TY - RPRT AN - 00304765 AU - Faris, W R AU - Bendix Research Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLLISION AVOIDANCE RADAR BRAKING SYSTEMS INVESTIGATION - PHASE III STUDY PY - 1979/05 SP - 26 p. AB - The document is the final report of the Phase III program to study the potential application of an anticipatory radar braking system in preventing motor vehicle accidents. The program was undertaken by Bendix Research Laboratories for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The report describes the design of the experimental radar braking system and the installation of the system on two test vehicles. A summary of the functional tests which demonstrate the performance of the experimental system is included as well. The system description is divided into three sections. Section 2 outlines the design of the radar sensor, including the signal processing electronics, control panel display, and installation of the entire subsystem on the test vehicles. Sections 3 and 4 describe the design of the brake actuation subsystem and the anti-lock subsystem, respectively, and include information about installation of these two subsystems on test vehicles. Section 5 outlines functional tests conducted with the two test vehicles equipped with the radar braking system. The preliminary tests outlined in Section 5 demonstrate the performance of the radar braking system. In addition to general observations about closed-loop braking performance of the two radar-brake-equipped test vehicles. Section 6 outlines the major differences in performance between the two test vehicles. More extensive tests of the radar braking system installed in the test vehicles are recommended. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Automatic control KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Dynamic braking KW - Evaluation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Prevention KW - Radar devices KW - Safety KW - Tests KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304770 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stutts, J C AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF MOPEDS AS A POTENTIAL SAFETY PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES. VOLUME I: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND DATA SEARCH PY - 1979/05 SP - 371 p. AB - The project represents an attempt to forecast the possible moped accident problem that may occur in the United States over the next five to ten years. The three basic objectives are the following: (1) formulate a procedure to forecast the nature and scope of the moped accident problem that may develop in the U.S., (2) use the procedure to predict outcomes for input values such as sales volume, usage patterns and crash rates, and (3) based on the outputs, recommend NHTSA research and safety program action. This initial volume largely involves the examination of foreign literature sources, the goal being to identify and describe the use of the moped in other countries and to relate this where possible to the U.S. experience. Topics in this review include: (1) moped legislation in other countries and the U.S., (2) numbers of mopeds, extent of usage, and user characteristics, (3) accident data (primarily rider and environment), (4) collision characteristics, and (5) the nature of injuries to accident-involved moped riders. Also included as an appendix to the report are findings from an independently conducted market survey. The thrust of the survey was to collect data on U.S. moped sales and the characteristics of the users. Interviews were conducted with executives of the six largest moped distributors in the U.S. for use as independent projections of future sales. The market survey also uncovered several consumer characteristic surveys. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Foreign KW - Injuries KW - Legislation KW - Market surveys KW - Mopeds KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Sales KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304762 AU - Ziskind, R AU - Osofsky, I AU - Mansoor, Y AU - Oldham, F AU - Couts, D AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LONG LIFE HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM, SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1979/05 SP - 37 p. AB - An analytical and experimental program was conducted to design a long life brake system for passenger vehicles which would have a doubled period between required servicing in comparison to conventional systems. The design approach was constrained to be compatible with existing vehicle configurations and not to differ radically in braking principle. Formal study objectives were to analyze the state-of-the-art of hydraulic brake systems, to identify system assembly and/or component design requirements which will assure a significant increase in service life without maintenance and repairs, without affecting safety, performance or fuel economy; to develop techniques which can be utilized objectively in quantifying system durability and recommend procedures suitable for use in compliance testing. Service life was found initially to be defined by friction pair maintenance in the 30,000 - 40,000 mile range. Subsequent servicing requirements were necessitated by a number of mechanisms derived in large part by fluid degradation, metal corrosion, and rubber deterioration. A long life design approach was specified satisfying a doubled friction pair lifetime and a 100,000 mile balance of system service-free life. Component-by-component design approach alternatives were given an three test procedures described with which to evaluate compliance with the postulated standard. Benefit-cost analysis was performed which demonstrate that the benefits of reduced accidents and consumer maintenance outweigh the costs. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Braking KW - Components KW - Configuration KW - Corrosion KW - Design KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Maintainability KW - Maintenance KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Requirement KW - Rubber KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Shape KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - State of the art studies KW - Tests KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198279 AU - Morgan, J A AU - Ingard, U AU - Burlington Northern, Incorporated AU - Industrial Acoustics Company, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RAILROAD RETARDER NOISE REDUCTION: STUDY OF ACOUSTICAL BARRIER CONFIGURATIONS PY - 1979/05 SP - 93 p. AB - Field measurements of noise were made near a railroad retarder system without barriers and with acoustical barriers of various configurations. The configurations tested included acoustically reflective and acoustically absorptive barriers with heights of 4 to 12 feet and lengths extending from 0 to 22 feet beyond retarder entrance and exit. Two of the 12 foot high barriers were also tested with a 1 foot inward projecting acoustical panel lip along the top. It was found that the absorptive barriers reduced retarder noise from a few decibels inside the barriers to as much as 25 decibels at 100 feet from the retarder on the system centerline perpendicular to the tracks. Reflective barriers increased noise inside the barriers and at points outside, but near open ends of, the barriers; and reflective barrier noise reduction at 100 feet on the perpendicular centerline was limited to about 16 decibels. Retarder noise was concentrated in a frequency range between 2 and 3 kilohertz. The analytical study presented provides details on the role of observer location as well as the various aspects of barrier configuration. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - BNSF Railway KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Field tests KW - Freight cars KW - Freight terminals KW - Hump yards KW - Noise KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Railroad trains KW - Retarder control KW - Retarder noise KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198195 AU - Golomb, D H AU - Bunch, H M AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF FUTURE VEHICLE POPULATIONS PY - 1979/05 SP - 110 p. AB - The model, which is called the Future Automobile Population Stochastic Model (FAPS Model), consists of two major components: (1) Model of new car sales. The model of new car sales is the model of automobile demand developed by Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates, revised to incorporate the new vehicle survival model that was developed. (2) A procedure for specifying future planned and unplanned events. This procedure, which specifies the future values of exogenous parameters of the model, incorporates the uncertainty of these parameters into the model. A computer program of the FAPS Model was written and is documented in the report. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobile rack cars KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Demand KW - Depreciation KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Economic forecasting KW - Economic models KW - Forecasting KW - Freight traffic KW - Income KW - Inventory KW - Market research KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Planning KW - Prices KW - Probability theory KW - Purchasing KW - Sales KW - Stochastic processes KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198191 AU - Hurter, D A AU - Gott, P G AU - Gottesman, C A AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY AND TEST TO CONFIRM AUTOMOBILE DRIVETRAIN COMPONENTS TO IMPROVE FUEL ECONOMY. VOLUME II. THE DRIVETRAIN DESIGN PROCESS WITH AN AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION PY - 1979/05 SP - 82 p. AB - This report presents the key thought processes that are used by the drivetrain designer in matching an engine to a given vehicle with specific performance goals in mind. This report provides those uninitiated in this aspect of automotive design valuable insight into the compromises that must be made between acceleration, gradeability and top speed. This report also presents a method by which the performance of any modern torque converter may be approximated with accuracy once only the stall torque ratio and diameter are known. These two parameters can be used to generate torque converter maps that almost duplicate actual maps for torque converters of any modern manufacturer, and greatly facilitate computer simulation. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automotive engineering KW - Converters KW - Converters (Electricity) KW - Design KW - Engine tuning KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manual transmissions KW - Mechanical drive KW - Motor vehicle drive systems KW - Performance evaluations KW - Simulation KW - Torque KW - Tuning KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198190 AU - Hurter, D A AU - Gott, P G AU - Gottesman, C A AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY AND TEST TO CONFIRM AUTOMOBILE DRIVETRAIN COMPONENTS TO IMPROVE FUEL ECONOMY. VOLUME I. HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE TRANSMISSION IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1979/05 SP - 132 p. AB - Since the earliest days of the motor car, engineers have tinkered together various means of connecting the engine to the ground. While the wheel rapidly became the norm for the ground/vehicle interface, many different engine/wheel coupling techniques have been, and still are, being tried. The history of the automotive transmission provides an interesting insight into the development of the automobile and its drivetrain, and illustrates how the marketplace has and will govern the design of the motor car. This report explores the design from the earliest manual sliding gear transmission up through the various forms of automotive gear boxes with emphasis on the development of the automatic transmission in the United States. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Clutches KW - Design KW - Engineering drawings KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gear boxes KW - Gear drives KW - Gears KW - History KW - Hydraulic control KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Manual transmissions KW - Mechanical drive KW - Motor vehicle drive systems KW - Patents KW - Performance evaluations KW - Technical drawings KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle drive systems KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197551 AU - Hofstetter, H AU - Lincoln Alcohol Safety Action Project AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF ASAP PATROL ACTIVITY. ANALYTIC STUDY NUMBER 3 PY - 1979/05 SP - 91 p. AB - The report, an analysis of ASAP Patrol Activity, focuses on the law enforcement countermeasure of the Lincoln ASAP. The study examines the operation of the ASAP squad within the Lincoln Police Department, the cost effectiveness of squad operations, the time of day, day of week and location of all DWI arrests, the profile of drivers arrested for DWI, and the effects of the ASAP patrol on the operation of the Lincoln Police Department and other countermeasure activities. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Arrests KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Nebraska KW - Police traffic services KW - Prevention KW - Profiles KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197544 AU - Ries, J K AU - Lincoln Alcohol Safety Action Project AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF ALCOHOL REHABILITATION EFFORTS. LINCOLN ASAP ANALYTIC STUDY NUMBER 6 PY - 1979/05 SP - 78 p. AB - An Analysis of Alcohol Rehabilitation Efforts utilizes descriptive and quantitative information to assess the effectiveness of the Lincoln Alcohol Safety Project's rehabilitation efforts. After the system is described, statistical information is provided on the following treatment modalities: court classes, Alcoholics Anonymous, disulfiram therapy, in-patient treatment, group and individual counseling. KW - Adjudication KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholism KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Group dynamics KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Nebraska KW - Profiles KW - Project management KW - Recidivism KW - Rehabilitation KW - Therapy KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197549 AU - Economist Intelligence Unit AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE UNITED KINGDOM AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE MARKET PY - 1979/05 SP - 41 p. AB - The report represents a limited study of the United Kingdom Automobile Insurance Industry: (1) the structure, size, and relationships within the industry; (2) the basis of premium calculation, rate structure, types of policies, and payment of compensation; (3) marketing of insurance; (4) the role of the two main motorist organizations; (5) individual differences between individual and fleet insurances; and (6) the profitability of the British system. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Compensation KW - Employee compensation KW - Industries KW - Insurance KW - Interest rate of return KW - Interest rates KW - Marketing KW - Payment KW - Policy KW - Rate of return KW - Rates KW - Rates costs KW - Reagents KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305567 AU - SMITH, M AU - Pabon, Sims, Smith and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY MANAGEMENT ORIENTATION MODULE DEVELOPMENT, ADMINISTRATIVE EVALUATION TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/04/30 SP - 15 p. AB - In 1976-1978 a set of seven (7) workbook and cassette tape modules for a self-instruction orientation course on various highway safety management subjects was prepared and distributed for use by new personnel hired by State Highway Safety Offices and by other employees requiring refresher training in specific aspects of the Highway Safety Program. The report covers the work performed under the contract which was for the purpose of preparing an additional module, to be added to the set, on the subject of Administrative Evaluation of Highway Safety Programs. The material contained in the module prepared under this effort represents the current policies and procedures for administrative evaluation of highway safety projects at NHTSA and State agencies. KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Instructional materials KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personnel KW - Personnel development KW - Project management KW - Specialized training KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305820 AU - Ray, H W AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PRELIMINARY DATA FOR THE SAFE PERFORMANCE CURRICULUM DRIVING KNOWLEDGE TEST PY - 1979/04/24 SP - 70 p. AB - The purpose of the report is to present a statistical analysis of preliminary data for the Driving Knowledge Test, which is one of the intermediate measures to be used in evaluating the Safe Performance Curriculm. The test is administered on a pre-post basis to randomly formed groups of Safe Performance Curriculum (SPC) and Pre-Driver Licensing (PDL) students throughout the duration of the project. Principal findings and conclusions of this report include as follows: (1) The reliability of the test is estimated to be approximately r = .80, which may be considered to be an adequate level of reliability for a nonstandardized achievement test. (2) The SPC program is superior to the PDL program in terms of driving knowledge gained by students. The superiority of the SPC also holds true for subtests of the total test as well as total test scores. (3) SPC students acquire a high level of mastery of knowledges required for the driving task, as measured by the test. KW - Abilities KW - Ability tests KW - Achievement tests KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Reliability KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305755 AU - HODGES, H C AU - Hodges, H C AU - Nevada Automative Test Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NDT/ROAD CORRELATION PY - 1979/04/18 SP - 525 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to obtain an additional data base to determine the potential applications of NDT water-coupled ultrasonics. During previous research, several NDT methods were compared and water-coupled ultrasonics produced the most accurate and repeatable data for three-dimensionally positioning tire anomalies. For the continuation of the evaluation of water-coupled ultrasonics 75 recapped test tires were obtained, including bias, bias-belted and radial, and scheduled for 10,000 miles of highway durability. The tires, in general, only obtained one-third that mileage due to catastrophic failures and treadwear anomalies. These tires were NDT-inspected prior to test and after test to analyze the ability of water-coupled ultrasonics to differentiate between those tire anomalies which lead to degraded road performance and those which do not. Tires were cut at the end of test to verify the NDT results. The results showed that water-coupled ultrasonics can determine anomalies; however, the effectiveness of the device depends on the experience of the data analyst. Refinement of water-coupled ultrasonics NDT under this study has vastly improved the viability of the system. However, application will be limited until a data base is obtained such that anomalies can be appropriately identified. KW - Anomalies KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Deviation (Statistics) KW - Durability KW - Failure KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mileage KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Performance tests KW - Road tests KW - Statistics KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304830 AU - HODGES, H C AU - Hodges, HCJ AU - Nevada Automative Test Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NDT (NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST)/ROAD CORRELATION. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1979/04/18 SP - 19 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to obtain an additional data base to determine the potential applications of NDT water-coupled ultrasonics. Several NDT methods were compared and water-coupled ultrasonics produced the most accurate and repeatable data for three-dimensionally positioning tire anomalies. For the continuation of the evaluation of water-coupled ultrasonics 75 recapped test tires were obtained, including bias, bias-belted and radial, and scheduled for 10,000 miles of highway durability. The tires, in general, only obtained one-third that mileage due to catastrophic failures and treadwear anomalies. These tires were NDT-inspected prior to test and after test to analyze the ability of water-coupled ultrasonics to differentiate between those tire anomalies which lead to degraded road performance and those which do not. Tires were cut at the end of test to verify the NDT results. The results showed that water-coupled ultrasonics can determine anomalies; however, the effectiveness of the device depends on the experience of the data analyst. Refinement of water-coupled ultrasonics NDT under this study has vastly improved the viability of the system. However, application will be limited until a data base is obtained such that anomalies can be appropriately identified. KW - Accuracy KW - Anomalies KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deviation (Statistics) KW - Durability KW - Field performance KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Performance KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Retreaded tires KW - Tires KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305788 AU - Sherwin, J R AU - Kerr, J D AU - Teledyne Geotech AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCED RECORDER DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PY - 1979/04/15 SP - 46 p. AB - The history behind the design, building, and testing of an advanced automotive crash recorder is related. The program produced a reasonably accurate and reliable device which records and stores two axes of horizontal acceleration data experienced by a vehicle during a crash. A target cost of fifty dollars per unit in quantities of 50,000 units and ease of installation were other design requirements that were met. In addition, the program tasks generated (1) a device to retrieve the recorded data, (2) a minicomputer system to establish a crash recorder data bank, and (3) an implementation plan. KW - Accelerometers KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash sensors KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data recorders KW - Design KW - Development KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Impacts KW - Recording instruments KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305888 AU - Parker, C D AU - WEST, L B AU - Starmer, C F AU - Ruddle, J C AU - Research Triangle Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AMBULANCE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM STUDY PY - 1979/04/10 SP - 134 p. AB - This report documents the results of an Ambulance Electrical System Study which was conducted to develop recommendations for a revision of the Federal Ambulance Specifications (KKK-A-1822). The overall goal was to determine the electrical needs of the modern ambulance and develop a model system which was economical in cost and energy consumption, safe for the patient and operator, provided for future growth, and provided the maximum in reliability and maintainability. The report addresses problems and recommendations on three specific aspects of ambulance electrical systems: (1) Ambulance electric power generation, distribution and loads; (2) Patient micro-shock considerations; (3) Maintenance of battery-powered medical apparatus. KW - Ac generators KW - Alternating current KW - Ambulances KW - Distribution systems KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric generators KW - Electrical equipment KW - Hazards KW - Maintenance KW - Physical distribution KW - Safety KW - Voltage regulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305572 AU - HODGES, H C AU - Koch, K D AU - Nevada Automative Test Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TIRE TREADWEAR VALIDATION. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/04/09 SP - 260 p. AB - The methodology for accelerating tire wear is predicated upon the fundamental fact that tire wear is slip energy dependent. The slip energy invested is a function of the horizontal force required to overcome the vehicle's resistance to motion and the resultant displacement (slip) between the tread elements in the tire contact patch and the aggregate elements in the road surface contact patch. The study concludes that the mechanism of tire wear is not a function of the rolling distance of the tire, but of the sliding distance of the tire tread elements in contact with the road. It reports that the free rolling resistance of these tires requires less energy than the distance the tire is required to slip. The study establishes that road design and surfacing material can play a more significant role in tire wear than tire construction, compound, design or manufacturer. The study confirms the results of a previous DOT program which concluded that accelerating tire treadwear rates by a significant factor does not distort the rank order of the treadwear comparison of those tires tested. The study concludes that a mil of rubber and the miles to which it relates is not a significant indicator of relative tread loss; however, the functional relationship of a unit of tread volume loss to the slip energy invested at the tire/road interface is significant. KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Durability KW - Durability tests KW - Interaction KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavements KW - Roads KW - Rolling KW - Rolling contact KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305559 AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCED MOTORCYCLE HANDLING AND DYNAMICS PY - 1979/04 SP - 276p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198201 AU - Valentine, J L AU - Bryant, P J AU - Gutshall, P L AU - Gan, OHM AU - Niu, BHC AU - University of Missouri, Kansas City AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW COST PORTABLE FLUOROMETRY TECHNOLOGY AND QUANTIFICATION OF CANNABINOIDS IN BODY FLUIDS PY - 1979/04 SP - 52 p. AB - Technology was developed for determining delta sup 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (I) and its major metabolite 11-nor-delta sup 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (II) in human blood plasma utilizing high pressure liquid chromatography (hplc)-ultraviolet (uv) detection. The methods were found to be capable of determining 10 ng of I or II in 1 ml of human plasma. A third type of assay method was developed for identifying in human saliva one of the major constituents of marijuana, cannabinol (III). Results indicated that III photolytically converted to a highly fluorescent compound in the absence of air. Using this technique, a limited study of marijuana smoker's saliva and saliva from non-marijuana smokers to which I and III had been added was conducted. This study demonstrated that 1 ng/ml of III can be detected in saliva. KW - Blood plasma KW - Body fluids KW - Costs KW - Detectors KW - Development KW - Fluorometers KW - Hallucinogenic drugs KW - Human beings KW - Saliva UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25466/DOT-HS-804-009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313647 AU - Kearney (A. T.), Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS ON COMPETITION IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/04 SP - 430 p. AB - The study develops means of assessing competition among domestic and foreign automotive corporations. Impacts on competition in response to federally mandated fuel economy standards are identified and analyzed. The first task of the analysis is to define an empirical framework in which to assess the nature of automotive competition in each of its manifestations. Emphasis is given to those aspects which appear most vulnerable to change. Impacts are then assessed by measuring the effects on competition of specific policy actions, including the corporate average fuel economy standards, motor fuel taxes, and taxes on gas-guzzler automobiles. The empirical analysis and discussion is divided into three sections corresponding to areas of general experience or skill. The headings are engineering/product design, product attribute planning, and industry demand model analysis. The analysis in each section strives to identify and assess the impacts (particularly unfavorable impacts) of federal energy policies on competition in the industry. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Competition KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Design standards KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Economic models KW - Government policies KW - Industries KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Policy KW - Prices KW - Product development KW - Regulations KW - Sales KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305856 AU - Jahnle, H A AU - Budd Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MATERIAL APPLICATIONS IN FUTURE AUTOMOTIVE STRUCTURE. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1979/04 SP - 21 p. AB - Candidate materials which might be used in future automotive structure were selected. These included steels, aluminum alloys, plastics and fiber reinforced composites. General materials property data, availability, manufacturability, cost and their effects on crashworthiness, durability and non damageability were evaluated. Three vehicle structures; body on frame, unibody and unibody van were investigated with the possible use of the candidate materials in mind. Finite element analysis and mass-spring modeling of the vehicle structures were completed to determine limits and boundaries of materials application. The existing structure with appropriate sectional properties were obtained from current production vehicles. New concepts were suggested using the candidate materials in several forms. Advantages, disadvantages, manufacturing costs and the general complexity of alternate applications were reviewed. Suggested typical weight savings which might evolve through the use of these materials were presented. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile bodies KW - Carbon steel KW - Durability KW - Elastomers KW - Fiber composites KW - High strength steel KW - Laminates KW - Low alloy steel KW - Magnesium alloys KW - Materials KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Plastics KW - Structural materials KW - Structural plastics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395321 AU - Virginia Department of State Police TI - VIRGINIA TRAFFIC CRASH FACTS 1978 PY - 1979/04 SP - 114 p. AB - This report contains a wealth of information represented graphically and tabularly on traffic crashes, traffic injuries, traffic fatalities, vital statistics, types of crashes, causes and conditions of crashes, crashes by day of week, hour of the day, counties, cities, towns, highways, rural traffic deaths, pedestrian fatalities and more. KW - Cities KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Location KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Population KW - Rural areas KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Virginia KW - Vital statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213073 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394058 JO - Cycle PB - Ziff Davis Publishing Company AU - Gundlach, J AU - Ziff Davis Publishing Company TI - THE MASTERS OF DESIGN (MOTORCYCLES) PY - 1979/04 VL - 30 IS - 4 SP - p. 37-41 AB - A series of caricatures of engineering drawings mocks the safety-related regulations of the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration. Designs include a "two-wheel drive unit," a completely enclosed motorcycle, a "free pusher," a motor arm safety cage, an ungoverned stabilizer wheel, an airbag helmet, a "superdome" helmet, a roll cage, a steer twin, boots, gloves, and a bike. KW - Design KW - Motorcycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328856 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - CARR, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK AGGRESSIVITY STUDY - TASK 3 ANALYSIS REPORT PY - 1979/04 SP - 79 p. AB - The report summarizes the work performed and presents analysis of the relative aggressivity of a light truck compared to a full-sized passenger car in frontal, side and rear collisions. The analyses are based on comparisons of pertinent structural and occupant response parameters from the conducted tests with available data from previous NHTSA-sponsored collisions. Although the data base for the analysis was insufficient for an exact determination of light truck aggressivity, the results of this study appear to indicate that the light truck is slightly more aggressive than a full-size passenger car. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Durability KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314422 AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A BELT RESTRAINT SYSTEM FOR SMALL CARS USING FORCE LIMITING PY - 1979/04 SP - 518 p. AB - Development and evaluation of a force limited belt restraint system for small cars has been completed. The belt restraint system with passive capability was developed through the use of three dimensional computer simulations and sled tests. The system has demonstrated performance evaluation criteria values less than or equal to FMVSS 208 limits for the 50th percentile ATD right front passenger at 72 Km/hr (45 MPH) in sled tests using a Chrysler L-body and at 56 Km/hr (35 MPH) for the 50th percentile ATD driver. The effects of belt pretensioning were investigated along with special consideration of the problem of properly restraining the 6 year old size. KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - Force KW - Loads KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance tests KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Small car KW - Tension KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199087 AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/04 SP - 26 p. AB - This report contains the results of a study directed toward anticipating consumer behavior toward motor vehicles redesigned to meet federally legislated automotive fuel economy standards. Automotive design changes already being implemented include weight reduction, reduction in engine size, and the introduction of diesel engines. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Behavior KW - Consumers KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic efficiency KW - Economic factors KW - Efficiency KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laws KW - Market research KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public opinion KW - Purchasing KW - Sales KW - Standards KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199088 AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES PY - 1979/04 SP - 203 p. AB - This report contains the results of a study directed toward anticipating consumer behavior toward motor vehicles redesigned to meet federally legislated automotive fuel economy standards. Automotive design changes already being implemented include weight reduction, reduction in engine size, and the introduction of diesel engines. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Consumers KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic efficiency KW - Economic factors KW - Efficiency KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Public opinion KW - Purchasing KW - Size KW - Standards KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199019 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Jones, R K AU - Maickel, R P AU - Donelson, A C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUGS AND DRIVING: INFORMATION NEEDS AND RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS PY - 1979/04 SP - 395 p. AB - The report presents the results of a comprehensive review and analysis of the relationship between drugs (other than alcohol alone) and highway safety. The report identifies research to define the problem of drugs and driving. Epidemiologic and experimental studies are examined in the review. Also reviewed is literature on approaches to countermeasures in this area of highway safety. Methodologic issues, problem areas, and information needs in drug and driving research are extensively discussed. Conclusions and recommendations for near-term research are developed, and a systematic program of research is suggested for implementing the recommendations. KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drug tolerance KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Drum rollers KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Perception KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Rollers KW - Safety KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25459/DOT-HS-804-774_001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305764 AU - Jahnle, H A AU - Budd Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MATERIAL APPLICATIONS IN FUTURE AUTOMOTIVE STRUCTURE. VOLUME II PY - 1979/04 SP - 502 p. AB - Candidate materials which might be used in future automotive structure were selected. These included steels, aluminum alloys, plastics and fiber reinforced composites. General materials property data, availability, manufacturability, cost and their effects on crashworthiness, durability, and nondamageability were evaluated. Three vehicle structures - body on frame, unibody, and unibody van - were investigated with the possible use of the candidate materials in mind. Finite element analysis and mass-spring modeling of the vehicle structures were completed to determine limits and boundaries of materials application. The existing structure with appropriate sectional properties were obtained from current production vehicles. New concepts were suggested using the candidate materials in several forms. Advantages, disadvantages, manufacturing costs, and the general complexity of alternate applications were reviewed. Suggested typical weight savings which might evolve through the use of these materials were presented. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Composite materials KW - Costs KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design KW - Disposal KW - Durability KW - Elastomers KW - Fiber composites KW - Fibers KW - Finite element method KW - Impact strength KW - Loss and damage KW - Magnesium alloys KW - Materials KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Shock resistance KW - Steel KW - Structural analysis KW - Vans KW - Waste disposal KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305723 AU - Blatch, P AU - Riviere, C AU - Nocerino, J AU - MCGUIRE, J AU - CRC Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER (NDR) ALTERNATIVE PROGRAM COST EVALUATION PY - 1979/04 SP - 164 p. AB - The report presents the results of a comparative cost analysis of operational and functional concepts for the operation of three distinct National Driver Register (NDR) systems. The primary objective of this effort is to determine the costs that would accrue to the participating States and to the Federal government for operating the system as was specified in Section 220 through 231 of the House version of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 (HR 11733). Emphasis is placed on establishing costs required to bring the States into mandatory compliance with the State reporting requirements via an on-line, rapid response communications network. Additionally, particular attention is paid to the resource impacts (costs and transaction volumes) involved in the comparison of the three system alternatives. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Communication systems KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Data communications KW - Drivers KW - Estimates KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Government policies KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Licenses KW - National Driver Register KW - Networks KW - Operations KW - Policy KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305560 AU - Schwarz, R AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCED MOTORCYCLE HANDLING AND DYNAMICS. VOLUME I: SUMMARY TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/04 SP - 14 p. AB - A study was conducted of the potential of unconventional motorcycle configurations for improved accident avoidance performance. Configurations investigated included both front and rear steered motorcycles with low center of gravity and long wheelbase. Stability and obstacle avoidance characteristics were investigated analytically using mathematical models of both the uncontrolled and rider-controlled motorcycle. An analysis was also performed of the sensitivity of the optimum front-rear brake proportioning to road surface conditions and lateral acceleration. The rear steered configuration proved unacceptable from a control standpoint; however, the front steered configuration has advantages in the moderate-to-high speed regime in terms of the margin of safety in performing an obstacle avoidance maneuver, and rider skill level required in braking. These advantages accrue at the expense of low speed maneuverability and weight, and overall complexity of the machine. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Axles KW - Braking KW - Center of gravity KW - Configuration KW - Control KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Gravity KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuverability KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Shape KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Wheel loads KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305562 AU - Schwarz, R AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCED MOTORCYCLE HANDLING AND DYNAMICS. VOLUME III: APPENDIX A, DESCRIPTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS PY - 1979/04 SP - 137 p. AB - The report provides information for a series of computer programs developed for advanced motorcycle handling and dynamics. The programs are all based on a linear model with four motion degrees of freedom; lateral displacement, yaw, roll, and steer angle. They include two programs (NORIDER and NORIDE2) which compute the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system of equations representing the uncontrolled motorcycle, a time simulation of the uncontrolled motorcycle (MCSIM), a time simulation which includes a rider control model for an obstacle avoidance maneuver (MCRIDER), and a program which computes the frequency response of a motorcycle to steer torque and rider body torque inputs (MCFRSP). NORIDER, MCSIM, and MCFRSP include a representation of the buildup in tire lateral force as a simple lag with time constant determined by the quotient of a relaxation length by forward speed; NORIDE2 and MCRIDER assume instantaneous tire force response. All of these programs require as input a description of the mass properties of the motorcycle and rider. Consequently, we have included documentation on a support program, INERTIA, which computes the mass center and moments and products of inertia of any assemblage of masses. KW - Accident avoidance KW - Computer programs KW - Control KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Eigenvalues KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lateral stability KW - Linearity KW - Maneuverability KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Roll KW - Rolling KW - Safety KW - Steering KW - Tires KW - Torque KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305561 AU - Schwarz, R AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ADVANCED MOTORCYCLE HANDLING AND DYNAMICS. VOLUME II: FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/04 SP - 125 p. AB - The objectives of the study were: (1) To evaluate, through computer simulation and tests on a handling buck, the handling performance difference between the ACM and the conventional motorcycle; (2) To determine the applicability of conventional motorcycle technology to the ACM; (3) To generate design layouts for the ACM; and (4) To prepare a program plan leading to the fabrication and testing of the ACM. Following tests on the handling buck, the program was redirected toward an investigation of the handling performance of a low center of gravity motorcycle with conventional front steering and rear drive. This report documents the results obtained during both phases of the program. KW - Axles KW - Braking KW - Center of gravity KW - Configuration KW - Control KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Gravity KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Maneuverability KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance tests KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Shape KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Tests KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle wheel KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304722 AU - Philpot, J W AU - HUGHES, E C AU - Perry, R L AU - Wyrick, D A AU - Culler, C J AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TENNESSEE CHILD PASSENGER SAFETY PROGRAM, 1978 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1979/04 SP - 142 p. AB - The Tennessee law providing for the protection of child passengers less than four years of age has been in effect for one year. During this same period the Child Passenger Safety Program has been prociding both a public information and education campaign to supplement the law and an evaluation of the effectiveness of the promotional campaign in combination with the law. The annual report describes the activities of the Child Passenger Safety Program during 1978. The public information and education campaign, some measures of its effectiveness, and objectives for the coming year are discussed in an overview provided in Part I; previous relevant research is discussed in Part II; Part III focuses on specific segments of the public information and education activities; Part IV covers data collection, analysis and interpretation; and Part V provides a brief summary. KW - Adolescents KW - Automobiles KW - Children KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Minors KW - Passengers KW - Promotion KW - Protection KW - Public opinion KW - Publicity KW - Rural areas KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Traffic surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302113 AU - Hedlund, J H AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM THE NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY PY - 1979/04 SP - 31 p. AB - The major, preliminary findings of the National Crash Severity Study are: Safety belt usage among people who are involved in crashes even lower than among the general motoring population. Only 8.4 percent of the occupants of vehicles in the study were wearing belts, compared to about 14 percent of the total population. Occupant ejections in crashes are identified as a very serious problem. Nearly one third of all fatalities, and nearly a quarter of all seriously injured occupants were ejected from the vehicle during the crash. More than half of the ejections occurred in rollover accidents. The likelihood of an occupant being seriously injured or killed in a side impact is about twice the likelihood of similar injury in a frontal collision. A total of more than 8,000 automobile occupants are killed each year is side impacts, making it the second most common cause of motor vehicle fatalities after frontal impacts. Serious injuries and fatalities are generally correlated with higher speed crashes. Half of all the fatalities in the study occurred in crashes in which the vehicle changed velocity during the crash by at least 35 mph. However, some rear seat occupants, occupants who are seated well away from the point at which an automobile is struck, and those who are properly restraind may be less seriously injured than would be indicated by the damage to the vehicle. In fact, some survived crashes at more than 40 mph. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Rollover crashes KW - Sidesway KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197702 AU - Los Angeles County, California AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT; 1973-1975 PY - 1979/04 SP - 124 p. AB - In May 1972, Los Angeles County contracted with the U.S. Department of Transportation for $6 million to develop an Alcohol Safety Action Project (ASAP). During ASAP's three years of operations, it developed and implemented different programs in five municipal court districts. After three full years of operation, ASAP countermeasures are still operational, and in most cases greatly expanded, although no longer under the supervision of a central ASAP office. All the countermeasure activities have been re-funded or taken over by various agencies. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - California KW - Countermeasures KW - Courts KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Licenses KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197727 AU - Lowery, F AU - Romslo, F AU - Ives, K AU - Hennepin County Alcohol Safety Action Project AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HENNEPIN COUNTY ASAP, ANNUAL REPORT 1978-1979 PY - 1979/04 SP - 102 p. AB - The report summarizes drinking-driving related matters in Hennepin County during 1978 and compares the current status with earlier years when the Hennepin County Alcohol Safety Action Project was involved in countermeasure activities. Changes in and effects of Minnesota Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) laws are also reported. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197630 AU - RONAN, L AU - Lexington Technology Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - SEAT BELTS: 1949-1956 PY - 1979/04 SP - 54 p. AB - The study assesses the impact of the consumer misconceptions, the lack of a seat belt standard, corporate attitudes towards safety, and the role of safety advocates. In addition, the study assesses the validity of the oft-stated hypothesis "safety doesn't sell" by examining the results of Ford's 1956 safety car campaign. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Aircraft industry KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumer protection KW - Design KW - Development KW - Industries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Perception KW - Publicity KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197498 AU - Hebert, C J AU - Duffy, J AU - New Orleans Alcohol Safety Action Project AU - Louisiana Computing Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW ORLEANS ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT. SECTION IV. APPENDIX 'H' TABLES PY - 1979/04 SP - 116 p. AB - The report contains statistical data presented in the form of tables which are used as a tool for evaluating the success of the New Orleans Alcohol Safety Action Project. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholism KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Courts KW - Crash investigation KW - Crimes KW - Data KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Louisiana KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Public relations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Social factors KW - Social impacts KW - Statistics KW - Studies KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314061 AU - Washington State Office of the Administrator for the Courts AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPECIAL ADJUDICATION FOR ENFORCEMENT (SAFE) PY - 1979/03 SP - 233p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/152207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314064 AU - ARNOLD, D AU - Fleissner, D AU - Washington State Off of the Admin for the Courts AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPECIAL ADJUDICATION FOR ENFORCEMENT (SAFE). VOLUME II PY - 1979/03 SP - 118 p. AB - The Special Adjudication for Enforcement (SAFE) Project was a demonstration project for an innovative parajudicial method of adjudication for minor traffic offenses. The SAFE Project was conducted for an 18-month period and operated as a subsystem of normal District Court operations within the King County (Seattle, Washington) area. The purpose of the project was to reduce the backlog of minor traffic cases (moving forfeitable), which accounted for approximately 65 to 70 percent of the courts' overall filings (total traffic filings accounted for approximately 77 percent of the courts' overall filings), and to provide an alternative to the time-consuming arraignment/trial process for those defendants wishing to contest their traffic violations. The SAFE Project was intended to test the feasibility of integrating the SAFE magistrates and streamlined procedures into normal court operations and to determine the cost effectiveness, overall acceptance of the program by law enforcement and judicial personnel, and benefits and convenience to the public. KW - Adjudication KW - Benefits KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Courts KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Hearings KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Violations KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314062 AU - Washington State Off of the Admin for the Courts AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPECIAL ADJUDICATION FOR ENFORCEMENT (SAFE). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/03 SP - 18 p. AB - The Special Adjudication for Enforcement (SAFE) Project was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of using informal parajudicial hearings for adjudication of non-mandatory moving traffic violations (those offenses not requiring mandatory appearance in court). The SAFE procedures were intended to simplify the administrative tasks associated with the traditional arraignment/trial process. Evaluation based on fifteen months of operations has indicated that the project was easily and quickly incorporated into the existing District Courts system and reduced the administrative and judicial burden on the courts. The SAFE Project was continued with local funds after the NHTSA demonstration project was concluded. KW - Adjudication KW - Courts KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Hearings KW - Law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Violations KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314056 AU - GREEN, J A AU - Compton, M J AU - Barhydt, W H AU - Morre, C D AU - Last, L B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DATA PREPARATION OF NHTSA MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORTS PY - 1979/03 SP - 207 p. AB - The report documents procedures for editing, case flow, and work accomplished during the final phase of the contract. The report presents a brief discussion of data preparation and outlines the contents of data sets created from multidisciplinary accident investigation team in-depth reports. The final data sets document over 10,000 case vehicles processed into three data sets containing information on passenger vehicles and light trucks (CPIR), heavy trucks (Version B), and school buses (Version A). In addition, supplementary documentation found in the Occupant Supplement (OS), Damage Analysis Supplement (DAS), Fatal Factors Form (FFF), and air-bag supplement (ACRS) is discussed briefly. Appended to this report is a cross-indexed listing of cases by DOT-HS number for each multidisciplinary team. KW - Air bags KW - Buses KW - Casualties KW - Crash investigation KW - Information processing KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger vehicles KW - School buses KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721382 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES: FIRST RESPONDER TRAINING COURSE. COURSE GUIDE PY - 1979/03 SP - 14 p. AB - This Course Guide has been prepared to aid the training administrator in planning and managing the training program entitled, "Emergency Medical Services: First Responder Training Course". The overall objective of the course is to improve the quality of emergency medical care rendered to victims of accidents and illness. As the first person at the emergency scene, it is critical that the first responder be proficient not only in providing basic emergency medical care but also in taking any actions necessary to minimize the patient's discomfort and prevent further complications. The course consists of 28 lessons (including one optional lesson) involving a minimum of 40 hours of classroom and field training. The Course Guide consists of four sections: Introduction; The Instructional Program; Course Planning Considerations; and Course Management and Evaluation. KW - Course guides KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical services KW - First responders (Emergency) KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721383 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES: FIRST RESPONDER TRAINING COURSE. INSTRUCTOR'S LESSON PLANS PY - 1979/03 SP - 157 p. AB - This Instructor's Lesson Plans document was prepared for instructors of the training program entitled, "Emergency Medical Services: First Responder Training Course". It contains detailed outlines of course content and guidance for teaching each course lesson. The overall objective of the course is to improve the quality of emergency medical care rendered to victims of accidents and illness. As the first person at the emergency scene, it is critical that the first responder be proficient in providing basic life support and in taking any other actions necessary to minimize the patient's discomfort and prevent further complications. The course consists of 28 lessons (including one optional lesson) involving a minimum of 40 hours of classroom and field training. The Instructor's Lesson Plans document includes a section for each course lesson. In general, lessons have been designed to be self-contained units. Each lesson consists of the following parts: Objectives; Requirements; References; and Lesson outline. KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical services KW - First responders (Emergency) KW - Instructors KW - Lesson plans KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452426 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT OF SCHOOL BUS DRIVERS PY - 1979/03 SP - 10 p. AB - At the request of the New York State School Bus Operators Association, the Division of Research and Development undertook a study of the driving records of school bus drivers. The purpose of the study was to determine if there exists a relationship between driver age and officially recorded accidents on the driving records of school bus drivers. A systematically selected sample of driver records was examined. As a result of this examination, we concluded that, in general, school bus drivers under thirty years of age and over sixty-five years of age have a disproportionately large number of accidents, compared to school bus drivers in the intervening age groups. KW - Age KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - School bus drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318506 AU - Redmond, D AU - Schmitz, B AU - Friedman, K AU - Kinetic Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF RECENT VEHICLE DESIGN CHANGES ON SAFETY PERFORMANCE, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/03 SP - 7 p. AB - Design changes in 1974-1977 model year passenger cars have been identified and a preliminary evaluation has been made of the safety effects of design changes inspired by fuel economy requirements. The 1977 General Motors full-size cars and the Volkswagen Rabbit were found to be the only significant design change vehicles. These vehicles do not demonstrate significantly higher risks of fatality in accidents than do other vehicles of similar weight or roominess. Little change is observed in the aggregate characteristics of the 1974-1977 vehicle fleets, although the effects of the 1977 General Motors downsizing are observable. Methodologies have been implemented for the identification of vehicle design changes, for the calculation of observed fatality rates by make and model, and for the projection of future fatality and injury experience based on perceived trends in vehicle design and sales. There are a number of recommendations for further investigation of the effects of vehicle design on safety and for extension of the work to include 1978 and 1979 model year cars, light trucks and vans. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash severity KW - Design KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Structural design KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vans KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318465 AU - Redmond, D AU - Schmitz, B AU - Friedman, K AU - Kinetic Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF RECENT VEHICLE DESIGN CHANGES ON SAFETY PERFORMANCE. VOLUME II PY - 1979/03 SP - 288 p. AB - Design changes in 1974-1977 model year passenger cars have been identified and a preliminary evaluation has been made of the safety effects of design changes inspired by fuel economy requirements. The following appendices are enclosed: Ranking of changes in curb weight 1974 to 1977 model year passenger cars; Unranked tabulation of scaled fractional changes in all parameters 1974 to 1977 model year passenger cars; Ranked differences of subject models from models of similar roominess; Models most similar to given models based on average scaled fractional difference over nine design parameters; Make and model coding tables FARS and VW engineering model data base; Excerpts from April 1978 progress report; Output from run 1 and 1 of the Kraesp model; and Comparison of alternative input data to the Kraesp model. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Viscous flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318464 AU - Redmond, D AU - Schmitz, B AU - Friedman, K AU - Kinetic Research AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF RECENT VEHICLE DESIGN CHANGES ON SAFETY PERFORMANCE. VOLUME I PY - 1979/03 SP - 179 p. AB - Design changes in 1974-1977 model year passenger cars have been identified and a preliminary evaluation has been made of the safety effects of design changes inspired by fuel economy requirements. The 1977 General Motors full-size cars and the Volkswagen Rabbit were found to be the only significant design change vehicles. These vehicles do not demonstrate significantly higher risks of fatality in accidents than do other vehicles of similar weight or roominess. Little change is observed in the aggregate characteristics of the 1974-1977 vehicle fleets, although the effects of the 1977 General Motors downsizing are observable. Methodologies have been implemented for the identification of vehicle design changes, for the calculation of observed fatality rates by make and model, and for the projection of future fatality and injury experience based on perceived trends in vehicle design and sales. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash severity KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Requirement KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314063 AU - ARNOLD, D AU - Fleissner, D AU - Washington State Off of the Admin for the Courts AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SPECIAL ADJUDICATION FOR ENFORCEMENT (SAFE). VOLUME I KING COUNTY DISTRICT COURTS, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON PY - 1979/03 SP - 97 p. AB - The King County District Courts Special Adjudication for Enforcement (SAFE) Project was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of using informal parajudicial hearings for adjudication of non-mandatory moving traffic violations (those offenses not requiring mandatory appearance in court based on the seriousness). The SAFE procedures, which are now integrated into District Court operations, were intended to simplify the administrative tasks associated with the traditional arraignment/trial process and eliminate one required personal appearance of persons wishing to contest their charges. Informal hearings, in which defendants can explain their side of the matter, are conducted by magistrates (practicing attorneys). Magistrates can accept guilty pleas, reduce and/or suspend fines, and, in extreme situations, dismiss cases. If the defendant is adamant about his/her not guilty plea, a trial is set (bypassing the formal arraignment). The program emphasizes referrals to driver educational programs and is oriented toward driver improvement. The use of SAFE hearings and procedures during the demonstration period allowed the District Courts system to deal with an increasing number of traffic filings without a significant increase in staff, and is projected to result in reductions of approximately 34,000 arraignments and 7,000 trials in 1979. KW - Adjudication KW - Courts KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Hearings KW - Law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Violations KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328855 AU - Yee, R AU - Copper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK AGGRESSIVITY STUDY - TEST REPORT 5 - CAR-TO-CAR REAR-END IMPACT TEST PY - 1979/03 SP - 69 p. AB - This test report presents the results of Test 3051-8, rear-end, symmetric, car-to-car collision. A 1978 Chevrolet Caprice Classic 4-door Sedan was used as the bullet vehicle for the test. The target vehicle used was a 1978 Dodge Omni 4-door Hatchback. The object of these tests is to provide car-to-car rear-end collision data. The crash test data from the program will be used to study the aggressivity of light trucks compared to that of passenger cars, support current vehicle standards, and provide information to upgrade future standards. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Impact tests KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rear end crashes KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199113 AU - BOYD, P L AU - Neill, AHJ AU - Hinch, J A AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRUCK TIRE CORNERING AND BRAKING TRACTION STUDY PY - 1979/03 SP - 75 p. AB - Twenty-four pairs of truck tires were tested for braking and cornering traction on two wetted pavements at 40 and 55 mph. Locked wheel braking force coefficient, peak braking force coefficient, and peak lateral force coefficient were measured. This sample was used to predict the traction performance of the truck tire population. Comparisons were made between truck tire and automobile tire populations. Correlations between various traction properties of truck tires were computed. Variability between 'identical' tires in traction performance was predicted, and the traction performance of various tire cornering properties in accident avoidance was discussed. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Steering KW - Tests KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Trucks KW - Variables KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305902 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING CRASH COMPATIBILITY AND AGGRESSIVENESS. TEST REPORT 3: 1975 VOLVO 244DL-TO-NHTSA TEST DEVICE PY - 1979/03 SP - 226 p. AB - The report presents the results of two full-scale, head-on collisions between the NHTSA Test Device and 1975 Volvo 244DL four-door sedans. The objective of these tests was to help establish a test methodology for evaluating crash compatibility and aggressiveness. The Test Device is unique honey-comb-faced load-measuring tool which is adaptable to both moving barrier and fixed barrier collisions. Data contained includes graphical and tabular presentations of vehicle deformation, Test Device load cell data, vehicle and simulated occupant acceleration, velocity, and displacement values, dynamic displacement of string potentiometers, and restraint survival distances. Also included are tabular summaries of occupant injury criteria, exterior and interior static vehicle deformation, and restraint system loads and vehicle descriptions. Data for a 45-mph fixed Test Device collision is compared to that for an "equivalent" moving Test Device collision. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305908 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Shaw, M AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING CRASH COMPATIBILITY AND AGGRESSIVENESS. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979/03 SP - 242 p. AB - The objective of the program was to help establish a test methodology for evaluating crash compatibility and aggressiveness of intermediate, subcompact, and lightweight subcompact cars. As a result of this program, the NHTSA Test Device was developed to measure the basic types of aggressiveness; namely, architectural, mass, and structural aggressiveness. This Test Device is a unique segmented honeycomb load measuring tool which is adaptable to both moving barrier and fixed barrier collisions. Eight full-scale car-to-Test Device collisions were conducted to provide comprehensive data comparison between moving Test Device tests and fixed Test Device tests. The four representative 1975 model cars included Honda Civic CVCC, Volvo 244DL, Ford Torino, and Plymouth Fury. Data comparisons were also made with relevant car-to-car and car-to-fixed barrier test from previous NHTSA contracts. Section 5.0 addresses vehicle aggressivity assessment, illustrating some simple approaches for determining the relative aggressivity of two vehicles, using the Ford Torino and Plymouth Fury as examples. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305924 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING CRASH COMPATIBILITY AND AGGRESSIVENESS. TEST REPORT 4, 1975 PLYMOUTH FURY-TO-NHTSA TEST DEVICE PY - 1979/03 SP - 227 p. AB - The report presents the results of two full-scale, head-on collisions between the NHTSA Test Device and 1975 Plymouth Fury four-door sedans. The objective of these tests was to help establish a test methodology for evaluating crash compatibility and aggressiveness. The Test Device is a unique, honeycomb-faced, load-measuring tool which is adaptable to both moving barrier and fixed barrier collisions. Data contained includes graphical and tabular presentations of vehicle deformation, Test Device load cell data, vehicle and simulated occupant acceleration, velocity and displacement values, dynamic displacement of string potentiometers, and restraint survival distances. Also included are tabular summaries of occupant injury criteria, exterior and interior static vehicle deformation, and restraint system loads and vehicle descriptions. Data for a 40-mph fixed Test Device collision is compared to that for an "equivalent": moving Test Device collision. KW - Automobiles KW - Compatibility KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deformation KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Performance tests KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305823 AU - Yee, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING CRASH COMPATIBILITY AND AGGRESSIVENESS. TEST REPORT 1: 1975 HONDA CIVIC CVCC-TO-NHTSA TEST DEVICE PY - 1979/03 SP - 235 p. AB - The report presents the results of two full-scale, head-on collisions between the NHTSA Test Device and 1975 Honda Civic CVCC two-door sedans. The objective of these tests was to help establish a test methodology for evaluating crash compatibility and aggressiveness. The Test Device is a unique, honeycomb faced load-measuring tool which is adaptable to both moving barrier and fixed barrier collisions. Data contained include graphical and tabular presentations of vehicle deformantion, Test Device load cell data, vehicle and simulated occupant acceleration, velocity, and displacement values, dynamic displacement of string potentiometers, and restraint survival distances. Also included are tabular summaries of occupant injury criteria, exterior and interior static vehicle deformation, and restraint system loads and vehicle descriptions. KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deformation KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluaton KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Loads KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Small car KW - Test equipment KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305551 AU - Mortimer, R G AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD TEST EVALUATION OF REAR LIGHTING DECELERATION SIGNALS: I-ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES PY - 1979/03 SP - 198 p. AB - Analytical and experimental studies were done related to braking signals which indicate the level of deceleration, to allow selection of a limited set of such signaling concepts for evaluation of their effectiveness in reducing rear-end crashes in a field test. Literature reviews of prior simulator, driving and field tests were made, as well as accident data analyses. These tasks indicated that braking deceleration signals would have limited applicability, but one field test produced a large reduction in rear-end crashes. Potential means of coding rear lighting deceleration signals were developed, and subjectively evaluated in day and night driving. A study of flash rates showed that not more than three rates could be discriminated between 1 and 9 Hz, with an automotive bulb. Based on the foregoing tests a driving test was used to evaluate brake signaling displays, including deceleration signals, and a simulated brake signal failure. Measures related to car-following and rear-end collision performance were clearly degraded by the brake signal failure, and there were a few differences between the conventional and experimental configurations. Measurement of the braking deceleration distributions used by taxis and some motor-pool vehicles showed that taxis were a suitable fleet for the field testing phase of the study of braking deceleration signals, based on over 30,000 miles of exposure in both grous. Five configurations of braking signals were recommended for evaluation in a field test in their effects on rear-end crashes. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - Highway transportation KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Night visibility KW - Prevention KW - Rear end crashes KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304769 AU - Davis, S AU - Yee, R AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING CRASH COMPATIBILITY AND AGGRESSIVENESS. VOLUME I. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1979/03 SP - 40 p. AB - The objective of the program was to help establish a test methodology for evaluating vehicles' crash compatibility and aggressiveness. As a result of this program, the NHTSA Test Device was developed to measure the basic types of aggressiveness namely, architectural, mass and structural aggressiveness. The Test Device is a unique segmented honeycomb load-measuring tool which is adaptable to both moving barrier and fixed barrier collisions. The methodology used for evaluating vehicles' crash compatibility and aggressiveness included use of the Test Device and related analytical techniques. The report summarizes the design criteria for the Test Device, highlights the results of eight car-to-Test Device collisions, presents a summary of the analysis and comparison of previous crash test data, and discusses methods for assessing vehicle crash compatibility and aggressiveness. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Test equipment KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197365 AU - Reinhardt, R W AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - ANALYSES OF SELECTED AUTOMOTIVE PARTS AND ASSEMBLIES FOR COST AND MATERIAL IMPACTS PY - 1979/03 SP - 464 p. AB - This is a study of selected automotive parts and assemblies analyzed to determine the elements of manufacturing cost and methods of production. Parts from the 1975 Ford Pinto, 1975 Chevelle, 1976 Audi 100LS, and the VW Rabbit are included in the selection of engine and transmission parts used for analyses of costs and materials. In order to make the costing procedures more understandable a review is included of generally accepted cost analysis techniques used by automotive companies to develop comparative, or target, costs. The various methods using the cost data bank information, detailed manufacturing process cost techniques as well as design variance studies are discussed. The selected vehicle and engine/transmission parts are studied for comparative material cost. Process descriptions include the number of process operations, material, grade of material, rough and finished part weight, cost of raw material, variable cost, and other elements of cost. Groupings by physical characteristics, material, and manufacturing processes are used to study the cost effects for various types of similar parts from different vehicles. In addition, other studies are included to illustrate the cost impacts of alternate materials on various components. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Charts KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Direct costs KW - Industrial engineering KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Operating costs KW - Parts KW - Process charting KW - Production KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197499 AU - Ulmer, R G AU - Jacobs, H H AU - New Hampshire Alcohol Safety Action Project AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REHABILITATING DRINKING DRIVERS: AN ANALYSIS OF THREE YEARS OF ACTIVITIES OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT PY - 1979/03 SP - 33 p. AB - The rehabilitation efforts of the Alcohol Safety Action Project were initiated to provide people convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI) with retraining and resources for dealing with problems related to drinking and driving. To evaluate the program's effectiveness, the subsequent accident involvement and DWI rearrest records of those referred were compared with groups of not-referred people. The results indicated that the total number of subsequent accidents and DWI rearrests were less for the referred groups than they were for the not-referred groups. The differences that were found occurred within the same and subsequent year after conviction but were not present in later years. Because of possible differences that may have existed between the groups initially, these findings, while not conclusively proving the effectiveness of the schools, do indicate that the rehabilitation experience can reduce the incidence of subsequent accidents and DWI rearrests. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholism KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Crimes KW - Driver records KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - New Hampshire KW - Project management KW - Recidivism KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192211 AU - Hurter, D AU - Gott, P AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AUTOMOBILE DRIVETRAIN COMPONENTS TO IMPROVE FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1979/03 SP - 114 p. AB - Wide ratio range automatic transmissions with lockup torque converters could be in production by the early 1980's. In order to evaluate their impact upon fuel economy, emissions, driveability, acceleration, and durability, four 1975 Chrysler automobiles with inertia weights and engine sizes typical of that time period were equipped with Multi-Purpose Test Transmissions. These transmissions could duplicate: current three-speed automatic transmissions; wide range three-speed automatic transmissions; and wide range four-speed automatic transmissions with or without torque converter lockup. Each of the test cars were evaluated in seven different transmission modes for fuel economy, emissions, driveability, acceleration, and durability. Fuel economy test results were compared to computer predicted fuel economies. Predicted values agreed with actual fuel economies within the resolution of the test method. Composite fuel economy improvements of up to 14% were achieved with no change in acceleration and durability. Further development work is required to bring emissions and driveability to acceptable levels. Maximum increases in fuel economy due to drivetrain improvements have not been demonstrated due to the possibility for further optimization of engine road load matching and the impacts of emission and driveability modifications. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Acceptable quality level KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Driving KW - Durability KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Impact studies KW - Manual transmissions KW - Mechanical drive KW - Quality assurance KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Torque converters KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191721 AU - Peeks, C W AU - Hudson, J M AU - Milton, E V AU - Seller, R AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF ASAP (ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT) ACTIVITY IN COLUMBUS, GEORGIA FROM JANUARY 1972-DECEMBER 1974. SECTION II, VOLUME 3 PY - 1979/03 SP - 63 p. AB - The report examines the degree to which the five objectives of deploying ASAP police patrols set forth in Columbus ASAP's Detailed Operational Plan have been accomplished, and also considers the catalytic impact of the Enforcement Countermeasure Activity Area. As a backdrop against which to assess attainment of these objectives, it provides a description of how the ASAP patrol unit operated. It also considers the effects of some non-ASAP forces on the achievement of these objectives. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Georgia KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191722 AU - Peek, C W AU - Hudson, J M AU - Milton, E V AU - Seller, R AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ASAP (ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT) ON THE TRAFFIC SAFETY SYSTEM IN COLUMBUS, GEORGIA FROM JANUARY 1972 - DECEMBER 1974. SECTION II, VOLUME 4 PY - 1979/03 SP - 109 p. AB - The report provides a detailed description of the court system of Columbus-Muscogee county. The various aspects of the court system are considered in eight chapters. In addition to other means both population data and client information samples are used to help provide this description. Also a large and varied number of distributions are considered in order to convey a clear understanding of the operations and processes of the court system. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Courts KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Georgia KW - Impact studies KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191725 AU - Peek, C W AU - Hudson, J M AU - Milton, E V AU - Seller, R AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COLUMBUS, GEORGIA ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT. APPENDIX 'H' TABLES. SECTION III PY - 1979/03 SP - 727 p. AB - The primary objectives of the study were to decrease significantly the number of deaths, the number and severity of injuries, and the amount of property damage in alcohol-related crashes; and to increase significantly the degree of public support for programs with goals and activities similar to ASAP's, so that groundwork is laid for continuing the more successful programs established by ASAP. The objectives were to decrease significantly both the total number of alcohol-related crashes and the proportion of the total traffic crashes which alcohol-related crashes compose; to decrease significantly the number and proportion of intoxicated drivers on the roads; and to decrease significantly the BAC levels of (a) drinking drivers (that is, those drivers whose breath sample demonstrates the presence of alcohol in their systems) involved in alcohol-related crashes, (b) drinking drivers involved in non-crash alcohol-related traffic arrests, and (c) drinking drivers in general (i.e., those who come through the roadside survey). KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash rates KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Georgia KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191724 AU - Peek, C W AU - Hudson, J M AU - Milton, E V AU - Seller, R AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF ALCOHOL REHABILITATION EFFORTS IN COLUMBUS, GEORGIA FROM JANUARY 1972 - DECEMBER 1974. SECTION II, VOLUME 6 PY - 1979/03 SP - 63 p. AB - The report provides an analysis of Phase I, II, and III and their impact with regard to recidivism and subsequent accident involvement. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Georgia KW - Impact studies KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Publicity KW - Recidivism KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191726 AU - Peek, C W AU - Hudson, J M AU - Milton, E V AU - Seller, R AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A POST PROJECT EVALUATION OF THE COLUMBUS ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROGRAM. SECTION IV, VOLUME I PY - 1979/03 SP - 45 p. AB - Since 1972 the Institute of Government at the University of Georgia has been actively working with the City of Columbus in evaluating the Columbus Alcohol Safety Action Program (ASAP). During the ASAP operational years, 1972-74, the Institute of Government was extensively involved in evaluating the achievement of the several ASAP countermeasures. The Institute effort was concerned with whether the ASAP project has had any residual impact, that is, have the observed achievements noted while ASAP was operational been carried over or continued now that the ASAP countermeasures have ceased to function. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Georgia KW - Impact studies KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191729 AU - Glauz, W D AU - Sharp, M C AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Kansas City Alcohol Safety Action Project AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - KANSAS CITY ASAP (ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT). SECTION I. ANALYTIC STUDY 1: AN ANALYSIS OF PROJECT IMPACT ON ULTIMATE PERFORMANCE MEASURES PY - 1979/03 SP - 124 p. AB - The 5-year, $3.2 million project was successful in meeting its goal and most of its subsidiary objectives. Alcohol-related crashes were significantly reduced in Kansas City, Missouri, especially during the first 4 years. Arrests more than doubled, conviction rates improved, an effective screening, identification, and referral process was implemented, and new legislation was obtained. Drunk driving in Kansas City declined greatly. Overall, the project yielded societal benefits of about $3 for each dollar spent. The major failings were the inability of the evaluation to show more than a marginal gain in rehabilitation program effectiveness over the more traditional punitive sanctions, and an inability to generate and maintain public awareness of the problems and support for the program. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Awareness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Legislation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Missouri KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Performance tests KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191723 AU - Peek, C W AU - Hudson, J M AU - Milton, E V AU - Seller, R AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF DRINKER DIAGNOSIS AND REFERRAL ACTIVITY IN COLUMBUS, GEORGIA FROM JANUARY 1972 - DECEMBER 1974. SECTION II, VOLUME 5 PY - 1979/03 SP - 59 p. AB - The report describes the judicial/education and rehabilitation system of Columbus-Muscogee County and its relationship to referral and diagnosis activity. The disposition of DUI cases in Recorder's and State Courts are also described as they concern the use of education and treatment sentencing alternatives (referrals). The classification scheme developed and implemented by ASAP in Columbus-Muscogee County is described. The treatment and rehabilitation modalities, developed by ASAP and those which existed prior to ASAP are considered as well. Various distributions by drinking driver classification and other variables by referrals, are described and the implications of these distributions are considered. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Courts KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Georgia KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191727 AU - Peek, C W AU - Hudson, J M AU - Milton, E V AU - Seller, R AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A POST PROJECT EVALUATION OF THE COLUMBUS ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROGRAM. SECTION IV, VOLUME 2 PY - 1979/03 SP - 42 p. AB - The Institute of Government at the University of Georgia is under contract to the city of Columbus to assist them in a post-operative evaluation of the city's Alcohol Safety Action Program (ASAP). During the active years of the ASAP project the Institute of Government had also served the city of Columbus as project evaluator. This report contains the findings and analysis for the second year of the post project period. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Georgia KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191719 AU - Hudson, J M AU - Milton, E V AU - Peek, C W AU - Seller, R AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF THE COLUMBUS, GEORGIA ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT'S PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION COUNTERMEASURES, JANUARY 1972 THROUGH DECEMBER 1974. SECTION I PY - 1979/03 SP - 111 p. AB - The Columbus, Georgia Alcohol Safety Action Project (ASAP) became operational in January 1972 and continued for a three year period. Two additional years of data collection were funded through NHTSA. The ASAP area included Columbus/Muscogee County, Georgia. Richmond County, Georgia was used as a control/comparison area in measuring the extent to which Columbus ASAP achieved its primary objectives: to decrease the number and proportion of DWI crashes. The Project reported that when data from Richmond are compared with data from Muscogee, it is clear that Columbus ASAP attained its first objective by producing a significant decrease in both the number and proportion of DUI crashes during 1972-1974. While DUI crashes significantly increased in Richmond during these two years, Muscogee DUI crashes were significantly reduced. This reduction seems directly attributable to the presence of Columbus ASAP in Muscogee, since the effects of all other confounding forces but one could be ruled out through the use of Richmond as a control area. One intriguing way in which Columbus ASAP generated this decrease may have been through its impact on the general driving public. Significantly fewer multi-vehicle DUI crashes during the 5:00 p.m. to 3:00 a.m. time period in 1972-1974 indicated increased cautiousness on the part of non-intoxicated drivers toward drivers suspected of intoxication. Thus, the general driving public was apparently attentive to Enforcement and PIE Countermeasures aimed more at the target group of intoxicated drivers, at least attentive enough to define this time period as one of peak threat to them from intoxicated drivers and thus a period in which they were more on the lookout for such drivers. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Georgia KW - Information dissemination KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191720 AU - Peek, C W AU - Hudson, J M AU - Milton, E V AU - Seller, R AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF ULTIMATE PERFORMANCE MEASURES TO DETERMINE TOTAL PROJECT IMPACT IN COLUMBUS, GEORGIA FROM JANUARY 1972-DECEMBER 1974. SECTION II, VOLUME I PY - 1979/03 SP - 80 p. AB - The report follows the five project objectives identified in the Detailed Operational Plan. Section I considers the impact of potentially confounding non-ASAP community forces on them. It also describes the basic time periods to be used in the analyses that follow. Section II explores the two objectives that deal with decreasing alcohol-related crashes and the deaths, injuries and property damage that result from these crashes. Data from the state of Georgia accident records pertaining to both Muscogee County and the control county of Richmond is used to assess the extent to which these two objectives have been accomplished. Section III focuses on the two project objectives concerned with decreasing intoxicated driving in Columbus/Muscogee. The final project objective-the effort to increase public support for successful ASAP programs-is investigated in Section IV, using four years of household survey data. Section V contains a summary of the major findings and conclusions. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Fatalities KW - Georgia KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197617 AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STANDARDS ENFORCEMENT TEST REPORTS INDEX FOR 1978 PY - 1979/02/27 SP - 1572 p. AB - The document presents an index to the Compliance Test Reports of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration which were released to the public during calendar year 1978. The index is divided into eleven sections as follows: Manufacturer, Model Year, Model or Part Number, Fall, FMVSS Number, Component or Vehicle ID (NHTSA No.), Laboratory Test Number, CIR Number, HS Number, Brand or Seller, and Tire Size or Body Style. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Components KW - Design standards KW - Headlamps KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Technical reports KW - Tests KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304701 AU - McKnight, A J AU - Green, M A AU - Masten, F AU - Koppa, R J AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF VEHICLE SAFETY PROBLEMS FOR SPECIAL DRIVING POPULATIONS PY - 1979/02/16 SP - 125 p. AB - The report describes vehicle safety problems reported in interviews with 460 physically limited drivers and 41 physically limited non-drivers. The problems reported involved operation of primary and secondary controls, operating other vehicle mechanisms (e.g., restraints, seat adjustments), seeing properly, getting in and out of the vehicle, and handling certain tasks outside the car. The following needs were identified on the vasis of information obtained during the study: (1)Better dissemination of information to physically limited drivers concerning vehicle design considerations, equipment options, available aids and devices, operating procedures, and procedures for maintaining adaptive control equipment; (2)Development of additional assistive devices, including a secondary control stalk, rear vision system, supportive restraint systems, and a means of preventing feet from sliding under foot pedals; and (3)Improvements in adaptive control systems, including improvements in reliability, comfort, compactness, and physical appearance. KW - Adaptive control KW - Assistance KW - Comfort KW - Control KW - Control devices KW - Drivers KW - Human factors engineering KW - Interviewing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Needs assessment KW - Pedals KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Physically hadicapped persons KW - Rear view KW - Rearview mirrors KW - Safety KW - User needs KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Vision UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25517/DOT-HS-804-918.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305777 AU - BENSON, J B AU - Melvin, J W AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CALIBRATION AND TEST PROCEDURES FOR THREE YEAR OLD CHILD DUMMY PY - 1979/02/07 SP - 70 p. AB - Four three year old child dummies, SA 103C models, were tested at HSRI and TRC of Ohio to determine the ranges of responses of these dummies in calibration type tests and to refine testing fixtures and techniques. The dummy head accelerometer mounting was revised to reduce ringing, and the ribcage structure attachment modified to eliminate bottoming. A revised loading fixture was designed to facilitate the lumbar spine calibration. The modified dummies produced consistent calibration response data within the proposed limits of Docket 78-09 at both HSRI and TRC laboratories. KW - Accelerometers KW - Adolescents KW - Anatomical models KW - Calibration KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Head KW - Impacts KW - Measuring instruments KW - Minors KW - Research KW - Response KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192234 AU - SRI International AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MODELING SYSTEM PY - 1979/02 SP - 499p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318420 AU - Szostak, H T AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CAR/TRAILER HANDLING AND BRAKING STANDARDS. VOLUME III: APPENDICES FOR PHASE I PY - 1979/02 SP - 125 p. AB - This document contains supportive information relevant to the main technical discussion and results presented in Volume II. This includes all relevant specifications and descriptions of the tow vehicles, trailers, instrumentation, equipment, and test procedures used in the test portion of the program. Also included are supporting data reduced from straight line braking tests, cornering tests, and trailer damping tests. Raw data are contained on 4 FM analog tape. A run log summary is presented to identify conditions of each test run recorded on tape. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Deceleration KW - Dynamic braking KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance tests KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Steering KW - Towed vehicles KW - Towing devices KW - Towing vehicles KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191742 AU - Koehler, D E AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 3. 1978 AMC, 121 CID (2.0 LITERS), 2V PY - 1979/02 SP - 59 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 AMC 121 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191744 AU - Koehler, D E AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 5. 1978 CHEVROLET, 200 CID (3.3 LITERS), 2V PY - 1979/02 SP - 61 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Chevrolet 200 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191746 AU - Koehler, D E AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 7. 1978, FORD, 98 CID (1.6 LITERS), 2V PY - 1979/02 SP - 63 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Ford 98 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191748 AU - Koehler, D E AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 9. 1978 FORD, 300 CID (4.9 LITERS), IV PY - 1979/02 SP - 59 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Ford 300 CID truck engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191745 AU - Koehler, D E AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 6. 1978 VOLKSWAGEN DIESEL, 90 CID (1.5 LITER), F.I PY - 1979/02 SP - 42 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 VW 90 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Diesel engines KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191741 AU - Koehler, D E AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 2. 1978 PONTIAC, 301 CID (4.9 LITERS), 2V PY - 1979/02 SP - 59 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Pontiac 301 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191747 AU - Koehler, D E AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 8. 1978 BUICK, 231 CID (3.8 LITER), 4V, TURBOCHARGED PY - 1979/02 SP - 60 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Buick 231 CID turbocharged to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Superchargers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191749 AU - Koehler, D E AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 10. 1978 HONDA, 98 CID (1.6 LITERS) PY - 1979/02 SP - 42 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Honda 98 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Wankel engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191743 AU - Koehler, D E AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 4. 1978 PONTIAC, 151 CID (2.5 LITERS), 2V PY - 1979/02 SP - 62 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1978 Pontiac 151 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328903 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK AGGRESSIVITY STUDY - TEST REPORT 4 - TRUCK-TO-CAR REAR-END IMPACT TEST PY - 1979/02 SP - 60 p. AB - The object of this test is to provide truck-to-car collision data. The crash test data from this program will be used to study the aggressivity of light trucks compared to passenger cars, support current vehicle standards, and provide information to upgrade future standards. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Light trucks KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198765 AU - Wilson, W B AU - Teknekron, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT USAGE ATTITUDE STUDY PY - 1979/02 SP - 98 p. AB - Despite increasing evidence that occupant restraint laws are effective in getting people to wear safety belts and an extremely cost-effective measure for reducing highway deaths and injuries, strong opposition at the state-level has prevented passage of such legislation in the United States. To further encourage and support state-level efforts on behalf of occupant restraint laws, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) contracted with Teknekron, Inc. to conduct a study to determine why past attempts to enact such laws in the United States have failed and to develop communication materials and strategies for overcoming state resistance to such legislation. This final report summarizes the activities and findings of that study. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - State government KW - Strategy KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198764 AU - Wilson, W B AU - Teknekron, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OCCUPANT RESTRAINT LEGISLATION HANDBOOK: A GUIDE FOR PROPONENTS PY - 1979/02 SP - 137 p. AB - The document is intended to serve as a working guide to individuals and organizations involved in efforts to gain legislative approval of general safety belt usage laws or child restraint laws. The information contained in this handbook falls into two categories: (1) Information and data to support arguments on behalf of occupant restraint legislation and to overcome the objections and reservations of non-supporters; and (2) Strategies, tactics, and methods for communicating the above data to state legislators, traffic safety officials, police officials, media representatives, and others. The focus of the manual is on developing effective state-level campaigns to obtain passage of occupant restraint laws. Accordingly, the handbook is designed for a variety of potential users, including state legislators, state traffic safety officials, and members of the general public. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Education KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Mass media KW - Media KW - Occupant restraint KW - Police KW - Protection KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25473/DOT-HS-804-780_002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198123 AU - Kadell, D J AU - Peck, R C AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - California Office of Traffic Safety AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POST LICENSING CONTROL REPORTING AND EVALUATION SYSTEM: NEGLIGENT OPERATOR PROGRAM COST AND EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1979/02 SP - 61 p. AB - The costs and traffic safety impacts of the four negligent operator treatments--Warning Letter (W/L), Group Educational Meeting (GEM), Individual Hearing (I/H), and Probation Violator Hearing (P/V) are presented. The Warning Letter was projected to save 1.24 accidents per 1,000 drivers treated. While this effect size is not statistically significant, the W/L is so inexpensive that sample results project it to be cost-beneficial, with an estimated cost of $669 for each accident prevented. The remaining treatments had statistically significant impacts on accidents. The GEM is projected to save 17.12 accidents per 1,000 drivers, at a cost of $871 per prevented accident. The I/H is projected to save 18.77 accidents per 1,000 drivers at a cost of $2,309 per accident saved. The P/V is projected to save 9.16 accidents per 1,000 drivers treated, at a relatively high estimated cost of $6,139 per accident saved. The projected effect of all treatments combined was 1,155, accidents prevented per year. The W/L, GEM, I/H, and all treatments as a package are cost-beneficial, but findings for the P/V on this are equivocal. Each treatment caused a statistically significant, substantial reduction in convictions. KW - Abatement KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - California KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Courts KW - Crashes KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Estimates KW - Group dynamics KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pollution control KW - Prevention KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192237 AU - David, N A AU - Gass, S I AU - Cronin, R H AU - Denny, R E AU - SRI International AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MODELING SYSTEM. VOLUME III. CITIZENS BAND RADIO MODEL PY - 1979/02 SP - 92 p. AB - The Traffic Safety Demonstration Program Modeling System (DEMON) is an interactive computer model for use in the analysis of individual NHTSA demonstration projects. This volume describes the Citizens Band (CB) radio model, designed to measure the role of CB units in a Highway Patrol emergency response system. A mathematical simulation, the model is used to describe the geography, dynamics, and emergency response situations (e.g., accidents, road hazards and speeders) for a given set of assumed conditions. The model can measure changes in the detection, notification and response times of a system, as conditions are allowed to vary. It evaluates the activities on the highway and compares the emergency response times for when the Highway Patrol is assumed to have a CB communication system and when it does not, i.e., under experimental and control situations. KW - Adolescents KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Citizen band radio KW - Demonstration projects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Emergency response time KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Law enforcement KW - Management KW - Management planning KW - Mathematical models KW - Planning KW - Police patrol KW - Project management KW - Reaction time KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192235 AU - David, N A AU - Gass, S I AU - Cronin, R H AU - Denny, R E AU - SRI International AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MODELING SYSTEM. VOLUME I. TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1979/02 SP - 45 p. AB - The Traffic Safety Demonstration Program Modeling System (DEMON) is an interactive computer model for use in the analysis of individual NHTSA demonstration projects. Ongoing projects are currently being analyzed using this system, and new or alternative concepts may also be modeled. This volume summarizes the method of modeling, demonstrates an application and provides a general introduction to the system. KW - Adolescents KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Law enforcement KW - Management KW - Management planning KW - Mathematical models KW - Planning KW - Project management KW - Simulation KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192236 AU - David, N A AU - Gass, S I AU - Cronin, R H AU - Denny, R E AU - SRI International AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MODELING SYSTEM. VOLUME II. SYSTEM MANUAL PY - 1979/02 SP - 113 p. AB - The Traffic Safety Demonstration Program Modeling System (DEMON) is an interactive computer model for use in the analysis of individual NHTSA demonstration projects. This volume describes the DEMON operating system. Pre-set or newly derived data files are called by DEMON to study new options of varying the target groups being studied, increasing or decreasing costs and workload associated with sequences of countermeasures. Recidivism estimates are made so that statistical analysis of proposed project impact may be conducted. DEMON computes sample sizes obtained and, alternatively, those required to assess impact within desired confidence bounds. The system is highly interactive and was designed for a noncomputer-oriented user. KW - Adolescents KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Impact studies KW - Law enforcement KW - Management KW - Management planning KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Planning KW - Project management KW - Recidivism KW - Simulation KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192238 AU - David, N A AU - Gass, S I AU - Cronin, R H AU - Denny, R E AU - SRI International AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MODELING SYSTEM. VOLUME IV. APPENDICES PY - 1979/02 SP - 249 p. AB - The Traffic Safety Demonstration Program Modeling System (DEMON) is an interactive computer model for use in the analysis of individual NHTSA demonstration projects. This volume contains the appendices. Appendices A-F give a description, flow definition and data file for 6 projects--Probation, Young Problem Drivers, Driver Licensing, Motorcycle Licensing, Offender Treatment and Secondary Schools. Appendix G provides descriptions of the program files, subroutines, variables, a program flowchart, and a complete program listing. KW - Adolescents KW - Computer programs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Information processing KW - Law enforcement KW - Management KW - Management planning KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - Planning KW - Problem drivers KW - Project management KW - Simulation KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191739 AU - Dowdy, M W AU - Baisley, R L AU - Jet Propulsion Laboratory AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY AND EMISSIONS EXPERIMENTAL DATA PY - 1979/02 SP - 217 p. AB - The purpose of this effort was to generate experimental data to support an assessment of the relationship between automobile fuel economy and emission control systems. Tests were made at both the engine and vehicle levels. Detailed investigations were made on cold-start emissions devices, exhaust gas recirculation systems, and air injection reactor systems. Based on the results of engine tests, an alternative emission control system and modified control strategy were implemented and tested in the vehicle. With the same fuel economy and NOx emissions as the stock vehicle, the modified vehicle reduced HC and CO emissions by about 20 percent. By removing the NOx emissions constraint, the modified vehicle demonstrated about 12 percent better fuel economy than the stock vehicle. KW - Air intakes KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Circulation KW - Engine starters KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experimental data KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pollutants KW - Recirculation KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199048 AU - McKnight, A J AU - HUME, R D AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPING TRAINING PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO IMPROVE DEFICIENT DRIVER FACTORS. VOLUME II. IDENTIFYING ACCIDENT AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS: A GUIDE FOR ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1979/01/31 SP - 97 p. AB - The purpose of the project was to determine the feasibility of setting driver education program instructional objectives from existing accident data, and to make recommendations for appropriate action to actually define such instructional objectives. The authors recommend a special study under the National Accident Sampling System as the appropriate means of collecting the desired data. Volume II is a guide for accident investigators attempting to identify accident avoidance behaviors. KW - Behavior KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721379 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COURSE GUIDE: NEAR MONITOR TRAINING PROGRAM FOR CB RADIO EMERGENCY MONITORS PY - 1979/01 SP - 11 p. AB - The National Emergency Aid Radio (NEAR) program has been developed to provide training and coordinate the activities of volunteer and public safety agency Emergency Channel 9 Monitors with the activities of the established emergency response system. This document is a Course Guide to help course administrators, coordinators and instructors in setting up and administering a NEAR/CB Channel 9 monitor training program. Much of the content of this training course is presented in a 30-minute training film, "Help is NEAR", which dramatizes several common highway related emergency situations and demonstrates how the Channel 9 monitor can cut response time. The contents of this Course Guide are as follows: (I) Purpose of the Course; (II) Objectives and Scope of the Course; (III) Instructor Qualifications; (IV) Student Qualifications; (V) Class Size; (VI) Training Resources; and (VII) Scheduling Considerations. KW - Citizen band radio KW - Course guides KW - Curricula KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency channel 9 monitors KW - Emergency radio equipment KW - Emergency response KW - Emergency response time KW - Monitoring KW - National emergency aid radio KW - Reaction time KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721386 AU - Cummings, R J AU - Transportation Safety Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY SELF-INSTRUCTION COURSE MODULE 3 WORKBOOK: MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS PY - 1979/01 SP - 88 p. AB - This module is one of a series of modules which was designed to provide new personnel, hired by a State Highway Safety Office, with an introduction to the magnitude of the highway safety program. With this orientation, they can adapt more quickly to the program by being able to understand and communicate with others by using the terms and language of the system. They will also be knowledgeable of the components and requirements of a State Highway Safety Program. The modules are also intended to serve as familiarization training for Federal employees of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Federal Highway Administration. The module consists of a workbook to be used in conjunction with a script recorded on a tape cassette. This particular module addresses Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Highway safety KW - Programmed instruction KW - Safety programs KW - Self-instruction courses KW - States KW - Training courses KW - Training programs KW - Workbooks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721380 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LESSON PLAN: MONITOR TRAINING PROGRAM FOR CB RADIO EMERGENCY MONITORS PY - 1979/01 SP - 17 p. AB - The National Emergency Aid Radio (NEAR) program has been developed for the purpose of coordinating the activities of volunteer and public safety agency Emergency Channel 9 Monitors with the activities of the established emergency response system and to provide training. This document has been developed as an instructor's guide and lesson plan for training NEAR CB Channel 9 monitors. Much of the course is based on a 30-minute training film dramatizing typical emergency situations and demonstrating proper monitoring techniques, attitude and reporting procedures. The contents of this document are as follows: (I) Introduction; (II) Purpose of Course; (III) Instructor Qualifications; (IV) Training Resources; and (V) NEAR Monitor Training Course. KW - Citizen band radio KW - Curricula KW - Emergency channel 9 monitors KW - Emergency radio equipment KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Instructors KW - Lesson plans KW - Monitoring KW - National emergency aid radio KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721381 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDENT STUDY GUIDE: MONITOR TRAINING PROGRAM FOR CB RADIO EMERGENCY MONITORS PY - 1979/01 SP - 17 p. AB - The National Emergency Aid Radio (NEAR) program has been developed for the purpose of coordinating the activities of volunteer and public safety agency Emergency Channel 9 Monitors with the activities of the established emergency response system and to provide training. This document is a Student Study Guide for a NEAR CB Channel 9 monitor training program course. Much of this course is based on a 30-minute training film dramatizing typical emergency situations and demonstrating proper monitoring techniques, attitude and reporting procedures. The contents of the Student Study Guide are as follows: (I) Introduction; (II) Purpose of Course; (III) Student Qualifications; and (IV) NEAR/CB Channel 9 Monitor Course. KW - Citizen band radio KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Education and training KW - Emergency channel 9 monitors KW - Emergency radio equipment KW - Emergency response KW - Guides to information KW - Monitoring KW - National emergency aid radio KW - Students KW - Training courses KW - Training programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721384 AU - Veazey, N D AU - Transportation Safety Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY SELF-INSTRUCTION COURSE MODULE 1 WORKBOOK: STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM PY - 1979/01 SP - 53 p. AB - This module is one of a series of modules which was designed to provide new personnel, hired by a State Highway Safety Office, with an introduction to the magnitude of the highway safety program. With this orientation, they can adapt more quickly to the program by being able to understand and communicate with others by using the terms and language of the system. They will also be knowledgeable of the components and requirements of a State Highway Safety Program. The modules are also intended to serve as familiarization training for Federal employees of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Federal Highway Administration. The module consists of a workbook to be used in conjunction with a script recorded on a tape cassette. KW - Highway safety KW - Programmed instruction KW - Safety programs KW - Self-instruction courses KW - States KW - Training courses KW - Training programs KW - Workbooks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721385 AU - Cummings, R J AU - Transportation Safety Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY SELF-INSTRUCTION COURSE MODULE 2 WORKBOOK: HIGHWAY SAFETY STANDARDS PY - 1979/01 SP - 158 p. AB - This module is one of a series of modules which was designed to provide new personnel, hired by a State Highway Safety Office, with an introduction to the magnitude of the highway safety program. With this orientation, they can adapt more quickly to the program by being able to understand and communicate with others by using the terms and language of the system. They will also be knowledgeable of the components and requirements of a State Highway Safety Program. The modules are also intended to serve as familiarization training for Federal employees of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Federal Highway Administration. The module consists of a workbook to be used in conjunction with a script recorded on a tape cassette. This particular module addresses highway safety standards. KW - Highway safety KW - Highway safety standards KW - Programmed instruction KW - Safety programs KW - Self-instruction courses KW - Standards KW - States KW - Training courses KW - Training programs KW - Workbooks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459200 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367958 JO - Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research PB - Blackwell Publishing AU - Smart, R G AU - Grune and Stratton Corporation TI - YOUNG ALCOHOLICS IN TREATMENT: THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND RECOVERY RATES AT FOLLOW-UP PY - 1979/01 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-23 AB - Reporting data on characteristics of young alcoholics, treatment and recovery, and comparisons made with older alcoholics in similiar treatment, this study indicates the differences and similarities, as well as pointing up the need to investigate the types of treatment most needed in this section of the population. KW - Alcoholic involvement scale KW - Alcoholism KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Psychological aspects KW - Recovery ratio KW - Treatment programs KW - Young adults UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182071 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361510 JO - Tire Science and Technology AU - Brenner, F C AU - Kondo, A AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A NOTE ON PATTERNS OF WEAR WITHIN THE TREAD AREA PY - 1979/01 VL - 7 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 3-13 AB - Tread wear data are frequently fitted by a straight line having average groove depth as the ordinate and mileage as the abseissa. The authors have observed that the data points are not randomly scattered about the line but exist in runs of six or seven points above the line followed by the same number below the line. Attempts to correlate these cyclic deviations with climatic data failed. Harmonic content analysis of the data for each individual groove showed strong periodic behavior. Groove 1, a shoulder groove, had two important frequencies at 40,960 and 20,480 km (25,600 and 12,800 miles); Grooves 2 and 3, the inside grooves, had important frequencies at 10,240, 13,760, and 20,480 km (6400,8600, and 12,800 miles), with Groove 4 being similar. A hypothesis is offered as a possible explanation for the phenomenon. KW - Acoustics KW - Durability tests KW - Power KW - Power spectra KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180553 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349819 JO - Tire Science and Technology AU - Wright, C T AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE ADEQUACY OF LINEAR MODELS IN TREAD LIFE TESTING PY - 1979/01 VL - 7 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 14-30 AB - This paper examines the assumption of linearity in the application of regression techniques to tread wear data. Data from several sources provide evidence that tread wear is only approximately linear. Linear models appear to be adequate after a sufficient break-in period whose length depends on the nature of the test. When linear models are used to compare the tread life potential of a test tire to that of a control tire, both tires must have had the same testing exposure or else the rate of wear may be overestimated. KW - Durability tests KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Regression analysis KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349818 JO - Tire Science and Technology AU - Ludwig, G S AU - Brenner, F C AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AUTOMATIC TREAD GAGING MACHINE PY - 1979/01 VL - 7 IS - 1-2 SP - p. 31-39 AB - An automatic tread gaging machine has been developed. It consists of three component systems: (1) a laser gaging head, (2) a tire handling device, and (3) a computer that controls the movement of the tire handling machine, processes the data, and computes the least-squares straight line from which a wear rate may be estimated. Experimental tests show that the machine has good repeatability. In comparisons with measurements obtained by a hand gage, the automatic machine gives smaller average groove depths. The difference before and after a period of wear for both methods of measurement are the same. Wear rates estimated from the slopes of straight lines fitted to both sets of data are not significantly different. KW - Depth KW - Grooves KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement grooving KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305550 AU - Adolph, R J AU - Strickler, J D AU - Anstey, L M AU - Value Engineering Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEW AND REBUILT BRAKE CYLINDER SURVEY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PY - 1979/01 SP - 138 p. AB - The Department of Transportation/The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration was concerned that some automotive brake master cylinder rebuilders may introduce burrs or other contamination in their efforts to remove corrosion and/or pitting from the used master cylinder cores. A market survey was conducted to determine the production volume of the various automotive brake master cylinder rebuilders and the most popular models currently in use. A purchase plan for 274 rebuilt master cylinders, based on this information, was formulated. The plan also included 126 units from Original Equipment Manufacturer's (OEM) and After-market Manufacturer's resulting in a total of 400 units. The units were tested in accordance with test procedure SAE J1153. Test results were analyzed for compliance with the performance requirements of SAE J1154 and applicable manufacturer's specifications. The analysis was used to establish performance categories. These categories were used to make performance comparisons between OEM, After-market and Rebuilt groups as well as the various manufacturer's groups. A post-test inspection was conducted in an effort to determine failure causes. The high number of unit failures which occurred during testing appeared to indicate certain test conditions to be too severe. Piston seal damage was found prevalent in a high number of master cylinder falures. Some correlation between the high temperature durability test and failures due to seal damage was established. The OEM units, as a group, demonstrated the lowest failure rate followed by the After-market and Rebild units respectively. Cylinder bore measurements taken after testing indicated that some of the Rebuilders may be removing excessive amounts of metal during bore reconditioning. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Brakes KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Failure KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Hydraulic cylinders KW - Industries KW - Maintenance KW - Market surveys KW - Motor vehicles KW - Overhauling KW - Performance KW - Reconstruction KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304834 AU - HARRIS, D H AU - Howlett, J B AU - Ridgeway, R G AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorported AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VISUAL DETECTION OF DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED. PROJECT INTERIM REPORT: IDENTIFICATION OF VISUAL CUES AND DEVELOPMENT OF DETECTION METHODS PY - 1979/01 SP - 139 p. AB - The report describes the initial phase of a two-phase project on the visual, on-the-road detection of driving while intoxicated (DWI). The purpose of the overall project is to develop and test procedures for enhancing on-the-road detection of DWI. The emphasis of the first phase was on the identification of visual cues and the development of procedures that effectively discriminate between DWI and driving while sober (DWS). The literature was reviewed, expert opinion was surveyed, 1288 DWI arrest reports were analyzed, and an on-the-road detection study was conducted. In the detection study, trained observers accompanied police officers on patrol and recorded 643 instances of driving behavior and vehicle actions that deviated from normal. In each instance, the patrol officer stopped the vehicle and measured the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of the driver with a portable breath tester. A DWI detection guide was developed to facilitate the application of research findings to the on-the-road detection of DWI by police patrol officers. The guide consists of 23 visual cues, a value for each cue reflecting the ability of the cue to discriminate between DWI and DWS, and a set of three rules for estimating the probability of DWI for any set of observed cues. The 23 cues accounted for 92 percent of the cues observed during the detection study. KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Guidelines KW - Highway transportation KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Police traffic services KW - Project management KW - Roads KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25533/DOT-HS-805-051.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198310 AU - McKnight, J A AU - HUME, R D AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPING TRAINING PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO IMPROVE DEFICIENT DRIVER FACTORS. VOLUME I: A REVIEW OF EXISTING DATA BASES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DATA COLLECTION PY - 1979/01 SP - 186 p. AB - The purpose of the project was to determine the feasibility of setting driver education program instructional objectives from existing accident data, and to make recommendations for appropriate NHTSA action to actually define such instructional objectives. It was found that, while a wealth of accident data exists that can be used to identify driver-oriented traffic safety problems, existing data are not adequate to the setting of comprehensive instructional objectives and priorities. A dataset that would suit these purposes would permit the identification of actions that drivers might have taken to prevent accidents, and would be nationally representative. The authors recommend a special study under the National Accident Sampling System as the appropriate means of collecting the desired data. Volume I of this report includes the results of a literature review, a detailed definition of the information required to set instructional objectives, a review of existing data bases, a plan for collecting additional data, and a plan for incorporating new data and new instructional objectives into driver education programs. KW - Data collection KW - Driver training KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Prevention KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89088 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00300355 JO - Traffic Laws Commentary AU - Kearney, E F AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVERS' DUTIES AT RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS PY - 1979/01 VL - 8 IS - 1 SP - 79 p. AB - This commentary reviews state motor vehicle and traffic laws applicable to railroad grade crossings. It is limited to provisions appearing in state vehicle codes and does not include laws appearing in state codes relating to highways or railroads. It reflects laws that were in effect on January 1, 1978. Agreement with and divergence from the Uniform Vehicle Code provisions by each of the states are detailed. Volume includes a summary and observations. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Government regulations KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Grade crossing safety KW - Laws KW - Pedestrians KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform Vehicle Code KW - Visibility KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/141223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197248 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE ON HEAT INJURIES, AND THE EFFECT OF USAGE LAWS ON HELMET WEARING RATES. A PRELIMINARY REPORT PY - 1979/01 SP - 16 p. AB - The purpose of this document is to report on several recent studies sponsored by the NHTSA to determine what happens to helmet wearing when mandatory helmet usage laws are repealed, and the effect that any reduction in use has on the number of head injuries among accident-involved motorcyclists. Riders who do not use safety helmets have twice as many moderate to serious head injuries, and three to nine times as many fatal head injuries as riders wearing helmets. Helmet Wearing rate is very high (90% to 99%) in States with usage laws, but falls rapidly to less than 60% following repeal. In States without usage laws, wearing rates for riders in fatal crashes is very low (10 to 39%) reflecting the greater risk of a fatal head injury to the unhelmeted rider. In the three States for which pre and post repeal crash data were available (Colorado, Kansas, and South Dakota) the frequency of head injuries to all crash involved riders (helmeted and unhelmeted) rose following repeal of the States' usage law. Fatal head injuries double. Claims that safety helmets cause accidents by interfering with vision or hearing or that they cause neck injuries, are not supported by data from a detailed accident investigation study. The data summarized in this report give strong evidence for the effectiveness of safety helmets and of helmet usage laws. (E) KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcyclists UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198292 AU - Lummis, M L AU - Tucker, G J AU - University of Kansas, Lawrence AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF THE REPEAL OF THE KANSAS MANDATORY MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW PY - 1979/01 SP - 172 p. AB - The State of Kansas repealed its mandatory motorcycle helmet law effective July 1, 1976. The project was designed to evaluate the effects of the repeal of this law, through a retrospective analysis of the incidence and severity of injuries to those motorcyclists involved in accidents before and after the repeal of the law. Within the boundaries of a representative study area, data concerning accidents and injuries was gathered for a study period of stable motorcycle usage during both 1975 and 1976. In addition, an observational survey was completed during 1977 to determine current usage of motorcycle helmets and/or eye protection. The findings indicate an overall usage of motorcycle helmets by 47.1% of those observed. Some form of eye protection was in use by 70.2% of those observed. The data indicates that statistically significant increases in the incidence and severity of injuries to the head and to the general body occurred between the pre-repeal and post-repeal periods. The data also indicates that the crude death rate for those involved in motorcycle accidents without helmet protection is significantly higher than the crude death rate for those persons who are involved in motorcycle accidents while wearing a helmet. KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Goggles KW - Head KW - Helments KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Kansas KW - Laws KW - Mortality KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protection KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198267 AU - Struckman-Johnson, C AU - Ellingstad, V S AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACTS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW REPEAL IN SOUTH DAKOTA. VOLUME I PY - 1979/01 SP - 106 p. AB - The South Dakota statute mandating helmet use by motorcyclists was modified, effective July 1, 1977, to effectively repeal the law for adult cyclists. The present report assesses changes in levels of helmet use and in state-wide accident experience between pre- and post-repeal periods. State-wide surveys of helmet use involving observations of 12,228 cyclists in 1976 and 12,826 cyclists in 1977 showed statistically significant declines in rates of helmet use for all sub-sets of cyclists. Overall the rate of driver helmet use declined from 99.6% in the pre-repeal period to 57.3% during the post-repeal period. Passenger helmet use declined from 99.3% to 60.7% between periods. Large decreases in helmet use were observed for all time-of-day and day-of-week periods, and for all roadway types. Although no detectable changes were observed in state-wide fatal, injury, or total crash rates, analyses of medical data for accident victims showed substantial evidence of negative impact of helmet law repeal. During the 24 month study period, head/skull injuries were recorded for 9.2% of helmeted riders compared to 21.1% of unhelmeted riders. Injury severity was also significantly greater for unhelmeted than for helmeted accident victims. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Passengers KW - Safety and security KW - South Dakota KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197678 AU - Hurt, HHJ AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATUS REPORT OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DATA, 'MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENT CAUSE FACTORS AND IDENTIFICATION OF COUNTERMEASURES' PY - 1979/01 SP - 186 p. AB - The report presents the preliminary data and findings from the on-scene, in-depth investigations of 900 motorcycle accidents and the analysis of 3600 traffic accident reports of motorcycle accidents in the same study area. Comprehensive data were collected and synthesized for these accidents to cover all details of environmental, vehicle and human factors. These preliminary data identify cause factors of motorcycle accidents, relate the effectiveness of safety equipment and protective devices, and identify countermeasures for accident and injury prevention. The data are not yet complete in editing and exposure data collection is still underway. Consequently, appropriate limits should be fixed for those findings requiring comparison with the population-at-risk. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Helmets KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198216 AU - Struckman-Johnson, C AU - Ellingstad, V S AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACTS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW REPEAL IN SOUTH DAKOTA. APPENDICES PY - 1979/01 SP - 175 p. AB - The South Dakota statute mandating helmet use by motorcyclists was modified, effective July 1, 1977, to effectively repeal the law for adult cyclists. The present report assesses changes in levels of helmet use and in state-wide accident experience between pre- and post-repeal periods. State-wide surveys of helmet use involving observations of 12,228 cyclists in 1976 and 12,826 cyclists in 1977 showed statistically significant declines in rates of helmet use for all sub-sets of cyclists. Large decreases in helmet use were observed for all time-of-day and day-of-week periods, and for all roadway types. Although no detectable changes were observed in state-wide fatal, injury, or total crash rates, analyses of medical data for accident victims showed substantial evidence of negative impact of helmet law repeal. During the 24 month study period, head/skull injuries were recorded for 9.2% of helmeted riders compared to 21.1% of unhelmeted riders. Injury severity was also significantly greater for unhelmeted than for helmeted accident victims. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Modal split KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety KW - South Dakota KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197594 AU - Kilmer, R D AU - Cadoff, M A AU - Mathews, D E AU - Shoemaker, COJ AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF LOAD, INFLATION PRESSURE AND TIRE DEFLECTION ON TRUCK TIRE NOISE LEVELS PY - 1979/01 SP - 49 p. AB - SAE Recommended Practice J57a--Sound Level of Highway Truck Tires--specifies that the tests be made using tires inflated to the maximum inflation pressure and loaded to the maximum load as specified by the Tire and Rim Association (T&RA). However, if local load limits preclude the use of the maximum rated load, tests may be conducted using lower loads if the inflation pressure is adjusted either to maintain constant tire deflection or according to the T&RA load/inflation pressure tables. Whether these alternate load/inflation pressure conditions result in similar sound levels is an important question. This report presents acoustic data that allows evaluation of the equivalency of these alternate conditions. In addition, laboratory data on the relationships between load, inflation pressure, and tire deflection are presented. KW - Definitions KW - Deflection KW - Inflation KW - Limits KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Noise KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pressure KW - Sound level KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197578 AU - Andon, J AU - Siegel, H M AU - JOHNSON, J H AU - Leddy, D G AU - Smaby, S AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LITERATURE ON THE MEASUREMENT, CONTROL, TRANSPORT, TRANSFORMATION AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF UNREGULATED DIESEL ENGINE EMISSIONS PY - 1979/01 SP - 516 p. AB - This report constitutes an initial assessment of the literature in critical areas relating to the measurement, control, atmospheric processes, and possible health effects of unregulated diesel emissions. The four major topics treated are: (1) Measurement and characterization of emissions; (2) Control technology; (3) Atmospheric transport, transformation, and microbiological assay; (4) Carcinogenic health aspects. KW - Agglomerators KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Aromatic hydrocarbons KW - Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons KW - Assessments KW - Carcinogens KW - Chemical analysis KW - Diesel engine exhaust gases KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Electron microscopy KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injectors KW - Government regulations KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Health KW - Impactors KW - Inorganic compounds KW - Measurement KW - Organic compounds KW - Oxygen KW - Oxygen organic compounds KW - Particles KW - Physical properties KW - Pollutants KW - Public health KW - Regulations KW - Reviews KW - Revisions KW - Sampling KW - Separators KW - Toxicity KW - Transformations (Mathematics) KW - Transport properties KW - Transport properties (Physics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197491 AU - Ellingstad, V S AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACTS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW REPEAL IN SOUTH DAKOTA: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979/01 SP - 36 p. AB - Effective July 1, 1977, the South Dakota statute mandating helmet use by all motorcyclists was modified such that adult cyclists were no longer required to use protective headgear. The present report describes changes in levels of helmet use and in types of injury sustained by motorcycle accident victims between pre- and post-repeal periods. State-wide surveys of helmet use were conducted in 1976 (pre-repeal) and in 1977 (post-repeal). A total of 25,054 cyclists were observed during the two periods. Overall levels of helmet use dropped from 99.6 percent in 1976 to 57.3 percent in 1977 for cycle drivers, with a decline from 99.3 percent to 60.7 percent observed for passengers. Decreases in helmet use were large and significant for all time-of-day periods, day-of-week periods, and for all roadway types. Analysis of medical records data obtained for motorcycle accident victims showed statistically significant increases in the incidence of head/skull injuries between pre- and post-repeal periods and between helmeted and unhelmeted drivers. Recorded levels of injury severity were significantly higher for unhelmeted drivers in both periods. Despite significant changes in incidence of head injuries, the statewide fatal, injury, and total crashes were not substantially different between periods. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash severity KW - Helmets KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Revocation KW - Safety and security KW - South Dakota KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic surveys KW - Transportation safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197482 AU - Tom, J AU - Ellis, W AU - HENDERSON, N AU - Robbins, C AU - VERVE AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EXAMINATION OF THE COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE OF 1979 SAFETY BELT SYSTEMS PY - 1979/01 SP - 91 p. AB - The study examines the comfort and convenience aspects of safety belt systems in 1979 model cars and the user and system characteristics which affect safety belt comfort and convenience. The test design required that each of 114 test participants sit in and evaluate each of thirty test cars. A detailed discussion of the test design and the participant and car samples are presented. The statistical results are also discussed. Analysis of the evaluations showed that belt systems do have varying comfort and convenience problems and that factors such as user height, sex, number of car doors, and safety belt type do have an effect on belt comfort and convenience. In addition, analysis of the data showed that systems with windowshade devices have more incomplete retraction and excessive slack problems than belts without windowshade devices. KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Comfort KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Convenience KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Testing KW - Tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25516/DOT-HS-803-887.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191733 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Donelson, A C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRUGS AND DRIVING: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY, SUPPLEMENT ONE PY - 1979/01 SP - 276 p. AB - The report presents a first supplement to Drugs and driving--A selected bibliography (HS - 802 188), a bibliography of literature dealing with the relationship between drug use (other than alcohol alone) and highway safety. This supplement both updates the parent volume and expands coverage in certain research areas related to the field of drugs and highway safety. In particular, literature pertaining to drug usage patterns and drug analytical methodology has been included. A detailed description of the literature scope and document selection process is provided. The bibliography consists of four appendices, including a Topical Index, an Author Index, a Title Index, and Abstracts of nearly 400 articles. A revised topical index was developed to improve user access to document abstracts. Within the topical index are cross-referenced lists of drugs by name and by usage. KW - Abstracts KW - Behavior KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Drug tolerance KW - Drug use KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191424 AU - ABERNATHY, W J AU - Chakravarthy, B S AU - Lexington Technology Associates AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN U.S. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: ASSESSING PAST FEDERAL INITIATIVES PY - 1979/01 SP - 102 p. AB - In the future, further reductions in fatalities, fuel consumption and emissions due to automobile use will be needed. To insure that these goals are achieved, it is necessary to understand more thoroughly the role of Federal initiatives and regulation in encouraging the development, implementation and adoption of innovative automobile technology. The study provides an important link in addressing these questions. It examines the pattern of past Federal initiatives in the automobile industry and the effect of those initiatives on innovation. In addition, a framework is developed for assessing the joint consequences of Federal technology creation and market pull initiatives on the diffusion process. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile industry KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Government intervention KW - Government policies KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - One way streets KW - Policy KW - Pollution control KW - Regulation KW - Regulations KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Safety engineering KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191367 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BASELINE TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE SIDE STRUCTURE, 25 MPH, 60 DEGREE IMPACT, TORINO-TO-VOLARE, TEST NO. 1 PY - 1979/01 SP - 56 p. AB - Test no. 1 of 11 tests was run to investigate and improve crashworthiness of compact sized vehicle side structures. This test was run at 25 mph at a striking angle of 60 degrees. A 1975 Ford Torino was the bullet vehicle and a standard 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191369 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE WITH MODIFIED SIDE STRUCTURE, 35 MPH, 90 DEGREE IMPACT, TORINO-TO-VOLARE, TEST NO. 4 PY - 1979/01 SP - 62 p. AB - Test no. 4 of 11 tests was conducted to investigate and improve crashworthiness of compact vehicle side structures. This test was run at 35 mph at a striking angle of 90 degrees. A 1975 Ford Torino was the bullet vehicle and a modified 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. Volare modifications included a heavier door beam, stronger beam-to-door connections, and tying the door structure into the sill. The modified vehicle showed significant improvement in intrusion and door velocity as compared to baseline tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191371 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE WITH MODIFIED SIDE STRUCTURE, 35 MPH, 60 DEGREE IMPACT, TORINO-TO-VOLARE, TEST NO. 7 PY - 1979/01 SP - 64 p. AB - Test no. 7 of 11 tests was conducted to investigate and improve crashworthiness of compact vehicle side structures. This test was run at 35 mph at a striking angle of 60 degrees. A 1975 Ford Torino was the bullet vehicle and a modified 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. Volare modifications included a heavier door beam, stronger beam-to-door connections and tying the door structure into the sill. The modified vehicle showed significant improvement in intrusion and door velocity as compared to baseline tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191353 AU - Kaiser, R AU - HH Aerospace Design Company, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - HISTORIC (1971-1975) COST-REVENUE ANALYSIS OF THE AUTOMOTIVE OPERATIONS OF THE MAJOR U.S. AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURERS PY - 1979/01 SP - 100 p. AB - A cost-revenue analysis is performed for the manufacture of automotive vehicles for the four major U.S. automotive manufacturers: American Motors Corp., Chrysler Corp., Ford Motor Co., and General Motors Corp. The analysis used a "top-down" methodology based principally on corporate operating statements and supporting notes published in corporate annual reports and SEC 10K forms. The study entailed the disaggregation of the consolidated corporate financial data presented and the identification or estimation of data pertinent to automotive operations. In the study, automotive operations were examined at three levels of disaggregation: (a) Worldwide automotive operations; (b) North American (U.S. and Canada) automotive operations; (c) U.S. manufacture of passenger vehicles and light trucks. KW - Accounting KW - Analysis KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Employee benefits KW - Expenses KW - Fixed costs KW - Industries KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Operating costs KW - Prices KW - Revenues KW - Sales KW - Social Security KW - Statistics KW - Taxes KW - Variable costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191372 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE WITH MODIFIED SIDE STRUCTURE, 35 MPH, 90 DEGREE IMPACT, TORINO-TO-VOLARE, TEST NO. 8 PY - 1979/01 SP - 67 p. AB - Test no. 8 of 11 tests was conducted to investigate and improve crashworthiness of compact vehicle side structures. This test was run at 35 mph at a striking angle of 90 degrees. A 1975 Ford Torino was the bullet vehicle and a modified 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. Volare modifications included a heavier door beam, stronger beam-to-door connections, and tying the door structure into the sill. The modified vehicle showed significant improvement in intrusion and door velocity as compared to baseline tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191368 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE WITH MODIFIED SIDE STRUCTURE, 25 MPH, 60 DEGREE IMPACT, TORINO-TO-VOLARE, TEST NO. 3 PY - 1979/01 SP - 59 p. AB - Test no. 3 of 11 tests was run to investigate and improve crashworthiness of compact vehicle side structures. This test was run at 25 mph at a striking angle of 60 degrees. A 1975 Ford Torino was the bullet vehicle and a modified 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. Modifications included a heavier door beam, stronger beam-to-door connections, and tying the door structure into the sill. The modified vehicle showed significant improvement in intrusion and door velocity as compared to the baseline tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191354 AU - Carroll, J M AU - Schneider, R P AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - HISTORICAL FINANCIAL DATA--DOMESTIC AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS PY - 1979/01 SP - 272 p. AB - A historical financial data base was developed for the four major U.S. automobile manufacturers, focusing on the specific operations associated with production and marketing of automobiles and light trucks. The years subject to analysis were 1967-1976. The principal accounting and reporting policies of each manufacturer were examined. The accounts selected for analysis were (1) property, plant and equipment--annual capital investment; (2) special tools--annual capital investment; (3) maintenance, repairs and rearrangements--annual operating cost; (4) research and development--annual operating expense; (5) depreciation and amortization of assets--annual operating cost. Using a process of successive disaggregation, the consolidated corporate financial statements for each manufacturer were analyzed to develop estimates of the specific automobile - and light truck-related amounts. Data and information to assist in the disaggregation process were collected by means of a literature search and discussions with industry analysts. An examination of the sensitivity of each of the accounts to future changes was also performed. KW - Accounting KW - Amortization KW - Assets KW - Automobile industry KW - Capital KW - Depreciation KW - Employee benefits KW - Expenditures KW - Expenses KW - Finance KW - Financial expenditures KW - Financial management KW - Fixed investment KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Operating costs KW - Production KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Research KW - Statistics KW - Taxes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191373 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BASELINE TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE SIDE STRUCTURE, 35 MPH, 90 DEGREE IMPACT, TORINO-TO-VOLARE, TEST NO. 9 PY - 1979/01 SP - 60 p. AB - Test no. 9 of 11 tests was conducted to evaluate and improve crashworthiness of compact vehicle side structures. This test was run at 35 mph at a striking angle of 90 degrees. A 1975 Ford Torino was the bullet vehicle and a 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191374 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE WITH MODIFIED SIDE STRUCTURE, 35 MPH, 90 DEGREE IMPACT, IMPALA-TO-VOLARE, TEST NO. 11 PY - 1979/01 SP - 89 p. AB - Test no. 11 of 11 tests was conducted to investigate and improve crashworthiness of compact vehicle side structures. This test was run at 35 mph at a striking angle of 90 degrees. A 1978 Chevrolet Impala was the bullet vehicle and a modified 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. Volare modifications included a heavier door beam, stronger beam-to-door connections, and tying the door structure into the sill. The modified vehicle showed significant improvement in intrusion and door velocity as compared to baseline tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191370 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE WITH MODIFIED SIDE STRUCTURE, 35 MPH, 60 DEGREE IMPACT, TORINO-TO-VOLARE, TEST NO. 6 PY - 1979/01 SP - 65 p. AB - Test no. 6 of 11 tests was conducted to investigate and improve crashworthiness of compact vehicle side structures. This test was run at 35 mph at a striking angle of 60 degrees. A 1975 Ford Torino was the bullet vehicle and a modified 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. Volare modifications included a heavier door beam, stronger beam-to-door connections, and tying the door structure into the sill. The modified vehicle showed significant improvement in intrusion and door velocity as compared to baseline tests. This test is not valid for comparison with other tests as the Volare "A"-pillar failed, a phenomenon not experienced in the other tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191061 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BASELINE TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE SIDE STRUCTURE, 25 MPH, 60 DEGREE IMPACT, TORINO-TO-VOLARE TEST NO. 2 PY - 1979/01 SP - 57 p. AB - Test No. 2 of 11 tests run to investigate and improve crashworthiness of compact vehicle side structures. This test was run at 25 mph at a striking angle of 60 degrees. A 1975 Ford Torino was the bullet vehicle and a 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. The heights of the vehicles in this test were adjusted to ensure sill engagement. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082946 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Alcohol Safety Action Projects Evaluation Methodology and Overall Program Impact. Volume 3 PY - 1979 SP - 90p AB - Following the establishment of the Department of Transportation in 1967, the Federal Government's alcohol safety effort was launched with a special study provided for in the Highway Safety Act of 1967. This study, the Secretary's 1968 Report to the Congress on Alcohol and Highway Safety, illuminated the extent of the losses due to drunk driving and focused on the role of the problem drinker in these accidents. As a result of this analysis of the problem, an action program was developed to test the capability of the traditional community institutions to control the drinking driving problem. This program involved the establishment, between January 1971 and July 1972, of thirty-five Alcohol Safety Action Projects (ASAPs) in communities throughout the Nation. Each of the projects was operational from two to five years, and the overall effort involved an expenditure of 88 million dollars of Federal funds between 1970 and 1977. While the traditional community agencies which have always dealt with the alcohol safety problem (the courts, the police, the schools and other educational facilities) were utilized in this program, two novel features were applied. First, a special management office was established which was to produce an integrated, "systems" approach to the drunk driving hazard. A second novel portion of the ASAP effort was directed at developing systems for identifying problem drinkers among the driving while intoxicated (DWI) offenders and referring them to treatment agencies. Through this effort it was hoped that the problem drinkers, who could not be deterred from drunk driving, might be treated for their alcohol problem and ultimately removed from the drinking driver population. This paper reports on an analysis of the effectiveness of the ASAP effort in reducing alcohol-related crashes. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Countermeasures KW - Courts KW - Crash causes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Methodology KW - Police KW - Program evaluation KW - Schools KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25534/DOT-HS-803-896.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771862 AU - Treat, J R AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRI-LEVEL STUDY OF THE CAUSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This final report is comprised of two volumes. Volume I provides causal result tabulations and related analyses. Volume II presents several special analysis reports dealing with driver vision knowledge, psychological make-up, etc. Human, environmental, and vehicular factors were studied as probable causes. KW - Crashes KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772691 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Traffic Safety Programs (U.S.) TI - CITIZEN'S BAND RADIO HIGHWAY SAFETY EVALUATION PROJECT PY - 1979 SP - vi, 57 p. AB - Evaluates the use of citizen's band radio by state police in highway and public-safety related problems. KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452424 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - IMPACT STUDY OF STRATEGIES TO EXPAND DRIVER EDUCATION AVAILABILITY PY - 1979 SP - 98 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to analyze the impact of the resolutions for expanding driver education availability which were developed in the Driver Education Program Assessment and Needs Study. In this way, a program to expand the availability of the course can be defined and implemented in a timely fashion. Implemented individually or in combination, the resolutions would provide an answer to the steadily declining enrollment in driver education in recent years. This report has attempted to assess the components of that answer in terms of their impact on the problem. The impact statements and implementation plans which were developed from analysis of the proposed resolutions have demonstrated some of the benefits and problems which would result from utilization of each proposal. Review of these statements and plans shows that some of the proposals present fewer problems in their implementation than others. The projected benefit of the proposals also varies. This type of review is helpful when attempting to determine the usefulness of the proposed resolutions in answering the driver education availability problem. As pointed out in the Assessment and Needs Study, it is important to expand the availability of driver education for several reasons. The course is considered to be an important part of the State Highway Safety Program. Also, driver education has an economic benefit to young people up to the age of 25 and their parents. Most insurance companies provide premium reductions for students who complete the course. According to the State Insurance Department, this discount in most cases is 15% of the premium. As a result of this discount, an individual could realize premium savings of over $1,000 during the period up to age 25. The effect of declining availability is to keep insurance premiums high for increasing numbers of young drivers. KW - Availability KW - Benefits KW - Driver education KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Resolution KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452420 AU - Governor's Traffic Safety Committee TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY PLAN FOR NEW YORK STATE FY '79 PY - 1979 SP - 245 p. AB - This report represents the first Highway Safety Plan submitted by New York State. It results from a cooperative effort by local, State, and federal agencies to reduce the highway safety problem in New York State. In developing this Highway Safety Plan, the Governor's Traffic Safety Committee sought to identify traffic safety problems by analyzing data bases, principally the motor vehicle accident data base. This resulted in the identification of pedestrians, motorcyclists, and mopedalists as major highway safety problems in New York State. In addition, alcohol-related crashes and the need for coordination of local and statewide highway safety programs among agencies have been identified as major problems. Overall statewide program goals identified are: (1) To implement national highway safety priority programs; (2) To develop and implement those highway safety support systems which are needed to maintain an effective program; and (3) To reduce highway fatalities by 5 percent, from 2,471 in 1977 to 2,343 in 1983. In order to reach the goals, it will be necessary to achieve those objectives identified in each program module presented in this report. KW - Coordination KW - Databases KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Local government KW - Moped drivers KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcyclists KW - New York (State) KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Programs KW - Regional planning KW - State government KW - State planning KW - States KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395838 AU - KWON, Y D AU - Prevorsek, D C AU - Allied Corporation TI - FORMATION OF STANDING WAVE IN ROLLING TIRES: RADIAL PASSENGER TIRES PY - 1979 SP - 46 p. AB - Radial passenger tires of different makes were subjected to high speed rolling under load on a testing wheel to determine the critical speed at which the standing wave starts to form. The tires of different makes exhibited significantly different levels of the critical speed. The damping coefficient and mass density of the tire wall of the tires tested were measured and, using the circular membrane model, the correlation between these properties and the observed critical speed of standing wave formation was sought. As expected from the model, a higher critical speed, which is desirable for a standing-wave-free tire, calls for a higher damping coefficient and a lower mass density of the tire wall. The damping coefficient, in particular, plays an important role and it should not be neglected in the analyses. In the comparison of the tire walls reinforced with steel cord and polymeric cord, the former generally exhibits a higher damping coefficient than the latter, contrary to the common expectation. Although the single steel filaments are elastic, the inter-filament friction in the steel cord provides more damping effect than the polymeric cord. Steel-reinforced tire wall also has a higher mass density. The damping coefficient is directly related to the mechanical loss in cyclic deformation and, hence, to the rolling resistance of a tire. Thus, the study shows that, in principle, it is more difficult to design a standing-wave-free and fuel-efficient tire with steel cord than it is with polymeric cord. KW - Coefficients KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Design KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Mechanical properties KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rolling resistance KW - Speed KW - Standing waves KW - Tires KW - Waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395837 AU - Prevorsek, D C AU - KWON, Y D AU - Allied Corporation TI - FUEL ECONOMY COMBINED WITH SAFE HIGH SPEED DRIVING: A CHALLENGE FOR FUTURE TIRE DESIGN PY - 1979 SP - 34 p. AB - A relationship is shown between tire rolling resistance and tire safety record at high speed driving. The relationship originates in the effect of tire wall damping on: a) tire rolling resistance and b) tendency to form standing waves at high speed driving. Since the standing waves lead to a catastrophic failure of the tire, the tire wall must be constructed so that the waves do not form at the maximum speed of a vehicle. This condition requires a high damping coefficient. A low rolling resistance however, requires a low damping coefficient. Thus, these two requirements are mutually exclusive. KW - Coefficients KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Design KW - Fuel conservation KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Rolling resistance KW - Speed KW - Standing waves KW - Tires KW - Waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395839 AU - Prevorsek, D C AU - Beringer, C W AU - KWON, Y D AU - Allied Corporation TI - DESIGN OF TIRE CORDS: OPTIMIZATION OF VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES PY - 1979 SP - 34 p. AB - Pneumatic tire is a viscoelastic composite structure which undergoes large periodic deformation during the service. This leads to the mechanical loss from tire components, cords and rubber, causing the tire temperature to rise and resulting in tire rolling resistance. A higher temperature in service also reduces tire durability via degradation of rubber in tire shoulder. In order to improve the fuel economy and tire durability, it is therefore desirable to reduce the mechanical loss of the cord and rubber to the practical minimum. In this paper, we review the dynamic viscoelastic properties of various tire cords and discuss the approaches to minimizing the mechanical loss. In high speed driving, however, a tire constructed with materials of lower mechanical loss is more susceptible to the formation of standing wave which is detrimental to the safety. Therefore, the optimal loss for tires is usually not at their minimum but at an intermediate level. This situation necessitates determination of a most effective compromise regarding the optimal level of mechanical loss of tire components. An example is presented showing an approach to minimize the probability of forming standing wave at high speed driving without affecting the tire rolling resistance adversely. KW - Design KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Mechanical properties KW - Optimization KW - Rolling resistance KW - Speed KW - Tires KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395836 AU - Prevorsek, D C AU - KWON, Y D AU - Beringer, C W AU - Allied Corporation TI - REVIEW OF ALLIED TIRE MECHANICS RESEARCH PY - 1979 SP - 20 p. AB - This paper presents a brief summary of Allied Corporation's tire mechanics research. Recognizing the tire temperature as the key variable affecting the performance of a tire, a study was made of the problems of why the temperature rises, how to determine the temperature, what role it plays in the tire performance with respect to rolling resistance and fatigue failure, and how it can be kept low within the limit of keeping the tire safe. A method of finite element analysis is now being refined to determine tire deformations from the tire design data. KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Failure KW - Finite element method KW - Mechanical properties KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Rolling resistance KW - Temperature KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213511 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394085 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Repas, P E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METALLURGY, PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, AND PROPERTIES OF DUAL-PHASE SHEET STEELS PY - 1979 SP - 13 p. AB - The development of dual-phase microstructures consisting of ferrite and martensite in carbon-manganese-silicon and carbon-manganese-silicon-vanadium steels was studied by intercritical annealing hot- and cold-rolled sheet at various temperatures and then control cooling at various rates. It was found that increased silicon content and/or cooling rate promoted martensite formation as expected and increased the tensile strength of dual-phase sheet. Lower intercritical temperatures also produced higher tensile strengths for a given steel and cooling rate. Vanadium additions were found to promote martensite formation and to produce higher tensile strengths than obtained in equivalently processed vanadium-free steels. It is believed that vanadium acts to increase the hardenability of the austenite formed at the annealing temperature. For a given tensile strength, the highest ductility was achieved with steels that were slowly cooled from the intercritical annealing temperature. It appears that carbon diffusion from the high-temperature ferrite is desirable to maximize ductility. Thus, steels with higher hardenability (alloy content) that produce ferrite-martensite microstructures at relatively slow cooling rates were selected for production trials. The strength and ductility values of production dual-phase steel sheet were found to support the values measured for laboratory-produced steels. The strain-hardening response was characterized by the tensile strain required to achieve specific yield strengths as a function of tensile strength of the dual-phase sheet. KW - Dual phase steel KW - Ductility KW - Hardenability KW - Hardness KW - Metallurgy KW - Microstructure KW - Silicon KW - Strain hardening KW - Tensile strength KW - Vanadium KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394049 AU - Virginia Department of Transportation Safety TI - THE FOURTH VASAP ANNUAL REPORT TO THE GOVERNOR AND THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY, CALENDAR YEAR 1978 PY - 1979 SP - 22 p. AB - This report is the fourth report on the operations of the Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Program (VASAP) which was established by House Bill 1662, effective March 24, 1975. The purpose of this law, and others which amended the original legislation, was to reduce the near-epidemic proportion of highway fatalities where drinking and driving has been identified as a major cause. VASAP combines strong deterrent policies as required under the law and administered by the courts, with the referral of the defendants as demonstrated by their needs to various alcohol-oriented driver education and alcohol treatment modules. Another important study outlined in this report is the Special Judicial-VASAP Survey Report conducted by the Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcohol use KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Courts KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Laws KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212153 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394088 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bucher, J H AU - Butler, J F AU - Held, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MICROALLOYED BAR PRODUCTS PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - Hot forging of steel bars is the technique employed to produce many critical automotive components such as connecting rods and stabilizer bars. These parts typically need subsequent heat treatment to obtain the necessary properties. Microalloying adds very small amounts of certain elements to steel to improve mechanical properties, particularly strength and hardness. The new types of bar products obtainable through microalloying are outlined. These steels are both hot-rolled and cold-finished bar products. By using microalloyed (columbium or vanadium) hot-rolled bars in hot forging applications, the need for subsequent heat treatment of the as-forged parts can be eliminated in many situations. Furthermore, after cold forming or cold finishing, mechanical properties previously unobtainable using the standard grade are possible. In many situations this increased strengthening potential permits the steel user to select a lower priced bar which has the desirable properties. KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Columbium /metal/ KW - Mechanical properties KW - Microalloying KW - Steel KW - Strength of materials KW - Vanadium KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216383 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394089 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - DiMicco, D R AU - Waid, G M AU - Demianczuk, D W AU - Dickinson, D W AU - Davenport, A T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW HSLA (HIGH STRENGTH, LOW ALLOY) AS-HOT-ROLLED BAR PRODUCT PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - A new as-hot-rolled HSLA (high strength, low alloy) steel has been developed for application as round and flat bars. This material possesses a minimum yield strength of 80 ksi coupled with good bendability, weldability, and fatigue performance. The steel offers design engineers and manufacturers the flexibility to upgrade from lower-strength materials to increase load carrying capability of their present structures or realize important weight and energy savings by going to lighter section sizes at present load ratings. It also enables the industry to take advantage of HSLA steel's high strength to replace more costly heat treated grades. KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Fatigue strength KW - Flexural strength KW - High strength steel KW - Low alloy steel KW - Steel KW - Strength of materials KW - Weldability KW - Welding KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216384 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394082 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fine, T E AU - Fostini, R V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SPOT WELDABILITY OF HIGH STRENGTH, COLD ROLLED STEELS PY - 1979 SP - 15 p. AB - Four high-strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels with a 275 MPa minimum yield strength, were evaluated for spot weldability. The effects of variations in electrode diameter, electrode force, hold time, weld time, and weld coupon dimensions on strength, impact toughness, and nugget characteristics were examined by independently varying single welding parameters. Within the ranges studied, electrode diameter and force, and hold time were found to have minimal effects. Steel composition has a significant effect on both tensile-shear and cross-tension strength. Differences in base steel resistivity caused by compositional changes may cause changes in the current level required to achieve a specified nugget diameter. Usable current range was found to be a function of weld time and electrode force. An examination of spot welds made with automotive weld schedules showed that only schedule C (Chrysler), with significantly higher levels of welding current and electrode diameter, produced increased weld strengths. Neither nugget fracture appearance or minimum tensile-shear strength values alone were reliable indicators of overall weld quality. It was concluded that to facilitate the utilization of high strength, cold rolled steels and still ensure spot weld integrity, different criteria should be emphasized, including the attainment of an average nugget diameter of sufficient size to produce values of tensile-shear and cross-tension strength specified relative to values established for plain carbon steels. KW - High strength steel KW - Low alloy steel KW - Shear strength KW - Spot welding KW - Tensile strength KW - Weldability KW - Welding KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216377 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394084 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cornford, A E AU - Hiam, J R AU - Hobbs, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROPERTIES OF AS-ROLLED DUAL PHASE STEELS PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - Experimental results are compared concerning the microstructure, mechanical properties, lab formability, and aging response of two as-hot-rolled dual-phase steels, a heat-treated dual-phase steel, and microalloyed 345 MPa and 550 MPa (50 ksi and 80 ksi) steels. Measurements of, and implications for, press performance are discussed for the following characteristics: work hardening behavior, strain rate sensitivity, elongation before necking, resistance to edge cracking, and uniformity of properties. Despite composition and process differences, the dual-phase steels have similar microstructures; there are detail differences (e.g. more retained austenite) in the heat-treated product. The heat-treated and as-rolled dual-phase steels have similar formability when processed to give the same strength. Formability of the dual-phase steels lies between the HSLA (high strength, low alloy) 50 and HSLA 80, but the continuous yielding behavior of the dual-phase steels should be an advantage in some applications. There is slightly less formability transverse to the rolling direction for the dual-phase steels, the effect being attributed to the slightly linear nature of the microstructures. The spread in properties of the dual-phase steels is similar to HSLA steels on a macroscale (e.g. throughout a coil) but greater on a localized scale. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Dual phase steel KW - Formability KW - Mechanical properties KW - Metals KW - Microstructure KW - Modulus of deformation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216379 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394083 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pollard, B AU - Goodenow, R H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SPOT WELDABILITY OF DUAL-PHASE STEEL PY - 1979 SP - 16 p. AB - The spot welding characteristics of VAN-QN (80), a dual-phase HSLA (high strength, low alloy) steel, were examined with regard to the strength and ductility of spot welds under static, impact and cyclic loading and compared to a conventional V-N HSLA steel and SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) 1008 low carbon steel. The maximum tensile shear strength of VAN-QN (80) spot welds was found to be proportional to the thickness and ultimate tensile strength of the base metal. VAN-QN (80) spot welds, therefore, were only slightly lower in strength than those in a conventional 80 ksi yield strength HSLA steel but up to twice the strength of welds in low carbon steel. Weld ductility was lower for VAN-QN (80) than for low carbon steel but greater than for conventional HSLA steel and increased with material thickness. The impact and fatigue properties of VAN-QN (80) welds were similar to those in conventional HSLA and low carbon steels. Weldability, as determined by the range of current over which acceptable welds could be produced, decreased with increasing thickness and was the same for VAN-QN (80) as for low carbon steel. The excellent weldability of VAN-QN (80) steel is attributed to a combination of the following properties: moderate hardenability, insensitivity of the dual-phase microstructure to softening by the heat inputs typical of spot welding, and a low yield strength to ultimate tensile strength ratio. KW - Dual phase steel KW - Ductility KW - Fatigue strength KW - High strength steel KW - Impact strength KW - Low alloy steel KW - Repeated loads KW - Shear strength KW - Shock resistance KW - Spot welding KW - Tensile strength KW - Thickness KW - Weldability KW - Welding KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216378 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394090 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - McFerrin, J H AU - Trulson, O C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT PROTECTION AND WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES--CARBON FIBER MANUFACTURE PY - 1979 SP - 10 p. AB - In January 1978, the Department of Commerce issued a news release on the potential for accidental release into the environment of carbon fibers, causing short circuits or other damage to unprotected electrical circuits. A subsequent "Carbon Fiber Study" by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration proposed a coordinated Federal action plan for dealing with potential risks associated with fiber-reinforced composite materials. Carbon fiber composites are increasingly being used in automotive, aircraft, naval, and commercial equipment applications. Carbon fibers are attractive because of their low weight, high modulus, refractory character, and electrical conductivity; they also offer energy savings. On the other hand, carbon fibers are irritating to the eyes and skin, are difficult to incinerate, and are easily dispersed by air movements. Problems experienced and solved in electrical circuits operating in carbon fiber manufacturing environments are discussed for two Union Carbide Corporation operations. Effects observed in the manufacturing plant and adjoining area, types of electrical and dust protection equipment used in the manufacturing process, and preventive maintenance and design and selection considerations are addressed. Processing scrap and end-of-life disposal are also considered. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Electrical equipment KW - Hazards KW - Manufacturing KW - Problem solving KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216385 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394086 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yaker, J A AU - Li, C-C AU - Leslie, W C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL HSLA (HIGH STRENGTH, LOW ALLOY) STEELS PY - 1979 SP - 19 p. AB - Eight high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels were dynamically strain aged in the temperature range 100 to 600 degrees C, with strains from 1.5% to 6% and strain rates from 1 x 10 to the -4 power to 2 x 10 to the -2 power. Subsequently, changes in tensile, notch impact, and fatigue properties were determined. The data indicate that in forming HSLA steels in the dynamic strain aging range, the temperature should be between about 250 and 400 degrees C; the higher end of the range is preferable. The strain rate is unimportant. A dual-phase manganese-molybdenum-columbium steel gave the best response to this treatment, and steels containing titanium the worst. At the forming temperature, yielding was continuous and the rate of work hardening was more rapid than at room temperature. The maximum strength at room temperature can be obtained by forming the part at a temperature slightly in excess of the temperature peak in elevated temperature flow stress. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Dual phase steel KW - Fatigue strength KW - Forming KW - High strength steel KW - Low alloy steel KW - Mechanical properties KW - Metals KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216381 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394087 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Aichbhaumik, D AU - Goodhart, R R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF ANNEALING CYCLES ON THE PROPERTIES AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF SEVERAL DUAL PHASE STEELS PY - 1979 SP - 16 p. AB - A study was undertaken to describe the effects of various annealing treatments, both intercritical and supercritical, on the mechanical properties and microstructures of six dual-phase, manganese-silicon, manganese-silicon-chromium (Mn-Si-Cr), manganese-silicon-molybdenum, and manganese-silicon-vanadium (Mn-Si-V) steels having nearly equal hardenability. Results indicate that the combination of tensile strength and total elongation after intercritical treatments is slightly better than after supercritical treatments. Although hardenabilities of the alloys are more or less equal, it appears that the strength-ductility relationship varies a little with chemistry. The strength-ductility behavior of Mn-Si-Cr steels compares quite favorably with that of commercial Mn-Si-V steels with optimum processing conditions for both. It was confirmed that the tensile strength of dual-phase steels is primarily a function of the hard-phase (mainly martensite and bainite, if any) content at a given ferrite grain size. The full curve "n" (strain hardening exponent) values of the six alloys are higher than the uniform true strain "n" values. The observed variations of uniform true strain "n" values with volume fraction hard-phase content are satisfactorily explained in terms of the Araki et al. theory (1977). On the other hand, full curve "n" values follow those predicted by the Davies-Mileiko theory (1978). The minimum amount of hard-phase content needed for the elimination of yield point elongation in these alloys varied from one alloy to the other. KW - Annealing KW - Dual phase steel KW - Ductility KW - Elongation KW - Hardenability KW - Hardness KW - Length KW - Mechanical properties KW - Microstructure KW - Strain hardening KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216382 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394072 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Davis, DGM AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE IMPACT OF NOISE REGULATIONS ON PROPELLER DESIGN PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - The characteristic differences in performance between conventional aerofoil sections and a new section developed to permit an increase in blade loading are presented. The new aerofoil section allows for slower revving propellers without degrading performance or imposing a weight penalty. A range of propellers is outlined to illustrate the tradeoffs among noise, performance, and weight with each type. The first propeller to use the new technology section was a three-blader designed as a cruise propeller (106 in. in diameter, activity factor of 85 per blade, maximum power of 950 hp at 1591 rpm, and 130 lb. in weight). Because of the relatively low activity factor, the static and very low-speed performance increases very slowly once a take-off power of 750 hp is reached. Normally, at this condition the blade would be very near to stall and close to the onset of flutter. However, during testing the propeller was taken up to 1100 hp at 110% rpm, with no significant flutter. This becomes effective at climb-out conditions. Full certification is expected for the propeller; it is vibration free, is quieter than its conventionally designed counterpart, and meets performance goals. A slightly smaller blade can be fitted into the same hub for the faster revving engines with lower powers. Use of the blades in a four-way hub is contemplated and hardware and testing are expected in late summer 1979. For larger diameter applications, a more rugged blade is being developed for fitment into a four-way hub. Current programs sponsored by both the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the U.K. Department of Industry may permit even further advances towards more efficient and quieter propellers. However, propeller performance in the 250-350 knot speed range is already good, and it will be expensive to extract the last few percent. Better integration between power plant and aircraft will yield bigger improvements than changes to the propeller itself, particularly where reciprocating engines are used. KW - Airfoils KW - Design KW - Noise control KW - Performance KW - Propellers KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216374 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394081 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wilson, R B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PREDICTION OF MODULUS CHANGES DURING FATIGUE IN HSLA (HIGH STRENGTH, LOW ALLOY) STEELS PY - 1979 SP - 10 p. AB - Stiffness and vibration frequency of automotive structures are shown to be dependent on an effective modulus. The cyclic stress-strain curve is significantly different from the monotonic curve. As a result, the stiffness and vibration characteristics of a structural member subjected to cyclic loading cannot be related to the elastic modulus, but must be some function of the secant modulus as determined from the cyclic stress-strain curve. As cyclic loading proceeds, the secant modulus and, correspondingly, the stiffness and vibration characteristics decrease. The decrease in effective modulus of the AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) 1005 is much greater for any specific stress or strain amplitude than for HI-FORM 50 and 80 steels. This implies that, rather than the performance degradation originally forecast by the automotive designer, improved performance could result from substituting HI-FORM steels for the current standard, AISI 1005 steel. This has important implications for the increased usage of light-gauge HSLA (high strength, low alloy) steels as an integral part of auto industry weight reduction programs. KW - Automobiles KW - Deformation curve KW - High strength steel KW - Lightweight materials KW - Low alloy steel KW - Modulus KW - Repeated loads KW - Secant KW - Secant modulus KW - Stiffness KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216376 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392285 JO - Documenta Ophthalmologica PB - Junk (W) Publishers AU - Lith, G M AU - Henkes, H E AU - Junk (W) Publishers TI - LOW VISION IN ALCOHOL ABUSE PY - 1979 VL - 46 IS - 2 SP - 6 p. AB - Clinical experience and experimental evidence are discussed concerning the effect of excessive alcohol consumption on vision. Symptoms noted in a group of 29 patients referred for an unexplained loss of vision were: visual complaints, but often with rather good visual acuity of more than 0.5; a centrocecal sensitivity loss; absence of fundus abnormalities; and highly abnormal visually evoked cortical potentials to checkerboard pattern simulation. Advanced cases also had a red-green color disturbance and electroretinogram abnormalities. All except four of the patients combined heavy smoking with heavy drinking. It is believed that the tendency to optic neuropathy is based on this combination compared with other neurological disorders due to alcohol abuse. Various clinical and experimental studies are reviewed related to two questions: whether ethyl alcohol influences the visual system indirectly via a vitamin deficiency or has a direct toxic effect; and whether the retinal changes, starting postreceptorally, are secondary to an optic nerve disturbance. It is concluded that alcohol abuse may cause visual problems, partly by a disturbance of the conductive nerve fibers, partly via an effect on the retina itself. Though an indirect effect via vitamin B and A deficiency will often be a major component, direct toxic effects may also contribute to the disease. There is no guarantee that visual loss will improve with vitamin administration if the patient continues to drink. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Smoking KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210909 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392296 JO - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE ADDICTIONS PB - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated AU - Smart, R G AU - Gray, G AU - Marcel Dekker, Incorporated TI - PARENTAL AND PEER INFLUENCES AS CORRELATES OF PROBLEM DRINKING AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS PY - 1979 VL - 14 IS - 7 SP - p. 905-917 AB - The relative importance of parental, peer, and demographic variables in predicting problem drinking among young people was investigated via a survey of 1439 students in two high schools in Ontario, Canada. A multiple classification analysis was employed to identify variables with a significant and unique predictive power. Eighty-six percent of the students said that they drank alcoholic beverages; of these, 21.3% drank as often as once a week, and only 2.2% drank every day. It was found that problem drinking is best predicted with situational factors and those directly related to drinking. Parental and peer variables had little unique predictive power. Problem drinkers were more often male, had their first drinks away from home, and usually drank in cars. These findings suggest that a factor of social isolation or alienation is an important element in alcohol abuse. The results suggest that merely increasing knowledge about alcohol is not sufficient and that more effective approaches, even family therapy, are necessary to prevent high-risk adolescents from becoming problem drinkers. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Social factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393061 AU - KOCH, H AU - Essen University, West Germany TI - INTRODUCTION TO MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC (EMS). PT. 8: TACTICAL DRIVING TRAINING PROGRAM FOR YOUNG TWO-WHEELED VEHICLE DRIVERS PY - 1979 SP - 120 p. AB - The development is described of a training program for young persons (age 14 and over) on the safe operation of motorized bicycles, mopeds, and motor scooters. This program forms part of an overall curriculum series entitled "Introduction to Motor Vehicle Traffic" (EMS Project). The project objective and research approach are presented in an introductory chapter. Driving tasks and the associated demands on the driver of a two-wheeled motorized vehicle are examined, and capabilities and limitations of practical driver training are addressed. The integration of the driving portion into the overall course is discussed, and the structure of the driving portion, determination of learning goals, and testing are described. Guidelines are presented for the instructor on conducting the driving exercises within the following format: basic exercises with engine off; basic exercises with engine on; mid-term test; curve negotiation; braking; evasion and lane changing; recognition of, and coping with, hazards; final test; and individual practice. The students are divided into groups according to their driving experience. The overall course is designed to improve traffic-related knowledge, driving attitude, and practical driving skills. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving instructors KW - Guidelines KW - Moped drivers KW - Teenage drivers KW - Two wheeled vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207996 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392286 JO - Drugs PB - Adis Press Australasia Proprietary Limited AU - SEPPALA, T AU - LINNOILA, M AU - MATTILA, M J AU - Adis Press Australasia Proprietary Limited TI - DRUGS, ALCOHOL AND DRIVING PY - 1979 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - p. 389-408 AB - The literature of epidemiological and laboratory studies is reviewed concerning the effects of drugs, including alcohol, on driving performance. Alcohol is obviously the most common single cause of traffic accidents. A progressively increased risk with increasing blood alcohol levels is well documented; fatigue and/or other drugs increase this risk. Drugs other than alcohol are much less frequently related to traffic accidents although, on the basis of statistics, there is a potential risk with their use. The most significant drugs in terms of driving risk are certain antianxiety agents, hypnotics, stimulants, hallucinogens, marijuana, lithium, and narcotic analgesics, as well as ganglionic blocking agents, insulin, and sulfonylurea derivatives. Patients should not drive after taking these drugs until they are fully alert and capable. Anticholinergics, antihistamines, antidepressants, antipsychotics, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, alpha-methyldopa, and beta-blockers may in some cases cause central side effects (e.g. drowsiness) strong enough to affect driving performance. After starting therapy with these drugs, or after a significant change in dose, driving should be avoided until it is known that unwanted effects do not occur. Pyschotropic drugs may enhance the deleterious effect of alcohol, and with most hypnotics there is still an effect the next morning. Some drugs (e.g. anticonvulsants or anti-Parkinsonian drugs) may make driving safer, but the diseases (epilepsy, Parkinsonism, cardiovascular diseases, psychic disorders) often preclude driving. Clinicians should warn their patients about possible impairment in driving skills due to the disability or to the medication. KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Crash causes KW - Diseases and medical conditions KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drowsiness KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Personnel performance KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392295 AU - Rumar, K AU - Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) TI - RUNNING LIGHTS--CONSPICUITY, GLARE AND ACCIDENT REDUCTION PY - 1979 SP - 19 p. AB - Ambient illumination is reviewed in relation to the eye's sensitivity to contrast in the visual field (specifically, that of the traffic environment). Three groups of studies conducted in Sweden and Finland and other countries are reviewed relating to daylight running lights on motor vehicles. The first group of studies concerned detection of oncoming vehicles in rural daylight driving and laboratory evaluation of car conspicuity as a function of car color and background and operation of low beams. The second group covered experimental studies of vehicle detection in the peripheral and central visual field as a function of running light characteristics and level of ambient illumination. The last series investigated the effect of daylight running lights on accident statistics. In particular, a recent and well controlled study in Finland covering the 1968-1974 period is described. It was determined that use of running lights resulted in a 36% reduction in daylight multiple vehicle accidents. Finland and Sweden have laws making low beam or special running lights compulsory for motor vehicles during daylight, and Denmark requires their use for motorcycles (as do several other countries, including France). Norway is expected to introduce a running light law. Two problems concerning running lights remain to be solved: determination of running light optimum characteristics, and relative conspicuity of other motor vehicles which are not presently covered by the law (e.g. tractors, mopeds). KW - Finland KW - Glare KW - Laws KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Running lights KW - Safety KW - Sweden KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392297 JO - Loyola University Law Journal PB - School of Law AU - LeBlang, T R AU - School of Law TI - EPILEPSY, MOTOR VEHICLE LICENSURE AND THE LAW: THE PHYSICIAN'S RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN ILLINOIS PY - 1979 VL - 10 SP - p. 203-227 AB - The responsibilities placed upon the Illinois physician by statutory and common law with regard to the epileptic patient and his ability to drive are discussed, as well as physician liability and legal protection. Fundamentally, the common law dictates that the physician carefully and completely inform the epileptic patient of the nature of his disease and its attendant risks. For poorly controlled epilepsy, the physician is charged with the further responsibility of informing the patient that his impairment poses a serious driving risk and that he must not drive until the prognosis changes. Unlike some states, Illinois does not have a mandatory reporting statute. If the Illinois physician believes that a poorly controlled epileptic patient may drive a motor vehicle against medical advice, he must notify the proper state licensure authorities of the existing threat to public safety. The physician who voluntarily makes such a report is entitled to substantial common law and statutory protection. For the epileptic person to receive an Illinois motor vehicle license, precertification from a competent and well-qualified physician must be obtained. Where a physician reasonably determines that a patient's motor vehicle licensure would not be inimical to public safety, he will not be legally liable in the event a patient's unexpected seizure results in a motor vehicle accident causing injury to a third party. In the case where a physician's certification is or may be negligent, there are a number of substantive and procedural defenses which may be advanced to mitigate or possibly eliminate civil liability. Perhaps the most effective defense available is provided by Section 13 of the Driver License Medical Review Act. Once a patient has been awarded a driver's license, the treating physician incurs a further good faith responsibility to maintain and monitor the patient's medical condition. KW - Driver licensing KW - Epilepsy KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Physicians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210917 ER - TY - SER AN - 00391841 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATING TRANSPORTATION PROPOSALS SN - 0309029864 PY - 1979 IS - 731 SP - 70 p. AB - Economic, technological, safety-related, and institutional factors associated with transportation proposal evaluation are addressed in this 10-paper compilation. Topics include common misunderstandings about internal rate of return and net present value economic analysis methods; the potential of pricing solutions for urban transportation problems (empirical assessment); gasoline rationing based on licensed drivers or vehicles (abridgment); a framework for involving local citizens in a small urban area's transportation planning process; pricing in the context of planning for transportation facilities; issues in measuring costs of railroad accidents; economics of a unified transportation trust fund; implementation experience with transportation air quality measures in the Denver urban area; traffic restraints in the San Francisco Bay area; and experience of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration's Service and Methods Demonstration Program with automobile-restrictive measures. KW - Air quality management KW - Economic analysis KW - Finance KW - Pricing KW - Public participation KW - Rationing KW - Traffic restraint KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle restrictions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391853 AU - Curry, R F AU - American Automobile Association TI - FUEL ALCOHOL: BRIDGING THE GAP FOR MOTORISTS PY - 1979 SP - 7 p. AB - The effect of possible fuel restrictions on the use of passenger automobiles is considered, and the role of the automobile in urban centers and rural areas is discussed. In terms of consumer sales, travel is the third largest retail industry in the U.S., in 1977 accounting for more than $90 billion in domestic spending. The Department of Energy, in a report stressing the importance of ethanol as an alternative fuel, predicted that through 1985 the national contribution of alcohol fuels will be modest, displacing perhaps 40,000 barrels of oil a day. Much greater production is urged, with more emphasis on increasing supplies of motor fuel than on a radical conservation. An advantage of fuel-grade alcohol is that added to unleaded gasoline it increases the octane rating, providing anti-knock protection. Another problem, a possible shortage of rhenium, used in producing unleaded gasoline, might be partially solved by an increase in ethanol production. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Antiknock compounds KW - Engine knock KW - Ethanol KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207132 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391848 JO - TRRL LABORATORY REPORT PB - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) AU - Russam, K AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - MOTORCYCLE TRAINING AND LICENSING IN JAPAN PY - 1979 IS - 916 SP - 24 p. AB - During a 1978 visit to Japan to collect information on the licensing and training of motorcycle riders, the author visited several motorcycle training schools to see first-hand the facilities available and the instructional techniques used. Training in Japan was strictly controlled, was of high quality, and used a considerable portion of the road safety budget. No national evidence showed that training by itself was effective in reducing accidents, but some data indicated that training was an effective measure. The consensus of opinion in Japan is that training is an essential part of a road safety program. Regulations affecting moped and motorcycle riders and use in Japan are noted. Detailed consideration is given to promoting safe moped and motorcycle riding, facilities at training schools, and the effectiveness of moped and motorcycle training. The content of a motorcycle course and examination is appended. KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Japan KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moped drivers KW - Motorcyclists KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210707 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391866 JO - JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE PB - Appleton & Lange AU - Moessner, H AU - Appleton-Century-Crofts TI - ACCIDENTS AS A SYMPTOM OF ALCOHOL ABUSE PY - 1979 VL - 8 IS - 6 SP - 4 p. AB - In a review of the literature pertaining to the association between accidents and alcohol abuse, various studies are described concerning drug- and alcohol-related admissions to hospital emergency rooms and the morbidity and/or mortality of persons hospitalized in the past for alcoholism. Other studies are described showing the relationship of alcohol use to the occurrence of head injuries, highway accidents, airplane accidents, burns, drownings and other recreational accidents, and rural accidents. It is emphasized that the family physician should be aware of the alcohol abuse-accident association and utilize it in the identification and treatment of the alcoholic patient. An alert and concerned physician may be able to recognize and intervene in this patient's drinking behavior by diagnosing the condition and utilizing the crisis produced by the injury as a means to refer the patient for treatment of addiction. The more severe alcohol abuse problems are best treated by admitting the patient to an inpatient chemical dependency unit. For many of the more minor abuse problems, treatment can be initiated with an outpatient referral to an alcoholism counselor, an interested member of Alcoholics Anonymous, or a doctor experienced and interested in patients with alcohol problems. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Crashes KW - Physicians KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390956 AU - Virginia Department of Transportation Safety TI - VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY CRASH INVESTIGATION TEAM REPORT NO. 113--OCTOBER, 1979 PY - 1979 SP - 29 p. AB - Before dawn on 28 June 1979, a Ford Mustang two-door sedan collided with a parked stock transport tractor-semitrailer at approximately 100 mph, resulting in the death of the Ford driver, total loss of his vehicle, and extensive damage to the tractor-trailer. The 17-year-old driver, who was being pursued by a police vehicle, swerved from the left lane into the tractor-trailer without braking or defensive maneuvers. Probable cause of the accident was a combination of chronic and acute stress, marijuana, and fatigue. Suicide was a possible motive for the driver's actions. It was concluded that the tractor-trailer should have been removed completely from the interstate highway. Recommendations are offered concerning observance of the posted speed limit; stopping when signaled by a police officer; education for drivers on the effects of stress, fatigue, and drugs (marijuana); laws imposing a severe penalty for possession of marijuana in a vehicle; and non-emergency stopping of vehicles on highways. KW - Crash investigation KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Marijuana KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Suicide KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206399 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390963 JO - ATZ-Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung TI - IMPROVING THE VISUAL EFFICIENCY IN TWO-WAY TRAFFIC BY CONTINUOUS DIPPING (DIMMING) OF HIGH BEAMS T2 - UBER DIE VERBESSERUNG DER SEHLEISTUNG IM BEGEGNUNGSVERKEHR DURCH DAS KONTINUIERLICHE ABBLENDEN (DIMMEN) DES FERNLICHTES PY - 1979 VL - 81 IS - 9 SP - 5 p. AB - Laboratory and road tests were conducted to study the possibility of improving the driver's range of vision when meeting on-coming traffic at night. Different dimming systems which varied in their high-beam voltage-time characteristics were explored. Consideration was given to such variables as test objects on the right-hand versus left-hand side of the road, range of visibility with low-beam versus high-beam headlights, and duration of the dimming process (3-12 seconds). Certain dimming systems provided better visual conditions for the driver with a slight increase in blinding when encountering on-coming vehicles. A dimming system was devised which represents an optimum tradeoff between blinding and increased field of visibility. KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Headlight dimming KW - High beamed headlamps KW - High beamed headlights KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Night vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210209 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391481 JO - International Journal of Engineering Science PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - Whitehead, P C AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - PUBLIC POLICY AND ALCOHOL RELATED DAMAGE: MEDIA CAMPAIGNS OR SOCIAL CONTROLS PY - 1979 VL - 4 SP - p. 83-89 AB - The recurrent theme of "responsible drinking" in educational programs and media campaigns aimed at preventing alcohol abuse is discussed and criticized. There is general agreement that people's behavior relative to alcohol consumption causes physical, psychological, economic, and/or social damage. Reasons for such behavior are frequently discussed in psychological, cultural, and sociological terms but seldom in economic terms. Proposed and actual programs to foster responsible drinking define this form of drinking as the use of alcoholic beverages by an individual in a way that does not lead to damage. Advocates of responsible drinking neglect the fact that there is wide disparity between a consumption level not apt to lead to damage and an average consumption level for society which could cause a high level of alcohol-related damage. Data on the impact of several media campaigns in Canada show that little attitude change was produced. Even if attitude change could be demonstrated, this would not necessarily mean that desired behavior change would be achieved. Based on the distribution of consumption approach to understanding alcohol-related damage, it is suggested that the problem of changing behavior can best be addressed by social policy that manipulates market and other environmental variables controlling the availability and accessibility of alcoholic beverages. This approach to primary prevention dictates that public educational campaigns may best be used to convince the general public of the need for specific alcohol control measures designed to prevent the rising incidence of alcohol-related damage. KW - Alcohol abuse KW - Alcohol use KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Availability KW - Behavior KW - Education KW - Media KW - Public policy KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390970 AU - NEWMAN, J A AU - Biokinetics and Associates Limited AU - Transport Canada TI - THE RESTRAINT OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN AUTOMOBILES; A LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1979 SP - 141 p. AB - The English language literature of the past 20 years on the subject of injuries to children passengers in automobile accidents was reviewed under the following topics: biomechanical and pediatric factors; accident investigation and restraint utilization studies; the history of advice, guidance, and concern; and the design and evaluation of automotive restraint systems for children. A discussion and conclusions, and references follow. Appended are selected papers on the restraint of children in automobile collisions, and a bibliography on seat belt-induced injury. Though statistically valid analyses cannot be made, it is clear from this review that Type 1 (lap belts) and Type 2 (three-point restraint) seat belts which conform to Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 do not present any special problems with respect to child occupant protection. No valid reasons have been found to support the contention that on-board systems are inadequate for a child of any age. KW - Biophysics KW - Child restraint systems KW - Crash investigation KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206421 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390953 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Joy, G C AU - Lester, G R AU - Molinaro, F S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE INFLUENCE OF SULFUR SPECIES ON THE LABORATORY PERFORMANCE OF AUTOMOTIVE THREE COMPONENT CONTROL CATALYSTS PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - A study was conducted to determine the effects of different amounts of sulfur dioxide (SO2) on the activity of a platinum catalyst, a rhodium (Rh) catalyst, and a fully formulated three-component catalyst for simultaneous removal of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide (NO). Three-component catalysts operate in combination with fuel management systems that maintain the exhaust oxidative and reductive reactants in an approximately stoichiometric balance. In a laboratory test simulating automotive exhaust conditions under normal closed-loop operations, SO2 was found to affect each type of catalyst differently. Under dynamic conditions, SO2 had little effect on catalyst activity but some influence on oxygen storage; catalyst activity was extremely inhibited under fuel-rich and non-oxidizing conditions. It was concluded that the water-gas shift/steam reforming reactions are most affected by SO2 or its reaction products, due to rapid accumulation of sulfur species on the surface of the catalyst under fuel-rich conditions. SO2 also inhibits ammonia formation, which in turn increases the conversion of NO to molecular nitrogen over the Rh and three-way catalysts. During dynamic operation, the removal rate of sulfur species from the surface is more rapid than the deposit rate, except under high-SO2, high-temperature conditions. KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Catalysts KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Laboratory tests KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Sulfur dioxide UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391457 AU - Allen, K AU - Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF SCHOOL BUSES IN USE TODAY PY - 1979 SP - 18 p. AB - Findings are reported from a National School Bus Inventory designed to obtain information on the safety characteristics of the regular and special education school bus fleets operating in the U.S. One out of every five of the nation's school bus fleet (59,000) should be considered for replacement due to old age. More than half of the buses (150,000) may not meet Federal flammability standards for vehicle interior materials. Over 2,000,000 children may be transported daily in school buses with potentially high levels of carbon monoxide due to maintenance problems. Sixty percent of all children are transported twice daily in buses which have no padded seat backs and no padded bars. More than half of all school buses are not equipped with the eight-light warning system which has been adpoted by 38 states. Only one out of every three school buses has seat belts available to the driver. Other recommendations include the use of FM and CB radio communication, additional supervision aboard school buses to deal with unruly riders and high traffic volume at bus stops, and emergency evacuation drills at least twice yearly. KW - Inventory KW - School buses KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390957 AU - Virginia Department of Transportation Safety TI - VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY CRASH INVESTIGATION TEAM REPORT NO. 48--NOVEMBER, 1979 PY - 1979 SP - 17 p. AB - At approximately 10:30 PM on 12 July 1979, the left front tire of a loaded tractor-trailer blew out. The driver lost control of the vehicle, which veered from the right lane of an interstate highway across the paved inside shoulder and into a raised grass median, where the vehicle overturned. The unbelted driver was fatally injured and there was extensive damage to the vehicle. It was concluded that the accident was due to tire failure brought on by weakening of the tire structure from unknown causes and that the driver might have survived the crash had he been belted. The use of a new device for righting overturned trucks is noted which employs air-filled ballon-type bags. Recommendations concern emphasis on the life-saving qualities of safety belts; requirements by trucking companies that their drivers wear safety belts; enforcement of Federal regulations requiring commercial drivers to wear restraints; implementation of similar state regulations; instruction of commercial drivers on the possible consequences of front tire blowouts; and encouragement of towing services to procure balloon-type equipment for truck recovery. KW - Blowouts KW - Crash investigation KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Overturning KW - Tires KW - Towing devices KW - Truck drivers KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206400 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390979 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kay, E L AU - Laman, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A REVIEW OF SCRAP TIRE DISPOSAL PROCESSES PY - 1979 SP - 15 p. AB - Statistical data are presented to define the magnitude of the scrap tire disposal problem in the U.S. It is generally believed that between 180 million and 200 million scrap tires are being generated annually. The constraints of an ideal solution are presented as a basis for a critical review of current and proposed scrap tire disposal procedures. The options of source control, landfill, and retreading are considered. Physical procedures for disposing of scrap tires are discussed: size reduction (mechanical and cryogenic grinding), and the use of the ground rubber; fish reefs; barriers (e.g. highway abutments, mats to prevent soil erosion, floating breakwaters); and miscellaneous splitter industry uses (e.g. gaskets, shims, and ribbons from which floor mats and dock bumpers are made), and trivial uses (e.g. fabrication of sandals, playground equipment). Chemical procedures examined include: reclamation; pyrolysis (inert atmosphere, oxidative pyrolysis, steam atmosphere, molten salt baths) and pyrolysis reactor design; use as asphalt component; and depolymerized scrap rubber. Incineration of scrap tires directly or in the shredded form as a conventional fuel supplement is discussed. It is concluded that because of disposal problem complexity (e.g. collection logistics, market availability and location, economics, environmental effects), no one procedure should be used exclusively. Landfill disposal is a waste of natural resources. For the immediate future, excess scrap rubber is best disposed of by incineration as a fuel supplement. KW - Disposal KW - Economics KW - Energy resources KW - Environmental impacts KW - Equipment KW - Landfills KW - Recycling KW - Retreaded tires KW - Rubber KW - Scrap KW - Tires KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210223 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390954 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Difiglio, C AU - Dulla, R AU - DULEEP, K G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COST EFFECTIVENESS OF 1985 AUTOMOBILE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - In an evaluation of the cost effectiveness of the current automobile fuel economy standards program, a life cycle cost analysis is used to quantify the costs and benefits of fuel economy improvements stimulated by the program. The magnitude of these improvements is estimated by measuring the difference between the standards and a baseline "no standards" case. Two scenarios are developed to bound the cost of fuel economy improvement: an "optimistic" scenario using technology cost and mpg gains documented by the Department of Transportation, and a "pessimistic" scenario based on conservative technology cost and fuel economy estimates. A review of fuel economy legislation indicates that marginal cost effectiveness to the nation should be a significant criterion for setting future fuel economy standards. Decreasing the 1985 fuel economy standard from 27.5 to 26.5 mpg is shown to result in net consumer losses without accounting for decreases in national benefits. It is recommended that future fuel economy standards account for consumer cost effectiveness, national benefits resulting from reduced petroleum imports, and the economic practicability of achieving the fuel economy standards within the lead times provided by program rulemakings. KW - Automobiles KW - Benefits KW - Consumers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fuel conservation KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Losses KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210206 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391469 JO - ATZ-Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - Drewitz, H AU - Korff, P von AU - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung TI - LOWERING THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF LONG-HAUL TRUCKS WITH SUPERCHARGED ENGINES PY - 1979 VL - 81 IS - 12 SP - 5 p. AB - Measures and options for saving fuel are outlined as achieved by long-haul trucks with a gross weight of 38 tons, from the commercial vehicle division of M.A.N., Munich. Aerodynamically improved cabs with appropriate attachments and extras, such as wind deflectors at front and rear, may reduce fuel consumption. Improvement in roads and in the roll-off (reduced rolling resistance) properties of tires result in fuel savings; firmer tires and single tires on the drive axle are recommended. Higher speeds may be helpful if the trucks are in service mainly on motorways. Diesel engines with combined supercharging and intercooler are most effective. Proper operating technique, taking full advantage of the improved power reserve of the new engines at high speed, calls for operation in the best range of specific consumptions. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Cab design KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Deflectors KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Rolling resistance KW - Superchargers KW - Supercharging KW - Tires KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210495 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391480 JO - Perceptual and Motor Skills PB - Ammons Scientific AU - Lubin, R A TI - INFLUENCES OF ALCOHOL, INTERPERSONAL FEEDBACK, AND DRINKING EXPERIENCE UPON PERFORMANCE AND JUDGMENT PY - 1979 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - p. 95-104 AB - The effect of alcohol, social feedback, and drinking experience on performance, performance awareness, and awareness of intoxication was studied using 24 male subjects selected on the basis of drinking experience. Twelve subjects were inexperienced drinkers; of the 12 experienced drinkers, the average drinking pattern was five or more drinks at one sitting several times per week. Subjects consumed either a placebo or an alcoholic beverage (target blood alcohol concentration of 0.05% or 0.10%) over a 45-minute period prior to each of three experimental sessions. Within experienced and inexperienced groups, subjects were paired and completed a series of cognitive and psychomotor tasks. During each session, subjects evaluated both their own and their partner's performance and degree of intoxication. A series of correlations between performance or measures of blood alcohol concentration and judgments determined relative awareness. Alcohol significantly impaired performance, with inexperienced drinkers being significantly more impaired than experienced drinkers. All subjects overestimated their blood alcohol concentration, but inexperienced drinkers evaluated themselves as highly intoxicated. Subjects generally underestimated alcohol impairment, and correlations showed awareness decreased as blood alcohol concentration increased. It was determined that alcohol, drinking experience, and interpersonal feedback appear to have a major effect on performance and subjective evaluations of performance and intoxication. The influence of alcohol on performance supports generally accepted findings that increasing blood alcohol concentration impairs cognitive and psychomotor abilities. The slight tolerance for alcohol exhibited by experienced drinkers does not compensate for the markedly impairing influence of an 0.10% blood alcohol concentration. KW - Awareness KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Driver impairment KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intoxication KW - Motor skills KW - Performance tests KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Subjective analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391458 AU - Dadiani, J AU - Raubacher, T J AU - TRW Environmental Engineering Division TI - SUMMARY REPORT ON MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAM FOR NON-ATTAINMENT AREAS IN LOUISIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 41 p. AB - General information is provided on motor vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) with respect to the metropolitan areas of New Orleans, Baton Rouge and Shreveport, Louisiana. A background discussion of events leading to the need for an I/M program is provided, including the legislative authority. A general description of I/M includes the types of programs, objectives and benefits of I/M, failure rate and expected repair costs, and information on implementation activities, as well as an implementation schedule. Expected hydrocarbon emission reductions are included. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programs KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206819 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391483 JO - Supplementary Report PB - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) AU - Staughton, G C AU - Jennings, P W AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) TI - APPLICATION OF THE CALSPAN CRASH (CALSPAN RECONSTRUCTION OF ACCIDENT SPEEDS ON THE HIGHWAY) PROGRAM UNDER EUROPEAN CONDITIONS PY - 1979 IS - 528 SP - 12 p. AB - Validation test results of the Calspan Reconstruction of Accident Speeds on the Highway (CRASH) computer program are presented for selected European cars in controlled collisions. In the CRASH program technique of evaluating postimpact trajectories, analysis is designed to estimate the velocity of a vehicle at the start of a postimpact trajectory (separation velocity), given details of the trajectory including rotations. Having found the velocity immediately after impact for each vehicle, the program then analyzes the energy absorbed in vehicle damage. Vehicle damage is quantified by contact width, crushing depth, and distance from the midpoint of the contact area to the vehicle's center of mass. In validation tests of the CRASH program, one vehicle series included 31 European cars crashed in frontal collisions at about 50 km/hr; a second vehicle series involved seven cars receiving impact in the side by a mobile barrier at about 35 km/hr. Findings revealed that the program has limited applicability to the road accident situation. In particular, postimpact trajectory analysis may give misleading results for a short linear trajectory involving large rotations because analysis is two-dimensional. Errors also result if one attempts to use trajectory analysis for two vehicles having prolonged contact, such that they are interacting continually during the tire-ground energy dissipation phase. Possibilities for partial application of CRASH are considered, and needs for program development are discussed. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorption KW - Frontal crashes KW - Loss and damage KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Research KW - Side crashes KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle trajectories KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210500 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00391479 JO - Psychopharmacology PB - Springer Publishing Company AU - WETHERELL, A AU - Springer Verlag TI - INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP EFFECTS OF 10 MG DIAZEPAM ON DRIVERS' ABILITY, CONFIDENCE, AND WILLINGNESS TO ACT IN A GAP-JUDGING TASK PY - 1979 VL - 63 SP - p. 259-267 AB - The effects of a single 10mg oral dose of diazepam on behavioral components of a driving task were compared between groups and between individuals. It has been suggested that an increasing number of people drive after taking diazepam. While the clinical use of anxiolytics is expected to improve a patient's everyday performance, experimental studies have indicated performance decrements, no effects, or performance increments. To assess possible reasons for this variation, 20 male drivers participated in a study which assessed their ability, each subject's degree of confidence in his ability, and subjects' willingness to drive through varied gap sizes. Drivers' experience ranged from 6 months to 22 years, and their age range was 19-41 years. The test vehicle was a 1975 Ford Escort 1100 station wagon. Drivers were divided into two groups of 10 and were tested individually on each of two days. Group one treatment was placebo-diazepam, and group two treatment was placebo-placebo. Group results showed a significant increase in group two's willingness and a significant decrease in group one's willingness to attempt gaps, suggesting greater caution under diazepam treatment. There was no change in either group's confidence but group one showed a significant increase in ability variance. When analyzed by individual, varied significant changes were found in ability and confidence for group one individuals, some changes better and some worse under diazepam treatment. No significant changes in ability or confidence were observed for group two individuals. All group one subjects were less willing to attempt gaps under diazepam treatment, while all group two subjects were more willing to attempt gaps under continued placebo treatment. The validity of findings is discussed in terms of real-life driver behavior and in relation to different individual effects of diazepam on decisionmaking and perceptual-motor components of driver behavior in a gap-judging task. KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Drugs KW - Personnel performance KW - Tranquilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391468 AU - Roy, M B AU - Greenblatt, E AU - Commonwealth of Massachusetts TI - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUOR: FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF AGE, SEX AND SIMULTANEOUS OFFENSES PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - A comparative study of drunk driver defendants in Massachusetts (February and October 1979) was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of the new law (S. 1727, amended) which raised the legal drinking age from 18 to 20 years on 16 April 1979. The study found a 26% increase in the number of teenagers (15-19 years) who were charged with driving under the influence of liquor (DUIL); teenagers comprised about 14% of the February defendants, and 17% in October. Intensive policy enforcement may have contributed to the increase, together with increased drinking in cars instead of in bars or taverns. The majority of drunk drivers were found to be over 20 years of age; the mean age approximated 30 for both males and females. Teenagers had a higher than predicted frequency of multiple offenses, including operating to endanger, use of a motor vehicle without authority, leaving the scene of an accident with property damage and personal injury, crimes against property and public order offenses. Drivers 21-25 years of age represented the highest absolute frequency of DUIL defendants in both studies. The study will be repeated in October, 1980. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Gender KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal drinking age KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390728 AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport TI - HOLIDAY TRAFFIC. REPORT OF THE FORTY-FOURTH ROUND TABLE ON TRANSPORT ECONOMICS HELD IN PARIS ON 7TH AND 8TH DECEMBER, 1978 ON TRANSPORT ECONOMICS PY - 1979 SP - 56 p. AB - This publication presents the general features of holiday traffic on the railways, on the highways and in the air and sea, and comments on the imbalances in holiday traffic, namely, the seasonal effect, the spatial effect, and the effects on the infrastructure. The location of centers of tourist generation and their destinations determine the structure of holiday traffic. The regional structure and trends in the arrivals of tourists and visitors by mode of transport are tabulated and discussed. The concentration of holidays over a short period of the year leads to a number of economic and social consequences for individuals and the community. Ways and means of mitigating the temporal and spatial effects of concentration are discussed: staggering of holidays, spreading out and staggering school holidays, general holidays, pricing policy, measures to reduce congestion, and coordinated infrastructure planning. The transport operators' interest in additional and staggered holidays is also discussed. KW - Air transportation KW - Congestion KW - Highway transportation KW - Holidays KW - Infrastructure KW - Pricing KW - Railroad transportation KW - Seasonal traffic pattern KW - Seasons KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Tourism KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel patterns KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390527 AU - Freedman, K AU - Rothman, J AU - New South Wales Dept of Motor Transport, Australia TI - THE "SLOB" CAMPAIGN: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO DRINK-DRIVING MASS MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS (SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA) PY - 1979 SP - 56 p. AB - During July-November 1974, the "Slob" campaign against drunken driving was conducted on radio and TV and in the press in Sydney, New South Wales (Australia). The campaign was designed to increase knowledge about alcohol and traffic crashes and to change drinking and driving attitudes among residents, particularly males ages 17 to 30. The campaign depicted the irresponsible drinking driver as a social misfit. Advertisements showing "slob" behavior in the context of the party atmosphere were directed primarily at the 17-20 age group, while ads showing the young executive ("up and coming slobs") were aimed at the upper end of the age range. Traditional customs such as "shouting" which encourage excessive drinking were attacked, and the facts on drinking and driving were reported. When before and after surveys of knowledge and attitudes in the target population were conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, it was shown that the campaign resulted in a dramatic increase in knowledge about alcohol and traffic accidents, and in a small but statistically significant change in attitude in the desired direction. After the campaign, young people were more likely to express disapproval of both the person who "drives after drinking six middies of beer" and the person who pressures friends to do so. It was concluded, however, that while such mass media campaigns are valuable in communicating information on drinking and driving, their value is limited in changing attitudes in the present social climate. In the long term, more substantial attitudinal changes might be effected by concentrating on teenagers in school. KW - Attitudes KW - Before and after studies KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Knowledge KW - Mass media KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389628 JO - World Health Statistics Report PB - World Health Organization AU - Havard, JDJ AU - World Health Organization TI - MORTALITY FROM MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN THE 15-24 YEAR AGE GROUP T2 - MORTALITE PAR ACCIDENTS DE VEHICULE A MOTEUR DANS LE GROUPE D'AGE 15-24 ANS PY - 1979 VL - 32 IS - 3 SP - p. 225-241 AB - The World Health Organization data bank provided figures for an analysis of mortality due to motor vehicle accidents involving persons between 15 and 24 years of age. Data from 1950 to 1974 were obtained for about 30 of 70 countries for which data were available. Results showed dramatic increases in the absolute number of victims of road accidents in the 15-24 age group, in mortality rates per 100,000 population, and in the percentage of deaths for all ages caused by road accidents. A major factor affecting road accident mortality in the different countries is the increasing use of motor vehicles. A further consideration in interpreting international statistics is the rising differential velocity of vehicles in rural road accidents as vehicles become capable of faster speeds and roads are designed to handle these vehicles. Although mortality and morbidity have increased, important safety improvements have been made in such areas as seat belts and crash helmets and modification to vehicle designs and highway structures. KW - Age KW - Fatalities KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389094 AU - Guenthner, R P AU - STAFFORD, G K AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SPEED REPORT NO. 110. INTERIM REPORT, JULY-SEPTEMBER 1979 (INDIANA HIGHWAYS) PY - 1979 SP - 101 p. AB - In a continuing study of vehicle speeds on Indiana highways, spot-speed observations were made of automobiles and trucks on rural and urban Interstate and rural two- and four-lane highways during July-September 1979. In compliance with the interim speed monitoring procedures required by the Surface Transportation Act of 1978, additional data based on every nth (n=2) vehicle were collected at specified locations to enable computation of required factors. Results indicate a statewide average of 53.5% of the vehicles traveling above the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit, representing a significant drop from 62.3% recorded during the April-June 1979 quarter. Overall free-flow results indicate an average speed of 56.7 mph, representing a 0.5 mph decrease from the previous quarter. Even more significant is the fact that this average speed is the lowest recorded since the implementation of the 55 mph speed limit in 1974. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Average spot speed KW - Monitoring KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389099 AU - Sivak, M AU - Post, D V AU - Olson, P L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - General Motors Corporation TI - EVALUATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL (INCLUDING HIGH-MOUNTED) CONFIGURATIONS OF BRAKE LIGHTS IN ACTUAL TRAFFIC PY - 1979 SP - 40 p. AB - In the first of two daytime experiments in actual traffic, the reaction times of informed drivers were investigated for 22 configurations of brake signals drawn from a 3 x 3 array of rear lamps. Adding supplemental (including high-mounted) lamps to the conventional two-lamp configuration did not shorten reaction times. Factors with significant effects on reaction times included the lateral position of the lamps and the following distance, as well as driver age and sex. The mounting height of the lamps had no effect. The second experiment evaluated brake responses of unsuspecting drivers to brake signal presentations using a conventional brake lamp system with and without supplemental high-mounted brake lamp (s). The signals were presented at speeds of 30 to 45 mph. The signals given by systems with one or two supplemental high-mounted brake lamps were found more likely to produce a brake response by a following driver. On the other hand, the reaction times of the brake responses did not vary among the three systems. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Configuration KW - Following distance KW - Following distance (Of vehicles) KW - High mounting KW - Reaction time KW - Shape UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389093 AU - Yoder, E J AU - Colucci-Rios, B AU - Fraczek, J AU - Skees, J A AU - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Commission JHRP TI - EFFECTS OF RAISING LOAD LIMITS ON PAVEMENTS AND BRIDGES IN INDIANA PY - 1979 SP - 62 p. AB - A detailed analysis of maintenance requirements for pavements in Indiana under the present load limits and under suggested higher load limits has indicated that substantial increases in maintenance costs can be expected. This is verified by a search of available information published by other states under similar conditions. The estimated increase in maintenance cost for pavements can be expected to range between 10.67 and 12.24 million dollars annually in 1978 dollars. This will no doubt increase, depending largely upon the effect of the present energy shortage, particularly on the shortage of petroleum which will influence the cost of asphalt concrete. In the case of bridges, the conservative nature of the American Association of State Highway Officials design method minimizes the probability of increased costs required to strengthen bridges under new load limits. Increased costs resulting from damage to bridge decks are estimated to be from 2 to 3 million dollars. KW - Bridge decks KW - Load limits KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389097 AU - Underwriters Laboratories, Incorporated TI - STANDARD FOR HIGHWAY EMERGENCY SIGNALS PY - 1979 SP - 13 p. AB - Design and operational standards for approval by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) are presented for three types of highway emergency signals to be carried on commercial vehicles: Liquid-Burning Flares, Red Electric Warning Lanterns, and Fuses. These standards pertain to construction; ability to withstand vibration, rain, wind, and dust; reliability; fuel requirements; luminosity; burning time, and instructions and exterior markings. Test conditions are described in detail. KW - Durability KW - Electrical equipment KW - Emergency warning devices KW - Flares KW - Fuses /electrical/ KW - Luminosity KW - Luminosity factor KW - Red warning lanterns KW - Reliability KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205275 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389085 JO - CONTEMPORARY DRUG PROBLEMS PB - Federal Legal Publications, Incorporated AU - Mosher, J F AU - Wallack, L M AU - Federal Legal Publications, Incorporated TI - THE DUI (DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE) PROJECT PY - 1979 VL - 8 SP - p. 193-206 AB - The California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control initiated an experimental project in 1977 to reduce the number of licensed establishments repeatedly serving intoxicated people, particularly those likely to become drunk drivers. The focus of increasing enforcement was expanded to include a training component for licensees. The project involved a three-step process: drunk driving arrest reports from the California Highway Patrol and the Los Angeles Police Department were analyzed to determine where drivers were served alcoholic beverages; when a licensed premise was identified, the licensee was telephoned and invited to participate in a training session; and an arrest report identification following a training session or refusal to participate in training led to an enforcement assignment. Topics covered in training sessions included how to anticipate intoxicated patrons, factors affecting intoxication, effects of intoxication, problems and rationalizations in cutting off patron service, suggestions for when and how to cut off service, what to do after cutting off service, myths about alcohol, drinking capacity of people by weight, and potentially effective house policies. During the project, about 5700 persons were involved in training sessions and lectures in approximately 540 premises. Results indicated that trainers gained a more positive impression of training methods and a better working relationship with licensees. Trainees appeared to be more concerned with training issues. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Control KW - Drunk driving KW - Sales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389091 AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Commission JHRP TI - AMOUNT OF TRAVEL AND FUEL SALES ATTRIBUTABLE TO OUT-OF-STATE VEHICLES ON INDIANA HIGHWAYS PY - 1979 SP - 66 p. AB - A field survey conducted in Indiana (June-July 1979) was based on vehicle counts on highways and interviews at service stations and truck weigh stations; secondary data were obtained from various other sources. Analysis of the data by highway type and by vehicle type indicated that in 1979, the total vehicle miles of travel on Indiana highways would amount to 43,141 x 10 to the 6th power and the total out-of-state travel would be 13,663 x 10 to the 6th power vehicle miles, or 32% of total travel. The corresponding fuel sales to out-of-state vehicles would 961.5 x 10 to the 6th power gal., representing about 31% of total expected motor fuel sales in Indiana for highway purposes. The results clearly establish the significance of Indiana as a crossroads state. It was recommended that any additional source of highway revenue should come from motor fuel taxes and not from general revenue. KW - Data collection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Out-of-state vehicles KW - Surveys KW - Travel KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389092 AU - Hillson, B A AU - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Commission JHRP TI - VALIDATION AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE UTCS-1S (URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM) NETWORK SIMULATION MODEL ON AN URBAN ARTERIAL STREET PY - 1979 SP - 145 p. AB - Following a description of four previous validation projects of the UTCS-1 or UTCS-1s (Urban Traffic Control System) computer simulation model and a critique of each, research is described for evaluating the ability of the UTCS-1s model to reproduce actual observed measures of effectiveness (MOE's) on an urban arterial linear signalized system. Simulated and observed MOE's were compared, including volumes of vehicle trips, stops per vehicle, total stop delay, and stop delay per vehicle. A secondary objective was to develop a methodology for determining the optimal signal timings for a linear signal system using the UTCS-1s model. The UTCS-1s model could not reproduce observed MOE's on the linear network under study nor could it adequately predict expected changes in MOE's between two signal timing schemes. Two areas of further research involve identification of exact conditions for which the model can reproduce field occurrences, and load factors at which the model can be used for predictive capabilities. Appended are descriptions of the UTCS-1s model (including input and output data) and the TRANSYT-6 computer program, a traffic network study tool developed by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, England; and calculations for original and final signal timings. KW - Arterial highways KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205270 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387448 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mann, C N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A RUNNING SKYLINE SYSTEM FOR HARVESTING SMALL LOGS PY - 1979 SP - 10 p. AB - A prototype peewee skyline yarder, mounted on a John Deere JD 640 cable skidder, has been developed for harvesting small logs from thinnings on any degree of slope. The low-cost, high-performance yarder is the result of new technology in interlocked drum set design. The need for a chaser at the landing is eliminated by the yarder controls and configuration, which allow the operator to unhook the logs. Logging tests indicate that the system will solve major economic and environmental problems in managing young forests. Several manufacturers are engaged in developing systems based on the peewee technology. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Farming KW - Harvesting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387802 AU - O'Day, J AU - Pretorius, Henry B AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - National Institute for Transport & Rd Res S Af TI - PEDESTRIAN FATALITIES: A COMPARISON OF EXPERIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE YEARS 1976-1978 PY - 1979 SP - 14 p. AB - Pedestrian fatality data are compared from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (U.S.) and computer files of the South African Bureau of Statistics in terms of pedestrian age vs. time of accident. The age groups for the U.S. are in two-year increments from 0 to 98 years of age; the South African data cover the same increments for the 0 to 58 year range. Three-dimensional histograms are also presented to visually display the two parameter distributions for each data set. For the U.S. data, the most prominent peak is that of 5-6 year olds from 3:00 PM to 4:00 PM, representing a 20% higher distribution than the second most prominent peak (18 to 28 years of age, from 10:00 PM to 3:00 AM). For the South African data, the most prominent peak is also for the 5-6 year olds but between 5:00 PM and 6:00 PM, representing a 40% higher distribution than the second most prominent peak (19 to 40 years of age, from 6:00 PM to 10:00 PM). The later afternoon peak for young children in South Africa may be related to a higher peak traffic, much of it on non-freeway street, coupled with a relatively mild climate leading to later play times than in the U.S. Organized after-school activities for the primary grades are minimal in South Africa, and children are more likely to play near their homes. The different peaks for older persons may be related to bar closing times in the two countries, usually 10:00 PM in South Africa and much later in the U.S. KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Children KW - Fatalities KW - Histograms KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Time factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387805 AU - SATOR, WHJ AU - National Institute for Transport & Rd Res S Af TI - PEDAL CYCLE CONSPICUITY PY - 1979 SP - 41 p. AB - Bicycle accident statistics, usage patterns, and conspicuity aids in use in South Africa are reviewed, as well as foreign research and requirements concerning bicycle conspicuity. Lack of rear conspicuity plays a major role in serious bicycle accidents. Almost all bicycles ridden on South African roads are not conspicuous at a "safe distance" from the rear at night, mainly due to inadequate rear retroreflectors, since a large portion of those being imported do not comply with Road Traffic Regulations. Visibility experiments are described for determining the minimum coefficient of luminous intensity (CIL) of rear retroreflectors. Other methods of increasing bicycle conspicuity at night are examined: rear and front lights, pedal and spoke retroreflectors, reflective tires, and front retroreflector. Also considered are means of increasing visibility during twilight and daytime: bright clothing, brighter frame colors, fluorescent flags, and bright coating on bike carriers. Among the proposed recommendations are a compulsory standard for an effective rear retroreflector (with a minimum CIL of 1.5 cd./1x.), ban on importation of retroreflectors, increased law enforcement of conspicuity requirements, and use of bright colors for clothing and large surfaces on bicycles. KW - Bicycles KW - Clothing KW - Crashes KW - Cyclists KW - Luminous intensity KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Retroreflectors KW - South Africa KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201247 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387451 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dull, D AU - Harlow, S AU - Krutz, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INCREASE TRACTION WITH HYDRAULIC ASSIST DRIVE PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - A two-wheel assist hydrostatic drive add-on unit for combines and tractors over 75kW (100 hp) is described and evaluated. The add-on unit manufactured by Mud-Hog Drive Systems consists of two hydraulic motors, two Torque-Hubs, and associated controls, providing four-wheel drive advantages to a vehicle. The Mud-Hog units were designed to replace the original steerable wheels at the rear of the combine in order to increase total vehicle traction without unduly taxing the existing hydrostatic drive circuit; to allow vehicle movement through its normal range of operating speeds, including on-road travel; to utilize the existing power steering system; to allow variable spacing of all the wheels; to avoid excessive tire wear and wheel "spin-outs"; to provide easy on-off control from the operator's station under all situations; and to limit the time required for field installation to no more than one day. The objectives were met and confirmed with field observation. The units have proved beneficial to farmers by increasing their vehicle's tractive effort capacity in adverse soil conditions. A computer program model was developed to estimate the amount of increased drawbar pull for a front wheel assist drive unit on a tractor operating on various soil conditions. Although the model could not be verified in all conditions with actual field data, the predictive performance appears to agree with results of field experience. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Four wheel drive KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204505 ER - TY - SER AN - 00387811 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DRIVER PERFORMANCE, PASSENGER SAFETY DEVICES, AND THE BICYCLIST SN - 0309029953 PY - 1979 IS - 739 SP - 56p. AB - Nine papers address the following topics concerned with driver performance, and safety for car passengers and bicyclists: alcohol-impairment tests for driving-while-intoxicated arrests; the effects of roadway delineation and visibility conditions on driver steering performance; the effectiveness of a Tennessee law and public information campaign on child restraint use; the use and effectiveness of safety belts in Kentucky; the effect of driver characteristics and behavior on automobile fuel economy; a real-world bicyclist performance measure; evaluation of a bicycle bridge in Eugene, Oregon; on-road improvements for bicyclists and moped riders in Baltimore County, Maryland; and an evaluation of techniques for warning of slow-moving vehicles ahead. KW - Behavior KW - Child restraint systems KW - Cyclists KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Fuel conservation KW - Human characteristics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moped drivers KW - Passengers KW - Personnel performance KW - Safety equipment KW - Slow moving vehicles UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1979/739/739.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387803 AU - PYLE, C J AU - National Institute for Transport & Rd Res S Af TI - DRIVER TRAINING. (TWO PAPERS) PY - 1979 SP - 29 p. AB - An opening address describes the road transport situation in South Africa, indicates the difficulty of the driving task in terms of accident risk, and emphasizes the need for training commercial vehicle drivers. It is suggested that the British system of training driving instructors and commercial heavy-vehicle drivers might be introduced in South Africa. This training is controlled and organized through the Road Transport Industry Training Board, which has the power to impose levies on road transport employers and to provide grants to the industry for training. Appended are statistical tables on aspects of road transport in South Africa: licensed commercial vehicles (1976), ownership of commercial vehicles by population group, upgrading of existing roads by road type (1968-1977), and injury accidents for white and non-white drivers by driver age and vehicle type (1978). A second paper on basic driver training enumerates the job responsibilities of truck and bus drivers, mentioning that standard job descriptions are lacking in South Africa, partly because the road transport industry is dominated by small, independent operators. Syllabi are presented for developing training schemes for heavy goods vehicle and bus drivers. Each course would comprise three phases (basic training, job training, and controlled experience), representing 80% practical and 20% theoretical instruction. It is suggested that transport companies unable to provide such driver training programs may wish to use such facilities as the Luipardsvlei Driver Training College at Krugersdorp or to cooperate with other companies in establishing a group training scheme. KW - Bus drivers KW - Driver training KW - Instructors KW - South Africa KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201244 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387453 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Carpenter, K AU - JOHNSON, J H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL PARTICULATE MATTER USING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUES PY - 1979 SP - 20 p. AB - An Andersen Impactor was used to collect particulate samples in both the undiluted and diluted exhaust from a Caterpillar 3150 diesel engine operated on the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) 13-mode cycle. Twenty-four samples were examined under a transmission electron microscope and approximately 300 photomicrographs were taken. The microscope analysis and photomicrographs revealed details concerning the physical characteristics of the particulate and permitted direct visual comparison of the samples. The photomicrographs were used to obtain diameter measurements of nearly 11,000 basic individual spherical particles that comprise the much larger aggregates/agglomerates. Size measurements were grouped, by operating mode, to provide size distributions for the basic spherical particles. At the lower temperatures of the diluted exhaust, evidence of hydrocarbon condensation is illustrated in many of the photomicrographs. In some instances, the condensed coating is so heavy as to completely obscure all detail of the aggregate/agglomerate on which it is adsorbed. The differences between undiluted and diluted exhaust samples are quickly discerned. Several of the samples showed what appeared to be "droplets" or "pools of liquid". The results provide better qualitative data on the physical character of the basic diesel particles that make up the aggregates/agglomerates in diesel exhaust. The photomicrographs of particles in the undiluted and diluted exhaust also provide experimental evidence that both separate liquid hydrocarbons and those adsorbed on the solid particles exist in diluted diesel exhaust and not in the undiluted exhaust. No significant size differences in the basic solid particles were found between the undiluted and diluted exhaust. KW - Diesel engines KW - Electron microscopy KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Particulates KW - Photomicrographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387806 AU - Mistro, R F AU - National Institute for Transport & Rd Res S Af TI - ACCIDENTS AT URBAN INTERSECTIONS: TEE VERSUS CROSS INTERSECTIONS PY - 1979 SP - 24 p. AB - Recently developed predictive models are used to compare the relative safety of urban tee and cross intersections. In developing the models, the following data were analyzed for 120 crossroads and 61 T-intersections in Pretoria, South Africa: 12-hr. turning movement volumes, 1976 and 1977 accident statistics, and data relating to abutting land use, parking and loading facilities, driveways, bus stops, and number of lanes on approaches. For each model, volume range limits are defined for which the cross or tee intersection is safer, as well as a range where neither intersection has a safety advantage. Expected accident reduction resulting from conversion from one intersection type to another is indicated. KW - Crashes KW - Four leg intersections KW - Four way intersections KW - Safety KW - South Africa KW - Statistics KW - T intersections KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201248 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387449 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Harris, J D AU - Leffelman, J E AU - Mann, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOUND CONTROL ON J I CASE 90 SERIES NON-CAB AG TRACTORS PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - Operator's station sound control technology was applied to two-wheel-drive non-cab agricultural tractors. A sound level design goal of 88 dB(A) was established, with consideration given to government regulations, expected industry trends in cab and non-cab tractor sound levels, and anticipated demand for quiet non-cab tractors. To establish the technical feasibility of this goal on non-cab tractors, a 1974 research and demonstration program was undertaken using a J I Case Model 1370 non-cab 4 Post ROPS Ag tractor. The initial operator's station sound level was 95 dB(A) at rated engine speed and 100% drawbar load, requiring a 7 dB(A) sound level reduction. Major sound sources and sound transmission paths were identified and modified until the goal was achieved, and results incorporated into the 90 Series non-cab 4 Post ROPS tractors in the early design stages. It was concluded that two-wheel-drive tractors of up to 180 PTO horsepower can be designed and commercially produced to achieve operator's station sound levels of less than 90 dB(A); that this is cost effective if done during the early design stage; and that sound source analysis is beneficial in achieving overall sound level reductions. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Design KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Sound level KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204503 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387804 JO - National Institute for Transport & Rd Res, S Af TI - FUELLING THE ROAD AHEAD--TRANSPORT IN SOUTH AFRICA PY - 1979 SP - 18 p. AB - Research by the National Institute for Transport and Road Research of South Africa in the area of fuel conservation is reviewed. The approach to studying fuel conservation is outlined, including a list of the ideal features of a fuel-saving measure: it reduces the use of fuel in shortest supply, maintains productivity, has both immediate and long-term benefits with no adverse side effects, and is acceptable to the public. Fuel conservation measures under study include increased use of public transport and carpooling, improved efficiency of commercial trucking operations; better traffic management; more efficient vehicles, personal driving habits, and road design; improved fuel use during road construction; and long-term planning (land use, public transport and roadways, synthetic fuels). Methods of quantifying the effects of individual fuel conservation measures are addressed. KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - South Africa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204728 ER - TY - SER AN - 00387801 JO - Transportation Research Record PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, GEOMETRICS, VISIBILITY, AND ROUTE GUIDANCE SN - 0309029929 PY - 1979 IS - 737 SP - 128p. AB - Nineteen papers, some abridged and others with discussions and author closures, are compiled concerning various aspects of traffic/highway engineering. Traffic control and highway signing topics include warrants for left-turn signal phasing; traffic control guidelines for isolated intersections on high-speed rural highways; extended call-delayed call detectors for signalization of high-speed intersections; maintenance costs of traffic signals; accident experience and operational guidelines for continuous two-way left-turn median lanes; benefit-cost analysis of advance treatment for no-passing zones; and design and evaluation of highway guide signs. Reflectorization of railroad rolling stock, and shoulder improvements on two-lane roads are discussed. Recent British developments in the design of rotaries (traffic circles) are described, and a mathematical model is presented of the formation and dissipation of traffic queues at intersections. Lighting/visibility studies are presented: review of discomfort glare research, economic models for highway/street illumination designs, performance of 400-W high-pressure sodium vapor lighting, pavement inset lights for use during fog, and driver performance with right-side convex mirrors. Route guidance systems are discussed in terms of human factors considerations, and a feasibility study and a pilot test of Japan's Comprehensive Automobile Traffic Control Project are reported. KW - Geometric design KW - Route guidance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Visibility UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1979/737/737.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387810 AU - Fitch, L C AU - Rechel, R E AU - Revis, J AU - Institute of Public Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - FINANCING TRANSIT: ALTERNATIVES FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1979 SP - 83 p. AB - The main financial issues facing urban mass transit systems are addressed and the nature of the institutions by which transit services are financed and provided is described. The handbook furnishes information for decision making in transit budgeting and financing. Background is reviewed on contemporary U.S. problems in financing transit, the economics of fares and subsidies are analyzed, and the possible justifications for subsidies are discussed. Summaries are provided of present subsidy programs of the Federal government and those state governments which have undertaken to assist urban transit, and the subsidy programs of the 25 largest cities, which account for more than 90% of transit service. Levies related to special benefits to persons and property which stem from the maintenance or improvement of transit service are analyzed. More general local revenue sources are examined, including the three major broad-based taxes (property, income, and sales) as well as possible local taxes and charges. Each major tax is evaluated by the following criteria: productivity and yield potential, probable effects on economic development, administrative feasibility and special administrative problems, equity, and political acceptability. The problems of borrowing for public transit improvements are addressed. Each potential tax revenue source for transit support is evaluated in terms of advantages/disadvantages; a quantitative rating is applied to the evaluation criteria. The special problems of serving the transportation deprived (because of poverty, age, or physical handicap) are discussed. The relation of organization to transit financing and administration are discussed in the context of governmental structures, as well as the special problems of preparing transit budgets and packaging various transit financial sources to provide the best possible service programs. KW - Decision making KW - Economics KW - Fares KW - Finance KW - Local government KW - Public transit KW - Revenues KW - Subsidies KW - Taxation KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201253 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387450 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bardos, J J AU - Schubert, W L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL SERIES 88 TRACTORS PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - The International Series 88, a new concept in four-wheel drive agricultural tractors, positions the operator on the rear half of these articulated tractors for good visibility and feel for rear-mounted implements, and still provides a good view of the front wheels for accurate guidance in row crops (the largest U.S. market for agricultural tractors). In year round use, extensive field evaluation proved that the Series 88 gave excellent performance. Positioning the Control Center to the rear greatly enhanced operator visibility of following implements, and positioning the operator on the section to which the implement was attached allowed improved sensing of implement performance. The Series 88 possesses greater stability than two-wheel drive tractors, improving performance with wide row crop planters and cultivators. Many high-volume components in production for two-wheel drive tractors were incorporated into the new design (the 400 Series engines, and the transmission, final drive, rear axle and cab from the Series 86 tractors). For testing, the tractor was fitted with histogram recorders to collect data on a variety of parameters while operating in the field (e.g. engine speed, engine exhaust gas temperature, articulation angle). Histogram data were used to establish test procedures and goals for some of the hydraulic components used, as well as to evaluate loading imposed by the steering system, and to validate theoretical calculations and assumptions of tractor performance. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Truck tractors KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204504 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387452 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cuthbertson, R D AU - Stinton, H C AU - Wheeler, R W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE USE OF A THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSER FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF PARTICULATES AND HYDROCARBONS IN DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST PY - 1979 SP - 20 p. AB - The conditions necessary for obtaining samples of diesel particulates in Constant Volume Sampling (CVS) tunnels were investigated for simultaneous analysis of gaseous hydrocarbons present in equilibrium with particulate borne hydrocarbons. Thermogravimetric analysis was developed for separating particulates components in a simple way. A reliable instrument was interfaced with a heated flame ionization detector (HFID) which gave additional or corroborative information. A system was evolved for total diesel hydrocarbon analysis, using thermogravimetry for hydrocarbons trapped on the particulate filter, and HFID for those passing through the filter. When the results were compared with total hydrocarbon analysis by the Federal Test Procedure, a small gain in hydrocarbon recovery was shown with an increase in overall information for the new system. Thermogravimetry was found to be a useful tool for diesel engine development, particularly if interfaced with a heated flame ionization analyser. Thermogravimetry offers a new way of reliably separating and describing the various groups of hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust which can be used by emissions laboratory staff. The CVS tunnel was shown to have good mixing and very low losses. Results confirm the validity of the diesel hydrocarbon analysis procedure by heated flame ionization detector (decreed by the Environmental Protection Agency), as long as the whole system is maintained at the correct temperature (190 degrees C). KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Particulates KW - Thermogravimetric analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204506 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386850 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gray, G W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT POLICY PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - Key elements of an equipment management policy used by a successful earthmoving contractor are noted. Consideration is given to fleet size, operating and maintenance procedures, recordkeeping, and replacement programs and to key factors in deciding purchase or lease equipment (financial situation, annual usage expected, dealer availability, operating and maintenance personnel, standardization, obsolescence, total cost, and social factors). The private contractor exercises considerable judgment in evaluating criteria to manage his equipment fleet. A large public corporation may lack the flexibility to operate efficiently. Legal restraints, lack of competent equipment management personnel, and political considerations make it difficult for the government agency to exercise good business judgment. Principles for equipment management used by most successful earthmoving contractors should be incorporated in a policy by large businesses or government agencies that become involved in earthmoving operations. KW - Construction equipment KW - Contractors KW - Earthwork KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386857 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Doyle, G R AU - Workman, G H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PREDICTION OF TRACK TENSION WHEN TRAVERSING AN OBSTACLE PY - 1979 SP - 16 p. AB - Track used on military vehicles is being studied to establish conditions responsible for increases in track tension, the source of which has been identified as slow steady-state negotiation of an obstacle by a military tracked vehicle. A two-dimensional finite element model, formulated to predict track tension in a double-pin track used in the M60 tank, is employed to assess increases in track tension produced by obstacles between road wheels and directly under a road wheel. The model shows that the increase in track tension is significantly greater when the obstacle is located between road wheels than it is when the obstacle is located under a road wheel. Track tension can more than double when the tank traverses obstacles of moderate height. The coefficient of friction between road pads and the ground has a large effect on track tensions for moderate height obstacles. The track longitudinal stiffness (rubber bushings) has an increasingly significant effect on track tension as obstacle height increases. Track tension does not increase as rapidly when traversing an obstacle at greater track pretension values. Parameters such as road wheel load, torsion bar suspension stiffness, and track bending stiffness have only small effects on track tension. Appended is a description of the finite element algorithm. KW - Finite element method KW - Military vehicles KW - Tension KW - Tracked vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386859 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Betts, W E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVED FUEL ECONOMY BY BETTER UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE OCTANE QUALITY PY - 1979 SP - 14 p. AB - The spread of octane requirements due to tolerances in engine manufacture was studied to indicate the potential fuel economy improvement that could be achieved by making better use of available gasoline octane quality. Six car models were tested, representing major manufacturers in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. After a break-in period of approximately 5000 miles each car was driven for 2500 miles under identical controlled conditions to reflect the same usage pattern. At the end of the standard driving procedure, trace knock octane requirements were measured and the octane requirement at a constant speed of 3000 rpm was determined. The effect of advancing and retarding the spark ignition on both fuel consumption and octane requirement was also calculated. The wide spread in octane requirements of 48 cars studied represented "octane waste," a measure of the inefficient use of available octane quality by engines. Average waste, three octane numbers, was associated with variations in compression ratio. It is concluded that wasted octane can be made available to improve fuel economy through tighter control of manufacturing tolerances on combustion chamber volumes. KW - Combustion chambers KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386861 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Deventer, FWJ van AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROPELLER AIRCRAFT NOISE AROUND GENERAL AVIATION AIRPORTS PY - 1979 SP - 16 p. AB - A method is presented to compute Leq noise contours for propeller driven general aviation airplanes within a reasonable amount of computing time. In this method, approximations are used to account for the effects of engine power and propeller rpm, for the nonspherical noise radiation of these airplanes and for atmospheric attenuation on the single event exposure levels, observed on the ground. Noise data are based on a large body of flyover noise field measurements. Measurement and data reduction procedures are briefly described and illustrated. Leq noise contour plots are used to evaluate the effects of three approaches to reduce noise levels on the ground around a general aviation airstrip: increasing circuit altitude, rerouting, and noise reduction at the source. The last, which is by far the most effective, will require a considerable amount of additional research and money. Short-term solutions to noise problems may be obtained by routing aircraft away from noise-sensitive areas. Increasing the circuit altitude is generally not very effective. KW - Aircraft noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204106 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386865 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SAWA, N AU - HAYASHI, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PEAK VALUE OF DELIVERY RATIO IN TWO-STROKE MOTORCYCLE ENGINE PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - The amount of intake air in a two-stroke motorcycle engine was studied by considering the influences of atmospheric conditions and various engine factors, taking note of inertial limitation on the maximum delivery ratio. The influence of the intake and exhaust pipes was determined by considering the following: pressure at the entrance of the intake pipe, boost pressure, atmospheric temperature, mixture ratio, and back pressure. The influence of engine dimensions was determined by considering carburetor opening, dimensions of intake pipe, crankcase volume, engine size, and port opening period. Theoretical results correspond fairly well with experimental data. KW - Air intakes KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204108 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387295 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Jordan, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROGEN ADDITION TO THE AIR-FUEL MIXTURE ON OTTO ENGINE COMBUSTION PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - Experimental results are reported concerning the effect of adding hydrogen to the air-fuel mixture in a single-cylinder internal combustion engine operating in the unthrottled state. It was demonstrated that a sufficiently high combustion rate is possible with a very lean mixture without throttling, if hydrogen is added to the intake air. Part load efficiencies were found to be 20% to 25% higher than corresponding values during conventional throttling. There was an improvement in the exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxide (NO), and carbon monoxide (CO). Theoretical calculations are presented to explain the high efficiencies during lean operation: the dependence of combustion duration, and HC, CO, and NO concentrations on equivalence ratio; the temperature of the burnt or unburnt gas and concentration of atomic oxygen in the burnt gas as a function of crank angle; and delay time of methane-air and methane-hydrogen-air mixtures as a function of equivalence ratio. KW - Combustion KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Hydrogen KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Lean fuel mixtures KW - Otto cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204414 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386851 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cochran, T E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE CATERPILLAR 980C WHEEL LOADER PY - 1979 SP - 14 p. AB - A new Caterpillar wheel loader has been developed as a replacement for the 980B. Functional specifications for the new loader focus on increased productivity, integral operator safety and comfort, improved reliability and durability, improved serviceability, and adequate corporate appearance. Among the features described are the bucket and linkage, structures, power train, hydraulics, operator's station, and serviceability and maintenance. Vehicle design objectives and the development program are summarized. KW - Caterpillar tractors KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Serviceability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386858 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Davies, H M AU - Stevens, J L AU - Walters, D K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LUBRICANTS FOR HIGHLY TURBOCHARGED DIRECT-INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - A laboratory engine test procedure was employed to develop lubricants suitable for highly turbocharged diesel engines in response to three significant areas of legislation for truck manufacturers in Europe which have affected engine design and placed more stringent requirements on lubricants. These areas include maximum gross vehicle train weight (GVTW), minimum brake horsepower per ton of GVTW, and maximum smoke emission. European legislative pressures and a market demand for low fuel consumption have led to the development of turbocharged direct-injection diesel engines with brake mean effective pressure ratings in excess of 160 psi for truck operation. This trend has resulted in increased field problems involving high oil consumption and ring seizure due to cylinder wear or bore polishing. The Ford Tornado truck engine was used in laboratory testing of two reference oils and two candidate oils. A series of new candidate lubricants was devised using the Ford Tornado engine test procedure, and typical results obtained with commercial, reference, and candidate oils are tabulated. Additive packages developed to control bore polishing have been extensively engine tested to assure they will meet all other aspects of diesel crankcase oil performance. Field testing in highly turbocharged diesel engines is in progress as a final demonstration of performance. KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Field tests KW - Fuel injection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lubricating oils KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386867 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Phatak, R G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW METHOD OF ANALYZING TWO-STROKE CYCLE ENGINE GAS FLOW PATTERNS PY - 1979 SP - 14 p. AB - A promising new method of scavenging flow evaluation in two-cycle engines uses diazo paper and ammonia gas. The paper, coated with an emulsion sensitive to ammonia gas, is attached to the piston top or cylinder wall. Ammonia is then flowed through the ports at a controlled pressure for a specific length of time. Both concentration and velocity of the ammonia can be detected by the color reactions of the diazo paper. Experiments made on ammonia jets show that the ammonia method is useful in engine studies since the jet flow conforms to the normal or gaussian type distribution required. The method indicates flow patterns in a cylinder, separation of flows in ducts, the interaction of jets and mixing, as well as the effects of swirl. The fact that higher color values imply higher concentration and/or velocity of gas can be used in the analysis and development of stratified charge engines. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Flow KW - Gas flow KW - Gases KW - Swirl KW - Test procedures KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204110 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386854 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Brown, DJB AU - Heather, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF OFF-HIGHWAY ARTICULATED DUMP TRUCKS PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - Trends in the design and use of articulated dump trucks are reviewed. One factor encouraging the development of articulated off-highway trucks has been increased use of the hydraulic excavator for truck loading. Virtually all existing articulated trucks have developed from one or more of three basic predecessors: farm tractor and powered trailer combination; earthmoving front tractor (wheel or track) and nonpowered scraper bowl or wagon; and special two-axle, low-profile underground mining machines. Articulated dump truck design problems not normally associated with conventional dump trucks mainly concern the suspension, the fit of larger tires, the weight distribution on axles(s), stability, and the drive line distribution. Some articulated trucks have longer total suspension travel, lower load-over-height, and smaller turning circles than conventional trucks of similar load capacity. These benefits are achieved by articulated steering, articulated frames, a 360-degree longitudinal rotation, the dump body with a V-section which enables more vertical tire displacement on rear axles than would be permitted with a flat-bottomed body, and self-leveling front suspension. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Design KW - Dump trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386855 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Samuel, A J AU - Loss, A M AU - Latson, D M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - M113A1/M113A1E1 IMPROVED COOLING SYSTEM (ARMY TANKS) PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - An improved cooling system (ICS) was developed for the M113A1 vehicle family that provides approximately 15 degrees F coolant temperature reduction under full load, low speed/high tractive effort conditions. The system eliminates the collection of oil and dirt on radiator heat transfer surfaces, provides a negative pressure engine compartment for reducing exhaust fume leakage to the personnel compartment, and allows increased drawdown capacity. The basic configuration of the ICS is compatible with product-improved/up-powered versions of the M113A1 family, which includes personnel, cargo, and weapons carriers, self-propelled mortars, missile carriers, recovery vehicles, and mobile armored command posts. The ICS interchanges positions of the fan and radiator on the current production M113A1, with air flow direction remaining the same. Computer system analysis studies have been performed to optimize system design and generalized work in tracked vehicle cooling system design has been applied. KW - Cooling systems KW - Military vehicles KW - Tanks (Containers) KW - Tracked vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204100 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387298 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Koenig, R W AU - Sievers, G K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRELIMINARY QCGAT (QUIET CLEAN GENERAL AVIATION TURBOFAN) PROGRAM TEST RESULTS PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - A program was conducted to demonstrate that large commercial engine technology can be applied to general aviation engines to reduce noise, emissions, and fuel consumption, and to develop new technology as required. Following initial studies, contracts were awarded to two manufacturers to design, fabricate, test, and deliver a QCGAT (Quiet Clean General Aviation Turbofan) experimental engine and test nacelle. The QCGAT engines have now entered the test phase. The overall engine program, design, and QCGAT engine technology are described. Preliminary engine test results are presented and compared to design requirements. Initial results indicate that most technical goals will be met or exceeded. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Technology KW - Test results KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204417 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387299 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gehrett, L J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROPER AIRCRAFT TIRE SIZE SELECTION--OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE WITH MINIMUM MAINTENANCE PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - High speeds with heavy loads characterize the operating environment of tires used on business aircraft. In order to design tires which can withstand these operational dynamic forces, the engineer must select the proper tire size, incorporating the necessary design features into the tire construction, and thoroughly testing the tire to ensure compliance with performance requirements established by the airframe engineer. Tire construction considerations include tire carcass (beads, body plies, reinforcement plies, and liner), tread, and sidewalls. Tire size description/designation is explained, including ply rating and speed rating. Tire size selection criteria include tire/gear/airframe size relationship, wheel-well space, braking capacity, strut configuration, gear geometry and loading, flotation (contact area and inflation), speed requirement, water deflection, tire weight limitation, and replacement availability. Tire testing requirements are outlined. Proper selection of tire size results in optimum tire and aircraft performance with minimum cost for both airframe manufacturer and end user. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft tires KW - Design KW - Size KW - Testing KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204418 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386864 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Matsui, K AU - TANAKA, T AU - Ohigashi, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MEASUREMENT OF LOCAL MIXTURE STRENGTH AT SPARK GAP OF S.I. (SPARK IGNITION) ENGINES PY - 1979 SP - 18 p. AB - A sampling valve was developed to measure combustion in the immediate vicinity of the spark gap in spark ignition engines. The device has a stainless steel needle valve and central electrode inserted in a spark plug; the electrode is actuated by a solenoid. The structure of the sampling plug is diagrammed. The plug operates successively cycle to cycle; a gas volume of about 0.4 cc can be sampled in a single operation. Precautions include adequate sealing of the valve seat, adjusting for variations in sampling volume and allowing for the effect of condensation and absorption of hydrocarbon (HC). Each gas sample is analyzed separately to allow cycle-by-cycle variations of mixture strength. Concentrations of HC, carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide are determined, using a newly devised analyzer on the CO2. Factors critical to success are optimum length of sampling pipe corresponding to frequency rate of sampling and flow rate of carrier gas, and understanding what influence the sampling may have on the combustion process. The gas sampling plug is available for use in any conventional engine without any changes in cylinder head configuration. Details of the CO2 analyzer and of the sample sensor are appended. KW - Combustion KW - Gas analysis KW - Measuring instruments KW - Spark gaps KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204107 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386866 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pavletic, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TWO STROKE GASOLINE ENGINE HAVING SMALL TOXIC EMISSIONS PY - 1979 SP - 14 p. AB - In an effort to reduce its characteristic toxic emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons, a new two-stroke gasoline engine design was tested which features clean-air scavenging of cylinders and internal mixture control by blowing the rich mixture into the cylinder. The rich mixture combined with the residual air from scavenging forms a more completely combustible mixture. Three testing units were used: the model engine, the experimental engine, and the working engine having 50 cc working capacity and an integrated control for air flow through both systems and for fuel control. Although a divided combustion chamber was investigated, only experimental results with an undivided combustion space on all three units are presented. The following characteristics were noted: the working characteristic of the engine expressed by the torque curve or mean effective pressure versus the speed at full load is distinctively a flexible characteristic; there is an intensive torque decrease with increasing speed of rotation. No special control of thee scavenging air flow is necessary because of the piston compressor. There is a great reduction of residual gases in the working medium; the combustion process is identical to that in the four-stroke engine. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flow KW - Torque KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204109 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386868 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Daudel, H L AU - Fieber, M J AU - Murthy, D M AU - Hardenberg, H O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DETECTION AND INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS OF DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST GAS ODORANTS--A NEW APPROACH TO AN OLD PROBLEM PY - 1979 SP - 16 p. AB - An analytical procedure separates, quantitatively measures, and clarifies the categories of molecular structures of the relevant individual odorants in diesel exhaust gas. An exhaust gas sample is separated by gas chromatography with a nonpolar column, and its components then rated olfactorily by a human subject and simultaneously passed through a flame ionization detector. The odorous fractions are defined by their retention indices. A second chromatographic analysis is made to separate further the component substances, which are then evaluated by a mass spectrometer and by a human subject. Individual odorous substances are marked in the total ion diagram obtained from the mass spectrometer. Correlating the analysis of odorants by detector signals and by human olfactory sensitivity is ultimately a mathematical problem. Details are given of the sampling systems, and the gas chromatography and mass spectra results are evaluated. The procedure will eventually help in understanding the formation mechanism of odorants and will help determine which selected odorant groups should be measured. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas chromatography KW - Human subject testing KW - Mass spectrometry KW - Odors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204111 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386870 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Matsui, Y AU - KAMIMOTO, T AU - Matsuoka, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A STUDY ON THE TIME AND SPACE RESOLVED MEASUREMENT OF FLAME TEMPERATURE AND SOOT CONCENTRATION IN A D.I. (DIRECT INJECTION) DIESEL ENGINE BY THE TWO-COLOR METHOD PY - 1979 SP - 18 p. AB - The two-color method for measuring the visible wavelength radiation from soot particles in flames was closely studied as a possible technique for measuring flame temperature and soot concentration in diesel engines. The accuracy of the temperature calibration of the measuring equipment was assured by a newly developed, high-temperature black-body furnace and a standard tungsten lamp. The emissivity of diesel flames, the most important value in this method, was investigated by the spectroscopic analysis of soot sampled from a diesel flame and by comparative measurements between the two-color method and the emission-absorption method. When the two-color method was applied to a direct injection diesel engine, the time and space resolved values of temperature and soot concentration were obtained for the first time. KW - Diesel engines KW - Direct injection KW - Flames KW - Fly ash KW - Fuel injection KW - Measuring instruments KW - Soot KW - Spectroscopic analysis KW - Temperature measurement KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387292 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Winters, R AU - Przybyla, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SILICONE RUBBER OIL HOSE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - Oil transfer hoses made of silicone rubber have been developed for automobile and truck engine use. Four basic compounding approaches are: filling a general-purpose base with high levels of inexpensive filler; blending two general-purpose stocks to give desired durometer; selecting a stock especially developed for hose fabrication; and modifying a high-performance stock to improve oil resistance. Fabrication is either by hand layup or continuous extrusion. Some tradeoffs in formulations and fabrication methods include improved tensile and tear strength at higher cost, and hand layup vs. extrusion, the former giving good bursting strength at a cost penalty. The service life of a hand-fabricated hose is dependent on the liner stock and the fabric reinforcement. Laboratory test results on hand-fabricated hose indicate a greatly extended service life for the four formulations over that of organic rubber formulations. The extruded oil transfer line has not been sufficiently tested to draw any conclusions on its service life. KW - Fabrication KW - Hoses KW - Laboratory tests KW - Service life KW - Silicones KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204411 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387294 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Koelsch, R K AU - Clark, S J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMPARISON OF HYDROGEN AND PROPANE FUELING OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - In evaluating the applicability of hydrogen fueling to agricultural internal combustion engines, an LP (liquid propane)-gas industrial engine was adapted for operation on either hydrogen or LP-gas in order to compare the two fuels. The engine was altered to allow hydrogen operation without backfiring. Performance and cylinder pressures were evaluated under various conditions, and the effect on engine performance of water induction for controlling backfiring was studied. Quality governing of the hydrogen engine provided an adequate means of controlling power except during idling. Backfiring became a problem for fuel-air mixtures greater than 50% of stoichiometry. Mixing water with the fuel-air charge at a rate of 4 kg/kg of hydrogen had no adverse effects on engine power and fuel efficiency. Hydrogen resulted in higher brake thermal efficiencies than LP-gas for similar part-load power levels, varying from 35% higher for lean hydrogen-air mixtures to 5% at maximum power levels of hydrogen. In similar naturally aspirated engines, hydrogen will supply only 85% as much power as LP-gas. Hydrogen produced maximum power at speeds 400 rpm faster than with LP-gas. Hydrogen combustion is rapid, resulting in a very rapid rise in cylinder pressure. The best application for hydrogen engine fueling in production agriculture appears to be irrigation pumping. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Backfiring KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Hydrogen KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Propane KW - Propane fuel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204413 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387293 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Beuzit, P AU - Fontanet, P AU - Garnier, J L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE ROLLING NOISE IN A PASSENGER CAR PY - 1979 SP - 9 p. AB - Passenger car interior noise generated by road excitation is analyzed. Graphs are presented of road vibration and rolling noise levels produced on a road simulator and those recorded on a test track. Tires, suspension, body, and the acoustic cavity (car interior) are all involved in noise production. The components of the vibrations are depicted in car diagrams for the following symmetric modes: two-node bending mode at 29 Hz, floor mode at 41 Hz, and three-node bending mode at 51 Hz. Calculation of the acoustic response of the passenger compartment using a two-dimensional mathematical model is discussed. The mechanism of noise production by vibration coupling among the different modes is explained, and approaches to noise reduction are suggested. KW - Acoustics KW - Automobiles KW - Interior KW - Mathematical models KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204412 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387300 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Walters, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A SELF-PROPELLED THREE ROW AUTOMATIC SEEDLING PLANTER PY - 1979 SP - 10 p. AB - Mechanization of nursery and planting ("injection planting") operations involving large quantities of seedlings requires constant dimensions of the potted seedling (planting bullet). Packaging, growing, shipping and planting these seedlings require a modular container which can accommodate a sequence of related requirements and constraints. This can best be met by injection molding the container from a versatile and relatively inexpensive thermoplastic. The planting bullet preserves the physiological condition of the seedling during transfer from nursery to plantation, eliminates root deformation, and allows for root development. A new machine, the ReForester, has been developed for injection planting which is capable of planting three rows of seedlings simultaneously, while traversing over logging slash. Development of the planting process is outlined from manual planting gun, through automatic injection machine, to self-propelled planter. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Planting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204419 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386860 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Papay, A G AU - Rifkin, E B AU - Shubkin, R L AU - Jackisch, P F AU - Dawson, R B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCED FUEL ECONOMY ENGINE OILS PY - 1979 SP - 15 p. AB - Low-viscosity engine oils with fuel economy properties can be made by using moderate amounts of olefin oligomers with standard mineral oil base stocks. Such oils minimize the problems of wear and high oil consumption often associated with low-viscosity all-mineral oils and can be formulated to meet all requirements. Tabulated data show results of comparative studies on volatility and viscosity of oligomers, hydrocarbons, and blends of the two. The addition of oligomers to hydrocarbon engine oils reduces both volatility and viscosity. A second approach to fuel economy via lubricant modification is the inclusion of an appropriate friction reducer. Field tests of this approach were made in two fleets of European cars; a 1.5% improvement in fuel economy was noted. It is concluded that the use of friction reducers in low-viscosity part-synthetic lubricants combines the benefits of both approaches to improved fuel economy and can be practical in commercial use. KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel conservation KW - Lubricating oils KW - Viscosity KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204105 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386869 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - HARE, C T AU - Bradow, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE EMISSIONS, AND EFFECTS OF FUEL COMPOSITION PY - 1979 SP - 30 p. AB - Gaseous and particulate emissions from two midrange engines commonly used in urban and suburban environments were characterized using five different fuels, in order to advance the technology of measuring as yet unregulated constituents. The engines used were a Caterpillar 3208 four-stroke and a Detroit Diesel 6V-71 two-stroke, neither having a recirculation system. The fuels were the 2D emissions test fuel and four others representative of those available nationwide. Characterization included mass rates of major exhaust products as well as analysis of particulate matter for sulfate, trace elements, major elements, total solubles, and other properties. Analysis of rate and composition data was made to determine fuel and engine effects on particulate. Two large particulate samples were also collected for later analysis on groups of organics. Among the insurmountable obstacles to making predictive linear models for particulate rate and composition based on fuel properties were insufficient number of data points, and strong pairwise correlations and multicollinearity among the independent fuel property variables. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuels KW - Particulates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204112 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387296 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lakshminarayananan, P A AU - Janakiraman, P A AU - Gajendra Babu, M K AU - Murthy, B S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ULTRASONIC FLOWMETER FOR MEASUREMENT OF GAS VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE IN INTAKE AND EXHAUST OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PY - 1979 SP - 22 p. AB - A new ultrasonic velocity thermometer is presented for the simultaneous measurement of transient exhaust gas velocity and temperature under motoring and firing conditions in an internal combustion engine. Included in the instrumentation are a crank angle (CA) selection unit, a high voltage impulse generating unit, and other accessories. The instrument is described, and its operating principle and calibration are discussed. Its performance is compared with that of the spark discharge velocity meter and the wire resistance thermometer, under dynamic conditions. Exhaust temperature and velocity measurements are plotted against CA; these experimental results are discussed, including some comparisons with theoretical results obtained using a finite difference theory of gas exchange processes in internal combustion engines. KW - Crank angle KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flowmeters KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Temperature measurement KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Velocity measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387297 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Tarkir, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLICATION OF RANKINE BOTTOMING DIESEL ENGINES TO MARINE VESSELS PY - 1979 SP - 24 p. AB - Marine diesel engine characteristics, and organic Rankine cycle diesel bottoming systems are discussed, including projects involved in their development. The U.S. diesel-powered maritime fleet is analyzed in terms of applicability of the Rankine cycle system. An economic analysis is given of the Rankine cycle system for marine diesel applications, based primarily on the utilization of a computerized marine transportation energy model of annual U.S. maritime industry activities. Fuel conservation estimates are made for candidate marine vessels equipped with energy recovery systems, and a machinery layout is described for a new construction 2300 BHP push-tow boat incorporating a Rankine cycle system. The overall analysis indicates that use of organic Rankine cycle energy recovery systems can be an effective means of reducing fuel consumption for some types of diesel-powered marine vessels. Such a system is capable of recovering the equivalent of a few percent to more than 20% of the base diesel engine output power from the exhaust gas energy. As a more desirable alternative to producing additional shaft hp, fuel consumption of the base diesel engine could be reduced by a comparative amount. Rankine cycle recovery systems could be cost-effective for diesel marine vessels that operate at high-duty cycle load factors. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Diesel engines KW - Economic analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - Marine vessels KW - Rankine cycle KW - Rankine engines KW - Ships UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204416 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386852 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fumetti, C W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NEW JOHN DEERE FOUR WHEEL DRIVE LOADER PY - 1979 SP - 10 p. AB - Features of the John Deere 844 front-wheel drive loader are described. Because of the vehicle's large size, the power train required practically all new components, featuring a 15.65L (955 cu in) V-8 engine and a four-speed forward, three-speed reverse, planetary transmission. Larger loader axles have a new lube system for durability and a hydraulic differential lock option on the front axle for increased productivity. Hydraulic system power is provided by three fixed displacement vane pumps. A low-effort manual control valve is incorporated, and system cooling is accomplished by a unique reservoir design. For safety, an emergency steering system is provided and a dual brake system has accumulators for braking if main power is lost. Separate steering and brake systems ensure that oil or power loss in one will not affect the other. Operator comfort and excellent visibility have been provided to reduce operator fatigue. Daily maintenance involves checking fluid levels only; greasing is done by the operator from ground level. Serviceability is enhanced by locating most hydraulic control valves in the righthand platform and providing a tilt cab. Laboratory testing has been performed to simulate field loads, and customer use evaluation is planned. KW - Comfort KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Loaders KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Serviceability KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386853 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Henn, J I AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLYING AN AUXILIARY DRIVE SYSTEM TO EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - A unique auxiliary drive system has been applied to the front wheels of John Deere motor graders to increase tractive effort and directional stability. The system can be applied to several types of mobile industrial equipment. It includes three functionally combined systems to accomplish the front-wheel drive capability: hydraulic drive system to provide power to the front wheels, overload protection, and differential lock capability; electronic control system to maintain continuous, accurate speed of the front wheel motors; and front wheel engagement system to provide smooth and correct engagement of the front wheels in relation to the main transmission engagement. Electronics helped accomplish goals concerning high performance and minimum design change to an existing machine. KW - Construction equipment KW - Earthwork KW - Electronic control KW - Power trains KW - Productivity KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386856 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gerhart, G R AU - Arutunian, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PULSED HOLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF LARGE VIBRATING VEHICLE COMPONENTS PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - Double-pulsed holography, a technique for the analysis of large surface areas of vibrating components, requires no contact with the vibrating object. The technique solves a classical problem in the area of both acoustic and vibration analysis. The surface of a vibrating object is represented by a series of fringes which connect points with equal displacement amplitudes. Since holography is based on interferometry, accuracy is within a fraction of light's wavelength. Since the laser is pulsed at a relatively rapid repetition rate, the time period between the two pulses is sufficiently fast so that the holographic system does not have to be isolated from the laboratory's background vibration. The recent development of pulsed ruby lasers with large energy outputs and long temporal coherence lengths has made the holographic analysis of large vehicle structures feasible and within the state of the art. A detailed analysis of three holograms is provided. KW - Holography KW - Vehicle components KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204101 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386673 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zarotti, G L AU - Nervegna, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYDROSTATICS ON VEHICLES--CONTROLLING AND SIZING FOR PRODUCTIVITY PY - 1979 SP - 19 p. AB - Controlling and sizing aspects of hydrostatic vehicles are viewed in terms of productivity goals. Three significant stages are developed: an open circuit hydrostatic transmission model with a variable displacement pump actuating two fixed displacement motors; a tracked vehicle locomotion model interfacing transmission and soil characteristics; and a comprehensive evaluation of system behavior based on "overall productivity efficiency." Productivity concepts are useful yardsticks in deciding on optimum sizing and control of transmission and vehicle components under specific constraints. Computational case studies, based on a conversational computer program, are described to illustrate applications and potentials of the productivity goal analysis approach. KW - Construction equipment KW - Hydrostatic transmissions KW - Hydrostatics KW - Productivity KW - Tracked vehicles KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386109 AU - LUCAS, G G AU - Mizon, R AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MODEL OF CLUTCH ENGAGEMENT PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - A model of clutch engagement is presented which uses numerical techniques to solve the equations of motion and the one-dimensional transient heat transfer partial differential equation. The model incorporates the representation of the coefficient of friction as a function of rubbing speed, temperature, and load, and a representation of driver behavior in terms of manipulation of the clutch and the engine throttle. The model provides information on the instantaneous torque output from the clutch, speed, and spatial temperature distributions through the clutch components during the engagement period. Its form is suitable for inclusion in a large model describing the dynamics of a vehicle driveline system. KW - Behavior KW - Clutches KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Drivelines KW - Drivers KW - Heat transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motion KW - Temperature KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386110 AU - Padoan, R AU - Tantot, G AU - Vuillaumier, B AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INDUSTRIAL VEHICLE DRIVE LINE DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION FOR LOW NOISE AND VIBRATION LEVELS PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - Vibration and noise associated with commercial vehicle drivelines and their causes are described. A compromise is required between the diversity of configurations possible within a family of vehicles and the need for standardization in order to be cost competitive. Five computer programs are described for use in estimating and reducing driveline vibration/noise. For preliminary research work, three programs are available for determining, respectively, best alignment for a universal joint-type drive (TRANSC), torsional modes appropriate to a driveshaft assembly (MODPRO), and suspension modes appropriate to any solid object (SUMOT). For final optimization of prototype vehicles, a fourth program (MOTRAN) simulates the dynamic torsional response of a complete drive assembly, and the fifth (HOMOTR) provides a spectral analysis of vibrational phenomena in the frequency/speed range area. Also described in a method of standardizing the conditions under which vehicle tests are conducted, measurement procedures, analysis, and presentation of results; this provides for rapid diagnosis and approval of a transmission system. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Drivelines KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Vehicle design KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386121 AU - Coordinating Research Council, Incorporated TI - 1978 CRC (COORDINATING RESEARCH COUNCIL) FUEL RATING PROGRAM: ROAD OCTANE PERFORMANCE IN 1978 MODEL CARS PY - 1979 SP - 177 p. AB - A program was undertaken to determine the road octane response of 1978 and 1979 model cars to fuel variables. Full-throttle Modified Uniontown (technique) Road Octane Numbers (MUON) were obtained by ten participating laboratories in 34 cars representing 22 makes and models. Part-throttle MUON ratings were obtained by seven laboratories in 16 cars representing 12 makes and models. The 13 unleaded test fuels were designed to estimate the effects of changes in motor octane number, sensitivity, and volume percent aromatics on MUON performance. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression and analysis of variance techniques. Fuel variations had the largest effect on full-throttle road octane number; car make and model had a smaller but highly significant effect. The relative effects of fuels and cars were reversed in the part-throttle ratings. Average full-throttle ratings varied from 87.1 ON (octane number) to 93.0 ON among the fuels; individual fuel ratings varied as much as 9.8 ON among the cars. Average part-throttle ratings were 2.0 ON higher than the full-throttle ratings; individual fuel ratings varied as much as 15.0 ON among the cars. Recommendations were made for future programs including tests on cars with manual transmission (for evaluation of foreign cars' responses) and tests on fuels containing alcohol. KW - Fuels KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Throttles KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199936 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386663 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mahoney, C L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES FOR RAPID CURE APPLICATIONS PY - 1979 SP - 15 p. AB - The use of structural adhesives on automotive assembly lines requires systems compatible with various metal and polymer substrates, minimal surface preparation, and short cure or part handling times. Adhesives are unique among structural materials in having dominant interface properties which control both bond performance and its properties. Although some adhesives bond well to unprepared surfaces, all give improved performance with proper surface treatment. As a replacement for conventional fabrication techniques, adhesive bonding has several advantages: simpler design, lighter weight, greater structural strength, better surface finish, and adaptability to new types of structural materials. Although existing structural adhesive systems meet major performance requirements of bonding to unprepared surfaces, short cure times, and good strength properties, specifically designed adhesives should give further improvement. For example, tolerance for oily surfaces can be enhanced by using adhesives with a low viscosity at some stage of application or cure, using elevated temperatures, and using components with a good solvency for the contaminant and a high affinity for the substrate. Most structural adhesives need temperatures ranging from 65 degrees to 230 degrees F for desired short cure times which give good bond strengths. Although new modified acrylic adhesives hold promise for fast cure use at ambient temperatures, most structural adhesives will still require elevated temperatures for short cure times. KW - Adhesives KW - Assembly lines KW - Automobile assembly KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Concrete curing KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203987 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386670 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Harvey, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW JOHN DEERE INDUSTRIAL TRANSMISSION PY - 1979 SP - 13 p. AB - Design criteria, major components, unique features, hydraulic circuitry, and durability testing are described which were used to develop a new power shift transmission for the John Deere 844 front end loader. Features include a planetary pack with four forward and three reverse speeds, drop train gears, output shaft with a parking collar, and hydraulic valving. High torque and energy capacity, along with a new pressure-modulating valve, provide smooth and rapid shuttle shifting from the transmission at full power which is vital to the loader's productivity. Extensive laboratory, dynamometer, and field testing has proved the transmission's performance and reliability. KW - Durability KW - Front end loaders KW - Performance KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386106 AU - Windett, R M AU - JOHNSON, R W AU - Pullen, H L AU - LALOR, N AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE PRACTICAL REDUCTION OF BARE ENGINE NOISE FROM A CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - A noise reduction exercise was performed on a conventional six-liter, six-cylinder diesel engine in successful production as an automotive and industrial unit which is currently used in a range of six- to ten-ton trucks. A group of noise reduction features capable of being produced with current manufacturing technology was selected and evaluated: stiffened cylinder block, expansion-controlled pistons, pressed steel sump, low-response covers, and close shielding. Combinations of features were also tested and shown to achieve the basic engine noise level objective of 98 dB(A), a reduction of 3 dB(A). Preliminary testing also indicated a vehicle drive-by noise level of 85 dB(A), the target goal. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck engines KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199918 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386662 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Seilly, A H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HELENOID ACTUATORS--A NEW CONCEPT IN EXTREMELY FAST ACTING SOLENOIDS PY - 1979 SP - 13 p. AB - Limitations of conventional solenoids and the relation between solenoid power and operational speed are examined. The action of Helenoid actuators in overcoming problems inherent in conventional solenoids is described. These actuators are capable of armature travel times in less than one millisecond, irrespective of preloads or masses, even with the larger size and power required as duty increases. The Helenoid armature can be designed with higher accelerations for smaller armature movements. For maximum acceleration, the relation among pitch, wall thickness, and thread form must be optimized for a given stroke. A computer program has been developed to calculate armature acceleration using small (under one microsecond), reiterative time steps. Factors affecting armature acceleration and features of Helenoid actuators are noted. Relationships between eddy currents and flux penetration, materials and flux leakage, and inductance and power supply are illustrated. A method for determining preliminary estimates of actuator size is appended. KW - Actuators KW - Solenoids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203986 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386664 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - August, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPOSITE HORIZONTAL STABILIZER FOR THE B-1--DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND TEST PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - The composite design for the B-1 stabilizer was developed to satisfy form, fit, and functional requirements of the aircraft and to be competitive with the metal stabilizer in weight and production cost. Features of the stabilizer design include a 60% reduction in the number of substructure detail parts over the existing metal design; elimination of such high-cost items as honeycomb and metal splice plates from the composite box structure design; innovative processes to reduce fabrication costs; incorporation of graphite/epoxy softening strips in covers to reduce drilling cost and to minimize structural hole penalties; and use of boron/epoxy with graphite/epoxy in covers to provide strength and damage tolerance. Testing revealed that the total weight of 2813.7 lbs. for static and fatigue stabilizers was 42.3 lbs. less than the target and 501 lbs. less than the metal configuration. The use of composite materials permitted a design with 60% less substructure than the metal stabilizer. The reduction in substructure parts lowered the number of attachments by 46%, consequently reducing assembly cost. The reduction in substructure parts, attachments, and assembly more than offset the increased cost of covers and yielded a less expensive stabilizer. Cost savings were estimated at 17-20% overall. KW - Aircraft KW - Composite materials KW - Design KW - Fabrication KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385639 AU - Troutbeck, R J AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - THE EFFECT OF HEIGHT AND CONFIGURATION OF THE OVERTAKEN VEHICLE AND THE USE OF A "LONG LOAD" SIGN ON OVERTAKING BEHAVIOUR PY - 1979 SP - 30 p. AB - A study was made of the effect of increasing the height of the overtaken vehicle in the traffic stream, and of using a sign to advise of a long load, as well as the effect of vehicle configuration on overtaking times and distances. An articulated vehicle and a double trailer combination (articulated vehicle hauling one articulated trailer) were used to test the effect of changing vehicle configuration. Analysis results demonstrated that increasing a vehicle's height from 2.5 to 4 meters, using the sign procedure, and using a double trailer combination rather than a single articulated vehicle of the same length had no significant impact on overtaking behavior. These results are in agreement with a recent Swedish study. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Double trailers KW - Height KW - Loads KW - Long loads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passing KW - Signs KW - Size KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle configuration KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386097 AU - WAKABAYASHI, K AU - Niikura, T AU - Yamamoto, A AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A SIMULATION METHOD FOR THE TORSIONAL VIBRATION WAVEFORM OF A CRANKSHAFT WITH A RUBBER DAMPER PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - A simulation method to analyze the torsional vibration of a crankshaft with a rubber damper is described which uses transition matrices and accounts for the dynamic characteristics of the rubber. The rubber part of the damper is replaced with a Voigt model. The empirical formulae, in which the dynamic stiffness and the damping are related to strain rate, are adopted in order to determine the representative stiffness and damping values for one cycle. Comparison of calculated and experimental results shows that the simulation method can give an approximation of the torsional vibration. KW - Crankshafts KW - Dampers KW - Rubber KW - Simulation KW - Torsion KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199910 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386666 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lucek, J W AU - Torti, M L AU - Weaver, G Q AU - Olson, B A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CAST DENSIFIED SILICON CARBIDES PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - The development of advanced fabrication technology, high temperature properties, and current volume production capability, make densified silicon carbides a readily available advanced ceramic to heat engine designers. Densified silicon carbides are impermeable, lightweight, high thermal conductivity materials with demonstrated strength for use in engineering applications. A review of fabrication technology and silicon carbides' microstructure, and thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties shows that the materials represent a distinct improvement over cooled alloys in high-efficiency heat cycles. Fabrication technology developments suit the materials to geometries required by heat engine and recuperator components. KW - Chemical properties KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Fabrication KW - Mechanical properties KW - Microstructure KW - Silicon carbide KW - Thermal properties KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203990 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386668 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Reemsnyder, H S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF WELDED ROLLER-QUENCHED AND TEMPERED (RQ) STEELS PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - Axial fatigue tests were performed on unwelded and welded roller-quenched and tempered carbon and alloy steels in order to study the effect of stress ratio, weld geometry, base metal tensile strength, and weld peening on the fatigue resistance of submerged-arc transverse butt welds in 3/4-inch-thick plates. Test results showed that the constant amplitude long-life fatigue resistance of transverse butt welds with reinforcement intact was insensitive to stress ratio and was primarily a function of stress range. The fatigue resistance of transverse butt-welded constructional steels with reinforcement intact was practically independent of tensile strength. Reinforcement removal, however, increased fatigue resistance to that of the unwelded base material at long lives. Doubling weld reinforcement height reduced the fatigue strength of transverse butt welds at two million cycles by about 67%. Neither short nor hammer peening of transverse butt welds with reinforcement intact significantly improved fatigue resistance. Improvement in transverse butt weld fatigue strength was best achieved by removing weld reinforcement, i.e., by reducing mechanical notch severity; this restored the pulsating tension fatigue strength to that of the unwelded material at lives greater than 400,000 cycles. KW - Alloy steel KW - Butt welds KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fatigue tests KW - Steel KW - Stress range KW - Stress ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386098 AU - Fujimoto, Yuusuke AU - Suzuki, T AU - Ochiai, Y AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME NEW RESULTS CONCERNING PARAMETERS INFLUENCING PISTON SLAP IN RECIPROCATING MACHINERY PY - 1979 SP - p. 33-38 AB - Oil film pressure was measured on the surface of the piston skirt throughout the cycle and its relationship to piston movement investigated. The effects of piston ring installation conditions and offset of the gudgeon pin on cylinder wall vibration were also experimentally studied. Oil film pressure had a significant effect on piston movement, particularly on the motion of the lower part of the piston skirt. It was concluded that sufficient oil injection may prevent piston slap, a major source of noise in diesel engines. Ring-groove friction was found to slow piston movement and thus decrease piston-slap-induced vibrations. Offset of the gudgeon pin to the nonthrust side reduced the piston slap just after top dead center. KW - Diesel engines KW - Motion KW - Noise KW - Pistons (Engines) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385667 AU - Hodgetts, D AU - McDonald, A M AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE TRANSMISSION OF PISTON FORCES TO THE MOUNTS OF AN ENGINE PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - An experimental and theoretical study was made of the transmission of piston inertia and gas pressure forces to the mounts of a conventional four-cylinder in-line engine. Of particular concern is the transmission of forces at frequencies which are second order and twice engine speed. The results refer mainly to the forces at the rear mounts of the engine at a gearbox extension. The vibrations of the crankshaft and flywheel were found to have a significant effect on the transmission of the forces to the vehicle body structure at high engine speeds. Measurements also show that "beam" resonances of the engine/gearbox assembly affect the transmission of the forces. Theoretical models of the crankshaft and the engine/gearbox explain the increase of the force transmission at high engine speeds. The crankshaft whirl causes the engine/gearbox to shake in the horizontal and vertical directions. To avoid excessive transmission of engine forces, changes to the crankshaft design should be considered at an early stage. If the crankshaft is optimized or if design changes are unacceptable and the force transmission is high, then the rubber mounting stiffnesses should be as low as possible and they should meet the design specification. An increase of stiffness and damping of the engine mounts with frequency should be avoided. KW - Crankshafts KW - Engines KW - Flywheels KW - Gear boxes KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386100 AU - Andrews, S A AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MODERN ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES ASSOCIATED WITH GEARBOX AND AXLE NOISE PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - Subjective assessment is reliable and reasonably repeatable only for gear noise with a high dB level and noncomplex form. A comprehensive analysis of geartrain noise and its major sources can be rapidly performed by using a signature analysis computer program in conjunction with an aural comparator technique. An aural comparator utilizing narrow-band filters can indicate the minimum changes of noise. This is an economical approach for a complex frequency pattern. By combining the subjective comments from a team of experts with results from objective vehicle tests, a satisfactory standard can be set for rig testing components. Test rigs apply representative torque loadings to assemblies subjected to a variable speed range. Audit and production sampling are involved to assure low noise in the production vehicle. Rig testing is followed by a vehicle audit assessment using microphones. For production checks, a subjective assessment can be used by applying a vehicle evaluation rating system. Any rejected vehicles can be assessed by the audit team using the analyzing equipment. If the problem is due to a complex frequency spectrum, the analysis may have to be repeated using filtering techniques combined with an acoustic comparison. KW - Axles KW - Computer programs KW - Gear boxes KW - Noise KW - Testing KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386102 AU - Healy, S P AU - Heppenstall, T AU - Hodgetts, D AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VEHICLE DRIVELINE VIBRATIONS PY - 1979 SP - 13 p. AB - A series of road tests was made on two vehicles to investigate driveline vibrations and their influence on vehicle interior noise levels: a sports car with four-cylinder engine and manual transmission, and a sedan with six-cylinder engine and automatic transmission. Most of the peak interior noise levels were found to be associated with driveline vibrations attributable in many cases to a particular mode. Each mode is predominantly related to one system component such as the crankshaft, gearbox, axle, or a driveline rotating part. The problem is often complicated by coupling and interference between two modes or by the level of the excitation changes due to nearness of a crankshaft resonance, for example. The meshing forces at the differential pinion and wheel are significant causes of vibration at the upper end of the frequency range (400 Hz. and higher). For the sports car, the main vibration appeared to be a driveline torsional mode. The sedan had considerable vibration at the front end of a forward extension of the differential casing. Changing from standard to nonstandard tires on the sedan significantly affected vibrations, mainly at low frequencies, the most obvious change being at frequencies above 400 Hz. when differential tooth meshing frequencies become significant. Engine forcing of the driveline vibrations is strong for the in-phase torque and force harmonics, the most significant being the second order of the four-cylinder and the third order of the six-cylinder engine. A detuner-absorber fitted to the gearbox extension of the sports car was found not to meet the design specification. KW - Causes KW - Drivelines KW - Interior KW - Noise KW - Vehicle tests KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386634 AU - Grugett, B AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - VEHICLE EFFICIENCY: ROAD VS DYNAMOMETER. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - A series of steady-state tests was run on a 1976 Mercury Montego on a twin-roll dynamometer at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and on the Transportation Research Center test track in Ohio. These fuel consumption tests were the first to measure wheel torque and vehicle speed, which are sufficient to calculate the work done by the vehicle. This can then be divided by the fuel consumed to give a measure of vehicle efficiency. Calculations show that the vehicle produced an average of 3612 joules/cc. fuel used (J./cc.) on the road for a vehicle efficiency of 11.3%. On the dynamometer, however, the average efficiency was 5430 J./cc. or 17.0%. Compared to the dynamometer runs, the vehicle consumed 34% more fuel on the road for the same amount of work. The dynamometer data represent a linear relationship between fuel consumed and energy extracted. A statistical t-test demonstrated a 99% confidence that the dynamometer efficiency was greater than that on the road. The observed fuel consumption difference could be explained by a direct temperature effect on the engine: the road tests were conducted at from 52 to 67 degrees F vs. 71 to 76 degrees F for the dynamometer tests. If vehicle engine operated under much richer fuel-air conditions at the lower temperature, this might explain the difference. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Dynamometers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Torque KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386107 AU - Waters, P E AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE CONTROL OF VEHICLE NOISE BY LEGISLATION PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - An historical survey is presented of motor vehicle noise legislation in the U.K., followed by technical background on current and proposed U.K. and European Economic Community noise standards. The following topics are discussed: noise units, vehicle noise characteristics, test methodology, noise limits, in-use noise tests, interior noise, and effect of engine noise standards on engine design. It is concluded that the 80 d B(A) limit for any class of vehicle except motorcycles by 1985, called for by the Council of Ministers, is a good compromise among the conflicting requirements of environmental protection, enforceability, cost, and technical feasibility. This limit will be relatively easy for cars to meet, but heavy commercial vehicles will require extensive redesign if their power units, including engine structure, gearbox, cooling system, and exhaust and intake systems. It is preferable that vehicles are fully redesigned to be inherently quiet. Planned rather than ad hoc retooling for the low-noise designs will help to minimize costs. KW - Costs KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Laws KW - Noise control KW - Standards KW - Traffic noise KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386108 AU - Croker, D M AU - LALOR, N AU - PETYT, M AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE USE OF FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR THE PREDICTION OF ENGINE NOISE PY - 1979 SP - 10 p. AB - In order to obtain an understanding of engine structure noise and vibration, three physical model engine blocks of increasing complexity were constructed and tested experimentally, as well as analyzed theoretically by computer, using finite element techniques. It was found that simple idealizations could adequately predict the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the three models, the third model closely representing an actual engine structure. This complex model can be used to predict noise caused by known mechanical and combustion forces. New insight has been gained into the vibration characteristics of engine structures. When several modes occur with very close natural frequencies, combinations of two or more modes must be measured experimentally. With the computer model, such modes are clearly separated. It is possible to divide the mode shapes of each model into four types: nine major modes in which the block moves as a whole, with both sides vibrating in phase; 14 crankcase modes where the predominant movement on the sides of the block is below the level of the lower deck, and where movement of individual side panels occurs between the main bearings; 31 skirt panel modes where the predominant movement is at the bottom of the block, and side panels in general move individually; and ten cylinder block modes where the side of the block moves mainly between the top and lower deck levels. KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199920 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386672 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Taylor, J H AU - Burt, E C AU - Bailey, A C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TIRE OPTIONS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE TRACTORS PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - General principles are presented to assist agricultural operators in the selection of tires and wheels for four-wheel drive tractors. For improved traction, all wheels should be powered since it takes more energy to tow or push a wheel than to self-propel it. Wheels of greater diameter are desirable because of their longer footprint. Tandem drive provides increased traction efficiency because the second wheel runs in the first wheel's compacted footprint. Radial ply tires' slightly longer footprints give improved performance. Equal dynamic load on front and rear axles and equal slip of front and rear wheels are recommended. Dual wheels can be advantageous when flotation is a problem since more soil surface is used to support tractor weight, although using duals to reduce soil compaction is usually counterproductive. The first pass of a wheel in loose soil generally causes about 80% of the sinkage plus sufficient compaction to restrict crop root growth. A traffic control system which establishes permanent traffic lanes is beneficial; compacted traffic lanes improve traction and flotation, and guide water flow into crop-growing areas where it is needed. If traffic is kept off a tilled area, annual primary tillage is not necessary. The effect of total tractor load on soil compaction is discussed. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Four wheel drive KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Selecting KW - Tires KW - Truck tractors KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386096 AU - Daly, K J AU - Smith, J D AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - USING GRATINGS IN DRIVELINE NOISE PROBLEMS PY - 1979 SP - 6 p. AB - Noise and vibration problems in drivelines are usually caused by transmission error which may be measured directly using circular gratings. Measurements of gear accuracy may be made quickly without removing gears from their housings. Typical results from gearbox and back axle measurements are shown and interpreted; advantages and limitations of this form of measurement are indicated. Gratings may be used to determine the manufacturing errors at low speeds, i.e. until system resonance distorts the readings. Gear errors are detected quickly and simply although once-per-tooth errors cannot be allocated to profile or helix without further measurements. Use of time averaging techniques allows separation of the pitch errors on different shafts to give production control information. KW - Drivelines KW - Gear boxes KW - Grates KW - Gratings KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386104 AU - CROLLA, D A AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS IN TRACTOR POWER-TAKE-OFF DRIVELINES PY - 1979 SP - 7 p. AB - A theoretical analysis is presented of a simplified model of the tractor/agricultural machine power takeoff driveline. The effects of Hooke's joints and nonlinear elements such as backlash, overload, and overrun clutches on driveline frequency response are calculated by computer simulation. The frequency response curves are presented for the driveline of a typical 60 kW. tractor and drum mower. The field measurement of the driveline torque loading of a range of agricultural machinery is described. The power spectral density function of driveline torque is discussed for three of the machines: a rotary digger, a drum mower, and a forage harvester. The use of a combination of field measurements and theoretical analysis for minimizing torsional vibration problems at the design stage is discussed. KW - Agricultural equipment KW - Agricultural machinery KW - Drivelines KW - Torsion KW - Truck tractors KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386111 AU - Burton, D R AU - O'Keeffe, J M AU - WILLIAMS, R AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A COMBINED ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH FOR EVALUATING ENGINE DESIGN FOR LOW NOISE LEVELS PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - A combined analytical and experimental approach is described that allows the engine designer to optimize the effects of possible modifications (e.g. increase of stiffness, damping, or mass) on structure-borne noise, without recourse to a series of expensive hardware changes. The approach involves four phases: acquisition of good frequency response data for the block to establish an experimental modal representation of the structure; a check on validity of data base using synthesis; setting up and validation of system files to incorporate structural modifications suggested from interpretation of experimental mode shape data, setting up of load files for forced response work, establishment of modal representation of the beam stiffeners, and addition of subsystems to the experimental system files to calculate the forced response of the modified block; and post-processing of output with and without the modifications to obtain the change in the radiated sound power of the modified region. To demonstrate the applicability of the approach, samples are given of engine system models obtained from mathematical combinations of either the measured or calculated dynamic characteristics of the engine component parts. KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385666 AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NOISE AND VIBRATIONS OF ENGINES AND TRANSMISSIONS. CONFERENCE SPONSORED BY THE AUTOMOBILE DIVISION AND THE SCHOOL OF AUTOMOTIVE STUDIES OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, HELD AT CRANFIELD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 10-12 JULY 1979 PY - 1979 SP - 168 p. AB - Eighteen papers are compiled on noise associated with motor vehicles. The problem is dealt with in light of the more demanding requirements of recent legislation restricting noise levels. Extensively covered are the fields of fatigue failure, vibration related to wear, and other general problems related to noise and vibrations in engines and transmissions. KW - Engines KW - Failure KW - Laws KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Transmissions KW - Vibration KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385668 AU - Welbourn, D B AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE OF GEAR NOISE: A SURVEY PY - 1979 SP - 6 p. AB - The literature is reviewed on gear noise, in particular the fundamental work published since Opitz (1969) surveyed the subject. The importance of transmission error (TE) and its noise results are now clearly understood because of the work of Niemann and Baethge (1970). The successful computer modeling by M. W. Salzer, J. D. Smith, and D. B. Welbourn (1977), to include manufacturing tooth errors, clarified gearbox dynamics and noise effects. For closed gearboxes, the noise is largely determined by the variation in forces at the bearings. The fundamental cause of gear noise is TE, which may be due to manufacturing errors or the variable stiffness of the teeth in the contact zone as a result of poor design. Eccentricity of wheels causes both once-per-revolution frequencies and modulated tooth frequencies. Adjacent pitch errors cause all multiples of shaft frequency to appear except for tooth frequency and its harmonics. Involute and helix errors cause tooth frequency and its harmonics to appear. In general, doubling the TE, speed, or module will increase noise by six dB., and doubling the tooth load will increase noise by three dB. (although it may also have an opposite effect in poorly designed gears since increasing the load often changes the transmission error). No matter how well the gear teeth have been designed and manufactured, a gearbox may still be noisy if inadequate consideration has been given to its dynamics. The noise may be internal, due to system resonances, or the result of exciting forces of other components. The same gearbox may be quiet in one machine and noisy in another. KW - Gear boxes KW - Gears KW - Noise KW - Simulation KW - Transmission errors and interference KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386099 AU - Hedges, J L AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A "CAD" (COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN) SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE DRIVELINE NOISE PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - A Computer Aided Design system is described for the study of idle gear rattle and vibration in vehicle drivelines, and three examples of its application are presented. Any driveline configuration can be rationalized into a set of simple modules such as clutch, gear pair, and differential, allowing mathematical modeling of the individual items. The current library contains ten modules. Using an interactive digital computer program, the modules can be interconnected to represent any vehicle driveline configuration. During this assembly process, computer coding of the equations of motion is generated in a format acceptable for use with digital simulation language. This modular approach has been used to recommend clutch designs capable of eliminating idle gear rattle and driveline vibration noise. KW - Clutches KW - Computer aided design KW - Design KW - Drivelines KW - Gears KW - Noise KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386101 AU - Atkins, K A AU - Challen, B J AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO TRUCK NOISE REDUCTION PY - 1979 SP - 10 p. AB - An approach is described for reducing the drive-by noise of a 14-liter diesel-engined truck which involves a combination of conventional noise reduction techniques. The combustion and mechanical exciting forces within the engine are respectively lowered by turbocharging and low-noise pistons, coupled with a small reduction in the rated speed. The resulting noise is largely attenuated by employing simple shielding attached with isolation mounts to form a tunnel around the engine. A reduction of drive-by noise from 92 1/2 dBA to 82 dBA has been demonstrated with this approach. A level of 80 dBA was achieved with additional silencing and shielding of the non-engine noise sources. A method is appended for calculating the radiated combustion and mechanical noise levels from an engine. KW - Diesel engines KW - Measurement KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386636 AU - Conley, E M AU - National Transportation Policy Study Commission TI - TRANSPORTATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT. WORKING PAPER NO. 14 PY - 1979 SP - 61 p. AB - Key issues relating to transportation and environmental safety goals include those affecting suppliers, carriers, and users; they are categorized as those applicable to all transportation markets (passenger and freight; urban, rural, intercity, and international) and those specific to a particular transportation market. Issues affecting all transportation modes and markets are supply, demand, and performance. Environmental parameters of importance concern air, noise, and water pollution; safety and transportation of hazardous materials; and land use. Interrelations between the transportation system and externalities such as environment and safety are complex; regulations affect all transportation modes and markets. The reform of economic regulations, while improving overall efficiency, is likely to accelerate the growth of transportation activities and accompanying noise and pollution. Mobile-source air pollution regulations have a pervasive impact on transportation. Introduction of the diesel, which offers significant potential for energy savings, will depend on resolving nitrogen oxide and particulate emission standards. Many emission control strategies are costly to implement but may be more readily adopted by government and vehicle manufacturers if they achieve other goals simultaneously, e.g. energy efficiency. Key challenges in minimizing environment and safety conflicts focus on research and development, standards setting, rulemaking, intergovernmental coordination, and fiscal responsibility. Appendixes contain supplementary information on pollutant emissions, emission standards for motor vehicles, health risks of pollutants, and potential health concerns of the diesel engine. KW - Air quality management KW - Demand KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hazardous materials KW - Land use KW - Markets KW - Performance KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386665 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Lackman, L M AU - Price, M A AU - Matoi, T T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COMPOSITE APPLICATIONS TO AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES NOW AND IN THE FUTURE PY - 1979 SP - 22 p. AB - The application of composite materials to aircraft manufacture is described, with reference to design and analysis tools for predicting internal loads and deflections for aeroelastic, tailored lifting surfaces. Composite materials development for aircraft applications has been designed to achieve weight savings in weight-critical regions. Toward this end, graphite/epoxy composites are being used as structural materials in the form of cross-plied fiber-reinforced laminates for conventional, monolithic wing/empennage skins and substructures or as face sheets on honeycomb-type structures. All metal components have been replaced by composite structures on such aircraft as the B-1, the F-18, and the AV-8B. Weight and cost savings have been demonstrated for the B-1 aircraft. The next-generation aircraft will incorporate composites in a significantly larger proportion of the airframe structure to exploit more fully all advantageous characteristics of advanced composite structures (strength, stiffness, tailorability, weight, and fabrication cost savings). Aeroelastic tailoring and the use of integral, advanced composite structures are detailed in terms of weight and cost savings and structural integrity improvements. KW - Aircraft KW - Composite materials KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Weight KW - Weight reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203989 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386667 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Power, D V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CERAMIC MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A GLASS FURNACE RECUPERATOR PY - 1979 SP - 22 p. AB - Procedures, materials, and results are reported for the materials selection process performed in conjunction with efforts to develop, test, and evaluate high-temperature range recuperator designs for an industrial glass furnace. Material properties, fabrication capability, and relative performance of potential materials in the flue environment of a day tank glass furnace were evaluated. Polycrystalline alumina, reaction sintered and chemically vapor deposited silicon carbides, and sintered alpha silicon carbide proved most satisfactory in the material temperature range of 2300-2800 degrees F. Relatively pure alumina, mullite, and cordierite were most satisfactory at a range of 1700-2300 degrees F. Thermomechanical stress for each material was calculated under expected operating conditions for the optimized design. Material strengths were greater than calculated stresses by factors varying from 2.6 for reaction sintered silicon carbide to 16 for cordierite. Recuperator test sections were subjected to twice the expected thermal stress conditions, with no evidence of failure. A test section was also subjected to the thermal shock of instant transfer between room temperature and a 2000-degree furnace without damage. Results demonstrate the economic fabrication of complex parts made of high-temperature ceramics. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Fabrication KW - Mechanical properties KW - Silicon carbide KW - Strength of materials KW - Thermal properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203991 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386669 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Coddington, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A NUMERICAL METHOD FOR PREDICTING THE LARGE DEFLECTION RESPONSE OF CAB WINDOWS PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - In order to accurately predict compliance with operator protective structure requirements of SAE J1084, nonlinear finite element models were developed for predicting the large deflection response of cab windows made from polycarbonate thermoplastic. In previous laboratory tests on the rear cab window of a crawler (tree harvesting equipment), the highly nonlinear nature of the cab window's response under maximum loading was observed. Extreme edges pulled away from the window frame at certain locations, and central deflection was much greater than plate thickness. To model this complex relationship accurately, a program was selected for model simulation which featured nonlinear analysis capabilities for both geometric and material nonlinearity, as well as incremental analysis. Numerical modeling parameters of interest were geometric, material, and kinematic nonlinearities, and incremental load history. A hierarchy of finite element models was developed to investigate the quantitative influence of numerical parameters and to select the simplest model giving accurate results. It was determined that numerical models employing nonlinear, finite element techniques can be used to predict the large deflection response of polycarbonate thermoplastic cab windows. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Construction equipment KW - Deflection KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Polycarbonates KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Windows UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203993 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386671 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cave, B J AU - Bhatia, R R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NEW BEARING SELECTION CONCEPTS AND MOUNTING GUIDELINES FOR OFF-HIGHWAY WHEELS PY - 1979 SP - 22 p. AB - The application of tapered roller bearing analysis concepts to off-highway wheels and final drive planetaries is discussed, and ways of avoiding bearing problems are examined. In the systems approach to bearing selection, factors affecting off-highway wheel bearings are load zone, lubrication, alignment, and spall propagation. Although the traditional approach to bearing selection encompasses duty cycles, histograms, and other environmental considerations, analytical studies show wide variance between operating conditions on which early, empirical selection methods were based and typical duty cycles. Bearing analysis in progress for new applications demonstrates the need to investigate work cycles for loaders and scrapers and the impact of load transients. Increased operating and maintenance costs highlight the importance of sound design practices and proper bearing assembly and setup procedures. The quest to move greater payloads with maximized fuel economy, minimized purchase cost, while meeting Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Environmental Protection Agency standards will require even greater effort from the design engineer. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Bearings KW - Mounting KW - Selecting KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386103 AU - Hiereth, H AU - Charzinski, H-P AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME ASPECTS CONCERNING NOISE REDUCTION OF PASSENGER CARS WITH DIESEL AND GASOLINE ENGINES PY - 1979 SP - 8 p. AB - The main noise sources in both gasoline- and diesel-powered passenger cars are identified, and approaches to reducing noise levels are described. The noise sources (in order of importance) are: engine and driveline, tailpipe, exhaust system, intake, and rolling noise. Encapsulation is discussed as a secondary damping measure, with particular attention given to vehicle-supported engine encapsulation. A diesel and gasoline car equipped with such encapsulation are described. A new cooling system was also developed and the exhaust system modified. In the diesel car, the drive-by noise was reduced from 79.5 dB(A) to 74 dB(A) in second gear, and from 73 dB(A) to 69.5 dB(A) in third gear. Similar results were achieved in the gasoline car. By additional modifications to the vehicles, the interior noise levels were maintained at the present production levels. Problems remaining to be solved with vehicle-supported encapsulation relate to heat balance, ground clearance, ease of accessibility for maintenance, added weight (reduced fuel economy), and cost. KW - Automobiles KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Diesel engines KW - Encapsulation KW - Gasoline engines KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386105 AU - Andrews, S A AU - Anderton, D AU - Baker, J M AU - Institution of Mechanical Engineers AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ANALYSIS AND MECHANISM OF ENGINE "CRANK RUMBLE" PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - An investigation of crank rumble in a gasoline engine is described in which noise, vibration, and cylinder pressure development were measured. Crank rumble is not associated with the highest noise levels in the spectrum (800 to 2000 Hz.), but rather with the complex waveform present at the lower amplitudes and frequencies near 400 Hz. Rumble occurs when a minimum of three adjacent harmonics of similar amplitude, selected by a resonant part of the engine or vehicle structure, lie within the minimum bandwidth of the human ear and combine to form a highly modulated envelope waveform. The level at which rumble ceases to become audible is not only dependent on the amplitude around the rumble frequency, but also on the masking ability of the remainder of the noise spectrum. The mechanism of crank rumble indicates that this noise is not necessarily associated with impending mechanical failure. An electronic method of reproducing the exact form of crank rumble is described. Approaches to reducing rumble are discussed: changing the combustion process, which modifies the amplitude and phase of the harmonics of the engine cycle, and modifying the engine structure response. KW - Crankcases KW - Gasoline engines KW - Noise KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386112 AU - Interministerial Task Force on Crash Rescue TI - THE RESCUE AND EXTRICATION OF VICTIMS TRAPPED IN ACCIDENT-INVOLVED VEHICLES: A REPORT TO R.H. HUMPHRIES, COORDINATOR OF HIGHWAY SAFETY ACTIVITIES IN ONTARIO PY - 1979 SP - 107 p. AB - The nature, frequency and extent of need for a specialized rescue and extrication service in Ontario, Canada was assessed by conducting inquiries of police, ambulance, and fire emergency services. Indications are that up to 2000 extrications are required annually, frequently in heavily traveled areas and occasionally in remote areas. When the organization, coverage, and effectiveness of existing extrication services across the province were evaluated, it was found that some parts of Ontario apparently have no organized extrication service. In other areas, special equipment and training are inadequate or nonexistent. A number of private and volunteer organizations are offering extrication services without meeting any particular standard of capability or responsibility. In some areas, the existing service is poorly coordinated. It is recommended that resources for extrication of trapped motor vehicle accident victims be improved in Ontario through existing agencies, primarily municipal fire departments. In areas where extrication response from the local fire department is impossible, the police, ambulance services, or private organizations should be trained for basic extrication work within the provincial training program. A formal mechanism should be established to regulate the operation of private rescue squad extrication services. Legal status should be provided to vehicles used in these services so that they may be equipped with red flashing lights or sirens. The Fire Services Section of the Ontario Fire Marshall's Office should coordinate extrication activities among police, ambulance, and fire services as well as other interested organizations. Guidelines for responsibility at the accident scene should be established. KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386114 AU - Fancher, P S AU - MALLIKARJUNARAO, C AU - NISONGER, R L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - SIMULATION OF THE DIRECTIONAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRACTOR-SEMITRAILER VEHICLES. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 84 p. AB - The capability of a detailed digital simulation is examined for predicting the steering response of tractor-semitrailers in obstacle-avoidance maneuvers, turning near the rollover limit, and steady turning. Measured and simulated results are presented for a three-axle tractor combined with either a van-trailer or a flat-bed trailer. The effect of changes in tractor frame stiffness and/or the roll stiffness of the front suspension is used to assess the validity of the simulation. Particular emphasis is given to the prediction of the articulation angle between the tractor and semitrailer during steady turns. It is concluded that the simulation provides an excellent prediction of vehicle response in obstacle-avoidance maneuvers. It has reasonable predictive capabilities for vehicle performance in severe turning maneuvers approaching the rollover limit. Since vehicle performance is very sensitive to steering level, forward velocity, and vehicle parameters in severe turns, very accurate input and parametric data are needed. Simulation data on trailer oversteer/understeer in steady turning with moderate lateral acceleration do not agree well with measured values. The articulation angle study indicates that further research is needed to obtain a detailed understanding of the steady turning behavior of articulated vehicles. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Forecasting KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199926 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384722 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - UNEASY RIDERS? (VAN SAFETY) PY - 1979 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - p. 16-21 AB - As an increasingly attractive alternative to passenger cars, vans have some unsolved safety problems. Vans are exempt from some of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) major safety standards; often standards which apply to vans are less stringent than those for passenger cars. Because of differences in van designs, applicable standards can vary from one make to another; the potential van buyer has difficulty determining the safety requirements for a particular vehicle. The customizing of vans remains unregulated, lacking even general industry guidelines. Part of the problem stems from the fact that government regulators are unsure about how to classify vans. Consumer information standards covering data on vehicle stopping distance, acceleration, and passing ability, and tire reserve load do not apply to vans. Since a 1978 General Accounting Office report criticizing NHTSA for its failure to upgrade light truck standards, some changes have been made. In 1980, NHTSA amended Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 201, 203, 204, and 208 to cover all vans. This action will not correct all the safety deficiencies of these vehicles; other areas needing attention include brake performance, windshield retention, door jamming, additional interior padding, and vehicle override. A special study on multipurpose van safety by the National Transportation Safety Board in 1979 also supports the extension of additional safety requirements to these vehicles. All safety standards which now apply to cars should be amended to include light trucks and vans. Upgraded standards should take into account the different safety needs of light trucks/vans. A separate note comments on the increased use of vanpools, and the cost benefits and insurance aspects of this type of commuting. A second note provides tips on proper driving (steering, braking, backing) of a van. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Light trucks KW - Passing KW - Regulations KW - Stopping distances KW - Vanpools KW - Vans KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384731 AU - Keen, J AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - VAPOUR LOCK IN CAR BRAKING SYSTEMS PY - 1979 SP - 33 p. AB - Laboratory studies determined that a water content of 1% in current brake fluids reduces the vapor lock point from 250 degrees C to 180 degrees C, with further increases in water content having progressively less effect. Comparative tests on nine car models were carried out on the track to measure brake fluid temperatures, and fluid temperatures were measured for one car under a variety of road conditions. Under normal conditions, maximum fluid temperatures were 50 to 60 degrees C. With a fully laden car or one with worn brake pads, fluid temperatures were increased. A simulated binding rear brake raised the fluid temperature to 143 degrees C in the rear brake cylinder. During an extremely severe hill descent of a fully loaded car, the fluid temperatures were 150 to 160 degrees C. Over half the cars in a national sample of 1000 had 3% or more water in their brake fluids, corresponding to a vapor lock point of 145 degrees C. A firm relationship between fluid age and water content could not be established. Indications are that fluid changes at intervals of less than three years would result in only small improvements. Vapor lock should not be a problem for current cars under normal operating conditions in the U.K. unless the fluid is severely contaminated with moisture and either the car is at the end of a severe descent or some of its brakes are binding. KW - Age KW - Brake fluids KW - Brakes KW - Moisture content KW - Temperature KW - Vapor lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384711 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - 1978 OREGON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS. FOCUS ON: MOTOR VEHICLE VS. BICYCLE PY - 1979 SP - 15 p. AB - Bicycle versus motor vehicle accident data are tabulated for Oregon in 1978, separately covering: the entire state, rural areas, cities and urban areas except Portland, Portland, and cities except Portland. Fatality, injury, and property damage statistics are presented in the following categories: type of motor vehicle accident; location; casualty age; directional analysis; pedestrian action by age; driver age, sex, and residence; contributing circumstances; vehicle type; road surface condition; light condition; and manner of two motor vehicle collision. Driver error summaries are tabulated for both bicyclists and other road users. There were 546 bicycle/motor vehicle accidents in Oregon during 1978 with 15 resulting in fatalities and 507 in nonfatal injuries. KW - Age KW - Bicycles KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash types KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198942 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00384721 JO - JOURNAL OF AMERICAN INSURANCE AU - Alliance of American Insurers TI - IF SPRING IS HERE, CAN WINTER BE FAR BEHIND? PY - 1979 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - p. 5-7 AB - A checklist is provided for the motorist to prepare his car early for the coming winter. Checklist items include: battery, brakes, defroster, exhaust system, fluids, oil, tires, engine tune-up, and wipers. A "winter kit" of safety equipment to carry in the trunk is also suggested. Differences in braking and accelerating on ice are noted among three vehicle sizes (subcompact, compact, standard). A few safe driving techniques are outlined for icy conditions: keep steering steady, watch for icy patches, increase following distance, approach an intersection with extra care, and pump the brakes to stop. It is also advised not to brake in a skid but to steer in the direction the back end of the car is sliding. A chart indicates braking distance from 20 mph on glare ice and on loosely packed snow for different tires/equipment: regular tires, snow tires (rear), studded snow tires (rear, or front and rear, used or new), and reinforced tire chains (rear). A separate note presents the National Safety Council Committee on Winter Driving test findings on the ice/snow traction ability of the following tire types: compact spares, collapsible spares, on- and off-road tires, smaller stud tires, and siped tires (those with crosswise knifecuts). KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Ice KW - Recommendations KW - Skidding KW - Snow tires KW - Studded tires KW - Tire chains KW - Traction KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384732 AU - Troutbeck, R J AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - OVERTAKING CRITICAL GAPS PY - 1979 SP - 36 p. AB - The sizes of rejected and accepted gaps by motorists on Australian two-lane rural roads were measured, and the distribution of these gaps was used to calculate overtaking critical gaps using a method first proposed by Ashworth (1968). The minimum opportunity needed before a motorist would overtake other vehicles is the critical gap. It was found that the 85th percentile critical gaps increase by about 4 seconds for each 10 kph increase in speed and are dependent upon whether the overtaken vehicle is a car or a truck. Increases in the length of the truck (test vehicle) from 16 to 21 m. produced no discernible change in the critical gap distribution. The empirical results obtained compare favorably with those of other researchers. The work was expanded to give a design critical gap for various design speeds. A tentative design table of desirable overtaking opportunities to suit 85% of the driving population was developed. KW - Behavior KW - Critical values KW - Design speed KW - Drivers KW - Gap acceptance KW - Passing KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382554 AU - Spearnock, R A AU - Air Force Avionics Laboratory TI - DISPLAY MEASUREMENTS--THE EFFECTS OF HUD (HEAD-UP DISPLAYS) GLOW ON VISUAL PERFORMANCE. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 18 p. AB - Residual glow in head-up displays (HUD's) is examined using the contrast threshold work of Blackwell to estimate detrimental effects of this glow on operator (pilot) performance. Glow is obtained in a HUD when the image source in the "off state" projects a residual luminance. This may be a problem in any HUD system regardless of image source type. Glow in a HUD can affect operator performance by altering operator's state of luminance adaptation and by reducing the contrast ratio between any target in the field of view and its environment. It appears that even small amounts of glow have serious, adverse effects on operator performance under low light level adaptation. The amount of detriment is a function of glow level, operator's luminance adaptation, and perceived contrast ratio between the target and its environment. Further study of the effects of HUD glow on operator performance is recommended if the HUD is intended as a primary flight instrument at night. KW - Aviation KW - Glow KW - Head up displays KW - Operator performance KW - Personnel performance KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382534 AU - Ginett, B AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - TRENDS IN ALCOHOL-RELATED CONVICTIONS. STATISTICAL BULLETIN PY - 1979 SP - 15 p. AB - Trends in the number of driving while intoxicated (DWI) convictions in New York State for the 1970-1978 period are reviewed. The DWI statistics indicate 3983 persons convicted in 1970, 15,310 in 1976, and 14,478 in 1978. Much of the increase in 1970-1976 and most of the decrease in 1976-1977 occurred in counties involved in experimental driver rehabilitation programs. Three possible factors contributed to the increase: experimental programs and associated public relations efforts generated an awareness of and interest in the problem of alcohol use and driving; Federal funds for special enforcement programs, purchase of breath testing devices, and police training in proper testing procedures were available in substantial amounts; and a series of law changes reduced the blood alcohol concentration definition of intoxication. The increase in arrest and conviction rates was similar. With tax revenues reflecting alcohol consumption, modest fluctuations in consumption appeared to be unrelated to convictions. Changes in the number of arrests and convictions seemed to reflect changes in attitudes and policies of the law enforcement system. Factors limiting the continued increase in the number of convictions were fiscal constraints, limited number of prosecutorial staff, limited special funding for the enforcement of drinking and driving laws, other demands on law enforcement personnel, and more crowded court facilities. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Arrests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Convictions KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Law enforcement KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198534 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382555 JO - Energy Technology Review PB - Noyes Data Corporation AU - Noyes Data Corporation TI - ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES PY - 1979 IS - 44 SP - 655 p. AB - An updated assessment of electric and hybrid vehicles presents information on characteristics, costs, maintenance, and energy consumption. A state-of-the-art characterization of electric and hybrid vehicles was prepared by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for the Department of Energy (DOE), using three sources of data: controlled tests of a representative sample of commercially available and experimental vehicles, information from the literature and from vehicle manufacturers, and the experience of fleet operators and individual owners. Electrochemical devices are analyzed as potential candidates for energy storage in transportation applications in a study prepared by the University of California Lawrence Livermore Laboratory for DOE. The analysis covers the following battery types: lead/acid, nickel/zinc, nickel/iron, lithium/iron sulfide, sodium/sulfur, zinc/chlorine, sodium/sulfur, metal/air fuel cell, nickel/hydrogen, zinc/bromine, iron/air, lithium/metal sulfide, and others. A report by the Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command concerns foreign electric vehicle research, development, and technology, principally involving the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, the U.K., and the U.S.S.R. The status of the DOE Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program is reported as of January 1979. A subject index is incorporated into the table of contents; bibliographies and a glossary complement the text. KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy storage systems KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202506 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00382536 JO - Phoenix Quarterly PB - Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel Incorporated AU - Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel Incorporated TI - NO SIMPLE SOLUTION TO AUTO THEFT PY - 1979 VL - 11 SP - 5 p. AB - Deficiencies in proposals to minimize the auto theft problem, estimated to cost the public about $2 billion per year, are noted. Statistics show that one out of every 154 registered vehicles was stolen in 1977. While 60% of autos were recovered, arrests were made in only 15% of cases. The New York Auto Squad estimates that, of 94,000 autos reported stolen in 1977, 25% of claims were fraudulent. An Arthur D. Little study indicates that amateur thieves cost consumers between $1.1 and $1.4 billion annually, followed closely by professionals (part specialists, auto retitlers, auto exporters, and frauds). Findings by an Interagency Committee on Auto Theft Prevention, formed in 1975 to study the problem from a national perspective, were drafted into the Auto Theft Prevention Act of 1979 which has four legislative goals: to improve standards of security devices for motor vehicles; to increase Federal criminal penalties for persons trafficking in stolen motor vehicles and their parts; to establish procedures to reduce export of stolen motor vehicles; and to improve identification numbering systems for motor vehicles and component parts. Numerous studies demonstrate that improved locking devices represent an effective deterrent to auto theft. Stronger penalties for auto theft crimes, plus stronger enforcement of existing laws, are urged by many prosecutors. Part of the rationale supporting labeling as a means of identification is the establishment of an audit trail, which requires persons involved in transfer of an auto or its parts to keep extensive records for government agencies. Since an automobile ceases to be an automobile when it reaches the scrap yard, the extension of recordkeeping to scrap processors will not solve the auto theft problem. Education, engineering, and enforcement are recommended as a three-pronged approach to curb auto theft. Improved locking devices and security systems and their use should be encouraged, more funds should be authorized for Federal and state enforcement agencies, and the judicial system should be more cognizant of the $2 billion economic impact and the criminal magnitude of auto thefts. Attention should be focused on the amateur thief. KW - Antitheft devices KW - Arrests KW - Automobiles KW - Economic impacts KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/202502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382538 AU - World Health Organization TI - ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT STATISTICS. REPORT ON A WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION) AD HOC TECHNICAL GROUP PY - 1979 SP - 42 p. AB - Five objectives of traffic accident data collection were emphasized at a meeting of a World Health Organization technical group: to determine the nature and extent of mortality from road traffic accidents and its distribution by age, sex, and road user category; to determine the nature and extent of both temporary and permanent human disability from road traffic accidents and the degree of resulting social and economic dependency in order to plan for the overall management of these cases; to evaluate the extent to which road traffic accidents make demands on available manpower and economic resources used in first-aid, emergency, treatment, and rehabilitation services; to identify causes of the severity of injuries sustained in road traffic accidents and human and environmental factors influencing this severity; and to assess human and environmental factors affecting the risk of involvement in road traffic accidents. It is concluded that public health authorities should review their contribution to improved road traffic accident statistics and that possible misreporting of fatal accidents under International Classification of Diseases codes should be studied. Information is urgently needed on the extent of disability in the community due to road traffic accidents. Road accident reporting forms should include information about factors relevant to protection from injury (e.g. wearing of seat belts and crash helmets) and about factors affecting accident risk. Public health authorities should cooperate in providing linkages between traffic injury data collected by the police and hospital records. Techniques should be examined for combining data from social security, motor insurance, occupational disability, sickness, and medicolegal records. Information on road traffic accident victims should be collected and published in a convenient form, and information about mortality and morbidity should be collected through surveys limited to specific geographic areas or populations. KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Physical disabilities KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382542 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - DMV (DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLE) MOTOR VEHICLE STATISTICS, 1978 ACCIDENT AND OPERATIONAL STATISTICAL DATA PY - 1979 SP - 74 p. AB - New York motor vehicle statistics are presented, including those for traffic accidents and operational activities. New material includes a county breakdown and a monthly breakdown of fatalities in 1977 and 1978, holiday fatality data for 1969-78, and drivers' licenses in force by county of residence for 1978. Data are tabulated and graphically illustrated on death and injury accident rates, the age and sex distribution of persons killed or injured, the seriousness of injury, the manner of collision in two-vehicle accidents, preaccident vehicle action and the location of collisions, drivers involved in accidents, road and weather factors, accident by hour of day and day of week, accident involvement by motor vehicle type, pedestrian accidents, motorcycle-moped accidents and bicycle accidents. Consideration is also given to motor vehicle registrations and driver's licenses, convictions, suspensions and revocations, activities concerning vehicle and driver safety, vehicle regulation investigation and audit, and hearing and adjudication, as well as motorboat and snowmobile registrations. A 10-year accident summary covering 1969-1978 is included. KW - Age KW - Bicycles KW - Driver age KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistics KW - Suspensions KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380906 AU - Quensel, W P AU - Quane, W L AU - Doron Precision Systems, Incorporated TI - ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS AND STUDENTS DISCOVER TRAFFIC SAFETY. SUMMARY OF A STUDY ASSESSING THE TEACHING AND EFFECT OF THE AUTOMOTIVE SAFETY FOUNDATION'S DISCOVERING TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM PY - 1979 SP - 15 p. AB - The Discovering Traffic Safety (DTS) program for elementary school students was pilot tested to gain information about the effectiveness of selected teacher preparation activities in implementing portions of the program. DTS features three series of six films designed for specific grade levels, supported by program guides and teacher manuals. The program encourages children to discuss and discover key traffic safety concepts and rules on their own. The pilot study involved 1054 students and 44 teachers in 13 Illinois elementary schools. Testing instruments were developed for gathering data on teacher knowledge, interest, and feelings, and student achievement; various statistical methods were used to analyze the data. After participating in the study, the teachers were positive about traffic safety education in general and the DTS in particular. The teachers apparently agreed that the DTS program could be integrated with other subjects without diminishing instruction. Project tests indicated that students using the DTS program materials made statistically significant gains in knowledge of traffic safety. The type of teacher orientation (no training, briefing, workshop) appeared to have little effect on student achievement. KW - Assessments KW - Child safety KW - Education and training KW - Effectiveness KW - Film KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Safety education KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193663 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380913 JO - University of Detroit Journal of Urban Law PB - Detroit University AU - Werber, S J AU - Detroit University TI - AUTOMOBILE RECALL CAMPAIGNS: PROPOSALS FOR LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL RESPONSES PY - 1979 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 38 p. AB - The evidentiary issues are examined concerning the admissibility and use of motor vehicle recall letters and related documents, as well as "no defect" findings, of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in product liability litigation. Based on an analysis of legal decisions and the practical problems involved, it is concluded that justice requires that NHTSA and the judiciary take into account a manufacturer's compliance with Federal recall and defect investigation determinations. It is advocated that the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 be amended to provide benefits to a manufacturer concomitant with the duties imposed. The courts must also recognize their power to permit a viable defense premised upon a manufacturer's compliance with its statutory and common law duties and an owner's failure to comply with his common law duties. In the absence of prompt legislative action, the judiciary must also act to limit admission of recall notification letters to cases in which the facts establish the relevance of such evidence. Admissibility should be limited to the question of whether an established defect existed at the time of manufacture and sale of the subject vehicle. Both the legislative and judicial systems must refocus their attention to the limited value of a recall notification and to consider the value of a "no defect" finding by the Office of Defects Investigation. KW - Admissibility KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Compliance KW - Defects KW - Industries KW - Judicial processes KW - Judicial review KW - Legal responsibility KW - Liability KW - Litigation KW - Products KW - Recall campaigns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380905 AU - Quane, W L AU - Berthold, J E AU - Quensel, W P AU - Doron Precision Systems, Incorporated TI - A PILOT STUDY ASSESSING THE TEACHING AND EFFECT OF THE DISCOVERING TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM PY - 1979 SP - 46 p. AB - The Discovering Traffic Safety (DTS) program for elementary school students was pilot tested to gain information about the effectiveness of selected teacher preparation activities in implementing portions of the program. DTS features three series of six films designed for specific grade levels, supported by program guides and teacher manuals. The program encourages children to discuss and discover key traffic safety concepts and rules on their own. The pilot study involved 1054 students and 44 teachers in 13 Illinois elementary schools. Testing instruments were developed for gathering data on teacher knowledge, interest, and feelings, and student achievement; various statistical methods were used to analyze the data. After participating in the study, the teachers were positive about traffic safety education in general and the DTS in particular. The teachers apparently agreed that the DTS program could be integrated with other subjects without diminishing instruction. Project tests indicated that students using the DTS program materials made statistically significant gains in knowledge of traffic safety. The type of teacher orientation (no training, briefing, workshop) appeared to have little effect on student achievement. KW - Child safety KW - Education and training KW - Effectiveness KW - Film KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Safety education KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193662 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00380651 JO - University of Detroit Journal of Urban Law PB - Detroit University AU - Schmitt, M A AU - May, W W AU - Detroit University TI - BEYOND PRODUCTS LIABILITY: THE LEGAL, SOCIAL, AND ETHICAL PROBLEMS FACING THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN PRODUCING SAFE PRODUCTS PY - 1979 VL - 56 IS - 4 SP - 30 p. AB - Liability for injuries resulting from the marketing of products which intentionally or recklessly disregard consumer safety is addressed, with particular reference to the manufacture of unsafe products by the auto industry. Rather than implicating automakers, the discussion is designed to show that both the corporate community and those affected by automobile design and production desire to eliminate such disregard for consumer safety. In the case of Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Company involving the fuel tank integrity of the Pinto, the jury found Ford guilty of gross misconduct, and assessed a $125 million punitive damage penalty. The factual issues involved in the case raise crucial questions of corporate decision making and responsibility, legal principles, societal expectations, and ethical concerns. It is advanced that the design and manufacture of safe vehicles are of paramount importance to the auto industry in the 1980's. Tenets for design engineer responsibility are proposed: to design and test in accordance with the highest professional standards; to refuse to sign reports leading to faulty or unsafe products; to adhere to the Code of Ethics statement that responsibility to the public is paramount; and to report problems internally, notifying appropriate authorities or agencies if corrections are not made. Corporate responsibility is defined as understanding that responsibility to the public has equal, if not greater, standing than obligation to the company; acting quickly to correct defects; establishing an internal decision-making procedure that gives authority to those most knowledgeable, developing an internal reporting structure that does not jeopardize individuals; and leading an effort to improve standards of product reliability. KW - Automobile industry KW - Ethics KW - Legal responsibility KW - Liability KW - Manufacturing KW - Products KW - Reliability KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety factors KW - Social values UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/196955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379678 AU - Minnesota Department of Public Safety TI - MINNESOTA MOTORCYCLE HELMET STUDY PY - 1979 SP - 59 p. AB - Motorcycle data for the three-year period since repeal of Minnesota's motorcycle helmet use law in April 1977 are compared with base data from pre-repeal periods. In Minnesota, motorcycle helmet usage dropped from nearly 100% in 1976 to about 53% in 1979, with motorcycle fatalities rising an estimated 73% in the three post-repeal vs. three pre-repeal years. Motorcycle injuries rose 21% in the two complete years since repeal, compared to the two years before repeal; registrations rose 5.4% and licensed riders 21%. Using a simple statistical method, it was estimated that 89 additional deaths occurred since 1976 as a result of decreased helmet usage or one or more major unknown factors. Using the National Safety Council fatality figure, the total economic loss would be $13,200,000; using the Dept. of Transportation fatality figure, the total societal loss would be $25,558,575. The Minnesota data corroborate evidence from other state studies: motorcycle helmets do reduce the probability of death and serious injury. A significant percentage of motorcyclists strongly oppose the helmet requirement and reinstatement efforts have been soundly defeated during the last two legislative sessions. It is recommended that all motorcycle operators be required to carry a reasonable amount of medical payment insurance, and that states continue to improve and expand motorcycle safety programs. Appended are supplementary motorcycle crash data, a review of a 1977 motorcycle study in Minnesota (attitudinal surveys and observations of helmet use) and of other helmet studies (American Medical Assoc., Colorado, Kansas, and North Dakota) a discussion of legal and constitutional issues, and a state-by-state listing of motorcycle fatalities, registration, and helmet laws (1975 through 1978). KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Minnesota KW - Motorcyclists KW - Repeal KW - Safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379680 AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing TI - SURVEY OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF STATE POLICE VEHICULAR COLLISIONS PY - 1979 SP - 141 p. AB - Comprehensive data are compiled from an analysis of 2031 traffic accidents involving Michigan State Police vehicles during the five-year period from 1 January 1973 to 31 December 1977. The investigation was undertaken to determine the magnitude of the State Police vehicle collision experience and to identify any common factors which might lead to a reduction of accidents in the future. Records indicate that fleet maintenance is excellent, as evidenced by the low number of claimed vehicle defects. Over 36% of the accidents involved a hazardous action on the part of the driver; traveling at an excessive speed or too closely to the traffic ahead accounted for almost one-fourth of the accidents. It is recommended that a study be undertaken to examine the objectives of the present driving program in comparison with actual losses suffered. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Michigan KW - Personnel performance KW - Police KW - Police pursuit driving KW - Police vehicles KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379493 AU - Spindt, R S AU - Dizak, R E AU - Stewart, R M AU - Meyer, WAP AU - Gulf Research and Development Company AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND PERFORMANCE FACTORS. APPENDIX A: TEST RESULTS FOR ALL VEHICLES. APPENDIX B: PLOTS OF EXHAUST GAS CATALYST OUT TEMPERATURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 501 p. AB - Federal automobile emission standards and the measured fuel economies are currently based on results obtained using the 1975 Federal Test Procedure and the Highway Fuel Economy Test, both of which must be conducted at ambient temperature from 68 degrees F (20 degrees C) to 86 degrees F (30 degrees C). Since in-service operation covers a much broader temperature range, a series of tests was conducted to determine the performance of various car age groups and emission control technologies at more extreme ambient temperatures, using the above test procedures as well as other specialized tests. The effect of air conditioner use was also evaluated. Exhaust emissions (regulated and unregulated) and fuel economies are presented for the 14 vehicles tested in the range from 0 degrees F (-18 degrees C) to 110 degrees F (43 degrees C). Noncatalyst cars were the 1972 and 1974 Chevrolet Impala and the 1977 Honda Civic. The 49 state catalyst cars were the 1977 Ford LTD, 1977 Plymouth Fury, and 1978 Buick V6 Turbocharged. California catalyst cars were the 1977 Plymouth Fury, 1978 Chevrolet Station Wagon, 1978 Ford Pinto, 1978 VW Rabbit, and 1979 Dodge Aspen. Prototype cars were the 1980 Mercury, 1980 Buick Regal, and a Datsun. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Exhaust gases KW - Federal government KW - Fuel conservation KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Service life KW - Standards KW - Temperature KW - Vehicle age KW - Vehicle make KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379118 AU - Ward, T AU - Thompson, G AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - PREDICTION OF U.S. ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTION BY PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 23 p. AB - A computer model is presented for use in predicting trends in United States passenger vehicle fuel consumption. While this model is relatively simple to allow easy use, it is sufficiently detailed to provide accurate relative predictions of different fuel conservation strategies. The model methodology was developed primarily to investigate the fuel consumption implications of various applications of tire technology. Predicted annual fuel consumption figures for 1975 through 1985 are given; good agreement is shown with reported data. KW - Automobiles KW - Energy conservation KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192190 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376440 AU - Gunderson, J AU - Vodonick, E J AU - Pan, G AU - Clark, D D AU - Gatacre, J AU - Systems Control, Incorporated AU - Pacific Environmental Services, Incorporated TI - MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS INSPECTION/MAINTENANCE PROGRAM FOR SOUTH CAROLINA. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 40 p. AB - To assist the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation in the evaluation and development of a State Motor Vehicle Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) program, an analysis was made of the costs and benefits associated with a basic I/M program that could be implemented in South Carolina. Study efforts were limited to nonattainment geographic areas over 200,000 population (Berkeley, Charleston, Lexington, and Richland counties). For comparative purposes, a cost analysis for a decentralized statewide program was also performed. Three alternative options for administration of an I/M program were studied: operation by the state, by contractor, and by private garage. These alternatives were evaluated in terms of emission reduction attainable, geographic coverage, effective motor vehicle population, consumer protection, quality assurance, costs, and financial feasibility. Based upon cost information, the option selected by the state was private garage operation, integrated with an existing safety program. Due to increased equipment and operating costs, only the idle-mode option was investigated. The study methodology is described and results are presented in tabular form. KW - Air quality management KW - Analysis KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Quality assurance KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190450 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376845 JO - Ethics in Science and Medicine PB - Pergamon Press, Incorporated AU - SMITH, H L AU - Pergamon Press, Incorporated TI - ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS PY - 1979 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - p. 167-175 AB - "Ethical issues" may present themselves as either an incongruity between affirmed values and derivative actions or as a mistaken set of affirmed values. Current ethical issues in clinical research involving human subjects basically comprise the former type. The standard values and obligations of the medical profession governing clinical investigations are expressed in such documents as the Nuremberg Code, the Declaration of Helsinki, the policies of the Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare regarding protection of human subjects, and the American Medical Assoc.'s Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Investigation. Ethical adequacy of clinical research using human subjects is assessed with reference to its design, conduct, and result. Ethical concerns for the subject evolve primarily about valid consent and risk assessment. The ethical interests of conventional formal statements are served if the following elements are present: sufficient warrant to test experimental hypotheses in order to advance medical knowledge and/or meet human medical needs; appropriate advancement of these intentions by the design, conduct, and result of clinical research; and involvement of human subjects only after valid consent is secured, their protection from possible injury or death is guarded, and the risk is determined to be both acceptable and proportional to the significance of the study. These ethical interests, in themselves, are appropriate; current issues derive from failure to express these values in discrete action(s). KW - Ethics KW - Hazards KW - Human beings KW - Medicine KW - Research KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376872 AU - Japan Automobile Research Institute TI - A STUDY ON THE ENERGY ABSORBING SEAT SYSTEM. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 109 p. AB - Research is reported involving a series of basic and practical tests of energy-absorbing (EA) seat systems which use energy absorption webbing in shoulder belts and energy absorption mechanisms in seats to improve the performance of seat belt systems. The research comprised development and trial production of energy absorption mechanisms, determination of basic seat belt system characteristics via sled experiments, and test vehicle experiments at 64 km/hr. For comparison purposes, test vehicle experiments at 48 km/hr and 56 km/hr were conducted on three-point seat belts fitted with emergency locking retractors (ELR). The EA seat belt systems evaluated were found to provide safety and practicality. While air bags provided protection primarily in frontal collisions, they also protected passengers through a three-point seat belt in side collisions and rollovers. Although performance, weight, and appearance of EA seats were satisfactory, no evaluation was made of the system with the steering wheel in place. Additional study is recommended to evaluate improved stability and performance, reduced cost, and lighter weight; the development of an energy absorption mechanism for frontal and rear collisions; the combination of EA seats and three-point seat belts fitted with ELR; the possibility of rendering EA seat systems passive; countermeasures to collisions of the knee with the instrument panel or steering column; and an examination of chassis equipment strength relative to EA seats. KW - Air bags KW - Energy absorption KW - Frontal crashes KW - Manual safety belts KW - Rollover crashes KW - Seats KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376887 AU - Midurski, T P AU - Sellars, F M AU - GCA Corporation TI - DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. FINAL REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 25 p. AB - Ambient air quality data for the State of Washington indicate that certain national air quality standards will not be attained in all areas of the state by 1982, even if all reasonably available control technologies are applied. It is therefore likely that the state will request from the Environmental Protection Agency an extension of the compliance date beyond 1982. In order for this request to be considered, the State must adopt a firm schedule for implementing a motor vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) program in highly urbanized nonattainment areas. Washington is developing a set of control strategies through its Dept. of Ecology, including I/M efforts, for implementation in certain areas. Tasks performed in support of this effort include a review of proposed State Implementation Plans for the Puget Sound region; assessment of the impact of varying stringency factor and vehicle age cutoff on carbon monoxide emissions reduction potential; examination and summary of provisions of Sec. 207(b) of the Clean Air Act amendments of 1977; assessment of policies regarding vehicle exemptions and waivers; analysis of issues related to geographic coverage; and review of the draft request for proposal and supporting documentation. KW - Air quality management KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Programs KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376821 AU - O'Connell, L G AU - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory TI - ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR AUTOMOBILE PROPULSION. PREPARED STATEMENT BEFORE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, SUBCOMMITTEE ON RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION, 26 NOV 1979 PY - 1979 SP - 36 p. AB - Energy storage devices for use in automobiles were identified and evaluated as credible alternatives to the internal combustion engine system of SIX energy storage propulsion systems examined, (battery electric, battery-flywheel electric, dual-fueled hybrid, power-leveling hybrid, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine, and thermal storage external combustion engine) only those involved in electricity utilization are considered here. Three time periods were considered: near-term (1980-1985); mid-term (1985-1990); and long-term (1990-2000). It was determined that automotive electrical power systems can be developed for varied performance levels, from general-purpose vehicles such as dual-fueled hybrids and metal-air electrics to specific-mission vehicles such as all battery vehicles and battery-flywheel electrics. Most energy storage vehicles or electricity-using vehicles will weigh more and cost more than internal combustion engine equivalents, a cost differential which will decrease with time. The role of energy storage in the transportation system will be determined by technical factors, cost, infrastructure requirements, energy use impact, and consumer acceptability. KW - Automobiles KW - Electric batteries KW - Energy storage systems KW - External combustion engines KW - Flywheels KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Hydrogen KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190647 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376883 JO - Psychopharmacology PB - Springer Publishing Company AU - Lehtinen, I AU - Lang, A H AU - Jantti, V AU - KESKINEN, E AU - Springer Verlag TI - ACUTE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS PY - 1979 VL - 63 SP - p. 17-23 AB - Four components of 20 horizontal saccadic eye movements (latency, mean and maximum velocities, and duration) were measured in 16 students under the influence of alcohol and also in a control situation. Experimental procedures were standardized and automated as much as possible to find a sensitive, quantitative neurophysiological measure for detecting effects of small alcohol doses on motor performance and to distinguish the effects of alcohol from those of fatigue. Latency (simple eye reaction time) was not affected by alcohol in blood concentrations of 0.056-0.116%. Mean and maximum eye velocities decreased by about 9%, and the duration of saccades increased by 11%. Maximum changes occurred 90-120 minutes after the start of alcohol ingestion. Changes in velocities and durations correlated more closely with feelings of intoxication than with blood alcohol concentrations. Marked intrasubject and intersubject variations were observed in reactions to alcohol. The close resemblance between effects of certain psychotropic drugs or alcohol and fatigue, and decreased attention to eye movement control suggests that these factors may act upon the same nervous structures in the brain stem. KW - Alcohols KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk driving KW - Eye movements KW - Muscular system KW - Nervous system KW - Neuromuscular response KW - Physiological aspects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376824 AU - Mathijssen, MPM AU - Maas, R AU - Institute for Road Safety Research, SWOV TI - WET-WEATHER ACCIDENTS. WHAT CAN ROAD AUTHORITIES DO ABOUT THEM? PY - 1979 SP - 20 p. AB - Information is provided for road authorities on the link between accidents and wet road surfaces. The likelihood of being involved in an accident is over twice as great on a wet road surface as on a dry one. Increased risk is greatest for private car occupants. The higher risk on wet roads can be partially explained by skidding vehicles. Road authorities can establish norms for a number of factors related to vehicle accidents on wet roads. They should consider variations in skid resistance according to time and place, reduction in friction as speed increases, and thickness of the waterfilm on roads. In establishing norms, road authorities should consider various aspects of the traffic system, such as safety, smooth flow, comfort, cost, and harm to the environment. Identifying locations with a comparatively large number of wet weather accidents is suggested. Steps to prevent accidents or reduce their severity concern changes in road design, road pavement, and road maintenance. Accident control on existing roads is discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Highway design KW - Hydroplaning KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Weather KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376443 AU - McLean, A J AU - Offler, W J AU - Sandow, B L AU - University of Adelaide TI - ADELAIDE IN-DEPTH ACCIDENT STUDY, 1975-1979. PART 7: ROAD AND TRAFFIC FACTORS PY - 1979 SP - 172 p. AB - Results are reported from a study to evaluate the effectiveness of existing safety measures and to identify other factors related to accident or injury causation in road accidents in metropolitan Adelaide, Australia. Characteristics of road users, vehicles, roads, and the traffic environment were studied. A representative sample was selected from all road accidents to which an ambulance was called in the Adelaide metropolitan area from Mar 1976 to Mar 1977. Two teams, each comprising a medical officer, an engineer, and a psychologist, attended 304 randomly selected accidents and collected medical, engineering, and sociological data. The review is designed to demonstrate the interactions between road and traffic factors and those relating to the vehicles and to the road users. Infringement of a traffic rule was the most common factor in accident or injury causation. Other common factors included excessive speed, fail-to-stand, and auxiliary curb lanes. Characteristics of the road surface were rarely relevant, possibly because road surface was usually dry and of good quality. Roadside objects played a role in determining the consequences of about one-third of the accidents. Accidents were classified as single-vehicle (with parked cars, utility poles, trees, curbs, and non-collision); midblock collisions between vehicles; accidents at uncontrolled, sign-controlled, and signalized intersections; and pedestrian accidents. Further classification included time of day, day of week, and alcohol involvement. Driver classification included age, sex, and driving experience. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Effectiveness KW - Fixed object KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Surfacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190453 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376848 JO - Community Health Studies PB - Australian & NZ Society Epid & Res in Comm Hlth AU - Kjellstrom, T AU - Barney, N AU - Australian & NZ Society Epid & Res in Comm Hlth TI - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DEATHS AND INJURIES AMONG PRE-SCHOOLERS AS PASSENGERS IN CARS. AN ANALYSIS OF A HEALTH PROBLEM IN NEW ZEALAND AND AN EVALUATION OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES PY - 1979 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - p. 73-82 AB - The low international ranking of New Zealand for preschool (ages one through four) mortality rates is to a great extent the result of high traffic accident mortality rates, the New Zealand rate being about four times higher than in Sweden, which has the lowest overall preschool mortality rate in the world. More than half of preschool age traffic deaths and injuries occur among car passengers. Child restraints have been effective in injury prevention. The available data indicate that the Swedish backward-facing child seats installed in the front of the car provide the best safety of all restraint types. Experimental data also indicate that these restraints would protect the child best against deceleration forces in a frontal collision. A rough cost-benefit analysis indicated that the New Zealand Dept. of Health may save money by investing in child safety seats for every child traveling by car. The cost of such seats may be lower than the cost of medical care and rehabilitation of the injured children. KW - Automobiles KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Child restraint systems KW - Epidemiology KW - Fatalities KW - Frontal crashes KW - Preschool children KW - Rearward facing child seat KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194854 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376885 JO - Perception PB - Pion Limited AU - Schiff, W AU - Detweiler, M L AU - Pion Limited TI - INFORMATION USED IN JUDGING IMPENDING COLLISION PY - 1979 VL - 8 SP - p. 647-658 AB - Experiments were performed to determine whether observers used distance information or time-to-collision information in predicting collision time and in separating key experimental variables. Results of three studies offered strong support for the view that two-dimensional, rate of angular size change invariants mediate judgments of collision time. While three-dimensional variants such as distance and velocity may contribute to these judgments, two major findings weigh against this possibility. The close correspondence between experimental findings and those in another study suggest that two-dimensional information is frequently used, and lack of differences between judgments made with little distance information and with enhanced distance information provided by clear road texture gradients indicates that subjects do not use even available three-dimensional information. Two-dimensional information can yield essentially unvarying results over several object sizes, object velocities, and egocentric distances, implying that lower-order information is not used. The consistent underestimation of time-to-collision reinforces the need to consider a proportional constant error in mathematical formulations of collision-related behavior. Substantial individual differences in judging collision time may have potential value in exploring relevant predictors of vehicle operator efficiency across individuals. It is noted that these conclusions apply only to a stationary observer. KW - Crashes KW - Distance KW - Driver information systems KW - Forecasting KW - Human factors KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Time KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373102 AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - IN TRAFFIC IT IS THE CHILD THAT PAYS THE PRICE PY - 1979 SP - 5 p. AB - A leaflet is presented containing the most recent (1978) data on the accident experience of the Dutch child in traffic. The data include the kinds of accidents (pedestrian, cyclist, moped-rider, and car passenger) that occur most often to children by various age groups and by sex, the kinds of traffic dangers to which children are exposed, and the percentage of children injured and killed in road accidents. Recommendations to motorists for preventing child-related traffic accidents are also given (drive slowly, give child bicyclists plenty of room, and signal well in advance). KW - Children KW - Data KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373109 AU - Jones, M A AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - HANDICAPPED CHILDREN IN THE STREET PY - 1979 SP - 9 p. AB - The problem of street design is discussed in relation to hazards faced by "handicapped" children (physically disabled children and those normally handicapped by lack of physical, psychological, and intellectual maturity). The mobility problems facing disabled children such as the absence of curb ramps, the arbitrary location of ramps in corners, and uneven sidewalk surfaces are described. Common environmental barriers and solutions are reviewed. General categories of disabling conditions that affect mobility include wheelchair confinement; walking difficulty; and hearing, sight, or upper limb impairment. The need for increased awareness by city planners, architects, transportation engineers, designers, and politicians of the needs of the handicapped, and the development of a comprehensive city plan which incorporates the pedestrian and transportation needs of all handicapped and elderly people is emphasized. KW - Awareness KW - Children KW - City planning KW - Highway design KW - Mobility KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Ramps KW - Sidewalks KW - Street design KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373105 AU - Biermann, G AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT AS EXPERIENCED BY THE CHILD. PART 1 AND PART 2 PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - Results of a study of 150 children and adolescents who experienced traffic accidents either as victims or witnesses are presented, including scenarios which describe the accident, its aftermath, and the child's resultant behavior. The psychogenics of various types of accidents (injury from passive involvement, injury from active participation in street traffic, death trauma from witnessing loss of a loved one, hospital trauma of hospitalized children, accident-prone personalities), common coping behaviors exhibited by children, latent behavior disturbances, and methods of helping to de-traumatize the child are described. Tabular data and "art therapy" drawings made by traumatized children are included. KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Psychological aspects KW - Therapy KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373106 AU - Claxton, E C AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - A SAFER ROUTE TO SCHOOL PY - 1979 SP - 19 p. AB - The responsibility of adults to provide a safe environment and, in particular, a safe route to school for children is examined. Children's vulnerability to traffic accidents and their impulsive, erratic behavior is described. There is a great need for supervising young children to and from school as well as in dangerous traffic situations. The present urban environment and features which would create a neighborhood with ideal routes to school are illustrated. Suggested methods of changing traffic patterns, redistributing traffic, and making existing routes safer are outlined. Photographs and diagrams illustrate preferred street/neighborhood designs. KW - Behavior KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - City planning KW - Neighborhoods KW - School children KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373104 AU - Michon, J A AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - SEGREGATION, ADAPTATION OR TRAINING: SOME ISSUES IN CHILD TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1979 SP - 7 p. AB - Two approaches to child traffic safety education are presented: segregation, and adaptation and/or training. Around 1968, the segregation (conformity at a later age) approach was popular. This approach was based on the theory that children below the age of ten years have neither the sensory nor cognitive ability to cope with modern traffic and therefore should be kept away from it. It was felt that the child should be taught to become a conforming member of the traffic society as soon as he was developmentally ready. The current approach of adaptation and/or training aims to provide young children with the knowledge and skills that will enable them, as early as possible, to judge for themselves what course of action to take when outdoors. The aim is teach children the rules of the game called traffic, rather than overprotecting them by segregating them from its evils. This approach is derived from the observation that children can and do negotiate modern traffic to a considerable extent. The pedestrian task analysis study is described which involves a systematic observation of children to determine children's actions in traffic situations, the reasons for these actions, and the effect of training upon children's response to traffic situations. The information is to be used in teaching children traffic safety skills by demonstrating the desired behavior, practicing in the actual situation, and reinforcement by rewarding correct performance. KW - Children KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373111 AU - Heijster, CLA AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - CHILDISH TRAFFIC (CHILDREN IN TRAFFIC) PY - 1979 SP - 7 p. AB - The theme "Childish Traffic" is interpreted in three different ways, based on the observation that children's experience in traffic is different from that of adults. Due to the underdevelopment of a young child's perceptive ability, he is unable to estimate speed correctly and to perceive danger. In a study performed by the Institute for Psychological Market Research in Rotterdam to explore how children experience traffic, a direct relationship was shown between age of children and awareness of traffic dangers. The youngest group (aged 6 to 8 years) was usually not conscious of danger. The middle group (aged 9 to 10 years) did recognize dangerous traffic situations but was more afraid of other matters such as "fighting with bigger boys, foreign workers." The oldest group (aged 11 to 12 years) judged traffic more rationally, and copied adult behavior. They were used to the presence of cars and felt that cars belonged on the street in company with pedestrians, bicycles, and other street objects. It was concluded that parents should be instructed about the hazards experienced by young children walking to school in today's complex traffic situations; that road safety instruction and education should be geared toward children; and that government and local authorities need to develop a system of safe routes to and from school. KW - Awareness KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - City planning KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Perception KW - School children KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373107 AU - GUNNARSSON, S O AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE DECISION MAKER AND THE CHILD PY - 1979 SP - 2 p. AB - The problem of designing a physical environment that is safe and healthy for children, comfortable and convenient for adults, and efficient and productive for society is discussed. Four conclusions are drawn concerning requirements for successful action to improve the physical environment: the authorities must acknowledge citizen actions; politicians and citizens must mutually discuss community priorities; various bodies must cooperate to reach goals for a safer environment; and money must be made available to implement citizen/community proposals. KW - Children KW - Community action programs KW - Design KW - Designing KW - Environment KW - Environmental engineering KW - Financing KW - Public participation KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373108 AU - Jones, M H AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - THE BEHAVIOR OF CHILD PEDESTRIANS PY - 1979 SP - 9 p. AB - In a study of child pedestrian behavior, approximately 1500 children, ranging in age from five to eight years, were observed at uncontrolled intersections in residential areas performing the following critical behaviors: search left, search right, search behind, stop at curb, step into danger, walk or run (crossing speed), stay within crosswalk, and play in the street. Results showed that only 40% of the children searched to the left before moving into traffic, only 25% searched right, and 5% searched behind them; 25-30% stopped at the curb before crossing, while 20% stepped into danger; 70% walked across the street, while 30% ran; 10% played in the street while crossing; and 20% did not cross within the crosswalk area. It was concluded that most child pedestrian fatalities occur after school hours when children are more distracted by play and interesting events. A sample coding form and tabular data are included. KW - Behavior KW - Children KW - Data KW - Distraction KW - Fatalities KW - Pedestrians KW - Residential areas KW - School children KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373103 AU - Tuijnman, D S AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - ADDRESS... AT THE OCCASION OF THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF PEDESTRIANS IN GRONINGEN, DECEMBER 13TH, 1979 (CHILDREN AND TRAFFIC SAFETY) PY - 1979 SP - 5 p. AB - The policy of the Dutch government for reducing traffic dangers is discussed by the Dutch Minister of Transport and Public Works. He suggests that in the Netherlands Road Safety Policy Program, priority must be given to improving road safety for the more vulnerable road-users, children in particular. The Ministry's activities in promoting child traffic safety are described, which include funding the "Safe Routes to and from Schools and Road Safety in the Schools' Vicinity" project, various experiments, and programs of road safety instruction and education at kindergartens and primary schools, as well as financially supporting such private organizations as the Netherlands Association For the Protection of the Pedestrian (VBV), the Foundation "Pressiegroep Stop de Kindermoord," and the Netherlands Association for Road Safety (VVN). KW - Children KW - Fund allocations KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Policy KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373110 AU - Schioldborg, P AU - International Federation of Pedestrians TI - CHILDREN IN TRAFFIC--THE DIFFERENT WORLDS OF THE CHILD AND THE ADULT ROAD USER PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - The vulnerability of childern to traffic accidents is examined. Motorists generally feel safer in traffic than do pedestrians, especially child pedestrians, who are usually afraid of traffic congestion and their inability to cope. Due to children's cognitive and perceptual limitations, and their inadequate impulse control, children are losers in traffic situations. Three objectives are suggested for safeguarding children against traffic hazards: physical (separating children from the traffic and adapting the environment to their needs), psychological (introducing appropriate learning programs for various age levels and aiding parents in their training task), and legal (introducing into legislation a better conception of pedestrian rights and duties, particularly of young pedestrians). These objectives are described in depth and the different worlds of the child and adult road user are contrasted. KW - Children KW - Laws KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371361 AU - Fitchie, J W AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - SCOPE OF SYMPOSIUM AND TIMESCALE UNDER CONSIDERATION (ENERGY AND ROAD TRANSPORT, U.K.) PY - 1979 SP - 15 p. AB - A broad overview is given of energy and road transport changes in the U.K. from 1973, when world oil prices increased sharply, to the present time. Possible future energy supply and demand patterns of the British economy are examined, based on Transport and Road Research Laboratory research. A simple framework is shown interrelating supply and demand factors within a time scale of energy source changes. The near-term most economic solution for the U.K. is that which makes the best use of domestic petroleum resources. The two most likely road transport options for the U.K. in the next several decades are outlined: electric vehicles (EV's) and synthetic fuels (from coal). Energy costs are examined for conventional vehicles using synthetic gasoline and EV's powered by lead-acid or sodium-sulfur batteries. The limitation of batteries to cars and light vans with restricted range and the need to find an economic use for waste heat produced at electric power stations are underlined. KW - Coal KW - Conferences KW - Demand KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy conservation KW - Highway transportation KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Petroleum KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371363 AU - Jorro, MAA AU - Paul, PFM AU - National Coal Board TI - LIQUID FUELS FROM COAL--STRATEGIC, ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS PY - 1979 SP - 15 p. AB - Using alternative systems of propulsion, coal could provide the primary energy for motor vehicle transport as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels from coal are likely to be the most attractive approach in a market known for its considerable price elasticity. In terms of both cost and primary energy efficiency, coal-derived transport fuels could be the most economical alternative. It is technically possible to produce such fuels with performance equivalent to current transport fuels. Conversion of coal to liquid fuels, which involves increasing the proportion of hydrogen to carbon, can be accomplished by two principal approaches: synthesis (e.g. Fischer-Tropsch process) and degradation (e.g. H-Coal process). Degradation processes involving hydrogenation are more attractive than synthesis because they lead more directly to superior motor fuel and have a higher overall thermal efficiency. KW - Coal hydrogenation KW - Conferences KW - Degradation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Gasoline KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Liquid fuels KW - Substitutes KW - Syntheses KW - Synthesis (Chemistry) KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371499 AU - Dunbar, L K AU - Notre Dame University TI - ARTICULATED VEHICLES: STABILITY AND ANALYSIS PY - 1979 SP - 96 p. AB - The Liapunov stability theory is used to develop a relatively simple method of analyzing articulated vehicles by combining the vehicle dimensions and most other parameters into a single matrix. Analyses are performed to verify the analytical method and to demonstrate the ease of obtaining results without time-consuming computer simulation. Numerical results for three steady-state turns (gentle, moderate, and near maximum) are analyzed and verified with a 12-degree-of-freedom nonlinear time simulation. Turn radius, forward speed, steering angle, under/over steer, and trailing angle are compared; the differences in comparable values are less than 7%. A graph compares the trailing angle of a semitrailer in a loaded vs. unloaded condition. Stable regions of turning radius for steady-state turns are plotted as a function of forward speed for cornering coefficients of 0.5 and 0.2. The analytical stability condition for a trailer is reduced to the form for a linear oscillator. Analytical expressions for damping, natural frequency, and forward velocity for critical damping are developed and verified. An optimal trailer design is developed and analyzed; the results compare favorably to empirical trailer design and subjective evaluations. Appended are a description of the computerized nonlinear time simulation of vehicle dynamics and a listing of the computer code, and three sets of parameters which describe the study vehicles (two truck-semitrailers and a car-trailer). KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed KW - Trailers KW - Turning radius UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371217 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 11. THE BATTERY PY - 1979 SP - 7 p. AB - The cell test is described as the first step in battery winterizing. An inexpensive battery hydrometer is used to draw an electrolyte sample from each cell; a specific gravity reading indicates battery strength. More than .050 variation between cells means the battery needs replacement. If all cells are slightly discharged, the battery can probably be fully recharged with a home-type trickle charger. The battery should be checked at a shop if it fails to charge to at least 1.225 in every cell. Safety precautions are outlined in removing the battery from the car for periodic maintenance. Battery cleaning and sealing, cable repair, and reinstallation are described. When buying a battery at a discount store one should check the application chart and select a battery with equal or greater power rating compared to the present one. Tips are given on maintaining proper battery water level, the most essential item in prolonging battery life. It is warned never to charge nor to jump start a frozen battery. A list of winter battery tips is provided. KW - Agglomeration KW - Electric batteries KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Service life KW - Winter maintenance KW - Winter service UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371209 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 3. (OIL CHANGE AND LUBRICATION) PY - 1979 SP - 5 p. AB - Changing the oil and filter every 3000 mi. is recommended for maximum engine protection. Advice is given on buying oil (quality, viscosity) and filters. It is pointed out that additives are not needed if a high-quality oil is used and changed regularly. Performing an oil change at home will not void a new-car warranty if oil and filters meet warranty requirements and the prescribed maintenance schedule is followed. Additional items needed for an oil change are listed, and an engine flush is recommended if the engine is dirty. Instructions are given for performing an oil change and associated under-the-car inspection of fluid levels (transmission, differential) including checking for leaks. Tips are provided on chassis lubrication for pre-1970 and newer model cars. Final touches include lubricating various parts, inspecting important items, tightening nuts and bolts, and disposing of the used oil (delivery in a sealed container to a service station recommended). KW - Fluids KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Lubrication KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Oil change KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371210 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 4. (AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION) PY - 1979 SP - 4 p. AB - The function of the automatic transmission is explained, and its configuration described and illustrated. Frequent checking of the transmission dipstick is recommended as the best preventive maintenance. The service manual procedure should be followed, the dipstick checked for fluid color as well as level, and the fluid brought up to the specified level using only manufacturer-recommended fluid. Procedures are outlined for correcting shifting problems (harsh, erratic, or "slipping" shifts) due to contaminated or insufficient fluid, leaking or cracked vacuum or fluid lines, and minor part failures (electric kick-down switch, modulator valve). It is mentioned that shifting problems can often be alleviated by draining the transmission reservoir and cleaning or replacing the filter or screen. Instructions are given on performing a transmission "tuneup." If a car does not start when put into gear or starts in any gear, the problem can usually be traced to a loose or damaged neutral safety switch. Being alert to leaks and unusual noises is advised. For all transmission repair work done at home, a service manual covering the individual type is essential. KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Engine lubrication devices KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Transmission fluid KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184546 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00371357 JO - Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal PB - Canadian Society of Forensic Science AU - Simpson, H M AU - Warren, R A AU - Canadian Society of Forensic Science TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF FATALLY INJURED IMPAIRED PEDESTRIANS PY - 1979 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - p. 31-40 AB - Age, sex, and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) data are provided on a sample of 734 Canadian pedestrian fatalities, followed by a descriptive evaluation of 164 victims who had BAC's in excess of 80 mgm.% (defined as "impaired"). The impaired pedestrian fatality is more often a male in the 30-to-50 age range, and is usually an unskilled worker. The victim is killed on a weekend, almost always at night, in clear weather; he is usually killed on a straight road on which he is walking or lying. In almost all cases, the victim is struck by a car travelling straight ahead and, in most cases, the driver's action is judged not to be in error. Further analysis will compare the attributes of the sober vs. the impaired pedestrian, focusing on 15-to-60-year-old victims. More detailed information on the characteristics of fatally injured pedestrians is highly desirable in order to identify high-risk populations. KW - Age KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Human characteristics KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian characteristics KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371370 AU - Edwards, B D AU - Chloride Technical Limited TI - BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND ADVANCED BATTERY DEVELOPMENTS PY - 1979 SP - 2 p. AB - At least a doubling of the gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of current batteries, along with a four-year in-service life, are essential for electric vehicle (EV) viability. Technological innovations are also required to reduce the cost of drivetrain components and the charger. The provision of a suitable battery exchange infrastructure is essential in providing the EV with flexibility equivalent to the internal combustion-engined (i.c.e.) vehicle. The initial and operating costs of the EV must also be comparable with those of its i.c.e. counterpart. The Chloride Group, via a consortium with Chrysler and the National Freight Corporation, is conducting a program to develop an economical electric delivery van (2-ton payload) with acceptable performance and range. In parallel with this program, lead-acid battery, drivetrain component, and charger improvements are being pursued. The Chloride Group, in partnership with the Electricity Council, is also working on an advanced sodium-sulfur battery. KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Operating costs KW - Power trains KW - Requirement KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371371 AU - Mitcham, A AU - International Research & Development Company, Ltd TI - HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES--AN ASSESSMENT AND SURVEY PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - A survey was conducted of 30 organizations (mainly in the U.S., Germany, and Japan), including government agencies, universities, and private firms, to solicit opinions about the potential role of hybrid vehicles and the relative importance of their different possible advantages. Four distinct scenarios were identified: dual battery, flywheel/electric or hydropneumatic/electric (range extension); and three heat engine/electric combinations for predominantly electric, minimum energy, or minimum pollution usage. Based on vehicle developments to date, hybrids can be developed to achieve any of the four different sets of objectives but none can simultaneously meet all requirements. None of the scenarios are beneficial for other than urban driving and all are significantly more complex (and costly) than a conventional vehicle counterpart. Two of the scenarios offer operational cost savings via fuel conservation: battery vehicle with range extension and heat engine/electric vehicle for minimum energy use. KW - Conferences KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Flywheels KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Operating costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371518 AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - EASE ON DOWN THE ROAD. A PROFESSIONAL'S GUIDE FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENT DRIVING PY - 1979 SP - 45 p. AB - A guide is provided with tips for the commercial truck driver which could lead to a 5% to 10% improvement in fuel economy. These practical behind-the-wheel techniques and off-the-road practices can save between 1000 and 2000 gallons of fuel annually. Information is presented in six critical areas of fuel management: starting the engine, getting underway and idling, shifting, speed management, operating in traffic, and transportation operations (e.g. maintaining proper tire pressure and oil level). KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Engine idling KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inflation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operations KW - Speed KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371498 AU - Travers, E M AU - Hurst, P M AU - Ministry of Transport, New Zealand TI - PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD DRINKING AND DRIVING (NEW ZEALAND) PY - 1979 SP - 17 p. AB - Results are compared of several attitudinal/behavioral surveys of New Zealanders regarding drinking and driving. It is anticipated that such surveys will be repeated at two-yr. intervals to monitor changes in public attitudes. A three-phase survey was conducted in 1974-1975 to measure the effects of a Ministry of Transport drinking/driving publicity campaign; people were interviewed before, during, and after the campaign, which was designed to change public attitudes about drunk driving from one of tolerance to one of antipathy. A 1975 survey measured the impact of another Ministry campaign, this one aimed at promoting alternatives to drinking and driving among 15- to 24-year-olds. A 1978 survey questioned individuals about their drinking and driving attitudes and habits. All surveys had a particular section in common; responses were made to statements using a five point rating scale (from strongly agree to strongly disagree). The survey results indicate that, among all age groups, there was a heightened awareness of the risk of driving while alcohol impaired, probably accompanied by decreased tolerance toward drunk drivers and more willingness to impose sanctions against them. KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371367 AU - Cawthorne, A R AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - RESEARCH ON FUEL ECONOMY FOR HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES (TRUCKS) PY - 1979 SP - 11 p. AB - The Transport and Road Research Laboratory's heavy goods vehicle (HGV) fuel conservation research program is described, with some results presented from fuel consumption tests and computer simulations (results not yet available from the program's in-service fleet performance evaluation). It has been shown how fuel utilization depends upon payload for a given vehicle design and duty cycle, and the importance of maintaining high load factors and keeping unladen weight down. For example, a simple fuel economy package was applied to a hypothetical 38-ton articulated van with a 53% load factor. By using a demand-controlled fan, a 20% reduction in aerodynamic drag, a 10% reduction in unladen weight, the engine governed to 1900 rpm vs. 2100 rpm, and back axle ratio adjustment, fuel utilization was improved more than 17%. Changing from a 32.5-ton to a 38-ton gross vehicle weight added a 9% improvement (although there are implications for pavement damage in changing the maximum vehicle weight limit). KW - Aerodynamics KW - Conferences KW - Drag KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Payload KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371206 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. VOLUME 1 PY - 1979 SP - 64 p. AB - A series of articles are compiled on auto maintenance, to aid the novice working at home and to provide a few reminders for the experienced hobby-shop mechanic. Individually covered are tools and work area, inspection, oil change and lubrication, automatic transmission, disc brakes, cooling system, emission control devices, use of a vacuum gauge, dieseling, battery, and automatic choke. KW - Air quality management KW - Automatic choke KW - Automatic transmissions KW - Chokes KW - Cooling systems KW - Dieseling KW - Electric batteries KW - Engine performance KW - Inspection KW - Lubrication KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance practices KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Oil change KW - Oil changing KW - Vacuum gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371213 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 7. EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES. (FIRST OF TWO ARTICLES) PY - 1979 SP - 5 p. AB - The air pollution problem and its alleviation through auto emission control devices are reviewed. Procedures to accompany those in the service manual are outlined for routine home maintenance of two earlier types of emission control systems. The operation of the Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) system for reducing hydrocarbons (HC) is explained, and the function of the main component, the PCV valve, is described. Checking the PCV system, and doing most emission system work, is recommended as part of an oil change. The two types of PCV systems (closed and open) and their servicing are described. Other than routing of the clean air, the two systems are identical, with basically the same check procedures. Methods for cleaning the PCV valve are described; annual replacement of the valve is recommended. Air injection systems (General Motors' A.I.R. and Ford's Thermactor System) for reducing HC are also examined in terms of operation and maintenance. In addition to the air pump, the essential parts of the system are an anti-backfire device and a check valve to prevent exhaust backup. Replacement of the air filter every 12,000 mi. is recommended. It is noted that if an emission system is under warranty, the car should be inspected by a certified mechanic to keep the warranty in effect. KW - Air injection systems KW - Air quality management KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Positive crankcase ventilation KW - Positive crankcase ventilation systems KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371508 AU - Lord, Sullivan and Yoder Advertising, Incorporated TI - 55 MPH COMPLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM FOR IOWA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY PY - 1979 SP - 107 p. AB - Background is provided on the fifty-five mile per hour national maximum speed limit and motorist compliance. Four types of primary research conducted in the development of a 55 mph public communications program for Iowa are outlined: basic fact-finding (traffic accident statistics, other state studies and campaigns, Federal research, editorials); a series of three focus groups conducted with Iowa highway patrolmen and post commanders; attitudinal focus groups with Iowa motorists; and a quantitative attitudinal survey with 605 Iowa drivers. Findings from secondary research efforts are also reviewed, covering such aspects as psychological factors, legislator attitudes, and state enforcement programs. Responses are given from a survey of Iowa television, radio, newspaper, and outdoor (advertising) industry representatives regarding public service policy. A two-phase 55 mph communications program for Iowa is planned, the basic theme of which is "Please drive 55. You can handle it. We all can." Phase 1 encourages the public to drive 55 mph for safety and fuel economy; phase 2 communicates increased enforcement and stricter penalties. Materials developed for television, radio, newspaper, outdoor advertising, and sponsors are presented, as well as suggestions for an audiovisual presentation (civic groups) and a merchandising brochure. A program budget estimate is given, and possible provisions of new Iowa 55 mph legislation outlined. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Advertising campaigns KW - Compliance KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371519 AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - MEASUREMENT OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BY DRIVER IN COMMERCIAL TRUCKING OPERATIONS PY - 1979 SP - 27 p. AB - Appropriate fueling practices and record-keeping procedures can be adopted to develop a driver-related history of miles driven and fuel consumed in order to evaluate commercial truck driver mpg performance. This basic driver mpg calculation will be a sufficient management tool in cases where vehicle, route, and load weight variables are not significant. If one or more of the variables are significant, their influence can be removed by specific mathematical factoring methods. Calculations can be easily and inexpensively made using computerized record-keeping systems. An equitable driver fuel economy measurement system is a prerequisite for the trucking industry to realize a potential 10% to 15% fuel savings from improved driver performance. For maximum success, the performance results should be systematically fed back to the fleet drivers as a motivational influence. Attached are instructions for assembling a Reminder Poster and for arranging accompanying slides. Adjustment calculations are appended for route assignment and load weight assignment variables. KW - Fuel consumption KW - Recording KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371368 AU - Downs, D AU - Ricardo and Company Engineers TI - FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN DIESEL ENGINES AND ALTERNATIVE POWER PLANTS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE USE PY - 1979 SP - 14 p. AB - The increasing trend toward heavier road vehicles, combined with the demand for high power/weight ratios, has increased maximum power requirements which has led to higher engine ratings, obtained by various forms of turbocharging. The four-stroke direct-injection diesel engine has been most used in this application, primarily because of its good fuel economy. Carbon monoxide presents no problem for the diesel engine, but hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are more difficult to control. Further noise reduction represents the greatest challenge to the diesel engineer in the near future. The alternative powerplants most nearly challenging the diesel engine in the heavy commercial vehicle field are the gas turbine and the Stirling cycle engine. In Europe, more than half the light-duty commercial vehicles on the market have indirect-injection diesel engines. Efforts are continuing to apply direct injection to these engines, although there are related emission problems (particularly NOx and particulates). There is increased interest in the spark-assisted diesel engine, which facilitates conversion of a gasoline engine and has multi-fuel capabilities. KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel injection KW - Gas turbines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Stirling engines KW - Turbine engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371369 AU - Adams, D S AU - Lucas Batteries Limited TI - ELECTRIC ROAD VEHICLES--THEIR SHORT AND LONG TERM FUTURE PY - 1979 SP - 30 p. AB - In the short term, with petroleum available at reasonable prices and the lead-acid battery, although improved in energy density, the only viable system, there seems little prospect that passenger cars will be battery-powered. Limited markets for electric buses and taxis may exist, but the most significant prospective market appears to be that for urban delivery vehicles (in the 3/4- to 3-ton payload range with duties compatible with lead-acid battery propulsion). Substantial numbers of such electric vehicles (EV's) can be expected to be used in the U.K. within the next five years. In the longer term, with petroleum resources becoming depleted, some coal-derived liquid fuels, and significantly higher fuel prices, the electric car could become a reality. The successful development of an advanced battery would not alone provide as complete a solution to the problems associated with the electric car as is often expected, since it seems unlikely that people would accept any restrictions on personal mobility. To achieve acceptable vehicle ranges, the high battery weights required carry substantial cost penalties in comparison with the internal combustion-engined (i.c.e.) vehicle. The hybrid vehicle (i.c.e./electric drive) appears to have potential for adequately satisfying personal transport requirements. With maximum use of electrical recharging, its operating cost could be comparable with an i.c.e. vehicle using coal-derived fuel. A high energy density battery would not be a prerequisite for this application. KW - Conferences KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Forecasting KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Lead acid batteries KW - Long term KW - Markets KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371208 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 2. (INSPECTION) PY - 1979 SP - 5 p. AB - Instructions are given for conducting a car safety-reliability inspection which is recommended at least every six months for safe and economical driving. Such an inspection, which exposes minor problems before they become serious, can be completed in little more than an hour at home, using basic tools and equipment. Items to be inspected include lights (including aiming), interior items (heater/defroster, steering wheel, seat belts, horn), under-the-hood items (radiator and hoses, coolant, drive belts, battery), brake fluid, emission system, transmission, shock absorbers, under-the-car items (brake lines; transmission, clutch, and differential fluid levels; exhaust system; wheels), brakes, and tires. A road performance test and final brake check (including "panic stops") complete the evaluation. If engine performance is impaired, the car can be taken to an automotive diagnostic center to identify parts to be adjusted or replaced. KW - Diagnostic centers KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Performance tests KW - Road tests KW - Tools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371211 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 5. DISC BRAKES PY - 1979 SP - 4 p. AB - It is pointed out that caliper disc brakes are much less complicated and easier to service than conventional drum brakes, and worn friction pads, the most common maintenance item, can be replaced at home in less than an hour. Measuring pad thickness after the first 12,000 mi. and each additional 6000 mi. and replacing pads when worn to less than 1/8-in. thickness (or specified minimum) are advised. Preliminary steps to a pad replacement job are outlined (studying manual, purchasing pads and other parts to be replaced, and obtaining cleaning and brake fluids and tools). Instructions are given on pad replacement; the importance is stressed of working on one wheel at a time, with a properly assembled brake for reference. Associated maintenance, usually left to a mechanic, is noted (packing wheel bearings with grease, inspecting rear brakes), and the procedure described for adjusting rear brakes found on some imports. Lateral runout and parallelism are mentioned as two fairly common disc brake problems. KW - Disc brakes KW - Friction brakes KW - Friction pads KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371215 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 9. THE AMAZING VACUUM GAGE PY - 1979 SP - 3 p. AB - The role of a vacuum in engine operation is outlined, and the vacuum gauge is described as an inexpensive, simple, and useful diagnostic tool. The three most common vacuum gauge installation procedures are outlined; best results are obtained by following the manufacturer's recommendation. Readings indicative of a healthy engine are given: a steady, constant vacuum reading between 17 and 22 in. at idle. A slowly oscillating needle indicates fluctuating engine speed, probably faulty carburetion. Steps in correcting the problem are given; if the needle still fluctuates after adjusting the idle mixture, a new carburetor is needed. A chart shows some of the most common readings and corresponding engine malfunctions (late ignition timing, manifold leak, carburetor maladjustment, sticking, burnt or leaking valves, weak valve springs, leaking head gasket, choked muffler). Regular vacuum checks are recommended to identify and correct developing problems before they become serious. Installation of a permanent dash-mountable vacuum gauge is recommended, not only to monitor engine performance but for adjusting the engine to optimize fuel economy. KW - Agglomeration KW - Building KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engine performance KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Tools KW - Vacuum gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371365 AU - Waters, MHL AU - Laker, I B AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - RESEARCH ON FUEL CONSERVATION FOR CARS PY - 1979 SP - 14 p. AB - Using Transport and Road Research Laboratory research results (instrumented car and computer model), the potential for fuel conservation in internal combustion-engined vehicles is examined in terms of driver performance, vehicle design and operation, and road layout and traffic. The need to balance the value of fuel conservation against other competing factors (e.g. travel time, cost, emissions) is noted. Good driving habits which can contribute to fuel savings without large penalties include moderate acceleration, anticipation of braking, and traveling at moderate speeds. Traveling at off-peak times and not using a car for short journeys can also save fuel, but at reduced traveler convenience. Eliminating the least economical driving practices may provide fuel savings of 10% to 15%. The major fuel-saving vehicle design change would be switching from a gasoline to a diesel or other high-efficiency engine. Other design changes and improved maintenance could lead to a 40% fuel economy savings. The best potential in the road system seems to be increasing capacity and smoothing flow in urban areas. There is a need for further research using various driving cycles (in addition to Economic Commission for Europe-15). A selective vehicle or fuel tax or fuel economy standards may also be required. KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Diesel engines KW - Drivers KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline engines KW - Highway design KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Taxation KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371372 AU - Roberts, P C AU - Department of the Environment, England AU - Department for Transport, England TI - ENERGY FUTURES PY - 1979 SP - 9 p. AB - Reasons are discussed for devoting intensive study to transport fuel needs in view of future energy supplies: the scope for technical improvement (compared with other energy uses) is relatively modest; the measures available for capital/energy substitution (e.g. home insulation) are few and small in impact; and the income elasticity shown by consumers towards transport is substantially higher than for energy-intensive consumer goods such as home heating oil. It is suggested that in considering future transportation energy requirements, the overall demand for different fuels be assessed within the context of the economy as a whole. KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Energy KW - Equipment KW - Fuels KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371203 AU - EA Seat System Joint Research Committee TI - RESEARCH RELATING TO EA (ENERGY ABSORBING) SEAT SYSTEMS. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 194 p. AB - A cooperative project to develop an energy-absorbing (EA) seat/seat belt system is reported. The basic system employs an EA mechanism within the seat, EA shoulder belt webbing, and low-elasticity lap belt webbing. Eight types of EA seats were manufactured and statically tested by independent companies. Basic characteristics of the EA mechanisms were determined in HYGE sled tests using Hybrid II dummies and actual vehicle tests at 64 kph. For comparison, vehicle tests were conducted at 48 and 56 kph using a three-point belt system with emergency locking retractor (ELR). Head Injury Criterion and Chest Severity Index values for both the sled and vehicle tests demonstrate the safety potential of the EA seat system. The vehicle tests showed the need for developing padding for the steering column, its supports, and the underside of the instrument panel. Extrapolating the test (64 kph) results, the EA system performed better than air bags in 48 kph impacts. Compared with 48 kph impact tests on three-point belt with ELR and the Volkswagen passive belt, the EA system performed comparably at 64 kph. Research recommendations are made for the development of a complete passenger protection system. KW - Automobiles KW - Dummies KW - Energy absorption KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Lasers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Safety engineering KW - Seats KW - Thorax KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371216 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 10. DIESELING PY - 1979 SP - 5 p. AB - "Dieseling" ("run-on") is described as the result of heat igniting unburned fuel in the combustion chamber after the ignition is turned off. The main causes are an untuned engine and/or an inoperable or improperly adjusted anti-dieseling device. The increased dieseling susceptibility of post-1968 model cars is due to higher idle speeds and engine operating temperatures (for emission control); use of leaner, hotter-burning fuel mixtures; and retarded ignition timing. Two anti-dieseling devices, the solenoid (Ford throttle modulator) and a relay system in air-conditioned cars are described, and procedures outlined for checking their operational status and making adjustments. Two other causes of dieseling are a stuck heat riser, and a dirty throttle linkage. For the slightly overheated engine which has a tendency to diesel, it is advised to let the engine idle normally for a few seconds before turning it off, and with automatic transmissions, to leave the selector in "drive" and one's foot on the brake when shutting off the engine. KW - Agglomeration KW - Anti-dieseling devices KW - Dieseling KW - Engine idling KW - Engine performance KW - Idling KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371218 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 12. THE AUTOMATIC CHOKE PY - 1979 SP - 5 p. AB - The function and operation of an automatic choke, and procedures for maintaining the three choke types (well, in-carb, and water-heated) are described. A thorough cleaning of the entire choke assembly with solvent is recommended for regular maintenance and prior to checking choke operation; dirty or sticking linkages are the most frequent cause of choke problems. The choke checkout procedure is given, followed by servicing instructions: adjusting the choke setting (leaner or richer) by turning the thermostatic coil cover (in-carb) or loosening the locknut and realigning the plates (well); replacing the thermostatic coil; and cleaning or replacing the vacuum control unit. It is mentioned that a vacuum kick adjustment may be needed if choke problems continue after other adjustments have been made. KW - Agglomeration KW - Automatic choke KW - Chokes KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371360 AU - Transport and Road Research Laboratory TI - SYMPOSIUM ON ENERGY AND ROAD TRANSPORT. PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM HELD AT THE TRANSPORT AND ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY, CROWTHORNE (ENGLAND), 12-13 APRIL 1978 PY - 1979 SP - 186 p. AB - Following an opening address by the Secretary of State for Transport (U.K.), 13 papers are compiled on motor vehicle energy usage and conservation from four sessions individually concerned with energy supply and demand, vehicle fuel economy, alternative vehicles (electrics and hybrids), and policy implications. A list of delegates and of vehicles on display at the symposium are included. KW - Conferences KW - Demand KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy consumption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway transportation KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Policy KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371362 AU - MITCHELL, J AU - British Petroleum TI - OIL SUPPLY--OUTLOOK FOR WORLD AND U.K. PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - World oil reserves are examined in terms of distribution, use and possible future discoveries; the U.K. oil supply is separately assessed, particularly with respect to transportation. The point is made that oil will not "run out" in the near future, but rather that less oil will be produced at a higher cost. Growth in oil supply will end within a lead time early in the life of any industrial plant now being designed or a highway being planned. In the long run, however, substitutes and new technology will make up for decreased oil production. The supply of oil for transportation is likely to exceed the demand through to the end of the century and beyond. Oil prices will depend on competition from substitutes in other uses and from the efficiency with which energy is generally used. KW - Competition KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Forecasting KW - Petroleum KW - Substitutes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371513 AU - Interministerial Commission on Drinking-Driving TI - THE 1979 ONTARIO ROADSIDE BAC (BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION) SURVEY: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 66 p. AB - A survey was conducted during 2 May-17 Jun 1979 (Wednesday through Saturday between 9:00 PM and 3:00 AM) to obtain current data on the numbers of drinking drivers on the road in Ontario, Canada and their BAC (blood alcohol concentration) distribution. About 10,000 drivers answered a questionnaire and provided a breath sample, with an overall refusal rate of 6.1%. Of the drivers tested, 6.6% had a BAC in excess of 80 mgm.% and an additional 6.6% registered between 51 mgm.% and 80 mgm.%; the former figure is generally considered to be the level at which impairment becomes significant. There was no difference in BAC distribution between rural and urban sites and trip departure/arrival points. Neither the necessity to have a driver's license for one's job or knowledge of the legal limit seemed to be a deterrent to drinking driving. There was a significant increase in the proportion of drinking drivers after midnight. As a group, 16- to 24-year-olds had lower BAC's than 25- to 49-year-olds, related to the legal drinking age; the BAC distribution was very similar for the two groups. The BAC's began to decrease after age 50. As BAC increased, seat belt usage decreased, from a high of 62% in the 0 to 20 mgm.% BAC group to a low of 36.1% in the 151 mgm.% plus group. Increased use of roadside screening devices is recommended; survey results suggest that their use is more effective after midnight. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Legal drinking age KW - Manual safety belts KW - Roadside KW - Roadside surveys KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371207 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 1. (TOOL AND WORK AREA) PY - 1979 SP - 3 p. AB - Advice is given on establishing a suitable work area at home for safe and efficient auto maintenance work. Good quality safety stands or ramps are deemed essential. The basic set of tools required for most backyard work is described. Suggestions are made for saving time, money, and frustration: to purchase commonly replaced parts before they are needed, to obtain a service manual, to keep a complete disassembly record and a fully assembled model for reference, to organize removed parts, to tag all electrical connections and wires to be removed, to allow plenty of time, not to attempt to rebuild important components, and most important, to know what must be done by an expert. KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Repairing KW - Safety KW - Tools KW - Work area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371212 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 6. DON'T BLOW YOUR COOLANT (COOLING SYSTEM) PY - 1979 SP - 5 p. AB - The importance of maintaining the proper pressure in a car's cooling system is noted, and the procedure is described for conducting a pressure check (including the radiator cap). Instructions are given on draining, flushing, and replenishing the coolant. A flushing kit is recommended as the fastest, most efficient, and safest method, since manual flushing requires opening the drain plugs, a possible source of bad burns. It is considered worthwhile to perform this maintenance yearly, especially if there is a buildup of rust or sludge in the radiator. Inspecting and replacing and/or adjusting all radiator and heater hoses and drive belts (in particular the fan belt) are described as part of the periodic maintenance. Glycol-base coolant rather than plain water is recommended. Checklists are provided of sources of pressure leakage and common causes of overheating if the system is malfunctioning after servicing. Items to carry in the trunk for emergencies are mentioned (spare fan belt, roll of tape, extra hose clamps, water, rags) and frequent checking of the coolant level and antifreeze protection are underlined. An inexpensive coolant recovery system is recommended for eliminating coolant loss and enabling the engine to run cooler. KW - Coolants KW - Cooling systems KW - Flushing KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) KW - Overheating KW - Pressure area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371214 AU - Driver Magazine Staff TI - THE BACK-YARD MECHANIC. PART 8. EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES. (SECOND OF TWO ARTICLES) PY - 1979 SP - 5 p. AB - The need is stressed for regular maintenance of all emission control devices to reduce air pollution; maintenance of more recent devices is required to maintain engine performance and fuel economy. The heat riser is described as a manifold valve to improve cold engine performance; checking the valve for free operation is outlined. The operation of the thermostatic air cleaner, which evolved from the heat riser, is described. This device, which was introduced to replace or bolster the air injection system, controls engine warmup and associated emissions. Procedures are outlined for servicing the Ford and General Motors' thermo systems; although their mechanics are different, their operation is nearly identical. Chrysler uses the GM system, and American Motors uses a device very similar to Ford's. Introduced with the thermo air cleaners on many 1969-1970 cars, the vacuum chopper is intended to eliminate spark advance below a certain speed and during deceleration. The Ford, GM, American Motors, and Chrysler chopper systems and checkout procedures are described. It is recommended that these controls be inspected with each tuneup or when engine power is low. The two most recent emission control devices are the fuel evaporative system (control of HC emissions from fuel vapor loss), and exhaust gas recirculation (reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions). It is advised that a car with an emission system under warranty be inspected by a certified mechanic to keep the warranty in effect, and that a service manual be consulted before any emission system work is undertaken. KW - Agglomeration KW - Air quality management KW - Chopper systems /automobiles/ KW - Emission control systems KW - Engine performance KW - Evaporative emissions KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel systems KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mechanics (Persons) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371364 AU - Hutber, F AU - United Kingdom Department of Energy TI - ENERGY PROSPECTS AND DEMANDS (U.K.) PY - 1979 SP - 17 p. AB - Based upon a specific scenario, the energy forecast of the U.K. up to 2025 is depicted in 13 graphs and accompanying notes; the time frame shown is 1950-2025. Main assumptions underlying the reference case are outlined. The charts cover economic growth assumptions; energy demand of the domestic sector, other industry (lower gas reserves), and transport; total final demand by sectors (and conservation allowances); electricity demand by sectors; new generating plants (England and Wales); gas supply (reference case); coal production; markets for coal (reference case); oil consumption and North Sea production; primary fuel consumption; and estimated energy shortfall in 2000. The reference case reflects the view that, from around 2000 as the natural gas supply diminishes, the most economic use for coal could be in the manufacture of synthetic natural gas and that coal should be used in industry rather than power station fueling. It appears unlikely that renewable energy supplies will make a significant contribution until after 2000 unless conventional fuels were in short supply. The major use of oil after 2000 will be in non-energy uses and transportation. Road transport will continue to be based on petroleum and the internal combustion engine, but electric vehicles could be increasingly substituted for petroleum fueled vehicles. KW - Coal KW - Conferences KW - Demand KW - Electricity KW - Energy KW - Forecasting KW - Natural gas KW - Petroleum KW - Substitutes KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371366 AU - Bashford, G D AU - British Leyland Cars Limited TI - SAVING ENERGY--THE CHALLENGE FACING THE AUTOMOBILE ENGINEER PY - 1979 SP - 12 p. AB - A potential 60% fuel savings in the average passenger car can be realized through improvements in the power unit efficiency of the engine (by 15%) and the transmission (by 10%), and reductions in aerodynamic drag (25%), rolling resistance (5%), and weight (30%). A light-duty diesel engine using direct fuel injection or a gasoline engine with better fuel mixing, higher compression ratios, a lean fuel mixture, and stratified charge (reduced emissions) could contribute to fuel savings. Constantly variable transmissions would assure the most efficient use of the engine at any load and road speed. Drag coefficients around 0.3 are achievable. A greater use of lightweight materials such as aluminum and plastics are vital to weight reduction. Fiber reinforced plastics need less energy to produce than aluminum, but this must be balanced against safety/impact performance, recycling costs, overall vehicle weight and energy use, and life cycle costs. High strength, low alloy steels could be employed for some applications where controlled deformability in impact is required. The commuter car of the future could be propelled by a coal-fuel, electric, or fuel cell system; hydrogen is a possibility if storage problems can be resolved. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Automotive engineering KW - Conferences KW - Diesel engines KW - Drag KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Gasoline engines KW - Lightweight materials KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Resistance KW - Rolling KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371373 AU - BALDWIN, P AU - Department for Transport, England TI - ENERGY AND TRANSPORT POLICY (U.K.) PY - 1979 SP - 4 p. AB - Energy conservation must be pursued in a manner which is readily acceptable to the public, which places a high value on personal mobility. Approaches must be sought which do not greatly burden the individual and, to the extent possible, do not impose unacceptable additional costs. Development of vehicles with substantially improved fuel economy is a practical and socially sensible approach. Reconciling public attitudes (e.g. demand for quieter trucks) and business economics (e.g. desire to cut fuel costs) is one area requiring better understanding. Battery propulsion should be exploited in suitable commercial applications, including vehicle fleets where the business runs its own depots, provides its own facilities, and sets its schedules and routes. The Dept. of Transport (U.K.), and other government agencies involved with energy, must recognize that transportation has to be a premium user of fuel. KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369340 AU - McLean, A J AU - University of Adelaide AU - Department of Transport, Australia AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - ADELAIDE IN-DEPTH ACCIDENT STUDY 1975-1979. PART 8: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1979 SP - 67 p. AB - This report contains a summary of the conclusions and recommendations from earlier reports on the causes and consequences of a representative sample of road traffic accidents to which an ambulance was called in metropolitan Adelaide. Brief comments on the study as a whole are included. The abstracts, tables of contents, introductions and conclusions and recommendations from Parts 1 to 7 and 9 and 10 are presented in appendices. KW - Crash causes KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369187 AU - Anastasi, A J AU - Chipman, G AU - Nyheim, C AU - Rumelt, D AU - White House Office of Special Asst Consumer Aff TI - CONSUMER'S RESOURCE HANDBOOK PY - 1979 SP - 81 p. AB - Steps are outlined in resolving consumer problems, including tips for avoiding such problems. A number of offices and organizations, both public and private, which supply consumer assistance are suggested. These include state, county, and city consumer offices, occupational and professional licensing boards, better business bureaus, media programs, small claims courts, legal aid and legal services, prepaid legal services, public interest law centers, private lawyers and consumer groups, AFL-CIO community services, consumer credit counseling services, industry consumer programs, consumer action panels (automobile, furniture, and major appliance industries), homeowner protection programs, and securities exchanges and associations. Federal offices offering consumer services are listed under subject headings, with service limitations, addresses, and telephone numbers indicated. State, county, and city consumer service offices are similarly listed. Tips are offered for subject areas which cause most consumer problems: advertising, banking and credit, clothing and fabrics, drugs, funerals, housing, investments, mail orders, motor vehicles, transportation, and warranties. KW - Assistance programs KW - Consumers KW - Grant aid KW - Handbooks KW - Public interest KW - Public policy KW - Social service agencies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369178 AU - Clarkson, K W AU - Kadlec, C W AU - Laffer, A B AU - Wainwright (HC) and Company TI - THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS ON COMPETITION IN THE U.S. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1979 SP - 124 p. AB - The impact of government regulation on competition in the American automobile industry is examined, specifically on the competitive position of Chrysler Corporation relative to General Motors Corporation (GM) and Ford Motor Company. The classical "wedge" model is employed, as well as a model that corrects a firm's accounting profits to economic profits. The analysis points to an inevitable increase in concentration in the U.S. auto industry through 1985 as a result of regulation, with GM dramatically improving its relative position. The model suggests that even with an expanded market share, GM's economic rate of return will tend to fall well below the previous decade's average. The study concludes that Chrysler, in order to survive as a full-line domestic auto manufacturer, must minimally have removed the regressive regulatory bias it now faces in competition with Ford and GM. Shifting the tax spectrum away from lump sum levies toward proportionality would bring some relief to Chrysler, but merely to return to zero profitability from a negative position, Chrysler's operating profit margin must grow 15% annually between 1977 and 1985. Strategies suggested to help the entire auto industry include permitting foreign-made units to be added to domestic fleets for estimating fleet fuel efficiency; terminating fuel efficiency standards (replacing with gasoline tax); modifying fuel efficiency standards ("end-loading," rather than "front-loading"); delaying imposition of all regulations; and freezing emission and fuel economy standards at 1979 or 1980 levels. Strategies for improving Chrysler's position include permitting research and development pooling; imposing less stringent standards on the smaller firms or allowing them more time for compliance; and providing government subsidies to offset the regulatory tax and bias. KW - Automobile industry KW - Chrysler Corporation KW - Competition KW - Deregulation KW - Economics KW - Federal government KW - Ford Motor Company KW - General Motors Corporation KW - Regulations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369190 AU - Ni, C-M AU - Fine, D S AU - General Motors Corporation TI - RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE CRASHWORTHINESS PY - 1979 SP - 20 p. AB - Following an overview of vehicle crash dynamics and occupant protection, including a summary of four Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards of vehicle structural crashworthiness (FMVSS 204, 212-76, 219, and 301), literature on the state of the art in automobile crashworthiness analysis is surveyed, with special reference to frontal barrier impacts. Although the dynamic response of automotive structures has been analyzed with such tools as hybrid simulation methods, limit analysis and approximation techniques, and finite difference and finite element techniques, deficiencies remain in analyzing material models involving the mathematical theory of plasticity, and in modeling extremely complex automotive structures. Before a totally analytical procedure can be developed and economically applied, a mixed method (or a modular method), combining the simplicity of the hybrid simulation method and the generality and predictability of the analytical method, may be further extended to provide a practical improvement. Experimental techniques using half-scale steel and polycarbonate models to simulate the crush response to a full-scale vehicle are promising in view of their reduced cost, but further research effort is needed to address such factors as strain-rate sensitivity of materials and gravity effects. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Automobiles KW - Crashworthiness KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Frontal crashes KW - Standards KW - State of the art studies KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369206 AU - Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility TI - A RESOURCE GUIDE TO AUTOMOBILE OCCUPANT RESTRAINT MATERIALS PY - 1979 SP - 24 p. AB - Selected resource materials concerned with automobile occupant restraints (seat belts, child restraints, and passive restraints) are listed, along with the source, and in some cases a brief description, of the material. Most of the materials are quite recent (1975 or later) and include television and radio public service announcements, pamphlets, programming guides and displays, films and audiovisuals, and stickers, games and posters. Addresses and telephone numbers are supplied in an index of source organizations. KW - Child restraint systems KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Publicity KW - Restraint systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367952 AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated TI - EASE ON DOWN THE ROAD. COMMERCIAL VEHICLE FUEL EFFICIENT DRIVING TRAINING/MOTIVATION PROGRAM. MANAGEMENT MANUAL PY - 1979 SP - 28 p. AB - Information is presented for the trucking company in implementing the "Ease on Down the Road" program, a driver-oriented training/motivational approach to fuel conservation. The training component has three elements: driver workshop meetings, self-study, and posted reminders. The motivational component has four elements: driver achievement identification, recognition reinforcement, reward reinforcement, and achievement information feedback. Following an overview of the current transportation energy situation, the program's objectives and materials, driver training approaches, driver motivation, and program support are presented. Steps are outlined for clarifying a company's commitment to the program and developing program details tailored to individual fleet operating needs and conditions. A sample schedule for program planning and implementation is included. KW - Driver training KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motivation KW - Truck drivers KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367950 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUGGESTIONS REGARDING A SEAT BELT CAMPAIGN FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC PY - 1979 SP - 19 p. AB - A public campaign to increase seat belt use is outlined in terms of objectives, barriers to recommended actions, communication strategies/themes/appeals, content and possible creative approaches, spokespersons, media/channels/vehicles, and preparation of mass media materials. Examples are cited of materials on seat belts available from the Department of Transportation. Suggested questions for group discussions or individual interviews are included. Specific target audiences for such a campaign include parents of teenagers, teenage drivers and passengers, parents of young children, and commuters. The campaign is intended not only to increase the proportion of persons who wear seat belts but also the number who encourage or require others to do so. Beliefs that inhibit seat belt use are listed, including driver competence, vehicle durability, belt discomfort and inconvenience, low driving speeds, alleged danger of entrapment, belt-caused injury, and peer pressure to avoid use. KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Publicity KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367944 AU - Cooke, C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FATALITY RATE COMPARISON, WITH AND WITHOUT AIR BAGS, FEBRUARY 14, 1979, AMENDED NOVEMBER 9, 1979 PY - 1979 SP - 22 p. AB - Updated estimates of air bag system field performance are compared with those of conventional belt systems or no restraints in equivalent cars throughout the U.S. population in terms of fatality rates per 1000 car years of exposure. The fatality rates are lower by nearly one-half for private cars equipped with the air cushion restraint system (ACRS) and by about one-third for all air bag systems than for cars having standard seat belts. These figures represent a 40% effectiveness of the ACRS with respect to the present level of regular belt system use, and a corresponding 30% effectiveness for all air bag systems. Compared with no restraints, the ACRS was 45% effective and all air bag systems were 36% effective. KW - Air bags KW - Air cushion restraint system KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Field performance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367314 AU - Johnson, J E AU - Charbonnet, C R AU - Wood, C M AU - Southwest Research Institute TI - PASSENGER VEHICLE TIRE INSPECTION EQUIPMENT. SERVICE MANUAL, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1979 SP - 229 p. AB - A manual is provided for a prototype tire testing machine designed for use in an autmated vehicle inspection facility. After adjusting the cold inflation pressure of the tire to the correct value, the device inspects the tire carcass for structural integrity. The tire pressure adjustment is accomplished by sampling the pressure and temperature of the tire, computing the required change, and inflating or deflating the tire as necessary. Carcass integrity is determined by exciting the tire with a random forcing function generated by an electromechanical shaker, and comparing sidewall responses as measured by sensors on opposite sides of the tire. Two test stands accommodate the mechanisms necessary to position the shakers and sensors and to rotate the tire during a test. A keyboard located on the front of a control console provides communication with a microcomputer which is responsible for system control. The tire testing machine is described, as well as its operation (and theory of operation) and installation and maintenance procedures. The operating software is also described. Appended are a software flow chart, a software listing, and part and assembly drawings. KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Testing equipment KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367310 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTOMOBILE REGULATION PY - 1979 SP - 60 p. AB - Statements by the automotive industry and others that the industry is overregulated and economically harmed by Federal directives are evaluated. Critics of government intervention claim that regulations impede growth, stifle innovation, increase unemployment, and hamper the industry's ability to compete internationally. Regulatory agencies have been criticized for attempting to limit the free choice of consumers and have been characterized as being unresponsive, ineffective, and unreasonable. In analyzing beneficial effects of rulemaking by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to the industry, consumers, and the economy, it is contended that the agency's responsibility to improve safety is warranted by the annual loss of 50,000 lives and the many injuries in motor vehicle crashes. The economic loss to society because of these accidents is estimated at more that $50 billion, pointing to the need for a "socially responsible" automobile. Due to Federal fuel economy standards, the country may be able to decrease its reliance on foreign oil sources. Both safety standards and fuel economy regulations create challenges to the industry's technological potential, and they promote competition by requiring compliance with uniform performance. The increasing number of vehicle recalls because of safety defects may illustrate the automobile industry's failure to provide maximum safety. Profitability and sales in the industry are largely a function of the economy rather than the effect of regulation. The financial health of individual companies is primarily due to prior corporate strategies, and competition has not and need not be significantly affected by government directives. The cost of safety features on motor vehicles is not exorbitant, and fuel savings over the vehicle's life more than offset safety-related expenditures. KW - Accident costs KW - Automobile industry KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Regulations KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361551 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FACTS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT AUTO SAFETY, FUEL ECONOMY AND AUTO REPAIR COSTS WHICH CAN SAVE LIVES, FUEL, AND MONEY PY - 1979 SP - 14 p. AB - Information is presented to help consumers make informed choices when considering automobile safety, fuel economy, and automobile repair costs. The six most frequent consumer auto repairs involve tires and tubes, wheel balancing, engine tune-ups, engine hose replacement (heater or radiator), V-belt replacement for such equipment as fan belts and power accessories, and brake shoe installation. Consumers lose about 40 cents of each dollar spent on repair and maintenance due to unnecessary repairs caused by inadequate diagnosis, unneeded parts of package deals, faulty repairs for which owners do not get their money back, unneeded repairs sold with possible fraudulent intent, overfrequent preventive maintenance, and vehicle design requiring the use of overly modularized parts or highly nonstandard parts. Recommendations to minimize the consumer auto repair problem concern diagnostic vehicle inspection centers, public education, Federal motor vehicle standards, fair trade practices, complaint arbitration, and consumer cooperatives. Fuel economy standards have been set for passenger cars through model year 1985. Owners of 1985 cars can expect an increase in fuel economy from about 17 to 27.5 mpg and a net savings of about $1540 in the cost of gasoline over a car's life (1979 dollars). Fuel economy standards have also been formulated for light trucks and vans through model year 1981. By 1985, passenger car and light truck fuel economy standards will result in an annual saving of more than 16 billion gallons of gasoline. Traffic accidents cause 139 traffic deaths per day. Although lap and shoulder belts can significantly reduce the chance of a fatality or serious injury in an accident, less than one out of nine Americans uses them while driving. More than half of all fatalities occur at night, and nearly 60% happen in rural accidents. Automatic crash protection in new cars and the Dept. of Transportation's research safety vehicle demonstration are considered as measures for reducing the traffic toll, as well as the effectiveness of the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit. Other highway safety programs are noted, such as alcohol countermeasures, police traffic services, emergency medical services, driver licensing, pedestrian safety, motorcycle safety, occupant protection, and motor vehicle inspection. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361493 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1979 ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PASSENGERS PY - 1979 SP - 26 p. AB - This publication contains a compilation of accident reports furnished directly to the Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) by motor carriers of passengers operating in interstate or foreign commerce. Any accident that results in death, personal injury, or property damage of $2,000 or more must be reported by the motor carrier. The accident reports have proven to be a vital source of information upon which BMCS relies in administering its regulatory program. The data from the reports are analyzed to determine accident causal factors, identify trends, and measure safety performance. The information gained from the analysis is valuable in the determination of means to reduce accidents, formulation of program requirements, and modification of safety regulations to better protect drivers and passengers of buses as well as other highway users. This publication contains statistical data relating to fatalities, injuries, property damage, and type of accident. These data have been compiled from 719 accident reports filed by motor carriers of passengers during the calendar year 1979. KW - Bus transportation KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Interstate transportation KW - Laws and legislation KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361565 AU - Minicars, Incorporated TI - RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) PHASE 3. PROGRESS REPORT, JUNE/JULY 1979 PY - 1979 SP - 99 p. AB - Program management and design and development engineering (to the subtask level) progress made on the RSV (research safety vehicle) Phase 3 program is described for the 15th bimonthly reporting period. Subcontractor progress reports are appended. These include RCA Labs (electronics), Battelle-Columbus Labs. (pedestrian injury mitigation capabilities (knee-leg impact tests)), and Dubner Computer Systems (on-board computer). Also appended are data traces from an RSV side impact test conducted by Minicars. KW - Computers KW - Electronics KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Mobile computing KW - On board computers KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Pedestrians KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Safety vehicles KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361562 AU - Grandfield, S D AU - Minicars, Incorporated TI - RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) PHASE 3. PROGRESS REPORT FOR FEBRUARY-MARCH 1979 PY - 1979 SP - 181 p. AB - The status of tasks in a research safety vehicle (RSV) project is evaluated. Design and development engineering progress focuses on product improvement of inflatable restraints (driver restraint and front passenger restraint systems), structural refinement (including front bumper no-damage performance), systems refinement, plastics, electronics system, ride and handling, pedestrian impact, compatibility analysis, high-technology engine/transmission, structures fabrication, systems fabrication, accident/benefit analysis, technology transfer support, glazing, production planning, and tooling. Progress on the LRSV (Large RSV) is concerned with an advanced engine, LRSV structure, restraints, design and dynamic tests, and the LRSV demonstration vehicle. Narrative, figures, and tables which supplement vehicle testing results are appended. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bumpers KW - Crash analysis KW - Design KW - Development KW - Dynamic tests KW - Electronics KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable devices KW - Large research safety vehicle KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pedestrians KW - Plastics KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety vehicles KW - Structural design KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361564 AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center TI - RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE, PHASE 3. STATUS REPORT NO. 14, PERIOD: 1 MARCH TO 30 JUNE 1979 PY - 1979 SP - 105 p. AB - Most of Phase 3 activities of the RSV (research safety vehicle) program were completed during this reporting period. Phase 4 car numbers 6, 8, 9, and 10 were completed and delivered. The final report on driver air bag system development was completed, as well as reports on Phase 4 car 3 handling tests and barrier test 13. Other activities included development to improve the driver air bag and the passenger air belt restraint systems for Phase 4 tests, and support of those tests. Prior to shipment of car 8, performance tests demonstrated satisfactory acceleration, emissions, and fuel economy; bumper tests were also accomplished. A 41 mph flat frontal barrier test was performed using car 9; the passenger head exceeded the allowable Head Injury Criterion number defined by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 and the driver's left femur load was 100 1b. too high. European testing of the Phase 4 cars was initiated. Cars 6 and 10 were exhibited at the 7th International Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles where a paper was presented on the Calspan/Chrysler RSV. French, Italian, and German representatives reported on their tests of the Phase 4 RSV's, indicating satisfactory compliance with specifications. KW - Air bags KW - Bumpers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Occupant restraint KW - Performance tests KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361614 AU - Road Traffic Safety Research Council, New Zealand TI - SEMINAR ON DRIVING 1979 PY - 1979 SP - 312 p. AB - An accident exposure study was initiated by the Road Traffic Safety Research Council of New Zealand in 1976 to establish the real accident rate for each age and sex group, after taking into account the amount of driving done by each group, the time it is done, and the types of vehicles used. On May 14-15, 1979 a seminar was held to provide a forum for an examination of the findings of that study, and also for discussion of present driver training and licensing procedures and possible changes that could be made to improve the standard of driving on New Zealand roads. This publication contains the papers and discussions from the following seminar sessions: A. Accident exposure; B. Testing procedures; C. Training programmes 1; D. Training programmes 2; E. Evaluation; F. Proposed changes; G. Research; and H. Panel discussion. KW - Age KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Gender UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361549 AU - Toth, W J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NOISE ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PY - 1979 SP - 186 p. AB - Efforts are described which were aimed at transferring technology developed in the area of truck noise reduction to that of construction equipment. Included is information gathered from previous contracts, surveys of manufacturers, a noise impact ranking by equipment type, engine and equipment test results, specific information to enable equipment owners to reduce noise from their equipment, and recommendations dealing with reasonable noise level goals for used equipment. Comprehensive specifications were compiled for diesel engines greater than 50 hp. used in the construction industry; a comparative muffler selection procedure was developed; and costs were calculated for mufflers and complete exhaust systems. A noise impact ranking was developed to characterize equipment types by degree of noise pollution, based on the average machine noise level, the typical percentage of time the machine was at full load, the average production rate/yr. based on production figures of the last ten yr., and proximity of machine use to human population. Using the noise impact rating system, front-end loaders, tractors, and backhoes (excavators) were identified as the three noisiest machines. Detailed tests conducted on two classes of tractors, a front-end loader and a backhoe, identified the contributions of the various major component noise sources to overall machine noise levels. Results indicate that construction equipment produced since the late 1960's has utilized reasonable muffling so that exhaust noise is not generally the dominant noise source. KW - Construction equipment KW - Diesel engines KW - Mufflers KW - Noise control KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361563 AU - Grandfield, S D AU - Minicars, Incorporated TI - RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) PHASE 3. PROGRESS REPORT FOR APRIL-MAY 1979 PY - 1979 SP - 50 p. AB - The status of tasks in a research safety vehicle (RSV) project is evaluated. Data and figures accompany narrative to reflect design and development engineering progress in such areas as product improvement of inflatable restraints, structural refinement, system refinement, plastic materials improvement, electronics system, braking and handling, pedestrian impact, compatibility analysis, injury and crash testing, high-technology engine/transmission, structures fabrication, systems fabrication, emissions and fuel economy, accident/benefit analysis, production planning, and tooling. Progress on the LRSV (Large RSV) is concerned with the advanced engine, the LRSV structure, restraints, design, and dynamic tests, and technology transfer support. Supplementary test data and information on the electronics system are appended. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Braking KW - Crash analysis KW - Design KW - Dynamic tests KW - Electronics KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable devices KW - Injuries KW - Large research safety vehicle KW - Occupant restraint KW - Pedestrians KW - Plastics KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety vehicles KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361561 AU - Minicars, Incorporated TI - RSV (RESEARCH SAFETY VEHICLE) PHASE 3. PROGRESS REPORT, OCTOBER/NOVEMBER 1978 PY - 1979 SP - 77 p. AB - Progress and problems during the reporting period are detailed in the general areas of program management (Task 4) and design and development engineering (Task 5). Of particular interest are the following activities: testing of restraint systems; structural and systems refinement, including structural drawings; development of a new emergency egress concept for the door glass; updating of data used for simulation studies; work on a high technology engine and transmission, and on an advanced LRSV (large res. safety vehicle) engine; and other work on the LRSV, including structure, restraints, design, and technology transfer support. Appended are test data on the driver's and passenger's restraint system (50 mph frontal barrier impact), and a progress report (No. 20) on electronics for the RSV by RCA Labs. KW - Design KW - Development KW - Electronics KW - Emergency egress systems KW - Emergency exits KW - Engine design KW - Engines KW - Impact tests KW - Large research safety vehicle KW - Occupant restraint KW - Research safety vehicle KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety vehicles KW - Structural design KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349644 AU - Rothengatter, T AU - Dijkstra, G AU - Ruyter, L de AU - Groningen State Univ /Netherlands TI - COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF VIDEOTAPED TRAFFIC SAFETY MESSAGES FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PY - 1979 SP - 19 p. AB - This study compares the effectiveness of two videotaped traffic safety messages, both concerning the task of crossing in the vicinity of parked cars. In the "instructional" version the message was presented according to the principles generally used in media presentations for children, the "modeling" version closely followed the recommendations derived from experimental studies concerning media presentations to children. Both versions were presented to subjects five years of age. The subjects were pretested and posttested on crossing behaviour with the use of a table top model, and their comprehension of the film content was tested after presentation of the material. The "modeling" version resulted in a significant increase in the children's capability to demonstrate the required behaviour, whereas the "instructional" version did not. The comprehension test demonstrated that children exposed to the "modeling" version showed a significantly higher level of understanding than the children exposed to the "instructional" version. The conclusion is drawn that if certain conditions concerning the principles of presentation are followed, media presentation of traffic safety messages may be an useful tool in traffic education for preschool children. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Children KW - Information content KW - Information organization KW - Parked vehicles KW - Parking KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety education KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175646 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361300 JO - Training Key PB - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - EMERGENCY VEHICLE OPERATION--POLICY AND PROCEDURES PY - 1979 IS - 271 SP - 5 p. AB - Because police officers respond to emergency calls for assistance every day, emergency vehicle operation can become a routine act that leads to complacent - and perhaps careless - driving under such conditions. The officer must always exercise caution when operating a vehicle under emergency conditions. Further, he must evaluate all factors before making the basic decision to operate as an emergency unit. KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Police pursuit driving KW - Safety factors KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361301 JO - Training Key PB - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police TI - EMERGENCY VEHICLE OPERATION--FRESH PURSUIT PY - 1979 IS - 272 SP - 5 p. AB - Responsibility for the decision to employ emergency vehicle operations in a "fresh pursuit" rests with each officer. In arriving at his decision, the officer must carefully consider all factors involved, including the seriousness of the offense and the possible consequences of his actions. Most importantly, the safety of citizens is the officer's paramount consideration. KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Law enforcement KW - Police KW - Police pursuit driving KW - Safety factors KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361353 AU - Department of Labor TI - MOTOR VEHICLE AND MACHINERY REPAIRERS PY - 1979 SP - 16 p. AB - This publication is reprinted from the Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1980-81 edition; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin no 2075-24. It describes the following occupations: Auto Body Repairers; Automobile Mechanics; Automobile Painters; Automobile Parts Counter Workers; Automobile Service Advisors; Boat Engine Mechanics; Farm Equipment Mechanics; Gasoline Service Station Attendants; Motorcycle Mechanics; and Truck Mechanics and Bus Mechanics. Each occupation is subdivided into the following subject matter: Nature of the work; Working Conditions; Places of Employment; Training, Other Qualifications and Advancement; Employment Outlook; Earnings; Related Occupations; and Sources of Additional Information. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Buses KW - Earnings KW - Employment KW - Job analysis KW - Jobs KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Mechanics KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Motorcycles KW - Painting KW - Parts KW - Service stations KW - Training KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361038 AU - Vingilis, Evelyn AU - Salutin, L AU - CHAN, G AU - Addiction Research Foundation TI - R.I.D.E. (REDUCE IMPAIRED DRIVING IN ETOBICOKE): A DRIVING-WHILE-IMPAIRED COUNTERMEASURE PROGRAMME. ONE-YEAR EVALUATION PY - 1979 SP - 115 p. AB - The Reduce Impaired Driving in Etobicoke (R.I.D.E.) is a counter-measure programme that is being conducted in Etobicoke (police district 2), a borough of Metropolitan Toronto and one of five police districts. The programme is based on the concept of general deterrence and involves two components, enforcement (by means of random spot-checks and roadside breath-testing that is aimed at increasing subjective and objective probabilities of risk apprehension) and education. There are some positive indicators of success, notably in the reduction in number of impaired drivers on the road, increased risk perception for being caught while drinking and driving, and increased knowledge on drinking and driving in Etobicoke, in favour of the merit of the R.I.D.E. programme, although by no means conclusive evidence in support of a reduction in alcohol-related accidents and injuries or changes in B.A.L.s. The results of this evaluation suggest numerous changes for the improvement of a R.I.D.E.-type programme and recommendations for improvement are offered. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Analysis of variance KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Daily KW - Daily variations KW - Deterrents KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Governments KW - Law enforcement KW - Public KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349496 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHILD PASSENGER PROTECTION, DECEMBER 10-12, 1979, WASHINGTON, D.C. PY - 1979 SP - 96 p. AB - The National Conference on Child Passenger Protection was held in Washington, D.C., on December 10-12, 1979. This publication contains the conference agenda, a list of attendees, the proceedings of the morning and afternoon sessions of the first day, and the proceedings of the four concurrent workshops held on the second day. There were nine formal presentations covering the various aspects of the conference topic, such as individual and societal costs of accidents involving children, the pediatricians' role in child transportation, factors influencing the use of restraints, child passenger protection law, accident prevention, etc. The four concurrent workshops covered the following areas: public policy; education; communication; and research and evaluation. The conference provided a forum for the exchange of information, recent research findings and technologies to promote the use of child seats and seat belts by young children. KW - Accident costs KW - Child restraint systems KW - Communications KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Infants KW - Information dissemination KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Prevention KW - Public policy KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25469/DOT-HS-805-672.