorporated AU - Consumer's Research Incorporated TI - THE REAGAN AUTO PACKAGE. HOW NEW REGULATIONS WILL AFFECT CONSUMERS PY - 1981/06 VL - 64 IS - 6 SP - p. 11-14 AB - This article describes some of the 34 orders and initiatives affecting the manufacture of American automobiles, handed down by the Reagan administration in early April 1981. Changes proposed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) involve passive restraints, bumper standards, battery labeling, "field of vision" rules, seat belts, mileage targets, tire evaluations, metric speedometers, and numerous other items that will affect the function, appearance and price of automobiles offered for sale by U.S. manufacturers. The article contains a condensed version of these rule changes, with the official explanation of why the change is being sought. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is also seeking changes which concern finer points of emission controls, and in many cases apply to trucks rather than passenger vehicles. A table, jointly published by NHTSA and EPA, indicating the aggregate effect of the suggested changes and the estimated dollar savings to industry and consumers is reprinted with the article. KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile industry KW - Bumpers KW - Costs KW - Electric batteries KW - Field of view KW - Field of vision KW - Metric system KW - Mileage KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Regulations KW - Speedometers KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361323 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY CONSERVATION AND THE FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM PY - 1981/06 SP - 33 p. AB - The basic question facing the Federal Highway Administration is how to provide leadership in developing methods to curb the Nation's longstanding appetite for more fuel consumption and still provide needed transportation services. This publication presents some of the methods (and resulting benefits) that the Federal Highway Administration, in cooperation with the States, is using to meet this energy conservation challenge. The following areas are addressed: planning, design considerations, construction and maintenance, traffic operations, ridesharing and high occupancy vehicle incentives, and transportation system management. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the total Federal Highway Administration organization has begun to think "ENERGY" and to redirect its programs to meet the new challenges. KW - Energy conservation KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Fuel consumption KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Incentives KW - Ridesharing KW - Road construction KW - Traffic KW - Transportation system management KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346190 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF EXISTING MOTOR VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION CONCEPTS. VOLUME IV: METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING THE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION CONCEPTS. TASK 3 PY - 1981/06 SP - 48 p. AB - This report focuses on the methodology employed in developing recommended diagnostic inspection concepts for centralized, decentralized and independent inspection programs. KW - Centralization KW - Concepts KW - Decentralization KW - Etching KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Innovation KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346199 AU - Moore, G H AU - Ulmer, R G AU - Connecticut State Police Department AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT PROGRAM EVALUATION IN CONNECTICUT (55MPH) PY - 1981/06 SP - 34 p. AB - During the period from September 1978 to March 1981 the Connecticut State Police Department participated in a demonstration project to determine the relationship between patrol level (units deployed) and motorists' compliance with the speed limit on segments of interstate highways. Phase I of the project was a pilot test of the instrumentation and procedures to be employed while Phase II involved the systematic deployment of one, two, four or six patrol units on four different highway segments. Automatic recording devices were used to continuously record the speeds of vehicles passing through the segments. The results of the study indicated that increased enforcement significantly reduced the proportion of motorists exceeding 60 mph, that more arrests per trooper were made during the increased enforcement deployments, and that fine revenues more than offset the costs of the increased patrols. KW - Compliance KW - Connecticut KW - Demonstration projects KW - Highway transportation KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Law enforcement KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346191 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF EXISTING MOTOR VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION CONCEPTS. VOLUME V: MOTOR VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION PLANNING MANUAL PY - 1981/06 SP - 223 p. AB - The manual contains recommended concepts for the implementation of diagnostic vehicle inspection in existing and planned vehicle-in-use inspection and/or consumer assistance programs. Alternative diagnostic concepts for centralized, decentralized and independent inspection programs are presented. Detailed appendices address equipment requirements, diagnostic test procedures and facility design and architectural considerations. KW - Centralization KW - Concepts KW - Decentralization KW - Design KW - Equipment KW - Etching KW - Facilities KW - Innovation KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346187 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF EXISTING MOTOR VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION CONCEPTS. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/06 SP - 31 p. AB - The study involved analysis of the characteristics of motor vehicle diagnostic inspection facilities through detailed documentation of 30 facilities and programs in the U.S., Canada and selected foreign countries. The study also focused on the characteristics of existing and planned periodic vehicle-in-use inspection programs through analysis of such programs in 31 States, the District of Columbia and the Province of British Columbia, Canada. Further, the study recommended diagnostic inspection concepts, as well as a planning manual, presenting the recommended concepts for implementation in existing and planned vehicle-in-use inspection and/or consumer assistance programs. KW - Canada KW - Concepts KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Foreign KW - Innovation KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Project management KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346067 AU - Arendt, R H AU - MILLER, P M AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST SITE INSTRUMENTATION STUDY. VOLUME I PY - 1981/06 SP - 214 p. AB - The study reviewed the data acquisition and reduction practices at fifteen crash and sled testing facilities which normally produce impact test data for the NHTSA. Attention was focused on dynamic response characteristics, instrumentation calibration procedures, filtering techniques, equipment properties and analog to digital conversion techniques. The results of the study indicate that significant variations occur among the test facilities. Recommendations are given for the NHTSA to standardize data acquisition and reduction methods so that the test data in the NHTSA crash test data base system will have greater consistency. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Instrumentation KW - Research KW - Standardization KW - Test facilities KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346068 AU - Arendt, R H AU - MILLER, P M AU - MGA Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST SITE INSTRUMENTATION STUDY. VOLUME II: CRASH 1 AND CRASH 2 "RAW" DATA PY - 1981/06 SP - 150 p. AB - The study reviewed the data acquisition and reduction practices at fifteen crash and sled testing facilities which normally produce impact test data for the NHTSA. Attention was focused on dynamic response characteristics, instrumentation calibration procedures, filtering techniques, equipment properties and analog to digital conversion techniques. Presented in this volume are the "raw" data results for the Crash 1 and Crash 2 waveforms used in the Test Site Instrumentation Study. KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Research KW - Standardization KW - Test facilities KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346018 AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FMVSS 301: FUEL SYSTEM INTEGRITY. REPORT NO. 7 PY - 1981/06 SP - 96 p. AB - This is the Final Report of the statistical evaluation of (FMVSS) 301 Fuel System Integrity. FMVSS 301 is a death-and-injury reduction Standard which includes requirements (effective 1 January 1968) on the limits of leakage from the fuel tank, filler pipes, and fuel tank connections during and after 30 mph frontal barrier crashes. The data available for analysis did not permit examining the frequency of fuel system rupture and/or fuel spillage nor the bottom line result of injury and death reduction due to FMVSS 301. The 109 post-crash fire cases available from the National Crash Severity Study file permitted a descriptive analysis by Standard period, car weight, impact site, object struck, type of collision, driver injury, etc. On the other hand, data from mid-1971 through 1978 crashes in North Carolina did permit an analysis of the effectiveness of FMVSS 301 through logistic regression procedures. The logistic regression models controlled for speed, impact site, and vehicle age within Standard status. The final model provided a negative estimate (-0.28 with a standard error of 0.143) of the effectiveness of FMVSS 301 where the effectiveness estimate represented the percentage reduction in post-crash fire rates for the Post-Standard cars (i.e., 1969-75 model year vehicles). Clearly the initial version of FMVSS 301 did not have the desired effect of reduced post-crash fire rates. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Fire prevention KW - Fires KW - Fuel systems KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Quality of work KW - Regression analysis KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346189 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF EXISTING MOTOR VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION CONCEPTS. VOLUME III: CHARACTERISTICS OF PERIODIC VEHICLE INSPECTION PROGRAMS. TASK 2 PY - 1981/06 SP - 85 p. AB - The study involved the documentation of existing and planned vehicle-in-use inspection/maintenance programs. Summaries of administrative, staffing, facility layout, equipment types and other inspection program operational characteristics are presented for programs which provide safety, emissions, noise and fuel economy inspections in thirty-one States, the District of Columbia and the Province of British Columbia, Canada. KW - Canada KW - Concepts KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Foreign KW - Fuel consumption KW - Innovation KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pollutants KW - Project management KW - Sound level KW - United States KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171422 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370471 JO - NEW SCIENTIST PB - REED BUSINESS INFORMATION LTD AU - HAMER, M AU - IPC Magazine Limited TI - CARS THAT DON'T KILL PEDESTRIANS PY - 1981/05/28 VL - 90 IS - 1255 SP - 1 p. AB - Researchers at the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, believe that a new car design could significantly cut the number of pedestrians who are killed by cars at speeds of under 40 km/h. This car would have a polyurethane-padded bumper which would hit an adult pedestrian on the calf. Then, the leading edge of the hood--which would also be padded--would hit the pedestrian on the hip. The pedestrian would revolve through almost 90 degrees, hitting the back half of the hood--which is also padded, with his head. The padded car is the result of tests carried out on the TRRL's Pedestrian Killing Machine which consists of a dummy and a test car. KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Fatalities KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Test vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366822 AU - Varterasian, J H AU - General Motors Corporation TI - ON MEASURING AUTOMOBILE SEAT RIDE COMFORT PY - 1981/05/28 SP - 39 p. AB - A ride number to measure the "ride comfort" of an automobile seat has been developed that could be used to numerically rank nearly all seats. In this research, ride comfort is regarded as the characteristic of the seat that isolates an occupant from annoying road vibrations. The results were obtained from a program where subjects rated a variety of different seats on a paired comparison basis. The ride number is a result of arranging the measured dynamic seat parameters in an empirical formula for the best correlation with the subjective ratings. As a result, the ride number agreed with 67% of the ratings; this compares with a 60% agreement for a ride measure based on the International Standards Organization (ISO) comfort criterion for humans. When similar seats (bucket seats) were considered, the agreement with the ride number was 80%, while with the ISO ride measure it was 65%. The ride number, being "tuned" particularly to automotive vibrations, has shown that, in general, seats need not be heavy to provide traditional ride comfort. KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Ratings KW - Riding qualities KW - Seats KW - Subjective analysis KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178000 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349653 JO - Science PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science AU - LAVE, L B AU - American University TI - CONFLICTING OBJECTIVES IN REGULATING THE AUTOMOBILE PY - 1981/05/22 VL - 212 IS - 4497 SP - p. 893-899 AB - Federal regulation of automobile safety, emissions, and fuel economy is contradictory. Safety equipment and emissions control reduce fuel economy; reducing the size of automobiles is estimated to increase fatalities by 1400 a year and significantly increase serious injuries. These secondary impacts of regulations roughly double the estimated costs of achieving the individual goals. In formulating regulations, these contradictions must be taken into account, along with the effects on the price of the vehicle and its attractiveness to buyers. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - Fatalities KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Injuries KW - Prices KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - United States KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367261 AU - Andon, J AU - Burke, C AU - Renick, S AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FORD ESCORT GL BASELINE WEIGHT DATA PY - 1981/05/18 SP - 93 p. AB - To provide baseline weight and specification data for use in future material substitution/weight and cost reduction studies, a teardown study was performed on the 1981 Escort three-door sedan. The results, summarized graphically and in detail by major components, provides a basis for determining the weight savings, design requirements and cost impact of material substitution for expanded use of aluminum or plastics. It should be noted that unless a component that was welded to the basic body-in-white was considered a candidate for substitute material, the study left the component intact and included in the weight of an assembly. Selection of candidate material substitution components was done by the NHTSA contract monitor in conjunction with advice from TSC and the teardown contractor. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Plastics KW - Specifications KW - Substitution KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346181 AU - Jacobs, G AU - Jacobs (Glenn) and Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE FOR ESTABLISHING A YOUTH TRAFFIC SAFETY COUNCIL PY - 1981/05/15 SP - 129 p. AB - Given the significant overinvolvement of young drivers in highway accidents and the important influence that young people have on the behavior of their peers, an organizational framework for youth activity in highway safety is greatly needed. The Guide was prepared specifically for State and local officials interested in establishing such a framework. The emphasis of the program recommended is on youth action at the local level with the State providing support mainly through a network of communications and materials resources. The Guide contains detailed recommendations on organization, the extent of State personnel and monetary support, State and regional conferences, and specific activities that might be undertaken by local units. The recommendations are meant to allow a fairly wide latitude of application, depending upon the needs and desires of individual States. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Guidelines KW - Highway transportation KW - Organizations KW - Recommendations KW - State government KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171417 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349838 JO - Iron Age PB - Chilton Company AU - Berry, B H AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - AUTO RULES COULD MOVE DETROIT IN A NEW DIRECTION PY - 1981/05/13 SP - p. 19-22 AB - This article discusses the advantages to be had from modification of Federal regulations of the auto industry. Various proposed actions relating to EPA and NHTSA regulations are estimated to give a saving of 9,297 million dollars over a five-year period, which yields an approximate 150 dollars per car and truck in potential consumer savings. KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Environmental policy act KW - Estimates KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - Regulations KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365291 AU - Beddow, B AU - BERGER, S AU - Ross, D AU - Miller, B AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY TO DETERMINE AVAILABILITY OF PARTS AT DEALERS DURING A RECALL CAMPAIGN PY - 1981/05 SP - 141 p. AB - A significant number of complaints have been generated by automobile owners about their difficulties in having recall work performed, specifically with regard to the availability of parts when a recall campaign is initiated. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of all activities in the systems of parts supply during recall campaigns. Twenty domestic and foreign manufacturers facilities were visited in order to document their parts distribution systems and to document recall campaign specific data pertaining to parts availability. In addition, 141 new car dealerships were visited in 10 NHTSA geographic regions in order to document campaign specific availability of parts at the dealership level. One main observation is that substantial effort by manufacturers is applied to ensure that recall campaigns are successful. The quantities of parts contained in initial shipments appear to be adequate to meet an orderly scheduling of owners for corrective work. The number of campaigns experiencing lateness of parts for initial service under recalls is too large to be written off as an unexplained anomaly. The campaigns with lateness are not more difficult in regard to technical complexity. The repeated examination of the data points to deficiencies in the final stages of distribution of parts to dealers. KW - Automobiles KW - Availability KW - Components KW - Distribution systems KW - Industries KW - Physical distribution KW - Spare parts KW - Supply KW - Supplying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365286 AU - Andon, J AU - Burke, C AU - Renick, S AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FORD ESCORT GL BASELINE WEIGHT DATA PY - 1981/05 SP - 97 p. AB - To provide baseline weight and specification data for use in future material substitution/weight and cost reduction studies, a teardown study was performed on the 1981 Escort three-door sedan. The results, summarized graphically and in detail by major components, provides a basis for determining the weight savings, design requirements and cost impact of material substitution for expanded use of aluminum or plastics. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Cost engineering KW - Design KW - Materials KW - Plastics KW - Substitutes KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452174 AU - Gard, A M AU - Brown (Dayton T), Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXTENSION OF FMVSS NO. 218 TO COVER ALL HELMET SIZES. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY APPENDICES A AND B PY - 1981/05 SP - 48 p. AB - The stated objective of this program was to determine if the test headform specifications and the compliance test procedures in the FMVSS No. 218 standard are suitable for impact attenuation testing of all sizes of motorcycle helmets. New procedures were to be developed if the current procedure proved inadequate. In addition, A, C, and D size test headforms were to be produced. It was concluded that the current testing procedure could be used with only minor modifications. These include the addition of a headform size selection procedure and a change in the center of gravity location requirements. The test headforms which were fabricated did not require lead weighting to achieve the center of gravity and weight requirements, but only machining of a mounting ball seat and installation of threaded inserts for mounting screws to be ready for use. KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Helmets KW - Impact tests KW - Size KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267162 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379420 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - SARGIOUS, M A AU - Szplett, David AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - AUTOMOBILE ENERGY CONSERVATION THROUGH INCREASED VEHICLE EFFICIENCY IN CANADA PY - 1981/05 VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - p. 409-417 AB - The purpose of this study is to present and apply a methodology for quantifying the possible savings in fuel consumption through improvements in the vehicle mix and in the efficiency of the automobile fleet. This strategy is related to the vehicle alone. It is one of several methods that has been proposed to reduce automobile fuel consumption. The importance of this strategy, however, stems from the fact that it can be implemented in a short period of time and does not interfere with the travel behaviour and habits of trip makers to a large extent, while providing a major reduction in energy consumption. The results of this study indicate a possible 30% savings in the amount of fuel consumed in urban passenger transportation. This estimate is based on fleet improvements that will be realized if mandatory fleet fuel economy standards are maintained. A further savings of 4% is expected if incentives and disincentives are used to replicate the pattern of new car purchases exhibited during the 1973-74 energy crisis. KW - Automobiles KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy conservation KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Improvements KW - Savings KW - Short term KW - Strategy KW - Time duration KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00379431 JO - Energy PB - Elsevier AU - Greene, D L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ESTIMATED SPEED/FUEL CONSUMPTION RELATIONSHIPS FOR A LARGE SAMPLE OF CARS PY - 1981/05 VL - 6 IS - 5 SP - p. 441-446 AB - Speed-fuel consumption relationships were estimated using data on 350 1965-77 model year automobiles collected by Consumer Reports magazine. Three functional forms relating fuel consumption to speed were estimated and a summary with descriptive statistics was also computed. The results show considerable sensitivity of fuel-consumption rates to speed. Average decreases in fuel economy for all cars in the sample were 8% from 64 to 80 km/hr, 12% from 80 to 97 km/hr, and 13% from 97 to 113 km/hr. Sensitivity of the fuel consumption rates to speed increased with increasing speed and decreasing engine size. KW - Automobiles KW - Correlation analysis KW - Engines KW - Estimating KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sensitivity KW - Size KW - Speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372119 AU - Campbell, B J AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE YOUNG CHILD IN PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/05 SP - 20 p. AB - This study is an analysis of a portion of 1979 pedestrian crashes in North Carolina. The study is based on 2468 pedestrian accidents having the characteristic that one vehicle struck one pedestrian. Eliminated from consideration were some other pedestrian crashes in which a single vehicle hit more than one pedestrian or multiple vehicle crashes which also involved one or more pedestrians. The study is based on computerized data from the standard NC accident report form. Typical check box responses the officer fills in are digital coded on computer tapes. The officer's written narrative description of the crash is also captured. Computer software permits extraction of cases involving key words or phrases designated by the analyst in a particular study. Narrative search was included in this study. KW - Age KW - Children KW - Data analysis KW - Gender KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370215 AU - Mistro, R F AU - National Institute for Transport & Rd Res S Af TI - ACCIDENTS ON SOUTH AFRICAN ARTERIAL ROADS PY - 1981/05 SP - 53 p. AB - One-third of all accidents on urban arterials occur between intersections, and this paper attempts to identify the environmental factors contributing to the accidents on these road sections. Sixty-seven km of urban arterials, comprising eight routes, were surveyed in four cities: Pretoria, Johannesburg, Durban and East London. Environmental and accident data were collected and speed and traffic volumes were measured. These variables were manipulated and analyzed, using regression analysis. The principal findings were: (1) An equation able to predict the number of accidents/annum was derived (Rsquared=0,52). (2) The length of the road section has a considerable effect on the accident estimate and is critical if accidents are to be minimized. As a general rule intersections should be spaced at 400 m intervals. (3) Traffic volume has little effect on the number of accidents. Thus, a small number of heavily trafficked arterials is safer than a larger number of more lightly trafficked arterials. (4) Direct access to arterials should be restricted. (5) One-way streets are safer than two-way streets. These findings were quantified, and the urban designer can now determine the effect on safety of changing the urban environment. KW - Access KW - Arterial highways KW - Crash causes KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Intersections KW - One way traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368773 AU - Carnahan, J E AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing TI - PROCEEDINGS OF HIGHWAY SAFETY HUMAN RESOURCES SYMPOSIUM FOCUSING ON THE 80'S PY - 1981/05 SP - 173 p. AB - This report encompasses the various products of the symposium. It incorporates the deliberations of the participants in the numerous workshops, a paper presented to the general assembly, and descriptive information pertaining to development and conduct of the program. A concerted effort was made during each stage of the preparation of this report to adhere to the material prepared by the symposium participants in order to maintain the integrity of the final report on the symposium recommendations. KW - Administration KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Courts KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Human resources KW - Human resources management KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public relations KW - Records management KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344422 AU - Cunningham, J L AU - HUGHES, E C AU - Philpot, J W AU - Pentz, C A AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PARENTS' KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR ABOUT CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY PY - 1981/05 SP - 85 p. AB - Because automobile accidents are a major killer and crippler of young children in this country, Tennessee passed a child passenger protection law requiring restraint of children under four years of age in family automobiles. Passage of this law facilitated examination of parents' beliefs about child passenger safety in relation to public policy as well as public information and educational programming. From a sample of over 5,000 parents in Tennessee, data collected from almost 1,000 parents in a three-tiered procedure were analyzed. Differences between users and nonusers in knowledge and attitudes were identified, as were differences in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of parents at three points in time. Differences in level of use were explained in relation to predisposing factors (e.g., beliefs, including knowledge, attitudes, values, and previous behavior), reinforcing factors (e.g., physical factors such as comfort, convenience, protection, and economic benefits; psychological factors such as approval, assistance and modeling), and enabling factors (e.g., external factors such as accessibility and availability; internal factors such as skills and information processing style). KW - Attitudes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Injuries KW - Knowledge KW - Legislation KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Perception KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25570/DOT-HS-805-947.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344447 AU - Campbell, J D AU - Ervin, R D AU - Campbell, J A AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A REFINED TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING MOTORCYCLE BRAKING PERFORMANCE BY THE TOW METHOD. VOLUME II: USER'S MANUAL PY - 1981/05 SP - 86 p. AB - A method for measuring the braking performance of motorcycles was refined and a complete package of test hardware was constructed and demonstrated. The report includes a manual to instruct those who may operate the NHTSA-owned test system in the future or who may choose to reproduce the system. KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Equipment tests KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344446 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Campbell, J D AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A REFINED TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING MOTORCYCLE BRAKING PERFORMANCE BY THE TOW METHOD. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1981/05 SP - 190 p. AB - A method for measuring the braking performance of motorcycles was refined and a complete package of test hardware was constructed and demonstrated. The refined tow-test apparatus is much lighter than the original system and requires no special adaptation for testing any conventional motorcycle. In demonstration testing, performance measurements were made on three motorcycles representing the range of vehicle weights. Tests showed that the new procedures and hardware were quite satisfactory. KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Equipment tests KW - Measurement KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367989 JO - Applied Acoustics PB - Elsevier AU - BEHAR, A AU - Applied Science Publishers Limited TI - MEASUREMENT OF NOISE INSIDE TRUCK CABINS PY - 1981/05 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - p. 215-223 AB - The measurement of noise inside truck cabins presents a series of problems due to several factors such as changes in the vehicle's speed, changes in the external environment, variation in the noise level with the microphone location inside the cabin, the window condition (open or closed), etc. This paper discusses the only existing American standard on the subject and presents guidelines for another, more comprehensive standard, which takes into account several of the variables mentioned above. A real-life situation where those guidelines were applied is described and the results discussed. The measurement technique applied was found to be relatively simple to carry out and the results correspond to users' everyday experience, thus validating the proposed method. KW - Guidelines KW - Measurement KW - Sound level KW - Standards KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck cabins KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368325 AU - Klein, T M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE 55 MPH SPEED LIMIT ENFORCEMENT DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS IN CONNECTICUT AND UTAH. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/05 SP - 8 p. AB - Demonstration projects were funded in Connecticut (an urban eastern State) and Utah (a rural western State) to investigate the effects of various levels of enforcement on 55 mph speed limit compliance on Interstate highways. One, two, four and six marked patrol cars were given rotating assignments on four road segments according to a statistical latin square design. The resulting percent reduction in the percent exceeding 55 mph is given for all pairwise treatment comparisons. Analyses were also conducted for the percent exceeding 60 mph and 65 mph. Citation data as well as enforcement costs and revenues were also reported. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compliance KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Rural areas KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343578 AU - Marks, M E AU - Donelson, A C AU - Treat, J R AU - Jones, R K AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WORKSHOP TO REVIEW PROBLEM-BEHAVIOR RESEARCH PROGRAMS: ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1981/05 SP - 130 p. AB - The report presents the proceedings of a workshop on alcohol, drugs, and highway safety. The purpose of this workshop was to develop specific recommendations for the planning and implementation of NHTSA research, development, and demonstration projects in the program area of Alcohol and Drugs. Workshop participants represented both the practitioner and researcher communities. General issues related to the program area of alcohol and other drugs were discussed, and specific program elements reviewed in-depth. Two working groups participated in a series which dealt with the following topics: General Objectives of the Alcohol and Drugs Problem Identification; Countermeasure Development, Test, and Evaluation; Knowledge Transfer; Demonstration and Other Techniques; and Other Drugs and Other Topics. This report summarizes discussions of these topics. Conclusions about the general objectives of an alcohol and drugs program and recommendations concerning specific program elements concerning the direction of future research in this area are presented. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Ethanol KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Meetings KW - Research projects KW - Traffic safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343579 AU - Best, C AU - Whittier, D AU - VanMeter, J AU - Opportunity Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEAD RESTRAINTS: AN ANALYSIS OF TEXAS DATA PY - 1981/05 SP - 43 p. AB - The primary objective of the report was to determine the injury reducing effectiveness of head restraints in rear impact collisions. Three categories of injuries were analyzed from records on the 1972 Texas accident data set. Multi-dimensional contingency table analysis was used to control for the confounding effects of four variables (vehicle damage severity, driver age, driver sex, and vehicle size). In addition, side impact collisions served as a control group to remove any biases in the raw data. The study found significant effectiveness rates in all three categories of injuries after controlling for the presence of confounding effects. KW - Age KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Gender KW - Headrests KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rear end crashes KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Severity KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343728 AU - McVetty, T N AU - Wakely, H G AU - Viergutz, O J AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WEIGHT AND DETAILED PROCESS COST STUDY OF 1981 CHRYSLER K-CAR (RELIANT/ARIES) COMPONENTS PY - 1981/05 SP - 170 p. AB - The objective of this task was to provide research analysis and support for implementation of fuel economy standards. Work was directed toward weight, cost, and feasibility studies of the application of alternative materials and processes or designs to automotive components or systems with a view to weight reduction. Work included: weight analysis of selected Chrysler K-Car components (Plymouth Reliant), and detailed cost analysis of selected K-Car components in original and alternative materials. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Cost accounting KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lightweight materials KW - Standards KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343630 AU - Levins, P L AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF DIESEL ODOR AND TOXIC VAPOR EMISSIONS PY - 1981/05 SP - 50 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to attempt to assess the adequacy of the diesel engine exhaust chemical composition data base and instrumental analysis methods for the measurement of chemicals giving rise to sensory response, especially odor and irritation. The review would then constitute the basis for recommendations as to areas for future research. KW - Air pollution KW - Aromatic hydrocarbons KW - Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chemical composition KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas analysis KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Odors KW - Organic compounds KW - Oxygen KW - Oxygen organic compounds KW - Particles KW - Public health KW - Reviews KW - Sulfur oxides KW - Toxicity KW - Vapors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321373 AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY TO DETERMINE AVAILABILITY OF PARTS AT DEALERS DURING A RECALL COMPAIGN PY - 1981/05 AB - A significant number of complaints have been generated by automobile owners about their difficulties in having recall work performed, specifically with regard to the availability of parts when a recall campaign is initiated. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of all activities in the systems of parts supply during recall campaigns. Twenty domestic and foreign manufacturers facilities were visited in order to document their parts distribution systems and to document recall campaign specific data pertaining to parts availability. In addition, 141 new car dealerships were visited in 10 NHTSA geographic regions in order to document campaign specific availability of parts at the dealership level. KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366778 AU - ATTWOOD, D A AU - Williams, R D AU - Bowser, J S AU - McBurney, L J AU - Frecker, R C AU - Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Downsview TI - THE EFFECTS OF MODERATE LEVELS OF ALCOHOL AND MARIHUANA, ALONE AND IN COMBINATION ON CLOSED-COURSE DRIVING PERFORMANCE PY - 1981/05 SP - 27 p. AB - The experiment reported herein examined the ability of eight, male drivers to perform a series of closed-course driving tasks under the influence of moderate levels of alcohol and marihuana, either alone or in combination. Data were obtained, using a computer-based, in-car, data acquisition system, on driving tasks that were representative of typical driving situations. Analyses of the driving performance data suggested that both drugs, either alone or in combination, adversely affected driving performance, but not to the extent that the effects were observable without the assistance of sophisticated data collection equipment. Univariate analyses of individual performance measures indicated that several measures varied significantly among drug treatments between each drug condition. Multivariate analyses, on the other hand, were generally able to isolate performance on one drug treatment from that on any other. The results are discussed in terms of the development of an on-line monitoring device that would be able to detect an impairment in driving behaviour. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Computers KW - Data collection KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Marijuana KW - Monitoring KW - Online computers KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367263 AU - Beddow, B AU - BERGER, S AU - Ross, D AU - Miller, B AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY TO DETERMINE AVAILABILITY OF PARTS AT DEALERS DURING A RECALL CAMPAIGN PY - 1981/05 SP - v.p. AB - A significant number of complaints have been generated by automobile owners about their difficulties in having recall work performed, specifically with regard to the availability of parts when a recall campaign is initiated. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of all activities in the systems of parts supply during recall campaign. Twenty domestic and foreign manufacturers facilities were visited in order to document their parts distribution systems and to document recall campaign specific data pertaining to parts availability. In addition, 141 new car dealerships were visted in 10 NHTSA geographic regions in order to document campaign specific availability of parts at the dealership level. One main observation is that substantial effort by manufacturers is applied to ensure that recall campaigns are successful. The quantities of parts contained in initial shipments appear to be adequate to meet an orderly scheduling of owners for corrective work. The number of campaigns experiencing lateness of parts for initial service under recalls is too large to be written off as an unexplained anomaly. The campaigns with lateness are not more difficult in regard to technical complexity. The repeated examination of the data points to deficiencies in the final stages of distribution of parts to dealers. KW - Automobiles KW - Parts KW - Recall campaigns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366805 AU - Jondrow, J AU - Bowes, M AU - Levy, R AU - Public Research Institute TI - THE OPTIMUM SPEED LIMIT. PROFESSIONAL PAPER 312 PY - 1981/05 SP - 21 p. AB - In setting the speed limit, the government should consider only externalities, e.g., the tendency of one driver's speed to endanger other drivers. In this paper, we discuss the methodology for estimating the optimal speed limit, based on externalities. We carry out a numerical illustration to demonstrate how the methodology leads to (1) a numerical estimate of the optimum speed limit, (2) an estimate of the dollar loss from a suboptimum speed limit, (3) an estimate of cost per life saved, and (4) the suggestion that federal traffic data collection efforts and traffic studies be redirected toward discovering two crucial parameters: the speed drivers would go if left alone and the ratio of the external to internal marginal cost of highway speed. KW - Costs KW - Estimating KW - Methodology KW - Optimization KW - Optimum speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177974 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366802 JO - Journal of School Health PB - American School Health Association AU - Hoadley, M R AU - Macrina, D M AU - Peterson, F L AU - American School Health Association TI - CHILD SAFETY PROGRAMS: IMPLICATIONS AFFECTING USE OF CHILD RESTRAINTS PY - 1981/05 VL - 5 IS - 5 SP - p. 352-355 AB - Automobile deaths have been identified as the leading cause of death for children between the ages of one and fourteen. Those children who are unrestrained as passengers are at particularly high risk to injury and death. School health and safety programs need to include an understanding of this problem and implement efforts to increase restraint usage. A study of parental seatbelt and child passenger restraint use was conducted to identify frequency of use and behavioral and attitudinal factors influencing use of child restraints. Self-reported data of drivers seatbelt use at all times was 19.0%, and the use of a child restraining device was 49.6%. Data recorded in a previous observational study noted a driver seatbelt usage rate of 14.2% and use of a child restraining device at 25.6%. Major reasons for non-use of seatbelts by drivers included discomfort and restricted movement. Reasons for non-use of child restraints focused upon the dislike and discomfort of the child for the restraint. KW - Attitudes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Comfort KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362076 AU - Waller, P A AU - Griffin, L I AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - THE IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE LIGHTS-ON LAW: AN UPDATE PY - 1981/05 SP - 18 p. AB - The effect of a motorcycle lights-on law in North Carolina was examined by analyzing crash data for an eight-year period from 1971 through 1978. The law was implemented on October 1, 1973 when motorcycle activity was declining after reaching a peak during the summer months. The proportions of motorcycle crashes that were daylight multivehicle were compared with the similar proportions for all crashes. It was found that a significant decrease in these crashes occurred for motorcycles following the implementation of the law. A similar decrease was not observed for total crashes. Cost estimates for the averted injuries and deaths indicate that the lights-on legislation results in significant benefits. The results support the conclusion that the law was effective in the way that was anticipated. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Daylight KW - Effectiveness KW - Headlamps KW - Laws KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176755 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362065 JO - Exceptional Children PB - Council for Exceptional Children AU - Zider, S J AU - Gold, M W AU - Council for Exceptional Children TI - BEHIND THE WHEEL TRAINING FOR INDIVIDUALS LABELED MODERATELY RETARDED PY - 1981/05 VL - 47 IS - 8 SP - p. 632-639 AB - This article reports the results of research which investigated a strategy for teaching moderately mentally retarded individuals to perform skills required for driving an automobile. It was found that: (a) All skills learned in the simulator were transferred, with assistance, to the training vehicle; (b) Moderately mentally retarded individuals were trained to competently perform some of the skills found in driver education curricula; and (c) Resultant data suggest the feasibility of continuing the development of procedures for training moderately mentally retarded individuals to drive. Recommendations are made for future research. KW - Driver training KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Motor skills KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180894 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362077 JO - HSRI Research Review PB - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - USE OF THE NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY TO CALCULATE EXPOSURE PY - 1981/05 VL - 11 IS - 6 SP - 8 p. AB - The 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study can be used to calculate exposure in various--by vehicle-miles, passenger-miles, age and sex of occupants. The NPTS data were used to calculate annual passenger-miles per person by age and sex. They were also combined with data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System to calculate fatality rates per 100-million passenger-miles by age. The results rather precisely show travel risks faced by male vs. female occupants of various ages. KW - Age KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Passenger miles KW - Risk assessment KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180905 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361503 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - MOTORIZED BIKES AND MOPEDS PY - 1981/05 VL - 46 IS - 5 SP - p. 261-266 AB - This article evaluates motorized bikes and mopeds separately. The motorized bikes include add-on kits and complete units; both types are further subdivided between gasoline and electric drive. The ratings evaluate these different types in one overall table. The mopeds tested all had 50 cc two-stroke engines. Consumers Union-considers both types of two-wheeled vehicles suited only for non-urban areas, where traffic is light and relatively slow, or for planned communities, college campuses and retirement complexes with little or no traffic. A separate evaluation is included for a 72 cc vehicle which is in legal limbo. It looks like a moped, but exceeds the 50 cc engine size and 30 mph top speed limit which would allow it to be registered as one. But it is too small, too light, and too slow to be taken seriously by most motorcycle buffs. This unit is far superior in performance to any of the mopeds tested, according to Consumers Union. KW - Electric drives KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Gasoline drives KW - Mopeds KW - Motorized bicycles KW - Performance KW - Ratings KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361932 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - WYOMING'S 1980 TRUCK ACCIDENT FACTS PY - 1981/05 SP - 38 p. AB - During 1980 Wyoming truck-involved accidents decreased to 1760, a decrease of six percent over 1979. Truck accidents account for nearly 10% of the total traffic accidents for 1980, as they have historically in years past. Truck-involved accidents during 1980 include 46 fatalities and 788 injuries, a decrease from 74 fatalities and 901 injuries in 1979. The number of fatal truck accidents is the lowest in the last five years, including the lowest number of truckers killed since 1973; however, the percent of truck-involved accidents has been consistent, along with the same percentage of commercial vehicles on state highways. Since 50% of the truck accidents involve a collision with another motor vehicle and the size differential between trucks and late model cars has increased in recent years, the logical conclusion would be a higher number of fatalities in this accident type; however, the percentage of fatalities in this accident type decreased slightly in 1980. The data analyzed and presented in this report came from the individual's accident reports and the investigating officer's reports (city police departments, sheriff's offices, and the Wyoming Highway Patrol). It is intended that this data be used to recognize the circumstances surrounding the truck-involved accident. KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Inventory KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Road inventory KW - Roads KW - Statistics KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176636 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361776 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - SAKAI, H AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF TYRES PART 2: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF RUBBER FRICTION AND DEFORMATION OF A TYRE PY - 1981/05 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 182-226 AB - Experiments designed to determine the basic properties of a tyre needed for the calculation of the six components of force and moment are described. Similar consideration is then given to experiments aimed at determining the frictional properties needed for the calculation of the six components. KW - Deformation KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Experiments KW - Friction tests KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rubber KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361611 AU - Laitakari, P AU - ALPPIVUORI, K AU - Technical Research Centre of Finland TI - THE EFFECT OF A HUMP AND AN ELEVATED PEDESTRIAN CROSSING ON VEHICLE COMFORT AND CONTROL PY - 1981/05 SP - 36 p. AB - The speed reducing construction jolts the vehicle driving at a too high speed in an unpleasant way. This report deals with two speed reducing constructions, a hump and an elevated pedestrian crossing. Attempts have been made to seek for these constructions and for each vehicle type a typical limit speed which causes an intolerable feeling of uncomfort or makes the control of the vehicle difficult during braking. The elevated pedestrian crossing does not hamper the control of any tested vehicle and the hump only the control of an empty delivery van when braking at speeds exceeding 40 kmph. The hump is intolerably uncomfortable for heavy vehicles already at speeds below 40 kmph and an elevated pedestrian crossing at speeds exceeding 40 kmph. The hump was at none of the speeds investigated intolerably uncomfortable for passenger cars. Without hampering the controllability of the vehicle the elevated pedestrian crossing can be used as a speed reducing construction, but the hump affects the control of some vehicle groups in certain extreme situations. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Bumps KW - Comfort KW - Crosswalks KW - Raised pavements KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176367 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361765 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - TOMERLIN, J AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - SPURIOUS SIGNALS. THE CONTROVERSY OVER POLICE RADAR PY - 1981/05 VL - 32 IS - 9 SP - p. 69-74 AB - In the past thirty years, police radar has become the major tool for enforcing speed limits in most parts of the United States. At present, an estimated 60,000 police radars are in use nationwide accounting for the issuance of more than 30 million speeding tickets annually. One advantage of the use of radar is that until recently it has been readily accepted as prima facie evidence in most courts and this unique judicial status has resulted in a conviction rate of higher than 99% in speeding arrest. Only recently have attempts to question radar's infallibility met with some limited success. In the much-publicized Miami hearings, in Dade County, Florida in 1979, expert witnesses testified to a variety of potential sources of radar error, both functional and operational. This article reviews the court testimony, studies the proceedings of legislative hearings, interviews federal, state and local highway authorities, and analyzes the results from controlled tests of radar's effectiveness. KW - Effectiveness KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police KW - Radar KW - Radar applications KW - Radar devices KW - Radar vehicle detectors KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180704 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361594 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - ONE OF ENGINEERING'S NINE CHALLENGES: SAFETY PY - 1981/05 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - p. 14-19 AB - The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) says improving safety in self-propelled vehicles is one of the nine challenges facing engineers as we approach the 21st century. The other challenges are energy, environment, materials, productivity, design, ingenuity, credibility, interaction and education. This article describes some of the things that were seen and heard at SAE's International Congress, where all the challenges were on the agenda. KW - Bumpers KW - Combustion KW - Conferences KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design KW - Electric power plants KW - Electric vehicles KW - Electronics KW - Energy absorption KW - Fuels KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Plastics KW - Pollutants KW - Safety KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361484 AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Fancher, P S AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association TI - DESCRIPTIVE PARAMETERS USED IN ANALYZING THE BRAKING AND HANDLING OF HEAVY TRUCKS. PROPERTIES OF ANTILOCK SYSTEMS--VOLUME 5 PY - 1981/05 SP - 89 p. AB - This volume is one of a set of five volumes being prepared under support from the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association. The set of volumes is entitled "Descriptive Parameters Used in Analyzing the Braking and Handling of Heavy Trucks." The volumes address the acquisition of data on (1) steering and suspension systems, (2) inertial properties, (3) tires, (4) brakes, and (5) antilock systems. In this volume, results of laboratory tests performed on five commercial air brake antilock systems are discussed. A hybrid computer has been used to simulate wheel dynamics and to control test sequencing. Test results for each system under a variety of simulated test conditions have been digitized and stored on magnetic tape. KW - Air brakes KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Simulation KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361616 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Gregory, FMH AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - THE SEARCH FOR ZERO DEFECTS. DETROIT LOOKS FOR THE SECRET OF BUILDING HIGH-VALUE CARS PY - 1981/05 VL - 33 IS - 5 SP - p. 108-110 AB - The rate of recovery, for the U.S. auto industry, is slower than ever before. This article addresses the reasons for this slump, and most particularly the reason why American cars don't seem to be as well-made as German and Japanese cars. Management and workers' attitudes in Germany, Japan and the U.S. are compared, and the willingness of American car manufacturers to change and try to build high-quality cars once more, is discussed. KW - Automobile industry KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Management KW - Productivity KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180589 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361768 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - TOWING PY - 1981/05 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - p. 1 AB - Trailering is complicated and has some very specific safety considerations. This article examines the safety side of trailering: cars and hitches, brakes and tires, trailer handling balanced loading, swaying, wet weather handling, ice and snow, following distances, passing and being passed, backing and the need to rest, as driving with a trailer requires more of the driver than ordinary driving. The article includes numerous photos and drawings, a chart "Classification of Trailer Hitches", a list of tools needed for trailering, and a checklist of things to do before you take off. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Backing (Driving) KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Handling characteristics KW - Hitches KW - Moisture content KW - Passing KW - Swaying KW - Towing devices KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349891 AU - ADI Limited AU - Transport Canada TI - MANUAL OF LOW-COST ROADWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS FOR RURAL HIGHWAYS PY - 1981/05 SP - 145 p. AB - This report was initiated to develop a systematic, standardized procedure to identify, evaluate and rank hazardous roadway locations and recommend the most cost-effective, low-cost improvements to reduce accidents at these locations. The scope of this project was limited to the following conditions: (i) only roadways and shoulders are considered; and (ii) only improvements which could be implemented without significant changes in roadway alignment were considered. An extensive literature review and a survey of Canadian operating agencies were undertaken to determine what safety improvement programs and techniques were in use, and to obtain effectiveness information for various countermeasures. As a result of these activities, a four-phase methodology was developed, as follows: (1) Identification of Hazardous Locations; (2) Identification of Specific Problems at These Locations; (3) Countermeasure Analysis and Ranking of Improvement Priorities; and (4) Program Monitoring. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Low costs KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361494 AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - POLICY OPTIONS FOR REDUCING THE MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH INJURY COST BURDEN PY - 1981/05 SP - 18 p. AB - Following an examination of the cost burden of motor vehicle crash injuries, this report discusses various countermeasure approaches. It identifies known opportunities for reducing crash injuries by influencing drivers, motor vehicles, and roadways. It concludes that: "Effective approaches to achieving large reductions in deaths and injuries have been at hand for years-- energy-managing roadside structures, safety belts, child restraints, air bags, and motorcycle helmets. Yet a combination of resistance to technological innovation and government aimlessness has left these approaches largely unavailable or underutilized. Facing up to the technological omissions means putting available lifesaving approaches and technologies into place and into the fullest use as soon as possible. This course of action must be a central emphasis in any adequate program to reduce deaths and injuries--and their costs--now coming from the nation's highways." KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Highway design KW - Implementation KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176256 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349831 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Inagawa, M AU - Nakamura, K AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - REDUCING EXHAUST SYSTEM NOISE IN HEAVY TRUCK DESIGN PY - 1981/05 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 127-144 AB - Traffic noise in urban areas is posing a serious problem in many countries of the world, and the reduction of noise in heavy trucks is now a social problem urgently requiring resolution. Four major heavy truck manufacturers have been conducting joint research on the reduction of noise in heavy trucks under the leadership of the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry as a three-year project. The Mitsubishi Motors Corporation is in charge of the reduction of exhaust system noise, which is one of the main sources of vehicle noise. The exhaust system noise of trucks can be divided into discharge noise emitted from the exhaust outlet and radiated noise emanating from the surface of the exhaust pipes and mufflers. This paper reports on the results of experiments performed on the reduction of the exhaust noise of actual trucks on the basis of studies, including acoustic studies and studies of air flow noise and radiated noise. KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experiments KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Mufflers KW - Noise KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180085 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349848 JO - Scientific American PB - Scientific American Incorporated AU - Gray, C L AU - Hippel, F von AU - Scientific American Incorporated TI - THE FUEL ECONOMY OF LIGHT VEHICLES PY - 1981/05 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - p. 48-59 AB - The possibility of making a successful economic transition to the post-petroleum era is contingent on determined efforts by both Government and industry to increase energy efficiency in the sectors of the economy that depend on liquid fuel, particularly the automobile. The path to improved fuel economy combines a number of related and interacting factors: weight reduction, reduction in aerodynamic drag, reduction in rolling resistance, more efficient engines and more efficient transmissions. A specific hypothetical four passenger lightweight vehicle answering these criteria is presented, and two scenarios for the Government to set before the industry in the post 1985 era are proposed. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Drag KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lightweight materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361375 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Dogoloff, L I AU - National Safety Council TI - MARIJUANA AND DRIVING PY - 1981/05 VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - p. 6 AB - This article outlines the converging lines of evidence--data that extend from the research laboratory to highway fatality studies--that link marijuana use to impaired driving skills and performance. Such evidence indicates the need to intensify efforts to prevent a potentially great increase of marijuana-related highway crashes, injuries and fatalities. The need for action on the federal, state and local levels is pointed out. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laboratory studies KW - Legal action KW - Marijuana KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180468 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361302 JO - International Journal of Vehicle Design PB - Inderscience Enterprises Limited AU - Treser, W AU - Inderscience Enterprises Limited TI - THE FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE AUDI QUATTRO PY - 1981/05 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - p. 174-181 AB - Following a brief review of the development of road vehicle transmissions, the Audi Quattro is introduced as a new vehicle using permanent four-wheel drive for all road conditions. The use of four-wheel drive with optimum engine capacity enables the Audi Quattro to avoid the disadvantages of excessive drive-wheel tyre width. The longitudinally mounted transmission layout, incorporating a central differential, is described, and the functional advantages of the four-wheel drive system are outlined. KW - All-weather driving KW - Aquaplanes KW - Central differential KW - Four wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydroplaning KW - Tires KW - Transmissions KW - Two wheel drive KW - Vehicle design KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180417 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361306 JO - IEEE Spectrum PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) AU - JONES, T O AU - Trenne, M U AU - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TI - ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION: DIESELS ARE NEXT PY - 1981/05 VL - 18 IS - 5 SP - p. 30-34 AB - This article describes the type of electronic fuel injection that will be required to refine automobile diesel engine performance in the next several years, as more stringent diesel emission standards evolve. The seven fundamental characteristics of a diesel engine fuel injection system are currently satisfied by a variety of system mechanics with the controls integrated into a centralized distributor type of injection pump. However, injection timing, fuel quantity metering, idle and maximum rpm control, and maximum fuel limit are well suited to electronic control of a closed loop design that will provide feedback measurements of fuel quantity and injection timing. The introduction of microprocessor control can also lead to the addition of secondary systems or functions at minimal cost. In the case of electronic diesel controls, typical examples would include cruise control, diagnostics, display functions and transmission control. KW - Costs KW - Diesel engines KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Fuel injection KW - Pollutants KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364989 AU - Garrot, W R AU - Guenther, D AU - Houk, R AU - Lin, Jane AU - MARTIN, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING PRE-CRASH PARAMETERS FROM SKID MARKS PY - 1981/05 SP - 167 p. AB - This report presents the results of an experimental study, the goal of which was to validate and improve the methods currently used by accident reconstructionists to determine precrash parameters from skid marks. The three major issues concentrated on by this study were to validate or improve the currently used skid mark length versus prebraking speed formulas; to determine which method of measuring the coefficient of friction between the tire and the road produces the best results; and to see if unlocked wheels could produce skid marks. Six vehicles, three cars and three trucks, were tested during this study. The vehicles were tested with a variety of tire types and vehicle loadings on three different pavements. Both severe (wheels locked) and moderate (no wheels locked) stops were made from five speeds ranging from 10 to 60 mph. Prebraking speed, stopping distance and the length of the skid marks produced were determined for each stop. Stripchart recordings showing, as functions of time, distance travelled, speed, applied brake pedal force, longitudinal deceleration and the rotational rate of each wheel were also made. Regression analyses were performed to see how well the currently used skid mark length versus prebraking speed formulas and two modified forms of the currently used formulas fit the experimental data. These analyses showed that the currently used formulas provided an excellent fit to the test data. Furthermore, neither of the modified formulas were able to better explain the test data. KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Friction KW - Length KW - Locked-wheel KW - Marking KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regression analysis KW - Skidding KW - Speed KW - Stopping distances KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Trailers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177206 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361177 JO - Home & Away (Indianapolis Edition) PB - Automobile Association of America AU - Harmon, J A AU - Chicago Motor Club TI - CHILD RESTRAINTS--THE SEATS THAT SAVE LIVES PY - 1981/05 VL - 2 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-9 AB - Pointing out that good parenting begins with providing a safety seat for baby's first ride home from the hospital, this article discusses the reasons why child restraint should be practiced every time a child rides in the car. Following this discussion are a few comments on costs of safety seats, placement in the car, selecting the seat which has passed the crash tests and performs properly, safety seats for loan or rent, and tips for installing and using child safety seats. KW - Building KW - Child restraint systems KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Location KW - Placement KW - Selecting KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180327 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361377 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Carraro, B AU - National Safety Council TI - MOTOR-VEHICLE DEATHS EDGE UPWARD IN 1980 PY - 1981/05 VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - p. 20 AB - This article reports the National Safety Council's motor vehicle statistics for 1980. Included are statistics on deaths, injuries, costs, travel, death rate, motor vehicle registrations and population. During 1980, deaths increased 1 percent over 1979 and travel decreased about 1 percent from 1979, giving a 2 percent increase in the mileage death rate for 1980. Other statistics are included and discussed under the following categories: factors affecting motor vehicle deaths in 1980; regional changes; urban-rural fatality experience; deaths by type of accident; deaths by age of victim; and state and city experience. KW - Accident costs KW - Age KW - Cities KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rural areas KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180470 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349852 JO - Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice PB - Elsevier AU - McCoomb, L A AU - Steuart, G N AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - THE AUTOMOBILE PASSENGER--A FORGOTTEN MODE PY - 1981/05 VL - 15A IS - 3 SP - p. 257-263 AB - Current practices in urban transportation planning tend to neglect the automobile passenger. This study shows that a large number of urban trips are made as an automobile passenger and that the general characteristics of these passengers are similar to transit passengers rather than automobile drivers. The significance of these findings are discussed in terms of modelling the use of various urban travel modes. KW - Mathematical models KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Models KW - Passengers KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349864 JO - California highway patrolman AU - Bauman, R AU - California Association of Highway Patrolmen TI - AUTOMOBILE INVENTIONS THAT "DIDN'T QUITE MAKE IT" PY - 1981/05 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - p. 12 AB - This tongue-in-cheek article describes several impractical inventions for automobiles which have been developed over the years, including methods for tipping a car on end to reduce parking space requirements, an in-vehicle keyboard organ, an auto that would safely roll end-for end, an in-vehicle cooking stove, and a pedestrian protector for vehicle-person accidents. It also notes some inventions that were originally rejected but later adopted for use in the automotive industry. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Innovation KW - Inventions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180109 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361309 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - FRONT END AND STEERING PY - 1981/05 VL - 155 IS - 5 SP - p. 37 AB - This is the first of a series of articles prompted by a deteriorating economic environment that is causing more motorists to keep their present vehicle longer, resulting in an upswing in complete rebuilding of component systems, rather than investing in simple repair and maintenance expenses. The front end of most conventional rear-wheel-drive cars can be rebuilt in considerably less time than the total sum of the time required to perform each individual repair procedure. The article describes the diagnostic inspection required so the repairman can accurately describe the condition of each component to the customer. It also includes fifteen captioned photos, with a twenty two step sequence showing the complete rebuilding of a twelve year old Chevrolet that was a typical GM front suspension and steering system with unequal control arm front suspension. KW - Components KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Economic factors KW - Heat KW - Rear wheel drive KW - Reconstruction KW - Repairing KW - Suspensions KW - Temperature KW - Thermal conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361298 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE LOSSES PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION AND COLLISION COVERAGES. THE EFFECTS OF CAR SIZE ON CRASH LOSSES 1977-1980 MODELS PY - 1981/05 SP - 24 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) report presents relationships between car size and body style and insurance losses. Results are presented for Personal Injury Protection coverages for 1977-1979 model year passenger cars and for Collision coverages involving 1978-1980 model year cars. The principal findings are: (1) Personal Injury Protection: (a) The frequencies of injury claims with medical payments exceeding various dollar thresholds were strongly influenced by car size; the smallest cars had the worst injury loss experience; and (b) Sports and specialty models had consistently higher frequencies of injury claims than two-door and four-door models of the same size; (2) Collision: (1) Small subcompact and subcompact models had above average collision losses, as did full-size luxury cars. Compact and intermediate models had lower than average results; and (2) Sports and specialty models had the highest collision losses in all car size groups. Two-door models consistently had higher losses than four-door models of the same size. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Four door vehicles KW - Injuries KW - Insurance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personal injury KW - Size KW - Small car KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact car KW - Two door vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349830 AU - Smith, D T AU - Appleyard, D AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE RESIDENTIAL STREET ENVIRONMENT--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/05 SP - 14 p. AB - This Executive Summary capsulizes results of state of the art research on a broad range of techniques for Residential Street Traffic Control or Traffic Management and specific case study research on applications of the TRRL-developed "road hump" on U.S. residential streets. It also summarizes findings of original research on resident preferences regarding traffic speed and volume on residential streets, on factors which affect drivers' speed choice on residential streets and reviews legal considerations in neighborhood traffic management. KW - Bumps KW - Case studies KW - Highway traffic control KW - Legal factors KW - Neighborhoods KW - Research KW - Residential areas KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361317 AU - Rubin, A I AU - Howett, G L AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Department of Justice TI - EMERGENCY VEHICLE WARNING SYSTEMS PY - 1981/05 SP - 25 p. AB - The subject of visual and auditory warning devices (lights and sirens) for emergency and service vehicles is surveyed from a broad perspective. The report should provide directly useful information at all levels from the selection of hardware to a general understanding of the psychophysical factors determining the effectiveness of these devices. Topics covered include: an analysis of warning signals; the present situation and the need for uniform national standards; suggested performance standards for warning light systems and for sirens, including the reasons for the principal requirements; recommendations for actions that can be taken to improve the signal effectiveness of emergency vehicles; and brief summaries of some of the physical measurements that are made on a selection of lights and sirens. KW - Effectiveness KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sirens KW - Standardization KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361368 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - INSURANCE THEFT LOSSES--VANS, PICKUPS, AND UTILITY VEHICLES. 1979 MODELS PY - 1981/05 SP - 40 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance theft losses involving 1979 model year vans, pickup trucks, and utility vehicles. Principal findings: (1) Vans, pickups, and utility vehicles had average loss payments per insured vehicle year at least two times higher than that of passenger cars; (2) The average loss payment per theft claim was considerably higher for vans, pickups, and utility vehicles than for passenger cars; (3) The Plymouth Arrow pickup truck had the best overall theft loss experience and the Ford Bronco the worst; (4) The Jeep CJ-5 had the highest theft claim frequency and the Ford Bronco had the highest average loss payment per claim; and (5) The extent to which large claims contributed to the theft loss experience differed by type of vehicle. For example, 23 percent of the claims for utility vehicles exceeded $6,000 but only 14 percent of claims for vans were over $6,000. KW - Data analysis KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Losses KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Statistics KW - Theft KW - Utility vehicles KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176172 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349661 JO - Traffic Laws Commentary AU - Kearney, E F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RULES OF THE ROAD RATED PY - 1981/05 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 33 p. AB - This Commentary presents an annual rating of state traffic laws to show how they compare with the rules of the road part of the Uniform Vehicle Code as of January 1, 1980. This rating covers 1979 state traffic laws but does not include changes adopted by state legislatures in 1980. This rating does include changes in the Uniform Vehicle Code which were adopted by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances when it met in August of 1979. This Commentary attempts to provide a precise picture of the status of state traffic laws as of January 1, 1980 that will facilitate rapid identification of particular areas of a state's laws that may not be in substantial conformity with the Code, indicate areas of the statutory law where uniformity may be markedly poor on a nationwide basis, and identify states whose traffic laws may need substantial attention on a priority basis as part of contemporary efforts to improve highway safety. This document, when used with "Traffic Laws Annotated", is particularly useful in determining which laws in any one state differ from provisions in the Uniform Vehicle Code (and from laws in other states). KW - Conformity KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform traffic laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179983 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361373 JO - Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association PB - Air Pollution Control Association AU - Elston, J C AU - Air Pollution Control Association TI - MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS. A CRITICAL REVIEW PY - 1981/05 VL - 31 IS - 5 SP - p. 524-547 AB - This review is divided into two parts. Part I, Characterization of I/M program development, contains discussions of the following topics: mobile sources and air quality; mobile source control strategies; I/M program requirements; geographic coverage; existing I/M programs; cost comparison; and proposed I/M programs. Part II, I/M emission reduction potential, covers these topics: motor vehicle emission control technology; I/M technical study design; pre-emissions controlled and Technology I; short emissions tests; Technology II and I/M; the Portland program; Element I and the warranty; Element II and I/M effectiveness; mechanic training and fuel economy; Technology III and I/M; recent analysis of I/M programs; mobile source methodologies and air quality; I/M impact on CO air quality; and I/M impact on ozone air quality. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Inspection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ozone KW - Programs KW - Technology KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180466 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361376 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Lalani, N AU - National Safety Council TI - INTERSECTION ACCIDENTS REDUCED FOLLOWING CHANGE IN RUN-RED LAW. NEW INTERSECTION DEFINITION EASES CONVICTIONS OF RED-LIGHT VIOLATORS PY - 1981/05 VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - p. 19 AB - This article reports the short-term results achieved in Phoenix, Arizona by changing the run-red-light law, increasing enforcement and informing the public of the change in law through an extensive education campaign. Under the new law a vehicle enters the intersection illegally if it crosses the near side curb extension line when the signal is red. KW - Publicity KW - Safety KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180469 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348753 JO - Traffic Safety (Chicago) PB - National Safety Council AU - Hurley, C AU - National Safety Council TI - WHERE STATE GOVERNMENTS STAND ON 55-M.P.H. LEGISLATION PY - 1981/05 VL - 81 IS - 3 SP - p. 8 AB - A review of state government legislation involving speed limits reveals that 26 states have pending legislation aimed at ending the 55 mph speed limit, while 3 states have bills pending which would strengthen it. A recent Gallup poll indicated 3 out of 4 Americans favor retaining the national 55 mph speed limit law. Of great concern is the President's budget cuts which would eliminate $40 million for enforcement assistance to the states. Various statistics are given which reveal the impact of the 55 mph speed limit on fatalities and on energy, and in conclusion the consequences of raising the limit are considered. KW - Budgeting KW - Energy KW - Fatalities KW - Federal budgets KW - Federal government KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Public opinion KW - Speed limits KW - State government KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346033 AU - Galaway, B AU - Social Development Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC OFFENDERS AND COMMUNITY SERVICE SENTENCING: AN OVERVIEW PY - 1981/05 SP - 89 p. AB - The report presents preliminary data about the relationship between community service sentencing, traffic offenders and highway safety. Community service sentencing means that an offender is required to perform unpaid service for a governmental or non-profit organization as punishment for a traffic offense. Traffic offenders were defined in two categories: a category of serious offenses including drinking driving, reckless driving, leaving the scene of an accident, vehicular homicide, and driving while license was suspended; all other moving violations were collapsed into another category. The report covers the following material: (1) review of the literature, (2) review of the files of the national assessment of adult restitution programs to determine the experiences of these projects with traffic offenders, (3) survey of the intake of nine community service sentencing projects for the first quarter, 1980, to gather field data regarding traffic offenders served by these projects, (4) survey of judges in the nine projects to ascertain their views about the appropriateness of community service sentencing for traffic offenders, and (5) determination of whether any section 402 moneys were used to fund community service sentencing programs. KW - Communities KW - Crashes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Legal action KW - Level of service KW - Moving violations KW - Punishment KW - Reckless drivers KW - Rehabilitation KW - Services KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344512 AU - Oppenheim, T AU - Wilson-Hill Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH2 MAINTENANCE. VOLUME I: DESCRIPTION OF RESULTS PY - 1981/05 SP - 250 p. AB - The document is a comprehensive report on a number of tasks related to several versions of the CRASH computer model of automobile collisions. A series of activities were performed designed to maintain, debug, and update several versions of CRASH. KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Research KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344513 AU - Oppenheim, T AU - Wilson-Hill Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH2 MAINTENANCE. VOLUME II: LISTINGS OF TEST RUNS PY - 1981/05 SP - 681 p. AB - This volume contains complete computer listings for 56 test runs of several versions of the CRASH2, CRASH2A and CRASH3 programs. A separate summary of the test input data is included. KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346188 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF EXISTING MOTOR VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION CONCEPTS. VOLUME II: CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION FACILITIES. TASK 1 PY - 1981/05 SP - 399 p. AB - The report documents 30 motor vehicle diagnostic inspection facilities or programs in the United States, Canada, and selected foreign countries. Comprehensive data on the 30 facilities, including layouts and architectural features, equipment, inspection hiring and training provisions, vehicle processing capabilities, quality control techniques and measures of effectiveness are contained in the appendices. The body of the report contains summary analyses of the major groups of diagnostic facilities: U.S. and Canadian auto clubs, commercial diagnostic inspection facilities, diagnostic demonstration projects, a cooperative diagnostic facility and auto clubs in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. KW - Australia KW - Canada KW - Concepts KW - Effectiveness KW - Equipment KW - Europe KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Foreign KW - Innovation KW - Inspection KW - Inspectors KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - New Zealand KW - Quality control KW - Specialized training KW - Training KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335914 AU - Jonah, B A AU - Dawson, N E AU - Smith, Gary A AU - KIRBY, D AU - Transport Canada TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF A SELECTIVE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM ON SEAT BELT USAGE PY - 1981/05 SP - 39 p. AB - A study was conducted to assess the impact of a Selective Traffic Enforcement Program (S.T.E.P.) on seat belt usage in the Ottawa area. The program consisted of greater police surveillance, increased charging of violators and mass media publicity of the program. It was predicted that during the program in Ottawa there would be increases in actual number of charges issued, public perception of number of charges issued, subjective probability of being charged, self-reported seat belt usage and observed seat belt usage. It was further predicted that after STEP, these positive changes would still be apparent. In contrast, no changes in these variables were expected in Kingston, the control city, where there was no change in the enforcement of the seat belt legislation. Seat belt usage surveys and telephone surveys were conducted in Ottawa and Kingston, before, during, one month and six months after the program. For the survey of seat belt usage, sites, time of week and times of day, and observers were constant for all four survey waves. A stratified sample of drivers was interviewed concerning attitudes toward seat belts, use of seat belts, subjective probability of being charged for violating the seat belt legislation, perceived level of enforcement, and attitudes toward the seat belt legislation and its enforcement. The effects of increased enforcement on traffic violations and on attitude changes were studied. Self-reported usage also increased in Ottawa but not in Kingston. One month and six months after the program, observed and self-reported seat belt usage was still higher than the baseline level in Ottawa but subjective probability had returned to baseline level. The data supported predictions for Ottawa suggesting that the effects of increased enforcement on traffic violations for Ottawa suggesting that the effects of increased enforcement on traffic violations may be mediated by subjective probability of being charged. The unexpected increase in subjective probability of being charged in Kingston in the absence of any change in seat belt enforcement may have been the result of an increase in the enforcement of other traffic offences (e.g. speeding) which suggests that selective traffic enforcement may have carry-over effects to other offences. The failure to observe an increase in compliance with an increase in subjective probability suggests that a threshold of subjective probability may have to be attained before compliance occurs. Unexpected attitude changes are discussed in terms of reactance. (A) KW - Attitudes KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Police KW - Publicity KW - Surveillance KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic violators KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168757 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361498 JO - Forbes PB - Forbes Incorporated AU - Lappen, A A AU - Forbes Incorporated TI - THE MECHANIC WILL SEE YOU NOW PY - 1981/04/27 SP - p. 90 AB - This article foresees an auto repair boom as cars get older, and there is no longer a gas station on every street corner. While the auto population has grown from 100 million to 130 million in the last decade, and the average age of these vehicles has risen to seven years, at least 56,000 service stations and new car dealers have closed their doors in the same period. Space and the need for hands-on management have traditionally made fixing cars a decentralized and entrepreneurial industry. Now, gasoline stations and tire dealers are more repair-oriented to compensate for reduced profits in their retail activities. Franchises and chain operations are increasing, but today much of the service business is too demanding for corporations to manage, and too capital-intensive for aspiring small businessmen to enter. KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Businesses KW - Economic conditions KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180543 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369731 JO - NEW SCIENTIST PB - REED BUSINESS INFORMATION LTD AU - IPC Magazine Limited TI - COMPUTER BLOWS THE WHISTLE ON DRUNK DRIVERS PY - 1981/04/09 VL - 90 IS - 1248 SP - 1 p. AB - An alternative to random breath tests has been developed based on a microcomputer that would point out defects in an "impaired" driver's performance to waiting traffic police. In practice, a police patrol would lay a portable version of the detector on a selected stretch of road, connect it to a computer inside a car and preset the limits for legal driving. A sign further down the road would warn drivers they were about to be tested. If the driver broke the limits on passing the police car, audible or visible alarms would be activated and the first policeman would radio ahead to tell a colleague armed with a breathalyser to stop the errant driver. This technique is a way of supervising suspect drivers under normal road traffic conditions. It was found that 30% of drivers with 50 mg of alcohol (50 mg is the legal limit) fail the test, and also that all drivers drunk or sober passed tests based on two parallel lines. It was therefore also concluded that traffic could be channelled between white lines painted on the carriageway to cut accidents at "black spots." KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Detectors KW - Driving tests KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - High risk locations KW - Safety KW - Substitutes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346697 AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TIRE INTERMIX PERFORMANCE AND INSPECTION SYSTEM PY - 1981/04 SP - 363p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394295 AU - Fitzpatrick, M AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering TI - COMPUTER PREDICTION OF DEGREE OF INJURY RECEIVED BY A FORWARD POSITIONED CHILD DUE TO AIRBAG DEPLOYMENT FORCES PY - 1981/04 SP - 42 p. AB - This report comments on a report by Honda Motor Company given at the 8th International Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles held at Wolfsburg, Germany on October 21-24, 1980. The paper is entitled, "Injuries to Children from Airbag Deployment", by H. Takeda and S. Kobayashi. Since the potential for child injury due to airbag deployment forces has been a subject of investigation by NHTSA for several years, this paper was of special interest to NHTSA. In this report the purpose is to comment on the Honda results and to use a recently developed computer program called "PAC" to analytically expand on the Honda paper and draw some further conclusions based upon analysis. A specific conclusion of this study is that the Honda results are especially severe due to the type of inflator used and that equivalent protection for normally seated adults can be obtained with less aggressive inflators to the small child. KW - Aggression KW - Air bags KW - Children KW - Computer programs KW - Injuries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212362 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373932 JO - Engineering Journal (Canada) PB - Engineering Institute of Canada AU - Winch, A AU - Engineering Institute of Canada TI - HYDRODYNAMIC TIRE BALANCING SHOWS PROMISE PY - 1981/04 VL - 64 IS - 2 SP - p. 42-43 AB - Traditionally, tires have been balanced with lead weights attached to the hub of the wheel, but now there is a new method being proposed and that is the introduction of fluid to the inside of the tire which, it is claimed, will dynamically balance the tire. Practical and simulated tests have shown that fluid tire balances can beneficially affect the balance of the tire. This article presents a mathematical model for such balancing. KW - Balancing KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Mathematical models KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346134 AU - McBride, R S AU - Jones, B AU - Council of State Governments AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSE COMPACT STUDY: EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1981/04 SP - 115 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to review the status of the Driver License Compact. The 1960 Driver License Compact has not been revised nor updated since its enactment. There is strong evidence that the one license/one record concept is not effectively implemented. The review showed a high percentage of drivers with multiple licenses, particularly commercial drivers. KW - Agreements KW - Compliance KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver records KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Laws KW - Regulations KW - State government KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368774 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NCSS--THE ANALYST'S COMPANION. A DESCRIPTION OF THE NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY STATISTICAL DATA FILE PY - 1981/04 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS) statistical data file. It is intended to be an aid for the statistician and data analyst in the use and interpretation of this data file of 12,050 traffic accidents. These data were collected by seven field teams under contract to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, from accidents which occurred during the period January 1977 through March 1979. This document collects and organizes information specific to the NCSS file. The investigator's coding manuals and the experiences and working knowledge of the staff of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis are among the most important sources of this information. For information beyond the scope of this work, an extensive list of references is is supplied. The NCSS file is the best currently-available source of information on the interrelationship of vehicle crash characteristics and the resultant occupant injuries in towaway accidents. This work documents what the analyst needs to know in order to use it. KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - National crash severity study KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344442 AU - Kirkpatrick, M AU - Bathurst, J R AU - Loughead, T E AU - Essex Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A REVISED VERSION OF THE NHTSA MOTORCYCLE OPERATOR SKILL TEST (MOST II) PY - 1981/04 SP - 129 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to revise the original Motorcycle Operator Skill Test (MOST) to conform to state licensing agency requirements including course area. Conferences were held with state licensing officials to establish requirements for range size, cost, and test time. The test exercises were analyzed to establish speed, time, and distance profiles given the required range dimensions. Exercise revision concepts were ridden by experienced Motorcyclists and rejected or revised. The resulting test layout was found to yield acceptable agreement in terms of pass/fail decision with the original MOST. Accurate, reliable and portable test equipment was developed and a user's manual was prepared. MOST II is currently ready for implementation and is being used by several states. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Licenses KW - Measurement KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Personnel performance KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344413 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL SYSTEMS ON PREHOSPITAL CARDIOVASCULAR CARE: AN EVALUATION OF STUDIES AND AN INVENTORY OF DATA BASES PY - 1981/04 SP - 137 p. AB - The decline in cardiovascular mortality in the United States over the past two decades has been dramatic. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain this trend including, for example, public health education; the reduction of coronary risk factors; the advent of coronary care units; coronary artery surgery; and the subject of this study, prehospital mobile coronary care (MCC). The purpose of this study has been to learn more of the potential for prehospital coronary care as a factor in the decline. In particular, part of this study has involved a review of the literature currently available on MCC to assess its validity and universality with respect to the effectiveness of MCC. In addition, a conceptual model of MCC that may be very useful in its further evaluation has been developed and a minimum data set essential to any such evaluation effort has been identified. In addition, an extensive annotated bibliography has been developed of the 355 references on prehospital cardiovascular care that were derived from the literature review. KW - Bibliographies KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Databases KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Evaluation KW - First aid KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Heart KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344432 AU - Zinke, D T AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SMALL CAR FRONT SEAT PASSENGER INFLATABLE RESTRAINT SYSTEM. VOLUME I. INTERIM RESULTS PY - 1981/04 SP - 429 p. AB - Three front seat air cushion restraint systems were developed for small cars: one (a front passenger restraint) for the Chevrolet Chevette, and two (driver and front passenger restraints) for the Dodge Omni. The systems were developed primarily through a series of sled tests and were evaluated in vehicle barrier impacts. This Interim Report covers the progress of this program through October 1980. KW - Air bags KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Front seats KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Sleds KW - Small car KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344435 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY OF METHODS FOR INCREASING SAFETY BELT USE PY - 1981/04 SP - 68 p. AB - The report summarizes the recommendations and suggestions of a special committee convened to assess methods that have been or could be used to induce people to wear their safety belts. The committee was formed in early May 1979 in reponse to a congressional directive contained in Section 214 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978. KW - Automobiles KW - Incentives KW - Increase KW - Manual safety belts KW - Project management KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344418 AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - MOTOR VEHICLE DEMAND MODELS: ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF THE ART AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH PY - 1981/04 SP - 244 p. AB - The report provides an assessment of the current state of motor vehicle demand modeling. It includes a detailed evaluation of one leading large-scale econometric vehicle demand model, which is tested for both logical consistency and forecasting accuracy. Results of the model evaluation suggest improvements in the specification of existing vehicle demand models and low-cost strategies for further model development. In assessing existing work, this report also provides useful new insights into the structure of U.S. motor vehicle demand. KW - Accuracy KW - Automobiles KW - Demand KW - Econometric models KW - Econometrics KW - Economic forecasting KW - Economic models KW - Forecasting KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Income KW - Marketing KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Size KW - Sizing apparatus KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170661 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367971 JO - Applied Acoustics PB - Elsevier AU - Wegner, J G AU - Don, C G AU - Applied Science Publishers Limited TI - ATTENTION OF TRAFFIC NOISE INDICES L SUB EQ AND L SUB N PY - 1981/04 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - p. 147-156 AB - Analysis of the attenuation of L sub eq and L sub N values with distance over grassland from a line of moving traffic indicates that the noise sources effectively radiate energy in the horizontal plane with a distance term different from the commonly assumed inverse square law. This requires an adjustment to the angular corrections for partial screening which now become dependent on the noise index being measured. The attenuation of traffic noise by a woooden fence structure around a suburban house has also been investigated. Shielding effects caused by various components were isolated as the fence structure was sequentially demolished. The shape of the sound field behind the finite length of front fence was deduced, for the various L sub N values, by using the amended angular corrections. KW - Attenuation KW - Fences KW - Noise barriers KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343730 AU - FORREST, L AU - LEE, W B AU - SMALLEY, W M AU - Aerospace Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Space and Missile Systems Organization TI - EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCING IN-USE AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1981/04 SP - 330 p. AB - This report presents an assessment of proposed techniques for reducing fuel consumption in the in-use light duty road vehicle fleet. Three general classes of techniques are treated: (1) modification of vehicles, (2) modification of traffic flow, and (3) modification of driver behavior. Examples of techniques in each category are (1) spark augmentation devices, improved carburetors, variable accessory operation; (2) right turn on red, intersection control; and (3) driver training, driver aid devices. In total, 17 different techniques, including 33 specific devices/concepts, are examined and evaluated. Factors included in the evaluation are fuel economy effects, safety impacts, availability for fleet implementation, and unit price. In addition, the implementation of each technique is assessed with regard to number of vehicles impacted, fuel savings effected, national cost, potential problems, and required lead time. A principal finding is the ranking of cost effective techniques in terms of their assessed potential for reducing fleet fuel consumption. KW - Analysis KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic control KW - Implementation KW - Light vehicles KW - Modification kits KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Right turn on red KW - Signalized intersections KW - Sparks KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveys KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343575 AU - Leaf, W A AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TEST OF SELECTED MODEL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY REGULATIONS PY - 1981/04 SP - 170 p. AB - Two model regulations to remove parking--one from suburban streets in daylight hours and one on the last 50 feet of the approach to crosswalks--were designed in previous work to prevent pedestrian dart and dash accidents by removing screening vehicles, therby allowing pedestrians and motorists to more easily see each other and react as needed. To evaluate the safety benefits of the regulations, a study was conducted in New York City. The residential areas of Manhattan have one-side-only parking for three hours per day according to a scheme balanced by time of day and affected side of street. Accident data from 1974-1977 were screened and reports were reviewed. Based on 835 pedestrian accidents, no changes in accident distributions were found when the alternateside parking regulation was in effect. Supplementary observations in the test areas showed good but imperfect compliance with the parking bans and virtually no changes in pedestrian frequency of appearance and gross behaviors as a function of parking changes. The pattern of results plus discrepancies between the New York study situation and the model regulations meant that little could be concluded with respect to the effectiveness or noneffectiveness of the regulations. Guidelines for further research were presented, stressing the need for direct comparability to the model regulations. KW - Behavior KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) KW - Parking KW - Parking regulations KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Regulations KW - Residential areas KW - Safety KW - Surveys UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25578/DOT-HS-805-901_002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343639 AU - Blodgett, R AU - BONDY, N AU - McGuigan, R AU - Najjar, D AU - Partyka, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL CENTER FOR STATISTICS AND ANALYSIS COLLECTED TECHNICAL STUDIES, VOLUME 1. ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE CRASHWORTHINESS-TEN PAPERS PY - 1981/04 SP - 361 p. AB - The ten papers in this volume analyze accident data to address different aspects of vehicle crashworthiness. All ten were prepared by members of the Crashworthiness Group, Mathematical Analysis Division, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, between January 1980 and January 1981. Each paper addresses a specific issue of concern to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Rulemaking program. They concentrate on exploratory problem definition and quantification: they describe and analyze how passenger vehicle occupants, motorcyclists, and pedestrains are killed and injured, thus assisting in the search for ways to improve vehicle crashworthiness. The principal accident data sources are the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS), the National Accident Sampling system (NASS), and the Pedestrian Injury Causation Study (PICS). KW - Buses KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Fires KW - Information systems KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Pedestrians KW - Severity KW - Statistical analysis KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343637 AU - Kaehn, C H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COST/BENEFIT STUDY OF A POTENTIAL AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY PROGRAM ON DAYLIGHT RUNNING LIGHTS PY - 1981/04 SP - 48 p. AB - This report is concerned with determining and evaluating the costs and benefits of a potential automotive safety program on daylight running lights. The term, daylight running lights (DRL), means any of a variety of lighting systems on motor vehicles that are activated to improve vehicular conspicuity during daylight hours. The purpose is to make the vehicle more noticeable to other roadway users and hopefully, thereby, reduce highway accidents. Although this study concludes that the costs are greater than anticipated, the research also shows that potential safety benefits are large enough to warrant further investigation into DRL as a promising accident reduction countermeasure. This report also incorporates a decision analysis technique that provides management with a useful analytical tool to evaluate alternatives without placing a predetermined dollar value on human life for injury. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Daily KW - Daylight KW - Daylighting KW - Days KW - Headlamps KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Running lights KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343640 AU - BONDY, N AU - Najjar, D AU - Partyka, S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL CENTER FOR STATISTICS AND ANALYSIS COLLECTED TECHNICAL STUDIES, VOLUME 2. ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS OF OCCUPANT INJURIES AND CRASH CHARACTERISTICS - EIGHT PAPERS PY - 1981/04 SP - 196 p. AB - The eight papers in this volume analyze accident data to address various questions concerning traffic accident injuries. All eight were written by members of the Crashworthiness Group, Mathematical Analysis Division, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, between February 1980 and April 1981. The topics addressed include injury types, injury consequences, injury coding, passenger vehicle restraint performance, and crash severity measures. The principal accident data sources are the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS), and the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). KW - Buses KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Information systems KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367664 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department TI - WYOMING'S FATAL ACCIDENT FACTS 1981 PY - 1981/04 SP - 57 p. AB - During 1981, fatal traffic accidents totaled 232 resulting in 264 deaths and 224 injuries. 1981 surpassed 1976 as the worst year when 260 persons died in 225 fatal accidents. One possible reason for the increases in 1976 and 1981 is higher traffic volumes for these years. 1976 was the end of an oil embargo and recessionary period so the public returned to the roads. 1981 enjoyed a nationwide oil glut and gasoline price stabilization which provided more incentive for driving. Traffic volumes increased on Wyoming roads and so did fatal accidents for these years. The primary purpose of this document is not to make conclusions, but to provide information to groups, agencies, and individuals interested in reducing the number of traffic deaths. The facts here are presented in the form of tables and summaries, with some narrative. It is our intent that this data be used for statistical and analytical purposes by those promoting highway safety. Sources for the data contained in this report include accident reports submitted by individuals and investigating officers, as well as miscellaneous reports from State's motor vehicle or licensing divisions, and newspaper articles. "Wyoming's Fatal Accident Facts" excludes fatal accidents that occurred within Yellowstone National Park Boundaries and those occurring on Indian Reservations, because these jurisdictions maintain their own separate accident statistics. Also excluded are fatal accidents ocurring on private property or those caused by legal intervention or unlawful intent. KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367661 AU - Public Health Service TI - BASIC DATA ON ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND ANGULAL MEASUREMENTS OF THE HIP AND KNEE JOINTS FOR SELECTED AGE GROUPS 1-74 YEARS OF AGE UNITED STATES, 1971-1975 PY - 1981/04 SP - 68 p. AB - This report presents findings on anthropometric and goniometric measurements from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1971-75. The survey, conducted by the Division of Health Examination Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics, was designed to collect data by direct examination of probability samples of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population 1-74 years. Data included measures of nutritional status as well as an assessment of health and medical care needs. KW - Anthropometry KW - Body KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Goniometry KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Public health KW - Statistical sampling KW - Statistics KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362387 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS MANUAL FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY PLANNERS PY - 1981/04 SP - v.p. AB - Highway safety is a complex challenge. Many different factors lead to traffic accidents, and many approaches have been used in efforts to prevent them. Law enforcement, road design, driver training, vehicle improvements, licensing procedures, and legislation are among the countermeasures used by local traffic safety professionals. The function of this manual is to show why and how public communications can be used--not merely as another option, but also as support for other highway safety countermeasures. Planning examples are given to show how this tool can increase the success of highway safety programs in any community. Further, this manual demonstrates why highway safety managers should become knowledgeable about public communications. It points out why "PC" should be included in the initial planning phases of any highway safety program in which public awareness is an element to be considered. Of course, the underlying goal of the manual is to help reduce one of America's foremost health problems: motor vehicle crashes and their resulting casualties. KW - Awareness KW - City planning KW - Communications KW - Countermeasures KW - Governments KW - Highway safety KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - Public KW - Public health KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179330 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362075 JO - Clinical Pediatrics PB - Westminster Publications, Incorporated AU - Paulson, J A AU - Lippincott (JB) Company TI - THE CASE FOR MANDATORY SEAT RESTRAINT LAWS PY - 1981/04 VL - 20 IS - 4 SP - p. 285-290 AB - Motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death and injury to children over one year of age in the United States. About 800 motor vehicle occupants less than four years old are killed each year and tens of thousands are injured severely enough to require emergency room treatment. Studies have demonstrated that the vast majority of children ride unprotected in motor vehicles. Restrained children are likely to have milder injuries or no injuries at all. One study intimates that seat belts or restraints could reduce injuries up to 70 per cent and deaths up to 90 per cent. Various educational efforts have been attempted to increase restraint and belt use. Most have not worked. Seat belt laws in other countries have been effective in increasing belt use by adults when the laws are enforced. In Tennessee, where a mandatory seat restraint law has been part of a large-scale educational effort, restraint use has increased from an average of 9 per cent prior to the law, to an average of 18.7 percent in the fall of 1979. Because the problem of motor vehicle-related deaths and injuries is widespread and because legislation holds some promise for amelioration of this problem, pediatricians and public health professionals should work toward the passage of such laws. KW - Adolescents KW - Child restraint systems KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Minors KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180904 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361761 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Roche, S AU - Horvath, S AU - Gliner, J AU - WAGNER, J AU - Borgia, J AU - Human Factors Society TI - SUSTAINED VISUAL ATTENTION AND CARBON MONOXIDE: ELIMINATION OF ADAPTATION EFFECTS PY - 1981/04 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - p. 175-184 AB - Eighteen subjects performed a 1-h visual vigilance task, once during a control condition, (filtered air) and once during an experimental condition (CO). The COHb level was elevated to 5% utilizing a bolus maintenance technique which raised the COHb level rapidly so that there would be no possibility of an adaptation occurring prior to vigilance testing. Physiological measurements included heart rate, blood pressure, and ventilation. Neither vigilance performance nor the physiological variables was statistically affected by the 5% COHb level. Subjects identified a significantly (p less than 0.05) higher percentage of signals with the high frequency of signal presentation as compared to the low frequency under both filtered air and the 5% COHb level. Signal detection improved in 12 subjects during minutes 0-15, while 10 subjects showed improvement during minutes 31-45 with an elevated COHb level. The subjective questionnaire indicated that CO significantly (p less than 0.01) decreased the subjects' confidence concerning their performance on the vigilance task, as well as causing significant (p less than 0.05) irritation of the eyes and throat. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Testing KW - Vigilance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180700 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361910 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WILL FUTURE TIRES BE CAST POLYURETHANE? PY - 1981/04 VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - p. 55-59 AB - Testing has shown liquid injection molded (LIM) tires to be comparable to bias ply and radial ply tires; they are generally a compromise between the two for some types of performance testing. This article reports the results of various performance tests of the LIM tire. Dynamic tests included tire rolling resistance, durability, endurance, and load carrying capacity, as well as others. Road tests included wet traction, dry traction, snow traction, tread wear, and aquaplaning, as well as others. Static tests were also conducted. KW - Durability tests KW - Hydroplaning KW - Injection molding KW - Performance tests KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361778 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - TRUCK/BUS/SCHOOL BUS 1981 EDITION. VEHICLE INSPECTION HANDBOOK PY - 1981/04 SP - 40 p. AB - This revision is an effort of the Vehicle Inspection Committee of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the U.S., in cooperation with the Committee on Engineering and Vehicle Inspection of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. It continues to provide concise descriptions of inspection procedures and objective statements of the grounds for rejecting trucks, buses, and school buses. It is responsive to motor vehicle inspection requirements and to changes in vehicle design significant to motor vehicle inspection programs. This edition interprets the American National Standards Institute's "American National Standard Inspection Procedures for Motor Vehicles, Trailers, and Semitrailers Operated on Public Highways" - ANSI Standard D7.1. Also reflected are the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's "Vehicle In Use Inspection Standards" (Title 49 CFR Part 570), and its amendments enacted, through those of Docket No. 73-9. This Handbook is not intended as a set of hard and fast rules, but as a guide for both the individual inspector and for the person responsible for planning and implementing a meaningful inspection program based on sound engineering principles. All or any part of the book may be used, or various parts may be absorbed into a program in stages. KW - Buses KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - School buses KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176515 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361497 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - PROPER REPORTING OF ACCIDENTS VITAL TO SAFER BUS OPERATIONS PY - 1981/04 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 43-44 AB - The New Castle County School District (NCCSD) is taking serious aim at reducing school bus accidents. This article discusses the immediate and long-range remedial actions which the NCCSD is taking. They include such things as a more thorough screening of bus driver applicants, more timely and decisive action in dealing with poor driver performance, reporting of all accidents involving district-operated buses that result in any property damage or injury or fatality, monthly bus inspection, and behind-the-wheel and on-the-road training for all school bus drivers by the Delaware State Department of Public Instruction. KW - Crash reports KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - School bus drivers KW - School buses KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361913 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - DESCRIPTIVE PARAMETERS USED IN ANALYZING THE BRAKING AND HANDLING OF HEAVY TRUCKS. INERTIAL PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES--VOLUME 2 PY - 1981/04 SP - 25 p. AB - This volume is one of a set of five volumes being prepared under support from the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association. The set of volumes is entitled "Descriptive Parameters Used in Analyzing the Braking and Handling of Heavy Trucks." The volumes address the acquisition of data on (1) steering and suspension systems, (2) inertial properties, (3) tires, (4) brakes, and (5) antilock systems. This volume, Volume 2, provides example data and describes devices that can be used to measure inertial properties. It also describes the HSRI Pitch Plane Inertial Properties Facility, gives pitch plane data for over 30 heavy vehicles, discusses additional inertial measurement techniques, provides data in all 3 planes for a limited number of heavy vehicles, and describes measurements of the inertial properties of vehicle components such as axles and wheels. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Measuring instruments KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361610 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1981 HIGHWAY SAFETY STEWARDSHIP REPORT PY - 1981/04 SP - v.p. AB - This is the seventh annual report of the highway safety improvement programs. In accordance with Section 203 of the 1973 Highway Safety Act and 23 USC 151 and 152, reports are required for the Rail-Highway Crossing Program, the Pavement Marking Demonstration Program, and the Hazard Elimination Program. Although not required by statute, the report also includes information on safety projects funded with other Federal-aid and State and local funds to provide a more complete perspective of State and local highway safety efforts. Other topics covered in the report include highway related safety program standards, highway safety research and development, safety training, motor carrier safety, and highway safety information. Information included in this report was obtained from reports submitted by the States (i.e., the 50 States plus Puerto Rico, District of Columbia, Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa), from Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) fiscal control records, and from information received from FHWA field offices and other sources. Data in this report is as of September 30, 1980, unless otherwise indicated. Fifty-three of the 55 States provided reports varying in the quality and quantity of information provided. Some States provided a minimum of information and evaluation data while other States did an outstanding job in providing a complete picture of the overall safety program in their respective States. KW - Federal aid KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Local government KW - Programs KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361593 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - REMOVING HELMETS FROM ACCIDENT VICTIMS PY - 1981/04 VL - 14 IS - 11 SP - p. 14-15 AB - This article, primarily written for ambulance drivers, emergency room personnel and other trained people, explains, step by step, how to safely remove motorcycle helmets from unconscious accident victims, thereby preventing damaging the cervical cord when the overlying bony structure has been fractured. Each step of this method is accompanied by photos, and the method itself has been publicized by the Committee on Trauma of the American College of Surgeons. KW - Cervical cord KW - Crash victims KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Emergency medical technicians KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Motorcyclists KW - Neck KW - Spinal cord UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180575 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361496 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - P.I.T. STOP: NOVEL INSERVICE TRAINING FOR DRIVERS PY - 1981/04 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 36 AB - A new training program is helping school bus drivers and administrators deal with two traditional problem areas: discipline and communication. This inservice program, referred to as Personnel Inservice Training (P.I.T. Stop), includes the central office, the principal's office, the classroom and the transportation department. The problems experienced by each of these sectors are organized into specific problem statements. For each problem, activities are suggested which might ease the problem. Costs in terms of time and money are minimal. KW - Costs KW - Problem solving KW - School bus drivers KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361777 AU - Motor Vehicles Manufacturers Association AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators TI - PASSENGER CARS 1981 EDITION. VEHICLE INSPECTION HANDBOOK PY - 1981/04 SP - 40 p. AB - This revision is an effort of the Vehicle Inspection Committee of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the U.S., in cooperation with the Committee on Engineering and Vehicle Inspection of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. It continues to provide succinct descriptions of inspection procedures and objective statements of the grounds for rejecting passenger cars and station wagons. It is responsive to motor vehicle inspection requirements and to changes in vehicle design significant to motor vehicle inspection programs. This edition interprets the American National Standards Institute's "American National Standard Inspection Procedures for Motor Vehicles, Trailers, and Semitrailers Operated on Public Highways" - ANSI Standard D7.1. Also reflected are the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's "Vehicle In Use Inspection Standards" (Title 49 CFR Part 570), and its amendments enacted, through those of Docket No. 73-9. This Handbook is not intended as a set of hard and fast rules, but as a guide for both the individual inspector and for the person responsible for planning and implementing a meaningful inspection program based on sound engineering principles. All or any part of the book may be used, or various parts may be absorbed into a program in stages. KW - Automobiles KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176514 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361389 JO - Journal of Forensic Sciences PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Christopher, R A AU - Feder, K R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - MODELING OF VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS PY - 1981/04 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 424-430 AB - The accurate modeling of motor vehicle accidents is theoretically possible and practical. Through modeling, actual collisions can be reconstructed and reenacted numerous times and at nominal expense. Methods of presentation include: (1) multi-image stroboscopy, (2) high speed cinematography, and (3) actual demonstration of the accident in the courtroom. Two methods for modeling the actual damage to the cars are discussed. This approach to accident reconstruction should eliminate many lawsuits, because both plaintiff and defendant can observe a reenactment of a crash, and will further reduce the chances of erroneous judgment. KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Legal factors KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180475 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349840 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - Van Pool, C AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - POOLS. RIDESHARING--THE NEGLECTED MONEY SAVER PY - 1981/04 VL - 14 IS - 11 SP - 8 p. AB - This article discusses the advantages of car pooling or van pooling, including cost savings and safety aspects, explains what is involved in setting up a ridesharing arrangement, and presents some of the arguments against ridesharing along with objections to these. In conclusion a few tips are given for making the car or van pool as attractive a program as possible. KW - Carpools KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180092 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361354 JO - Motor AU - Stenquist, P AU - Hearst Books TI - JUICE BRAKES PY - 1981/04 VL - 155 IS - 4 SP - p. 43 AB - A hydraulic brake booster unit--Hydro-Boost--uses hydraulic pressure from the power steering system, to help the motorist apply the brakes. Hydro-Boost Units are made by Bendix and used by GM and Ford. This article describes the advantages of the Hydro-Boost over conventional vacuum boosters, the unit components and its operating principles. It also details the diagnosis and repair of a typical Hydro-Boost unit in simple language. Specific step-by-step disassembly and assembly instructions are given as captions for the fourteen photos accompanying the text. KW - Brakes KW - Hydraulic brake boosters KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Maintenance KW - Power steering KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361175 AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles TI - THE CALIFORNIA DRIVER FACT BOOK PY - 1981/04 SP - 81 p. AB - The California Driver Fact Book is designed to provide a quick reference for traffic safety personnel and program administrators. The booklet contains information in three general areas: (1) basic driver record data; (2) enumerative and descriptive data on the California driving population and various subpopulations; and (3) evaluations of driver education, licensing, and driver improvement programs. KW - Age KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Human characteristics KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Statistics KW - Traffic courts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176043 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361308 JO - Trial PB - Association of Trial Lawyers of America AU - PETERS, G A AU - Association of Trial Lawyers of America TI - EXPLODING TIRES (PART II) PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 50-52 AB - This is the second part of an article written by a licensed engineer and trial attorney, describing the technical evaluation of tire blow-outs. It is directed towards the expert witness who must testify in law suits resulting from accidents caused by rapid tire failure. The technical causes for tire failure and the investigation procedures used to determine manufacturing defects, are described. The four most common defenses in exploding tire lawsuits, and their weaknesses are listed. The article stresses the need for an informed logical failure analysis, and a rational technical explanation that "educates" and convinces the jury, and the presentation of pertinent information that will overcome the expected defenses. KW - Blowouts KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Manufacturing KW - Physical condition KW - Studies KW - Testimony KW - Tire disablement KW - Tires KW - Trials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180423 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349841 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - APRIL DUAL--TWO-UP MOTORCYCLING PY - 1981/04 VL - 14 IS - 11 SP - p. 19-21 AB - A motorcycle ridden by one person does not behave the same way when it is ridden by two. This fact is explained and some advice is given: be sure your machine is capable of handling the load, do not exceed gross axle weight ratings--which means in the case of motorcycles be sure of your tires (some simple rules are given along with a tire equivalent chart and tire size designations) and be sure the second rider knows what he or she is expected to do. KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety practices KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180093 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349645 JO - Perceptual and Motor Skills PB - Ammons Scientific AU - COHEN, A S TI - CAR DRIVERS' PATTERN OF EYE FIXATIONS ON THE ROAD AND IN THE LABORATORY PY - 1981/04 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - p. 515-522 AB - Car drivers' eye fixations were registered while driving a car on the road or when in the laboratory viewing a slide which showed the same traffic situation. Even when the subjects of the second group were instructed to observe the slide presented as if they were driving there, they fixated their eyes on well-defined targets with quite different frequencies than those motorists who actually drove the car on the road. Furthermore, prolonged fixation times were observed in the laboratory as compared to the road-driving condition. The magnitude of the obtained differences was rather great. The results suggest that the subjects on the road fixated more task-oriented targets and also picked up more information per time unit than their counterparts in the laboratory. The results are discussed in relation to the experimental design. KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Eye fixations KW - Eye movements KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349824 AU - Highway Loss Data Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE THEFT LOSSES BY MAKE AND SERIES--1979 AND 1980 MODELS PY - 1981/04 SP - 95 p. AB - This Highway Loss Data Institute report describes variations in both the frequency and size of insurance theft losses involving 1979 and 1980 model year private passenger cars. The principal findings are: (A) There were very large variations in the theft loss experience of different cars. The car with the worst experience had theft losses that were nearly 300 times greater than the results for the car with the best experience; (B) Among the individual vehicle series summarized, the Chevrolet Corvette had the worst theft loss experience in both model years. The best results were obtained by the 1980 Dodge Colt and the 1979 four-door Buick Skylark; (C) In each vehicle size class, sports or specialty models had by far the worst theft loss experience; (D) In most cases, two-door models had a higher frequency of theft losses and higher average claim sizes than corresponding four-door models; (E) In general, theft losses increased with car size; (F) There were no substantial changes in theft patterns for 1979 models between their first and second years of exposure; (G) There was considerable consistency in the results for the two model years, and (H) There were large differences among individual vehicles in the extent to which large claims contributed to the theft loss experience. For example, 28 percent of the theft claims for the 1980 Corvette exceeded $6,000 whereas only 3 percent of the claims for the four-door Chevette exceeded $2,000. It is clear from the data that total thefts (claims which were at, or close to, the full value of the car) contributed much more heavily to overall theft losses for some vehicles than others. KW - Automobile makes KW - Doors (Vehicles) KW - Four door cars KW - Insurance KW - Insurance claims KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Size KW - Theft KW - Two door cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175751 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349849 JO - Automotive Engineering PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALTERNATIVE BODY PANEL MATERIALS REDUCE WEIGHT, INCREASE COST PY - 1981/04 VL - 89 IS - 4 SP - p. 61-68 AB - The alternative materials considered for body panels in this article are restricted to those which can be manufactured by rapid production methods suitable for the automobile industry. The body panel candidates are conventional sheet metals such as steel and aluminum, desirable because of their suitability in stamping, and chopped-fiber composites such as glass-fiber and carbon-fiber reinforced sheet molding compound, desirable because of the relatively high production rates in compression molding. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile bodies KW - Costs KW - Materials KW - Materials tests KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Panels KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349651 AU - Filkins, L D AU - Flora, J D AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Michigan Department of State Police TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED ACCIDENTS AND DUIL ARRESTS IN MICHIGAN: 1978-1979 PY - 1981/04 SP - 88 p. AB - Twelve years of Michigan accident data, 1968-1979, were analyzed to assess the impact of lowering the minimum legal drinking age from 21 to 18 on January 1, 1972, and subsequently raising it back to age 21 on December 23, 1978. Driver age and the presence or absence of drinking in the accident were the key variables, and partitioning the chi-square statistic into its degrees of freedom was the primary analytic technique. DUIL arrest data were also obtained and analyzed for 1978 and 1979. The results show clearly that the minimum legal drinking age influences drinking-driving patterns among the affected age groups. Alcohol-related accidents increased among 18- to 20-year-old drivers when the legal drinking age was reduced to 18, and non-fatal accidents decreased when it was later increased to 21. The DUIL arrest data strongly indicate that all age groups except 18-20 increased in DUIL arrests from 1978 to 1979, while the 18-20 age group concurrently experienced a decrease. DUIL enforcement indexes--the ratio of DUIL arrests to alcohol-related accidents--were calculated for 1978 and 1979. An index was calculated for the entire state, for each of the 83 counties, and for the 56 Michigan cities having a population of at least 20,000. KW - Age KW - Alcoholism KW - Arrests KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361045 AU - Schneider, L W AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission TI - DYNAMIC TESTING OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS AND TIE-DOWNS FOR USE WITH VEHICLE OCCUPANTS SEATED IN POWERED WHEELCHAIRS PY - 1981/04 SP - 150 p. AB - Thirty sled tests of wheelchair tie-downs and restraint systems were conducted using Everest and Jennings power wheelchairs and a 50th percentile male dummy. Twenty-nine tests were for a sled velocity differential of 20 mph at 16 G's deceleration. One test was for 30 mph at 20 G's. For each test top and side view high speed cameras recorded the impact event at approximately 1000 frames/second and seat belt load cells recorded the belt tension time histories. For the 30 mph test (80M029) triaxial head and chest accelerometers were used to compute head and chest resultant acceleration. This report describes these thirty tests and the impact results. KW - Crash injury research KW - Head KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sled tests KW - Thorax KW - Velocity KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349832 AU - American Seat Belt Council TI - INTERNATIONAL SEAT BELT AND CHILD RESTRAINT USE LAWS PY - 1981/04 SP - 42 p. AB - In 1970, the Australian state of Victoria became the first government in the world to make wearing seat belts compulsory. Two years later, the law was extended to all of Australia. Today, 28 countries or provinces are known to have mandatory seat belt laws or ordinances. In the summer of 1980, the American Seat Belt Council (ASBC) surveyed road safety officials in many of these countries and provinces. The survey questionnaire was divided into two parts. Part one dealt with measures in force to protect children involved in automobile accidents. Part two concerned seat belt usage requirements, the history of enforcement efforts, and the effectiveness of the seat belt law. Replies to the survey were received from officials in 21 countries. Many officials included with their responses copies of research, undertaken in their countries on seat belt usage and effectiveness, and seat belt promotional material distributed by their governments. The survey found that the problem of child safety has yet to be adequately addressed. For the most part, governments have directed their attention to adult seat belt usage. The survey also discovered that where seat belt usage was required, and properly enforced, it had increased dramatically once made mandatory and has remained high with the passage of time. Significantly, no government contacted disclosed plans to introduce passive restraint systems such as air bags or automatic belts, in place of active seat belts. Although firm data was sometimes lacking, all officials responding to the survey picked seat belt usage as a significant factor in reducing death and injuries in automobile accidents. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Foreign KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Publicity KW - Questionnaires KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Research KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175759 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361366 JO - School Bus Fleet PB - Bobit Publishing Company AU - Bobit Publishing Company TI - INNOVATIVE BUS DEVELOPED FOR CARRYING AUTISTIC CHILDREN PY - 1981/04 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - p. 14 AB - The need for a new approach in transporting the autistic child has produced a new bus that effectively meets this challenging problem. The autistic child is characterized by severe problems in communication and behavior and an inability to relate to people in a normal manner. The new bus was designed to enable drivers and driver aids to cope with these problems. Among the many unique features of this school bus are individual padded cubicles with footboards to restrict kicking out into the aisle and special driver aid facilities to service the needs of the autistic children in the event of vomiting, defecation or other clean-up work that is required. KW - Autism KW - Innovation KW - School buses KW - Special purpose KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180464 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348743 JO - Transportation Research Part B: Methodological PB - Elsevier AU - Gipps, P G AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - A BEHAVIOURAL CAR-FOLLOWING MODEL FOR COMPUTER SIMULATION PY - 1981/04 VL - 15B IS - 2 SP - p. 105-111 AB - The ability to predict the response of a vehicle in a stream of traffic to the behaviour of its predecessor is important in estimating what effect changes to the driving environment will have on traffic flow. Various models proposed to explain this behaviour have different strengths and weaknesses. This paper constructs a new model for the response of the following vehicle based on the assumption that each driver sets limits to his desired braking and acceleration rates. The parameters in the model correspond directly to obvious characteristics of driver behaviour and the paper goes on to show that when realistic values are assigned to the parameters in a simulation, the model reproduces the characteristics of real traffic flow. KW - Behavior KW - Car following KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174760 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349192 JO - Traffic Laws Commentary AU - English, J W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER LICENSING LAWS RATED PY - 1981/04 VL - 10 IS - 2 SP - 30 p. AB - A rating of state driver licensing laws is presented and compared with the driver licensing provisions of the Uniform Vehicle Code as of January 1980. The basis of the rating is the book "Driver Licensing Laws Annotated" (National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances, 1980, with annual supplement), which provides a summary of the driver licensing laws of all the states. It contains "Statutory Annotations" which compare state laws with all sections of chapter six of the Uniform Vehicle Code. The rating in this Commentary represents a numerical summary of the information contained in those Annotations. It is designed to facilitate rapid identification of particular areas in state driver licensing law in the United States. It identifies concepts in driver licensing which have been widely adopted by the states, and concepts which have not generally been accepted. It identifies states whose driver licensing laws need substantial attention on a priority basis as part of contemporary efforts to improve highway safety. It allows a state to quickly determine which laws it lacks, and which of its laws differ markedly from the Uniform Vehicle Code and the laws of other states. KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - State government KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346699 AU - HOGUE, J R AU - Szostak, H T AU - Klein, R H AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TIRE INTERMIX PERFORMANCE AND INSPECTION SYSTEM. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1981/04 SP - 217 p. AB - This report comprises Volume II of a three-volume technical report documenting a project to derive and validate a system to identify potentially unsafe tire mixes. This volume provides a technical background, a derivation of a proposed tire mix classification system, and a detailed description of the laboratory tire tests and vehicle field validation tests, together with a presentation of the results from these tests. It also presents conclusions and recommendations based on these test results. KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Safety KW - Steering KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344505 AU - Holden, R T AU - Stewart, L T AU - Rice, J N AU - Manker, E AU - Tennessee Highway Safety Planning Division AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TENNESSEE DUI (DRIVING WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INTOXICANTS) PROBATION FOLLOWUP DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1981/04 SP - 157 p. AB - The objective of the study was to assess the relative effectiveness within drinker classification of the use of probation, over and above other treatments and traditional sanctions. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Probation KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346698 AU - HOGUE, J R AU - Szostak, H T AU - Klein, R H AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TIRE INTERMIX PERFORMANCE AND INSPECTION SYSTEM. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/04 SP - 41 p. AB - A tire intermix classification system, based on measured side force properties of individual designs, was developed and validated to improve on current industry recommendations utilizing categories of construction type (cord orientation) and section size ratios. The system predicts intermix-caused changes in a vehicle's understeer gradient at a mid-performance cornering operating point. Based on prohibiting differentials exceeding 3 deg/g, this system proved more effective in limiting unacceptable intermix than the current recommendations. Seventy-eight passenger car tire designs were laboratory tested and analyzed during this program; 42 radials, 21 bias belted, and 15 bias ply. Wide differences in cornering compliance were found among tires of the same construction type and size. Validation field tests were conducted on three vehicles to compare predicted changes in understeer (due to cornering compliance) with that actually measured. The results support the recommendations for a system based on a maximum allowable differential in classification numbers which could be stamped on individual tires. KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Safety KW - Steering KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346700 AU - HOGUE, J R AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TIRE INTERMIX PERFORMANCE AND INSPECTION SYSTEM. VOLUME III: LABORATORY TIRE TEST DATA PY - 1981/04 SP - 105 p. AB - This report comprises Volume III of a three-volume technical report documenting a project to derive and validate a system to identify potentially unsafe tire mixes. This Volume provides the tire test data as received from laboratory testing at Calspan. KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Safety KW - Steering KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346016 AU - Foster, M AU - BROADHEAD, W G AU - Zinke, D T AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UPGRADE VOLVO PRODUCTION RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1981/04 SP - 414 p. AB - A production air cushion restraint system, developed by Volvo for their 1975 Model 244, was upgraded to provide 40 mph barrier equivalent velocity (BEV) frontal impact protection for the driver and front seat passenger. The effort included a series of vehicle barrier crashes and a large amount of developmental sled testing. The 1979 Volvo 242 and 244 production seat belt restraints were also upgraded; a simple modification allowed the protection of front seat occupants at 35 mph BEV. This was again accomplished through developmental sled testing and an evaluative barrier impact. KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Detents KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346019 AU - Johnson, N AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESULTS OF MINICARS RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) CRASH AVOIDANCE TESTS CONDUCTED IN WEST GERMANY PY - 1981/04 SP - 31 p. AB - The report presents the results of the crash avoidance tests conducted on the Minicars RSV by Daimler-Benz AG in West Germany. The test procedures were identical to those specified in the Research Safety Vehicle program. The tests evaluated the Minicars RSV in the areas of braking, steering, handling, overturning immunity, and acceleration. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accident avoidance KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Impact tests KW - Overturning KW - Research KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety KW - Safety vehicles KW - Small car KW - Steering KW - Testing KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344433 AU - Zinke, D T AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SMALL CAR FRONT SEAT PASSENGER INFLATABLE RESTRAINT SYSTEM. VOLUME II. CITATION AIR BAG SYSTEMS PY - 1981/04 SP - 330 p. AB - The report presents the results of the development and evaluation of five automotive occupant air cushion restraints systems. The vehicles were a Chevrolet Citation and Dodge Omni, for which both driver and passenger restraint systems were developed, and a Chevrolet Chevette, for which only a passenger restraint system was developed. The systems were developed during a series of sled tests, and evaluated in vehicle barrier impacts. KW - Air bags KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - Front seats KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety KW - Sleds KW - Small car KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396128 AU - Huang, H K AU - Georgetown University AU - University of Iowa, Iowa City AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANATOMICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL GEOMETRY AND MASS DISTRIBUTION FOR CHILDREN. VOLUME 2 PY - 1981/03/31 SP - 290 p. AB - Conventional methods for evaluating human body geometry are multi-plane x-ray images, segmented cadaveric trucks and biostereometrics. These approaches are crude estimated methods and do not reveal detailed tissue structures and mass density distribution of the body. With the recent developed x-ray computerized tomography (CT), it is possible to use this method to extract detailed body structures and their mass density distributions. The purpose of this study was to generate anatomical cross-sectional geometry and mass density distribution of children using the CT method. Five cadaveric specimens, with age ranging from newborn to seven, were studied. Cross-sectional CT scans of these specimens were obtained at one centimeter interval from the head to the ankle joints. From these cross-sectional CT images, the outlines of each cross section and of selected anatomical components within each section were obtained by standard picture processing techniques. The mass and inertia tensors for each cross section were estimated based on a conversion from x-ray absorption coefficients of tissues appearing on a CT scan to their mass densities. In order to store and retrieve this mass of information, a data base structure had been designed. Also presented was a discretization procedure and the generation of an internal mesh which could be used for subsequent finite element analysis. Some immediate applications of this data are inputs to finite elements and lumped parameter biodynamics models, computer simulation of vehicle crash victims and designing crash dummies. Moreover, the CT approach provides an excellent potential for in vivo injury recovery study. Vol. I of this report contains the methodology and Vol. II contains derived anatomical geometry and mass distribution. KW - Anatomy KW - Biodynamics KW - Cadavers KW - Children KW - Crash victims KW - Cross sectional studies KW - Cross sections KW - Databases KW - Dummies KW - Finite element method KW - Geometry KW - Information processing KW - Mass KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Simulation KW - Tomography KW - X ray analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346163 AU - Chiplock, L W AU - Dueker, R L AU - Bittner, S R AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND FEASIBILITY TEST OF SPECIALIZED RURAL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY TRAINING. VOLUME II: PEDSAFE ELEMENTARY MATERIALS PY - 1981/03/30 SP - 319 p. AB - This report (Volume 2 of four volumes) serves as a users guide for elementary schools implementing the PEDSAFE Program. The volume contains all printed materials used in the Elementary and On-Bus PEDSAFE Programs, including Principal's Guide, Teacher's Guides, parents pamphlets, Transportation Director's Manual, and Bus Driver's Manual. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Curricula KW - Education KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway transportation KW - Instructional materials KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Rural areas KW - School children KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25590/DOT-HS-805-964.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346164 AU - Bittner, S R AU - Chiplock, L W AU - Dueker, R L AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND FEASIBILITY TEST OF SPECIALIZED RURAL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY TRAINING. VOLUME III: PEDSAFE JUNIOR/SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL MATERIALS PY - 1981/03/30 SP - 345 p. AB - This report (Volume 3 of four volumes) provides detailed descriptions of all printed program materials employed in the Junior/Senior High School PEDSAFE Program. The volume is designed to serve as a users guide for school systems implementing the program. The full texts of the PEDSAFE Teacher's Guides and Student Booklets which specify program content and conduct are provided. Copies of all other printed materials are included. In addition, specifications for printing program materials are provided. KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Curricula KW - Education KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High schools KW - Highway transportation KW - Instructional materials KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Rural areas KW - School children KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25599/DOT-HS-805-965.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349854 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PY - 1981/03/27 SP - 12 p. AB - A Westbound tractor semitrailer truck, out of control, sideswept an eastbound tank truck, then overturned on a curve, blocking the eastbound lane. The eastbound ore truck struck and tore away the upper portion of the tractor cab and became enmeshed in the overturned trailer. The results were three fatalities; one injury and $180,000 property damage. The probable cause was excessive speed. The driver lost control of the truck on approach to a 19 degree curve. The contributing factors were the driver's physical inability (paraplegic) to control the truck, deficient steering - pitted shaft and worn bushings. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337929 AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPLIANCE TEST REPORTS INDEX FOR 1980. VOLUME 1 PY - 1981/03 SP - 540 p. AB - The report is an index to Compliance Test Reports of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration which were released to the public during calendar year 1980. This is the twelfth in a series of indexes to the Compliance Test Reports of the NHTSA. The first index covers the year 1969 and is out of print, but is available for examination in the Administration. Subsequent indexes are available from the National Technical Information Service. Table of contents: manufacturer; model year; model or part number; fail; FMVSS number; component or vehicle ID (NHTSA No.); laboratory test number; CIR number; HS number; brand or seller; and tire size or body style. The index is divided into eleven sections as listed in the Table of Contents. In using the Index, choose the section which best answers your particular question. For example, if you are interested in all reports for a certain standard, choose the Standard Number section; if interested in a particular manufacturer or a component, choose the Manufacturer or the Component sections, respectively. Entries are arranged alphabetially or numerically within each section. This index includes reports released to the public during calendar year 1980. Individual reports are available from examination only in the Technical Reference Division of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, but arrangements for the purchase of paper or microfiche copies can be made. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Helmets KW - Hinges KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Lighting equipment KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Research KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337930 AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPLIANCE TEST REPORTS INDEX FOR 1980. VOLUME II PY - 1981/03 SP - 634 p. AB - The report is index to Compliance Test Reports of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration which were released to the public during calendar year 1980. This is the twelfth in a series of indexes to the Compliance Test Reports of the NHTSA. The first index covers the year 1969 and is out of print, but is available for examination in the Administration. Subsequent indexes are available from the National Technical Information Service. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Helmets KW - Hinges KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Lighting equipment KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motorcycles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Research KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346021 AU - Hodgdon, J D AU - Bragg, BWE AU - Finn, P AU - ABT Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUNG DRIVER RISK-TAKING RESEARCH: THE STATE OF THE ART PY - 1981/03 SP - 125 p. AB - The report is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the nature of the young driver risk-taking problem, presents the purpose of the overall study and the role of the literature search in the study, outlines the literature search methodology, and notes the limitations of the search and the assessment of measurement techniques. Five explanatory hypotheses for the overrepresentation of young drivers in traffic accidents are identified and discussed in Chapter 2: driving practices of young drivers, exposure, experience, vehicle characteristics, and personality traits. Chapter 3 is devoted to the explanatory hypothesis of risk taking. Chapter 4 describes the measurement techniques identified in the review of the literature. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Risk assessment KW - State of the art studies KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497525 AU - Huang, H K AU - Georgetown University TI - ANATOMICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL GEOMETRY AND MASS DISTIRUBTION FOR CHILDREN. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT. VOLUME 1 PY - 1981/03 SP - 82 p. AB - This study generated anatomical cross-sectional geometry and mass density distribution of children using the x-ray computerized tomography (CT) method. Five cadaveric specimens, with age ranging from newborn to seven, were studied. Cross-sectional CT scans of these specimens were obtained at one centimeter interval from the head to the ankle joints. From these cross-sectional CT images, the outlines of each cross section and of selected anatomical components within each section were obtained by standard picture processing techniques. The mass and intertia tensors for each cross section were estimated based on a conversion from x-ray absorption coefficients of tissues appearing on a CT scan to their mass densities. A data base structure has been designed to store and retrieve the mass information. Also presented is a discretization procedure and the generation of an internal mesh which could be used for subsequent finite element analysis. Applications of this data are discussed. Volume I of this report contains the methodology and Volume II contains derived anatomical geometry and mass distribution. KW - Anatomy KW - Biophysics KW - Children KW - Computers KW - Cross sections KW - Databases KW - Mass KW - Radiography KW - X rays KW - X-ray computed tomography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399235 AU - Dueker, R L AU - Chiplock, L W AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND FEASIBILITY TEST OF SPECIALIZED RURAL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY TRAINING. VOLUME 1. PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION PY - 1981/03 SP - 113 p. AB - This report describes the development and evaluation of a K-12 pedestrian safety curriculum for suburban and rural schools. The three program curriculum, called PEDSAFE, was developed to combat pedestrian accidents which victimize suburban/rural children. The Elementary and On-Bus Programs were designed to train safe behaviors in four pedestrian situations--midblock crossing, intersection crossing, walking along the roadway, and pedestrian movement near the school bus. The Junior/Senior High School Program teaches pedestrian safety principles. Statistically significant reductions in unsafe pedestrian behavior brought about by the Elementary and On-Bus Programs were found, using a before-after with control design. A similar design was employed to evaluate pedestrian safety knowledge gain for the Junior/Senior High School Program. Statistically significant gains resulted from all five units within this program. The report consists of four volumes. Volume 1 describes PEDSAFE development and the evaluation results. Volumes 2 and 3 provide copies of revised text materials for, respectively, the Elementary and On-Bus Programs and the Junior/Senior High School Program. The final volume, Volume 4, provides audiovisual scripts. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Before and after studies KW - Child safety KW - Crosswalks KW - Evaluation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Intersections KW - Midblock crossings KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Rural areas KW - Safety education KW - School children KW - Schools KW - Statistics KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25572/DOT-HS-806-256.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369616 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - PAM 80--PUBLIC ATTITUDE MONITOR, 1980 ATTITUDES OF THE PUBLIC TOWARD AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE PY - 1981/03 SP - 25 p. AB - The All-Industry Research Advisory Council (AIRAC) of the property and casualty insurance industry is inaugurating with this report a series of annual surveys to monitor trends in the public's attitudes toward the industry, particularly as they relate to issues of public policy. The American Council of Life Insurance (ACLI) invited AIRAC to share sponsorship of ACLI's 1980 survey and to insert a series of questions into its questionnaire. ACLI has generously allowed AIRAC to compare 1980 results with its earlier surveys where appropriate. The AIRAC/ACLI 1980 survey is based on a sample of 1,549 in-home interviews of adults age 18 and over. These adults were sampled using area probability methods, with the non-metropolitan area sampled at half the expected rate. Weighting methods were used to adjust for this and other kinds of under-sampling. The percentages and averages in the tables are based on weighted figures. The numbers of cases given in each table are unweighted to allow the reader to judge how large the sample or sub-sample was. The result is a sample that is theoretically representative of the non-institutionalized adult population of the contiguous United States. More details on the sampling and on statistical reliability related to sample size are given in the technical appendix. Data referred to in the text but not shown in the tables are available upon request. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile insurance KW - Data collection KW - Public policy KW - Sampling KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183293 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369620 JO - ROBOT PB - SNELCO-PRO PUBLIC RELATIONS CONSULTANTS AU - South African Road Safety Council TI - THE UNRESTRAINED CHILD PY - 1981/03 IS - 115 SP - 1 p. AB - This short article urges parents to transport their children safely. Pointing out the possibilities of what might happen to the unrestrained child in the event of a collision, the article concludes that the only way to transport a child safely is to place him in the back seat of a motor vehicle and strap him into an approved safety seat which is securely fastened to the framework of the vehicle. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368798 AU - All-Industry Research Advisory Council TI - STATE MOTOR VEHICLE RECORDS AS A SOURCE OF DRIVER PERFORMANCE INFORMATION PY - 1981/03 SP - 15 p. AB - In an effort to determine the adequacy of State Motor Vehicle Records (MVRs) for evaluating driver performance, two large automobile insurers studied the extent to which the MVRs made available by the various states reflect the accident information appearing in insurance company files. It was found that accident information is not available in eight states and the District of Columbia, and that in the other 44 states, only 36.9 percent of the serious accidents (involving payments of $400 or more) were reflected in MVRs. In no state did the official MVRs record as high as three-fourths of the serious accidents. The study suggests weaknesses and geographical inconsistencies not only in the state MVR systems, but also in traffic enforcement itself. These need to be addressed by the interested parties. Privacy issues and gaps in law enforcement impair the MVRs as a data source for use in auto insurance rating. This should be of concern not just to insurers, who must operate within the existing limitations, but also to those regulators who may want MVRs to be given more weight in setting insurance rates. Departments of motor vehicle administration need to evaluate the present MVR files and, perhaps of equal importance, law enforcement agencies should consider the implications for highway safety because MVRs are the basis for driver license review and administration. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Crash records KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Motor vehicle records KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personnel performance KW - Recordkeeping KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343619 AU - Moskowitz, H AU - Sharma, S AU - Southern California Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOBERING AGENT: EFFECTIVENESS MEASUREMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PY - 1981/03 SP - 50 p. AB - Amantadine, Doxapram and Maalox, to determine if they could inhibit the rate of absorption of alcohol into the blood stream and/or antagonize the behavioral impairment induced by alcohol. Fifteen subjects received five experimental treatments (placebo alone, alcohol alone, and alcohol with each of the three drugs) on five occasions separated by one week intervals. Drug treatments, administered prior to alcohol, were Amantadine at 4.41 mg Kg B.W., Doxapram at 2 mg Kg/B.W., and Maalox at 44 mg Kg/B.W. The alcohol treatment was .99 gm alcohol Kg/B.W. After alcohol administration, blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) were obtained by breath sampling every 15 minutes, to determine the rate of alcohol absorption. Subjects performed a behavioral test battery when BAC's were .10% and .05% on the declining curve. The five-item battery consisted of a critical tracking task, a divided-attention task, a rate of information processing task, a body sway task and a hand steadiness task. The test battery was administered three times on each experimental day, the first battery prior to treatment, and the second and third testing when the BAC had dropped to .10% and .05% respectively. The absorption of alcohol was delayed by the drugs, but only Doxapram produced a delay of practical importance and statistical significance. All of the experimental tasks proved sensitive to the effect of alcohol. There was no evidence that the combination of the drugs with the alcohol produced a lesser degree of impairment on the experimental tasks than produced by alcohol alone. This study demonstrates that some drugs have the ability to delay alcohol absorption into the blood stream and thus produce lower blood alcohol concentrations. These lower BAC's would reduce the probabilities of accidents following alcohol consumption. KW - Absorption KW - Alcohols KW - Behavior KW - Blood KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Central nervous system KW - Countermeasures KW - Development KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Effectiveness KW - Ethanol KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Intoxication KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Nervous system KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343714 AU - Marek, S AU - Rohter, L AU - Viergutz, O J AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1981/03 SP - 138 p. AB - In response to a legislative mandate to improve automotive fuel efficiency, NHTSA identified areas to be researched and analyzed to determine the costs, feasibility and impacts on various segments of the population. In all, nine tasks were completed and reported in individual reports. This final report presents a summary of the program and a brief description of the results. The reports discussed in this report include: "Passenger Car/Pedestrian Impact Protection System Evaluation", "Implementation Analysis of Brake Inspectability Requirements", "Proposed Rear View Mirror Characteristics and Costs", "Cost Analysis for Upgraded Passenger Car Rear Signal Lighting Requirements", "Vehicle Weight/Cost Optimization", "Cost and Economic Impact of Tire Reserve Load Requirements", "Implementation Analysis for Daytime Use of Headlights", "Weight and Detailed Process Cost Study of 1981 Chrysler K-Car (Reliant/Aries) Components", "Impact of Upgraded FMVSS 105 on the Economy of Operation of the 1979 LDT Fleet", "Cost, Producibility, and Feasibility Studies of Specific Automotive Systems". KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Brakes KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Daylight KW - Energy conservation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - Headlamps KW - Impact studies KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicle engines KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Safety engineering KW - Tires KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343600 AU - McEwen, J T AU - McGuire, J P AU - Public Management Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC LAW SANCTIONS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/03 SP - 14 p. AB - Surveys of the driver population were conducted in Colorado, Maryland, and North Carolina for the purpose of determining driver perceptions on several different subjects, including (1) the chances of being caught by the police for specific unsafe driving actions, (2) the chances of being found guilty by the courts if a challenge were made, (3) the fine for a first violation of an offense, (4) the perceived severity of the fine, and (5) other related topics of interest of a deterrence nature. Through an independent data collection effort, it was also possible to obtain the citation history of all survey respondents and whether they had appeared in court for a particular violation. The number of citations for each type of offense was obtained for a three-year period prior to the survey. In addition, data were collected on the level of traffic law enforcement by local law enforcement agencies during the period of the survey. These data were obtained in order to control for the differences in the level of enforcement in the three jurisdictions of the survey. KW - Alcoholism KW - Attitudes KW - Colorado KW - Convictions KW - Courts KW - Data collection KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Law enforcement KW - Maryland KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - North Carolina KW - Penalties KW - Perception KW - Surveys KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367260 AU - BURGER, W J AU - Smith, R L AU - Ziedman, K AU - Mulholland, M U AU - Bardales, M C AU - Sharkey, T J AU - Vector Enterprises Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED COMMERCIAL VEHICLE CONSPICUITY AND SIGNALLING SYSTEM. ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS. TASK 1 PY - 1981/03 SP - 274 p. AB - The purpose of this project is the design and testing of improved marking and lighting systems for large commercial vehicles. Results of Task I are presented covering: (1) U.S. Truck population characteristics; (2) Analysis of vehicle-into-truck accidents; (3) Analysis of driver capabilities; (4) Analysis of FMVSS 108; (5) Development of functional requirements for marking and signalling systems; and (6) Analysis of retroreflective materials. An extensive bibliography is included. Fleet operational experience with retroflective markings and the results of a pilot study of car and truck rear-light intensities are also reported. It is concluded that improved marking and signalling have a high probability of reducing vehicle-into-truck accidents. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash analysis KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear signals KW - Retroreflectors KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Turn signals KW - Turning lights KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367100 JO - Journal of Neurosurgery PB - American Association of Neurological Surgeons AU - Huelke, D F AU - O'Day, J AU - Mendelsohn, R A AU - American Association of Neurological Surgeons TI - CERVICAL INJURIES SUFFERED IN AUTOMOBILE CRASHES PY - 1981/03 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - p. 316-322 AB - The National Crash Severity Study data in which occupants sustained severe, serious, critical-to-life, or fatal cervical injuries were reviewed. Of passenger cars damaged severely enough to be towed from the scene, it is estimated that one in 300 occupants sustained a neck injury of a severe nature. The neck-injury rate rose to one in 14 occupants for those ejected from their cars, although many of these injuries resulted from contacts within the car before or during the process of ejection. Severe neck injuries were rather rare in cars struck in the rear, but were more common in frontal and side impacts. Occupants between 16 and 25 years of age had such injuries more than twice as often as those in any other age group. Most of the neck injuries of a more severe nature involved the cervical spine or spinal cord. Injuries of the anterior aspect of the neck were relatively infrequent, and usually resulted from direct blunt impacts. National projections of the number of fatalities related to cervical injuries indicates that 5940 deaths, or approximately 20% of all in-car deaths, include fatal cervical spine injuries, and that about 500 cases of quadriplegia per year result from automobile accidents. KW - Age KW - Crash severity KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Side crashes KW - Spinal column UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337152 AU - Aluminum Company of America AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE WEIGHT REDUCTION STUDY PY - 1981/03 SP - 24 p. AB - This report studies the potential for primary weight reduction of a 1979 Oldsmobile Omega X-body four-door sedan, by substituting aluminum components for iron and steel components where suitable. A secondary weight reduction is mentioned but is not detailed. This secondary weight saving is due to the fact that smaller and lighter supporting structure may be employed because of the reduced primary weight. KW - Aluminum KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Fabrication KW - Iron KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Steel KW - Structural design KW - Substitution KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361915 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND TRAFFIC LAW PY - 1981/03 SP - 22 p. AB - Society's primary strategy for managing the safety risks posed by the impaired driver is the legal approach based on the principle of deterrence. Laws prohibiting impaired driving and calling for the punishment of offenders exist in all states. Implied-consent laws that assist the police in gathering evidence of impaired-driving offenses also exist in every state. However, many aspects of current state legislation are inadequate and inhibit law enforcement, especially with respect to drivers who are impaired by drugs other than alcohol. Many of these deficiencies can be remedied by legislative changes. This paper examines the chief legal tools directed against the impaired driver, describes major constraints on law enforcement, identifies the principal deficiencies of existing impaired-driving and implied-consent laws, and presents proposals for amending deficient laws. KW - Amendments KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Implied consent KW - Implied consent laws KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176620 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361490 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Kozawa, K AU - Kuroiwa, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - PAST AND CURRENT STATUS OF COMPUTER UTILIZATION IN AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING PLANTS PY - 1981/03 IS - 4 SP - p. 120-129 AB - With the increased demand for automobiles, automobile assembly plants have become highly automated, and the concept of flexible automation has started to play an important role in responding to the wide-ranging and varied requests of users since the end of 1970's. Mini-computers have been introduced in makers' testing and evaluation departments since the 1970's and applied to the automobile assembly process as well, to enable to take advantage of flexible automation. Since then, a large number of PLC's (Programmable Logic Controller) and Micro-computers have been introduced into the assembly process and lines keeping pace with the increase in reliability and reduction of costs. In this paper, we explain in brief the history of the introduction and the problems of Mini-and Micro-computers and PLC focusing on application examples in each assembly process. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automation KW - Automobile assembly plants KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Information processing KW - Jerk control KW - Manufacturing KW - Minicomputers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180539 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361606 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - OHMAE, H AU - Kurihara, K AU - Okami, Y AU - MORISAWA, M AU - SATO, T B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - SIMULATION OF VEHICLE COLLISIONS BY SCALE MODEL VEHICLES--ANALYSIS OF FRONTAL AND SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1981/03 IS - 4 SP - p. 93-103 AB - Collision experiments using model vehicles are considered to simplify the processes and to minimize costs compared to experiments using full-scale vehicles. We fabricated model vehicles placing priority on the analysis of the vehicles' behavior during impact, and performed impact experiments with model vehicles for various impact types, then compared the crashworthiness with that of full-scale vehicles. As a result of these experiments, we have proved that the crashworthiness of model vehicles corresponds considerably to that of full-scale vehicles and the impacts of model vehicles can simulate those of full-scale vehicles. These results indicate that experiments using model vehicles is a very effective method to estimate the vehicle crashworthiness at impact. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Frontal crashes KW - Research KW - Scale models KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180586 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361487 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Inoue, T AU - Nakanishi, K AU - Matsushita, S AU - Koganemaru, S AU - Ooshika, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - PERFORMANCE SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE-EXHAUST AFTERTREATMENT DEVICES-VEHICLE SYSTEM PY - 1981/03 IS - 4 SP - p. 15-24 AB - The optimization of a three-way-catalyst engine-vehicle system's specifications for maximum fuel economy under the constraints of emission and driveability, has been studied for a small passenger car with a 1.6 liter 4-cylinder engine. A computer was fully utilized to accumulate basic data and research the optimum calibration. As a result, the Automatic Engine Test System (AETS) was developed. The optimum calibration was calculated based on the optimal control theory for an engine-vehicle system with three-way catalyst, and was employed in an actual vehicle by an engine controller in which a 16-bit microprocessor was used. The results showed good agreement. KW - Catalysts KW - Catalytic converters KW - Compact automobiles KW - Driveability KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Optimization KW - Performance tests KW - Simulation KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361989 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Will, E AU - Costa, V AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR HANDICAPPED SCHOOL BUS OCCUPANTS VOLUME II-TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/03 SP - 113 p. AB - A series of sled tests were conducted to determine the influence of five major parameters on the occupant protection of handicapped school bus passengers. The selected parameters were bus crash pulse, dummy size, wheelchair orientation, wheelchair securement type and passenger protection system. In the tests, both ambulatory and wheelchair seated occupants were simulated with anthropomorphic dummies, and padding and belt systems were evaluated in both large and small school buses. The parameters were established via baseline bus crash tests, a state of the art survey, and an accident data analysis-all described in the Interim Report to this contract. The present report describes the results, and analyses of the results, which show the influence of each parameter on occupant protection. The results provide a data base that could be effectively used in designing complete passenger protection systems for handicapped passengers in school buses. KW - Databases KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passenger restraints KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Restraint systems KW - School buses KW - Sled tests KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176655 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361489 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Nakano, Masahiro AU - Iwase, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - PRESENT AND FUTURE OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR NOISE AND VIBRATION PROBLEMS OF SMALL PASSENGER CARS PY - 1981/03 IS - 4 SP - p. 70-79 AB - Since the small passenger car standard was revised in January 1976 by Japanese law, eye-catching new models have been introduced to the market one after another, and small passenger cars have regained their popularity. To reduce their vibration and noise, thus enabling them to run quietly and free of vibration as befitting small-sized popular cars, efforts have been expended to lower engine r.p.m., reduce the vibration of the driving system, and improve the engine mount. As a result, the noise level has been drastically lowered as compared with the earlier small passenger car models. The future problem is to develop a new technology based on a fresh concept to deal with the technical difficulties of meeting the social needs for conservation of resources and energy, and the anticipated stricter control on external vehicular noise and exhaust gas emission while achieving a further reduction of vibration and noise. The most important themes to be dealt with in the future will be the selection of an optimum driving system, the simultaneous reduction of weight and noise, and the development of an efficient means of sound insulation. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Countermeasures KW - Small car KW - Sound level KW - Technology KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361914 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Jones, R K AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1981/03 SP - 27 p. AB - Epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that alcohol-impaired drivers are a cause of a large number of traffic crashes. It is estimated that such crashes generate costs to society in the order of $10 billion or more. Society has responded to the alcohol-crash risk by using a variety of approaches. Chief among them is the legal approach that is based on deterrence: the threat of punishment is used to prevent individuals from driving while impaired. Other approaches, including health, public information and education, and technology, complement the traditional legal approach, and these are often used simultaneously. However, society's efforts to control the risk of drinking driving generally have not had much of an effect on the problem. This paper identifies the alcohol-crash risk, describes society's principal strategies and tactics for reducing this risk, discusses the relative success of these efforts, and presents recommendations for appropriate action against the problem of the drinking driver. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash causes KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Recommendations KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362012 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Taylor, T AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - Department of Transportation TI - 1980 AND 1979 FORD F-150 LIGHT TRUCK WEIGHT AND MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS PY - 1981/03 SP - v.p. AB - This report covers the results of a weight and cost analysis of selected Ford F-150 light truck components. The objectives were to acquire baseline data on automotive technology being employed to further fuel economy improvements. 171 components were selected for the cost analysis which provided a basis for comparing weight and costs of HSLA, aluminum and fiber glass reinforced plastics as alternate material for those parts where such substitutions would be practical. The study identified and compared component weight savings and cost per pound saved. A weight comparison of the 4-wheel drive component between the 1979 and 1980 models was also performed as well as an analysis of the weight propagational effects due to increases in vehicle GVWR. The weight propagation analysis indicated which components changed in weight with increased GVWR, drive train and suspension, and the relative magnitude. Material substitution analysis resulted in a cost savings ($0.01/lb.) to ($0.44/lb.) for HSLA, and a cost penalty of $0.28 lb. to $4.98/lb. for aluminum and $1.44/lb. to $13.81/lb. for FRP, for each pound of weight saved. 4-wheel drive weight reduction from 1979 to 1980 was 79 lbs. The net penalty for GVWR increase for 1980 F-150 trucks is 290 lbs. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Light trucks KW - Lightweight materials KW - Manufacturing KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design KW - Weight KW - Weight propagation effect KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179321 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361775 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Tanabe, S AU - Hamamoto, Y AU - Ohigashi, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - SWIRL PRODUCTION IN FOUR-STROKE ENGINE CYLINDER--ANALYSIS IN MOTORING OPERATION PY - 1981/03 IS - 4 SP - p. 35-41 AB - A new method for predicting the swirl speed in an engine cylinder has been presented. The air jet issuing from the inlet valve is presumed to contribute to swirl production after impinging upon the cylinder wall and piston top surface. By applying also a velocity profile of turbulent plane wall-jet, it is possible to predict approximately the swirl speed and its velocity profile in an engine cylinder. KW - Cylinders KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Swirl speed KW - Velocity KW - Velocity distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180708 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361612 JO - HSRI Research Review PB - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - SAFER GASOLINE TANKERS FOR MICHIGAN. AN INTERVIEW WITH ROBERT D. ERVIN PY - 1981/03 VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 11 p. AB - In a research study conducted for the State of Michigan, an HSRI research team developed specifications for new tanker vehicles that will greatly reduce rollover accidents and fires resulting from them. Here the project director, Robert D. Ervin, discusses recommendations made to the State Legislature. KW - Fires KW - Interviewing KW - Laws KW - Rollover crashes KW - Tankers KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180587 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361488 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Yoshida, M AU - Harigaya, Y AU - Miyazaki, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - RELATION BETWEEN GAS FLOW PATTERN AND HEAT FLUX ON PISTON CROWN SURFACE PY - 1981/03 IS - 4 SP - p. 43-51 AB - The relation between gas flow and heat flux on the piston crown surface of the pre-combustion type diesel engine was investigated. The gas flow, the collision position of the jet and the direction of flow from the orifice of the precombustion chamber on the piston crown surface were observed by means of the oil film method. At the same time, the heat flux into the piston surface from the gas was measured. From the above-mentioned result, the relation between gas flow and heat flux was deduced. As a result, it was shown that heat flux (mean and maximum during one cycle) is affected by gas flow and gas temperature which are affected by equivalence ratio (Phi). Qualitatively, the farther it recedes from the collision area of the jet, the less the heat flux grows. KW - Diesel engines KW - Flow KW - Gas flow KW - Gases KW - Heat flux KW - Oil film method KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Precombustion diesel engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361485 AU - Sivak, M AU - Hill, C S AU - Olson, P L AU - Henson, D L AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Huron High School AU - Department of Education TI - PRELIMINARY TESTING OF TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE DRIVING PERFORMANCE OF PERSONS WITH BRAIN DAMAGE VIA PERCEPTUAL/COGNITIVE TRAINING PY - 1981/03 SP - 29 p. AB - This interim report documents preliminary investigations on the modifiability of driving-related perceptual/cognitive skills in persons with brain damage. The first part of the report critically reviews past research on remediation of perceptual/cognitive deficits in adults with brain damage; the second part describes the methods, findings, and implications of a pilot experiment on modifiability of driving performance of persons with brain damage via retraining of their perceptual/cognitive skills. The literature review showed that the systematic study of rehabilitation of perceptual and cognitive deficits in adults with brain damage is in its infancy. Frequently, articles offer suggestions for therapy without adopting an experimental approach to assess its effectiveness, or present only case studies as opposed to well-controlled experiments. Reassuringly, however, the few well-controlled experiments suggest that perceptual/cognitive deficits of persons with brain damage might be amenable to improvement via training. The results of the pilot experiment indicate that laboratory training sessions designed to improve underlying perceptual/cognitive skills had a substantial effect on subsequent driving performance. The magnitude of the driving-performance improvement was comparable to that obtained by laboratory training sessions designed to directly foster improvements in driving performance. These findings are discussed and the necessary follow-up research is outlined. If the present preliminary findings are confirmed by a larger study, and the relevant issues (e.g., the optimal training content, training length, durability of the effects, and transfer of the effects) are resolved, the present approach could prove to be a valuable therapeutic method in returning persons with brain damage to the mainstream of society. KW - Brain KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Physical disabilities KW - Remedial aids KW - Retraining UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361588 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS & SUMMARY OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS 1977-1979 PY - 1981/03 SP - 107 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety through its various programs of notification, reporting, and investigation, is continually evaluating the accident experience of commercial motor carriers to determine specific problem areas. Such areas involve accidents of a recurring nature, and violations of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and Hazardous Materials Regulations. This method of evaluation reveals the need to strengthen the effectiveness of such regulations through enforcement action against motor carriers that are not in compliance to promote safety over the Nations's highways. Detailed investigations of accidents of unusual severity are conducted by the Bureau's field staff whenever a motor carrier's vehicle, cargo, or personnel contributed notably to actual or probable cause; and in cases of particular interest to the general public and the Bureau. This report, comprised of accident investigations for the years 1977 through 1979, a three year study, is a second edition which will provide analytical data covering types of accidents in direct relationship to human, vehicle, and environmental factors. A total of 346 accidents, which resulted in 518 fatalities, 1,211 injuries, and $22,190,693 property damage, were investigated by the Bureau's field staff during this period. The statistical data is shown in tabular form for easy reference. A summation of the accident investigations, in narrative form, is presented separately for each year. Although a significant number of the Nation's more serious motor carrier accidents are covered in this report, statistical comparisons on an industry-wide basis, such as comparing this data with total vehicles, mileage, drivers or experience of prior years, is not recommended. This study is biased in that the accidents included are of a serious nature and deemed chargeable to the motor carrier's vehicle and/or driver in the majority of cases. This analysis is one of the few detailed accident studies in which probable cause and contributing factors are indicated. KW - Analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Hazardous materials KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176342 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349814 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - WATSON, G S AU - ZADOR, P L AU - Wilks, A AU - American Public Health Association TI - HELMET USE, HELMET USE LAWS, AND MOTORCYCLIST FATALITIES PY - 1981/03 VL - 71 IS - 3 SP - p. 297-300 AB - This is a rebuttal of a previous article "Perspective on the Public Good" written in this journal by R.J. Perkins criticizing an earlier study done by the authors of the present analysis. These authors now attempt to show that, contrary to Perkins' statements, their previous conclusion accurately describes the consequences of repealing helmet use laws. KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Laws KW - Motorcyclists KW - Safety KW - Safety practices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180079 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361037 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - YAGI, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - COMPUTER AIDED EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1981/03 IS - 4 SP - p. 105-118 AB - In vehicle design and development, shortening developmental periods, improving efficiency, and improving vehicle quality have been important subjects in past years. With these objectives in mind, the Vehicle Design and Development Dept., Nissan Motor Co., has been utilizing computers for CAD/CAM, CAE (Computer Aided Experiments), SA (Structural Analysis), EIM (Engineering Information Management), etc., and has been obtaining good results. The present paper describes the purpose and manner of introducing CAE to the design and development process. It also outlines an on-line system for vehicle performance tests, noise and vibration analysis, heat resistance tests, brake and engine performance tests, exhaust emission analysis, etc., which is a hierarchical structure system incorporating three host computers and twenty seven mini-computers. Finally, the future use of the CAE system is discussed. KW - Braking KW - Computer aided design KW - Computers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experimental design KW - Information processing KW - Noise KW - On line computers KW - Performance tests KW - Simulation KW - Thermal resistance KW - Vehicle design KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349656 AU - ICF Incorporated TI - ASSESSING REGULATORY IMPACTS: THE FEDERAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE AUTO INDUSTRY PY - 1981/03 SP - 102 p. AB - This report assesses the consistency and completeness of publicly available agency analyses of the impacts of regulations affecting automobiles and other motor vehicles. It is based on agency analyses of 56 regulations included in "The Automobile Calendar: Recent and Pending Federal Activities Affecting Motor Vehicles", issued by the U.S. Regulatory Council in January 1981. The report reaches the following conclusions: (1) Fairly complete cost and benefit information is available for 11 (20%) of the regulations reviewed, while cost and benefit estimates are not provided for 19 (34%) of the regulations; (2) Estimates of manufacturer's costs are not developed on the basis of consistent assumptions or through consistent methodologies; (3) Capital expenditures required to meet regulatory requirements are identified for 20 (36%) of the regulations; (4) Retail unit price increases are provided for 26 (43%) of the regulations, but the estimates are not consistent in their treatment of either consumer reactions or retail mark-up factors; and (5) Assumptions and units used to express costs and benefits are not consistent. The report also concludes that: costs and benefits are estimated for each regulation independently of other related regulations, allowing double counting to occur in conducting cumulative analyses; and cost and benefit estimates assume that future product modifications are due solely to federal regulations, which can lead to overestimating the cost impact of a federal regulation. KW - Automobile industry KW - Availability KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Data KW - Economic impacts KW - Estimates KW - Federal government KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Supply KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361385 AU - WIGAN, M R AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - LIFESTYLE IMPACT OF CHANGES IN REAL TRANSPORT COSTS PY - 1981/03 SP - 22 p. AB - Transport is a vital and integral part of our lives, but exists to enable us to engage in activities (such as work, shopping, personal business and recreation) which are at different locations. The budget of time and money available to people has to be split between many competing activities. The way in which people decide to do this is a function of their lifestyle. This paper looks at how it occurs, and from this takes a cautious look at the future. The balance between vehicle usage and ownership costs is slowly changing to favour operating costs, but the overall fraction of family expenditure devoted to private vehicles has stayed stable through a tripling of fuel costs. The overall allocation of time to travel appears to be stable across all income groups, and the income distributions of some widely different types of households show close similarities at each level of car ownership. The conclusion is that the diversity of time and expenditure balances already being made cover a far wider range of responses than would be introduced by substantial further fuel cost increases--even in real terms. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobile travel KW - Budgeting KW - Costs KW - Income KW - Operating costs KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361030 AU - Lesage, P B AU - Transport Canada TI - DESIGN AND COMPREHENSION OF BILINGUAL TRAFFIC SIGNS PY - 1981/03 SP - 51 p. AB - In order to develop a better understanding of how bilingual traffic signs are perceived and processed by road users, a study was designed to objectively evaluate the current range of bilingual sign designs and make recommendations on appropriate message placement principles. The study consisted of three phases: review of current signing practices; literature review; and, development, conduct and analysis of laboratory testing of various bilingual signs. Based on available information, it was decided to use glance legibility as the objective measurement of sign performance. 256 subjects, equally divided into four language sub-groupings, were exposed to various combinations of 13 bilingual sign messages (65 signs in total). The major findings of this study were as follows: (1) Bilingual signs required more reading time than unilingual signs; (2) The dominant language should be located either at the "TOP" of a "TOP-BOTTOM" sign message configuration, or at the "LEFT" of a "LEFT-RIGHT" configuration; (3) Neither the "TOP-BOTTOM" nor the "LEFT-RIGHT" sign message configuration was found to be significantly better than the other; (4) Clear demarcation of the two languages (for example, by a line) significantly improved sign performance, particularly for unilingual subjects; and (5) Use of "pivot" words (a word common to both languages) resulted in poorer sign performance than corresponding fully-translated signs. KW - Bilingualism KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Legibility KW - Perception KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175939 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349826 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - Takagi, Y AU - NAKAJIMA, Y AU - Saito, T AU - IIJIMA, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - ANALYSIS OF FUEL VAPORIZATION IN S.I. ENGINE CYLINDER DURING LOW TEMPERATURE CRANKING PY - 1981/03 IS - 4 SP - p. 26-33 AB - In order to improve the starting of a spark ignition engine under low ambient temperatures, several factors influencing starting were studied from the viewpoint of mixture formation in the cylinder during engine cranking. The amount of vaporized fuel in the cylinder was estimated from the cylinder pressure difference between a neat-air cycle and fuel-air cycle under the same cranking conditions. Spark ignition energy was not supplied. Five single-component, three dual-component, and five full boiling range fuels were used in the experiments. Factors influencing mixture temperature in the cylinder, i.e., cranking speed and ignition timing were also studied. As a result, it was confirmed that the occurrence of first fire depends heavily on mixture strength, that is, the amount of fuel vaporized in the cylinder. In addition, an approach to improving cold engine starting with low volatility fuels was discovered. KW - Cylinders KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuels KW - Ignition KW - Low temperature KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Starting KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Volatility KW - Volatilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180084 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361361 JO - JSAE Review PB - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan AU - MORISAKI, K AU - Takahashi, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan TI - LEGAL SYSTEM OF JAPAN ON MOTOR VEHICLES. PART 2 MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY REGULATIONS PY - 1981/03 IS - 4 SP - p. 131-143 AB - The state of motor vehicle accidents in Japan is given and compared to traffic accidents in foreign countries. Safety measures in fields other than motor vehicles are outlined: improvement of the environment and countermeasures from the human side. The third section of the article gives the present situation of safety regulations for motor vehicles: safety regulations for road vehicles (extracts of the Road Vehicle Act are included) and main amendments to the safety regulations made recently. The fourth and final section gives the future trends of motor vehicle safety regulations. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Crash victims KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361369 AU - Haddon, W AU - Baker, S P AU - Insurance Institute for Highway Safety TI - INJURY CONTROL PY - 1981/03 SP - 61 p. AB - Injuries, the leading cause of death for more than half the span of human life, can be greatly reduced in frequency, severity, and sequelae. To do so, physicians, other health workers, and the public must employ approaches based on science rather than guesswork. Through relationships with patients and the public, and with decision-makers in industry and government, those who understand the issues and scientific concepts involved can contribute effectively to substantial reduction of this huge problem. KW - Accident proneness KW - Adolescents KW - Causes KW - Child restraint systems KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Transportation KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176173 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00349853 AU - Adams, F J AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers TI - AUTOMOTIVE POWER STEERING "FEEL" PY - 1981/03 VL - 195 SP - p. 29-36 AB - This paper discusses what is meant by "feel" particularly but not exclusively under high speed driving conditions, what is required to provide a satisfactory "feel" and to discuss how it may be possible to do this. It mainly, but not exclusively, considers motor cars and is basically confined to the modern power steering rotary valve which uses torsion bar springing, since this embraces by far the greatest number of power gears currently made. Most of the illustrations and references relate to rack and pinion steering but, in a general sense, all that is said can be applied to other types of steering gear. U1 - Institution of Mechanical Engineers Proceedings KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Power steering KW - Rack and pinion steering KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Steering systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361313 AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDE FOR ESTIMATING URBAN VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION AND OCCUPANCY PY - 1981/03 SP - 60 p. AB - This manual provides sampling and data collection procedures for field surveys that estimate vehicle classification and occupancy and (when combined with estimates of vehicle-miles of travel derived from parallel mechanical traffic counting programs) that estimate travel by vehicle type and person travel. Because sound statistical sampling techniques are used, these surveys can provide valid estimates at predetermined levels of precision and at the lowest possible cost. KW - Data collection KW - Estimating KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Manuals KW - Statistical sampling KW - Traffic counting KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346165 AU - Chiplock, L W AU - Dueker, R L AU - Bittner, S R AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND FEASIBILITY TEST OF SPECIALIZED RURAL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY TRAINING. VOLUME IV: PEDSAFE AUDIOVISUAL SCRIPTS PY - 1981/03 SP - 135 p. AB - This report (Volume 4 of four volumes) provides the scripts for all audiovisuals employed in the PEDSAFE Program. The audiovisuals produced for the PEDSAFE Program were of research quality (i.e., professional actors were not employed, camera equipment was of average quality, etc.), although the quality was such that a meaningful pilot test could be conducted. Since all audiovisuals will have to be produced professionally for full-scale implementation, this volume has been subdivided into classes of audiovisuals: those needing few script/visual modifications and those needing major modifications. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Children KW - Education KW - Highway transportation KW - Instructional materials KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Rural areas KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25610/DOT-HS-805-966.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346756 AU - Khadikar, A V AU - Will, E AU - Costa, V AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR HANDICAPPED SCHOOL BUS OCCUPANTS. VOLUME III. APPENDICES PY - 1981/03 SP - 354 p. AB - The objectives of the program were to identify and document lifts, ramps, tiedowns/securement systems and other ingress and egress hardware that has been used in the transportation of handicapped passengers - further, to critically evaluate the available hardware to assess its impact on the convenience and safety of the handicapped occupant during operational and crash situations; to compile, analyze and evaluate existing accident data involving handicapped occupants in order to ascertain specific causes of injuries and deaths; and to identify the injury causing hardware and mechanisms. KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Anatomical models KW - Anthropometry KW - Buses KW - Causes KW - Convenience KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Lifts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupant restraint KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Protection KW - Ramps KW - Restraint systems KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - School buses KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344504 AU - Monk, M W AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT PADDING INTEGRATION STUDY PY - 1981/03 SP - 180 p. AB - A study was conducted to design and fabricate producible padding materials suitable for side impact thoracic protection and for installation in a modified VW Rabbit. The fabricated materials were evaluated by three test procedures; component level testing at controlled temperatures, flammability testing and HYGE sled testing. The results of these tests are presented. Upon completion of testing, the padding materials were given an overall rating based on eight evaluation factors and the superior material was identified. The evaluation criteria are discussed and the results are presented. KW - Flammability KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Pads KW - Prevention KW - Side crashes KW - Sleds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344506 AU - Kernish, R AU - National Analysts, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER ORIENTATIONS TOWARD FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/03 SP - 25 p. AB - This study investigates consumer reactions both to specific vehicle design changes, and more generally, to the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations and the energy supply situation which motivated their implementation. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel storage KW - Public opinion KW - User reactions KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344526 AU - Siegel, H M AU - Schwarz, R AU - Andon, J AU - Gerstenbeger, T AU - Renner, R AU - Kececioglu, K C AU - Morgan, W AU - Mercer, L AU - Cattaneo, A AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUGMENTATION OF RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES FOR TIMELY SUPPORT OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY ACTIVITIES PY - 1981/03 SP - 412 p. AB - A series of studies were conducted in support of the Office of Research and Development of the NHTSA in areas of automotive design and technology that could affect fuel economy. Nine such studies were carried out and included assessments of spark ignition engine; fuel economy improvement potential; potential of changes in rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, accessory load and lubricants. Other studies included a study of the potential of alternate engines, a compilation of literature, and a preliminary assessment of diesel particulates. In addition to conducting studies based on a literature review and analysis, there were two hardware studies conducted in the form of teardown studies of selected passenger car (Ford Fairmont) and light truck (Chevy Luv) models. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automobiles KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Drag KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lubricants KW - Particulates KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Resistance KW - Reviews KW - Rolling KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346025 AU - Heisler, J T AU - Groeneman, S AU - Market Facts, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/03 SP - 22 p. AB - The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 requires fuel efficiency standards through Model Year 1985 and requires that economic practicability (e.g., marketability, consumer impact) be considered in miles per gallon formulations. The purpose of this research is to develop information on likely market response to various vehicle design and performance changes to minimize the possibility of market rejection. The report is based on focus group discussions and consumer experiments with drivers in different vehicle size classes. Analysis focuses on the believability of the "energy crisis" and concern about its effects, the acceptability of possible fuel economy options, consumer preferences with respect to vehicles embodying selected design and engineering changes, and predicted purchase and usage patterns under different future scenarios. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Consumers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Market research KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public opinion KW - Purchasing KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346169 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Taylor, T J AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FORD F-150 LIGHT TRUCK WEIGHT AND MANUFACTURING COST ANALYSIS, 1980 AND 1979 PY - 1981/03 SP - 175 p. AB - This report covers the results of a weight and cost analysis of selected Ford F-150 light truck components. The objectives were to acquire baseline data on automotive technology being employed to further fuel economy improvements. 171 components were selected for the cost analysis which provided a basis for comparing weight and costs of HSLA, aluminum and fiber glass reinforced plastics as alternate material for those parts where such substitutions would be practical. The study identified and compared component weight savings and cost per pound saved. A weight comparison of the 4-wheel drive component between the 1979 and 1980 models was also performed as well as an analysis of the weight propagational effects due to increases in vehicle GVWR. The weight propagation analysis indicated which components changed in weight with increased GVWR, drive train and suspension, and the relative magnitude. Material substitution analysis resulted in a cost savings ($0.01/lb.) to ($0.44/lb.) for HSLA, and a cost penalty of $0.28/lb. to $4.98/lb. for aluminum and $1.44/lb. to $13.81/lb. for FRP, for each pound of weight saved. 4-wheel drive weight reduction from 1979 to 1980 was 79 lbs. The net penalty for GVWR increase for 1980 F-150 trucks is 290 lbs. KW - Aluminum KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Fiberglass KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Light trucks KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Materials management KW - Materials replacement KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Trucks KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344507 AU - Kernish, R AU - National Analysts, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER ORIENTATIONS TOWARD FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES: FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/03 SP - 118 p. AB - This study investigates consumer reactions both to specific vehicle design changes, and more generally, to the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations and the energy supply situation which motivated their implementation. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel storage KW - Public opinion KW - User reactions KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346755 AU - Khadikar, A V AU - Will, E AU - Costa, V AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASH PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR HANDICAPPED SCHOOL BUS OCCUPANTS. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/03 SP - 33 p. AB - A series of sled tests were conducted to determine the influence of five major parameters on the occupant protection of handicapped school bus passengers. The selected parameters were bus crash pulse, dummy size, wheelchair orientation, wheelchair securement type and passenger protection system. In the tests, both ambulatory and wheelchair seated occupants were simulated with anthropomorphic dummies, and padding and belt systems were evaluated in both large and small school buses. The parameters were established via baseline bus crash tests, a state of the art survey, and an accident data analysis. The present report describes the results, and analyses of the results, which show the influence of each parameter on occupant protection. The results provide a data base that could be effectively used in designing complete passenger protection systems for handicapped passengers in school buses. KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Anatomical models KW - Anthropometry KW - Buses KW - Causes KW - Convenience KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Lifts KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Occupant restraint KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Protection KW - Ramps KW - Restraint systems KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - School buses KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343036 AU - Tharp, V AU - Burns, M AU - Moskowitz, H AU - Southern California Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD TEST OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL TESTS FOR DWI ARREST PY - 1981/03 SP - 100 p. AB - Administration and scoring procedures were standardized for a sobriety test battery consisting of the walk-and-turn test, the one leg stand test, and horizontal gaze nystagmus. The effectiveness of the standardized battery was then evaluated in the laboratory and, to a limited extent, in the field. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Arrests KW - Attitudes KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Field tests KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Specialized training KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures KW - Tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25606/DOT-HS-805-864.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343070 AU - McEwen, J T AU - McGuire, J P AU - Public Management Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC LAW SANCTIONS PY - 1981/03 SP - 222 p. AB - Surveys of the driver population were conducted in Colorado, Maryland, and North Carolina for the purpose of determining driver perceptions on several different subjects, including (1) the chances of being caught by the police for specific unsafe driving actions, (2) the chances of being found guilty by the courts if a challenge were made, (3) the fine for a first violation of an offense, the perceived severity of the fine, and (5) other related topics of interest of a deterrence nature. Questions on these topics were asked on seven different offenses which had been identified in previous NHTSA research as being the primary unsafe driving actions associated with accident causation. The seven offenses were speeding 10 miles per hour over the posted speed limit, speeding 20 miles per hour over the posted speed limit, driving while intoxicated, running a traffic light or stop sign, following a moving car too closely, turning in front of oncoming traffic, and crossing the center line of the roadway. Through an independent data collection effort, it was also possible to obtain the citation history of all survey respondents and whether they had appeared in court for a particular violation. The number of citations for each type of offense was obtained for a three-year period prior to the survey. A total of over 2,600 drivers participated in the survey. The Final Report provides details on the survey responses as related to citation histories. KW - Alcoholism KW - Attitudes KW - Colorado KW - Courts KW - Data collection KW - Deterrents KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Law enforcement KW - Maryland KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - North Carolina KW - Perception KW - Safety KW - Speeding KW - Surveys KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343047 AU - CHI, GYH AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF THE AUTOMATIC SHOULDER BELT/KNEE BOLSTER RESTRAINT SYSTEM WITH THE LAP AND SHOULDER BELT SYSTEM IN VW RABBITS PY - 1981/03 SP - 123 p. AB - The objective of the research is to assess the injury reducing effectiveness of the VW Rabbit automatic shoulder belt/knee bolster system using statewide police-reported accident data. The analyses are aimed at answering questions about (1) injury rate differences (manual vs automatic); (2) restraint usage rate differences; (3) performance differences between systems (when used); (4) the proportion of injury rate reduction attributable to restraint usage rate differences; and (5) adequacy of state accident data to carry out such investigations. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Effectiveness KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rates KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343044 AU - Tom, J C AU - Petersen, D D AU - Robbins, C M AU - Peters, R AU - VERVE AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE OF SAFETY BELT SYSTEMS IN 1980 AND 1981 MODEL VEHICLES PY - 1981/03 SP - 275 p. AB - An analysis was conducted of both user and vehicle characteristics that influence the user perceptions of safety belt system comfort and convenience. A research design was developed involving various passenger cars, vans, and pickups, and a set of drivers of different sex, weight, and height combinations. A statistical analysis of the test results using crosstabulation and analysis of variance identified height, vehicle size, type of belt system, and other factors as having a significant impact on perceptions of safety belt comfort and convenience. An additional phase of these studies examined the compatibility of child restraint devices with existing safety belt systems. Several devices currently available on the open market were evaluated in each of the test vehicles. Problems identified include the need for special locking devices in some vehicles, the incompatibility of automatic belt systems, and bulky retractor devices. KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Comfort KW - Compatibility KW - Convenience KW - Evaluation KW - Fasteners KW - Locks (Fasteners) KW - Manual safety belts KW - Perception KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Safety KW - Seats KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - User characteristics KW - Vans KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25585/DOT-HS-805-860.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343043 AU - Eberhardt, A C AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE VIBRATION NOISE GENERATION MECHANISM IN TRUCK TIRES PY - 1981/03 SP - 159 p. AB - The mechanism of sound radiation by vibration of a tire surface is investigated. The effects on sound radiation of acoustically slow structural waves, boundary conditions, and structural damping are reviewed. Simple vibration sound models are shown inadequate to predict the experimentally measured sound field. A correlation between tire vibration and sound is demonstrated by experiments that relate tire surface vibration levels to levels of near-field and far-field sound. Further evidence of correlation is shown by the coherence function computed between experimentally measured tire vibration and sound. The tire vibration field is described from analysis of in-service acceleration data telemetered from the sidewall and tread surface regions. A sound radiation model is formulated based on evaluation of the Rayleigh integral for a damped semi-infinite surface vibrating below acoustic coincidence. Sound pressure spectra predicted by the model agree closely with measured spectra for frequencies below 1800 Hz. Experimental procedures and data analysis techniques are described in an appendix. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aerodynamic noise KW - Effective sound pressure KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Mathematical models KW - Noise KW - Noise sound KW - Pressure KW - Propagation KW - Rolling contact KW - Sound KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343016 AU - BERKOWITZ, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE ON HEAD INJURIES, AND THE EFFECT OF USAGE LAWS ON HELMET WEARING RATES PY - 1981/03 SP - 20 p. AB - The report summarizes data from special studies conducted in four States (Colorado, South Dakota, Kansas, and Oklahoma) that repealed their motorcycle helmet use laws. Riders without helmets had twice the overall head injury rate as helmeted riders and up to six times the critical or fatal head injury rate. Helmet usage in these States decreased sharply after their helmet laws were repealed. Data from the NHTSA Fatal Accident Reporting System indicated that States with a comprehensive helmet law had significantly higher usage in fatal crashes than States with a partial or non-existent requirement. The State studies also showed that head injury rates increased after helmet law repeal. A detailed accident investigation study in Southern California indicated that helmet wearing had no adverse impact on the causation or increased severity of motorcycle accidents. KW - Casualties KW - Colorado KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Highway transportation KW - Injuries KW - Kansas KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Motorcycles KW - Oklahoma KW - Regulations KW - South Dakota KW - Statistical analysis KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343038 AU - Ryder, J M AU - Malin, S A AU - Kinsley, C H AU - Koba Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF FATIGUE AND ALCOHOL ON HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1981/03 SP - 125 p. AB - The report presents a critical review of recent research, an assessment of present knowledge, and recommendations for future research to determine the combined effects of fatigue and alcohol on highway safety. The review concentrates on four areas: (1) definitions and measures of fatigue; (2) experimental investigations of the effects of alcohol alone, fatigue alone, and alcohol and fatigue in combination on driver performance; (3) epidemiological studies which estimated the proportions of accidents caused by alcohol, fatigue, or both; and (4) possible remedies that have been suggested to counteract fatigue related driving impairments. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Ethanol KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Performance KW - Personnel performance KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337324 AU - BERKOWITZ, A AU - Johnson, P AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE FATALITY EXPERIENCE BASED ON FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM DATA 1976-79 PY - 1981/03 SP - 11 p. AB - The report analyzes the trend in motorcycle fatalities during 1976-79 based on data from NHTSA's Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS). The States that maintained a requirement for all motorcycle riders to wear helmets had relatively little increase in motorcycle fatalities. The States that repealed their helmet use laws since 1976 have experienced a significant increase in motorcycle fatalities, particularly for those riders not wearing a helmet. An increase in overall motorcycle fatalities is expected in 1980, primarily due to more fatally injured nonhelmeted riders. KW - Casualties KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - States KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337959 AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPLIANCE TEST REPORTS INDEX FOR 1980. VOLUME III PY - 1981/03 SP - 621 p. AB - The document presents an index to Compliance Test Reports of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration which were released to the public during calendar year 1980. The index is divided into seven sections, as follows: Manufacturer, Model Year, Model or Part Number, Fail, FMVSS Number, Component or vehicle ID, Laboratory test number, CIR number, HS number, Brand or seller, and Tire size or body style. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Design standards KW - Headlamps KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337923 AU - Ross, H L AU - Ross (H Laurence) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DETERRENCE OF THE DRINKING DRIVER: AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY PY - 1981/03 SP - 127 p. AB - The report surveys the international literature on drinking-and-driving laws to determine what is known concerning their impact on driver behavior. Its particular concern is with reported adoptions of Scandinavian-type laws, which define the drinking-and-driving offense in terms of exceeding a prescribed blood alcohol concentration, and which are designed to create the impression of relatively certain, severe and prompt penalties for their violation. The review of the literature finds that Scandinavian-type laws have been widely adopted in the last 20 years, and that informative reports exist on experiences in Norway, Sweden, Great Britain, New Zealand, the Australian State of Victoria, Canada, the Netherlands, and France. There are also reports on enforcement campaigns based on these laws in several countries, including the United States. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Foreign KW - Impact studies KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Penalties KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25588/DOT-HS-805-820.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346118 AU - Hand, D H AU - Approved Engineering Test Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STAGED COLLISION AND DAMAGE DATA: VOLUME II. REPORT FOR ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION OF TWENTY FIVE (25) TEST VEHICLES (1980 MODEL YEAR) PY - 1981/02/27 SP - 288 p. AB - The Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA) has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The information collected includes documentation of residual crush and collision deformation classification (CDC) for each vehicle in each test. Volume Two contains the vehicle-to-rigid barrier - sixteen collision tests. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Research KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343581 AU - Gaines, R W AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIPIECE RIMS FOR TRUCKS, BUSES, AND TRAILERS-ECONOMIC EFFECTS CAUSED BY FURTHER REGULATION OF RIMS IN STANDARD NO. 120 PY - 1981/02/06 SP - 128 p. AB - Data gathered over an extended period of time indicate that multipiece truck and bus wheel rims have caused accidents resulting in injury and death. This study was carried out for the NHTSA to determine the potential cost effectiveness that would result should the use of multipiece rims be phased out of production by rulemaking action. The study identifies one time conversion costs, added cost to truck users and the feasibility of a 5-10 year phase-out program. These costs are then used to arrive at a cost effectiveness factor in terms of reduction in incident that could occur. The differential incident rate between multipiece rims and single piece wheels plays a key role in establishing the cost effectiveness. KW - Analysis KW - Buses KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic impacts KW - Prevention KW - Regulations KW - Rims KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Tires KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Wheel rims KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343028 AU - Schwarz, R AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FMVSS NO. 208 EXTENSION TO LIGHT TRUCKS, VANS, AND MPV'S - COST/LEADTIME STUDY PY - 1981/02/06 SP - 100 p. AB - Design studies were made of the vehicle modifications required to accommodate air bags and passive belt restraint systems in full-sized pickup trucks, vans, and mini-pickups. Costs and weights of these modifications were estimated for both types of restraint systems, as well as the impact of the additional weight on fuel consumption. The leadtime for incorporating these modifications into production vehicles was also estimated. It was concluded that the retail price increment for the vehicle modifications would be in the range from $47 to $56 for a passive belt system, and $54-$73 for an air bag system. KW - Air bags KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multiple purpose vehicles KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Prices KW - Trucks KW - Vans KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicles KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337979 AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COUNTERMEASURES FOR UNSAFE DRIVING ACTIONS PY - 1981/02 SP - 381p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361771 AU - Bowman, M A AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - A UNIFORM TRANSIT SAFETY RECORDS SYSTEM FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA PY - 1981/02 SP - 66 p. AB - This study was conceived as the first phase of a three-phase program to develop a safety data base for intracity bus transit. It involved reviewing the state of the art of general transportation safety management, examining the current intracity bus safety records systems of the federal, state, and local governments and the transit industry, and developing the basis for an intracity bus safety records system for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Definitions of motor bus traffic accidents, passenger accidents, and crime were developed; data elements and codes were selected; and an accident/incident report form was designed. Guidelines for developing data files, coding, entry, editing, and data processing procedures were developed along with recommendations on the development of the last two phases of the program. KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation (Intracity) KW - Crash reports KW - Crimes KW - Databases KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Information processing KW - Public transit KW - Records management KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36438/81-R39.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176508 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384682 JO - New Driver PB - Berkin (Bernard) AU - Berkin (Bernard) TI - WHO ARE THE BEST DRIVERS? PY - 1981/02 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - p. 16-17 AB - This article surveys the various answers that have been given to the question of who are the best drivers and concludes that the question cannot be answered on the basis of sex, grades, or mechanical abilities. It points out that there are basic traits found among accident prone drivers, such as aggressiveness and emotional instability, and it gives a leading insurance company's evaluation of a good student driver. The conclusion is that being a good driver comes down to one thing--the individual. KW - Accident prone drivers KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Knowledge KW - Male drivers KW - Males KW - Motor skills KW - Personnel performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380376 AU - National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism TI - FIRST STATISTICAL COMPENDIUM ON ALCOHOL AND HEALTH PY - 1981/02 SP - 216 p. AB - The information presented in this document covers alcohol consumption; health and social consequences of consumption; provision, utilization and financing of services; treatment effectiveness and outcomes and client status. The document contains general population statistics for use in placing the data in context; discussions of the sources of data; and some interpretation of data for illustrative purposes. KW - Alcoholism KW - Consumption KW - Demographics KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Financing KW - Health KW - Social factors KW - Statistics KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367930 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - 1980 MOTOR VEHICLE COST RESPONSIBILITY STUDY. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1981/02 SP - 22 p. AB - This report presents the findings and recommendations of a study which examined the two groups of users of the Oregon state highway system to determine what their proportion of road user taxes should be to maintain equity between the two groups. The two groups are: Basic vehicles--autos and smaller load-carrying vehicles weighing 8,000 pounds or less; and Heavy vehicles--trucks and buses weighing over 8,000 pounds. Among the major findings were that basic vehicles should contribute 55 percent of road user revenue and heavy vehicles 45 percent, by 1983 at current tax rates basic vehicles will contribute 55.7 percent and heavy vehicles 44.3 percent, and increases in expenditures for highway deterioration prevention will result in a higher cost responsibility share for heavy vehicles. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Cost sharing KW - Costs KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway user taxation KW - Rates KW - Road user costs KW - State highways KW - Taxation KW - Taxes KW - Travel budgets KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178840 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367976 JO - ASME Transactions PB - American Society of Mechanical Engineers AU - Huston, R L AU - Sears, J AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - EFFECT OF PROTECTIVE HELMET MASS ON HEAD/NECK DYNAMICS PY - 1981/02 VL - 103 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-23 AB - The crash helmet which provides protection against injury due to direct head impact may actually contribute to injury in indirect head impact (e.g., hyperflexion or "whiplash") situations because of the added mass of the helmet on the head/neck system. It has been suggested that it may be possible to reduce this hyperflexion/hyperextension injury hazard while retaining the beneficial protection against direct impact through use of helmet restraining collars, such as styrofoam or inflatable airbags. These claims are quantitatively and qualitatively examined and discussed in this paper. The UCIN HEAD/NECK computer simulation model is used for the quantitative analysis. It is shown that the helmet can indeed contribute to the hyperflexion/hyperextension injury hazard and that the proposed restraining devices can potentially provide protection against this hazard. KW - Air bags KW - Collars KW - Fittings KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Rings (Devices) KW - Simulation KW - Whiplash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343551 AU - Monk, M W AU - Willke, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK SIDE STRUCTURE EVALUATION. VOLUME I: OVERVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS PY - 1981/02 SP - 87 p. AB - A study was conducted to compare the side structural components of three lightweight pickup trucks with those of a VW Rabbit Sedan. Under previous Agency contracts, a series of side structural modifications had been performed on the sedan resulting in improved compartment integrity. It was desired to know if the same types of structural modifications would be applicable to the lightweight pickup trucks. The pickup trucks selected were: 1978 Chevrolet Luv, 1978 Ford Courier, and 1980 VW Rabbit Pickup. The occupant seating position is documented for each vehicle. The main structural elements are documented and compared. Finally the applicability of the proposed upgrade of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 214 "Side Impact Protection" is discussed. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Impact tests KW - Light trucks KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural members KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343614 AU - Baczynski, R AU - Bjork, T AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MINICARS RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE TO 1979 DODGE CHALLENGER CRASH TEST REPORT-FRONTAL ALIGNED IMPACT AT 86.52 MPH CLOSING SPEED PY - 1981/02 SP - 193 p. AB - The report presents the results of an 86.52 mph Frontal Aligned Impact crash test between the Minicars RSV M5-11 and a production 1979 Dodge Challenger. The objective of this test was to obtain data to evaluate the crashworthiness of the Minicars RSV by providing a comparison between the occupant protection capability of the Minicars RSV and a production car in a frontal collision mode. For this test, two calibrated 50th percentile dummies were placed in the driver and front passenger positions in each car. The Minicars RSV occupant restraint system consisted of air bags and knee restraints. The Dodge Challenger occupant restraints consisted of a production three-point belt system with emergency locking retractors (ELR-INERTIA). KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety vehicles KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343617 AU - Best, C AU - Opportunity Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL TRAFFIC CASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: DEFINING AND DESCRIBING FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS. VOLUME II PY - 1981/02 SP - 44 p. AB - After briefly describing the methodology used in the initial effort, this report begins by discussing the differences among traffic courts. The report then describes the functional components of eight distinct modules in a model traffic case management system. These modules represent data preparation case initiation, case updates, case dispositions, accounts receivable, scheduling/docketing, warrant procedures, and output reports. The benefits to be derived from the adoption of a model system are discussed in the last section of the report. KW - Accounting KW - Computer programming KW - Courts KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Management KW - Management control reports KW - Management systems KW - Scheduling KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic regulations KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343569 AU - Monk, M W AU - SULLIVAN, L K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT SLED AND PADDING DEVELOPMENT PY - 1981/02 SP - 288 p. AB - A study was conducted to devise and fabricate a HYGE sled buck which could be used to simulate oblique side impact collisions. Once completed the buck was demonstrated by simulating the occupant and side door interactions of two separate laboratory car-to-car impacts. The degree of success of these two simulations is discussed. Following the simulations, the sled buck was used to select padding materials which appeared promising for occupant protection in side impact collisions. The selection criteria and results are presented. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Pads KW - Protection KW - Research KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Sleds KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343667 AU - Baum, A S AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW CAR ASSESSMENT SUPPLEMENTAL DATA: TASK ORDER 4 PY - 1981/02 SP - 330 p. AB - Supplemental data were collected on thirty-two New Car Assessment staged collisions. The additional data elements obtained were residual vehicle deformation consistent with the CRASH2 input format and the center of gravity acceleration of involved vehicles. From the center of gravity accelerometers, the change in velocity was determined for the test vehicles. This information is reported, along with vehicle descriptions, time of separation, time and velocities at maximum penetration, rotation, and a damage profile. Photographs of vehicle damage are also supplied. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Center of gravity KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Rotation KW - Safety engineering KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343552 AU - Monk, M W AU - Willke, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK SIDE STRUCTURE EVALUATION. VOLUME II: DOCUMENTATION OF OCCUPANT SEATING POSITION AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS PY - 1981/02 SP - 162 p. AB - A comparison of the occupant seated position and side structural details of the VW Rabbit Sedan and three lightweight pickup trucks was done. The comparison was accomplished using photographs of a seated 50th percentile male dummy and of the structural components of the vehicles along with a narrative description of the connections and reinforcements. The three pickup trucks are: 1978 Chevrolet Luv, 1978 Ford Courier, and 1980 VW Rabbit Pickup. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Impact tests KW - Light trucks KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Seats KW - Side crashes KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural members KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337222 AU - Deiss, H D AU - Peschon, J AU - Bloyd, C E AU - Kittilsen, D M AU - Augustine, W D AU - Deiss and Associates, Incorporated AU - International Systems Consultants AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR INDUSTRY PY - 1981/02 SP - 323 p. AB - The study describes the current status of the Inspection/Maintenance/Repair Industry in the U.S., the impact of technological changes and legislation, and related approaches used in Germany and Sweden. Based on these findings suggestions are provided regarding: (1) Responsibilities and authorities of automobile manufacturers, trade channels, consumers and appropriate government agencies; (2) Related research and development required; and (3) Approaches toward realization of the suggestions. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer protection KW - Consumers KW - Education and training KW - Germany KW - Government policies KW - Industrial training KW - Industries KW - Inspection KW - Insurance KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Policy KW - Protection KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Sweden KW - Technological innovations KW - United States KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366502 AU - Olson, P L AU - Sivak, M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - IMPROVED LOW-BEAM PHOTOMETRICS PY - 1981/02 SP - 107 p. AB - It is recognized that low-beam headlamps do not provide adequate illumination for safe operation at higher speeds. This report summarizes Task 1 activities on a contract the ultimate aim of which is to provide specifications for an improved low-beam headlighting system. A comprehensive review of the literature was carried out. Additional studies were conducted to provide information lacking in the available literature. Based on these data and the use of a computerized seeing-distance model, modifications to the present low-beam headlighting system were suggested, which should improve visibility distances under most driving conditions. A number of additional analyses have been carried out to determine whether the proposed beam modifications would cause problems under certain common driving conditions. For example, consideration was given to the effects of beam misaim, changes in mounting height, and adverse weather. None of the conditions examined appears to pose an overwhelming problem for the new beam system. The report concludes with a consideration of ways in which the new beam might be realized in hardware. There are a variety of ways in which this might be accomplished, all of which have advantages and disadvantages. KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Night visibility KW - Performance based specifications KW - Photometry KW - Sight distance KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177694 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362073 JO - Acta Psychologica PB - North-Holland Publishing Company AU - SVENSON, O AU - North Holland Publishing Company TI - ARE WE ALL LESS RISKY AND MORE SKILLFUL THAN OUR FELLOW DRIVERS? PY - 1981/02 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - p. 143-148 AB - In this study subjects were asked about their competence as drivers in relation to a group of drivers. The results showed that a majority of subjects regarded themselves as more skillful and less risky than the average driver in each group respectively. This result was compared with similar recent findings in other fields. Finally, the consequences for planning and risk taking of seeing oneself as more competent than others were discussed briefly. KW - Behavior KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Motor skills KW - Risk assessment KW - Self evaluation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337165 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. VOLUME V - MANUFACTURING PROCESSES AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE MASS PRODUCTION AND ASSEMBLY OF MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1981/02 SP - 137 p. AB - Extensive material substitution and resizing of the domestic automotive fleet, as well as the introduction of new technologies, will require major changes in the techniques and equipment used in the various manufacturing processes employed in the production of automobiles. The purpose of this report is to document (and analyze) the publically available data on current and projected motor vehicle production processes and equipment and to report on impending changes. This report provides an overview of recent trends and developments in the automotive manufacturing processes, with emphasis placed on technology and equipment. Special attention is paid to key issues, the reaction by the process technology to these issues, new development and specific applications and trends in the use of light weight materials. Major sections are devoted to economic and market conditions, processes and equipment, and manufacturing materials. KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Assembling KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Casting KW - Fixed investment KW - Forging KW - Forming KW - Forming techniques KW - Investments KW - Machining KW - Manufacturing KW - Mass production KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Numerical control KW - Production KW - Production control KW - Regulations KW - Stamping KW - Structural design KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337164 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. VOLUME IV - METAL STAMPING AND PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES PY - 1981/02 SP - 135 p. AB - Extensive material substitution and resizing of the domestic automotive fleet, as well as the introduction of new technologies, will require major changes in the techniques and equipment used in the various manufacturing processes employed in the production of automobiles. The purpose of this report is to document (and analyze) the publically available data on current and projected motor vehicle production processes and equipment and to report on impending changes. This report describes the details of the metal stamping and plastic forming process, the advantages and disadvantages compared to competitive processes, the equipment and facilities required by the automotive industry, typical plant configuration and cost. The important issues facing these industries are discussed in detail. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Fixed investment KW - Forming KW - Forming techniques KW - Industrial plants KW - Investments KW - Labor market KW - Layout KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials management KW - Metal stamping KW - Metal working KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Plant layout KW - Plastic forming KW - Plastics processing KW - Production control KW - Stamping KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337162 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. VOLUME II - MANUFACTURING PROCESSES FOR PASSIVE RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1981/02 SP - 108 p. AB - Extensive material substitution and resizing of the domestic automotive fleet, as well as the introduction of new technologies, will require major changes in the techniques and equipment used in the various manufacturing processes employed in the production of automobiles. The purpose of this report is to document (and analyze) the publically available data on current and projected motor vehicle production processes and equipment and to report on impending changes. This report presents a detailed description of various passive restraints and the manufacturing processes and facilities required to produce them in volume. Other key issues, dealing with cost and product liability, and the uncertainties of passive restraint implementation are discussed. Quality control and testing methodology are also discussed. KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Fabrication KW - Fixed investment KW - Industrial fabrics KW - Industrial plants KW - Inflatable structures KW - Investments KW - Labor market KW - Layout KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Plant layout KW - Production control KW - Quality control KW - Safety equipment KW - Structural design KW - Textile industry KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337161 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. VOLUME I - OVERVIEW PY - 1981/02 SP - 178 p. AB - Extensive material substitution and re-sizing of the domestic automotive fleet, as well as the introduction of new technologies, will require major changes in the techniques and equipment used in the various manufacturing processes employed in the production of automobiles. The purpose of this report is to document and analyze the publically available data on current and projected motor vehicle production processes and equipment and to report on impending changes. This volume deals with the history of automotive-related government standards and the impact on the automotive production processes and vehicle design, future trends in automotive design, and the implications of these changes on the manufacturing infrastructure. Also included is an overview of engine and emission control systems and two passive restraint systems. KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Assembling KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Casting KW - Concrete finishing KW - Control devices KW - Equipment KW - Forging KW - Forming KW - Forming techniques KW - Machining KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle engines KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Production control KW - Stamping KW - Standards KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337163 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. VOLUME III - CASTING AND FORGING PROCESSES PY - 1981/02 SP - 233 p. AB - Extensive material substitution and resizing of the domestic automotive fleet, as well as the introduction of new technologies, will require major changes in the techniques and equipment used in the various manufacturing processes employed in the production of automobiles. The purpose of this report is to document (and analyze) the publically available data on current and projected motor vehicle production processes and equipment and to report on impending changes. This report describes the specific processes and techniques used to produce cast and forged parts. The advantages of this process, the equipment and facilities required, the size of the industry, the capital requirements for a typical plant, as well as the energy and labor demands are also addressed. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Casting KW - Cold working KW - Die castings KW - Fixed investment KW - Forging KW - Hot working KW - Industrial plants KW - Investments KW - Labor market KW - Layout KW - Machine shops KW - Machines KW - Manufacturing KW - Metal heating KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Permanent mold casting KW - Plant layout KW - Production control KW - Repair and maintenance businesses KW - Sand casting KW - Shell mold casting KW - Shells (Structural forms) KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169046 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349889 JO - Journal of Applied Psychology PB - American Psychological Association AU - Sturgis, S P AU - Pulling, N H AU - Vaillancourt, D R AU - American Psychological Association TI - MEASURING DRIVERS' GLARE SENSITIVITY: EVALUATION OF AN AUTOMATED TECHNIQUE PY - 1981/02 VL - 66 IS - 1 SP - p. 97-101 AB - An automated glare sensitivity-testing procedure based on contrast discrimination under variable glare was examined in a partially hierarchal experiment with 13 male and 17 female subjects comprising three homogeneously aged groups of 10 subjects each (M age equals 17, 42.2, and 69 years). Analysis of variance indicated significant (p less than .01) differences between age groups and a small but significant (p less than .01) practice effect. Correlations between successive test scores varied from .92 to .80, and the difference between mean scores of the oldest and youngest groups closely approximated that found in an earlier, clinical study. The technique is considered sufficiently accurate for quantifying glare sensitivity and identifying individuals who possess elevated glare sensitivity. Issues to be addressed in the future development of minimum standards for night driving are enumerated. KW - Accuracy KW - Age KW - Analysis of variance KW - Automation KW - Contrast KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Glare KW - Night KW - Sensitivity KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180123 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361598 JO - American Journal of Public Health PB - American Public Health Association AU - American Public Health Association TI - SAVE THAT CHILD: CHILDREN AND AUTOMOBILE RESTRAINTS PY - 1981/02 VL - 71 IS - 2 SP - p. 122-123 AB - This editorial challenges readers to work toward the goal of increased safety on the highway through the use of automobile restraint systems. Pointing out many of the facts which prove the effectiveness of safety belts, it is stated that, "As a public health principle, it seems important to determine the risk before withholding the protective "vaccine". In this instance, all children, as well as the remainder of the adult population, have been well demonstrated to be at far greater risk when unprotected with automobile restraints." KW - Child restraint systems KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Public health KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344502 AU - Thatcher, C D AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCED RECORDER DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PY - 1981/02 SP - 192 p. AB - A prototype crash recorder measuring and storing time histories of vehicle lateral and longitudinal accelerations during a collision was designed, fabricated, and subjected to environmental tests. The recorder features low-cost accelerometers, signal conditioning circuitry, A/D converter, microprocessor and digital storage. During normal vehicle operation the accelerometer outputs are continuously sampled and stored in digital memory. The microprocessor monitors Delta V and compares it to a selectable criterion. When the Delta V exceeds the criterion, recent acceleration time histories are permanently stored in memory. The stored signals include acceleration data prior to and subsequent to the crash event. Methods of implementing the recorder including disucssion of distribution in vehicle fleets; data retrieval, including hardware and software; and data processing software are provided. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accelerometers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Recording instruments KW - Research KW - Sensors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343024 AU - Johnson, N AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESULTS OF A 30 DEGREE ANGLED BARRIER CRASH TEST ON THE CALSPAN RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) CONDUCTED IN ENGLAND PY - 1981/02 SP - 126 p. AB - The report presents the results of a 30 deg. angled barrier frontal impact test on the Calspan RSV No. 5. The impact velocity was 37.5 mph. The test was conducted by the Motor Industry Research Association, under the direction of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, in Numeaton, England. The crash test evaluated the structural integrity and response of the Calspan RSV, and the dynamic response of its two dummy occupants, in a 30 deg. angled barrier crash. KW - Anatomical models KW - Angles (Geometry) KW - Angularity KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety vehicles KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337310 AU - Phillips, B M AU - Willey, A L AU - Opinion Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMATIC SAFETY BELT SYSTEMS OWNER USAGE AND ATTITUDES IN GM CHEVETTES AND VW RABBITS (1980 MODELS) PY - 1981/02 SP - 87 p. AB - This study was designed to: (1) evaluate the effectiveness of automatic restraint systems in increasing belt usage, and (2) determine owner attitudes toward the systems. The information gathered from owners of vehicles with automatic systems will assist the NHTSA in determining levels of acceptance, and problems or areas of resistance to these systems. Such information provides an 'early warning' of critical problem areas that need to be resolved before automatic restraint systems become standard equipment in all cars. Data collected are derived from 2,015 telephone interview with owners of 1980 Chevettes and Rabbits with automatic belt systems and 430 interviews with owners of Chevettes and Rabbits with manual belt systems. Findings indicate that the automatic restraint system is highly effective as a use-inducing device. Reported safety belt usage for models with the automatic systems is about twice the reported use for models with manual belts. There are, however, certain problems with the automatic belt systems that are having a negative impact on belt use. KW - Attitudes KW - Automatic control KW - Automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Safety equipment KW - User reactions KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25604/DOT-HS-805-797.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337981 AU - Marks, M E AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - Halstead-Nussloch, R R AU - Bennett, R R AU - Jones, R K AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR UNSAFE DRIVING ACTIONS. VOLUME II: A REVIEW OF SELECTED LITERATURE PY - 1981/02 SP - 80 p. AB - Literature on decision-making and social control was reviewed to identify key principles of human behavior that have potential for reducing the incidence of speed-too-fast and other conscious and intentional unsafe driving actions (UDAs). The review was a part of a large study to define UDAs in operational terms and to identify promising countermeasures for the UDAs. Strategies are also discussed regarding incentives and punishments, and implementing attitude-change techniques. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Highway transportation KW - Law enforcement KW - Management KW - Reviews KW - Risk assessment KW - Sociology KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25550/DOT-HS-805-818_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337980 AU - Jones, R K AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF GENERAL RISK-MANAGEMENT COUNTERMEASURES FOR UNSAFE DRIVING ACTIONS. VOLUME I: DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF PROMISING COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1981/02 SP - 93 p. AB - A series of general risk-management countermeasures for speed Unsafe Driving Actions (UDAs) are described. First, countermeasure elements in three functional areas, detection, information, and action, are identified. Three comprehensive countermeasure programs incorporating these elements are then outlined and discussed with respect to their feasibility and effectiveness. General requirements for testing and evaluating this type of countermeasure are presented. KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hazards KW - Highway transportation KW - Law enforcement KW - Management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25580/DOT-HS-805-817_002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337982 AU - Jones, R K AU - Treat, J R AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF GENERAL RISK-MANAGEMENT COUNTERMEASURES FOR UNSAFE DRIVING ACTIONS. VOLUME III: A DEFINITIONAL STUDY OF SPEEDING, FOLLOWING TOO CLOSELY, AND DRIVING LEFT OF CENTER PY - 1981/02 SP - 208 p. AB - The report develops a set of operational definitions for three unsafe driving actions (UDAs): speeding, following too closely, and driving left of center. The definitions flow from a methodological development and from an analysis of the literature and accident files at HSRI. Risk statements for these UDAs also are developed, along with a description of the circumstances under which the UDAs occur. It is recommended that the speed UDA be the target for countermeasure development in this project. The report is a part of a larger study to identify promising countermeasures for high-priority UDAs. KW - Behavior KW - Car following KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Highway transformation KW - Law enforcement KW - Management KW - Recommendations KW - Risk assessment KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25581/DOT-HS-805-819.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337892 AU - Fancher, P S AU - O'Day, J AU - Bunch, H AU - Sayers, M AU - Winkler, C B AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RETARDERS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES: EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND IN-SERVICE COSTS. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1981/02 SP - 136 p. AB - The potential benefits to be derived from retarder use in heavy truck applications are evaluated in terms of (1) productivity gains due to decreased trip time, (2) cost savings due to decreased brake wear and maintenance, and (3) safety enhancement due to reduced probability of a runaway accident. The physical factors influencing downhill speed control are described and analyzed. The characteristics of currently available retarders are discussed. An assessment of the retarder market and its future potential is presented. An examination of available accident information is employed in developing safety performance analyses of heavy vehicles on downgrade sections of highways. The results of these various studies are applied in summarizing the items that prospective buyers of retarders need to know in order to estimate the cost benefits to be obtained from various levels of retarder power. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Brakes KW - Deceleration KW - Dynamic braking KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prevention KW - Productivity KW - Retarder control KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Retarders devices KW - Retarding KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Safety KW - Savings KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speed regulators KW - Travel time KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337893 AU - Fancher, P S AU - O'Day, J AU - Bunch, H AU - Sayers, M AU - Winkler, C B AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RETARDERS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES: EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND IN-SERVICE COSTS. VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1981/02 SP - 137 p. AB - The potential benefits to be derived from retarder use in heavy truck applications are evaluated in terms of (1) productivity gains due to decreased trip time, (2) cost savings due to decreased brake wear and maintenance, and (3) safety enhancement due to reduced probability of a runaway accident. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Brakes KW - Deceleration KW - Dynamic braking KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prevention KW - Productivity KW - Retarder control KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Retarders devices KW - Retarding KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Safety KW - Savings KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speed regulators KW - Travel time KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082970 AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A Course in Bicycle Driver Education: Instructor Lesson Plans PY - 1981/01/31 SP - 197p AB - This bicycle driver education training program is designed for use in the fourth grade. This volume contains the lesson plans for use by the training instructors. For each of the ten lessons in the program, this document includes a detailed lesson plan which a teacher can easily adapt to local needs as well as to his/her teaching method. Each lesson plan includes a listing of objectives, the necessary teacher preparation activities, an outline of the subject matter to be taught, and suggested instructional methods and techniques to present this information. The Instructor Lesson Plans are augmented by the following visual aids: Slide presentation on bicycle maintenance; "Overhead" projection transparencies; Bicycle Safety film; and Set of slides to support the Bicycle Safety Game. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycles KW - Bicycling KW - Curricula KW - Cyclists KW - Elementary school students KW - Maintenance KW - Safety education KW - Teachers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25605/DOT-HS-EPX-022.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343632 AU - McDonald, S T AU - Cooper, P V AU - Romberg, R A AU - Uppaluri, S AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NASS ZONE CENTER QUALITY CONTROL MANUAL, JANUARY 1981 PY - 1981/01/23 SP - 170 p. AB - The purpose of the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) is to produce accurate statistics on the national motor vehicle accident picture and to provide a data base for the development and evaluation of motor vehicle and highway safety standards. The final system will consist of 75 small teams of accident investigators situated throughout the Continental United States. Within the NASS, zone centers have been established to quality control the CSS and special study data which are collected by the primary sampling unit teams. The purpose of this manual is to describe the administrative strategies and procedures used by the NASS zone centers to assure PSU sampling procedures are being followed and to control the accuracy, completeness, consistency from team to team, and timeliness of submission of the traffic accident data collected. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Research KW - Sampling KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control KW - Statistical sampling KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349821 AU - National Transportation Safety Board TI - HIGHWAY ACCIDENT REPORT--CENTRAL TEXAS BUS LINES, INC., CHARTER BUS, STATE ROUTE 7, NEAR JASPER, ARKANSAS, JUNE 5, 1980 PY - 1981/01/21 SP - 41 p. AB - On June 5, 1980, about 12:47 a.m., a northbound Central Texas Bus Lines, Inc., charter bus occupied by the driver and 32 passengers accelerated out of control while descending a long, curved, steep grade on State Route 7 about 1 mile south of Jasper, Arkansas. The bus failed to negotiate a left curve, and ran off the right pavement edge into a drainage channel. The bus continued for 280 feet, impacted a berm at a concrete culvert, was redirected across the highway, and vaulted down a steep embankment. Twenty bus occupants, including the driver, were killed and 13 passengers were injured. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was a combination of circumstances which resulted in the driver's inability to control the bus as it descended a steep, winding grade. These circumstances included driver fatigue, reduced fuel flow from a nonstandard fuel pump which adversely affected the bus driver's ability to downshift, and the improperly maintained airbrake system. Contributing to the accident was the management decision which permitted dispatching of a driver with inadequate time to complete the trip within permissible hours and the carrier's inadequate preventive maintenance program for this bus. KW - Air brakes KW - Alignment KW - Buses KW - Charter operations KW - Crash reports KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fuel pumps KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Hours of labor KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361032 AU - Schneider, E W AU - General Motors Corporation TI - DETECTION OF LEADED-GASOLINE USAGE IN CATALYST-EQUIPPED VEHICLES: A GAMMA-RAY TRANSMISSION GAUGE FOR MEASURING CATALYTIC-CONVERTER LEAD CONTAMINATION PY - 1981/01/14 SP - 18 p. AB - A gamma-ray transmission gauge has been developed for measuring the accumulation of lead inside the catalytic converters of vehicles operated on leaded gasoline. This nondestructive inspection system relates the amount of gamma radiation passing through the catalytic converter to the mass concentration of lead contained in the catalyst bed. Field studies have shown that vehicle usage of 200 L of leaded gasoline (0.34 g of Pb/L) can be detected at the 95% confidence level. Based on tests with one vehicle burning 1000 L of leaded gasoline, the accumulation rate of lead on the catalytic converter was relatively constant, accounting for 45% of the total lead consumed. Subsequent usage of unleaded gasoline resulted in no significant loss of lead from the catalytic converter. KW - Catalytic converters KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Gaging KW - Gamma rays KW - Gasoline KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Measuring instruments KW - Measuring methods KW - Nondestructive tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343031 AU - Hemami, H AU - Hendricks, S L AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A LINK FROM HP CALCULATOR TO PDP11 PY - 1981/01 SP - 73 p. AB - The report discusses the design, construction, and use of a one-way data link from the Hewlett Packard HP 9830 calculator to the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP 11/20 located at the Vehicle Research and Test Center (VTRC) of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA). The primary use of this one-way link is the transmission of recorded and printed crash data from the HP 9830 to the PDP 11/20 for analysis, processing and assimilation into storage and data files. KW - Calculators KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Coordination KW - Flow charts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367948 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM 1979 PY - 1981/01 SP - 46 p. AB - Statistics are presented on the fatal accidents and fatalities from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for 1979. Comparative statistics are given for 1975 through 1978 where appropriate. Following a summary of the principal findings and a fatality profile, accidents are classified by collision type (first harmful event) and environment; vehicles are classified (passenger cars, motorcycles, light, medium, and heavy trucks, and school buses); occupants are described by alcohol consumption, use of restraints, age, and driver record; and nonoccupants are classified as pedestrians, pedalcyclists, and others. Figures for Puerto Rico are tabulated separately. A glossary is provided and a tabulation of 1979 fatalities by vehicle body type is appended. KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452425 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - ACCIDENTS INVOLVING TIRE FAILURE PY - 1981/01 SP - 6 p. AB - The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the significance of time failure or inadequate tires in accident involvement and (2) to determine if the rate of tire related contributing accident factors is affected by driver and/or vehicle characteristics, namely, driver sex and age and vehicle age. Conclusions were as follows: (1) tire failures and inadequate tires may represent enough potential accident cause to warrant more stringent inspection and enforcement control; (2) males, particularly at higher average speeds, have higher rates of tire failure related accidents; (3) younger drivers have higher rates of tire failure than older drivers; (4) owners of older cars are more reluctant to invest in new, higher quality tires; and (5) trucks and other heavy duty commercial vehicles have the highest rate of tire failure related accidents, while other commercial vehicles (i.e., buses, taxis) have the lowest percent of tire failure related accidents. KW - Age KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Failure KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Service life KW - Tires KW - Vehicle age UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267405 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380770 JO - International and Comparative Law Quarterly PB - British Inst of International and Comparative Law AU - Wayand, D AU - British Inst of International and Comparative Law TI - SEAT BELTS--A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE LAW AND PRACTICE PY - 1981/01 VL - 30 SP - p. 165-189 AB - Seat belts provide a controlled experiment for observing in a comparative setting the different ways in which this new social factor is incorporated into the law. The roles played by court rulings, legislative enactments and popular reactions in this field are examined in various legal systems. One conclusion drawn is that the common law depends more and more upon legislation to achieve its aims, while continental civil law systems closely monitor court decisions which are frequently referred to in later cases. Mandatory seat belt legislation in Canada had a great impact upon the courts' decision making, although it did not entirely clarify the situation. This article is mainly concerned with the impact legislation had with respect to this problem. The four separate stages that legislation entered the picture in a decisive way are discussed. They are: (1) Contributory negligence legislation; (2) Motor vehicle safety legislation; (3) Seat belt use legislation; and (4) No fault accident compensation legislation. KW - Case studies KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Legal studies KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Negligence KW - No fault insurance KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197032 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370518 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - LIFE ON THE TREAD (RADIAL TIRE TREAD WEAR) PY - 1981/01 VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - p. 14-16 AB - To counteract car-road factors, tire design engineers have three major areas of direct control: tread compound, tread design, and reinforcing materials. The driver is the most important factor in achieving potential mileage from tires, since he has the responsibility to rotate tires and to avoid wheel-spinning starts. With front-wheel-drive (fwd) cars, rotation is not always necessary. Goodyear tests have shown that rotating radial tires front to rear on a fwd car increases tire wear, and that their standard radial tires can average 37,000 mi. on the front and 95,000 mi. on the rear (approximately the life of the car). A recent Firestone survey found that 25% of passenger car tires removed from service would be 40 times more likely to blow out or go flat than new tires. The tread had been worn down below the tread wear indicators (eight horizontal bands across the tread) which appear when only 2/32 in. of the original 9/32 in. tread remains. Bald as well as underinflated tires can hydroplane (ride on top of water); traction, steering, and braking are seriously degraded. Bald tires double the risk of skidding on wet smooth pavement, and are illegal in 39 states. Tread depth can be measured with a gauge at the shop, or the owner can do the job himself by placing a penny with Lincoln's head upside down in the tread groove. If the top of head is visible, the tires should be replaced. KW - Design KW - Front wheel drive KW - Hydroplaning KW - Inflation KW - Mileage KW - Pavements KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rotation KW - Skidding KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187765 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370516 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - (TIRES) GET NO RESPECT. BANG! BUMP! RIP! PY - 1981/01 VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - 4 p. AB - For automobile safety and performance, tires are second only to brakes in requiring careful maintenance. Tires must be kept at recommended air pressures (to properly support loads), and should be checked routinely with a gauge when the tires are cold. Tires must be continually inspected for road damage which may result in failure. Using tires that are too small for the vehicle load, or underinflating tires increases deflection until the center of the tread is raised off the road surface, causing rapid wear of the tread outer edges. Overinflation results in the opposite wear pattern. Since at 55 mph a tire accelerates from 0 to 110 mph after leaving the road surface and then decelerates back to 0 mph at contact during each revolution, the tread material must be uniformly stiff for proper wear. Incorrect camber can accelerate tread wear on the inside or outside. Improper toe adjustment is probably the major contributor to wear and is indicated by a feathered edge or sawtooth wear pattern. Cupped, dished, or scalloped tread is produced by a combination of mechanical problems (loose ball joints, shock absorbers, etc.). Wheel imbalance and excessive lateral and/or radial runout will upset normal tread wear, the latter condition(s) requiring replacement of the defective unit. Treads with lateral ribs at the shoulders are more susceptible to scalloping. Bias ply tires characteristically wear rapidly at the second rib in from each shoulder; proper maintenance and tire rotation help to reduce this wear. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Curvature KW - Inflation KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187763 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00370517 JO - Driver PB - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center AU - US Air Force Inspection and Safety, Center TI - TIRE BASICS PY - 1981/01 VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - 5 p. AB - Construction and characteristics of the three basic tire types (bias ply, belted bias, radial) are described. Radials generally provide significant better tread life than the other two types and offer superior handling. Photographs/captions illustrate the various testing and analysis procedures used by tire companies in product development and quality control. Mixing of tire types is not recommended. For the best safety and performance, all tires should be the same type, preferably the same brand and model. Basic rules for mounting tires include never mixing tire types on the same axle (always mount in pairs), not fitting bias or belted bias tires on the rear axle if radial tires are on the front axle, and not fitting bias ply tires on the rear if belted bias tires are on the front. Tire rotation charts are given for the tire types. Aspect ratio (series) indicates the percentage of height to width in a tire-cross-sectional profile. Tubeless and tube tires are compared. Tire markings are explained and illustrated, including two examples of tire size codes (an American alphanumeric and a European metric designation), an example of the Department of Transportation code, and load range letters. A chart lists corresponding size codes for tires of different construction. KW - Bias ply tires KW - Coding systems KW - Mounting KW - Quality control KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rotation KW - Size KW - Testing KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Tubeless tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187764 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369701 JO - Traffic Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Tofany, V L AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - LIFE IS BEST AT 55 (NATIONAL SPEED LIMIT) PY - 1981/01 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - p. 5-19 AB - A 1979 study by the National Safety Council (NSC) estimated that 12,600 lives were saved in 1977 on U.S. highways because of four major factors: long-term declining trend in mileage death rate due to improvements in vehicle and highway design and construction, better law enforcement, improved medical care, etc. (6100 lives saved); speed reduction (5550); increased use of interstate highways (650); and reduced average occupancy (450). Three major factors were implicated as contributing to additional deaths in 1979: changes in motorcycle usage, changes in driver age distribution, and increased use of small cars. Based on NSC studies, about one-third to one-half of some 40,000 lives saved between 1973 and 1979 can be attributed to lower speeds. If all states raised the fifty-five mph speed limit to 65 or 70 mph, a 10% to 15% annual increase in motor vehicle fatalities would result. Besides its highway safety benefit, the 55 mph speed limit contributes to fuel conservation. Public opinion polls have consistently shown strong overall support for 55. Federal Highway Administration data indicate that about 60% of vehicles exceed a posted 55 mph limit, but only 25% exceed 60 mph. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel consumption KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Public opinion KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187211 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369705 JO - ITE Journal PB - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Baumgaertner, W E AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - ...AFTER STOP. COMPLIANCE WITH RIGHT TURN ON RED AFTER STOP PY - 1981/01 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-23 AB - At 13 RTOR (right turn on red) sites in Montgomery and Prince Georges counties, Maryland (Washington, D.C. metropolitan area), data were collected on 10,850 right turning vehicles for four different periods between Dec 1976 and Jan 1978. This time frame marked the beginning and continuation of broad-scale application of sign permissive RTOR. Of the 4910 vehicles that turned right on red, 3161 (64.4%) failed to stop in compliance with the law, a violation rate significantly higher than that found in other studies. This noncompliance rate increased over time and is attributed to two related factors: the changing environment for allowing RTOR, and the learning process (motorists learning that they need not always fully stop before turning right on red). Of the vehicles that failed to stop before turning right on red, 1.9% did so unsafely. It is concluded that driving must be modified as it relates to RTOR, both by a public information and education campaign and by increased enforcement. KW - Behavior KW - Compliance KW - Drivers KW - Right turn on red KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187215 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369651 JO - Road and Track PB - DCI, Incorporated AU - Wakefield, R AU - CBS Consumer Publishing West TI - FUELS FOR TOMORROW. PT. 2 (SHALE OIL, COAL-BASED LIQUID FUEL, ELECTRICITY) PY - 1981/01 VL - 32 IS - 5 SP - p. 72-78 AB - Oil from shale is a prime candidate fuel for offsetting the declining U.S. oil production and the need to reduce imports. Although several methods exist for processing the shale, the technology is still in formative stages. Shale oil can be converted to useful petroleum products by using current refining technology. The first alternate fuels derived from oil shale are likely to be similar to gasoline and diesel fuel. Current research is directed at the development of engines with broad fuel tolerance in order to maximize the use of a barrel of crude oil. The energy density of various fuels is compared, with diesel fuel providing more than twice the energy of methanol. Environmental issues surrounding oil shale development include strip mining, water use, rainwater contamination, dust generation, and socioeconomic impact. For coal-derived motor fuels, there is a choice between methanol (made directly from coal) and gasoline (made either from methanol or directly). Gasification and liquefaction techniques are used for coal conversion. The technology is not exotic but requires upgrading for commercial volume production. Environmental and health problems associated with coal mining must be effectively resolved. Exxon predicts that by 2010, eight million barrels of oil equivalent from western shale and seven million from coal could be produced (the total American consumption predicted for 2000). Efforts are continuing to develop practical and economical electric cars, powered by batteries, fuel cells, or a combination of the two. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coal KW - Development KW - Diesel fuels KW - Dust KW - Electric vehicles KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Health KW - Methanol KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Shale oil KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Strip mining KW - Technology KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187198 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369710 JO - OWNER OPERATOR PB - MALMGREN TRUCKING. AU - Clark, B AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - FUEL ECONOMY: KEY TO PROFIT PY - 1981/01 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - p. 18-21 AB - It is noted that at current prices fuel costs represent between 25% and 30% of trucker's total cost per mile. Since the first oil shortage in 1973-1974, the average price per gallon of diesel fuel has increased by 265%, from about $.40 to $1.06. The major factors in fuel consumption are examined: driving habits, speed, rolling resistance, aerodynamics, fuel-saving equipment (efficient engines, fan clutches, radial tires, and air deflectors), mechanical condition, terrain, and payload. A chart is included for calculating fuel cost per mile (cents); mpg in quarter-mi. increments is plotted against cost per gallon in five-cent increments. A table lists four fuel-saving items (better driving habits, air deflectors, radial tires, fan clutches) and shows their percentage reduction in the annual fuel bill and their annual and five-year dollar values. Combined reduction in fuel consumption by these items is 24% representing an annual savings of $5088 on the basis of a $21,200 annual fuel bill (90,000 mi., 20,000 gal, 4.5 mpg, $1.06/gal.). KW - Clutches KW - Costs KW - Diesel fuels KW - Drag KW - Drag reducing devices KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Fan clutches KW - Fans KW - Fuel consumption KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Savings KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187220 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369648 JO - Consumer Reports PB - Consumers Union of U.S., Incorporated AU - Consumers Union of United States, Incorporated TI - THE K-CAR VS. THE X-CAR PY - 1981/01 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-15 AB - Based on performance tests, the 1981 Chrysler K cars (Plymouth Reliant, Dodge Aries) are compared to the 1981 General Motors X cars (Buick Skylark, Chevrolet Citation). Comparison includes engine and transmission, handling and braking, comfort, convenience, and other considerations (e.g. seat belts, interior padding, and driver field of vision); a table rates individual category items (e.g. fuel economy, handling precision, noise, servicing ease) for the various models. Another table lists prices and options for the tested cars and competing models. Figures are tabulated on the K and X car models' dimensions, weight and tires, engine and performance, acceleration, fuel economy, braking, and interior noise. Separate comments are made on K and X car dependability as well as the effect of a possible Chrysler Corporation bankruptcy on its new-car warranties. Overall, the K and X cars were judged approximately equal in terms of quality when similarly equipped. Although Chrysler and General Motors cars both exhibited numerous defects, indicating a need for resolving quality control problems, when the cars were put in proper working order, their performance was quite impressive. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Defects KW - General Motors Corporation KW - K-cars KW - Performance tests KW - Quality control KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests KW - X-cars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187195 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369702 JO - Traffic Quarterly PB - Eno Transportation Foundation AU - Taylor, J I AU - Eno Transportation Foundation TI - MORAL DILEMMAS IN HIGHWAY SAFETY DECISIONS PY - 1981/01 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - p. 85-95 AB - Ethical and philosophical issues faced by highway safety engineers concern the choice between projects designed to reduce large numbers of minor accidents and those to effect smaller reductions of severe accidents; distribution of funds between urban and rural accident sites; the question of a highway engineer's moral responsibility to influence the appropriate level of expenditure to reduce accidents; and distribution of money between improving traffic flow and saving lives. Moral dilemmas facing the transportation administrator involve the allocation of the transportation budget, the relative life-enhancement worth of various projects, possibility of influencing the budgets of related agencies, enlistment of the media to criticize government policy, and the limit of the administrator's moral obligation to the public. In the highway safety context, society has placed a value on life in several ways. The public indicates that the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit is acceptable in order to save 65,000 barrels of fuel/day but unacceptable to save 5000 lives/year. With respect to motorcycle helmets, "freedom" and the individual's right to take risks seem to outweigh the life-saving potential. Key concepts in society's determination of the appropriate safety expenditure appear to be the anonymity of the individual suffering the damage, and the degree to which he is free to assume risks. KW - Administration KW - Decision making KW - Ethics KW - Expenditures KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway safety KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187212 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369650 JO - Motor Trend PB - Petersen Publishing Company AU - Gregory, FMH AU - Petersen Publishing Company TI - THEY'VE GOT YOU COVERED (NEW-CAR WARRANTIES) PY - 1981/01 VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - p. 72-76 AB - With or without a written warranty, the buyer has certain rights that apply automatically in the purchase of a car. These are covered in state warranty laws; the two most important implied warranties are those of merchantability and fitness (promise that a product will perform its particular function or that it can be used for a specific purpose). The key features of the 1975 Magnuson-Moss Warranty--Federal Trade Commission Improvement Act are outlined with respect to car warranties. The law defines "full" (protection against a "lemon") and "limited" warranties. For the prospective new-car buyer, some tips are provided on avoiding warranty claim misunderstandings and problems. A chart lists the duration, provisions, exclusions, and clarity (good or adequate) of warranties offered by U.S. and foreign automakers (1980 or 1981 model year). Some categories in the chart are explained: minor adjustment duration; routine maintenance; consequential damages; implied warranty limitation; misuse, collision, accidents; poor maintenance; alterations, modifications; and use of unapproved parts. It is pointed out that subtle differences do exist among similar warranties. A separate note gives advice on service contracts such as continuous protection plans; these are insurance policies rather than warranties. KW - Automobiles KW - Contracts KW - Laws KW - Purchasing KW - Service contracts KW - States KW - Warranties KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187197 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369704 JO - OWNER OPERATOR PB - MALMGREN TRUCKING. AU - Witconis, L AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - TRUCKING SHOULDN'T BE A DRAG (AERODYNAMIC DRAG REDUCING DEVICES) PY - 1981/01 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - p. 22-32 AB - A commercial trucker's guide is presented on methods of reducing aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and horsepower (hp) requirements to achieve better fuel economy. Wind deflectors and fairings for cab mounting, gap sealers between tractor and trailer, and air vanes and corner-rounding drag-reducing devices for trailers are described and pictured. Reducing rolling resistance by using radial tires, and decreasing hp demand by installing a fan clutch are examined. The fuel lost due to unnecessary idling is mentioned, with options such as automatic idlers and mobile generators suggested as solutions. Charts show examples of proven fuel efficiency combinations, a synopsis of user experience with aerodynamic attachments (retrofit), and fuel consumption of various types of fan drives. A graph compares the rolling resistance/percent of maximum loading of new and worn bias and radial tires. Names/addresses/telephone numbers are provided for dealers who can supply aerodynamic devices, engine shutdown devices, fan clutches, and radial tires. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Clutches KW - Drag KW - Drag reducing devices KW - Fan clutches KW - Fans KW - Fuel consumption KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rolling resistance KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187214 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369262 JO - READER'S DIGEST PB - READER'S DIGEST ASSOCIATION LTD AU - Schiller, R AU - Reader's Digest Association, Incorporated TI - CAN AMERICA WIN THE CAR WAR? PY - 1981/01 SP - p. 71-75 AB - Much of the blame for the recent decline in the U.S. auto industry centers on the automakers themselves, who continued to promote larger, more profitable models even after the 1973-1974 oil embargo and gasoline shortages. When gasoline prices more than doubled, consumers switched from the big and intermediate cars that constituted 60% of U.S. production to fuel-efficient compacts and subcompacts. With more than 500,000 of their subcompacts ready for sale in the U.S. and with facilities to produce six million more cars a year than Detroit, the Japanese automakers were able to meet consumer needs. Factors contributing to the success of Japan's auto industry include government promotion of exporting industries, plant automation (lower production costs), and dedication to product quality. American car makers are confident they can surpass their rivals by focusing on a four-phase program to increase fuel efficiency, modernize plants, improve product quality, and raise productivity. Despite revitalization plans, the capacity to produce the seven million small cars needed to meet demand will not be realized before 1983. In the meantime, the industry has called for temporary restrictions on Japanese auto imports. Analysts predict that eventually only about a dozen multinational companies will emerge, and that with the exception of a few luxury models, by 1985 the largest cars produced will be compacts, capable of up to 40 mpg. KW - Automobile industry KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Demand KW - Fuel consumption KW - Productivity KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Small car KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186936 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369210 JO - American Motorcyclist PB - American Motorcyclist Association AU - American Motorcyclist Association TI - THE HURT REPORT. WHO IS GOING TO CRASH...AND WHY (MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT STUDY) PY - 1981/01 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 4 p. AB - Findings are reported from a recently completed in-depth, on-site study of 900 motorcycle accidents conducted by the University of Southern California under the sponsorship of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Headed by Dr. Hugh Hurt, the five-year study employed street motorcyclists as investigators and used exposure data (baseline information to establish "normal" motorcycle use at each crash site). The single leading cause of motorcycle accidents was found to be the other motorist (i.e. car driver); violation of biker right of way accounted for 64.5% of the accidents. Contrary to NHTSA Administrator Joan Claybrook's criticism of large motorcycles as unnecessarily dangerous, the investigation revealed that large, heavy bikes are significantly underrepresented in accidents. Frontal conspicuity of the motorcycle was demonstrated as a high safety priority, as well as the importance of size perception to visibility and the value of full-time headlight use. Rider training and experience were underlined as key safety factors. A high accident involvement was found for unlicensed and young riders, and for off-road and combination motorcycles. Nearly 50% of those killed were legally drunk at the time of death. The data overwhelmingly support eye protection and helmet use as mandatory for safe motorcycling. Helmets substantially reduce head and neck injuries without any adverse effects on hearing, vision, or vulnerability to other injuries. KW - Adolescents KW - Crash causes KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Headlamps KW - Helmets KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Right of way KW - Safety factors KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic violators KW - Vehicle size KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186901 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368343 JO - Applied Acoustics PB - Elsevier AU - JONES, RRK AU - Waters, D M AU - Applied Science Publishers Limited TI - TRAFFIC NOISE ANNOYANCE NEAR LIGHT CONTROLLED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1981/01 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - p. 7-13 AB - Four hundred noise samples were taken at varying distances from three light-controlled intersections from which the increments in percentile level above those predicted for the equivalent free flow case were derived. No factors other than those included in the prediction method could be discerned, and linear regression of the whole sample was used to establish the relationship between the increment and distance from the intersection. A postal social survey with 12 environmental questions was sent to 30 subjects at each of six free and six interrupted flow sites, where 18-h noise measurements were made. A 69 per cent response was obtained. The slope of the regression line between question scores and L sub 10 was found to differ between free and interrupted flow, but those against L sub 50 were similar. The "dissatisfaction" score and a composite "annoyance" score correlated well, 0.76 but "dissatisfaction" gave a slightly higher score for free flow than interrupted and "annoyance" the reverse. This suggests that L sub 50 is a useful indicator of subjective response if both free and interrupted flows are involved. However the data also supports the use of the logarithm of percentage of heavy vehicles as an indicator of dissatisfaction in the interrupted flow case. KW - Annoyance KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Signalized intersections KW - Sound level KW - Surveys KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182271 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368349 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - McKnight, A J AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - DRIVER RESEARCH IN THE 80'S PY - 1981/01 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 4 p. AB - Deficiencies in driver research are noted and outstanding research needs are discussed. The lack of a steady supply of funds is the cause of the absence of sustained research programs. A 1979 conference of the Transportation Research Board criticized research for (1) not involving practitioners in planning or setting priorities for research, (2) entrusting research to people who did not know the problems, and (3) failing to communicate research results to those who would use them. Research projects to develop model systems or countermeasures should recognize the diversity of local governments and the very difficult problems facing different locales. It is noted that in the 1980's we need a better understanding of driver behavior that leads to accidents. There is a need to study ways of giving new drivers the same experiences as the older drivers have had. Ways of measuring the results of safety efforts are needed. Such measures must be quick and sensitive enough to determine effectiveness. There is also the need for the participation of the highway safety community in evaluating, supporting and undertaking research projects. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Fund allocations KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182277 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368357 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Cushman, W D AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - THE UNFULFILLED PROMISE OF SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1981/01 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 13-15 AB - The need is indicated for a coordinated, integrated sequence of relevant safety instruction from preschool through adult populations. Realistic information should be presented as behaviorally oriented instruction. Youngsters need to grasp the essence of common sense, courtesy, cooperation, concern for others, self discipline, respect for authority, and perception. Research in, and evaluation of every aspect of the traffic safety education problem will help develop a program which will be an effective traffic accident countermeasure. Traffic safety education for pedestrians and bicyclists could be integrated into units of instruction taught from preschool through intermediate grades. Traffic safety concepts could be coordinated with science and social studies courses at junior and senior high schools. Seniors in high schools could study the complex of personal mobility issues including energy use, environmental impact, economics of vehicle ownership, and alternatives to ownership. Successful safety education could be achieved through thoughtful, thorough, relevant safety education concepts taught throughout all schools. KW - Countermeasures KW - Cyclists KW - High schools KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Schools KW - Students KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182285 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368353 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Kenel, F C AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - THE 80'S--A TIME OF CRISES--A PLAN FOR ACTION PY - 1981/01 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - p. 27-29 AB - To provide quality driver education that is an effective accident countermeasure, we must have teachers whose preparation is driver task oriented--teachers who have a solid foundation in both laboratory and classroom instructional processes. This mandates access to a college or university with a committment. There must be strong support and direction from state departments of education and from school administrators who mandate quality programs and select driver education teachers on the basis of their competency in the field of driver education. Scheduling of driver education classes must be managed in such a manner as to bring together the learning activities of classroom and laboratory. Problems that arise in lab must be discussed and resolved for the benefit of the whole class as soon as possible. In turn, what occurs in either classroom or lab must be directly related to performance that we desire of students when they operate a motor vehicle in traffic. It is only through development and adoption of programs that address the tasks to be performed when driving and provide the learning experiences necessary for their attainment that we can meet and survive the challenges to driver education in the 80's. KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Driving instructors KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343623 AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANTHROPOMORPHIC DUMMY POSITIONING AND REPEATABILITY MEASUREMENTS PY - 1981/01 SP - 60 p. AB - The purpose of the tests conducted was two fold: (1) To determine if the proposed compliance procedure would provide repeatable results. (2) To see if the requirements can be met without violating the anchorage location requirements specified in FMVSS 210. Repeatability in the positioning of the upper torso of the dummy was poorer for the van and pick-up than for passenger cars. Position of the belt in the belt fit zone is not highly sensitive to variations in dummy position. For standard belt systems tested, modifications made to the seat belt assemblies would still meet the requirements of FMVSS 210. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Anatomical models KW - Anchorages KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Positioning KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25592/DOT-HS-805-882.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343743 AU - Approved Engineering Test Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STAGED COLLISION AND DAMAGE DATA: VOLUME II. REPORT FOR ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION OF THIRTY (30) TEST VEHICLES PY - 1981/01 SP - 277 p. AB - Test vehicles were instrumented with accelerometers to measure vehicle acceleration resultants. The vehicles were also identified for residual crush and collision deformation classification (CDC) measurements. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accelerometers KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Impact tests KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Loss and damage KW - Measurement KW - Research KW - Safety engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343742 AU - Hand, D H AU - Approved Engineering Test Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STAGED COLLISION AND DAMAGE DATA: VOLUME I. REPORT FOR ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION OF THIRTY (30) TEST VEHICLES PY - 1981/01 SP - 270 p. AB - The thirty (30) test vehicles were impacted tested for compliance with FMVSS 212/219/301-75 and documented in previous submitted reports. As a parallel non-conflicting effort, the test vehicles were instrumented with accelerometers to measure vehicle acceleration resultants. The vehicles were also identified for residual crush and collision deformation classification (CDC) measurements. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accelerometers KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Impact tests KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Loss and damage KW - Research KW - Safety engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334676 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIVE YEAR PLAN FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION. (SECTION 403 OF TITLE 23, U.S. CODE) FISCAL YEARS 1980-1984 PY - 1981/01 SP - 144 p. AB - This document constitutes NHTSA's first fully coordinated and comprehensive Section 403 program plan and establishes proposals for five years of research, development, demonstration and support projects. A proposed plan published in March 1979 was an internal product developed by the Agency based on highway safety problems and potential solutions practical at that time. It served as a springboard for the ensuing discussions with the highway safety research, and practitioner community. NHTSA has been engaged in active dialogue with public, private, and government groups at all levels regarding the strengths and weaknesses of that first plan. In putting together this plan, the Agency has attempted to overcome deficiencies and build upon the strengths of the earlier approaches. This plan reflects as well as possible within the bounds of current fiscal constraints, the concerns and needs of the larger highway safety community. Since this plan is actually a revision of the 1979 proposed plan, rather than a second phase of a planning cycle, we have retained the 1980-1984 time frame, in spite of the fact that Fiscal Year 1980 is now over. This will facilitate direct comparisons of the two plans and also will provide a frame of reference for the projects planned for 1981-1984, which in many cases represent research begun in 1980 or even earlier. Subsequent updates will include FY 1985 projects and beyond. Although the word "proposed" has been deleted from this plan, this should not be construed to mean that the Agency is "locked into" the approaches or projects presented in this document. As stated below, NHTSA is, and will continue to be, open to suggestions for improvements in its activities. The Agency firmly believes that plans are only as good as the process through which they are developed. Thus, emphasis has been placed on peer review and wide public disclosure of our plans. As stated throughout this document, we will be receptive to, and heartily encourage, comments on our activities so that we may utilize these in the next revision to the plan. The objectives of the plan are to: Provide the public, private groups, and government at all levels an opportunity to review our programs during the early planning stages, and to participate in this planning process; Permit States and local communities, as well as the highway safety research community, to anticipate NHTSA's programs in their own planning; and, Provide an internal planning document for NHTSA officials and program managers to use in preparing program strategies and allocating limited resources. (Author) KW - Development KW - Federal government KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Local government KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Public participation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - State government KW - Strategic planning KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367115 AU - Corben, C W AU - Herbert, D C AU - New South Wales Dept of Motor Transport, Australia TI - CHILDREN WEARING APPROVED RESTRAINTS AND ADULTS' BELTS IN CRASHES PY - 1981/01 SP - 53 p. AB - This report is based upon an in-depth study (IMPACT 7) of 73 children who occupied cars in 231 crashes on New South Wales roads. The crashes were reported to involve children who were transported from the scene by ambulance. The study focused on restrained children under eight years of age. This was in view of legislation which provided legal impetus from March, 1977 in New South Wales for children to wear adult belts or child restraints of a type approved by the Standards Association of Australia if available when travelling in passenger vehicles. Children in approved child restraints were afforded very good crash protection in often severe crashes when their restraints were installed correctly and not loaded directly by other parts of their vehicles. One child died when her child seat was broken from behind by boot luggage and the dislocated car rear seat back. Three point emergency locking retractor and lap/sash seat belts also provided very good protection. One fatality however was reached by deep side vehicle intrusion, and another occurred when the loose sash strap of a lap/sash belt lay across the face of a child. Lap belts were ineffective for two fatalities because of a lack of control of excursion and possibility of ejection. There was little doubt that five children would have died if unrestrained. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178264 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366790 JO - Polizei Technik Verkehr PB - Hannes Schmitt-Horr Verlag AU - Falk, J AU - Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH und Co KG TI - DEALING WITH ALCOHOL OFFENSES IN TRAFFIC WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF EFFORTS IN AFTER-WORK TRAFFIC PY - 1981/01 SP - p. 7-10 AB - This report presents the findings from an effort to control traffic offenses connected with alcohol in the city of Ludwigshafen am Rheim. It was found that the optimum control of drunk driving violations assumes: (a) steady collection of information on attempts or actions on the part of potential alcohol violators to avoid targeted police measures; (b) control measures set up considering critical times and places; (c) producing area pressure by "flying" alcohol checks in organized form as well as during routine patrol duty; (d) motivation of personnel by using action concepts which have been successfully tested in practice; (e) exhaustive use of all legal possibilities which are made available by the legislature; and (f) publication of police activities and successes. KW - Control KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal action KW - Methodology KW - Police KW - Publicity KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337177 AU - Beddow, B AU - Roberts, C AU - Rankin, J AU - Bloch, A AU - PEIZER, J AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATION OF THE NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM (NASS) TEAM WITHIN THE CITIES OF FT. LAUDERDALE/HOLLYWOOD, FLORIDA PY - 1981/01 SP - 82 p. AB - In a continuing effort to gain knowledge of the national accident experience, the NHTSA developed the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) as part of a sampling plan to study motor vehicle traffic accidents. The results of the data collection efforts of NASS are valuable in countermeasures development and evaluation, Federal Motor Vehicle and Federal Highway Safety Standards program effectiveness evaluation, and as a measure of the societal loss resulting from motor vehicle traffic accidents. The study area discussed in the report is one of the original ten sites selected for NASS implementation, initially on a pilot study basis. In addition to collecting data from the field, the original ten sites would address questions of feasibility of the plan, projected results of the data collection effort, and specific operational topics e.g. team size, sampling requirements, training approaches, quality control procedures, and field techniques. This report addresses the activities and results of the first three years of the project, for both major tasks-establishment and operation. Topics include study are documentation; team description, function and activities; problems and solutions; and recommendations. KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Florida KW - Implementation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Sampling KW - Statistical quality control KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337250 AU - MCHENRY, R R AU - MCHENRY, B G AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY - QUALITY CONTROL. TASK V: ANALYSIS TO REFINE SPINOUT ASPECTS OF CRASH PY - 1981/01 SP - 66 p. AB - The objectives of the research were to further develop the angular momentum solution made for the CRASH program, to evaluate an alternative approach for the analysis of spinout trajectories based on the use of an average drag factor and to revise the documentation in the CRASH User's Manual, as required. It was also concluded that, because of the large number of interacting variables in a vehicle spinout, the development of the concept of an "average drag factor" approximating the linear and and angular velocities of a vehicle at separation from a collision was not practical. A revision of subroutine OBLIQE of CRASH3 was developed to improve the accuracy of the calculation with which the angular momentum at separation is approximated. KW - Angular velocity KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Drag factor KW - Drag factor (Chemistry) KW - Manuals KW - Momentum KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Reliability KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337285 AU - Johnson, N AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESULTS OF MINICARS RSV CRASH TESTS CONDUCTED IN FRANCE, RENAULT R20 TS-TO-MINICARS RSV 75 DEGREE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE IMPACTS PY - 1981/01 SP - 211 p. AB - The report presents the results of two side impact tests conducted on a Minicars RSV by Regie Nationale Des Usines Renault in France. Both tests consisted of 75 degree side impacts, one to the left side and one to the right side, of the stationary RSV. The bullet car in each test was a 1978 Renault R20TS Hatchback. The left side impact occurred at a speed of 31.2 mph and the right side impact at 40.5 mph. These crash tests evaluated the structural integrity and response of the Minicars RSV, and the dynamic response of its three dummy occupants in 75 degree side impact crashes. KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Safety vehicles KW - Side crashes KW - Small car KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337954 AU - MacLaughlin, T F AU - SAUL, R AU - MORGAN, R M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE CRASHWORTHINESS AND AGGRESSIVENESS. VOLUME III: APPENDICES- CRASH PULSES AND ABAG COMPUTOR SIMULATION PY - 1981/01 SP - 173 p. AB - Data from crash tests of current production vehicles were analyzed to determine their levels of crashworthiness, and to study causes of aggressiveness of large vehicles against smaller vehicles. In addition, results of crash tests conducted with a load cell barrier test device built by Dynamic Science, Inc., were analyzed to determine the suitability of the device for measuring vehicle aggressiveness. The analyses included mathematical modeling of vehicles, occupants and restraint systems, as well as evaluation of dummy response measurements. KW - Aggression KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Protection KW - Safety equipment KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169285 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00362074 JO - Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Campbell, T D AU - Sampliner, R E AU - RUSSELL, R M AU - Garrett, M S AU - Grune and Stratton Corporation TI - NIGHT DRIVING (MESOPIC) VISUAL ACUITY IN SOBER MALE ALCOHOLICS WITH AND WITHOUT LIVER DISEASE PY - 1981/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 34-37 AB - Night driving (mesopic) visual acuity and recovery after dazzle has been reported to be reduced in patients with liver disease. Mesopic visual acuity and dazzle recovery were evaluated in 32 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 29 alcoholics without liver disease, and 27 age-matched normal controls. All subjects were sober for at least 7 days prior to visual testing, a mean sobriety period of 22 and 39 weeks in alcoholics and cirrhotics, respectively. Serum vitamin A levels and/or dark adaptation were normal in all. Mean best decimal acuities were not significantly different among the groups: alcoholic cirrhotics, 0.32 plus or minus 0.02; alcoholics, 0.32 plus or minus 0.02; and normals, 0.33 plus or minus 0.03 at 2 min. Although cirrhotics had significantly higher SGOT and lower albumin levels than alcoholics, mesopic acuity did not relate to liver blood tests. Decimal acuity following a dazzle stimulus was not significantly worse in cirrhotics and alcoholics compared to normals. Sober patients with alcoholic cirrhosis or a history of alcoholism have no evidence of a static mesopic visual defect and therefore may not have impaired night driving vision. KW - Alcoholism KW - Glare KW - Night vision KW - Recovery KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361929 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1980 CRC OCTANE NUMBER REQUIREMENT SURVEY PY - 1981/01 SP - v.p. AB - In the 24th annual statistical survey of current model vehicles conducted by the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., test data were obtained on 429 1980 model vehicles including 6 select models of special interest. Maximum octane number requirements under full-and part-throttle operating conditions were determined, and surface ignition knock and rumble, if present, were also reported. Passenger cars and light-duty trucks including non-commercial vans (1/2 - 3/4 ton without four-wheel drive) were tested according to a weighted distribution. This year's survey includes analyses for the following vehicle categories: (1) U.S. and Imported Vehicles--429 vehicles; (2) U.S. and Imported Cars--407 cars; (3) U.S. Vehicles--344 vehicles; (4) U.S. Cars--326 cars; and (5) Imported Vehicles--85 vehicles. It should be noted that the term "cars" designates passenger cars only, while the term "vehicles" includes passenger cars plus vans and light-duty trucks. The order of testing reference fuels was the same as the 1979 Survey, which is as follows: (1st) Tank Fuel; (2nd) High Sensitivity Full-Boiling Range Unleaded (FBRSU) Fuels; (3rd) Average Sensitivity Full-Boiling Range Unleaded (FBRU) Fuels; and (4th) Primary Reference (PR) Fuels. Seventeen laboratories participated in this survey and submitted data on U.S. vehicles; fourteen of these labs also reported data on imported models. KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Engine knock KW - Fuel specifications KW - Fuels KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Reference fuels KW - Specifications KW - Surface ignition KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Vans KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329144 AU - MacLaughlin, T F AU - SAUL, R AU - MORGAN, R M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE CRASHWORTHINESS AND AGGRESSIVENESS. VOLUME I: CURRENT LEVELS OF CRASHWORTHINESS AND CAUSES OF AGGRESSIVENESS PY - 1981/01 SP - 140 p. AB - Data from crash tests of current production vehicles were analyzed to determine their levels of crashworthiness, and to study causes of aggressiveness of large vehicles against smaller vehicles. In addition, results of crash tests conducted with a load cell barrier test device built by Dynamic Science, Inc., were analyzed to determine the suitability of the device for measuring vehicle aggressiveness. The analyses included mathematical modeling of vehicles, occupants and restraint systems, as well as evaluation of dummy response measurements. Results include presentation of frontal impact crashworthiness levels for different vehicle categories, recommendations regarding future testing and methods of analysis for side impact collisions, identification of the contributions of specific vehicle components toward frontal aggressiveness, and recommendations to further assess the ability of different types of crash barriers to measure aggressiveness for compliance with future safety standards. KW - Aggression KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Impact tests KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Small car KW - Standards KW - Testing KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329145 AU - MacLaughlin, T F AU - SAUL, R AU - MORGAN, R M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE CRASHWORTHINESS AND AGGRESSIVENESS. VOLUME II: MEASUREMENT OF AGGRESSIVENESS FOR SAFETY STANDARDS COMPLIANCE PY - 1981/01 SP - 48 p. AB - Results of crash tests conducted with a load cell barrier test device (both moving and fixed) were analyzed in hopes of determining suitability of the device for future compliance test measurement of frontal vehicle aggressiveness. Responses of cars crashed against the load cell barrier were compared with responses against the standard fixed rigid barrier. In addition, an analytical study was performed to explore the capability of different types of barriers for measuring aggressiveness. KW - Aggression KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Impact tests KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Small car KW - Standards KW - Testing KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329134 AU - Kahane, C J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS FOR PASSENGER CAR STEERING ASSEMBLIES, STANDARD 203 - IMPACT PROTECTION FOR THE DRIVER, STANDARD 204 - REARWARD COLUMN DISPLACEMENT PY - 1981/01 SP - 310 p. AB - Energy absorbing steering columns were installed in passenger cars in response to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 203. The columns are designed to compress at a controlled rate, cushioning the impact of the driver's chest in frontal crashes. Standard 204 specifies requirements limiting the rearward displacement of the steering wheel toward the driver. The objectives of this Agency evaluation are to determine how many driver fatalities and injuries are prevented by Standards 203 and 204, to measure the actual cost of the standards, to assess cost effectiveness and to describe the actual crash performance of equipment installed in response to the standards. It was found that: (1) Standards 203 and 204 are cost-effective and have significantly reduced driver fatalities and injuries in frontal crashes; (2) standards 203 and 204 have added $10 to the lifetime cost of owning and operating a car; (3) energy absorbing steering assemblies have been partially successful in cushioning the driver; and (4) standard 204 has substantially reduced rearward displacement of the steering column in crashes. KW - Automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Cushioning KW - Cushioning materials KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Steering columns KW - Steering gears KW - Steering wheels KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329130 AU - Loxley, C J AU - Luce, P AU - Osiecki, T AU - Rodenrys, K AU - Wharton Econometrics Forecasting Associates, Inc AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE DEMAND FOR LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS: THE WHARTON EFA MOTOR VEHICLE DEMAND MODEL (MARK II) PY - 1981/01 SP - 136 p. AB - A preliminary model of U.S. light-duty vehicle demand is presented which contains an integrated analysis of automobiles and light trucks (under 10,000 lbs. GVW). The model has been estimated using both cross-section and time-series data, and is a development of previous Wharton models. It is a long-run, annual, econometric model providing both forecasts and policy analyses. Light trucks are divided into personal-use and commercial-use categories. The latter are quite distinct in behavior, while personal-use truck demand is combined with automobile demand, and shows many similarities in its determinants. The model includes relationships and estimates for: vehicles in operation, sales, new registrations, scrappage, purchase prices, fuel economy, vehicle miles travelled, gasoline consumption, and other operating costs, taxes, and the influence of demographics. KW - Automobiles KW - Delivery vehicles KW - Demand KW - Demographics KW - Econometric models KW - Econometrics KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic models KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Market surveys KW - Markets KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Prices KW - Scrap KW - Taxation KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329133 AU - CLARK, S K AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROLLING RESISTANCE OF LIGHT TRUCK TIRES PY - 1981/01 SP - 38 p. AB - The supplement contains carpet plots of 44 light truck tires giving rolling resistance versus load and reciprocal of inflation pressure. The plots represent measured data. To avoid the expense of taking measurements at all points on the plots, an equation is used which predicts rolling resistance of the tire for loads and inflation values where no measurements were taken. KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Light trucks KW - Live loads KW - Loads KW - Measurement KW - Pressure KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Rolling contact KW - Rolling friction KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Tubeless tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162945 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349856 JO - Injury PB - Elsevier AU - Whittington, R M AU - Wright (John) and Sons, Limited TI - MOTORCYCLE FATALITIES: ANALYSIS OF BIRMINGHAM CORONER'S RECORDS PY - 1981/01 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - p. 267-273 AB - Analysis of the evidence from 55 coroner's inquests concerning 51 separate motorcycle accidents is reported. Fatal injuries were frequently associated with excessive speed and alcohol consumption. High speed was more common with more powerful machines. Negotiating outside bends seemed particularly hazardous. However, the errors of other road users were the most significant individual cause of fatal accidents. All motorcycle drivers were male, with a peak age group of 17, and most accidents occurred in the summer, frequently in the late evening. Some measures to reduce this mortality are discussed. KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Engine displacement KW - Engine operation KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Motorcyclists KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361319 JO - HSRI Research Review PB - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Wagenaar, A C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - EFFECTS OF THE RAISED LEGAL DRINKING AGE ON MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN MICHIGAN PY - 1981/01 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - 8 p. AB - Motor vehicle accidents in Michigan during the period 1972-1979 were analyzed to examine whether the change in legal drinking age (from 18 to 21, December, 1978) affected the numbers of 18-to-20-year-old drivers involved in alcohol-related crashes during 1979. Box-Jenkins time-series models were applied to monthly crash data for the years 1972-1979 for alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related accidents involving drivers aged 18-20, 21-24, and 25-45. The study results showed that for drivers aged 18-20, the actual total of alcohol-related crashes for 1979 was 31 percent less than the total expected for 1979, based on the time-series analyses of the 1972-1978 data. In contrast, actual alcohol-related crashes among drivers aged 21-24 were 9 percent higher than expected, and among drivers aged 25-45 were 5 percent higher than expected. The same trends by age were evident in the actual crash totals for 1979 vs. 1978, but differences revealed by use of the time-series models are more valid than comparison of year-to-year changes. KW - Adolescents KW - Drivers KW - Legal drinking age KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Teenage drivers KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364993 AU - DeLeys, N J AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PASSIVE BELTS FOR DIFFERENT SIZE OCCUPANTS PY - 1981/01 SP - 330 p. AB - The report presents results from fifteen additional sled tests of the Volkswagen passive belt restraint system with Part 572 50th percentile male dummies in 90 degrees lateral, 30 degrees oblique and frontal impacts. The main objective of these tests was to examine how the performance of the restraint was affected by different orientations of the belt within the comfort zone. The test data exhibit a trend of improved performance as the belt is positioned higher and at a steeper angle across the torso in that the tendency to roll over the belt is reduced. It is concluded that the proposed belt fit compliance test procedures do not yield repeatable and realistic results for the belt position and hence are unsatisfactory for the intended purpose. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Side crashes KW - Sled tests KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364986 AU - Approved Engineering Test Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STAGED COLLISION AND DAMAGE DATA REPORT FOR ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION OF THIRTY (30) TEST VEHICLES: VOLUME THREE (3) PY - 1981/01 SP - 197 p. AB - The thirty (30) test vehicles were impacted tested for compliance with FMVSS 212/219/301-75 and documented in previous submitted reports. As a parallel non-conflicting effort, the test vehicles were instrumented with accelerometers to measure vehicle acceleration resultants. The vehicles were also identified for residual crush and collision deformation classification (CDC) measurements. The results of this effort are documented. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Compliance KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Deformation KW - Impact tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364990 AU - Vergara, R D AU - Pritz, H B AU - Herridge, J T AU - Goodnight, T W AU - Hassler, C R AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPLIANCE TECHNIQUES FOR PEDESTRIAN PROTECTION: FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1981/01 SP - 122 p. AB - A study has been conducted to: (1) devise a compliance test methodology and criteria for the incorporation of potential injury mitigating modifications into the front end of motor vehicles; (2) design, fabricate, and test a candidate compliance test device; (3) demonstrate that the resulting methodology and test requirements generate structures which are consistent with the intent of the proposed compliance techniques and criteria. A pedestrian safety compliance test methodology has been developed for bumper contact with the knee/leg area, and data have been obtained that: (1) represent several kinds of recent vehicle front end designs; (2) demonstrate the flexibility available to a designer in the use of foamed polymers (e.g., polyurethane); (3) characterize the velocity and temperature sensitivities that must be considered in utilizing such design concepts. It has been shown that safety performance levels can be achieved while (1) approaching low-speed damageability capabilities; (2) using contemporary vehicle space allocation and material. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Bumpers KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Foams KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Polymers KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Protection KW - Requirement KW - Safety engineering KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343050 AU - Hurt, HHJ AU - Ouellet, J V AU - THOM, D R AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTORS AND IDENTIFICATION OF COUNTERMEASURES. VOLUME II: APPENDIX/SUPPLEMENTAL DATA PY - 1981/01 SP - 410 p. AB - The report presents the data and findings from the on-scene, in-depth investigations of 900 motorcycle accidents and the analysis of 3600 motorcycle traffic accident reports in the same study area. Volume II is the Appendix with terminology, field data forms, and supplemental data and analysis. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Helmets KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343035 AU - Rowland, G E AU - Moretti, E S AU - Patton, M L AU - Rowland and Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - APPENDICES FOR EVALUATION OF GLARE FROM FOLLOWING VEHICLE HEADLIGHTS PY - 1981/01 SP - 99 p. AB - Appendix A presents the data collected with a standard 7-inch objective lens attached to the photometer. Much of this data is presented in graphical form in Appendix B. Appendix C presents an analysis and interpretation of the data. As used in this study operation of the photometric with the 7-inch objective lens produced data which is not photometrically accurate, but which is believed to be useful in that it shows trends and relationships. The reader is cautioned that the data do not represent absolute values, and are useful only for comparing the various test conditions of the study. KW - Brightness KW - Car following KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Luminance KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Photometers KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343049 AU - Hurt, H H AU - Ouellet, J V AU - THOM, D R AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTORS AND IDENTIFICATION OF COUNTERMEASURES. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1981/01 SP - 435 p. AB - The report presents the data and findings from the on-scene, in-depth investigations of 900 motorcycle accidents and the analysis of 3600 motorcycle traffic accident reports in the same study area. Comprehensive data covers details of environmental, vehicle and human factors. The analysis of these data identify cause factors of motorcycle accidents, relates the effectiveness of safety equipment and protective devices, and identifies countermeasures for accident and injury prevention. Volume I contains the data analysis, findings, conclusions and recommended countermeasures. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Environment KW - Helmets KW - Human factors KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35900/35991/013695.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35900/35991/ctdot_hurt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337326 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES ON 1979 MODEL AUTOMOBILES IN CONJUNCTION WITH FMVSS 301 COMPLIANCE TESTING PY - 1981/01 SP - 336 p. AB - The Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collisions. Collisions reported herein were performed under Contract DOT-HS-6-01478 entitled 'FMVSS 301 Standards Enforcement Testing,' and establish data on frontal fixed barrier and rear-end moving barrier impacts. The information collected includes documentation of trajectory, residual crush, and tire marks for each vehicle in each test. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337281 AU - Johnson, P AU - Klein, T M AU - LEVY, P AU - Maxwell, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE 55 MPH NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT AS A LIFE SAVING BENEFIT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/01 SP - 15 p. AB - The following report contains an analysis of the life saving benefits resulting from the 55 mph NMSL from 1974-1979. Monthly fatality data from 1970-1979 was used in a time series model to arrive at the estimated safety benefits (lives saved). The time series model relates changes in monthly fatalities to changes in monthly vehicle miles traveled, introduction of safety improvements and the implementation of the 55 mph NMSL law. Increases in highway fatalities in 1976-1979 compared to the 1974-1975 level led to a detailed examination and analysis of the composition of these fatalities in order to determine possible causes for the increases. Based upon the available data, it was concluded that 55 mph compliance had eroded somewhat in 1977 and 1978 thus resulting in some fatality increases. KW - Compliance KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337146 AU - Zimmerman, R M AU - Bean, S P AU - New Mexico State University, Las Cruces AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESPONSE OF BELTED DUMMY AND CADAVER TO SIDE IMPACT PY - 1981/01 SP - 128 p. AB - Controlled side impact tests were conducted on dummies and unembalmed cadavers as test subjects. The kinematics of the dummies were compared to those of the cadavers. In addition autopsies were performed on the cadavers to assess the types and severity of injuries which occurred. A deceleration sled was used to simulate impact. A test seat was configured with a transparent back, rigid seat surface and two side barriers: one for thigh and one for shoulder contact. The barriers were instrumented to measure the force resulting from being impacted by the subjects' thighs or shoulders and the subjects were instrumented to measure to those forces. KW - Anatomical models KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Autopsies KW - Cadavers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Loads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Neck KW - Research KW - Road shoulders KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161645 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Motor vehicle occupant crash protection, FMVSS 208, Proposed rulemaking : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105618 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Fatal Accident Reporting System, 1981: An Overview of U.S. Traffic Fatal Accident and Fatality Data Collected in FARS for the Year 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 96p AB - The Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) gathers data on the most severe traffic accidents that occur each year--those that result in loss of human life. As such, it supplies information to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation that is invaluable to NHTSA in its ongoing efforts to reduce the number of traffic accidents and the losses that result from them. Analysis of such data is an essential precondition of several NHTSA functions intended to effect these reductions: evaluation of existing and proposed highway and motor vehicle safety standards, identification of problem areas, establishment of better safety systems, and generation of improved standards and remedial measures. This report presents fatal accident statistics for the year 1981. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash data KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20921/PB98158439.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367275 AU - Dreusser, D F AU - Leaf, W A AU - DeBartolo, K B AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF RIGHT-TURN-ON-RED ON PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST ACCIDENTS PY - 1981 SP - 84 p. AB - Right-Turn-On-Red (RTOR) in its "Western" or "permissive" version allows motorists to turn right on a red signal after stopping unless prohibited by a sign. Many states adopted Western RTOR in the mid-1970's. The objectives of this study were to asess the impact of adopting Western RTOR on the frequency of pedestrian and bicycle crashes with motor vehicles, and to determine the characteristics of any pedestrian and bicycle RTOR accidents. Data from the states of New York, Ohio and Wisconsin and the cities of Los Angeles, California and New Orleans, Louisiana were examined. Time series was the major analytic technique for determining pre/post accident rate changes. Content analyses of police reports provided data on accident characteristics. Measures of pedestrian and bicycle accidents involving a motorist making a right turn at a signalized location increased significantly at all study sites after the adoption of Western RTOR. Estimates of the magnitude of the increases ranged from 48% to 107% for pedestrian accidents and 72% to 123% for bicyclist accidents. Over half of the accidents in which a vehicle turned right at a signalized location after the adoption of Western RTOR involved a right turn on a red signal. These RTOR accidents constituted between 1% and 3% of all pedestrian or bicycle accidents in the studied locations. The majority of these RTOR crashes involved a driver looking left for a gap in traffic and striking a pedestrian or bicyclist coming from the driver's right. Educational countermeasures for bicyclists and pedestrians and traffic engineering approaches, including the further development of warrants for sign prohibitions of RTOR, appear to be worthy of additional research. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Right turn on red KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic warrants KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00912728 AU - McKnight, A James AU - GOLDSMITH, MARTIN AU - Shinar, D AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - National Technical Information Service TI - NATIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENT DRIVING SYSTEM (NEEDS): FINAL REPORT. PY - 1981 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Driver education KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585821 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366988 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - ATTWOOD, D A AU - SCOTT, P L AU - Human Factors Society TI - THE ON-LINE USE OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES TO PREDICT DRIVING FATIGUE PY - 1981 SP - p. 726-730 AB - The experiment reported herein examined the use of driving performance measures to predict whether a driver was suffering from sleep-loss and/or excessive driving time. The experiment was conducted on a closed 7.2 km oval track. Each subject driver drove around the track at about 80 kph for three hours on the first test day. For the next 21 hours, each driver remained awake and, at regular selected intervals, performed a battery of behavioural tests. On day two, 24 hours after beginning the first driving period, each subject began to drive for a second 3-hour period. The data from each driving period in the first 27-hour session were analyzed to determine which set of performance variables best discriminated between the performance from each 3-hour driving period. The resulting variables were then programmed into a micro-computer located on-board the test vehicle. Two weeks later, each subject returned to repeat the original 27-hour schedule. During this session, however, the performance of each subject was monitored on-line by the on-board computer. If their performance deteriorated below the criterion established from the data originally collected, the computer, through a D/A link, attempted to alert each driver. Results suggest that the multivariate criteria are able to discriminate between performance from the second 3-hour drive and that from the first at better than chance levels. The results are discussed in terms of an alertness indicator for highway vehicles. KW - Alertness KW - Computers KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Onboard KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Personnel performance KW - Sleep KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182342 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00564652 JO - AN ASSESSMENT OF BEHAVIORAL TESTS TO DETECT IMPAIRED DRIVERS KJ SNAPPER, DA SEAVER, JP SCHWARTZ DECISION SCIENCE CONSORTIUM, INC PB - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - LEVINE, E R TI - ANALYSIS OF LEGAL ISSUES PY - 1981 SP - p. AP1-A AB - No abstract provided. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Drug use KW - Drunk driving KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/331528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476053 AU - Stanek, E J AU - Sterner, S L AU - Governor's Highway Safety Office AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED FATAL CRASH STUDY, IOWA, 1979-1980 PY - 1981 SP - 48 p. AB - This report is a continuing yearly study of alcohol-related fatal traffic crashes in the State of Iowa. The primary objective is to ascertain and evaluate the number and proportion of statewide alcohol-related fatal crashes. The secondary objectives are to present information on the characteristics of alcohol-related fatal crashes as well as to examine the extent of drinking pedestrian involvement. The types of roads where alcohol-related crashes occurred and those counties where the involvement was higher are identified so that effective countermeasure programs can be planned and implemented. The results of the study are presented separately for the years 1979 and 1980. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Iowa KW - Pedestrians KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286092 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453151 JO - Zeitschrift fuer Rechtsmedizin PB - Springer Verlag AU - Thyssen, H H AU - Brynskov, J AU - Jansen, E C AU - Springer Verlag TI - ALCOHOL AND POSTURAL IMBALANCE. A FORCE PLATE STUDY PY - 1981 VL - 87 SP - p. 257-260 AB - A total of 16 normal, medium sized persons were given 20g of alcohol every hour for 4-5 h. This yielded blood alcohol concentrations between 0.1 mg/ml and 1.7 mg/ml during the 4-5 h of testing. By use of a computer-assisted force plate system, objective measurements of postural imbalance were performed each hour. An increasing postural imbalance was found at blood alcohol concentrations above 0.6 mg/ml. The results illustrate the risk of intake of alcohol by people highly dependent on a safe standing position. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Postural imbalance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270922 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395327 JO - Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design PB - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited AU - Johnson, W AU - Yu, T X AU - Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited TI - APPROXIMATE CALCULATIONS ON THE LARGE PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF HELICAL SPRINGS AND THEIR POSSIBLE APPLICATION IN A VEHICLE ARRESTING SYSTEM PY - 1981 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - p. 111-121 AB - The quasi-static large, plastic deformation of a helical extension spring is analysed to determine its load-deflection characteristic and energy-absorbing capacity. These results along with elastic effects and other related factors are then discussed in relation to a vehicle arresting system. Formulae and diagrams for facilitating the design of such systems are given. Some experimental test results for the large plastic extension of some initially close coiled helical springs are presented and compared with the theoretical results. KW - Deflection KW - Dissipation KW - Energy absorption KW - Kinetic energy KW - Load deflection KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Plastic deformation KW - Speed KW - Springs (Vehicles) KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle arresting systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394217 AU - HUNTER, AGM AU - Scottish Institute of Agricultural Engineers TI - A DISCUSSION OF TRACTOR OVERTURNING ACCIDENT ON SLOPES DUE TO STABILITY OR CONTROL LOSS PY - 1981 SP - 34 p. AB - The causes and prevention of tractor overturning accidents on slopes were reviewed with reference to case studies. The majority of overturning accidents are due either to stability loss, when the tractor overturns directly, or to control loss, when the tractor slips out of control before overturning. A number of overturning accidents are described, and the reasons for stability or control loss are explained using polar diagrams. The principal factors responsible for the accidents are ground factors, including slope, roughness and surface conditions, the way in which the tractor is driven, including heading, speed, acceleration, cornering and braking, the equipment, including the tractor and mounted or trailed machinery, and the load carried, which is particularly dangerous when it changes continuously during work. Means of preventing tractor overturning accidents are proposed. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Crash causes KW - Motor vehicles KW - Overturning KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Slopes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393638 AU - Gusfield, J R AU - University of Chicago Press TI - THE CULTURE OF PUBLIC PROBLEMS. DRINKING-DRIVING AND THE SYMBOLIC ORDER PY - 1981 SP - 263 p. AB - This book describes and analyzes the cognitive, moral, and social framework in which a phenomenon is defined and treated as a public problem. Using drinking and driving as a case example, the author presents a perspective on the study of public problems which emphasizes the role of language and ritual in creating a sense of order and authority in human behavior. Consistencies and inconsistencies between public ceremony and routine performance for those concerned with drinking-driving behavior are explored. Concepts from cultural anthropology and literary criticism are employed to demonstrate the central role of metaphor, rhetoric, and ritual in the "science" of auto safety research, in the communication of the "facts" about drinking-driving to the public, and in the legal ceremonies enacted in traffic court. KW - Behavior KW - Culture (Social sciences) KW - Drunk driving KW - Governments KW - Legal factors KW - Problem identification KW - Public KW - Research KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208311 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390731 AU - Plomteux, G AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport TI - GENERAL SITUATION. REPORT ON STATISTICS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS INVOLVING CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS AND ON THE SITUATION REGARDING ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS PY - 1981 SP - p. 27-48 AB - The contents of this report are as follows: Historical background; Brief recapitulation of the conclusions of the Vienna Conference (1971) concerning compulsory road safety education, the role of teachers and parents, teaching methods-regulations-infrastructure, and a general road safety policy for children and teenagers; Events since the Vienna Conference--analysis of statistics and situation of education in the various countries; and Conclusions. U1 - Third Joint Conference on Road Safety Education for Children and Teenagers, Strasbourg, 2-4 December 1980. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Adolescents KW - Children KW - Parents KW - Statistics KW - Teachers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210030 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390734 AU - Heitger, M AU - Diem-Wille, G AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport TI - MOTIVATION AND TRAINING OF TEACHERS PY - 1981 SP - p. 97-108 AB - The contents of this paper are as follows: Aims of road safety education; Motivation of teachers; Teacher training; and Recommendations. Among the recommendations are: (a) Road safety education should become an integral part of curricula for teachers in compulsory education; (b) Teachers having so far not had any training for road safety education should qualify by means of special in-service training courses (voluntarily); (c) Teaching methods should be developed which would help to bring about certain attitudes and acceptance of certain values; and (d) Research should study problems of motivation and likely obstacles to be overcome. U1 - Third Joint Conference on Road Safety Education for Children and Teenagers, Strasbourg, 2-4 December 1980. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Adolescents KW - Attitudes KW - Children KW - Curricula KW - Motivation KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Social values KW - Strategic planning KW - Teachers KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210033 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390730 AU - Leger, P AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport TI - GENERAL REPORT. THIRD JOINT CONFERENCE ON ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS PY - 1981 SP - p. 16-23 AB - This paper gives a general report on the Third Joint Council of Europe/ECMT Conference on Road Safety Education for Children and Teenagers. A review of the conference proceedings pointed to a number of important findings which lie at the root of the recommendations adopted at the closing session. These findings are: (i) the need to train, motivate and help the teachers and educationists concerned with young children and teenagers; (ii) the fundamental role of parents; (iii) the role of police forces and traffic experts as important extensions of the school; (iv) the role of all the private or public agencies concerned, primarily or accessorily, with road education and involved in one way or another with road traffic; and (v) the need for a sustained effort of inquiry to evaluate the results of work to date as accurately as possible and to analyze all the psychological or socio-psychological reasons that may stand in the way of proper road safety education, both among children and among adults. U1 - Third Joint Conference on Road Safety Education for Children and Teenagers, Strasbourg, 2-4 December 1980. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Adolescents KW - Agencies KW - Children KW - Conferences KW - Government agencies KW - Parents KW - Police KW - Psychological aspects KW - Teachers KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210029 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390735 AU - Steinauer, F AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport TI - ROAD SAFETY ON THE WAY TO AND FROM SCHOOL PY - 1981 SP - p. 109-120 AB - The contents of this paper are as follows: Statistics; the parents' role; the role of the educational authorities and teaching profession; and the role of municipal and regional authorities and the police. Following a brief discussion of accident statistics for children and teenagers, the roles of those persons responsible for traffic safety education of children and teenagers are examined. U1 - Third Joint Conference on Road Safety Education for Children and Teenagers, Strasbourg, 2-4 December 1980. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Adolescents KW - Children KW - Local government KW - Parents KW - Police KW - Statistics KW - Teachers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390431 AU - Lewis, D AU - Barnhart, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1980 PY - 1981 SP - 167 p. AB - This publication brings together annual series of selected statistical tabulations relating to highway transportation in three major areas: (1) Highway use--the ownership and operation of motor vehicles; (2) highway finance--the receipts and expenditures for highways by public agencies; and (3) the highway plant--the extent, characteristics, and performance of the public highways, roads and streets in the Nation. The arrangement of contents follows this general order, with the first three sections devoted to motor-fuel consumption and taxation, vehicle ownership, and driver licensing. The fourth section deals with the financing of highways by all government agencies; the next section provides data on highway mileages and performance; and the sixth section gives statistics for American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. KW - Driver licensing KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Highway economics KW - Highway statistics KW - Highway travel KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Pavement performance KW - Statistics KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390729 AU - Krieger Publishing Company TI - HUMAN FACTORS IN HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY RESEARCH PY - 1981 SP - 419 p. AB - An overall view is presented of the very wide range of work that has been done in human factors relating to traffic and safety research. Highlights of early work are summarized, recent studies are reviewed, and the social importance of the problem is noted. Two chapters describe driving task simulators and several chapters summarize research on characteristics and abilities of drivers, factors in sign legibility, methods of presenting information to drivers, and driver judgements and skills in operating vehicles in traffic. Research on driving problems in a military setting is considered, as is also, human factors information in vehicle design. The pedestrian, his characteristics and the problems of providing for his movements are considered in one chapter, and research for evaluating and improving driver education in another. Several chapters discuss factors which cause various degrees of driving performance impairment such as driver fatigue, alcohol and drug effects, and psychosocial factors. The final two chapters examine the procedures for influencing drivers. Research on driver improvement treats methods and problems of retraining drivers with high accident or violation records or other indications of unsafe driving. Also considered is the modification and control of driver behavior by the legal system: two approaches are considered, one of which utilizes human factors techniques. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Drugs KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Human factors KW - Laws KW - Legibility KW - Military KW - Military organizations KW - Pedestrian characteristics KW - Pedestrians KW - Personnel performance KW - Research KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206264 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390736 AU - Polak, M AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport TI - REPORT ON THE IMPORTANCE OF INSTITUTIONS, ORGANISATIONS AND OTHER GROUPS OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL SYSTEM IN RELATION TO ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1981 SP - p. 121-144 AB - This paper gives a general survey of activities on road safety education as carried out by organizations, institutions, and various social groups and people, outside the school system. At the same time it demonstrates the influence thereof on road safety education within schools, on parents and other educators, and on those engaged in research into educational methods. Finally, it shows how these activities are being developed in various countries throughout the motorized world. The paper is presented by Prevention Routiere Internationale (PRI), an international organization with representatives from 38 countries. U1 - Third Joint Conference on Road Safety Education for Children and Teenagers, Strasbourg, 2-4 December 1980. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Adolescents KW - Children KW - Institutions KW - Organizations KW - Parents KW - Social service agencies KW - Teachers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210035 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390732 AU - Molen, HH van der AU - ROTHENGATTER, J A AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport TI - ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION: THE DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION PROGRAMMES FOR CHILDREN PY - 1981 SP - p. 49-76 AB - The contents of this paper are as follows: Introduction; International cooperation in research on road safety education for children; Formulation of general educational objectives and selection of important and feasible concrete educational objectives for particular target groups; Results of traffic training experiments; Recent developments in traffic training programs; Recent developments in school curricula development; Evaluation of traffic training programs; and Recommendations. U1 - Third Joint Conference on Road Safety Education for Children and Teenagers, Strasbourg, 2-4 December 1980. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Adolescents KW - Children KW - Cooperation KW - Curricula KW - Evaluation KW - Experiments KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Programs KW - Recommendations KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210031 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00390733 AU - Warnke, H AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport TI - ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION: TEACHING METHODS AND MATERIALS USED FOR INTRODUCING TEENAGERS INTO MOTOR TRAFFIC (GERMAN TERM: EMS--PROGRAMME) PY - 1981 SP - p. 77-95 AB - The contents of this paper are as follows: Background and reasons for the "EMS-Program" (EMS-Program is the German term for Introduction into motorized road traffic program.); The significance of the "social dimension" for the participation in road traffic; Objectives of EMS; Structure of the course "fifty cubic centimeters"; The elements of the curriculum; and Experiences from practical tests of the program. U1 - Third Joint Conference on Road Safety Education for Children and Teenagers, Strasbourg, 2-4 December 1980. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Adolescents KW - Children KW - Curricula KW - Education and training KW - Programs KW - Social factors KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387426 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - 15TH ANNUAL REPORT. FISCAL YEAR 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 77 p. AB - This report summarizes the U.S. Department of Transportation's fiscal year 1981 activities in carrying out its responsibilities to assure the coordination and effective administration of federal transportation laws and to develop policies and programs which will result in the provision of fast, safe, and convenient transportation at the lowest possible cost. Areas covered include regulatory reform, transportation safety, marine transportation, aviation, highways, railroads, urban mass transportation, and materials transportation. KW - Administration KW - Aviation KW - Highway administration KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Materials transportation KW - Railroad transportation KW - Regulatory reform KW - Safety programs KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Urban transportation KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387843 AU - New South Wales Dept of Motor Transport, Australia TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RESEARCH UNIT RESEARCH NOTE 9/81 PY - 1981 SP - v.p. AB - The development of child restraints has naturally emphasised crash protection. The Traffic Accident Research Unit has embarked on a programme of research to systematically observe and identify human factors which may influence the safety of a restraint in both everyday conditions and in a crash. The first paper reports a study of emergency release from two child restraints, both of which make use of release mechanisms designed to be child proof. Measurements were taken of the time it took adult rescuers to release occupants from the two systems under controlled conditions. Several variables were examined for their effects on release time: sex of rescuer; type of occupant (dummy/child); age of occupant (6 months/3 years); familiarity with child restraint system; familiarity with child; and lighting levels. The second paper contains recommendations for a behavioural test method for emergency release from child restraints based on the findings of the first study. The test method is proposed as suitable for inclusion in the safety standard governing child restraints. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Design KW - Releasing KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201602 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386630 JO - VTI Rapport PB - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) AU - CARLSSON, G AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - THE CONSEQUENCES OF A PROHIBITION OF STUDDED TYRES PY - 1981 IS - 223A SP - 31 p. AB - During the spring 1980 the discussion concerning the advantages and disadvantages of studded tyres was intensified. One of the points at issue was whether continued use of studded tyres should be permitted in view of the road abrasion caused by the studs. The National Road Administration commissioned the National Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute to estimate the costs and benefits of a prohibition of studded tyres. The results show that the costs to the society will increase by SEK 530-1230 M annually as a result of prohibiting studded tyres. The number of accidents in slippery conditions caused by snow and ice is the completely dominant cost item. The cost savings of a prohibition of studded tyres will be SEK 700-900 M annually. The largest item is simply the savings obtained by not investing in studded tyres (SEK 465-595 M annually). The cost of car washing etc. will be reduced by about SEK 160 M per annum and the costs of road maintenance will drop by SEK 75-145 M annually. The result is consequently that the costs and benefits of a studded tyre prohibition are of the same order of magnitude. Certain consequences of a prohibition has not been possible to quantify and/or value in monetary terms. Of these, the most important consequences stem from the fact that the road surface will no longer be abraded by the studs. This will result in a smaller amount of dirt on the roads during the winter, which may improve traffic safety. It will also result in lower friction levels on icy and wet roads due to the loss of the roughening action of the tyre studs. It is not possible to say which of these effects is the most important one. KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Studded tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385591 JO - Journal of Environmental Systems PB - Baywood Publishing Company AU - NAU, P A AU - Van Houten, R AU - Baywood Publishing Company Incorporated TI - THE EFFECTS OF PROMPTS, FEEDBACK AND AN ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN ON THE USE OF SAFETY BELTS BY AUTOMOBILE DRIVERS IN NOVA SCOTIA PY - 1981 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - p. 351-361 AB - An experiment was conducted to test the influence of a standard safety belt reminder sign and a sign reporting feedback about the percentage of drivers wearing safety belts during the preceding week on the use of safety belts by drivers in Nova Scotia. Following baseline periods of varying length, signs were erected on four different highways. Each type of sign was erected on two different types of highway: one type a four-lane highway leading out of the city and into high speed zones and the other type a two-lane highway leading through mixed residential and business areas. Only when a feedback sign was erected along a highway conducting traffic into high speed zones leading out of the city did the percentage of drivers wearing safety belts show a marginal increase. The feedback sign proved to be ineffective in increasing safety belt use when erected along a highway conducting urban traffic and the standard reminder sign proved to be ineffective in both cases. In addition, measures obtained during these conditions were compared with measures obtained one year later, following a year-long safety belt advertising campaign. Results indicated that the campaign was ineffective in increasing safety belt use. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic signs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203317 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384677 JO - Journal of Public Health Policy PB - Palgrave Macmillan AU - Mosher, J F AU - Wallack, L M AU - Journal of Public Health Policy TI - GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF ALCOHOL ADVERTISING: PROTECTING INDUSTRY PROFITS VERSUS PROMOTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH PY - 1981 VL - 2 IS - 4 SP - p. 333-353 AB - This article contains the comment submitted by the authors to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) concerning its proposed "reforms" to the ATF alcohol advertising regulations. These reforms were made public on December 12, 1980. Briefly summarized the comment states the following: ATF, through its response to solicited public comments and proposed advertising regulations, has shown a disregard for its public health responsibilities and an unwillingness to act in the public interest. ATF not only disregards the public interest and its own Congressional mandate, but shows no awareness of the Surgeon General's conclusion that alcohol is a major public health problem today. Instead it permits the industry to continue unabated massive advertising campaigns which falsely portray alcohol as a uniformly positive adjunct to a socially and sexually fullfilling, as well as an economically satisfying, lifestyle. ATF's conduct is disturbing and cause for concern. KW - Advertising KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Government policies KW - Industries KW - Policy KW - Public health KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Regulations KW - Revisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384681 AU - YOSHIMOTO, K AU - International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) TI - A SELF-PACED PREVIEW TRACKING CONTROL MODEL OF AN AUTOMOBILE DRIVER PY - 1981 SP - p. 83-88 AB - To investigate the driving dynamics of automobiles, it is necessary to study the control characteristics of drivers. In this paper, a self-paced preview tracking control model is proposed to represent the action of a driver who is driving an automobile along a curved course, assuming that he can predict the future state of the automobile based upon the present state, and that the predicted future deviation and the predicted lateral acceleration are fed back to the steering force and the vehicle speed command respectively. With this model the dynamics of such man-automobile systems is investigated making use of simulation by a digital computer. From these simulation experiments, adequateness of the model is confirmed. KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Human characteristics KW - Human machine systems KW - Simulation KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201436 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384676 JO - American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse PB - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated AU - McGuire, F L AU - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated TI - DRINKING AND DRIVING HABITS OF CALIFORNIANS PY - 1981 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - p. 541-548 AB - This paper presents a survey of blood alcohol levels found among 934 California weekend drivers in order to provide a profile of drinking and driving habits; analysis is by sex, age, day of week, and hour. A comparison is also made with similar surveys conducted in other geographical locations. It was found that during the evening hours of a typical weekend about 30% of all drivers registered a positive BAL and may very well be impaired. These California data were very comparable to those gathered in other parts of the United States, which suggests that the drinking and driving habits of the general population are relatively independent of geographic location. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Gender KW - Habitual traffic violator KW - Traffic violators KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380085 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC LAWS ANNOTATED 1981. ANNUAL SUPPLEMENT PY - 1981 SP - 113 p. AB - This Supplement makes information in Traffic Laws Annotated (1979) current as of January 1, 1982, by reflecting all relevant 1979, 1980, and 1981 state legislation. This Supplement also includes changes made in the Uniform Vehicle Code by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances when it met on August 15-17, 1979. This Supplement is designed for use in updating the information presented in the main volume of the TLA. It augments, but does not replace, the Statutory Annotations shown. It utilizes an identical numbering and caption system but thereafter contains only a report on state laws adopted, amended or repealed in 1979, 1980, or 1981 that would in any way alter the original Annotation. KW - Standardization KW - States KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform traffic laws KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373580 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 176 p. AB - This publication brings together annual series of selected statistical tabulations relating to highway transportation in three major areas: (1) Highway use--the ownership and operation of motor vehicles; (2) highway finance--the receipts and expenditures for highways by public agencies; and (3) the highway plant--the extent, characteristics, and performance of the public highways, roads and streets in the Nation. The arrangement of contents follows this general order, with the first three sections devoted to motor-fuel consumption and taxation, vehicle ownership, and driver licensing. The fourth section deals with the financing of highways by all government agencies; the next section provides data on highway mileages and performance; and the sixth section gives statistics for American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Statistics in this publication have been analyzed and reported on a calendar-year basis, for the most part, using procedures that provide comparability of values among States. Therefore, some values reported here may differ from values reported by other agencies for similar items. KW - Data KW - Driver licensing KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway statistics KW - Highway transportation KW - Highway travel KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Statistics KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186018 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00373605 JO - International Journal of Health Services PB - Baywood Publishing Company Incorporated AU - Gibson, G AU - Baywood Publishing Company Incorporated TI - INDICES OF SEVERITY FOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL EVALUATIVE STUDIES: RELIABILITY. VALIDITY, AND DATA REQUIREMENTS. (DISCUSSION) PY - 1981 VL - 11 IS - 4 SP - p. 597-622 AB - Indices of severity, that is, numerical ratings denoting the probability of mortality or morbidity resulting from a critical illness or injury, are important research, programmatic, and clinical tools. They are essential techniques for making screening decisions in the pre-hospital and emergency department areas, describing the impact of environmental hazards, allocating and evaluating emergency medical resources, and assessing the effectiveness of emergency care. In view of these important roles, such indices should meet minimal standards of methodologic rigor. Three sets of methodologic requirements--reliability, validity, and data requirements--are suggested and used to evaluate the methodologic adequacy of 16 commonly used severity indices. In general, the indices were found to depend on clinically subjective judgments, lacked clear or objective definitions, and offered little evidence that they could be used reliably. While all correlated with mortality, few had a documented ability to predict morbidity. Most indices had not been validated prospectively and retrospectively, nor been tested in different settings. Thus, they may be substantially contaminated by the idiosyncratic patient mix in the facility and series used for scale development, and not generalizable as a severity measure to other populations. Only five of the 16 indices met even minimal methodologic criteria. It is likely, therefore, that the methodologic basis of most existing and commonly used indices of severity is insufficient to support the heavy burden of their current usage. It is concluded that a single severity index is neither desirable nor possible, and recommendations are made for future developmental work for multiple indices each predicting separate outcomes within different time slices with varying information needs and differential predictive capacities. KW - Data needs KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Emergencies KW - Forecasting KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indicator characteristics KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Information organization KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Reliability KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373261 AU - Aktiebolaget Svensk Bilprovning TI - WEAK POINTS OF CARS. PERIODIC INSPECTIONS DURING 1980. MAKE BY MAKE ACCOUNT OF THE FAULTS IN PASSENGER CARS OF THE 1974, 1976 AND 1978 MODELS, AND SEPARATELY THE 1970 MODELS (SWEDEN) PY - 1981 SP - 179 p. AB - Statistics are compiled concerning motor vehicle inspections conducted by the Swedish National Testing Agency in 1980. Relative defect frequencies are given for the systems/subsystems of individual passenger car makes/models. An introductory section describes the inspection system briefly and provides an overview of all vehicles inspected during 1 Jul 1979-30 Jun 1980, as well as historical inspection data. The 1980 results are compiled in two sections, one covering 1974, 1976, and 1978 passenger car models and the other, 1970 models. The main systems comprise structure, wheel, propulsion, braking, steering, body, communication, instrumentation, and other. Car makes encompass Alfa Romeo, Audi, BMW, Citroen, Datsun, Fiat, Ford, Honda, Lancia, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, Opel, Peugeot, Renault, SAAB, Simca, Toyota, VAZ, Volkswagen, and Volvo. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373906 AU - Metropolitan Police TI - PERSONAL INJURY ROAD ACCIDENTS. A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR 1981 PY - 1981 SP - 50 p. AB - This publication presents the statistics for personal injury road accidents during 1981 in the Metropolitan Police District, London, England. There were 47,232 accidents resulting in death or personal injury, giving a 2.9 percent decrease compared with the previous year. For every 100 accidents there were, on average, 122 casualties. Brief summary comments are made on the following: cost of accidents to the community; peak times for accidents and casualties; bank holiday periods; location of accidents; manoeuvres; weather, road surface and other conditions; casualties; drivers and passengers of motor vehicles; public service vehicle passengers; pedal cyclists; motor cyclists; pedestrians; and child casualties (under 15 years old). The bulk of the report consists of tables of data. KW - Accident costs KW - Children KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Fatalities KW - Holidays KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Motorcyclists KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Public service vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371078 AU - Bonaguro, L A AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL PY - 1981 SP - 14 p. AB - This publication is part of the Traffic Law Offenses series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. The orientation of this publication is to assist the traffic officer in detecting and recording violations in a manner making prosecution more effective and thereby assuring safer driving. The types of DWI offenses in the various states are discussed, as well as methods of detection. On-site tests are presented and illustrated. Recording test results and other observations is detailed. Implied consent laws are explained, and commonly employed drivers' explanations are listed. KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Manuals KW - Police traffic services KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violators KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371080 AU - Northwestern University, Evanston TI - STOPPING AND APPROACHING THE TRAFFIC VIOLATOR PY - 1981 SP - 7 p. AB - Stopping and Approaching the Traffic Violator is part of the Traffic Law Enforcement Series of The Traffic Institute's training reference manuals. The publication emphasizes the techniques of the subject matter, focusing on complicated circumstances such as sudden stops, stopping special vehicles, and refusal of the violator to stop. Legal requirements are discussed, incorporating the most recent case law on stopping violators. KW - Approach lanes KW - Approaches KW - Methodology KW - Police KW - Proof KW - Stopping KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184423 ER -