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198998 AU - Ibison, R A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CAMPAIGN FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY IN PORTUGAL PY - 1978/12/28 SP - 64 p. AB - The report serves to acquaint traffic safety specialists in English-speaking countries with the outstanding work of the Portuguese Coordinating Committee of the Campaign for Traffic Safety (Campanha de Seguranca Rodoviaria). This campaign involved cooperation between various government and private agencies and had the full support of the media. The Campaign made particularly effective use of a large number of colorful brochures, "handouts," and posters. Reproductions of some of these (in black and white) are shown in the appendices to the report. KW - Cooperation KW - Foreign KW - Instructional materials KW - Local government KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Mass media KW - Media KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Portugal KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366795 JO - Polizei Technik Verkehr PB - Hannes Schmitt-Horr Verlag AU - Zelinka, F F AU - Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH und Co KG TI - DRUNK DRIVING IN TRAFFIC PY - 1978/12 SP - p. 521-523 AB - In 1973/1974 a survey was made in the Federal Republic of Germany to estimate the proportion of drunk car drivers in traffic. 13.85% of drivers responded that they had operated the vehicle they most frequently used at least once in the course of the second half of 1973 under considerable influence of alcohol and therefore had to worry about coming up against a police check. Further results of this survey are discussed in this article and hypotheses are developed on road use by drunk drivers by time of day. KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Estimates KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328853 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK AGGRESSIVITY STUDY - TEST REPORT 3 - TRUCK-TO-CAR RIGHT OFFSET IMPACT TESTS PY - 1978/12 SP - 114 p. AB - The test report presents the results of Tests No. 3051-5 and No. 3051-6, frontal, 21-inch right off-set, truck-to-car collisions. Two 1979 Chevrolet C-10, 8-foot, full-bed, 8-cylinder, pickup trucks were used for the tests. The car used in Test No. 3051-5 was a 1978 Plymouth Horizon 4-door sedan. The car used in Test No. 3051-6 was a 1979 Chevrolet Impala 4-door sedan. The object of these tests is to provide truck-to-car collision data. The crash test data from this program will be used to study the aggressivity of light trucks compared to passenger cars, support current vehicle standards, and provide information to upgrade future standards. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304714 AU - Bayer, ARJ AU - PAULS, L S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SCHOOL BUS PASSENGER SEAT AND LAP BELT SLED TESTS PY - 1978/12 SP - 150 p. AB - Responses received relating to proposed rulemaking action on school bus passenger seat crash protection indicated a need to obtain additional research data using several test variables. A sled test program was conducted for route school bus and activity bus occupant seats using the variables of seat spacing, test velocity, lap belts and no lap belts, differing dummy sizes, and seats from different manufacturers. KW - Anatomical models KW - Buses KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Human powered vehicles KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety engineering KW - School buses KW - Seats KW - Self propelled KW - Size KW - Spacing KW - Testing KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199054 AU - Keller, L F AU - Halachmi, A AU - Kirby, W AU - Weber, J W AU - University of Kansas, Lawrence AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PROJECT K-STEER PY - 1978/12 SP - 78 p. AB - Project K-Steer was an evaluation of the Kansas system of driver license renewals and the impact of warning renewal applicants they may be retested in the examining station. The warning was stamped on the renewal examination that is mailed every four years to each licensed driver in Kansas. The warning apparently had limited effects. Though it greatly reduced the difference between the average number of misses at home and those in the station, it did not improve the general test scores. KW - Driver license renewal KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Evaluation KW - Examinations KW - Kansas KW - Licenses KW - Road tests KW - Social factors KW - Social impacts KW - State government KW - Statistical analysis KW - Systems analysis KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305721 AU - Little, J W AU - Hartman, B S AU - National Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF LEGAL LITERATURE PUBLISHED BETWEEN JULY, 1974 AND JULY, 1978 PERTAINING TO ALCOHOL AND DRUG INVOLVEMENT IN HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1978/12 SP - 64 p. AB - The author provides a review of the legal and law related literature which was published between July, 1974 and July, 1978. It includes a review of articles published in American and Foreign English language journals and periodicals, as well as a review of nine books. The first part of the review is separated into five categories which the authors also set forth a rationale for each. These cover the following: (1) Legal issues arising under drunk driving laws; (2) Special sanctions under such laws; (3) Tort liability and drunk driving; (4) Field studies under drunk driving laws; and, (5) Law in Foreign jurisdictions. The review includes a list of books and articles used by the authors, as well as Appendices with British and Canadian statutes appropriate to the subject. KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Foreign KW - Highway safety KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Litigation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Reviews KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305751 AU - Darwick, N AU - Sostkowski, R H AU - Smith, AVJ AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT (NMSL) ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES, PHASE II PY - 1978/12 SP - 259 p. AB - The purpose of the project was to evaluate various NMSL patrol configurations (combinations of police personnel, equipment and assigned responsibilities) to determine their relative productivity (NMSL violators contacted per manhour expended on NMSL enforcement), cost effectiveness (net revenue from NMSL violators fined per NMSL violator contacted) and effect on NMSL compliance on selected highways in six states (selected for geographical distribution and with state law enforcement agencies among which all of the selected enforcement configurations would be employed under controlled conditions). The objectives of the project were to: (1) Determine if productivity rises as the visibility of the patrol unit is decreased (marked patrol car to unmarked patrol car or aircraft); (2) Determine if productivity rises as the number and sophistication of speed measuring devices are increased (speedometer only, stopwatch, moving radar, stopwatch and moving radar); (3) Effects of these variables on NMSL compliance. KW - Aircraft KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway transportation KW - Law enforcement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Police KW - Police patrol KW - Police vehicles KW - Productivity KW - Radar KW - Speed limits KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveys KW - Traffic violators KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305568 AU - Dueker, R L AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - URBAN CROSSING PROBLEMS PY - 1978/12 SP - 173 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to collect data on pedestrian accident causal factors based on observation of pedestrians and pedestrian-vehicle interaction behaviors. Observation data were collected using a Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) system from 36 urban intersections in two U.S. cities. Data from 6,300 street-crossing observations were analyzed to attempt further specification of certain infrequently occurring accident patterns identified in previous research, and to identify new patterns or potential accident causal types (PACTs). Fourteen PACTS were initially hypothesized. Eight are considered sufficiently important to recommend their further investigation. The CCTV system is described and evaluated. KW - Closed circuit television KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crosswalks KW - Data collection KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Streets KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198285 AU - Fisher, FGJ AU - Eidemiller, R AU - Oldham, F AU - Pond, S AU - Ultrasystems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPTIMUM FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION PY - 1978/12 SP - 110 p. AB - The primary purpose of this study was to develop a means for determining the optimum frequency for inspecting brake system components in order to minimize their occurrence in a defective condition while in use on the U.S. Highways. The present study collects and analyzes brake component inspection data resulting from wheel-removal programs conducted by several states. Analysis of the data from those states revealed that the results were essentially the same as the results obtained from an analysis of DOT's VIU data base. The analysis also revealed that it was possible to merge the data from the state wheel-removal program and thus update the VIU data base. The results of the study indicated that the Optimum Brake Inspection Plan can likewise be utilized as a plan for specifying the optimum frequency of inspection for brake system components. KW - Brake linings KW - Brakes KW - Components KW - Defects KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Highway transportation KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Project management KW - Safety KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198287 AU - Wolf, J D AU - Barrett, M F AU - Honeywell, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER-VEHICLE EFFECTIVENESS MODEL. VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1978/12 SP - 226 p. AB - The Driver-Vehicle Effectiveness Model (DRIVEM) is a Monte Carlo simulation model intended for use by NHTSA to evaluate alternative vehicle subsystems or effects of legislative actions proposed to reduce the probability and severity of highway traffic accidents. This report describes work completed in DRIVEM Program phases II and III to refine and expand the model and implement model software on a NHTSA-designated computer facility. The Appendices volume contains the program flow charts, program listings, vehicle model equations, DRIVEM parameter values, and tabular data. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash severity KW - Digital simulation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Intoxication KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198303 AU - Scrimgeour, G J AU - Palmer, J A AU - Edwards, H L AU - Goldspiel, S AU - Logan, A B AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALCOHOL HIGHWAY SAFETY JUDICIAL STANDARDS AND EXISTING PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978/12 SP - 162 p. AB - The contract required an examination of all existing professional standards and model codes which in some way related to the processing of drinking-driving cases through the courts. The objective was to determine whether existing professional standards and codes adequately and appropriately respond to the realities of drinking-driving case processing and, if not, to recommend what might be done. A technical analysis and comparison of existing standards and codes was prepared by American Bar Foundation staff. A 13-member Study Team, consisting primarily of representatives of standards-producing national organizations, met several times throughout the course of the contract to monitor the creation of the technical analysis, assess the adequacy of existing standards in view of real-world needs, plan and conduct a Conference on National Standards for Drinking-Driving Cases (held in Chicago on October 13-14, 1978), and prepare recommendations for future activity in the area of development of standards and codes. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Comparative analysis KW - Courts KW - Diagrams KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Schematic diagrams KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198290 AU - HARVEY, M R AU - Eckel, C AU - COWAN, D AU - De Lorean (John Z) Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR FOUR FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS. TASK VI: ADDITIONAL BUMPERS, FMVSS 215 - EXTERIOR PROTECTION PY - 1978/12 SP - 134 p. AB - Seventeen additional bumper systems were required to be analyzed for consumer cost based on the 1979 Model Production Year Economics and 1978 Model Production Year Volume. Cost analysis was performed as described in the basic contract introduction. Detailed cost data and photographs are included for all systems. The Tayco (Design) was a design cost estimate of a front bumper system only. KW - Analysis KW - Bumpers KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Motor vehicles KW - Photographs KW - Standards KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198286 AU - Wolf, J D AU - Barrett, M F AU - Honeywell, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER-VEHICLE EFFECTIVENESS MODEL. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1978/12 SP - 195 p. AB - The Driver-Vehicle Effectiveness Model (DRIVEM) is a Monte Carlo simulation model intended for use by NHTSA to evaluate alternative vehicle subsystems or effects of legislative actions proposed to reduce the probability and severity of highway traffic accidents. This report describes work completed in DRIVEM Program phases II and III to refine and expand the model and implement model software on a NHTSA-designated computer facility. Candidate DRIVEM applications were structured around subjects of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS); in particular, the 100 series (pre-crash) standards. Eleven scenarios representing potential accident situations to be simulated were developed based on review of accident literature and the relevance of these situations to DRIVEM applications was evaluated. Work on the model development task was concentrated in component areas of driver modeling and vehicle modeling. The DRIVEM digital program was implemented in Fortran and demonstrated in a sample application to illustrate user procedures involved in a typical problem situation. Three primary activities were recommended to improve and verify the predictive capability of DRIVEM and its utility in applications of interest to NHTSA. KW - Crash severity KW - Digital simulation KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198304 AU - McIntyre, D M AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALCOHOL HIGHWAY SAFETY JUDICIAL STANDARDS AND EXISTING PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS. VOLUME II: ANALYSIS OF STANDARDS AND CODES PY - 1978/12 SP - 87 p. AB - The purpose of the report is to compare existing standards and codes for their adequacy and appropriateness in dealing with the special problems raised by alcohol-impaired driving and the societal system designed to control it. Professional standards from many organizations and disciplines have been examined, along with model codes and procedures, and the resulting narrative attempts to focus on those areas where inadequacy is obvious, and where a conflict of opinion exists. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Comparative analysis KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198199 AU - Howland, J S AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE ANTI-THEFT SECURITY SYSTEM DESIGN. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978/12 SP - 155 p. AB - The objectives of the program were threefold: The identification and selection of cost-effective, anti-theft performance criteria which can reduce the vehicle theft rate; The design, fabrication, and testing of an improved anti-theft system that complies with these criteria; and The development and recommendation of modifications to FMVSS No. 114 which reflect both the performance criteria and the technical realities imposed on the designer. KW - Automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Detectors KW - Locks (Fasteners) KW - Locks (Waterways) KW - Maintainability KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Security KW - Steering KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198198 AU - Howland, J S AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE ANTI-THEFT SECURITY SYSTEM DESIGN. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1978/12 SP - 23 p. AB - The report covers a comprehensive study of automobile theft and anti-theft system design. A vehicle theft survey was conducted consisting of a literature search and interviews with a wide range of expert sources, including law enforcement officials, insurance personnel, automobile manufacturers, and automobile thieves. The data, which include up-to-date statistics on theft rates, motives, methods, and costs, were analyzed to identify and rank the important performance criteria for anti-theft systems. Based on these criteria, a conceptual design study was conducted to identify anti-theft system concepts. Several promising system concepts were found, and a remote steering lock coded by means of a keyboard in the passenger compartment was selected as optimum for the test system. It was fabricated and installed in a test vehicle. Prior to the installation of the improved system, the factory-equipped locked vehicle was mobilized by an amateur test subject in 50 seconds. The improved system resisted the efforts of a retired professional auto thief who gave up the effort after nearly 17 minutes. This was well beyond the design goal of 10 minutes. The ultimate consumer price increase to cover the system is estimated to be between $17 and $36. This is well below the design goal of $50 which was based on the expected average savings in theft costs over the life of the vehicle. As a result of the survey and the design program, a modified safety standard based on minimum time-to-defeat is recommended as the most straightforward and least design-restrictive approach. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Detectors KW - Law enforcement KW - Locks (Fasteners) KW - Locks (Waterways) KW - Maintainability KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Security KW - Steering KW - Theft UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192220 AU - Smith, P G AU - Kuo, A S AU - Gunn, G D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION AND APPLICATION OF THE WRECKER NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAM IN ANALYZING VEHICLE SIDE STRUCTURES. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1978/12 SP - 31 p. AB - WRECKER, a new computer program developed to calculate the large deformation response of car bodies during impact, has previously been evaluated only by using idealized checkout problems. The purpose of this project is to determine the program's strengths and weaknesses in analyzing actual automotive structure. Toward this end, a finite element model of a Volkswagen Rabbit side structure under federal compliance test (FMVSS 214) quasi-static loading is developed. The following capabilities were added as required to strengthen the program: (1) a redimensionable version of the code, (2) nodal contact capability, (3) a three-node beam element, (4) various input and output improvements, and (5) three preprocessors to aid in preparing the input data. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobile bodies KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Doors KW - Finite element method KW - Impact strength KW - Laws KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nonlinear programming KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Shock resistance KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis KW - Volkswagen automobile UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192221 AU - Smith, P G AU - Kuo, A S AU - Gunn, G D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION AND APPLICATION OF THE WRECKER NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT PROGRAM IN ANALYZING VEHICLE SIDE STRUCTURES. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978/12 SP - 238 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has sponsored the development of a finite element structural analysis computer program called WRECKER. Although there are many other finite element programs in addition to WRECKER, the others generally lack two features essential to the analysis of automotive structures under crash loadings. One feature is the ability to accurately handle the very large displacements and rotations typical of a smashed car. The other feature is the ability to effectively model the material's properties and the types of irregular shapes found in cars. NHTSA's primary objective in developing WRECKER is to have this powerful tool available to aid it in developing new Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS). A second objective is to actively make the program available to the automotive structural development community in the interest of improving the safety of future automobile designs. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Doors KW - Finite element method KW - Impact strength KW - Laws KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nonlinear programming KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Shock resistance KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192229 AU - Tenney, S M AU - Goto, J M AU - Harry Diamond Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW COST ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM FOR SMALL MOTORCYCLES PY - 1978/12 SP - 50 p. AB - The study was a continuation of earlier work reported in Towards a Low Cost, Highly Reliable Anti-Lock Brake System for Small Motorcycles (DOT HS-802 288). Included is an analysis, design and test of a toroidal jerk (rate of change of angular acceleration) sensor. The control system proposed by these two studies utilizes jerk as the feedback signature of impending wheel lock. Results show that the toroidal jerk sensor can be used as the critical sensor in the system while a model exists which can be used to design the device to match given requirements. Brake pressure control techniques are discussed, included are pressure bleed effects, a brake pressure replenisher, fluidic power brake unit and a jet pipe brake pressure controller. Systems analysis includes sensors, pressure control techniques, and power supplies. Recommendations are made regarding a suitable working fluid for the particular application, while a typical fluidic gain circuit is presented. KW - Accelerometers KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Antilock brake systems KW - Brake fluids KW - Brakes KW - Control devices KW - Detectors KW - Electric power supply KW - Feedback control KW - Fluidic control devices KW - Fluidic logic devices KW - Fluidics KW - Hydraulics KW - Low costs KW - Motorcycles KW - Pneumatics KW - Power brakes KW - Pressure KW - Pressure control KW - Sensors KW - Toroids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191441 AU - Woodson, W E AU - Black, T L AU - Selby, P H AU - Coburn, R AU - Man Factors, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR PASSIVE BELT SYSTEMS PY - 1978/12 SP - 232 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to: (1) test the applicability in terms of comfort and convenience of recommended active belt changes to FMVSS no. 208 to passive belt systems; (2) modify and/or verify recommended changes; and (3) provide NHTSA with recommendations to provide front seat occupants with a passive belt system that is comfortable, convenient to use, and acceptable to the consumer while providing optimum protection in the event of a crash. The study approach involved: (a) a state-of-the-art survey to determine the nature of potentially viable belt systems likely to meet the new passive belt edict; (b) conduct of an evaluative experiment designed to arrive at a better understanding of the comfort and convenience implications of the various configurations; (c) translating results of the foregoing experiment into a preliminary set of passive belt system design/performance requirements; and (d) formulating a final set of recommendations for modifying FMVSS no. 208. KW - Comfort KW - Convenience KW - Design KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Performance based specifications KW - Performance tests KW - Protection KW - Regulations KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305806 AU - Rezabek, S E AU - Huang, M AU - Yu, D AU - HENSON, S E AU - Buell, W R AU - Ford Motor Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY SYSTEMS OPTIMIZATION MODEL (SSOM). VOLUME II: METHODOLOGY AND OPTIMIZATION RESULTS PY - 1978/11/30 SP - 705 p. AB - A generalized methodology has been developed for mathematically optimizing simulated vehicle crash performance for a wide range of realistic accident encounters. The methodology utilizes approximating functions, derived from multi-degree-of-freedom dynamic simulations, to calculate vehicle and occupant dynamic responses in a large number of simulated collisions. Biomechanical relationships are used to convert the occupant responses into estimates of injury, which are weighted and summed for all the simulated accidents to produce an overall measure of crash performance. An optimization algorithm systematically varies selected simulated vehicle design variables in a search for the set which minimizes the weighted sum of injuries within practical limits set by the analyst. As an example of the application of the methodology, a computer program was developed to optimize the crash performance of a simulated 3000 pound vehicle operating in the mid-1980s traffic environment. Two example optimization runs, for belt and airbag restraints, were made and the results are discussed. KW - Air bags KW - Algorithms KW - Biophysics KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Design KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Optimization KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Simulation KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197588 AU - Post, D V AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SIGNAL LIGHTING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR EMERGENCY, SCHOOL BUS AND SERVICE VEHICLES PY - 1978/11/15 SP - 162 p. AB - This report reviews the inconsistency between various state laws and the Uniform Vehicle Code regarding lighting systems for special vehicles and school buses. Accident data are cited that may have pertinent implications to the problem of lighting systems design for these vehicles. Driver behavior problems that may be associated with the ambiguity of current signal messages are dicussed. Subsequently, an analysis of the signal messages that are necessary to conduct particular vehicular missions is presented. A review of lighting devices available disclosed that there is a diverse array of lighting devices available. Psychophysical visual and applied research was reviewed for information on the advantages and disadvantages of various coding parameters. An analysis of color, intensity, and flash rate summarized the information available that is applicable to special vehicle signaling systems. From this information was developed a set of recommended signals to transmit the messages deemed necessary for the efficient and safe conduct of various vehicular missions. These recommendations took into account current legal, stereotype, and changeover constraints. School bus signaling procedures were also reviewed and specific recommendations are made for new signals, usage procedures, legal language, and research. KW - Color KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Flash lamps KW - Flashing KW - Intensity KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Motor vehicles KW - Perception KW - Rates KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - School buses KW - Signal devices KW - Signal lights KW - Standards KW - States KW - Tests KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367276 AU - Partyaka, S AU - Liu, Weibo AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROLLOVERS AND INJURY ON THE NCSS FILE PY - 1978/11/02 SP - 26 p. AB - Based upon 378 rollover cases on the NCSS file and 2,769 fatal rollover accidents on the FARS file, the following parameters appear to be important in an understanding of injury causation during rollover: (1) Ejection coincides with more injury: However, the contact codes associated with the injuries suggest that occupants are being hurt in the car - i.e., prior to ejection - as well as being hurt outside of the vehicle after ejection. Partial ejection may be more dangerous than total ejection because of the possibility of being crushed between the car and the ground; (2) Roof crush seems related to injury level, perhaps as a measure of the severity of the accident; (3) Intrusion also seems to be a good indicator of the severity of the accident because it is useful in predicting injury; (4) Other variables for which more information is required include: ejection route, injury contact points, and restraint use (by type used); and (5) Variables which do not seem significantly related to injury in rollovers are age (because the occupants tend to be young-under 30), quarter turns and stopping distance (possibly because these are very difficult to estimate), and fire/explosion (the incidence rates are the same for rollovers and non-rollovers). KW - Crash severity KW - Crushing KW - Ejection KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Intrusion KW - National crash severity study KW - Occupant restraint KW - Restraint systems KW - Rollover crashes KW - Roof crush KW - Vehicle roofs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198299 AU - Schnapp, J B AU - Harbridge House, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORPORATE STRATEGIES OF THE AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS STRATEGIC ISSUES PY - 1978/11 SP - 186 p. AB - The report describes and assesses the corporate decision-making processes of eight domestic and foreign automotive manufacturers: American Motors, Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Nissan, Toyota, and Volkswagen AG. Some aspects examined include: (1) Future scenarios discussing likely automobile company responses to government regulations in view of possible interferences caused by product liability trends, economic recessions, and catalyst supply interruptions, (2) A description of pricing in the automobile industry, (3) An examination of the marketing practices of the automobile industry, and (4) A description of the decision-making process in each automobile company. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Decision making KW - Demand KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic forecasting KW - Economic impacts KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Government policies KW - Industrial management KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Management KW - Management methods KW - Management planning KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Prices KW - Product development KW - Productivity KW - Profits KW - Recession KW - Regulations KW - Safety engineering KW - Strategy KW - Supply KW - Supply economics KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197591 AU - Taylor, T J AU - Isaacs, M C AU - Blythe, K E AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPORT PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE WEIGHT PROJECTIONS 1979-1986: MERCEDES-BENZ, BMW, VOLVO, BL LTD PY - 1978/11 SP - 161 p. AB - A preliminary analysis is presented for projecting curb weights of automobiles for four import manufacturers -- Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Volvo, BL Ltd. These manufacturers may have difficulties meeting U.S. fuel economy standards for the 1978 through 1985 model year period due to their limited offering of luxury and or sports vehicles with low fuel economy ratings. An overview of their product plans, financial and production status was developed from publicly available sources, highlighting fuel economy efforts. Even with expanded use of diesel engines (development of which is subject to stricter emissions standards) and turbochargers, substantial weight loss would probably be needed to meet legislated goals. An analysis of potential weight reduction through the mid-1980's was performed based on engineering analysis and the manufacturer's known product plans to the extent available. Individual manufacturer's strategies of weight loss due to (1) all new vehicle design, (2) major sheet metal change, and (3) component redesign and material substitution were formulated, drawn in part from weight reduction successes achieved by U.S. manufacturers. Results are presented at the detail level by manufacturer and model and at the summary level by series and EPA market class. Weight loss potentials from eleven to thirty-two percent (depending on vehicle size and engine type) were estimated from 1978-1986. KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Estimates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Imports KW - Industries KW - Materials KW - Superchargers KW - Turbines KW - Turbomachinery KW - Weight KW - Weight control KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197582 AU - Reinhardt, R W AU - McMaken, R E AU - Singer, B L AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A MOTOR VEHICLE MATERIALS HISTORICAL HIGH-VOLUME INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING RATES COST DATA BANK (3500-4000 POUND) FULL SIZE CAR PY - 1978/11 SP - 331 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to identify and establish a Motor Vehicle Materials High-Volume Industrial Processing Cost Data Bank for the 3500-4000 Pound Full-Size Car. The efforts directed toward this purpose were a macro- and micro-analysis, in which various costs were generated using an industry type estimating technique. In the micro-analysis method, a 1978 full size (3500-4000 Pound) production vehicle was obtained and dismantled, and its various components and sub-assemblies were analyzed in detail to determine the weight and estimated manufacturing cost associated with each item. From this basic data, other categorical costs were estimated, both in total for each item and on a cost per pound basis. The various items were grouped into several levels of assemblies on a basis of practiced industry groupings to arrive at total cost categories for a complete vehicle. The macro-analysis served as a means to provide data in certain areas to substantiate the micro-analysis. This analysis involved the determination of various average costs by a study of the past five years of historical financial records of the automotive corporation. KW - Automobile engines KW - Components KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight determination UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328382 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK AGGRESSIVITY STUDY - TEST REPORT 2 - TRUCK-TO-CAR 90 DEGREES LEFT SIDE IMPACT TESTS PY - 1978/11 SP - 117 p. AB - The test report presents the results of Tests 3051-3 and 3051-4, 90 degrees left side truck-to-car collisions. Two 1979 Chevrolet C-10, 8-foot, full-bed, 8-cylinder, pickup trucks (bullet vehicle) were used for the tests. The car (target vehicle) used in Test No. 3051-3 was a 1978 Plymouth Horizon 4-door sedan. The car used in Test No. 3051-4 was a 1979 Chevrolet Impala 4-door sedan. The centerline of the bullet vehicle struck the H-point of the driver's side of the target vehicle. The object of these tests is to provide truck-to-car collision data. The crash test data from this program will be used to study the aggressivity of light trucks compared to passenger cars, support current vehicle standards, and provide information to upgrade future standards. KW - Aggression KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Side crashes KW - Standards KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318171 AU - Becker, H S AU - Futures Group, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORPORATE STRATEGIES OF AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS. VOLUME II: A COMPREHENSIVE SUMMARY OF LIKELY ACTIONS BY DOMESTIC COMPANIES UNDER FUEL-ECONOMY REGULATIONS: 1978-1985 PY - 1978/11 SP - 217 p. AB - The study is centered on helping NHTSA reach an understanding of the likely strategic actions that will be taken by automotive manufacturers in the presence of legislation and regulation designed to achieve improvement in automotive fuel economy. Many factors in addition to the fuel-economy standards are at play that will affect the strategies of the automotive manufacturers. These other factors include economic conditions in the United States, demographic shifts, changing social attitudes, and other forms of legislation (e.g., emission and safety standards) directed at the design and use of automobiles in the United States. The socioeconomic scenario portrayed is a composite based upon long-term forecasts of economic growth. An industrial dynamics model was used to project total demand for automobiles. Also, a model was constructed to simulate consumer response to the various automotive companies. That model was based upon historical factor analysis of new-car purchases and was used to project market shares of each company. Another model was built and used to estimate the strategies each company would choose for meeting the fuel-economy standard. Results of all of these efforts then were used for a financial analysis of the firms, which resulted in the projections shown here of the financial indicators for each of the automotive companies. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile industry KW - Automotive engineering KW - Corporations KW - Decision making KW - Economic analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Government policies KW - Industries KW - Laws KW - Marketing KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Needs assessment KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Prices KW - Regulations KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Standards KW - Strategy KW - Transportation planning KW - User needs KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199140 AU - HENSON, S E AU - L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY SYSTEMS OPTIMIZATION MODEL (SSOM). VOLUME I: INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/11 SP - 38 p. AB - A generalized methodology has been developed for mathematically optimizing simulated vehicle crash performance for a wide range of realistic accident encounters. The methodology utilizes approximating functions, derived from multi-degree-of-freedom dynamic simulations, to calculate vehicle and occupant dynamic responses in a large number of simulated collisions. Biomechanical relationships are used to convert the occupant responses into estimates of injury, which are weighted and summed for all the simulated accidents to produce an overall measure of crash performance. An optimization algorithm systematically varies selected simulated vehicle design variables in a search for the set which minimizes the weighted sum of injuries within practical limits set by the analyst. As an example of the application of the methodology, a computer program was developed to optimize the crash performance of a simulated 3000 pound vehicle operating in the mid-1980s traffic environment. Two example optimization runs, for belt and airbag restraints, were made and the results are discussed. KW - Air bags KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Design KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Simulation KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305569 AU - Tucker, J R AU - Chi, M AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRITERIA FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF OPTIMUM INTEGRATION ALGORITHM INTO THE WRECKER PROGRAM. VOLUME I: SUMMARY FINAL REPORT PY - 1978/11 SP - 19 p. AB - Three research versions of the WRECKER program (a program which models motor vehicle collisions) are created by incorporating new integration methods in the WRECKER I and II programs. The integration algorithms are the variable time step Newmark, the EPISODE and the FU methods. These research versions were tested with seven illustrative problems and the results show that the new methods are superior to the implicit method used in WRECKER II and more accurate and more stable than the explicit method used in WRECKER I. A brief documentation of these research versions is included for ready reference. KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programming KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Differential equations KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nonlinear differential equations KW - Numerical integration KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305563 AU - Schnapp, J B AU - Harbridge House, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORPORATE STRATEGIES OF THE AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS. VOLUME III: PANORAMA OF SELECTED ECONOMIC AND OPERATING INFORMATION PY - 1978/11 SP - 59 p. AB - The study describes and assesses the corporate decision-making processes of eight domestic and foreign automotive manufacturers: American Motors, Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Nissan, Toyota, and Volkswagon AG. Volume III discusses some basic factors about the operating economics of the industry. Also, primary demand for passenger cars and light cars, corporate economics and markets are examined. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Capital KW - Decision making KW - Demand KW - Durability KW - Economic factors KW - Employment KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Fixed investment KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Management KW - Management planning KW - Marketing KW - Markets KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Needs assessment KW - Organization KW - Organization theory KW - Planning KW - Prices KW - Production KW - Sales KW - Strategy KW - Trucks KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305533 AU - Telionis, D P AU - Fahrner, C J AU - Jones, G S AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HIGHWAY AERODYNAMIC INTERFERENCES PY - 1978/11 SP - 82 p. AB - Energy and Material considerations today point to the direction of smaller and lighter vehicles. With further reductions in the weight of vehicles, the aerodynamic forces emerge as a major factor for energy and stability calculations. In the present study, the aerodynamic forces of interference between two vehicles passenger cars and articulated trucks are investigated experimentally. Tests are conducted in the VPI towing tank and wind tunnels. The results have a rather qualitative character and indicate the order of magnitude of the expected forces and moments. The data match with reasonable accuracy with earlier test cases. It is revealed that the critical area is in the neighborhood of the front of the truck cabin for both the parallel passing and the opposite crossing. Overshoots of 50% to 100% of the aerodynamic components are encountered in very short periods of time. The study clearly indicates the need to investigate thoroughly these phenomena and the stability of lighter vehicles before their construction and marketing is permitted. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamic stability KW - Aerodynamics KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Drag KW - Energy KW - Model tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Weight KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304690 AU - Crenca, J AU - Uhl, K AU - Turnage, H AU - Bernazani, P AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER MOTOR VEHICLE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM INTEGRITY PY - 1978/11 SP - 221 p. AB - The report details the results of a two part study to examine the integrity of automotive electrical equipment and to determine the electromagnetic susceptibility of automotive electronic systems. The design and failure modes for various electrical components and recommended corrective measures are discussed in the first half of the Report. The second half deals with the potential susceptibility of electronic control systems to electronmagnetic radiation and the results of a measurements program designed to determine the extent of the susceptibility of three existing systems to the electromagnetic environment. This half of the Report emphasizes the need for EMC standards and discusses various measurement techniques and means for setting limits in order to establish standards. KW - Automobiles KW - Control devices KW - Electrical equipment KW - Electromagnetic compatibility KW - Electromagnetic interference KW - Electromagnetic waves KW - Electronic control KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Failure KW - Ignition systems KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Radio frequency interference KW - Reliability KW - Susceptibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198278 AU - Kern, F J AU - Dunipace, K R AU - University of Missouri, Rolla AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DPMAS UTILIZATION VEHICLE PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION PY - 1978/11 SP - 87 p. AB - The Driver Performance Measurement and Analysis System (DPMAS) is a sophisticated instrumented vehicle developed by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for use in driver performance research. The project was directed at evaluating the DPMAS by using it to support the development and validation of a simplified model of lateral dynamics of automobiles. A second order model has been developed which is useful providing the transfer function for the vehicle is known. In this study, a method is shown for estimation of the transfer function coefficients for the second order model from data taken from the DPMAS, and the model was shown to agree well with field data. Based on these results, it is concluded that a very simple measure based on the damping ratio of the second order roots of the model, can be used as a measure of relative vehicle stability which is a function of both speed and lateral acceleration. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamics KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Strategy KW - Traffic safety KW - Transfer functions KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198300 AU - Schnapp, J B AU - Harbridge House, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CORPORATE STRATEGIES OF THE AUTOMOTIVE MANUFACTURERS. VOLUME II: STRATEGIC HISTORIES PY - 1978/11 SP - 289 p. AB - The report describes and assesses the corporate decision-making processes of eight domestic and foreign automotive manufacturers: American Motors, Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, Nissan, Toyota, and Volkswagen AG. Strategic histories of all the companies, beginning in 1945 and projected through 1985 are presented. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Competition KW - Decision making KW - Demand KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic forecasting KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Government policies KW - Industrial management KW - Industries KW - Investments KW - Management KW - Management methods KW - Management planning KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Prices KW - Product development KW - Products liability KW - Profits KW - Recession KW - Regulations KW - Strategy KW - Supply KW - Supply economics KW - Technological innovations KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198262 AU - Wolfe, A C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DESIGN FOR A NATIONAL EXPOSURE DATA SYSTEM (NEDS): RECOMMENDED FEATURES AND PROPOSED PILOT METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES PY - 1978/11 SP - 108 p. AB - In conjunction with the National Accident Sampling System (NASS) which is being established by NHTSA to collect data on a nationally representative sample of accidents there is a need for corresponding data on exposure to the risk of accident so that reliable accident rates can be determined. The Highway Safety Research Institute was awarded a contract to design a National Exposure Data System (NEDS) and to plan a pilot test of this design. After extensive review of previous exposure research studies and evaluation of the various design alternatives available, a number of features of the recommended design were established. Not enough information was found in past studies to permit recommending the single most cost-effective household data collection procedures, and it is proposed that a pilot methodological study be carried out to provide the essential data base for this decision. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Exposure KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Recommendations KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197312 AU - Archambault, S AU - Pethel, F AU - Systech Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMS COMMUNICATIONS COMPATIBILITY STUDY PY - 1978/11 SP - 63 p. AB - The purpose of the project was to provide design standards and recommendations for the implementation of compatible, effective communications systems for emergency medical services using the UHF frequencies allocated by the FCC. Five major task areas were studied which involved visiting seven major operational EMS communications systems, formulating design standards, investigating disaster situations, studying the interoperation of EMS with other public safety services, and studying the possible use of innovative communications concepts in EMS systems. The report points out some of the potentially severe problems that are likely to develop as UHF EMS systems become more widespread, and specifies design standards that could be employed to prevent these problems. KW - Communication systems KW - Compatibility KW - Coordination KW - Design standards KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Medical services KW - Radio KW - Technological innovations KW - Ultrahigh frequencies KW - Ultrahigh frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197419 AU - Baczynski, R AU - Davis, S AU - Cropper, R AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TASK 5 REPORT OF TESTS 5.1, 5.2, AND 5.3 FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLIANCE TEST FOR TRUCK REAR UNDERRIDE PROTECTION PY - 1978/11 SP - 162 p. AB - This report presents the results of the first three of eight passenger car-to-rear underride crash tests conducted in accordance with the requirements of Task 5 of the "Development of Compliance Test for Truck Rear Underride Protection" program. The test vehicles selected for these tests were 1978 VW Rabbits and a 1978 Ford Fiesta. These vehicles were impacted into bolt-on, rigid, cantilevered guards mounted to a truck/trailer body simulator at selected heights above ground level. The trailer body simulator used for the tests is a modified, 1977 Fruehauf, 40-foot, heavy duty platform trailer with Select-A-Point tandem rear wheels. For these three tests, two instrumented 50th percentile Part 572 anthropomorphic dummies were placed in the driver and front passenger positions in the car. The occupants were restrained with the vehicle's restraint system. The seat tracks were welded in the midposition to prevent breakaway and/or rotation. KW - Automobiles KW - Cantilevers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger restraints KW - Protection KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Simulation KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers KW - Training simulators KW - Trucks KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192231 AU - Renner, R A AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALTERNATE ENGINES - STATE OF THE ART STUDY PY - 1978/11 SP - 85 p. AB - Eleven different advanced automobile engine types were examined as to the possibilities for introduction prior to 1990. An assessment was made based on extensive literature survey and extrapolation of learning curves toward future values of fuel economy and emissions. Gas turbines and external combustion engines are unlikely to be in general use prior to 1990. Stratified charge engine, the advanced diesel, and internal combustion engines with variable displacement features were considered to be likely candidates for use prior to 1990. These engines were analyzed and learning curves were determined for fuel economy predictions with exhaust emission constraints. KW - Automobile engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - External combustion engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Rankine cycle KW - Rankine engines KW - State of the art studies KW - Stirling cycle engines KW - Stirling engines KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Technology assessment KW - Turbine engines KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191058 AU - Teknekron, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURVEY OF PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS ON HIGHWAY SAFETY (1978) PY - 1978/11 SP - 100 p. AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, sponsored the survey as part of a systematic effort to monitor public perceptions on highway safety issues. The four major areas of interest are (1) the 55 mph national speed limit; (2) safety belts; (3) 1984 requirement for airbags or similar passive restraint or crash protection devices; and (4) driving after drinking. A scientifically selected, national sample of 1,500 licensed drivers was interviewed by telephone concerning their attitudes, knowledge, and behavior with respect to the four issues of interest. In addition, the survey assessed drivers' awareness of public information and education campaigns, and their perceptions of accident risk. This report contains the results of the survey as well as a description of the procedures. The questionnaire is appended to the report. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Bags KW - Behavior KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Interviewing KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Perception KW - Protection KW - Public opinion KW - Publicity KW - Questionnaires KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190913 AU - Joksch, H C AU - Reidy, JCJ AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - CATEGORIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AMERICAN DRIVING CONDITIONS (PHASE I) PY - 1978/11 SP - 198 p. AB - The objectives of the study were: (1) to develop a multidimensional matrix as an analysis framework to classify travel of personal motor vehicles according to fuel consumption, (2) to identify and assess available information on travel and fuel consumption, and (3) to describe how to use specific information for quantifying the matrix. A review of the fuel economy literature revealed a large number of factors which influence fuel consumption. Only some of these factors were related to driving conditions. The factors categorizing driving conditions were selected according to their independence, their relationship to fuel consumption, and their interest for studying fuel economy policies. They are: trip purpose, trip length, time, geographic area, highway class and vehicle class and model year. Fuel consumption rates can be estimated from vehicle and trip characteristics including trip length, ambient temperature and average trip speed. Promising statistical methods for quantifying the matrix were identified; however, some aspects of estimating error cannot be addressed without an analysis of the actual data. A plan for implementing this methodology is presented. Illustrative examples of a scaled down matrix and its use are presented in appendices. KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway transportation KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Statistical analysis KW - Temperature KW - Travel KW - Travel time KW - Trip length KW - Trip purpose UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192122 AU - Shinar, D AU - Zaidel, D M AU - Paarlberg, W T AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER PERFORMANCE AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ATTENTION AND INFORMATION PROCESSING. VOLUME II: FIELD DEPENDENCE AND HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1978/10/30 SP - 60 p. AB - Volume II consists of a review of the research on the personality characteristic of field dependence as it relates to driver behavior and accident involvement. The review is divided into two parts. The first part is concerned with the nature of field dependence as a theoretical concept, its relationship to other measures of individual differences, and its methods of measurement. The second part deals with the relationship between field dependence and highway safety in terms of driving behavior and accident involvement. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Perception KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personality KW - Personnel performance KW - Reviews KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191420 AU - Zaidel, D M AU - Paarlberg, W T AU - Shinar, D AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER PERFORMANCE AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ATTENTION AND INFORMATION PROCESSING. VOLUME 1: DRIVER INATTENTION PY - 1978/10/30 SP - 247 p. AB - The study reviews the fields of traffic safety, driver behavior, and psychology with respect to driver inattention. Volume I discusses basic concepts, theories, measurement techniques, and research paradigms in studies of attention and driver performance; presents a multi-dimensional definition of attentional performance in the context of driving behavior; analyzes inattention-related traffic accidents; surveys behavioral and physiological indicators of inattention, and individual differences in attentional performance presents unresolved research issues, and recommends future research aimed at developing driver-oriented inattention countermeasures. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Attention value KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychology KW - Reviews KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82791 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399209 JO - Machine Design PB - Penton Media, Incorporated AU - Kaufman, R E AU - Penton Publishing Company TI - MECHANISM DESIGN BY COMPUTER PY - 1978/10/26 VL - 50 IS - 24 SP - p. 94-100 AB - Computers are available that synthesize and analyze complex mechanisms ranging from diaper-folding machines to aircraft landing gears. Computer programs for mechanism design are of three types: those developed by academic researchers, by industry, and by vendors of computer software. Most academic programs were developed to test new theories, and are not usually worth acquiring for general use. Programs developed in industry generally are proprietary and not available to outside users. The few that are accessible usually are too specialized to be useful in a wide range of applications. Vendor programs can be applied to the broadest range of mechanism design; they are well-documented, require little knowledge of unusual nomenclature, and are user-oriented. Capabilities and limitations of four commercially-available kinematics programs are detailed: Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS); Dynamic Response of Articulated Machinery (DRAM); Integrated Mechanisms Program (IMP); and Kinematic Synthesis (KINSYN). To select a program, the problem must be defined. The mechanism must be classified as either planar or spatial, and a determination must be made as to whether the program should provide kinematic, static, or dynamic information about the mechanism. A decision must then be made whether the problem is one of analysis or synthesis. Illustrated are a mechanism for automobile hood linkage, a type-ball tilt mechanism in a typewriter, sewing machine mechanisms, Chevrolet Engineering Division's road simulator for tires, and a spring-reset mechanism on plows. Interactive graphics are also discussed. KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Interactive graphics KW - Kinematics KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190921 AU - Fitzpatrick, M AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SOLID PROPELLANT INFLATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE SUBCOMPACT CAR PASSENGER RESTRAINT SYSTEM PY - 1978/10/26 SP - 134 p. AB - The report summarizes the progress of Minicars Inc. in developing a passenger air cushion system for the Calspan RSV. The air cushion system was pyrotechnically inflated and used a mechanical knee restraint system. The performance objective of the system is to provide acceptable 45 mph performance for a broad range of occupant sizes (from the 6-yr-old child to the 50th percentile adult male) and natural sitting positions. Progress toward this objective was achieved through sled tests in which the system was gradually developed and finalized. KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Arresting process KW - Compact automobiles KW - Constraining KW - Constraints KW - Inflatable structures KW - Occupant restraint KW - Passenger cars KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Performance KW - Propellants KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Sleds KW - Small car KW - Solid propellants KW - Solids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328232 AU - Yee, R AU - Cropper, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - LIGHT TRUCK AGGRESSIVITY STUDY. TEST REPORT 1. TRUCK-TO-CAR HEAD-ON IMPACT TESTS PY - 1978/10 SP - 117 p. AB - A series of seven full-scale truck-to-car crash tests was conducted. This report presents the results of Tests No. 3051-1 and No. 3051-2, head-on, symmetric, truck-to-car collisions. Two 1979 Chevrolet C-10, 8-foot, full-bed, 8-cylinder, pickup trucks were used for the tests. The car used in Test No. 3051-1 was a 1978 Plymouth Horizon 4-door sedan. The car used in Test No. 3051-2 was a 1979 Chevrolet Impala 4-door sedan. The object of these tests is to provide truck-to-car collision data. The crash test data from this program will be used to study the aggressivity of light trucks compared to passenger cars, support current vehicle standards, and provide information to upgrade future standards. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Light trucks KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305925 AU - HARVEY, M R AU - Eckel, C B AU - COWAN, D AU - McLean, R F AU - DeLorean (John Z.) Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A MOTOR VEHICLE MATERIALS HISTORICAL, HIGH VOLUME INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING RATES COST DATA BANK (LIGHT TRUCK) PY - 1978/10 SP - 432 p. AB - The purpose of the study is to identify and establish a Motor Vehicle Materials High-Volume Industrial Processing Cost data Bank for a light truck. The efforts directed towards this purpose were divided into two methods. These were: a micro-analysis, in which costs were generated using the automotive industry type estimation techniques, and a macro-analysis, in which costs were determined for a study of 8 years of historical financial records of an automotive corporation. KW - Amortization KW - Automobile industry KW - Components KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Data banks KW - Estimates KW - Fixed costs KW - Information processing KW - Labor market KW - Light trucks KW - Manufacturing KW - Marketing KW - Materials KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prices KW - Profits KW - Rates KW - Rates costs KW - Sales KW - Subassemblies KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tooling KW - Tools KW - Trucks KW - Variable costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305534 AU - Bohn, P F AU - Keenan, R J AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED HYBRID COMPUTER VEHICLE HANDLING PROGRAM (IHVHP) PY - 1978/10 SP - 388 p. AB - The Improved Hybrid Computer Vehicle Handling Program (IHVHP) is an extension of the Hybrid Computer Handling Program (HVHP) described in DOT-HS-802-059, Jul 1976. The computing tasks have been redistributed between the analog and digital computers. Many of the simplifications that existed in the HVHP have been removed. The equations of motion for the sprung and unsprung masses of a vehicle have been expanded to include higher order terms and large pitch and roll angles. Numerous geometric and kinematic calculations have been modified to include large pitch and roll angles. The hybrid computer simulation for vehicle handling studies has been in use for 6 years and can simulate (a) independent front and rear axles, (b) independent front with solid rear axle, (c) independent front and solid rear axle with dual rear tires, (d) solid front and rear axles, and (e) solid front and rear axles with dual rear tires. For validation purposes, braking, steering, and combinations of braking and steering were put into the simulated mathematical model; the simulation time histories were then compared to fullscale test data. The hybrid vehicle handling program can be used for general studies of vehicle dynamics. Performance of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) standard passenger car Vehicle Handling Test Procedures (VHTP's) and calculation of the associated performance comparison variables (PCV's) are simulation options. A special interactive user's interface allows program use by vehicle engineers as well as by computer specialists. KW - Axles KW - Braking KW - Computer programs KW - Digital computers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Equations of motion KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Hybrid simulation KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pitch (Dynamics) KW - Roll KW - Rolling KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Tires KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197464 AU - Mason, A K AU - Novi, T J AU - Mason (Anthony K) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYZING THE FEASIBILITY OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ADJUDICATION OF TRAFFIC OFFENSES. VOLUME II PY - 1978/10 SP - 110 p. AB - The report provides information for use by local governmental analysts in conducting feasibility studies of the administrative adjudication of traffic offenses. Volume II is the full report of 110 pages. KW - Adjudication KW - Administration KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Courts KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Law enforcement KW - Local government KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197463 AU - Mason, A K AU - Novi, T J AU - Mason (Anthony K) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYZING THE FEASIBILITY OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ADJUDICATION OF TRAFFIC OFFENSES. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1978/10 SP - 29 p. AB - The report provides information for use by local governmental analysts in conducting feasibility studies of the administrative adjudication of traffic offenses. The report describes experiences in other jurisdictions, and discusses issues that would normally be addressed in a benefit-cost analysis of alternative adjudicative systems for traffic offenses. These include basic arguments for administrative adjudication, legal and constitutional issues, anticipation of special interest group concerns, the monetary and nonmonetary treatment of benefits and costs, and the treatment of traffic safety issues. Methods of presentation of study findings and documentation for public information are also discussed along with tactical issues associated with planning and implementing a study. KW - Adjudication KW - Administration KW - Analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Courts KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Law enforcement KW - Legal factors KW - Local government KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197346 AU - Taylor, T J AU - Isaacs, M C AU - Cunningham, A R AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DOMESTIC PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE WEIGHT PROJECTIONS, 1979-1986 GM, FORD, CHRYSLER, AMC PY - 1978/10 SP - 172 p. AB - A preliminary analysis for projecting curb weights of domestic passenger automobiles for the 1979 to 1986 model year period is presented. Using publically available data through July 1978, an estimate of potential weight reduction which each manufacturer might incorporate towards reaching the 1985 fuel economy goals was made based on known product plans and available technology. Four weight categories (sedan and station wagon, with and without options) were calculated by make and model line for each model year, based on individual manufacturer's strategies of weight loss due to (1) all new vehicle design, (2) major sheet metal change, and (3) component redesign and material substitution. Results are presented at the detail level by manufacturer and model and at the summary level by EPA market class. Weight losses from seven to thirty-two percent (depending upon vehicle size) were estimated. KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Fuel consumption KW - Metal sheets KW - Projection KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Sheet metal KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192244 AU - McLean, R F AU - Eckel, C AU - COWAN, D AU - De Lorean (John Z) Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR FOUR FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE STANDARDS. VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1978/10 SP - 255 p. AB - Total consumer out-of-pocket costs have been estimated for four Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. They are: FMVSS 214-Side Door Strength, FMVSS 215-Exterior Protection, FMVSS 301-Fuel System Integrity, and FMVSS 208-Occupant Crash Protection. For each standard a representative sample of makes and models of vehicles was established. The parts required to meet the safety standard were purchased and their costs were estimated. The first year of the imposition of the standard and the year immediately preceding it were emphasized. By analysis, the consumer costs attributed to the standard for each make and model were determined. A weighted average was developed from the sample vehicles and applied to the total industry volumes to determine the out-of-pocket cost for the implementation of each standard. The weighted average of weight variance per vehicle due to the implementation of the standard was also determined for FMVSS 214, 215, and 301. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Chassis KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design standards KW - Doors KW - Fuel systems KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Structural members KW - Vehicle make KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191691 AU - McLean, R F AU - Eckel, C AU - COWAN, D AU - De Lorean (John Z) Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COST EVALUATION FOR FOUR FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE STANDARDS. VOLUME I PY - 1978/10 SP - 128 p. AB - Total consumer out-of-pocket costs have been estimated for four Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. They are as follows: (1) FMVSS 214 - Side Door Strength; (2) FMVSS 215 - Exterior Protection; (3) FMVSS 301 - Fuel System Integrity; (4) FMVSS 208 - Occupant Crash Protection. For each standard a representative sample of makes and models of vehicles was established. The parts required to meet the safety standard were purchased and their costs were estimated. The first year of the imposition of the standard and the year immediately preceding it were emphasized. By analysis, the consumer costs attributal to the standard for each make and model were determined. A weighted average was developed from the sample vehicles and applied to the total industry volumes to determine the out-of-pocket cost for the implementation of each standard. The weighted average of weight variance per vehicle due to the implementation of the standard was also determined for FMVSS 214, 215, and 301. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Doors KW - Estimates KW - Fuel systems KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191430 AU - Sostkowski, R H AU - International Association of Chiefs of Police AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FOUR REGIONAL WORKSHOPS ON THE NATIONAL MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT (NMSL) AND HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1978/10 SP - 101 p. AB - Four regional workshops were conducted, with attendees being the chief administrators and field commanders of state law enforcement agencies. The workshops accomplished the following objectives: (1) to develop an understanding of the federal/state role and relationship, especially as it pertains to the NMSL; (2) to provide a forum for the exchange of information relating to mutual support and regional planning for increased NMSL compliance; and (3) to encourage an interchange of information pertaining to the improvement of highway safety programs. In addition, recommendations were developed to provide direction for future research on highway safety programs. KW - Federal government KW - Highway transportation KW - Law enforcement KW - Meetings KW - Police KW - Project management KW - Regions KW - Speed limits KW - State government KW - Static pressure KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - United States KW - Velocity KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191422 AU - Pierce, R N AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING TREADWEAR COURSE MONITORING-IV PY - 1978/10 SP - 339 p. AB - A 400-mile road test course over public highways in the vicinity of San Angelo, Texas has been used to evaluate candidate Course Monitoring Tires for the treadwear requirement of the Uniform Tire Grading Program. This portion of the program is designated Phase IV and provides for (a) continued evaluation of certain previously selected CMT's, and (b) the monitoring of the test course for usage during the period of June 1976 through September 1977. Phase IV consists of 99 test series of 6400 miles each. The testing was conducted in 33 successive convoys of three cars each. Data collected upon measurement of the individual tires at 800-mile increments were provided to the manager of the UTQG Test Center at San Angelo. The resultant tread wear rates for each tire and the related projected mileage estimates are presented in this report with details of the test conduct and processes. KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Mileage KW - Monitoring KW - Requirement KW - Road tests KW - Specifications KW - Texas KW - Tire treads KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191398 AU - MACKIE, R R AU - Miller, J C AU - Human Factors Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HOURS OF SERVICE REGULARITY OF SCHEDULES, AND CARGO LOADING ON TRUCK AND BUS DRIVER FATIGUE PY - 1978/10 SP - 282 p. AB - A literature review, a nationwide survey of commercial truck and bus driver work patterns, an analysis of accident data, and three extensive field experiments were conducted to establish evidence concerning driver fatigue as a function of regularity or irregularity of work schedules, duration of on-duty cycles, participation in supplemental cargo loading work, and type of operation (relay versus sleeper). Data are presented concerning the relative amounts of fatigue experienced by truck and bus drivers under these various conditions, as reflected in their subjective ratings, in various measures of physiological status and in the quality of their driving performance. The results are related to accident data in which fatigued, drowsy or inattentive drivers were reportedly involved. Conclusions are drawn regarding current DOT regulations on hours of service. KW - Bus drivers KW - Buses KW - Circadian rhythms KW - Commodities KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Experimental data KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Freight handling KW - Freight transportation KW - Hours of labor KW - Human beings KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Scheduling KW - Stress (Physiology) KW - Subjective KW - Surveys KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191358 AU - Andon, J AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHEVROLET LUV PICKUP TRUCK WEIGHT REDUCTION BASELINE DATA PY - 1978/10 SP - 105 p. AB - A weight study was conducted of the Chevrolet LUV Pickup Truck with 4-cylinder engine and 4-speed transmission. The vehicle teardown was limited to the detail necessary to be useful to project near term weight reduction for automotive fuel economy studies. A complete parts list, which includes component description, quantity per car, total weight per car, material description, method of fabrication and gauge thickness, and photographs of the major components, are presented. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Brakes KW - Components KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel tanks KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Suspension systems KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197494 AU - Stutts, J C AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF RECENT CHANGES IN THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ENVIRONMENT: A PROJECT OVERVIEW PY - 1978/09/30 SP - 53 p. AB - In some 15 reports and articles, The Highway Safety Research Center (HSRC) has presented the results of a variety of studies pertaining to the impact of recent changes in the highway safety environment. The major areas investigated include the following: (1) Shoulder belt usage in the population at risk; (2) the effect of misclassification errors on estimates of seat belt effectiveness; (3) methodology for reducing the effect of these misclassification errors; (4) the relative effect of the lowered maximum speed limit vs the effect of reduced exposure due to the fuel shortage; (5) crashworthiness differences and crash involvement differences by make, model year and/or size of vehicle; and (6) methodologies for examining pre-crash factors in highway accidents. The overview presents the major findings in each of these six areas on a study-by-study basis along with an overall summary of the project effort. Of primary importance is the section on the significance of the study findings to NHTSA's current and future programs. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashworthiness KW - Effectiveness KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Errors KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic crashes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197348 AU - Darago, V S AU - Urban Scientific and Educational Research, Inc AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REGIONAL WORKSHOPS ON BICYCLE SAFETY: PRESENTATIONS, PARTICIPANT PROBLEMS, PROGRAMS AND IDEAS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1978/09/15 SP - 203 p. AB - The report contains abridged staff presentations in the following areas: Background, Comprehensive Safety Program Planning, Six Major Accident Groups, Education Concepts, Implementation Theory, Program Cost, Facilities Concepts, and Evaluation. A state of the art of bicycle safety is formulated based upon the programs in common practice in the United States. The state of the art in safety education is to implement a program with no effectiveness measures and use unprofessional measurement techniques to infer success for the program. Education programs were widely criticized, and evaluation requested. Enforcement programs are rarely implemented, however, participant descriptions of programs were positive, and suggested bicyclist behavior may change in a positive fashion after enforcement. Again, a general lack of evaluation information hinders professional comment on effectiveness. Finally, facilities were found to be generally directed at a single accident type, the overtaking accident. Cost considerations suggest this approach will not make a substantial impact on the bicycle safety problem. New facilities approaches which would reduce bicycle/motor vehicle conflict at intersections are recommended. Effective cycling is the most talked about new program, with many suggestions for demonstration projects. KW - Bicycles KW - Cyclists KW - Education KW - Effectiveness KW - Facilities KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Meetings KW - Planning KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197416 AU - Baczynski, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TASK 4 TEST REPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLIANCE TEST FOR TRUCK REAR UNDERRIDE PROTECTION PY - 1978/09 SP - 261 p. AB - This report presents the results of the six passenger car-to-rear underride crash tests conducted in accordance with the requirements of Task 4 of the "Development of Compliance Test for Truck Rear Underride Protection" program. The test vehicles selected for Task 4 tests were 1978 VW Rabbit and 1978 Chevrolet Impala four-door sedans. These vehicles were impacted into a bolt-on underride guard (Fruehauf Part No. FCE-1456-1) mounted to a truck-trailer body simulator. The trailer body simulator used for the tests was modified 1977 Fruehauf 40-foot heavy duty platform trailer with Select-A-Point tandem rear wheels. For these six tests, two instrumented 50th percentile Part 572 anthropomorphic dummies were placed in the driver and front passenger positions in the car. The occupants were restrained with the vehicle's restraint system. The seat tracks were welded in the mid-position to prevent breakaway and/or rotation. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Impact tests KW - Passenger restraints KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Simulation KW - Testing KW - Trailers KW - Training simulators KW - Trucks KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190969 AU - Siegel, H M AU - Andon, J AU - South Coast Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FORD FAIRMONT WEIGHT REDUCTION BASELINE DATA PY - 1978/09 SP - 106 p. AB - A weight study was conducted of the Ford Fairmont 4-door sedan with 4-cylinder engine and 4-speed manual transmission. The vehicle teardown was limited to the detail necessary to be useful to project near term weight reduction for automotive fuel economy studies. A complete parts list, which includes component description, quantity per car, total weight per car, material description, method of fabrication, and gauge thickness and photographs of the major components, are presented. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Chassis KW - Components KW - Fabrication KW - Manual transmissions KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Suspension systems KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190531 AU - Ronstadt, R C AU - Casey, W AU - Jeannet, J P AU - Marthinsen, J AU - Whorf, R AU - Ronstadt (Robert C.) Associates, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTINATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF MAJOR U.S. AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCERS. VOLUME III. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND ENGINEERING ABROAD PY - 1978/09 SP - 57 p. AB - This is Volume III of the report on the multinational activities of the four major U.S. automotive producers. The primary objective of Volume III is to evaluate the RD&E activities performed abroad by the U.S. automotive multinationals in order to determine: (a) which foreign subsidiaries participate in RD&E efforts; (b) the magnitude of RD&E efforts made by these foreign subsidiaries; (c) the particular location and capabilities of RD&E efforts performed abroad; and, (d) the particular type of RD&E performed at different locations abroad. In addition, the report assesses: (e) the factors which cause the establishment and evolution of RD&E activities abroad by the U.S. automotive multinationals; and, (f) the significance and probable future of RD&E performed abroad by the U.S. automotive multinationals. KW - Automobiles KW - Corporations KW - Development KW - Engineering KW - Exhaust gases KW - Foreign KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industries KW - International trade KW - Marketing KW - Production KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Sales KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190533 AU - Ronstadt, R C AU - Casey, W AU - Jeannet, J P AU - Marthinsen, J AU - Whorf, R AU - Ronstadt (Robert C.) Associates, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTINATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF MAJOR U.S. AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCERS. VOLUME V. DIFFUSION OF PRODUCTION AND SALES OPERATIONS ABROAD PY - 1978/09 SP - 118 p. AB - This is Volume V on the multi-national activities of the major U.S. automotive producers. The purpose of this Volume is to evaluate the foreign manufacturing and sales activities of the General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler Corporation. In the following pages, data, accessed from the databank of the Harvard Business School's Multinational Enterprise Project, are presented, summarized and analyzed. Special programs were written to access the data from General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler Corporation and to foremat the data for variables related to principal activity, location, size, ownership, and markets. KW - Automobiles KW - Corporations KW - Development KW - Engineering KW - Exhaust gases KW - Foreign KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industries KW - International trade KW - Marketing KW - Production KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Sales KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190529 AU - Ronstadt, R C AU - Casey, W AU - Jeannet, J P AU - Marthinsen, J AU - Whorf, R AU - Ronstadt (Robert C.) Associates, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTINATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF MAJOR U.S. AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCERS. VOLUME I. SUMMARY PY - 1978/09 SP - 21 p. AB - The multinational activities of General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, and American Motors are documented and analyzed. The study contains a compilation of data related to multinational operations; specifically it addresses research, development, engineering, production, marketing, and sales activities performed abroad. A preliminary assessment of the technology transfers within each U.S. multinational producer is provided. The study also examines the diffusion of production and sales operations abroad; the timing and location of these investments are shown consistent with the Product Life Cycle Theory of International Trade and Investment. KW - Automobiles KW - Corporations KW - Development KW - Engineering KW - Exhaust gases KW - Foreign KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industries KW - International trade KW - Marketing KW - Production KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Sales KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190530 AU - Ronstadt, R C AU - Casey, W AU - Jeannet, J P AU - Marthinsen, J AU - Whorf, R AU - Ronstadt (Robert C.) Associates, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTINATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF MAJOR U.S. AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCERS. VOLUME II. DATA ON FOREIGN FACILITIES AND OPERATIONS PY - 1978/09 SP - 237 p. AB - The objective of Volume II is to present data gathered from several sources, public and private, on three aspects of multinational involvement for General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Chrysler Corporation, and American Motors Corporation. The three aspects are: (1) research, development, and engineering activities abroad; (2) production activities abroad; and (3) sales activities abroad. For all three activities the data focus primarily on automotive operations related to passenger vehicles. In some instances the data include other business activities abroad besides passenger vehicles because it was not feasible or possible to separate them. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Automobiles KW - Corporations KW - Development KW - Engineering KW - Exhaust gases KW - Foreign KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industries KW - International trade KW - Marketing KW - Production KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Sales KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190532 AU - Ronstadt, R C AU - Casey, W AU - Jeannet, J P AU - Marthinsen, J AU - Whorf, R AU - Ronstadt (Robert C.) Associates, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTINATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF MAJOR U.S. AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCERS. VOLUME IV. A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION AND TRANSFER PY - 1978/09 SP - 26 p. AB - While the major focus of the present study, as reflected in Volume II, III, and V, has been upon the overseas activities of the four U.S. automobile manufacturers, a supplementary concern has been to develop insights into the flows or transfers of technology between each U.S. parent corporation and its subsidiaries and affiliates overseas. Volume IV presents some observations and a preliminary assessment of these technology flows. The examination is far from comprehensive and only peripherally considers the issues of technology transfers between a U.S. manufacturer and independent foreign automobile manufacturers or other independent firms. KW - Automobiles KW - Corporations KW - Development KW - Engineering KW - Exhaust gases KW - Foreign KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industries KW - International trade KW - Marketing KW - Production KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Sales KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190528 AU - Ronstadt (Robert C.) Associates, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTINATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF MAJOR U.S. AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCERS PY - 1978/09 SP - 459p-in 5v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721376 AU - McPherson, K AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COURSE GUIDE FOR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1978/09 SP - 68 p. AB - This Course Guide describes the requirements for planning, administering, and teaching a course in the financial management of State highway safety programs. The Course Guide is divided into five major sections: (1) Introduction -- Historical information concerning highway safety planning, management, and funding; and curriculum development approach for the financial management course; (2) Planning -- Instruction on how to offer the course; statement of participant qualifications; and considerations concerning course costs and benefits; (3) Administration -- Methods of course administration; scheduling and schedule modifications; and administrative standards for course evaluation; (4) Instructors -- Qualifications and preparation for instructors; staffing patterns for effective instruction; and administrative and clerical support needed for teaching; and (5) Instructional Program -- Narrative descriptions, performance objectives, and instructional approaches for all classroom sessions; participant and instructor materials; and testing and evaluation instruments. KW - Administration KW - Course guides KW - Curricula KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Highway safety KW - Instructional materials KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721378 AU - McPherson, K AU - Iwanicki, A AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INSTRUCTOR MATERIALS FOR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1978/09 SP - 340 p. AB - This document contains materials for teaching a course in the financial management of State highway safety programs. The contents are presented in four major sections: (1) Introduction -- Course goals; purpose; course schedule; and session descriptions; (2) Methodology -- Description of suggested ways of conducting instructional and application sessions; conduct of instructional and application sessions; and uses of tests and evaluation; (3) Areas of Special Emphasis -- Guidelines to ensure effective instruction; and (4) Sessions -- Session description; objectives; outline of activities; instructional aids; and equipment needed. KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Highway safety KW - Instructional materials KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00721377 AU - McPherson, K AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PARTICIPANT MATERIALS FOR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF STATE HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1978/09 SP - 274 p. AB - This document contains Participant Materials used in conducting a three and one-half day course in the financial management of State highway safety programs. The Participant Materials support each of the fourteen classroom sessions, each of which is presented in the following format: Session Overview; Classroom Support Material; Instructional Aids; and References. KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Highway safety KW - Instructional materials KW - Manuals KW - Participant materials KW - Safety programs KW - State government KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489463 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FREE LIFE SAVING INFORMATION. AUTOMOBILE PASSIVE RESTRAINT SYSTEMS AND WHAT THEY MEAN TO YOU PY - 1978/09 SP - 13 p. AB - In June of 1977, it was announced that beginning with the model year 1982 all full-sized passenger cars manufactured for sale or use in the United States must be equipped with automatic passive restraint systems to protect front-seat occupants from injury in crashes. In model year 1983 all intermediate compact cars also would have to be so equipped, and by model year 1984, all passenger cars would be required to have such systems. The two basic types of automatic restraint systems are described: safety belt system designed to move into place as the front seat passenger closes the door; and the air cushion or air bag. Basic questions about these systems that are likely to be asked are answered in this pamphlet. KW - Air bags KW - Fatalities KW - Front seat occupants KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passenger restraints KW - Prevention KW - Restraint systems KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190925 AU - Motley, R AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES PY - 1978/09 SP - 219 p. AB - The bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) as related to emergency medical services on the public highways. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. Documents listed herein may be examined in the Technical Reference Branch, NHTSA, 400 Seventh Street S.W., Washington, D.C. Availability is given in the individual citations. KW - Abstracts KW - Ambulances KW - Bibliographies KW - Crashes KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency medical services KW - First aid KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Helicopters KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Medical services KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368826 AU - Gardner, N G AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - THE ONTARIO TELEPHONE SEAT BELT SURVEY OCTOBER 1976. AN EVALUATION PY - 1978/09 SP - 40 p. AB - This report evaluates the results of a province-wide telephone survey conducted by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications in October 1976. The purpose of the survey was to determine: (1) drivers' awareness of Ontario's seat belt legislation (enacted January 1, 1976), their attitudes towards it, and variables affecting their attitudes; and (b) reported seat belt use, reasons for and against wearing seat belts, and variables affecting the choice. These topics, as well as the effect of media exposure, speed limit reductions (introduced as of February 1, 1976), and regional variations are examined. A random sample of licensed drivers of noncommercial vehicles were selected from Ontario's registered driving population, resulting in 1075 completed interviews. Survey results showed that the percentage of drivers favouring the seat belt legislation has been rising steadily. In October 1976, 60% supported the legislation. Self-reported seat belt use--typically an inflated estimate of actual belt use--was at 75%. This was down from April 1976, but was still well above pre-legislation wearing rates. Knowledge of seat belt legislation details showed no increase from earlier surveys and showed no relation to legislation support. Knowledge of the effectiveness of seat belts and their perceived wearing comfort, however, did increase. These two factors, more than any others, related most strongly to seat belt use. KW - Attitudes KW - Awareness KW - Comfort KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Gender KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Media KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Speed limits KW - Surveys KW - Telephone KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190516 AU - Schumacher, S P AU - Schumacher, J B AU - INNOVATRIX, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR OPERATION OF EMERGENCY VEHICLES PY - 1978/09 SP - 78 p. AB - The purpose of the contract was to train emergency-service personnel in the operation of Emergency Vehicles (EVs). The course requires five days to administer and includes both classroom and in-vehicle training. Classes can accommodate students from any one or a combination of the following emergency services: law enforcement; fire services; rescue; or, ambulance/EMS. The in-vehicle exercises work with emergency sedans, vans, or large fire apparatus. The report: (a) Describes the functional analysis performed to derive the description of the tasks performed in EV operation; (b) describes the training analysis process used to delineate the training requirements, objectives, and course content; (c) discusses the Pilot Test and Revision process; and (d) presents conclusions and recommendations for improving the course. The major conclusion is that the flexibility of having one package for all services and vehicle types may not justify the added administrative burdens and the instructional compromises that were necessary to get the flexibility. The authors recommend that NHTSA consider re-packaging the program as separate courses for each Emergency Service. KW - Ambulances KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Fire boats KW - Fire fighting KW - Fire fighting equipment KW - Fire vehicles KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Instructional materials KW - Instructions KW - Law enforcement KW - Manuals KW - Police KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Recommendations KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Specialized training KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199007 AU - Ludtke, N F AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - Pioneer Engineering and Manufacturing Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WEIGHT STUDY - 1978 CHRYSLER OMNI PY - 1978/09 SP - 244 p. AB - The study covers the results of a weight study on a standard 1978 4-door hatchback Chrysler Omni. All components were disassembled, weighed, photographed, analyzed for material and the manufacturing process determined. The objective of the study was to develop baseline data on automobile material usage, structural design and weights for use in future studies relative to improvements in fuel economy for the automobiles of the 1980's. KW - Automobiles KW - Base lines KW - Components KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manufacturing KW - Materials KW - Structural design KW - Weight KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305840 AU - Filkins, L D AU - Scott, R E AU - O'Day, J AU - Kubacki, M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTILEVEL STUDY OF ACCIDENT CAUSATION AND AVOIDANCE. PHASE IA: PLANNING REPORT PY - 1978/09 SP - 182 p. AB - The case study approach, focusing on the causes of individual accidents, has been the basis of most previous accident-causation research. An alternative is the statistical inference approach, a probabilistic model. This model is able to deal with complex, interactive phenomena by isolating the influence of particular factors. Also, the method is compatible with the NASS. The approach may be formulated in terms of multidimensional contingency tables, illustrated in the report by a 2X2 table. There is a growing body of theory concerning such tables and computer programs are available to assist in the analysis of data. Projects were designed for three research topics using the statistical inference approach. These are accident experience in stolen vehicles, field dependence, and tire characteristics (vehicle handling). KW - Accident avoidance KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical inference KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304614 AU - Seaver, W B AU - Bichols, J L AU - Carlson, W L AU - Voas, R B AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF DRIVER EDUCATION ON THE LICENSING OF 16 AND 17 YEAR OLDS PY - 1978/09 SP - 111 p. AB - The paper presents a brief review of studies relating to (a) the safety effectiveness of driver education and (b) the potential effect of driver education in increasing licensure among persons under age 18. It suggests that there have been some objective studies which have provided evidence for a slight driver education safety effect. No controlled study has shown an effect of the magnitude suggested by early effectiveness studies which were conducted by proponents of driver education. KW - Adolescents KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Impacts KW - Licenses KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Schools KW - Specialized training KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197447 AU - Bayer, A R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CALIBRATION OF THREE YEAR OLD CHILD DUMMIES. PHASE II PY - 1978/09 SP - 224 p. AB - Tests were performed to refine the calibration procedures developed in Phase I (OCW 278-1). The work in Phase I consisted of developing appropriate calibration procedures for measuring the dynamic response of a three-year-old dummy using acceleration measurements. The results showed that acceleration and force measurements can be used to determine the dynamic response of a three-year-old dummy, and that all tests gave repeatable data but the most difficult test was the chest impacts due to individual dummy variations. If care is taken during the setup for each impact, repeatable data can be obtained. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Adolescents KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Experimental data KW - Impact tests KW - Minors KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192207 AU - Rucker, E AU - Wood, R AU - Potomac Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA TRUCK AND BUS SAFETY DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1978/09 SP - 166 p. AB - The purpose of the project was to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations, Vehicle in Use Inspection Standards, Part 570, Subpart B, in discovering safety-critical outages during periodic inspection of vehicles with Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of more than 10,000 pounds. The project also intended to provide an opportunity for evaluating some commercially available heavy duty automotive inspection equipment, particularly FMVSS 121 System anti-skid brake test equipment. The project obtained data and developed procedures for testing 121 Systems in an inspection lane environment. KW - Air brakes KW - Antiskid device KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Buses KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluation KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle laws & regulations KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Safety engineering KW - Skid resistance KW - Standards KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191425 AU - Dare, C E AU - Owens, J C AU - Krane, S AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE IN COLORADO PY - 1978/09 SP - 382 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to assess the postcrash injury consequences to motorcycle drivers and passengers. Of particular concern was an evaluation of the differences in frequency, severity and location of injuries between riders wearing a safety helmet and riders not wearing a helmet at the time of a motorcycle crash. A second study objective was to assess the impact of the repeal of the Colorado helmet use law in terms of helmet and protective eye equipment use throughout the state. The majority of the data collection activities were undertaken and completed during the months of July, August and September of 1976, prior to repeal of the mandatory helmet law, and during those same months of 1977, subsequent to repeal of the law. Analysis of the data extended well into the Spring of 1978, while preparation, writing and typing of the final report were not completed until August of 1978. KW - Colorado KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Goggles KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Protective clothing KW - Protective masks KW - Safety engineering KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191067 AU - Dare, C E AU - Owens, J C AU - Krane, S AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE IN COLORADO. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/09 SP - 32 p. AB - A primary objective was to assess injury consequences to riders on motorcycles involved in crashes. Of major concern was an evaluation of the differences in frequency, severity and location of injuries between riders wearing a safety helmet and helmetless riders. A second objective was to assess the impact of the repeal of the helmet law in Colorado on change in helmet use throughout the state. The data collection efforts to meet both objectives were undertaken during the months of July - September, 1976 (pre-repeal data) and during those same months of 1977 (post-repeal data). The findings pertaining to injury consequences are derived from in-depth medical evaluations of 1700 motorcycle riders involved in accidents during both time periods. The Abbreviated Injury Scale was used by medical personnel to standardize injury data. Selected findings include: (1) the rates of occurrence of both fatally and critically injured riders increased substantially from the pre-repeal to the post-repeal period; (2) the occurrence rates of fatally and critically injured riders were considerably less for helmet users than for non-users; (3) the rates of injury occurrence to the head, neck and face were significantly influenced by helmet use (helmet wearers had a far lower injury rate for all three body locations); (4) the severity of injuries to the head was significantly greater for helmetless riders than for helmeted riders. Findings from the roadside helmet survey are based on observations of 16,000 riders for 1976 and of 24,500 riders for 1977. Riders were observed at randomly selected sites throughout the state. Selected findings include: helmet use in Colorado prior to repeal of the helmet law approached perfect compliance with the law (99% helmet use); subsequent to the repeal, use of helmets dropped to 58%; post-repeal data revealed the highest rate of helmet use to be 72% on rural freeways, with the lowest rate being 47% on urban four-lane streets. KW - Casualties KW - Colorado KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Highway safety KW - Impact studies KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Neck KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190978 AU - Clements, J S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SCHOOL BUS CARBON MONOXIDE INTRUSION PY - 1978/09 SP - 60 p. AB - The report presents the findings of a voluntary test program conducted by personnel from NHTSA, the EPA, and state or private school bus agencies. The tests were conducted over a ten month period during which school buses were tested for carbon monoxide levels under different climatological conditions. The objective of the test program was to determine whether or not there are any serious CO intrusion problems or indications of potential problems on a small sample of the nation's school buses. The program was not designed to gather data from a statistically significant sample size. 645 tests were conducted in all areas of the United States, under varying test conditions, and using test equipments with different accuracies. Test results showed, based on a recommended level of 20 parts per million (PPM), that 7.2% of the buses tested exceeded this level, and 5.4% of the buses tested had maximum CO readings above 50 PPM. Recommendations included (1) development of advisories for concerned state, local, and private school bus agencies defining necessary maintenance and inspection procedures that will reduce or eliminate the CO intrusion problem, (2) promulgation of a standard defining maximum allowable CO levels for school buses, (3) conduct of additional CO testing under controlled conditions and with an expanded data base. KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Climatology KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Drivers KW - Equipment tests KW - History KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Performance human KW - Personnel performance KW - Physiological aspects KW - Recommendations KW - Sampling KW - School buses KW - Standards KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test equipment KW - Tests KW - Toxicology KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190987 AU - Smith, R L AU - Bardales, M C AU - BURGER, W J AU - Vector General, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERCEIVED IMPORTANCE OF ZONES SURROUNDING A VEHICLE AND LEARNING TO USE A CONVEX MIRROR EFFECTIVELY PY - 1978/09 SP - 107 p. AB - The study investigated the effects of training on judgments of vehicle distances and speeds as viewed through a 50-inch convex mirror. Subjects varying in age and driving experience were given 192 trials over four test sessions. In general, all groups showed substantial learning over test sessions and within-group variability also decreased markedly. The most superior performing group, one having several years of convex mirror usage, produced more accurate judgments than a control group which viewed the vehicle images on plane mirrors. KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Convex mirrors KW - Decision making KW - Depth perception KW - Distance perception KW - Driver age KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Learning KW - Mirrors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Space perception KW - Specialized training KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Utilization KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188214 AU - Bunch, H M AU - Kubacki, M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - AN ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRY RESPONSES TO REDERAL REGULATIONS IN SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW AUTOMOBILES SN - HS928/R9401 PY - 1978/09 SP - 104 p. AB - This report presents findings of an initial study of how the automobile industry has responded to the promulgation of motor vehicle standards by the U.S. goverment. The report examines three safety standards as evaluative cases: MVS 203--Steering column impact; MVSS 212--Windshield mounting, and MVSS 215--Exterior protection. The industry responses to the standards are discussed; there is an evaluation of the effects of the standards on industry; an analysis is made of the role of government in the promulgation process. There are conclusions and recommendations for further research. /Author/ KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobile industry KW - Exteriors KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Steering gears KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190494 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VISIBILITY TESTS OF 1978 MODEL CARS PY - 1978/09 SP - 395 p. AB - The purpose of the project was to provide the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) with quantitative visibility data on current model cars which the NHTSA can analyze for a future Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on "Fields of Direct View." Twenty models were measured for the size of "A" pillar obstruction using binocular testing techniques. Monocular measurements were taken from two eye reference points in the forward 180 degrees and in the rear right quadrant of the vehicle using the test procedures described in the contract work statement. In addition, scale drawings were prepared showing the windshield, the viewing area specified in the work statement, and the relationship of this area to the wiper area requirements as specified by FMVSS No. 104, "Windshield Wiping and Washing Systems." KW - Automobiles KW - Binocular vision KW - Blocking KW - Depth perception KW - Field of vision KW - Measurement KW - Planimetry KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility KW - Visual perception KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190477 AU - Hill, A AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STEERING WHEEL OSCILLATIONS AND VERTICAL MOVEMENT IN 30 MPH BARRIER IMPACTS PY - 1978/09 SP - 130 p. AB - Data relating to the column behavior of forty-one (41) vehicles - 1975 through 1977 year models - when subjected to a 30 mph barrier impact were obtained from the FMVSS No. 204 compliance test reports. Test films and associated data were analyzed to identify typical response patterns of steering assemblies. There seemed to be no typical response pattern. Maximum and minimum total vertical displacement was ten (10) inches and less than one (1) inch, respectively, Maximum and minimum horizontal rearward displacement was just under five (5) inches and less than a half (1/2), respectively. The average maximum intrusion of the steering column into the passenger compartment was four (4) inches. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Automobiles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Impact tests KW - Impacts KW - Oscillation KW - Response patterns KW - Safety engineering KW - Statistics KW - Steering gears KW - Steering wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186862 AU - Kidd, JAJ AU - Colello, R G AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPILATION OF STEADY STATE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE TEST DATA PY - 1978/09 SP - 273 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of automotive engines used in the United States. The objective of this program is to obtain engine performance data for determining fuel consumption and emissions (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine operation modes. Each engine was tested over its entire speed/load operating range. The test results proved to have sufficient repeatability to establish steady-state maps for fuel consumption and emissions over the entire operating range of the engine. These data are useful for estimation of full economy and emissions for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Air pollution control devices KW - Air quality management KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Catalytic converters KW - Dynamometers KW - Emission control systems KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel systems KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance tests KW - Pollutants KW - Statistics KW - Steady state KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186159 AU - Green, P E AU - Rogers, P W AU - Rogers National Research, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STUDY OF CONSUMER AUTOMOTIVE PREFERENCE WITH REGARD TO FUEL ECONOMY MEASURES PY - 1978/09 SP - 50 p. AB - An analysis is made of the effects of size and weight reduction of 1977 General Motors standard size cars. A buyer profile describing demographic characteristics, age, sex, education, marital status, size of family and income by make is prepared for 1976 and 1977 General Motors standard size cars, and 1977 Ford Motor Company and Chrysler Corporation cars. The analysis focuses on testing whether significant differences exist between the average attitudinal, behavioral, and demographic profiles of two a priori defined groups - buyers of downsized and buyers of non-downsized cars. Multivariate analysis determined the variables that were the major discriminants. It is shown that attributes related to fuel economy are important discriminants distinguishing buyers of downsized standards from non-downsized standard size cars. Those who purchased the downsized cars did so with expectations (that were fulfilled) of better fuel economy, as well as increased maneuverability and ease of parking. They reinforced the pursuit of fuel economy by also choosing 6-cylinder engines and manual transmissions to a greater extent. Share of market, market composition, source of sales, and owner loyalty are discussed. It is concluded that the General Motors Corporation downsizing of its standard size cars was a significant fuel economy measure and a success in the market place as well. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Consumer protection KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Fuel consumption KW - Industries KW - Market surveys KW - Markets KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Profiles KW - Purchasing KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Sales KW - Size KW - Surveys KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082942 AU - Hart, Peter D AU - Hart (Peter D) Research Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Public Attitudes Toward Passive Restraint Systems PY - 1978/08//Final Report SP - 214p AB - The U. S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration sponsored a major survey to examine public attitudes toward automobile safety. The survey used a scientifically selected sample of 2,016 adult Americans who are either licensed drivers or who live in households with at least one automobile. The survey explored a broad range of subjects relating to automobile safety including: Public concern about automobile safety and perception of the need to protect automobile passengers from crash injury; public attitudes toward currently available safety equipment, particularly the active safety belts; attitudes toward new rules requiring passive restraint systems in new automobiles for crash protection, and public expectations about technology and use of new passive restraint systems. This report contains the full results of the survey, as well as descriptive material on the sampling techniques involved. KW - Active safety systems KW - Attitudes KW - Crash injuries KW - Occupant protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Public opinion KW - Surveys KW - Technology KW - United States KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle occupants KW - Vehicle safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25487/DOT-HS-803-570.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00415608 AU - HART, P D AU - US DEPT OF TRANSPORTATION NATIONAL HIGHWAY TI - PUBLIC ATTITUTES TOWARD PASSIVE RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1978/08 SP - 233 PP IN AB - No abstract provided. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Public opinion KW - Safety equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/228088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198275 AU - Zellner, J W AU - Weir, D H AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE MULLARD/TRRL ANTILOCK BRAKE SYSTEM PY - 1978/08 SP - 45 p. AB - Full scale braking tests are reported for a Norton 850 motorcycle fitted with an antilock brake system on the front and rear wheels. The tests included straight line braking and braking in a turn, on both dry and wet surfaces. Various braking methods were used in addition to the antilock system, including open loop (with brake force limiters) and closed loop control by an expert test rider. On low coefficient wet surfaces, the antilock system gave braking performance which was significantly better than that which could be achieved by either an expert rider or suitably tuned open loop braking procedures. KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Control devices KW - Evaluation KW - Feedback control KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Safety KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198217 AU - Milne, J A AU - Cantwell, C AU - Meroney, W AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE PMVI PROGRAM EVALUATION PY - 1978/08 SP - 234 p. AB - A methodology was developed for evaluating periodic motor vehicle inspection programs (PMVI). This methodology consisted of procedures and tools which could be used to perform administrative and field evaluations of State Inspection Programs or Federally recommended PMVI programs. The procedures provided for the collection of specific administrative and field data, and the tools consisted of mathematical models and data processing techniques for analysis of this information to develop a quantitative measure of effectiveness (MOE) for a particular PMVI program. A controversy exists between some State and Federal PMVI adminstrators as to the value of wheel-pull in a PMVI program. Federal administrators contend that the wheel-pull process reduces brake component defects and is worth the time and cost to consumers. Some states disagree. Field evaluations were performed in four states. KW - Brakes KW - Components KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety engineering KW - State government KW - States KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197444 AU - Baczynski, R AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TASK 3 TEST REPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLIANCE TEST FOR TRUCK REAR UNDERRIDE PROTECTION PY - 1978/08 SP - 88 p. AB - This report presents the results of the two passenger car-to-rear underride crash tests conducted in accordance with the requirements of Task 3 of the "Development of Compliance Test for Truck Rear Underride Protection" program. The test vehicles selected for Task 3 tests were 1966 full-size Ford Galaxy four-door sedans. These vehicles were impacted into a bolt-on underride guard (Fruehauf Part No. FCE-1456-1) mounted to a truck/trailer body simulator. The trailer body simulator used for the tests was a modified 1977 Fruehauf 40-foot heavy duty platform trailer with Select-A-Point tandem rear wheels. For these two tests, one uninstrumented 50th percentile VIP anthropomorphic dummy was placed in the driver position in the car. The occupant was restrained with the vehicle's restraint system. The seat tracks were welded in the mid-position to prevent breakaway and/or rotation. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Damage assessment KW - Dummies KW - Impact shock KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Simulation KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trailers KW - Training simulators KW - Trucks KW - Underride guards KW - Underride override crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197552 AU - Reilly, R E AU - EVANS, R A AU - Allen Corporation of America AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - (NASS) NATIONAL ACCIDENT SAMPLING SYSTEM INVESTIGATOR TRAINING: EVALUATION OF THE FIRST TRAINING CYCLE PY - 1978/08 SP - 140 p. AB - Allen Corporation of America designed and administered the introductory training course for investigators in the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). This report evaluates the effectiveness of that course and related segments of the overall training cycle. Recommendations are made concerning future NASS training. KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Data sampling KW - Driver training KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Instructional materials KW - Instructors KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - National Driver Register KW - Personnel development KW - Public administration KW - Statistical sampling KW - Students KW - Traffic administration KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190972 AU - PERCHONOK, K AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC PROBLEMS AND COUNTERMEASURES TARGETS FOR REDUCING ALCOHOL RELATED CASUALTIES PY - 1978/08 SP - 249 p. AB - Police reports of accidents were analyzed in terms of accident characteristics and driver behaviors to determine the problems of drinking drivers. Analyses were conducted to profile the culpable drinkers and to compare them to culpable nondrinkers in terms of the nature of the accident generation, accident situations, and driver characteristics. In addition, driver drinking status and culpability were studied in conjunction with driver accident and conviction records. Major findings included listings of accident types for drinkers and comparisons to nondrinkers, extremely high culpability rates for drinkers, a propensity for drinkers to have accidents in low demand situations, an overrepresentation of the young among the drinkers (but somewhat less so than among the nondrinkers), and a higher proportion of drinkers in accidents among drivers with previous drinking convictions. Results also showed different problems for drinkers charged with drinking violations versus those who were not. KW - Adolescents KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Hazards KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Police KW - Prevention KW - Profiles KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25416/DOT-HS-EPX-014.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25488/DOT-HS-803-716.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186164 AU - Bradford, L L AU - Chiang, GDC AU - MEADOWS, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT PROBLEMS: NHTSA IN-HOUSE SURVEY PY - 1978/08 SP - 62 p. AB - A safety belt survey was conducted to collect information concerning problem areas in using seat belts. A total of 1,186 complaints were received from owners of 715 vehicles in the survey. The complaints were analyzed, categorized and classified by seat belt component, vehicle model, model year and vehicle manufacturer. The complaints were also classified by four major problems areas: broken or defective safety belt components, difficulty in using or locating seat belt, discomfort in wearing seat belt, and hazards in the belt system. The belt components examined in this survey are the buckle, webbing, retractor, guide ring, anchorage and adjustment mechanisms. More than 1,000 consumer letter complaints received by the NHTSA other than those of the in-house survey were also analyzed to allow comparison of the two complaint data sources. To verify the survey findings and to determine the rate of safety belt problem corrections, a telephone follow-up survey was performed. A brief summary of survey results is presented. KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Automobiles KW - Comfort KW - Components KW - Consumer protection KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Fasteners KW - Hazards KW - Manual safety belts KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186160 AU - Hooven, F J AU - Kennedy, F E AU - Thayer School of Engineering AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE POTENTIAL FOR AUTOMOBILE WEIGHT REDUCTION OUTLOOK AS OF 1975-1976 PY - 1978/08 SP - 213 p. AB - A study has been carried out to evaluate the potential for weight reduction of automobiles. It is concluded that automobiles of lighter weight than those current (1976 models) in the domestic market may be built in each of three size classes, 4, 5, and 6 passenger, and that this can be done within the limits of presently prevailing designs and materials. Detailed weight breakdowns are presented for a 4-passenger vehicle of 1987 lbs. curb weight, for a 5-passenger vehicle having a curb weight of 2551 lbs., and a 6-passenger vehicle of 3271 lbs. curb weight. Since weight reduction is without significance unless product characteristics are well defined, detailed package dimensions are presented for each of the three size classes, and an improved roominess factor is proposed for the evaluation of effective roominess in cars. Other vehicle characteristics are discussed in detail and defined. It is concluded that roominess, performance, active safety, luxury options and other product qualities can be conserved in weight reduction, but super-power options and weight concessions to appearance factors are not included in weight estimates. It is also concluded that lightweight cars may be somewhat inferior to vehicles of heavier weight and equally advanced design with respect to (1) impact with other vehicles and with certain kinds of fixed obstacles, (2) aerodynamic stability, and (3) smoothness and quietness of operation. Detailed weight comparisons are presented between present and past designs of vehicles in each of the three size classes mentioned above. The weight history of three typical domestic vehicles is given in detail and analyzed for the period 1970-74, during which time the weight consequences of industry response to government regulations entered the picture. The design process is outlined and illustrated by the making of design decisions for a new design of a 5-passenger vehicle. Finally, the potential for weight reduction by material substitution is examined. Three material groups are discussed in detail - aluminum, high strength low alloy steel, and plastics - and a study is made of the weight decreases that could be achieved by use of those materials in automobile components where such use is technologically feasible. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Durability KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Impacts KW - Lightweight materials KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - One way streets KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Safety engineering KW - Size KW - Sizing apparatus KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191453 AU - WAGNER, M AU - Goldsamt, M AU - Lester, N AU - PRC Systems Sciences Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - DECRIMINALIZATION: ADMINISTRATIVE ADJUDICATION. VOLUME II: DISCUSSION, INTERPRETATION AND APPENDICES PY - 1978/07/31 SP - 109 p. AB - The primary goal of this research study is to compare the relative 'fairness,' 'efficiency,' and 'effectiveness' of decriminalized administrative adjudication processes in two geographic areas, (Buffalo, New York and the State of North Dakota) with traditional adjudication programs in similar geographic areas (Syracuse, New York and the State of South Dakota, respectively). To accomplish this goal, information common to all selection sites was identified, collected and analyzed to determine if significant differences in impact existed on a series of criterion measures, the type and degree of impact, and whether obtained differences were attributable to specific causative factors. This report is produced in three volumes: Volume I contains the Analysis and Findings; Volume II contains the Discussion, Summary, Conclusions, and Appendices; Volume III is a Special Summary Report. KW - Courts KW - Crimes KW - Drivers KW - New York (State) KW - North Dakota KW - Prevention KW - South Dakota KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191452 AU - WAGNER, M AU - Goldsamt, M AU - Lester, N AU - PRC Systems Sciences Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - DECRIMINALIZATION: ADMINISTRATIVE ADJUDICATION. VOLUME I: ANALYSIS AND FINDING PY - 1978/07/31 SP - 215 p. AB - The primary goal of this research study is to compare the relative fairness, efficiency, and effectiveness of decriminalized administrative adjudication processes in two geographic areas, (Buffalo, New York and the State of North Dakota) with traditional adjudication programs in similar geographic areas (Syracuse, New York and the State of South Dakota, respectively). To accomplish this goal, information common to all selection sites was identified, collected and analyzed to determine if significant differences in impact existed on a series of criterion measures, the type and degree of impact, and whether obtained differences were attributable to specific causative factors. This report is produced in three volumes: Volume I contains the Analysis and Findings; Volume II contains the Discussion, Summary, Conclusions, and Appendices; Volume III is a Special Summary Report. KW - Courts KW - Crimes KW - Drivers KW - New York (State) KW - North Dakota KW - Prevention KW - South Dakota KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191454 AU - WAGNER, M AU - Goldsamt, M AU - Lester, N AU - PRC Systems Sciences Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - DECRIMINALIZATION: ADMINISTRATIVE ADJUDICATION. VOLUME III: SPECIAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1978/07/31 SP - 71 p. AB - The primary goal of this research study is to compare the relative 'fairness,' 'efficiency,' and 'effectiveness' of decriminalized administrative adjudication processes in two geographic areas, (Buffalo, New York and the State of North Dakota) with traditional adjudication programs in similar geographic areas (Syracuse, New York and the State of South Dakota, respectively). To accomplish this goal, information common to all selection sites was identified, collected and analyzed to determine if significant differences in impact existed on a series of criterion measures, the type and degree of impact, and whether obtained differences were attributable to specific causative factors. This report is produced in three volumes: Volume I contains the Analysis and Findings; Volume II contains the Discussion, Summary, Conclusions, and Appendices; Volume III is a Special Summary Report. KW - Courts KW - Crimes KW - Drivers KW - New York (State) KW - North Dakota KW - Prevention KW - South Dakota KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191451 AU - PRC Systems Sciences Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - DECRIMINALIZATION: ADMINISTRATIVE ADJUDICATION PY - 1978/07/31 SP - 395 p. AB - No abstract available. KW - Adjudication KW - Administrative procedures KW - Aged KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186846 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES PY - 1978/07/18 SP - n.p. AB - Quarterly report on status of safety defect recall campaigns carried out by domestic and foreign manufacturers of motor vehicles and equipment. Each issue includes: A. Introduction, summary tabulations; and instructions for ordering individual campaign reports. B. List by manufacturer showing identification number; date of company notification; make, model, and model year; brief description of defect and manufacturers corrective action; number of pages on file at NHTSA; and number of vehicles recalled. C. List by manufacturer of percentage of each recall campaign completed at end of Quarter. Dec. Issue is an annual summary. Beginning with issue containing data for April-June 1976, title was changed from Motor Vehicle Safety Defect Recall Campaigns. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Highways KW - Industries KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Tires KW - Trailers KW - Transportation safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190587 AU - Barker, L AU - Polson, J AU - Dupont, P AU - Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER SCREENING SIMULATOR EVALUATION PROGRAM PY - 1978/07/11 SP - 160 p. AB - The primary use of the Driver Screening Simulator (DSS) System by the Department of Public Safety (DPS) was to determine readiness for the road test rather than as a replacement for it. Therefore, the DSS modeling was designed to replicate within technical limitations the exact road test and conditions normally performed by DPS examiner personnel. It was, therefore, the primary purpose of this evaluation to perform a comparative analysis between the DPS road test and the DSS test with regular state personnel conducting both tests. All data gathered (printouts and copies of applications, written tests, vision tests, road tests and attitude tests) were utilized by the Southeastern Foundation, the test and evaluation subcontractor, for analysis; and after appropriate processing and analysis, are included in this final report, complete with all original records obtained from this study. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Evaluation KW - Human factors engineering KW - Licenses KW - Oklahoma KW - Personnel performance KW - Road tests KW - Screenings KW - Selection KW - Simulation KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376432 AU - DANDY, J H AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - WHEELCHAIR SECUREMENT HARDWARE/FOR USE IN VEHICLES FOR TRANSPORTING THE PHYSICALLY DISABLED PY - 1978/07/10 SP - v.p. AB - A survey of currently employed wheelchair restraint hardware was conducted including that used by transit operators in Ontario and those manufactured in Canada and the United States. Nine properties including transit operators, manufacturers, non-profit organizations and private contractors were visited and a documentation was made of the systems reviewed. A subjective evaluation without testing was made on the equipment. Some twelve other manufacturers were contracted and information on their respective wheelchair restraint devices was requested. Information received from them is contained in the report. One major recommendation is that proper testing needs to be done in order to assess safety performance for the design, installation, and use of wheelchair restraint equipment. Required decisions related to further action are identified. Descriptions (work study profiles) of current research on wheelchair crashworthiness and securement systems being conducted by UMTA and the California Department of Transportation are included in the appendix. A list of North American Manufacturers and distributors of wheelchair loading equipment is also included in the appendix. KW - Anchoring KW - Crashworthiness KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Recommendations KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190991 AU - Beddow, B AU - Lowery, M AU - CASHMAN, R AU - Nash, V AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL PARTS RETURN PROGRAM PY - 1978/07/01 SP - 259 p. AB - The National Parts Return Program involves the voluntary submittal by independent automotive repair facilities of failed automotive components and information. The purpose of the program is to gather information on these components and failure reports to assist the NHTSA in identifying the existence of safety-related manufacturing defects in design, materials, construction or performance of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. Under authority of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, the NHTSA can require manufacturers to conduct safety defect recall remedy campaigns when it has been determined that a defect relating to motor vehicle safety exists. In addition, the information obtained from these parts and reports is valuable in preparing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Components KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repair shops KW - Safety engineering KW - Spare parts KW - Standards KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186067 AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF ASAP JUDICIAL SYSTEMS PY - 1978/07 SP - 672p-in 6v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78768 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453161 JO - Forensic Science International PB - Elsevier AU - Jones, A W AU - Goldberg, L AU - Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Limited TI - EVALUATION OF BREATH ALCOHOL INSTRUMENTS I. IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS WITH ALCOLMETER POCKET MODEL PY - 1978/07 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-9 AB - An Alcolmeter Pocket Model breath alcohol device, based on an electrochemical (fuel cell) oxidation principle for ethanol analysis, has been evaluated under in vitro conditions. The result of a test is displayed on an analogue meter within 20-30 seconds after sampling; replicate tests may be made within 3-5 minutes. The electrochemical detector used was found to respond to acetaldehyde, methanol, isopropanol and n-propanol vapours besides ethanol, but it was insensitive to acetone vapour. The Alcolmeter response with a 0-2.0 mg/ml scale was linearly related to ethanol vapour concentration up to 1.0 mg/ml blood alcohol equivalent concentration; above this level the response was curvilinear, the Alcolmeter reading being too low. The standard deviation of an ethanol vapour determination in vitro was plus or minus 0.0175 mg/ml at a mean concentration of 0.902 mg/ml. The accuracy of the device expressed as percent recovery at 0.50, 1.0 and 1.4 mg/ml blood alcohol concentrations was 96.8%, 98.3%, and 88.3%, respectively. When the Alcolmeter was calibrated at 0.50 mg/ml and used occasionally each day over an 18-day period, the drop in initial calibration was 0.01 mg/ml per week. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Calibration KW - Experiments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270931 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00453162 JO - Forensic Science International PB - Elsevier AU - Jones, A W AU - Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Limited TI - EVALUATION OF BREATH ALCOHOL INSTRUMENTS II. IN VIVO EXPERIMENTS WITH ALCOLMETER POCKET MODEL PY - 1978/07 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - p. 11-23 AB - The precision and accuracy of an Alcolmeter Pocket Model breath alcohol instrument have been investigated in experiments with human subjects under controlled conditions. The instrument response was zero in all tests with breath samples from alcohol-free subjects. The standard deviations of ethanol determinations in breath were plus or minus 0.0722 mg/ml during ethanol absorption and plus or minus 0.0416 mg/ml during ethanol elimination. The standard deviation during the elimination phase increased with ethanol concentration in the sample, being plus or minus 0.0416 mg/ml on average at a mean concentration of 0.420 mg/ml, corresponding to a coefficient of variation of 9.9%. The blood alcohol estimates using the Alcolmeter were somewhat too high during active absorption of ethanol, and too low during elimination, when a constant blood-breath alcohol ratio of 2100:1 was used to calibrate the instrument. During the elimination phase of ethanol kinetics and at a mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.50 mg/ml, the mean Alcolmeter result was 0.456 plus or minus 0.169 mg/ml with 95% confidence, i.e., varying between 0.287 and 0.625 mg/ml 95 times out of 100 tests at this critical blood alcohol level. KW - Accuracy KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Calibration KW - Experiments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/270932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198758 AU - Kaiser, R AU - ARGOS Associates, Incorporated AU - Corporate-Tech Planning, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS PY - 1978/07 SP - 237 p. AB - An analysis is presented of the potential use of advanced composite materials (ACM) in automotive structures based on the relative mechanical properties and costs of these materials and mild steel. The potential weight reduction obtainable by substituting ACM for steel in various components was analyzed on a functionally equivalent basis for a wide variety of fiber composites and system geometries. ACM considered were resin matrix, graphite fiber, graphite fiber/glass hybrid composites, and glass fiber composites. Continuous fiber glass composites can offer significant weight reduction in selected applications while potentially offering cost savings to the manufacturer. Graphite glass hybrids offer the potential for increased weight reduction but would currently cost more to manufacturers. However, at graphite prices of $6/lb to $10/lb, these hybrids would be competitive with steel in terms of manufacturing costs, and less expensive than either steel or fiber glass composites on a life cycle basis. If all graphite fiber composites were used, a further weight decrease would be obtained, but at a prohibitively high increase in manufacturing and life cycle vehicle costs. Additional problems and issues to be resolved prior to extensive use of ACM in production vehicles are also discussed. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Composite materials KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Economic impacts KW - Fiber composites KW - Fiberglass KW - Fibers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Graphite KW - Prices KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Resins KW - Steel KW - Substitutes KW - Utilization KW - Weight KW - Weight control KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305718 AU - Strother, C E AU - Zinke, D T AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SMALL CAR DRIVER INFLATABLE RESTRAINT SYSTEM EVALUATION. VOLUME IV: EVOLVING A LOW MOUNT PASSENGER AIR CUSHION RESTRAINT SYSTEM (ACRS) FOR THE VEGA SUBCOMPACT VEHICLE PY - 1978/07 SP - 115 p. AB - A low mount air cushion restraint system (ACRS) was investigated to determine if such a system could be designed for the Vega subcompact vehicle to protect normally seated front occupants in 30-mph BEV frontal impacts. An ACRS was evolved in developmental form by conducting sled tests in which passenger size and position effects were also investigated. Sled test results indicate the evolved system would satisfactorily protect a wide range of normally seated occupant sizes in 30-mph impacts. Protection to out-of-position occupants, including children, was also assessed. The results indicate, however, that the system must be further refined to operate satisfactorily in this mode. KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Compact automobiles KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable devices KW - Inflatable structures KW - Motor vehicles KW - Protection KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Small car KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305546 AU - Broadhead, W AU - Strother, C AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SMALL CAR DRIVER INFLATABLE RESTRAINT SYSTEM EVALUATION. VOLUME III: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL CRASH SURVIVABILITY OF A CURRENT PRODUCTION SUBCOMPACT VEHICLE EQUIPPED WITH AN ADVANCED DRIVER RESTRAINT SYSTEM PY - 1978/07 SP - 85 p. AB - A Chevette body buck modified to accept the Minicars RSV advanced driver restraint system was used in a series of sled tests to establish the potential benefits which could be derived from installing the advanced RSV system in a current production subcompact vehicle. Tests conducted earlier using the existing Chevette driver station geometry and a modified version of the General Motors Air Cushion Restraint System (ACRS) established 30-mph BEV frontal impact protection. Results from this latest series of sled tests indicate that in the absence of problems created by severe upper firewall intrusion, passive driver frontal impact protection can be provided with the Minicars system to 40-mph BEV. KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Protection KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Small car KW - Survival UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304768 AU - Broadhead, W AU - Strother, C AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SMALL CAR DRIVER INFLATABLE RESTRAINT SYSTEM EVALUATION. VOLUME II: DRIVER AIR CUSHION RESTRAINT (ACRS) DEVELOPMENT FOR 1976 VEGA, VALIANT, AND CHEVETTE SUBCOMPACT VEHICLES PY - 1978/07 SP - 332 p. AB - Sled tests (76) and car crash tests (7) were conducted in an effort to evolve production driver restraint systems for three Government-furnished vehicles--1976 Vega, Valiant, and Chevette. The effort was successful in providing 30-mph BEV driver protection for all three vehicles. Resulting injury measures were well within the limits set by the FMVSS 208 injury criteria. Protection was provided without changing the compartment interior geometry (except for the space required by the knee restraints), the column angle, or the driver's normal seating position. KW - Air bags KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Criteria KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Injuries KW - Knee KW - Knee anatomy KW - Protection KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety equipment KW - Small car KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304767 AU - Strother, C AU - Minicars, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SMALL CAR DRIVER INFLATABLE RESTRAINT SYSTEM EVALUATION. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/07 SP - 18 p. AB - This executive summary has been organized to highlight the effort expended for all tasks associated with the 'Small Car Driver Inflatable Restraint System Evaluation' Contract (DOT-HS-6-01412). Specifically, it includes first a summary of the work performed in addressing the tasks outlined under the original contract (Volume II). Section 1.0 is followed by Sections 2.0 and 3.0, each of which summarizes the work performed under the two special tasks subsequently established while the original contract effort was underway. These tasks are detailed separately in Volumes III and IV, respectively. KW - Air bags KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Commuting KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Criteria KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Expansion joints KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Injuries KW - Protection KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety equipment KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186071 AU - Palmer, J A AU - Ripberger, R J AU - Skelton, D T AU - Scrimgeour, G J AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF ASAP JUDICIAL SYSTEMS. VOLUME IV: HENNEPIN COUNTY, MINNESOTA, CASE STUDY PY - 1978/07 SP - 89 p. AB - The study of the Hennepin County ASAP examines the impact of Minnesota's progressive DWI legislation (.10% BAC as a per se violation, prearrest breath testing and implied consent laws) on the adjudication and processing of DWI cases by the Hennepin County Municipal Court. The study concludes that this legislation has had little discernible impact on the adjudication of DWI cases. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Courts KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation KW - Litigation KW - Minnesota KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Regulations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186073 AU - Palmer, J A AU - Ripberger, R J AU - Skelton, D T AU - Scrimgeour, G J AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF ASAP JUDICIAL SYSTEMS. VOLUME VI: LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA CASE STUDY PY - 1978/07 SP - 120 p. AB - The objective of the case study was to examine ASAP-funded investigation, referral, and monitoring systems in Los Angeles County. The comparative analysis found that the quick, inexpensive presentencing screening and referral procedure provided by public health investigation staff in the Los Angeles Downtown Traffic Court was superior to other methods, particularly in its efficiency. Services provided by the probation department, which involved extensive investigations, particularly in the Pomona Municipal Court, were inappropriate for DUI screening and referral, but provided effective long-term personal supervision and compliance monitoring. The Van Nuys Municipal Court received postsentencing investigation, referral and monitoring support from volunteer counselors with the local alcoholism council. The volunteer approach was found to be an efficient, inexpensive procedure despite a high staff turnover rate. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - California KW - Courts KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation KW - Litigation KW - Monitoring KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Regulations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Studies KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186070 AU - Palmer, J A AU - Ripberger, R J AU - Skelton, D T AU - Scrimgeour, G J AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF ASAP JUDICIAL SYSTEMS. VOLUME III: IDAHO CASE STUDY PY - 1978/07 SP - 88 p. AB - The objective of the Idaho case study was to examine the operation of a state-wide ASAP system with a progressive judicial system structure (Idaho has a unified, state-wide court system and centrally administered pre-sentence investigation) and the impact of stringent drinking-driver control laws (i.e. .08% BAC presumptive limit and mandatory penalties) on that system. The study found that the magistrate courts continued to have widely varying practices in the handling of drinking-driving cases, despite court unification. Inadequate pre-sentence investigation resources were thinly spread over a large jurisdiction. This created management problems, and uneven results since many courts did not have access to the investigators. The widespread use of withheld judgements and inadequate records, as well as general reluctance to convict on a drinking-driving charge at BAC levels below .15%, all combined to thwart the intent of drinking-driving laws. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Courts KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Idaho KW - Judgment (Human characteristics) KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation KW - Litigation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Studies KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186072 AU - Palmer, J A AU - Ripberger, R J AU - Skelton, D T AU - Scrimgeour, G J AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF ASAP JUDICIAL SYSTEMS. VOLUME V: PHOENIX, ARIZONA CASE STUDY PY - 1978/07 SP - 111 p. AB - The objective of the Phoenix case study was to document and assess the efforts of the Phoenix drinking-driver control system to manage an exceptionally large volume of drinking-driving cases and to provide an inducement for DWI offenders to participate in appropriate alcohol therapy. The study described and evaluated a special prosecution-based program called PACT. PACT is a comprehensive plea-bargaining program designed to provide an expedient, uniform, and fair method of classifying and diverting DWI offenders into a short-term alcohol rehabilitation program with the incentive of earning a plea bargain which avoided a mandatory jail sentence. The PACT concept was found to be effective and transferable to any system requiring a routine, high-volume but discriminating referral mechanism. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Arizona KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Incentives KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation KW - Litigation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Prosecution KW - Regulations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186068 AU - Palmer, J A AU - Ripberger, R J AU - Skelton, D T AU - Scrimgeour, G J AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF ASAP JUDICIAL SYSTEMS. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978/07 SP - 150 p. AB - The study is a description and evaluation of the adjudicative-disposition systems in operation in five states and communities with Federally funded drinking-driver control programs called Alcohol Safety Action Projects (ASAP). The five sites selected had undergone significant change in the legal or judicial system or had developed innovative approaches for handling drinking-driving cases. Case studies were conducted for Puerto Rico; Phoenix, Arizona; Los Angeles, California; Hennepin County, Minnesota; and Idaho. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Arizona KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - California KW - Courts KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Idaho KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation KW - Minnesota KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Puerto Rico KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186069 AU - Palmer, J A AU - Ripberger, R J AU - Skelton, D T AU - Scrimgeour, G J AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION AND SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF ASAP JUDICIAL SYSTEMS. VOLUME II: PUERTO RICO CASE STUDY PY - 1978/07 SP - 114 p. AB - The objective of the Puerto Rico ASAP study was to assess the impact of (1) the statutory adoption of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's operational definition of a problem drinker as the legal definition for court disposition purposes and (2) a mandated presentence investigation and drinker-type classification of all convicted drinking-driving offenders. The study found that the Puerto Rico ASAP successfully created, implemented, and tested a viable system of drinking-driver control through legislative enactment in 1973, where no such system had previously existed. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Laws KW - Legal factors KW - Legislation KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Puerto Rico KW - Regulations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182102 AU - Eder, L E AU - Bleich, N AU - Damiata, M AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION TRIAL SUBSTITUTE MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION PROGRAM PY - 1978/07 SP - 66 p. AB - The report is a compendium of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Trial Substitute Motor Vehicle Inspection Program conducted in cooperation with twelve states. These states are: California, Connecticut, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Tennessee, Washington, and Wisconsin (Kansas has not completed its program as of this date and is not included). Each state had the opportunity to determine the effectiveness of alternative inspection programs compared to periodic motor vehicle inspection (PMVI). While each state drew somewhat different conclusions from its study, a common theme was apparent throughout all the studies. That is, an appallingly high number of vehicles operating on the roads and highways had mechanical defects and these defects were detected through the inspection process. Because the state studies represent significant and professional experience obtained over a six year period, NHTSA desires to share this information with all state governments and the highway safety community. Each of the state reports have been summarized in order to present the most important and unusual features of each project. KW - California KW - Connecticut KW - Defects KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Inspection KW - Iowa KW - Kansas KW - Maryland KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nevada KW - North Dakota KW - Ohio KW - State government KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tennessee KW - Traffic safety KW - Washington (State) KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192204 AU - BAIRD, J D AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY HIGHWAY COLLISION INVESTIGATION COURSE PY - 1978/07 SP - 23 p. AB - The purpose of the contract was to provide training for traffic accident investigators and allied specialists. Approximately 30 students were trained in each of three classes of a 2-week, 84-hour course. Major topics presented included: orientation; investigative techniques (classroom presentations and on-scene experience); human factors; vehicle factors; environmental factors; methods of accident data sampling; level II investigation; accident causation, collision severity, and injury severity; and computer simulation models of accident reconstruction applicable for in-depth investigations. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data sampling KW - Human factors KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Observation KW - Simulation KW - Specialized training KW - Statistical sampling KW - Students KW - Studies KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191068 AU - Dorris, A L AU - Purswell, J L AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE IN OKLAHOMA. VOLUME I: RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1978/07 SP - 76 p. AB - A study of motorcycle accidents was conducted during 1976-1977 in the State of Oklahoma. Roadside observations of motorcyclists were completed during 1977. The major results of the study were as follows: (1) Among those persons sustaining non-fatal injuries, the majority of injuries were to the extremities. This was true regardless of whether or not the person wore a helmet. (2) While less than 1 out of 10 helmeted riders received their most severe injury to the head, neck or face, more than 1 out of 4 non-helmeted riders sustained their most severe injury to this area. This result is both important and statistically significant. (3) The helmet usage rate among fatally injured riders was less than half the rate among non-fatally injured riders. Again, the rates were significantly different. (4) In none of the injury or fatality cases investigated was there any direct indication that a helmet had caused or contributed to the injury. (5) Observational Helmet Usage Survey found that 52.4% of the motorcycle riders were using their helmets. KW - Casualties KW - Colorado KW - Crash severity KW - Face KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Impact studies KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Neck KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191069 AU - Dorris, A L AU - Purswell, J L AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET USAGE IN OKLAHOMA. VOLUME II: SUPPLEMENTAL DATA/APPENDIX PY - 1978/07 SP - 240 p. AB - Volume II of this report contains all the data that was collected during 1976-1977 in the State of Oklahoma in roadside observations and from accident reports in table form. KW - Casualties KW - Colorado KW - Crash reports KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Impact studies KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Neck KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190966 AU - Massing, D E AU - Naab, K N AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TEST DUMMIES WITH FLESH PARTS PRODUCED WITH SUBSTITUTE FOAMING COMPOUNDS PY - 1978/07 SP - 191 p. AB - The objective of the research effort was to determine if Part 572 anthropomorphic dummy component flesh parts molded with Nitrosan and with alternate foaming materials designated as Compound A and Compound B resulted in different performance characteristics. Differences in characteristics, if any, were to be defined in terms of (1) the weight and external dimensions of dummy segments, (2) measurements of component static and dynamic performance in accordance with test procedures specified in 49 CFR - Part 572, and (3) measurements of whole dummy performance based on replicate accelerator sled tests performed in three test configurations. Component and sled tests were performed with pairs of Part 572 dummies made by each of the three current U.S. manufacturers of these devices. The findings of a statistical study of repeatability and reproducibility of sled test results are presented wherein comparisons are made between dummies assembled with flesh parts made with Nitrosan and with either Compound A or Compound B. KW - Anatomical models KW - Anthropometry KW - Blowing agents KW - Cellular plastics KW - Components KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic tests KW - Elastomers KW - Foaming agents KW - Foams KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Size KW - Static tests KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vinyl resins KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328854 AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Ruschmann, P A AU - POLLOCK, W T AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AN EXAMINATION OF LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS TAKEN AGAINST AT-FAULT DRIVERS INVOLVED IN FATAL TRAFFIC CRASHES PY - 1978/06/30 SP - 119 p. AB - An exploratory study was made of the legal and administrative actions taken against at-fault drivers who survived fatal traffic crashes in Michigan in 1972. The purpose of the study was to assess the ability of centrally maintained traffic records to provide data on the frequency of charging and sanctioning at-fault drivers. The study revealed that in Michigan, for the year 1972, the centrally maintained records were inadequate, apparently because of the failure of the courts to report the disposition of cases. The review of accident reports, locally maintained records, and central criminal records resulted in the estimates that: approximately one driver in four who was involved in a fatal crash could have been charged with a felony (manslaughter or negligent homicide); only one in twelve was actually charged; only one in twenty-four convicted of a felony; and of those convicted, only half had their convictions entered on their driving records. Most of the drivers in fatal crashes were summoned for reexamination by the driver license authority. KW - Convictions KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Liability KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Penalties KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Traffic conviction KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192232 AU - Clark, S G AU - Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Project AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - FAIRFAX ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT, ANNUAL REPORT, 1976 PY - 1978/06/30 SP - 43 p. AB - The Alcohol Safety Action Project was contracted for in 1971 in the Northern Virginia area as a federal demonstration project. Indepth evaluation provided the basis for management decisions concerning the major countermeasure areas--enforcement, rehabilitation, judicial and public information. Several aspects of the program have been successful. Arrests for DWI increased dramatically and now appear to be a stable component of regular police activity. Judicial procedures have been modified to allow for the increased caseload. After some experimentation, time between arrest, ASAP intake, treatment completion and final disposition has been lessened. The number and variety of available treatments for alcohol problems in the area have multiplied. After initial resistance, there has been a general acceptance of the notion that persons with alcohol problems can enter education or treatment programs prior to severe crises and that these persons need not be volunteers. Legislation establishing a statewide program has been enacted, and eight ASAP's were operational by the end of 1976. These local ASAPs are supported by fee systems that should make them self-sufficient within two years. On the other hand, problems could also be cited. Many practical difficulties could be mentioned. Arrests overloaded the system and caused problems as soon as operations began. The shifting of the components of ASAP from one bureaucratic organization to another created problems in reorganization, changes in budgeting, personnel policies, etc. All of these practical problems as well as many others were dealt with and solutions were achieved. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Courts KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Public relations KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Treatment programs KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190492 AU - Nesbitt, M W AU - McGill, D W AU - Applied Science Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - COURT INTERVENTION: PRE-SENTENCE INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES FOR DRINKING/DRIVING OFFENSES PY - 1978/06/15 SP - 117 p. AB - The purpose of the project was the development, test, and evaluation of a seminar training package for Pre-Sentence Investigation (PSI) personnel who screen persons convicted of Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) to determine their levels of alcohol abuse. This report describes the activities involved in data collection, task analysis, materials development and validation by means of five administrations of the training across the country. The three-volume package includes a Course Guide, Instructor's Guide, and Participant's Manual. The project activities described are: (1) the PSI task analysis, (2) determination of training requirements, (3) development of criterion objectives and a program of instruction, and (4) seminar tryout and evaluation. An additional task, development of a 12-hour judicial seminar on "Alcohol and the Courts," is also covered. The final section of this report presents the contractors' conclusions and recommendations for future conduct of both the PSI and the judicial seminar package. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Courts KW - Crash investigation KW - Criminal justice KW - Development KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Instructional materials KW - Job analysis KW - Justice KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Requirement KW - Specialized training KW - Specifications KW - Studies KW - Task analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180825 AU - Jatras, K AU - Carlson, W L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF PASSENGER CARS BY WEIGHT AND WHEELBASE BY STATE: JULY 1, 1976 PY - 1978/06 SP - 225 p. AB - The report contains frequency distributions and percentages of domestic and imported automobile registrations for each state as of July 1, 1976. Vehicles are grouped by 500 pound and 700 pound weight intervals and by 5 inch and 10 inch wheelbase intervals. The data can be used as a measure of the automobile population exposure for accident studies. KW - Automobiles KW - Length KW - States KW - Weight KW - Weight mass KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190478 AU - Dynamic Science, Inciorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED VISIBILITY FOR SCHOOL BUSES DURING ADVERSE WEATHER PY - 1978/06 SP - 484p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395319 AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Health TI - A REPORT TO THE GOVERNOR AND THE GENERAL COURT ON THE DRIVER ALCOHOL EDUCATION PROGRAM PY - 1978/06 SP - 26 p. AB - Since its inception on December 1, 1975, a total of 22,346 driving under the influence of intoxicating liquors (DUIL) offenders have participated in the Driver Alcohol Education Program. Twenty six agencies deliver the service to the seventy-three district and municipal courts. The program has shown to have a strong, positive impact on the criminal justice system, drinking behavior, recidivism, and drop-out rates. Roughly 50 percent of program clients are in need of continued contact, either in the form of alcoholism treatment or the type of services described as Phase II-Intervention. The revenues generated by the $200 maximum fee are the sole support of the Driver Alcohol Education Program. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Massachusetts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Probation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213071 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00184065 JO - Cahiers d'Etudes PB - National Council for Road Safety AU - Lecret, F AU - National Council for Road Safety TI - DRIVER FATIGUE. RESEARCH FILES T2 - LA FATIGUE DU CONDUCTEUR PY - 1978/06 IS - 38 SP - 86 p. AB - The effects of driver fatigue are often cited as one of the causes of accidents, especially accidents occurring at night. This report reviews the studies carried out on the subject. Part 2 deals with the evolution in vigilance of the driver during the driving period up to 7 o'clock. From 1967 encephalographs were recorded on drivers driving under real conditions, and it was observed that a deterioration occurred at the level of the nervous central parameters (encephalographs, blinking, electrocardiographs, psycho-galvanic skin response) due to the monotony of the driving task. A large bibliography is appended. /TRRL/ KW - Accident KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Bibliographies KW - Bibliography KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Fatigue (human) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Freeways KW - Monotony KW - Monotony KW - Motorway KW - Night KW - Night KW - Personnel performance KW - Simulation KW - Simulation KW - Stress (psychol) KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190479 AU - Heisler, M AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED VISIBILITY FOR SCHOOL BUSES DURING ADVERSE WEATHER. VOLUME I PY - 1978/06 SP - 214 p. AB - The objectives of the program were to develop realistic performance requirements and compliance test procedures which could be used by school bus manufacturers as well as testing agencies to assure that school bus defogging equipment will meet vehicle drivers' visual requirements for forward, sideward, and rearward views under conditions of fog formation on the interior surfaces of the vehicle's glazing during adverse weather. Several buses, including Type I, Type II, and Transit-type buses, were tested utilizing normal engine operation and also with an auxiliary hot water system. Results of these tests were used in preparing a detailed defogging test procedure and recommended performance requirements. KW - Buses KW - Drying KW - Evaluation KW - Fog KW - Performance tests KW - Requirement KW - School buses KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Tests KW - Visibility KW - Weather KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190481 AU - Heisler, M AU - Davis, S AU - Pakula, J P AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED VISIBILITY FOR SCHOOL BUSES DURING ADVERSE WEATHER. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1978/06 SP - 30 p. AB - The objectives of the program were to: (1) Develop performance requirements for school bus defogging equipment, (2) develop test procedures to determine whether or not the defogging system of any specific school bus meets the performance requirements, (3) select a range of school buses which are representative of the school bus population, (4) develop a methodology for repeatably documenting cleared glazing areas, and (5) verify that the performance requirements and test procedures are realistic through verification testing of the school buses. KW - Buses KW - Defoggers KW - Drying KW - Fog KW - Performance tests KW - Requirement KW - School buses KW - Specifications KW - Tests KW - Visibility KW - Weather KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190480 AU - Heisler, M AU - Davis, S AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED VISIBILITY FOR SCHOOL BUSES DURING ADVERSE WEATHER. VOLUME II. APPENDIXES PY - 1978/06 SP - 240 p. AB - The volume contains the following final compliance test procedure: Environmental Chamber preparation procedure, Bus preparation procedure, Detailed Test procedure (I - winter), Detailed Test procedure (II - summer), and the Data Analysis and Evaluation procedure. KW - Buses KW - Drying KW - Environmental protection KW - Fog KW - Performance tests KW - Requirement KW - School buses KW - Specifications KW - Tests KW - Visibility KW - Weather KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198999 AU - Council, F M AU - Lacey, J H AU - Stewart, J R AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR PREDICTING HIGH-RISK DRIVERS FOR ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURES. VOLUME II: USER MANUAL PY - 1978/06 SP - 150 p. AB - This User Manual, a companion to the Volume I Technical Report by the same name, is designed to aid the alcohol program administrator in his decisions concerning implementation of countermeasures to selected individuals or small groups of drivers. Volume I describes the development of statistical models to predict the probability of a future alcohol-related crash for six high-risk groups of drivers. Volume II, the User Manual, presents the ways in which alcohol administrators can use the developed predictor models. The User Manual contains information concerning the inputs of the predictive models, information concerning the cost and effectiveness of potential countermeasure programs, and procedures for conducting an economic analysis methodology to help the administrator decide whether or not a chosen countermeasure pays off in terms of reducing the predicted number of alcohol-related crashes. In addition, the final chapter of the manual presents a brief overview of evaluation techniques and problems as they relate to trial alcohol programs. This Volume also contains computational forms for use in the economic analysis, a computer program that carries out the analysis methodology, and information concerning the background material on alcohol and driving and the statistical development of predictor models. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver performance KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Highway transportation KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Personnel performance KW - Pl/1 programming language KW - Rehabilitation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313101 AU - GARRETT, J W AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND CODING IN THE NATIONAL CRASH SEVERITY STUDY PY - 1978/06 SP - 100 p. AB - An accident investigation and coding training program for personnel in the National Crash Severity Study is described in this report. The program was a two-day session for working investigators in that study. Two training films, one on scene investigation and one on vehicle evaluation, were also produced. Major emphasis in the program was on scene investigation and documentation, vehicle evaluation and documentation, rating the Collision Deformation Classification and AIS/OIC injury scales, photography, and use of the CRASH program. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Injuries KW - Inspection KW - Instructional materials KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Personnel KW - Personnel development KW - Research KW - Specialized training KW - Studies KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305776 AU - Kaman Science Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN EDDY CURRENT NON CONTACT DISPLACEMENT GAGE FOR MONITORING ANTHROPOMORPHIC DUMMY CHEST DEFLECTIONS PY - 1978/06 SP - 49 p. AB - A noncontacting "Eddy Current" displacement gage has been developed for monitoring part 572 anthropomorphic dummy chest deflections. The gage is configured so as to be a bolt-on item to the part 572 dummy requiring no modifications to it. The gage is designed to accommodate a full 3 inches of chest deflection and includes oscillator and demodulator electronics contained within the gage head. Linearization of the gage's output signal as a function of dummy chest deflection is achieved by a lookup table applied to the digitized signal. KW - Anatomical models KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Deflection KW - Dummies KW - Eddy current tests KW - Eddy currents KW - Impact tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Research KW - Tests KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304710 AU - RICE, R S AU - Segal, D J AU - Jones, I S AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLE ROLLOVER MANEUVER. VOLUME II - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/06 SP - 26 p. AB - This report describes research aimed at investigating the rollover response characteristics of automobiles. Emphasis was placed on the development of a test procedure to evaluate performance under untripped flat surface operating conditions. Both simulaton and full-scale experimental methods were employed to examine the effects of a variety of configurational and operational factors on rollover response. Over 500 test runs involving seven vehicles in ten configurations were performed. Studies were made of the effect of initial speed, steering input patterns, braking techniques, suspension damping, loading, and tire characteristics. Testing was performed using both manual and automatic control methods. In addition to discussions of the results of these studies, the report contains a review of the involvement of rollover in actual accidents, analyses of the physics of tripped and flat surface (untripped) rollover, a discussion of the simulation study results, and an outline of a preliminary test procedure for vehicle rollover resistance evaluation. The major conclusions from the study were that vehicle rollover response is dominated by the vehicle's rigid body geometry (with dynamic contributions from suspension effects) and that untripped rollover, even on high skid-resistance surfaces, is difficult to predict and accomplish. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Acceleration physics KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Crash investigation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Geometry KW - Lateral stability KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Roll KW - Rolling KW - Skid resistance KW - Steering KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181904 AU - Plank, G R AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVIEW OF CHEST DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND TRANSDUCERS PY - 1978/06 SP - 38 p. AB - A summary is presented of measurement techniques and transducers that have been used, or are presently available and exhibit potential for use in the measurement of dynamic chest deflection. Various techniques and transducers are evaluated for their potential for use with dummies, cadavers, infra-human primates and living humans and those techniques and transducers found to have high potential for use with living humans are discussed in detail. Measurement requirements are summarized, inherent problems are pointed out, and recommendations for the solution of some of these problems are given. KW - Anatomical models KW - Biodynamics KW - Cadavers KW - Cherts KW - Deflection KW - Dummies KW - Dynamic tests KW - Human beings KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181402 AU - Tarrants, W E AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT: EDUCATION AND TRAINING. A SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM HIGHWAY SAFETY LITERATURE PY - 1978/06 SP - 208 p. AB - This bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) as related to manpower development in the field of highway safety. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Abstracts KW - Authors KW - Bibliographies KW - Definitions KW - Deployment KW - Documents KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Indexing KW - Periodicals KW - Personnel development KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198185 AU - RICE, R S AU - Segal, D J AU - Jones, IIS AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLE ROLLOVER MANEUVER. VOLUME I PY - 1978/06 SP - 232 p. AB - This report describes research aimed at investigating the rollover response characteristics of automobiles. Emphasis was placed on the development of a test procedure to evaluate performance under untripped flat-surface operating conditions. Both simulation and full-scale experimental methods were employed to examine the effects of a variety of configurational and operational factors on rollover response. Over 500 test runs involving seven vehicles in ten configurations were performed. Studies were made of the effects of initial speed, steering input patterns, braking techniques, suspension damping, loading, and tire characteristics. Testing was performed using both manual and automatic control methods. In addition to discussions of the results of these studies, the report contains a review of the involvement of rollover in actual accidents, analyses of the physics of tripped and flat surface (untripped) rollover, a discussion of the simulation study results, and an outline of a preliminary test procedure for vehicle rollover resistance evaluation. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Crash investigation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Evaluation KW - Lateral stability KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Resistance KW - Reviews KW - Roll KW - Rolling KW - Rollover crashes KW - Skid resistance KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Suspensions KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197521 AU - Swenson, P R AU - Clay, T R AU - Phoenix Alcohol Safety Action Project AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OVERALL ASAP PROGRESS(PHOENIX, AZ.) PY - 1978/06 SP - 160 p. AB - The report documents changes in DWI countermeasure activities during the Phoenix ASAP's post-operational period. Operational and post-operational performance levels and profiles are compared to determine impact on the DWI control system resulting from the discontinuation of the ASAP. Results of an evaluation of DWI rehabilitation activities are presented relating treatment effectiveness to traffic safety (recidivism) and nontraffic safety (problem drinking) criteria. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholism KW - Arizona KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Countermeasures KW - Crimes KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Impacts KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Project management KW - Public opinion KW - Recidivism KW - Rehabilitation KW - Social factors KW - Social impacts KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192227 AU - Hames, L N AU - Petrucelli, E AU - Health and Safety Associates, Incorportated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF CERTIFYING (DESIGNATING) MEDICAL EXAMINERS FOR INTERSTATE COMMERCIAL VEHICLE DRIVERS PY - 1978/06 SP - 129 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of establishing a system of certifying all physicians who perform interstate commercial driver examinations as a step toward improving the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety's driver qualification program. Feasibility and acceptability of this proposed system were explored with the medical community, motor carrier management, and drivers' union representatives. In studying the availability of adequate qualified medical manpower, it was concluded that a sufficient pool was not available to operate a certified medical examiner system for all interstate commercial driver examinations. Five alternative plans were proposed. The one selected as being the most acceptable was a system of certifying medical examiners at the third examination level (i.e., when a driver's physician and the motor carrier's physician do not agree on the driver's medical condition). This proposal was considered the most feasible, not only from the standpoint of having enough qualified physicians to do the job, but it could be implemented by the Bureau without any legislative or regulatory changes. Means for implementation of this alternative plan, as well as budget estimates, are provided. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Certification KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Costs KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Funds KW - Implementation KW - Interstate transportation KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Medical personnel KW - Physicians KW - Plans KW - Plans (Drawings) KW - Qualifications KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191731 AU - Klimko, L A AU - Friedman, K AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - Kinetic Research Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CRASH CONDITIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO INJURIES PY - 1978/06 SP - 172 p. AB - Statistical models were developed relating injury probabilities in generalized body regions to crash conditions. The data available for use was the Restraint System Evaluation Program file which contains a sample of front seat occupants of 1973 through 1975 model year automobiles in 1974-1975 towaway accidents. The file had been upgraded with the inclusion of calculated crash severity parameters such as barrier equivalent velocity and various crush measures. During the analysis a number of additional crash severity parameters were formulated. A large number of statistical techniques were utilized during the course of the work including AID, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, categorical analysis, and logistic analysis. The analyses done addressed primarily unrestrained unejected occupants in frontal and side impacts. Additionally, restrained occupants were considered to a lesser extent. Generally, the resulting models provide an injury probability description whose most significant parameter is crash severity but which also includes occupant characteristics and other parameters. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Side crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Thorax KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194192 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY LITERATURE PY - 1978/06 AB - This bibliography presents abstracts in the area of highway safety. A wide range of aspects of highway safety are covered and include among others, technologies for road traffic safety, road accident trends, driver education, safety belt usage, fuel economy, alcohol fuel technology emergency medical services, air cushion restraint systems, etc. The abstract citations represent documents acquired by the Technical Reference Branch of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. KW - Abstracts KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Alcohols KW - Bibliographies KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Driver training KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway safety KW - Manual safety belts KW - Reviews KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191442 AU - CLEVEN, A M AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REVISION OF NHTSA CURRICULUM PACKAGES PY - 1978/06 SP - 59 p. AB - Sixteen NHTSA in-print curriculum packages were analyzed, and three were selected for revision: highway traffic records course, traffic court judge workshop and emergency medical technician course. Selection was based primarily on value to the states in carrying out annual programs. The revision process resulted in an essentially new traffic records course; it focuses on the fundamental relationship between the traffic records system and the highway safety program and emphasizes crash data and safety program management data subsystems. The revision effort for the traffic court judge workshop essentially represented a repackaging of the original program. The revision process for the emergency medical technician course consisted primarily of an extensive technical update with added emphasis on patient assessment and reinforcement of basic emergency care procedures. A standardized three-part curriculum package was prepared for each program: a course guide for the training administrator, lesson plans for the instructor, and a study guide for the student. In addition, a set of 2x2 35mm trauma slides was prepared to aid instructors of the emergency medical technician course. KW - Curricula KW - Data management KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway transportation KW - Information processing KW - Instructors KW - Judges KW - Medical personnel KW - Medical services KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Project management KW - Records management KW - Reviews KW - Specialized training KW - State government KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Training devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190907 AU - Pirtle, R AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF HEAD RESTRAINTS, SEAT BACKS, AND ANCHORAGES IN VEHICLES SUBJECTED TO REAR IMPACT COLLISION PY - 1978/06 SP - 182 p. AB - A series of car-to-car crash tests was conducted primarily for fuel system integrity. These tests were additionally instrumented to allow for the collection of baseline data in other areas. The report documents baseline data collected during twelve of these tests with regard to head restraint, seat back, and anchorage performance in rear impact collisions. The struck vehicle in these tests was equipped with an instrumented 50th percentile male dummy located in the driver's seat, string potentiometers, and high-speed on-board motion picutures to document driver's seat and seat back motion, and vehicle frame accelerometers to record the occupant compartment response. A comparison between component failure/yield and causative forces is presented. The driver seat backs in all but one test were deformed from their initial pre-test condition. KW - Anatomical models KW - Anchorages KW - Automobiles KW - Components KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Dummies KW - Failure KW - Fuel systems KW - Headrests KW - Impact tests KW - Motion pictures KW - Performance KW - Potentiometers KW - Rear end crashes KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190924 AU - National Research Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RESEARCH ON SURROGATES FOR HUMANS IN MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES PY - 1978/06 SP - 55 p. AB - A review of the current status of automobile crash research utilizing cadavers, volunteers, animals, and models was conducted. The aim of the review was to determine the necessity for utilization of cadavers in such research. All viable alternatives were examined and it was the unanimous view of the committee that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration could not develop essential information for crash safety rulemaking without resorting to the use of cadavers in certain types of crash research. KW - Anatomical models KW - Animals KW - Automobiles KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Highway design KW - Human beings KW - Impact tests KW - Interstate highways KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190929 AU - Klein, R H AU - JEX, H R AU - Blauvelt, A A AU - Ashkenas, I L AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND CALIBRATION OF AN AERODYNAMIC DISTURBANCE TEST FACILITY. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY; VOLUME II: DEVELOPMENT OF REQUIREMENTS AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN; VOLUME III: CONSTRUCTION, CALIBRATION AND OPERATION PY - 1978/06 SP - 31 p. AB - This report summarizes the development of an aerodynamic disturbance test facility that can be used to study the influence of crosswind disturbances on road vehicle handling. A literature review of ambient wind measurements, wind tunnel tests, and accident data were combined with driving simulator tests and closed loop analysis to develop the requirements for a low cost, transportable, easy to operate, rugged, test facility. The final product consists of 8 independent crosswind modules, capable of providing a relatively constant 35 mph gust over 130 ft test length. Arranging the modules in a semi-random fashion can provide a variable velocity profile over 230 ft test length. Each module consists of a controllable speed 58 hp gasoline engine driving an 8' diameter, 6 bladed propeller. Special ducting and adjustable exit vanes allow for flow redirection and expansion. Remote control of each module's fan speed and engine ignition can be accomplished from individual remote operating stations located up to 200' from the facility. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamics KW - Anemometers KW - Calibration KW - Costs KW - Crosswinds KW - Design KW - Disturbances KW - Driving simulators KW - Dynamic loads KW - Gasoline engines KW - Gust loads KW - Gusts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Propellers KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Test facilities KW - Velocity KW - Wind measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188502 AU - HUCULAK, P AU - National Aeronautical Establishment, Canada TI - THE INFLUENCE OF GLARE ON THE DETECTION OF HAZARDOUS OBJECTS IN AUTOMOBILE NIGHT DRIVING T2 - L'INFLUENCE DE L'EBLOUISSEMENT SUR LA DETECTION D'OBJECTS DANGEREUX SEN CONDUITE NOCTURNE PY - 1978/06 SP - 34 p. AB - This study consists of the visibility calculations for a series of automobile headlight experiments employing retractable detection targets under opposing glare. The present work is the natural continuation of the unopposed target experiments published earlier. With the addition of opposing glare, attention is directed to describing the glare levels, eye movements, and the spatial adaptation levels associated with the visual task. The transient adaptation states consisting of both dark-to-light and light-to-dark transitions are then determined. It is shown that one-to-one correspondence is possible between field detection trials and predictions based on laboratory visual potential. /Author/ KW - Automobiles KW - Eye movements KW - Forecasting KW - Glare KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Headlamps KW - Laboratory studies KW - Night visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190526 AU - Bessey, R L AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY HELMET PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION. VOLUME I PY - 1978/06 SP - 54 p. AB - The objective of the project was to investigate the feasibility of performing motorcycle safety helmet compliance tests to FMVSS 218 with three sizes of test headforms (A, B and D) in addition to the size C headform currently in use. The investigation covered the following: (1) Vertical and horizontal cross-sections of the A, B and D size headforms were plotted in a cartesian coordinate system to define the geometry of these headforms and to compare them with scaled data for the Z90.1 C size headform. (2) A DOT size C headform was compared to the Z90.1 C headform by performing standard DOT FMVSS 218 impact tests, using the DOT C headform on helmet models which had been previously tested using the Z90 headform. A resonance search for the impact apparatus with the DOT C size headform mounted was also performed. (3) The A, B and D headforms were balanced and impact tests were performed using these headforms with both fiberglass and polycarbonate helmet models. The test models were chosen on the basis of fit to the headforms. A resonance search was performed for the A, B and D headforms as mounted on the monorail drop test system. (4) Computer plots of vertical and horizontal cross-sections of the Z90 size C headform were made to better define this headform's geometry. (5) A second set of headforms, sizes A, B, C and D were balanced and resonance searches were performed on these headforms as mounted on the monorail drop test system. On the basis of the data obtained from items 1 through 5 above, an analysis of results and recommendations concerning the adequacy of the A, B and D headforms for FMVSS 218 compliance testing is given. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluation KW - Fiberglass KW - Helmets KW - Human factors engineering KW - Impact tests KW - Model tests KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance tests KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Studies KW - Test equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190527 AU - Bessey, R L AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY HELMET PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION. VOLUME II. APPENDICES A THROUGH L PY - 1978/06 SP - 637 p. AB - This volume contains the data obtained in Tasks I through VI of the project. A description of the methods used to obtain the data is given in Volume I. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Equipment tests KW - Evaluation KW - Helmets KW - Human factors engineering KW - Impact tests KW - Ion concentration KW - Ions KW - Model tests KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Test equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178865 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AUTOMOBILE REGULATION PY - 1978/06 SP - 32 p. AB - This preliminary report addresses statements by auto industry executives and others that the industry in being over-regulated and harmed economically by federal regulation. The report examines the fundamental issues raised by these criticisms--the need for regulation, how responsible the regulatory process is carried out, the costs imposed on the industry and, specifically, the overall effect of the NHTSA's rulemaking on the industry and the economy. Among the major conclusions drawn from this study are the follwing: The NHTSA's responsibility to improve safety is warranted by the annual loss of 47,000 lives and the millions of injuries in motor vehicle crashes. The Agency's estimate of the average price to consumers of safety features contained in a model year 1978 automobile is only about $250--approximately one-half the amount claimed by auto makers. The Agency does not agree with charges that its standards adversely affect competition. As a result of fuel economy standards, the nation decreases its reliability on foreign sources of oil. The Agency belives that the large domestic auto firms have generally not been as innovative as the smaller foreign firms. And, the fuel economy standards set for model years 1981-84 require capital investments within the industry's capability. KW - Automobiles KW - Economic impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway safety KW - Industries KW - Injuries KW - Prevention KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192205 AU - Stewart, J R AU - Stutts, J C AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A CATEGORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEHICLE WEIGHT AND DRIVER INJURY IN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENTS PY - 1978/05/31 SP - 91 p. AB - The effect of vehicle weight on driver injury is examined using North Carolina accident data for 1973, 1974 and 1975. The analysis is in two parts. First is a descriptive analysis based on a series of crosstabulations of driver injury by vehicle weight across various subsets of the data (single-vehicle crashes, rural crashes, urban two-car crashes, high speed crashes, etc.). As expected, single-vehicle accidents are found to be more serious than two-vehicle accidents, and rural accidents more serious than urban accidents. Increased car weight was shown to clearly lessen the risk of serious or fatal injury for all accident types combined and for two-vehicle crashes. However, for single-vehicle crashes, a consistent relationship between car weight and driver injury was not found. In order to more closely examine the vehicle weight-driver injury relationships, linear categorical models were constructed for predicting serious (A+K) driver injury as a function of vehicle weight and other related variables. Five such models were developed -- one for single-vehicle crashes, one for belted drivers in two-car crashes, and three for unbelted drivers in two-car crashes (corresponding to three speed categories). The variables incorporated in the models were a basic (assumed) set of control variables based on previous research plus additional variables as suggested by the 1973-75 data. The results of the modeling for the most part follow expectations. Drivers in the lightest weight category cars consistently have the highest predicted injury rates, but the other three weight categories are not always differentiated. KW - Automobiles KW - Drivers KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Multiple vehicle crashes KW - North Carolina KW - Rural areas KW - Safety and security KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety KW - Urban areas KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180785 AU - Carlson, W L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EMPIRICAL CRASH INJURY MODELING AND VEHICLE-SIZE MIX PY - 1978/05/15 SP - 33 p. AB - Crash injury prediction models were developed using data from the CPIR file for crashes which occurred since January 1, 1970, involving 1969 or newer cars, vans, and pickup trucks. Hostile and protective effects of vehicle size were separated in addition to injury severity increases with age, front seating position, and lack of restraints. Differences by crash configuration were also isolated. Elasticity of injury with respect to average vehicle weight change was computed using these models. Fuel cost decreases were compared with injury cost increases as vehicle weight decreases. Fuel cost savings exceed injury cost increases as vehicle weight is reduced. The conclusion assumes no change in the relationship between vehicle volume and vehicle weight. Injury reduction from larger and lighter vehicles and from improved vehicle design could increase the difference even more. KW - Age KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Electric power plants KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger restraints KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Size KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181391 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION: A SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1977 PY - 1978/05 SP - 317 p. AB - This bibliography cites those technical reports published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) during 1977. It serves as a supplement to previous published bibliographies covering the years 1967 through 1976. Documents listed may be examined in the Technical Reference Branch, NHTSA, 400 Seventh Street S.W., Washington, D.C. Few of the documents are available for distribution by NHTSA. Availability is given in individual citations. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. This bibliography was compiled in the Technical Reference Branch, NHTSA. KW - Abstracts KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Documents KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Human factors engineering KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Technical reports KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186083 AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Stamper, K R AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. FIRST SERIES - REPORT 19. 1975 FORD WINDSOR 351 CID (5.7 LITERS), 2V PY - 1978/05 SP - 40 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1975 Ford 351 CID, 2V, Windsor engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186077 AU - Koehler, D E AU - Chamberlain, T W AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. SECOND SERIES - REPORT NO. 4. 1976 CHEVROLET 85 CID (1.4 LITERS), IV PY - 1978/05 SP - 54 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1976 Chevrolet 85 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186079 AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. SECOND SERIES - REPORT NO. 7. 1977 FORD 171 CID (2.8 LITERS), 2V PY - 1978/05 SP - 64 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 Ford 171 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186081 AU - Chamberlain, T W AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. FIRST SERIES - REPORT NO. 17. 1975 BUICK 455 CID (7.5 LITERS), 4V PY - 1978/05 SP - 54 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1975 Buick 455 CID, 4V engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186082 AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Stamper, K R AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. FIRST SERIES - REPORT NO. 18. 1976 FORD 400 CID (6.6 LITERS), 2V PY - 1978/05 SP - 56 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1976 Ford 400 CID, 2V engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186084 AU - Chamberlain, T W AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. FIRST SERIES - REPORT NO. 20. 1975 CHEVROLET 350 CID (5.7 LITERS) WITH DRESSER VARIABLE-AREA VENTURI SYSTEM PY - 1978/05 SP - 42 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1975 Chevrolet 350 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186078 AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. SECOND SERIES - REPORT NO. 6. 1976 NISSAN DIESEL 198 CID (3.2 LITERS), F.I PY - 1978/05 SP - 36 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1976 Nissan diesel engine, Model SD-33 CN6-33, to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Diesel engines KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186080 AU - Chamberlain, T W AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. FIRST SERIES - REPORT NO. 16. 1975 VOLVO 121 CID (2.0 LITERS), F.I PY - 1978/05 SP - 34 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1975 Volvo, 2.0 liter (121 CID) engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injectors KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181412 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES. DETAILED REPORTS FROM OCTOBER 1, 1977 TO DECEMBER 31, 1977 PY - 1978/05 SP - 1026 p. AB - The document contains detailed information regarding defect recall campaigns conducted by domestic and foreign automobile and equipment and tire manufacturers during the fourth quarter of 1977. KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Industries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety KW - Tires KW - Trailers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368825 AU - Pierce, J A AU - Bylok, JRE AU - Lalonde, K G AU - Pang, H C AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - THE STATUS OF SEAT BELT USAGE IN ONTARIO, MAY 1977 PY - 1978/05 SP - 20 p. AB - Assessment of the effectiveness of the seat belt legislation after one year shows that the initial dramatic gains in belt usage had eroded considerably despite a substantial gain in public support for the legislation. To establish a basis for further action, surveys of belt use were undertaken to measure usage both province-wide and on expressways. Roadside surveys were also taken to measure public attitudes. A province-wide roadside survey carried out in May 1977 established belt use of drivers at 48.9%, a slight decrease from the 50.0% measured in November and December 1976. Belt use of drivers on expressways, as determined by an observational type survey in May 1977, was estimated at 47.5%. Belt use of drivers, both province-wide and on expressways appears to be stabilizing between 45% and 50%. Drivers who appeared to have decreased their belt use constituted nearly one-fourth of the population sampled and they were basically in support of seat belts and the seat belt legislation. The reasons given for not wearing their belts included forgetting to buckle up (nearly 35%), inconvenience (31%), and unnecessary (28%). The fact that these drivers wore their belts regularly immediately following the commencement of the legislation suggests that some type of prodding, such as education and/or increased enforcement, might be effective in making them regular users again. KW - Data collection KW - Driver education KW - Effectiveness KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Surveys KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182680 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00366793 JO - Die Polizei PB - Carl Heymanns Verlag AU - Brackemeyer, U AU - Heymanns (Carl) Verlag KG TI - NEW PROCEDURES FOR THE DETECTION OF NARCOTICS PY - 1978/05 SP - p. 140-142 AB - This article discusses detection procedures for narcotic intake in order to judge fitness for driving. It also addresses the alcohol detection process for judging fitness to drive, relating breath alcohol measurement with the determination of blood alcohol concentration. The present search for devices which can be used for immediate, direct detectability of narcotics and/or alcohol at the "scene of the crime" is discussed, and two devices undergoing trial tests for alcohol detection are described. It is stated that detecting devices for drugs and medicines will probably depend upon their qualitative detection using saliva. KW - Alcohol breath tests KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Breathalyzers KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Drugs KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Saliva UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182116 AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Stamper, K R AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. FIRST SERIES - REPORT NO. 14. 1975 MAZDA ROTARY 70 CID (1.1 LITERS), 4V PY - 1978/05 SP - 40 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1975 Mazda 70 CID, 4V rotary engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Dynamometers KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Extrapolation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Pollutants KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Wankel engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182119 AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. THIRD SERIES - REPORT NO. 1. 1977 VOLVO 130 CID (2.1 LITERS), F. I PY - 1978/05 SP - 46 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 Volvo 130 CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Dynamometers KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pollutants KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182117 AU - Chamberlain, T W AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. FIRST SERIES - REPORT NO. 15. 1975 DODGE COLT 98 CID (1.6 LITERS), 2V PY - 1978/05 SP - 41 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1975 Dodge Colt 1.6 liter (98 CID) engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Dynamometers KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Pollutants KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182118 AU - Chamberlain, T W AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. SECOND SERIES - REPORT NO. 5. 1977 FORD 140 CID (2.3 LITERS), 2V PY - 1978/05 SP - 62 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 Ford 2.3 liter (140 CID) engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Dynamometers KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Pollutants KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181918 AU - Dalsimer, A AU - Chi, L AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXECUTIVE AND TABULAR SUMMARY OF AIR BAG FIELD EXPERIENCE. VOLUME 2, NUMBER 1 PY - 1978/05 SP - 82 p. AB - The report contains narrative summaries and tables which describe a total of 92 accidents which were reported to NHTSA during the period September 1, 1976 to August 31, 1977, involving air bag equipped cars. The information was extracted from the NHTSA files containing in-depth reports by the accident investigation teams from the regional research stations. For each case report, the following data are included: date, location of accident, DOT HS number (when available), type of impact, year and make of air bag equipped vehicle, type of accident, cause of air bag deployment, year and make of other vehicles involved, speed of impact and V's (when available), driver and passenger information, their injury codes, damage to the vehicles and damage codes. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Deployment KW - Failure KW - Inflatable structures KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181408 AU - Bayer, ARJ AU - PETERSON, B S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS TESTING PY - 1978/05 SP - 88 p. AB - Headform impact tests and sled tests were conducted on child restraint systems, designed for use in motor vehicles, to evaluate their safety performance characteristics. KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Head KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Seats KW - Tension tests KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181396 AU - Whelan, WPJ AU - Jacobs, M I AU - Uniroyal, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SUBSTITUTE FOAMING AGENT FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PART 572 DUMMY FLESH COMPONENTS PY - 1978/05 SP - 220 p. AB - The work reported was undertaken to find a substitute foaming agent for Nitrosan in the manufacture of vinyl foam flesh parts of crash test dummies conforming to the Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 49, Part 572. Substitute flesh formulations were successfully foamed in the laboratory with an agent comprising a combination of p,p'-oxybis-(benzene sulfonyl hydrazide) and t-butyl peroxypivalate. The components are available commercially from a variety of domestic suppliers, entail no cost penalty, and present no unusual use hazards. The foams were molded over a suitable, broad thickness range at appropriate densities. Properties were comparable, but not identical, to those of Nitrosan foams, with indicated advantages in resistance to aging and low compression set. The new foams were optimized in structure and physical properties by further formulation development. All requisite dummy skin/flesh parts were produced successfully and reproducibly at a commercial facility with conventional equipment for Nitrosan parts. Batchwise variations in plastisol activity were readily accomodated by minor formula modification. All parts were of suitable external and internal quality. Two complete sets of parts were furnished to NHTSA for further evaluation. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Alternates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Anatomical models KW - Cellular plastics KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Density KW - Density mass/volume KW - Dummies KW - Foaming agents KW - Forming KW - Formulations KW - Highway safety KW - Manufacturing KW - Moldings KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Nitrogen compounds KW - Nitrogen organic compounds KW - Optimization KW - Organic compounds KW - Oxygen KW - Oxygen organic compounds KW - Physical properties KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Research KW - Substitutes KW - Thickness KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198276 AU - Weir, D H AU - Zellner, J W AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE HANDLING. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1978/05 SP - 46 p. AB - Analytical and experimental studies of the handling response and performance of motorcycles are reported. Five instrumented example vehicles were used. Steady turn, single lane change, cornering and braking, and cornering and accelerating tests were accomplished. Test procedures and measures are presented, together with subjective evaluations. Oscillatory behavior involving weave and wobble motions were investigated. The effects of adding load, changing operating conditions, and modifying vehicle configuration are shown. Braking tests were made with a motorcycle fitted with a prototype antilock brake system, and the results showed markedly superior performance on wet (low SN) surfaces. Linear and nonlinear digital computer simulations of motorcycle response and performance are described and demonstrated. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Control KW - Cost accounting KW - Digital simulation KW - Evaluation KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Loads KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance tests KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tests KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198277 AU - Weir, D H AU - Zellner, J W AU - Teper, G L AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTORCYCLE HANDLING. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978/05 SP - 526 p. AB - To better define and explore the potentially important relations between handling and safety performance of motorcycles, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration sponsored this research contract with objectives that can be summarized as follows: to evaluate principal performance response parameters for a sample of motorcycles as a function of a broad range of operational variables, utilizing previously developed full-scale test and simulation methods; to develop additional test procedures that provide discriminating measures of motorcycle performance during combined cornering and braking, and cornering and acceleration influences, and possible on-center control instabilities; and to correlate performance parameters for directional control and transient handling with subjective evaluations, as a first step toward establishing the meaningfulness of test procedure results in the accident avoidance sense. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Control KW - Cost accounting KW - Digital simulation KW - Evaluation KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Loads KW - Motorcycles KW - Performance tests KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tests KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191450 AU - Pritz, H B AU - Hassler, C R AU - Weis, E B AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN IMPACT: BASELINE AND PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS EVALUATION. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL DISCUSSION PY - 1978/05 SP - 152 p. AB - The specific objectives of this project were to quantify the present and existing pedestrian hazard and then assess the injury reduction potential of a number of selected vehicle configurations. This was to be accomplished by conducting highly instrumented experimental impacts using adult and 6-year-old child anthropomorphic dummies and unembalmed cadaveric specimens. KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Experimental data KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Strategic planning KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191449 AU - Pritz, H B AU - Hassler, C R AU - Weis, E B AU - Battelle Columbus Laboratories AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN IMPACT: BASELINE AND PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS EVALUATION. VOLUME I: SUMMARY PY - 1978/05 SP - 30 p. AB - An experimental study was conducted to investigate the significance of vehicle front design parameters on pedestrian impact dynamics. The specific objectives were to quantify the present pedestrian hazard and then assess the injury reduction potential of a number of selected vehicle configurations. This was accomplished by conducting highly instrumented experimental impacts using adult and 6-year-old child anthropomorphic dummies and unembalmed cadaveric specimens. In all, 80 experimental dummy impacts (36 child and 44 adult) and 11 unembalmed cadaveric impacts were conducted over the speed range from 10 to 30 mph with present production vehicles, candidate injury mitigating concepts, and the first generation Research Safety Vehicles. The results indicate that significant reductions in injury severity can be realized through vehicle front design changes and increased surface compliance. KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Dummies KW - Experimental data KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Strategic planning KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle front end UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190491 AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - BATTERY EXPLOSION TESTS AND LABELING PY - 1978/05 SP - 99 p. AB - The six tasks outlined in the contract were reviewed and analyzed by SAE and resulted in the following: (1) Battery explosion test procedures and a criteria of pass-fail have been developed which are applicable for all lead-acid, automotive batteries. (2) A standard procedure for using battery booster cables to jump start engines has been developed. Field tests proved it was satisfactory for use by persons with no technical knowledge of automobiles. (3) A battery booster cable standard was developed. (4) A warning label for batteries was developed, but is not recommended for use on automotive batteries. It was found that present labeling practices are adequate to warn users of the dangers associated with batteries. (5) Based on extremely limited data, it appears that injuries involving storage batteries occur but rarely. Recent almost universal usage of warning labels, and increased usage of flame arrester devices should achieve a marked reduction in storage battery-related accidents. KW - Automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Electric batteries KW - Explosions KW - Field tests KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Safety KW - Storage batteries KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190523 AU - Bayer, ARJ AU - Lum, R W AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CALIBRATION OF THREE YEAR OLD CHILD DUMMIES PY - 1978/05 SP - 382 p. AB - Tests were performed to develop appropriate calibration procedures to measure the dynamic response of a three-year-old dummy using acceleration measurements. The calibration procedure consisted of four parts: Part I Head Impact tests, Part II Chest Impact tests, Part III Head-Neck-Pendulum tests, and Part IV Lumbar Spine Flexion tests. The data from the Head Impact test, Head-Neck-Pendulum tests and the Lumbar Spine Flexion tests gave repeatable data. The data from the Chest Impacts were inconsistent. KW - Adolescents KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Charts KW - Children KW - Dummies KW - Experimental data KW - Flexing KW - Flexure KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Minors KW - Neck KW - Pendulum tests KW - Safety engineering KW - Spinal column KW - Thorax KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186865 AU - Bayer, ARJ AU - PETERSON, B S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS TESTING. APPENDIX PY - 1978/05 SP - 250 p. AB - Headform impact tests and sled tests were conducted on child restraint systems, designed for use in motor vehicles, to evaluate their safety performance characteristics. KW - Anatomical models KW - Child restraint systems KW - Children KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Graphs KW - Graphs charts KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181328 AU - Ephraim, F G AU - Kahane, C J AU - LAHEIST, W G AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTO REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE - PROGRAM TO REDUCE CONSUMER LOSS PY - 1978/05 SP - 104 p. AB - This is the summary report of a NHTSA Task Force that studied consumer losses in auto repair and maintenance. It contains an analysis of the problem and a description of alternative action programs for reducing losses. The Task force systematically analyzed the repair process and estimated that consumers lose about $20 billion annually due to improper or unnecessary repair and maintenance practices. The losses consist of wasted repair expenditures, wasted fuel, avoidable accidents and pollution, and reduced car life. An initial set of remedy categories was prepared and included: diagnostic inspection, vehicle standards, consumer information on vehicles, and state and local actions (model laws, rating of repair facilities, complaint handling systems, and education). Except for consumer information on vehicles which is being studied separately under Title II of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, the Task Force identified and evaluated 22 potentially effective and feasible remedies involving Federal, state, local or private action. The Task Force defined 12 alternative action programs (packages of one or more of the remedies) with estimated benefits ranging from approximately $1.5 billion to $8.3 billion. KW - Analysis KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Inspection KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Lateral pressure KW - Losses KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repair shops KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180788 AU - Hurter, D A AU - Gott, P G AU - Staley, J AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NEAR TERM WEIGHT REDUCTION POTENTIAL IN A 1977 GENERAL MOTORS B BODY VEHICLE PY - 1978/05 SP - 68 p. AB - The report presents an analysis of the potential for weight reduction through lightweight material and component substitutions in a 1977 General Motors Corporation B body vehicle. The changes were limited to those that appeared producible in the 1980 to 1985 time frame. The first portion of the analysis involved gathering weight data on selected components of a 1975 Chevrolet Impala 4-door sedan and a 1977 Chevrolet Impala 4-door sedan. The second portion of the analysis involved the estimation of the potential weight reductions possible in the 1977 Impala through material and component substitutions. The vehicle's components were broken down into three different but interactive categories: the occupant compartment structure, the suspension/steering/braking system and the drive-train. Materials and component substitutions were conservatively carried out so as not to affect the appearance, safety or acceleration performance of the vehicle. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobile bodies KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Components KW - Industries KW - Lightweight materials KW - Materials KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Suspensions KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle make KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191053 AU - Boyatzis, R E AU - McBer and Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSIS, REFERRAL, AND REHABILITATION OF PERSONS CONVICTED OF DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED. VOLUME I: THE SYSTEM AND A PRELIMINARY FIELD TEST OF THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE PY - 1978/04/15 SP - 142 p. AB - A diagnostic, referral and treatment program was designed for persons convicted of driving while intoxicated. The assessment system measures the individual on an adaptability factor, a sociocultural factor and a severity factor. The assessment leads to identification of change objectives. A structured interview was developed and a preliminary field test was conducted. The results support further investigation of the validity of the interview. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Field tests KW - Motivation KW - Rehabilitation KW - Specialized training KW - Strategic planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25476/DOT-HS-803-771.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181401 AU - Hale, A AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Preusser, D V AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TEST OF THE MODEL ICE CREAM TRUCK ORDINANCE IN DETROIT PY - 1978/04 SP - 109 p. AB - The Model Ice Cream Truck Ordinance (MICTO) is a legal countermeasure designed to prevent child pedestrian accidents from occurring near ice cream trucks. Among other things, the MICTO requires motorists to stop before passing an ice cream truck displaying the special swing arm and flashing lights which must be actuated when the truck is stopped to vend. The MICTO was enacted by the city of Detroit on 12 May 1976 and became fully effective on 10 June 1976. A two year field test of the safety-effectiveness of the MICTO was conducted. Results for 1976 show that radar measured average motorist speed abreast of vending ice cream trucks was reduced from 28.10 mph before the MICTO to 15.65 mph after the MICTO--a 44% reduction. During the 1 July - 31 October 1976 period, vendor-related child pedestrian accidents were reduced from a prior three year average of 19.67 before the MICTO to 9 after the MICTO--a 54% reduction. In 1977 average motorist speed at the truck continued at a reduced level of 15.79 mph. However, vendor related child pedestrian accidents were lowered from a 1973-75 pre-MICTO average of 48.67 to 11 in 1977--a 77% reduction. KW - Adolescents KW - Children KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash rates KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver restriction KW - Field tests KW - Food service KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Michigan KW - Minors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ordinances KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Signal lights KW - Speed KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic surveys KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313104 AU - Pirtle, R AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION STUDIES - STAGED REAR IMPACT COLLISIONS PY - 1978/04 SP - 221 p. AB - The Accident Investigation Division (AID) of the National Center for Statistics and Analysis has been interested for several years in obtaining certain information on various impact modes and vehicle types through staged collisions. The specific data needed has been incomplete or unavailable for the majority of staged collisions. Collisions reported establish data on rear impacts, a mode for which little data is presently available. The information collected includes documentation of trajectory, residual crush, braking and steering forces, and tire marks for each vehicle in each test. KW - Braking KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Fuel systems KW - Impact tests KW - Integrity KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Statistical analysis KW - Steering KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182107 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Department of Energy AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - WORKSHOP ON UNREGULATED DIESEL EMISSIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS - EDITED TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978/04 SP - 685 p. AB - With the advent of the fleet average fuel economy standards for passenger cars and light trucks, the international passenger car and truck manufacturers have sought cost effective means of improving fuel economy. The dieselization of the passenger car and light truck fleets is a singularly important way to improve fuel economy. With the many unknowns concerning unregulated diesel emissions and their potential impact on human health, the responsible government agencies, NHTSA, DOE, and EPA, have taken a cautious attitude regarding a major shift into diesel engines until more is learned. All three agencies have been actively studying the problems of diesel emission measurement, control, dispersion, and chemical transformation and medical effects. This workshop, which had extensive participation from industry, universities, government agencies, and concerned citizens, provided an opportunity to exchange information among experts, policy makers, and interested parties in the areas of: (1) emissions characterization and measurement; (2) control technology; (3) factors affecting human exposure; and (4) health effects. As the proceedings show, there is much to be learned about unregulated diesel emissions. KW - Automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash exposure KW - Diesel engines KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experimental data KW - Exposure KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Government agencies KW - Health KW - Human beings KW - Measurement KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicle engines KW - Physiological aspects KW - Pollutants KW - Tables (Data) KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190973 AU - James, MEJ AU - Ross, HEJ AU - Whittington, C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF ACCIDENT SIMULATION MODEL AND IMPROVEMENT OF NARROW OBJECT ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1978/04 SP - 232 p. AB - The basic objective was to assess the accuracy of the program, Simulation Model of Automobile Collisions (SMAC). This was done by staging three collisions and comparing the SMAC accident reconstructions to the empirical collision data. A second objective was the modification of the SMAC program to improve its accuracy for a narrow rigid object collision. Other objectives included (1) the reconstruction of 15 accidents involving air cushion restraint systems and (2) the incorporation of several modifications to the SMAC program which will increase the utility and applicability of the simulation. The three staged collisions included a 1970 Chevelle impacting a rigid pole, two 1973 Chevelles impacting in a front-to-side T-collision and 2 1973 Chevelles impacting in a front-to-side oblique collision. Each collision was reconstructed using both preimpact and postimpact data to determine the accuracy of the SMAC program. The first staged collision involved a rigid narrow object which required an extensive modification to the original SMAC program. The modified SMAC simulation gave results which correlated exceptionally well with the first collision. The last two collisions were reconstructed using the original SMAC program. Most of the comparison parameters (positions, velocities, accelerations, and damages) from the SMAC reconstruction compared favorably with the results from the staged collision: however, a few did not. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Friction KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190497 AU - DeBartolo, K B AU - Preusser, D F AU - Blomberg, R D AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENFORCEMENT FREQUENCY, SANCTIONS AND COMPLIANCE LEVEL FOR PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PY - 1978/04 SP - 102 p. AB - Parked vehicles can create a visual screen such that oncoming motorists and crossing pedestrians cannot see each other. One proposed safety countermeasure is parking bans for specific times at high risk locations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of enforcement on motorist compliance with such time-phased parking bans. The study utilized the time-phased alternate side parking regulations in New York City. Enforcement varied from no increase above normally occurring enforcement to two additional enforcement visits per day. The results showed that increased enforcement can lead to improved motorist compliance. However, the timing of the additional visits within the period of prohibited parking is critical. The observed effects developed slowly and extinguished slowly. Recommendations are offered for employing and enforcing time-phased parking bans. KW - Enforcement KW - High risk locations KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - New York (State) KW - Parked vehicles KW - Parking KW - Parking facilities KW - Pedestrians KW - Regulations KW - Streets KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186856 AU - SUMMERS, L G AU - HARRIS, D H AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorported AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE GENERAL DETERRENCE OF DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED. VOLUME II. SUBSYSTEM ANALYSES PY - 1978/04 SP - 74 p. AB - A system analysis was completed of the general deterrence of driving while intoxicated (DWI). Detailed descriptions are provided of subsystems which potentially influence the DWI decision--patrol deployment, arrest, adjudication, and public information. Subsystem changes are suggested that are likely to enhance the general deterrence of DWI. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Arrests KW - Crash investigation KW - Deterrents KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Intoxication KW - Law enforcement KW - Law inforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Police patrol KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research management KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186161 AU - Jones, R K AU - Mid-America Research Institute, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SEMINARS IN TRAFFIC CASE ADJUDICATION PY - 1978/04 SP - 27 p. AB - Seminars in traffic case adjudication in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, and Maryland are described, and findings, conclusions, and recommendations are presented. It is concluded that the seminars provided an effective mechanism for top-level traffic law system managers to analyze the operation of that system. Minor modification of the training package and dissemination of the package to regional and state agencies are recommended. KW - Adjudication KW - Alabama KW - Arizona KW - Arkansas KW - Conferences KW - Courts KW - Instructional materials KW - Instructors KW - Local government KW - Manuals KW - Maryland KW - Meetings KW - Problem solving KW - Specialized training KW - State government KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180828 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY CONTRACTORS' COORDINATION MEETING - SUMMARY REPORT OF CONFERENCE HELD IN WASHINGTON, D.C. ON APRIL 24-26, 1978 PY - 1978/04 SP - 956 p. AB - A comprehensive Research and Analysis program is underway to support the fuel economy rulemaking activities. The objectives of this support program are to develop, maintain, and update: (1) the data bases (statistical, technological, engineering, manufacturing, cost, financial, economic, marketing, and other national impacts); and (2) the analytical tools (framework, methodologies, and specific approaches) necessary to evaluate rulemaking and policy formulation activities in the area of automotive energy conservation. This report summarizes the presentations at the Automotive Fuel Economy Research and Analysis Program Contractors' Coordination Meeting. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Energy KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Meetings KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Research projects KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180895 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SUMMARIES. VOLUME 8, NUMBER 1 PY - 1978/04 SP - 496 p. AB - The report contains case summaries of recent in-depth reports sponsored by the Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Teams in a continuing series of publications. Accidents are studied involving vehicles of the last three model years of fatal, injury producing, or property damage severity. The Teams investigate each accident in-depth concerning themselves with each element of the collision (human, vehicle, environment) as it interacts with each phase of the collision (pre-crash, crash, post-crash). The summaries of the accident investigation consist of identification information, basic information on the highway and vehicles involved, a description of the driver and occupants involved (with their injuries), a phase-by-phase description of the sequence of events of the collision, and a list of the causal factors, conclusions and recommendations. A diagram of each collision is also included. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176312 AU - Chamberlain, T W AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. SECOND SERIES - REPORT NO. 3. 1977 CHRYSLER 225 CID (3.7 LITERS), 2V PY - 1978/04 SP - 62 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1977 Chrysler 225-CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine-performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Energy KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pollutants KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176314 AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Stamper, K R AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. FIRST SERIES - REPORT NO. 13. 1975 AMERICAN MOTORS, 258 CID (4.2 LITERS), IV PY - 1978/04 SP - 38 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1975 AMC 258-CID production 1V engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine-performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Energy KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pollutants KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176310 AU - Chamberlain, T W AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. SECOND SERIES - REPORT NO. 1. 1976 CHEVROLET VEGA 140 CID (2.3 LITERS), 2V PY - 1978/04 SP - 62 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1976 Chevrolet Vega 2.3-liter, 140-CID engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine-performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Energy KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pollutants KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176300 AU - Hagerman, M L AU - DeLorean (John Z.) Corporation AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOBILE MARKETING STRATEGIES, PRICING, AND PRODUCT PLANNING PY - 1978/04 SP - 46 p. AB - The objective of the study was to determine the decision-making processes concerning major model year product introductions and alterations in the automotive industry as well as to investigate techniques of price positioning, product and image positioning, and the use of incentives and other promotional tools. The method used was to establish the new models introduced since the last traditional year (1959) in the automotive industry, and to discuss their features and positioning in the market place. It can be concluded that the automotive industry reacts to competition, dealer influences, consumer preference and government regulations. Also each automotive manufacturer reacts differently in comparable situations. KW - Automobiles KW - Competition KW - Consumer protection KW - Decision making KW - Government policies KW - Market surveys KW - Marketing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Prices KW - Product development KW - Publicity KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176311 AU - Chamberlain, T W AU - Koehler, D E AU - Stamper, K R AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. SECOND SERIES - REPORT NO. 2. 1976 CHEVROLET 305 CID (5.0 LITERS), 2V PY - 1978/04 SP - 60 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1976 Chevrolet 305-CID V-8 engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine-performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Energy KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pollutants KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176313 AU - MARSHALL, W F AU - Stamper, K R AU - Department of Energy AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES IN THE UNITED STATES. FIRST SERIES - REPORT NO. 12. 1975 PERKINS DIESEL 247 CID (4.0 LITERS), F. I PY - 1978/04 SP - 36 p. AB - Experimental data were obtained in dynamometer tests of a 1975 Perkins 247-CID diesel engine to determine fuel consumption and emissions (hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen) at steady-state engine-operating modes. The objective of the program is to obtain engine-performance data for estimating emissions and fuel economy for varied engine service and duty. The intent of the work is to provide basic engine characteristic data required as input for engineering calculations involving ground transportation. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile engines KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diesel engines KW - Energy KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pollutants KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395318 AU - Pasternak, L J AU - Hodges, B AU - Replinger, R AU - Boyle, E AU - Alcohol Safety Action Program TI - INFORMATIONAL ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROGRAM CASE MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES MANUAL PY - 1978/03/30 SP - 32 p. AB - This manual is intended to be a training vehicle for Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Program case managers. It outlines the case manager's professional tasks and the competencies required to perform those tasks. Resources for skill improvement are also part of this manual. A supplement to the manual offers criteria necessary for classification so that case managers may better determine the needs of the DUI defendant and to make the initial appropriate referral. Criteria are based upon established research and self-reported information as delineated in each level. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Case studies KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Probation KW - Safety programs KW - Task analysis KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180877 AU - Beddow, B AU - PEIZER, J AU - Carpenter, B AU - DeGoes, J AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE SELECTION MATRIX PY - 1978/03/01 SP - 174 p. AB - The Vehicle Selection Matrix was created as an aid in the selection of motor vehicles Compliance Test Programs. In the accomplishment of this task, a Vehicle Compliance related data base has been established, as well as a generalized Vehicle/Test Selection Matrix Report which yields flexibility and specificity to the research utilization of the data. The system attempts to predict which vehicles are most likely to be in noncompliance given a specific Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard. It is the objective of the Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance, NHTSA, to test those vehicles considered to be candidates for noncompliance or about which there is inadequate compliance information. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Acceptance tests KW - Forecasting KW - Information processing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Requirement KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Selecting KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181954 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Campbell, J D AU - Sayers, M AU - Bunch, H AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED PASSENGER CAR BRAKING PERFORMANCE PY - 1978/03 SP - 30 p. AB - Test conditions were studied as candidates for extending the scope of the stopping distance requirements of FMVSS 105-75, 'Hydraulic Brake Systems.' Conditions of interest included low and split friction surfaces as well as straight-line braking and braking-in-a-turn maneuvers. Two large test programs were conducted and various analytical efforts were applied to the examination of the candidate test conditions and methods. Throughout all of the study activities, only stopping distance performance was taken as the measure for evaluating the utility of the candidate conditions and methods. It was concluded that only the low friction, straight-line braking condition constitutes a viable extension of the stopping requirements of 105-75. It was also found that stopping distances in a turn do not differ significantly from stopping distances measured in straight-line braking. Further, stopping distances on split friction surfaces do not appear generally useful as characterizations of vehicle safety quality. KW - Braking KW - Distance KW - Evaluation KW - Friction KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181990 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Campbell, J D AU - Sayers, M AU - Bunch, H AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPROVED PASSENGER CAR BRAKING PERFORMANCE PY - 1978/03 SP - 125 p. AB - Test conditions were studied as candidates for extending the scope of the stopping distance requirements of FMVSS 105-75, 'Hydraulic Brake Systems.' Conditions of interest included low and split friction surfaces as well as straight-line braking and braking-in-a-turn maneuvers. Two large test programs were conducted and various analytical efforts were applied to the examination of the candidate test conditions and methods. Throughout all of the study activities, only stopping distance performance was taken as the measure for evaluating the utility of the candidate conditions and methods. It was concluded that only the low friction, straight-line braking condition constitutes a viable extension of the stopping requirements of 105-75. It was also found that stopping distances in a turn do not differ significantly from stopping distances measured in straight-line braing. Further, stopping distances on split friction surfaces do not appear generally useful as characterizations of vehicle safety quality. KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Dynamic braking KW - Economic analysis KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety engineering KW - Stopping KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176247 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES - DETAILED REPORTS FROM JUL 1, 1977 TO SEPTEMBER 30, 1977 PY - 1978/03 SP - 766 p. AB - The document contains detailed information regarding defect recall campaigns conducted by domestic and foreign automobile and equipment manufacturers during the third quarter of 1977. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Industries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety KW - Tires KW - Trailers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190910 AU - Booker, N C AU - McLellan, P B AU - Feldstein, I S AU - VERVE AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPING GENERALIZED DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED (DWI) SCHOOL CURRICULA. PHASE I PY - 1978/03 SP - 468 p. AB - The review identifies components and characteristics that are adaptable to the design of future curricula for a wide range of DWI populations. The presence or absence of specific curricular characteristics are readily discerned in the three sets of materials that were developed in this phase. These are: (1) A set of program descriptions: These extracts of full curricula highlight major components to consider in any design effort; (2) Quick-reference matrices: Matrix I qualifies the merit of the curricula; Matrix II compares informational content to instructional techniques; and (3) Teaching Point Outline. A preliminary outline of topics discussed by meritorious curricula. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Instructional materials KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rehabilitation KW - Schools KW - Students KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305752 AU - Nickel, W E AU - Sieracki, G AU - Mueller, G AU - Wood, J AU - Deal, R AU - Deal (Richard L) and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NDR RAPID RESPONSE SYSTEM SUPPORT SERVICES PY - 1978/03 SP - 262 p. AB - The report recommends that the National Driver Register Rapid Response System be implemented using a public packet switched network because of its: high availability, 99%; very short meantime to repair, seconds; simplicity of operation; and moderate costs. This approach provides the government the greatest flexibility during the initial stages of system implementation and growth. A continuing task of the NDR staff should be monitoring the performance composition and cost of the system. At the point at which the design has stabilized and at which the terminal population is adequate a Government-operated system might be implemented. Also presented is an implementation plan depicting the sequencing and dependencies of about sixty major events during the NDR3S system life, Cooperative agreements that must be executed by the federal government and participating States are presented. A privacy and security plan for the NDR3S is also presented. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer networks KW - Costs KW - Data communications KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Federal government KW - Implementation KW - Information processing KW - Licenses KW - National Driver Register KW - Operations KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Systems engineering KW - Telecommunications KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00724849 AU - Bayer, A R AU - Kirkbride, R L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SURVEY OF SEAT BELT LATCHING MECHANISMS USED ON 1971-78 PASSENGER CARS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1978/03 SP - 29 p. AB - Tests were performed to determine the vulnerability of the seat belt latching mechanisms on 1971-78 passenger cars to inadvertent unlatching when impacted on the back side opposite the push button. Of the 225 vehicle seat belt latching mechanisms tested, fifty units opened. KW - Crashes KW - Failure KW - Impact tests KW - Latching mechanisms KW - Seat belts KW - Testing KW - Vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368855 AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - CHANGES IN THE NUMBER AND COST OF MOTOR VEHICLE INJURY VICTIMS IN ONTARIO FOLLOWING THE INTRODUCTION OF SEAT BELT LEGISLATION AND HIGHWAY SPEED LIMIT REDUCTIONS 1975-1976 PY - 1978/03 SP - 56 p. AB - This report of the Monitoring System Committee describes changes in the number of hospitalized motor vehicle injury victims and their respective cost of hospital and medical treatment in Ontario. Comparative statistics are presented for the year 1975, the period before, and the year 1976, the period after the compulsory seat belt legislation and the reduced highway speed limits were introduced. The report is based on information obtained for the 14,859 victims of motor vehicle accidents that occurred in 6 selected counties/districts in Ontario during 1975 and 1976, and the victims were treated in the 16 selected hospitals located in these counties/districts. The 14,859 study victims represents 8.2 percent of all victims of motor vehicle accidents in the Province in 1975 and 1976. KW - Costs KW - Health care KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Medical costs KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Speed limits KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182722 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367091 JO - ATZ - Automobil Technische Zeitschrift PB - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung AU - DANNER, M AU - ANSELM, D AU - Franckhlsche Verlagshandlung TI - SAVING COSTS WITH ENERGY-ABSORBING BUMPERS? PY - 1978/03 VL - 80 IS - 3 SP - p. 123-126 AB - In the course of endeavours to keep repair costs for minor damage as low as possible, energy-absorbing bumpers have been developed. All American automobile models since 1974 must be equipped with such bumpers. Based on the assumed saving in costs by this novelty achieved, American automobile insurers have granted premium rebates of up to 20% on automobile own-damage insurances. So far, however, it has not been possible to revert to detailed analysis investigations in this connection. In Germany automobiles are also equipped with energy-absorbing bumpers. The question has necessarily therefore arisen to which extent German drivers could also be granted a premium rebate on such automobiles. Accordingly extensive tests have been conducted at the Automotive Engineering Division of the Allianz Centre for Technology to clarify this question. KW - Bumpers KW - Crashworthiness KW - Energy absorbing bumpers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Impact tests KW - Insurance KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/181492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181341 AU - Northrop, G M AU - Ball, J T AU - Bancroft, DRE AU - Reidy, JCJ AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION METHODOLOGIES FOR NINE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY STANDARDS: FMVSS 105, 108, 122, 202, 207, 213, 220, 221, 222 PY - 1978/03 SP - 202 p. AB - This is one of two studies to develop methodologies for evaluating a total of nine Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards: Hydraulic brake systems in passenger cars, Side marker lamps and high intensity headlamps, Motorcycle brake systems, Head restraints, Seating systems, Child seating systems, School bus rollover protection, School bus body joint strength, and School bus seating and crash protection. This report provides a summary and overview of the sixteen preceding reports, and an integration of the individual approaches for evaluating each Standard as presented in the earlier reports. The report includes conclusions and recommendations, and it briefly reviews the nine Standards, and the approaches to evaluating the Standards. It discusses the statistical analyses of accident data, field and mail surveys, and laboratory testing which comprise the methodologies for evaluating the effectiveness of each Standard, and presents Work Plans with clearly-defined decision points between various tasks in each evaluation program. The evaluation programs may require from three to six years to complete. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Brakes KW - Buses KW - Evaluation KW - Headlamps KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses KW - Seats KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305791 AU - Wolf, R J AU - Kaman Science Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A NON CONTACT DISPLACEMENT GAGE FOR MEASUREMENT OF ANTHROPOMORPHIC DUMMY CHEST DEFLECTION PY - 1978/03 SP - 34 p. AB - A noncontact Eddy Current Anthropomorphic Dummy Chest Deflection Gage developed under contract DOT-HS-7-01550 underwent a test and evaluation at NHTSA Safety Research Laboratory, Riverdale, Maryland. The test series involved static calibration of the gage and dummy chest cavity. It was then subjected to a series of high and low level pendulum drop tests simulating the FMVSS 208 Standard. A sled test series was utilized to compare seat belt loading and corresponding chest deflection for simulated 30 mph barrier impacts. KW - Anatomical models KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Deflection KW - Dummies KW - Eddy current tests KW - Eddy currents KW - Impact tests KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Research KW - Standards KW - Tests KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304656 AU - Ulmer, R G AU - Rhode Island Administrative Adjudication Division AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE OF RHODE ISLAND SPECIAL ADJUDICATION FOR ENFORCEMENT (SAFE). VOLUME II: EVALUATION OF DRIVER RETRAINING SCHOOLS PY - 1978/03 SP - 41 p. AB - As a part of the administrative adjudication of traffic violations in the State of Rhode Island, two types of driver retraining programs were conducted for motorists who had charges sustained at hearings and were referred for retraining by the Hearing Commissioners. There were: (1) a General Education Session consisting of a single two-hour didactic presentation and (2) the Defensive Driving Course developed by the National Safety Council. Evaluation of the courses showed that both produced measurable increases in knowledge among the students. On the other hand, examination of the subsequent driving records of those assigned to the courses and a group of drivers assigned at random to untreated control groups, failed to yield any evidence that the courses were effective in reducing traffic violations and accidents. KW - Before and after studies KW - Driver records KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Evaluation KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Recidivism KW - Rhode Island KW - Specialized training KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic violators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304657 AU - Ulmer, R G AU - Rhode Island Administrative Adjudication Division AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE OF RHODE ISLAND SPECIAL ADJUDICATION FOR ENFORCEMENT (SAFE). VOLUME III: ANALYSIS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE ADJUDICATION OF TRAFFIC OFFENSES PY - 1978/03 SP - 107 p. AB - The Special Adjudication for Enforcement (SAFE) demonstration in Rhode Island concluded its second operational year on June 30, 1977. The report contains an analysis of the administrative adjudication of traffic offenses during the SAFE demonstration period. Included are evaluations of the pay-by-mail and hearing processes, a description of the data system that supports the operation, a cost analysis, and a discussion of the effects of administrative adjudication on the courts and police departments in the state. KW - Adjudication KW - Administration KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Courts KW - Data systems KW - Drivers KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Law enforcement KW - Payment KW - Penalties KW - Police KW - Postal service KW - Recidivism KW - Rhode Island KW - State government KW - Traffic courts KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182027 AU - Jones, M H AU - Chesapeake College AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DRIVER PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR THE SAFE PERFORMANCE CURRICULUM PY - 1978/03 SP - 228 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to develop a reliable measure of driving performance that could serve as an intermediate criterion for high school driver education curricula and to develop a test of perceptual skills that could predict perceptual skills in driving. A Driving Performance Test was developed which requires 30 minutes, both a driving instructor and a trained coder, and a standard route where traffic meets specifications. Inter-rater agreement is good and the reliability of the test is very high. The test is capable of revealing both curricular and individual deficiencies. Data were obtained from more than 350 drivers in five age groups and significant age-experience effects were found. The use of the test in studying deficiencies of elderly drivers is recommended. A second comparison of nearly 100 additional drivers found no differences in stability of performance between experienced and novice drivers when two runs were made within one and a half hours. Driver Education students are inferior to mature, experienced drivers on most performance variables, but superior in a few variables that are emphasized in Driver Education. KW - Abilities KW - Age KW - Criteria KW - Curricula KW - Drainage KW - Driver age KW - Driver performance KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Highway transportation KW - Licenses KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Reliability KW - Road tests KW - Students KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182099 AU - O'Day, J AU - Kaplan, R AU - Compton, M AU - Ruschmann, P AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DATA SOURCES TO SUPPORT THE NHTSA DEFECTS INVESTIGATION SYSTEM PY - 1978/03 SP - 138 p. AB - The present sources of information used by the Office of Defects Information at NHTSA are reviewed, and consideration is given to new sources as well as enhancement of some of the present ones. New sources of information studied include the NHTSA Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS), court records, fire department records, a newspaper clipping service, and in-depth accident investigation reports. Analytical methods for processing both the present ODI files, and for the suggested new data sources, are presented. The accuracy and completeness of the data from the several sources are discussed, and an inventory model of the defect identification and recall process is presented. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Defects KW - Fatalities KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Fire departments KW - Identification systems KW - Identifying KW - Information processing KW - Mass media KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Studies KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181958 AU - Koth, B W AU - McCunney, W D AU - Duerk, C P AU - Janoff, M S AU - Freedman, M AU - Franklin Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE FOG LIGHTING: AN ANALYTICAL EVALUATION PY - 1978/03 SP - 252 p. AB - This report documents analytical research to determine optimum vehicle lighting parameters for effectiveness in fog. An extensive literature review was conducted, with a major output the definition of Fog Driving Scenarios that characterize conditions associated with driver problems in fog. A computer simulation of nighttime and daytime fog visibility was developed to assess front- and rear-facing vehicle lamp design and mounting. Results of the computer simulation showed that (1) Front fog lamps enhance positional comfort-related visual cues more so than situational safety-related visual cues, (2) Rear lamps provided the greatest potential for visibility enhancement in fog, (3) Daytime fog is not amenable to visibility improvement, (4) The optimum vehicle lighting system for nighttime fog consists of front fog lamps, low-beam headlamps, and relatively high-intensity supplemental rear fog lamps. Results are interpreted against visibility criteria for safe driving speed. Detailed recommendations for optimum parametric lamp design and mounting variables are presented. KW - Attenuation KW - Effectiveness KW - Fog KW - Headlamps KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Light KW - Light visible radiation KW - Lighting systems KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Night visibility KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Reviews KW - Safety engineering KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation KW - Transportation lighting KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181926 AU - Philipson, L L AU - Rashti, P AU - Fleischer, G A AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE ACCIDENT FACTORS. VOLUME I, PART I PY - 1978/03 SP - 56 p. AB - The report presents the results of a study of commercial vehicle accident statistics, with the objectives of establishing and evaluating appropriate data base development procedures and statistical analysis techniques, and of deriving inferences about accident causation and the potential of possible countermeasures. Special aspects of the study are the estimation and introduction into the causation analysis of (a) the exposure of commercial vehicles to accidents, and (b) surrogates for accident economic costs. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Accident costs KW - Analysis KW - Brakes KW - California KW - Commercial transportation KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Failure KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190498 AU - Moretti, A C AU - Ulmer, R G AU - Rhode Island Administrative Adjudication Division AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATE OF RHODE ISLAND SPECIAL ADJUDICATION FOR ENFORCEMENT (SAFE) PY - 1978/03 SP - 18 p. AB - The document is a technical summary of the final report on Rhode Island's Special Adjudication for Enforcement (SAFE) demonstration project. The project concluded its second operational year on June 30, 1977 and the Administrative Adjudication Division continued as a permanent state agency after that date. During the two demonstration years, the project disposed of 137,316 traffic summonses, with 100,036 summonses paid by mail and 37,280 summonses adjudicated at administrative hearings. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Administrative support KW - Demonstration projects KW - Enforcement KW - Hearings KW - Highway traffic KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Payment KW - Postal service KW - Rhode Island KW - State government KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190511 AU - ROMEO, D J AU - Calspan Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FRONT PASSENGER ASPIRATOR AIR BAG SYSTEM FOR SMALL CARS. PHASE II EVALUATION PY - 1978/03 SP - 160 p. AB - Development and evaluation of an aspirator air bag has been completed at Calspan Corporation. The aspirator air bag was developed through computer simulations and sled tests, Phase I, and was evaluated through additional sled tests and in a 41.6 mph crash of a standard Volvo into a flat barrier. This report reviews the Phase I development of the aspirator system and presents results of the Phase II sled tests and the car crash. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Bags KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Reliability KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety equipment KW - Simulation KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186858 AU - Negri, D B AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENTS INVOLVING HANDICAPPED DRIVERS PY - 1978/03 SP - 101 p. AB - The report compares accidents involving handicapped drivers with accidents involving non-handicapped drivers. Two groups of drivers have been selected for comparison in this study. The Study group is composed of handicapped drivers who require "Full Hand Controls" because of a disability of both feet, legs, or parts of legs missing or unable to function, and the Control group, composed of randomly selected non-handicapped drivers from the New York State Master Driver License File. The analysis is primarily statistical in nature and the findings are examined for statistical significance. These findings are intended to help to identify and highlight areas which may warrant action on the part of motor vehicle administrators. The data indicate that the handicapped driver group has a higher accident rate than other drivers. Also, it was demonstrated that the accidents involving the Study group differed significantly from those involving other drivers in respect to other accident variables such as weather condition, accident type, and manner and location of collision. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Human characteristics KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Research KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186224 AU - Johnson, J E AU - Hugg, S B AU - Schroeder, E C AU - Thomas, R E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER VEHICLE TIRE INSPECTION EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978/03 SP - 100 p. AB - Nondestructive tire testing techniques have been developed and the resultant technology enhancement has been incorporated into a prototype machine capable of performing on-vehicle tests of passenger vehicle tires with respect to three parameters: carcass integrity, inflation pressure, and tread depth. KW - Automation KW - Checkout equipment KW - Inspection KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Test facilities KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Vibration tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186184 AU - Johnson, J E AU - Hugg, S B AU - Schroeder, E C AU - Thomas, R E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSENGER VEHICLE TIRE INSPECTION EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1978/03 SP - 25 p. AB - Nondestructive tire testing techniques have been developed and the resultant technology enhancement has been incorporated into a prototype machine capable of performing on-vehicle tests of passenger vehicle tires with respect to three parameters: carcass integrity, inflation pressure, and tread depth. Carcass integrity determinations are made by exciting the tire with a random forcing function (bandwidth 100-400 Hz) and measuring the sidewall response as the tire rotates between displacement transducers. The random noise concept is shown to be superior to using a sinusoidal forcing function at a particular frequency. A temperature and pressure compensating inflation pressure control device has been developed. The device consists of an instrumented chuck and a control system capable of calculating the equivalent tire pressure at 72F, comparing it to a preset value, and adjusting the tire pressure as necessary to the set cold pressure point. A passover tread depth device has been produced. The device is basically a feeler gage, with 400 probes over a 10-inch distance which extend to engage the tire as it passes over the head plate. The travel of the probe results in a change in capacitance, and a processing circuit calculates a tread profile for each tire. These elements were incorporated into a prototype inspection machine intended for use in an automated vehicle inspection facility. KW - Automation KW - Checkout equipment KW - Inflation KW - Inspection KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pressure KW - Temperature KW - Test facilities KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Transducers KW - Vibration tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00184574 AU - Ervin, R D AU - Campbell, J D AU - Sayers, M AU - Bunch, H M AU - Highway Safety Research Institute TI - IMPROVED PASSENGER CAR BRAKING PERFORMANCE PY - 1978/03 SP - n.p. AB - Test conditions were studied as candidates for extending the scope of the stopping distance requirements of FMVSS 105-75, "Hydraulic Brake Systems." Conditions of interest included low and split friction surfaces as well as straight-line braking and braking-in-a-turn maneuvers. Two large test programs were conducted and various analytical efforts were applied to the examination of the candidate test conditions and methods. Throughout all of the study activities, only stopping distance performance was taken as the measure for evaluating the utility of the candidate conditions and methods. It was concluded that only the low friction, straight-line braking condition constitute a viable extension of the stopping requirements of 105-75. It was also found that stopping distances in a turn do not differ significantly from stopping distances measured in straight-line braking. Further, stopping distances on split friction surfaces do not appear generally useful as characterizations of vehicle safety quality. /UMTA/ KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Friction brakes KW - Friction braking KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Stopping distances UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180792 AU - Rubenstein, A H AU - Ettlie, J E AU - Rubenstein (A.H.) and Associates AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FEDERAL STIMULI TO DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY BY SUPPLIERS TO AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS. AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS PY - 1978/03 SP - 77 p. AB - The role of suppliers to the auto industry in promoting innovation is explored. Thirty-two innovations are investigated, and information on their success/failure, area of impact, and key decision points is generated. Based on this data base, barriers and facilitators of the innovation process are identified. The most frequently mentioned barriers to innovation are: federal regulations, cost, technical reliability, market demand, and vehicle integrity impact. Identified as common facilitators are: federal laws, the incentive of solving a persistent problem, recognition of market potential, direct government R&D, and the technological capability of suppliers. KW - Automobile industry KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Development KW - Economics KW - Expenditures KW - Federal government KW - Government policies KW - Incentives KW - Innovation KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176309 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CRASHWORTHINESS OF MOTOR VEHICLES. A SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM HIGHWAY SAFETY LITERATURE PY - 1978/03 SP - 211 p. AB - The bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) as related to the crashworthiness of motor vehicles. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a kew-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design standards KW - Human factors engineering KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176246 AU - Horton, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FLEET FUEL CONSUMPTION MODEL: FUEL.FOR PY - 1978/03 SP - 56 p. AB - The computer model described in this report is a tool for determining the fuel conservation benefits arising from various hypothetical schedules of new car fuel economy standards. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Economics KW - Energy KW - Energy conservation KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Operating costs KW - Savings KW - Scheduling KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180781 AU - McPherson, K AU - McKnight, A J AU - Knipper, A AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN-TRAFFIC TEST FOR MOTORCYCLIST PY - 1978/02/03 SP - 261 p. AB - The report describes the development and preliminary evaluation of a set of in-traffic test procedures for motorcycle operators. The content of the In-Traffic Test was obtained by selecting from the Motorcycle Task Analysis those behaviors that were both critical to safety and potentially capable of being assessed in the highway traffic environment. Various approaches to in-traffic performance measurement were tried out and evaluated. The test that emerged from these design activities consists of 21 highway and traffic situations calling for behavior in the following categories: Observation, Signaling, Longitudinal Positioning, Lateral Positioning, and Gap Selection. It was administered by regular license examiners in the state of Tennessee with the following results: Examiner Reliability - .6; Sampling (Test-Retest) Reliability - .62; Correlation with Experts Ratings - .6; Correlation with Motorcycle Operator Skill Test - .5. KW - Behavior KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors engineering KW - Licenses KW - Motor skills KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Observation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Signals KW - State government KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01409749 AU - Tarrants, W E AU - Veigel, C H AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - The evaluation of highway traffic safety programs: a manual for managers PY - 1978/02 IS - DOT HS 802 525 SP - 263p KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Management KW - Management KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Road safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1177545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181398 AU - Miller, J P AU - Johnson (Lawrence) and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EXEMPLARY PROGRAMS INVOLVING THE USE OF SCHOOL BUSES PY - 1978/02 SP - 145 p. AB - The operation of safe pupil transportation programs is the subject of the present investigation. The objective of this project was to identify and describe in a report exemplary activities involving the use of school buses. This final report is the result of an in-depth field study of pupil transportation safety programs in twelve (12) jurisdictions. The report includes forty-three (43) detailed descriptions of exemplary activities involving the use of school buses. The exemplary nature of an activity is based on the criteria of safety/efficiency, innovation and replicability. Exemplary activities which enhance the character and quality of pupil transportation safety programs appear in ten categories: driver training, field trips, pupil instruction, special education, public relations, maintenance, record-keeping, community services, safety techniques and administration. This report is a resource for current information on pupil transportation safety programs and the innovative use of school buses, and will be useful to state and local administrators of pupil transportation departments across the country. As a resource, the report will encourage states and communities to improve in all areas attendant to the operation of a safe pupil transportation program. KW - Buses KW - Child safety KW - Children KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Highway transportation KW - Local government KW - Maintenance KW - Prevention KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Public relations KW - Safety KW - School buses KW - School children KW - Specialized training KW - Students KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186163 AU - Malone, T B AU - Kirkpatrick, M AU - Kohl, J S AU - BAKER, C AU - Essex Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FIELD TEST EVALUATION OF REAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS PY - 1978/02 SP - 57 p. AB - The objective of this study was to establish the effectiveness of different rear lighting and signalling systems in reducing rear-end collisions. The most significant finding of the study was that the taxicabs equipped with a single center, high-mounted stoplight had less than half the rear-end collisions experienced by a control group consisting of cabs having manufacturer's configurations of taillights. This reduction was achieved whether measured in terms of absolute number or frequency of accidents or in terms of accident rate per million vehicle miles. In addition, the effectiveness of the single light configuration increased during nighttime operation and also under conditions where there was almost complete certainty that the stoplights were illuminated just prior to or at the time of impact. Finally, the mean cost to repair cabs with this rear lighting system was lowest, by an order of magnitude, among the systems tested, indicating that these accidents were less severe than accidents involving other stoplight configurations. KW - Accident costs KW - Automobiles KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Facilities KW - Field tests KW - Installation KW - Lighting equipment KW - Luminaires KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Performance tests KW - Rear end crashes KW - Rear lighting KW - Rear lights KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181927 AU - Fleischer, G A AU - Philipson, L L AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLE ACCIDENT FACTORS. VOLUME II: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1978/02 SP - 403 p. AB - Procedures for conducting statistical analyses of commercial vehicle accidents have been established. A file of some 3,000 California Highway Patrol accident reports from two areas of California during a period of about one year in 1975-76 provides the data base. While necessarily limited in scope, certain initial accident causation and countermeasure implications were established from the analyses. These related to multi-unit jackknife and brakes-related accidents and accident severity. Finally, the effect of considering economic costs of accidents instead of only the frequency of their occurrence was briefly investigated. KW - Accident costs KW - Analysis KW - Brakes KW - California KW - Commercial transportation KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Failure KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190501 AU - Allen, R W AU - Schwartz, S H AU - Hogge, J R AU - Stein, A C AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE DRIVER'S DECISION-MAKING BEHAVIOR. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978/02 SP - 159 p. AB - The report describes two experiments designed to investigate the effects of alcohol on driver decision making as opposed to driver control capability. The first experiment consisted of a laboratory study involving a complex, interactive driver simulator. The second study was a field validation experiment employing an instrumented car and interactive test course which duplicated many of driving simulator tasks and conditions. The purpose of the research was to determine whether alcohol affects the driver's willingness to accept risk, or whether alcohol merely deteriorates his perceptual and psychomotor properties, leading to unavoidable increases in risk taking that cannot be compensated for. The results of the two experiments were quite consistent. Risk taking increased in a dose response relationship with BAC (blood alcohol concentration) as measured by increased accidents and traffic tickets, and the accident results are consistent with real world epidemiological data. Decision making analysis indicated that the increased risk taking was caused by degraded perceptual and psychomotor capabilities, not increased acceptance of risk. KW - Abilities KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Decision making KW - Driver control response function KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Epidemiology KW - Field tests KW - Hazards KW - Laboratory studies KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor skills KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Perception KW - Performance tests KW - Psychological tests KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Psychomotor tests KW - Risk assessment KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training simulators KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190525 AU - Wolf, R J AU - Kaman Science Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SOLID STATE DIGITAL DATA RECORDER FOR MONITORING AUTOMOTIVE CRASH ENVIRONMENTS PY - 1978/02 SP - 73 p. AB - A solid state digital data recorder has been developed for use in monitoring automotive impact environments. The recorder was designed to be a general purpose, on board data acquisition system. Each recorder channel has its own sensor preamplifier, analog to digital converter, 4096 x 8 bit random access memory, and digital to analog converter. The functions of reading and storing data by the recorder channels are determined by a single, common control module. A nine channel system was evaluated via a pneumatic shock machine, vibration testing on a shaker, 30 mph sled simulated vehicle-barrier impacts, and 30 mph vehicle barrier impacts. KW - Analog to digital converters KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data recorders KW - Digital computers KW - Digital recording KW - Digital systems KW - Digital to analog converters KW - Impact tests KW - Monitoring KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Random access computer storage KW - Random access memory KW - Recording KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190502 AU - Allen, R W AU - Schwartz, S H AU - Hogge, J R AU - Stein, A C AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE DRIVER'S DECISION-MAKING BEHAVIOR. VOLUME II. APPENDICES PY - 1978/02 SP - 96 p. AB - This document is Volume II of a two-volume report. It provides supporting information on equipment setup, decision theory, rationale for reward/penalty structures, experimental procedures, and detailed statistical analyses to indicate the reliability of the experimental data. KW - Abilities KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Decision making KW - Driver control response function KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Field tests KW - Hazards KW - Maneuverability KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Perception KW - Performance tests KW - Psychological tests KW - Psychomotor tests KW - Risk assessment KW - Simulation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181343 AU - Sweeton, E R AU - Northrop, G M AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FMVSS 220-SCHOOL BUS ROLLOVER PROTECTION, FMVSS 221-SCHOOL BUS BODY JOINT STRENGTH, FMVSS 222-SCHOOL BUS SEATING AND CRASH PROTECTION PY - 1978/02 SP - 71 p. AB - This report covers the final design and implementation plan for evaluating the effectiveness of FMVSS 220 (School Bus Rollover Protection), FMVSS 221 (School Bus Body Joint Strength), and FMVSS 222 (School Bus Seating and Crash Protection). The plan for the evaluation study considers measurability criteria, alternative statistical and laboratory techniques, data availability/collectability, resource requirements, work schedule, and other factors. The objective of all three standards is to reduce the frequency and severity of injury in school bus accidents. FMVSS 220 and 221 establish requirements for the structural integrity of the bus, while FMVSS 222 relates to the bus interior. The effective date of the three Standards is April 1, 1977. At present, there is little detailed data on school bus accidents, making it difficult to evaluate Pre-and Post-Standard effectiveness. New data will be required from detailed accident investigation teams such as MDAI and NASS. Also school buses are manufactured at a relatively low rate (about 30,000/year) and it will take several years to accumulate sufficient accident data on Post-Standard vehicles. The plan described herein takes two general approaches: (1) statistical analysis of available and future detailed accident data; and (2) acquistion of new test and field data. To carry out these approaches, methodologies for five evaluation programs are presented herein. Two effectiveness evaluation programs involve straight-forward processing of existing data and more detailed data which will be forthcoming. Two others call for acquiring laboratory and field data. The program for determining cost of the Standards requires obtaining data from the manufacturers. It is estimated that the entire program would take about three years to complete at a cost of about $1,268,000. KW - Buses KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Protection KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - School buses KW - Seats KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180786 AU - Bowers, L AU - Wallingford, J G AU - EG and G Automotive Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT RESISTANCE OF NON-FERROUS PASSENGER CAR WHEELS PY - 1978/02 SP - 48 p. AB - The purpose of the test was to conduct a series of impact tests on both ferrous and non-ferrous wheels using the proposed procedure ISO/TC22/SC19/WG3-N15 in order that the nature and extent of failures can be compared, the significance of material strength and ductility can be assessed, and the adaptability to a Federal Standard can be determined. EG&G-AR designed and fabricated the test machine, procured and tested eighteen aluminum and twelve steel wheels. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobiles KW - Ductility KW - Failure KW - Impact tests KW - Iron alloys KW - Nonferrous castings KW - Safety engineering KW - Steel KW - Strength of materials KW - Test facilities KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175557 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PASSIVE RESTRAINTS. A SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM HIGHWAY SAFETY LITERATURE PY - 1978/02 SP - 237 p. AB - The bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) concerning air bag and passive restraint systems in motor vehicles. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Bags KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Human factors engineering KW - Inflatable structures KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175556 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VISION AND VISIBILITY IN HIGHWAY DRIVING. A SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM HIGHWAY SAFETY LITERATURE PY - 1978/02 SP - 254 p. AB - The bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) concerning driver vision and visibility in highway driving. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Field of vision KW - Fog KW - Glare KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors engineering KW - Lighting systems KW - Mirrors KW - Night vision KW - Research KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Transportation lighting KW - Vigilance KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Visual acuity KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175499 AU - Planning and Human Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A STANDARDIZED VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER PY - 1978/02 SP - 106 p. AB - Information was developed for use by NHTSA to decide the most advisable characteristics of a standardized vehicle numbering (VIN) system. Discussed are: (a) A systems analysis of users: creation, use, transmission, needs, and problems; (b) literature reviews on alphanumeric codes and on character legibility; (c) an experiment on selected codes; and (d) cost-benefit issues. Most errors in VIN transmission relate to lack of standardization in the VIN, lack of standardized training materials for all users, insufficiency of verification processes, and poor physical characteristics of VIN plates and imprints. VIN users are categorized as Operational, Analytical, or Monitoring; each has different needs. Users were asked to state the essential data they require in the VIN and also to indicate secondary or discretionary data. Essential shared needs were for (a) access to large and complete data files containing unique information through the WMI (World Manufacturer) 3 characters, and the VIS (production year + individual vehicle sequence number) 1 + 7 = 8 characters: (b) ability to verify vehicles by looking at them (through make + body type) 1 + 1 = 2 characters; and (c) contingency fields for temporary data 2 characters. Thus, the total requirement is for 3 + 8 + 2 + 2 = 15 characters. KW - Alphabets KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Identification systems KW - Identifying KW - Identifying number KW - Industries KW - Legibility KW - Lettering KW - Marking KW - Motor vehicles KW - Numbers KW - Perception KW - Recognition KW - Standardization KW - Symbols KW - Systems analysis KW - User characteristics KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082962 AU - Wolfe, Arthur C AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Annotated Bibliography on Highway Travel Exposure Research Methods PY - 1978/01//Interim Report SP - 48p AB - This report contains 87 entries relating to issues, methods, and results of research concerned with the measurement of highway travel exposure to the risk of accident, many focusing specifically on the measurement of vehicle miles traveled as the denominator in the calculation of accident rates for different categories of driver, vehicle, and environmental characteristics. Included are studies which make use of existing public record data; studies which obtain data by roadside counting, roadside observation, and roadside interview; and studies which obtain data by home and licensing-office interviews and questionnaires (using in-person, telephone, and mail techniques). KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Highway travel KW - Methodology KW - Research KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travelers KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25482/DOT-HS-803-295.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082959 AU - Burgess, Bruce AU - Burden, Dan AU - Bikecentennial AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Bicycle Safety Highway Users Information Report PY - 1978/01 SP - 151p AB - This report presents a comprehensive picture of the type and frequency of bicycling accidents common to adult bicyclists using America's streets and highways. The estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 bicycle accidents that occur on our roadways each year have never been fully understood. Much of the data is elusive. This report attempts to "crack" at least a part of that wall, developing accident frequencies by type, offering profiles of accident versus non-accident riders, listing primary and secondary accident causes, and showing the interrelationship between cyclist behavior, motorist influence, roadway conditions, and bicycling accidents. This detection is made possible as a result of the operation of the Bikecentennial event, a well-documented, summer-long inauguration of a bicycle route across the United States. During the summer of 1976, 4,065 cyclists, who rode 10.4 million miles through 10 states on all types of roadways, served as a source of detailed information on riding habits, highway conditions, and accident experiences. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Behavior KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycles KW - Bicycling KW - Bikeways KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Cyclists KW - Road condition KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25481/DOT-HS-803-206.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169282 AU - EWING, C L AU - Thomas, D J AU - Lustick, L AU - Willems, G C AU - Muzzy, W H AU - Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF HUMAN AND PRIMATE HEAD AND NECK TO +GY IMPACT ACCELERATION PY - 1978/01 SP - 758 p. AB - The report presents the first study of human and chimpanzee response to lateral (+Gy) impact acceleration with three dimensional inertial instrumentation of the head and of the first thoracic vertebral (T1) body. Thirty-four human experiments using six volunteers are reported. The experiments ranged from 2 G to 7.5G peak sled acceleration. Twelve chimpanzee experiments with head and T1 measurement systems identical to those used on human subjects were conducted, and ranged from 6 G to 20 G peak sled acceleration. The data for all experiments are presented. The human lateral response is considerably different from the -Gx response previously reported. There are also major differences between human and chimpanzee response. The implications of the data for modeling and the validation of such models are discussed. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Acceleration stresses physiology KW - Acceleration tolerance KW - Bioengineering KW - Chimpanzees KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Equipment KW - Experimental data KW - Graphs KW - Graphs charts KW - Head KW - Human beings KW - Impact acceleration KW - Laboratory animals KW - Mathematical models KW - Neck KW - Physiological aspects KW - Procedures KW - Set forward force KW - Stress (Physiology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186206 AU - Grove, H W AU - Volkswagenwerk AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ENGINEERING MODEL OF FUTURE MOTOR VEHICLES. VOLUME II. DATA BOOK PY - 1978/01 SP - 62 p. AB - The Engineering Model of Future Motor Vehicles, previously reported in February 1977 in DOT-HS-802209 provided the safety engineer with a computerized data base including passenger car information such as configuration, geometric, weight, performance, and registration data with a program for statistical analysis and retrieval of the data in various formats including time series trends. This report gives a brief introduction to the program system and the contents of the data base as updated January 1978 (see also 'Final Report'). This 'Data Book' is intended to be a handy reference guide for the user to operate the program at the terminal. KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programming KW - Databases KW - Geometric mean KW - Needs assessment KW - Safety engineering KW - Specifications KW - User needs KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77848 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00394073 JO - JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION AU - Buchanan, L S AU - Dunn, L W AU - California Association for Safety Education TI - PROGRESS IN MOTORCYCLE SAFETY EDUCATION PY - 1978/01 SP - p. 8 AB - Substantial changes occurred during the 1970's in attitudes toward providing motorcycle safety education and training as part of the high school driver education program. These changes came about as motorcycles were assimilated into the range of what society views as acceptable alternative transportation modes. Substantial growth occurred also in the use of mopeds as economical alternatives to automobiles. An estimated 300,000 mopeds are in use, and sales during 1977 exceeded 150,000. Most states use matching funds available through the Department of Transportation under the Highway Safety Act of 1966 to develop motorcycle safety education and training materials and to implement instructional programs. Three states (Maine, Minnesota, and New Mexico) require the completion of an approved training program as a prerequisite for obtaining a motorcycle operator's license under age 18. Much of the growth in motorcycle safety education has resulted from work done by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation which sponsors or conducts teacher preparation courses in more than 60 colleges and universities each year. Critics of motorcycle safety education note that no studies have been conducted to prove the crash reduction effectiveness of educational programs. Accident investigation data, however, clearly show that many motorcycle and moped riders involved in crashes do not have the needed basic skills and knowledge to ride safely in traffic. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) believes that motorcycle safety education emphasizing defensive driving tactics can have an impact on motorcycle crash involvement. NHTSA is working to develop effective educational materials and programs and is looking beyond educational needs of novice motorcyclists to define advanced rider skills and knowledge. The impact of motorcycle safety education and training should not be overestimated; travel by motorcycle is still riskier than travel by automobile. KW - Driver education KW - Driver training KW - Motorcyclists KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368824 AU - Pang, H C AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - ONTARIO EXPRESSWAY SEAT BELT STUDY PY - 1978/01 SP - 8 p. AB - This project was initiated to provide a current and representative measure of seat belt use on expressways in Ontario. An observational survey method was used at 42 sites on different segments of Ontario expressways. A total of 2300 drivers were observed between May 2 to May 10, 1977. The average seat belt use rate on Ontario expressways in May 1977 was 47.5% There were variations between regions ranging from 53.0% in Metropolitan Toronto to 42.7% in the Western Region. Essentially, the results of this study are in agreement with the December 1976 figures (44%) obtained at Service Centre sites; however, they are far below the March 1976 usage rate of 76%. KW - Data collection KW - Expressways KW - Laws KW - Manual safety belts KW - Sampling KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191403 AU - Jones, R K AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY 1978: A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE (SUMMARY VOLUME) PY - 1978/01 SP - 123 p. AB - The report (in two volumes) summarizes the results of a comprehensive review and analysis of the problem of alcohol and highway crashes in the United States. Both the nature of the alcohol-crash problem and societal responses to that problem are treated. Epidemiologic studies, experimental studies, and countermeasure po-economic, travel, and attitudinal characteristics of two types of users, express bus passengers and non-urograms are examined in the review. The short-term future of the alcohol-crash problem is projected and conclusions and recommendations relative to future research and action programs are developed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors engineering KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Research management KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25475/DOT-HS-805-172.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25491/DOT-HS-803-764.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190981 AU - Jones, R K AU - JOSCELYN, K B AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ALCOHOL AND HIGHWAY SAFETY 1978: A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE PY - 1978/01 SP - 221 p. AB - The primary objectives of this report are (1) to review, evaluate, and summarize existing knowledge about alcohol and highway safety in the United States, and (2) to identify priorities for research to help remedy or alleviate that problem. Both the nature of the alcohol-crash problem and societal responses to that problem are treated. Epidemiologic studies, experimental studies, and countermeasure programs are examined in the review. The short-term future of the alcohol-crash problem is projected and conclusions and recommendations relative to future research and action programs are developed. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Alcoholism KW - Behavior KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Epidemiology KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors engineering KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Research management KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25490/DOT-HS-803-714.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186855 AU - SUMMERS, L G AU - HARRIS, D H AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorported AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE GENERAL DETERRENCE OF DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED. VOLUME I. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND COMPUTER-BASED SIMULATION PY - 1978/01 SP - 140 p. AB - A system analysis was completed of the general deterrence of driving while intoxicated (DWI). Elements which influence DWI decisions were identified and interrelated in a system model; then, potential countermeasures which might be employed in DWI general deterrence programs were examined by means of a computer-based simulation based on the model. The simulation program, DETER, employed fixed-time step simulation in which the processing of events, within a time step, was based on an expected value Poisson flow model. Simulation experiments assessed the sensitivity of system parameters and evaluated alternative countermeasure approaches. Two types of results are presented: those which specified the nature of general DWI deterrence and the relative potential of alternative countermeasures; and those which identified gaps in existing knowledge and suggested the need and direction for further research. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Deterrents KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Education KW - Intoxication KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Poisson distributions KW - Poissons distribution KW - Prevention KW - Publicity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research management KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180787 AU - Stowell, C AU - Bryant, J AU - Kirschner Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELT USAGE: SURVEY OF THE TRAFFIC POPULATION PY - 1978/01 SP - 84 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to assess safety belt usage in cars manufactured between 1964 and 1977 and to examine usage as a function of type of car, driver characteristics, and driving environment. A survey of passenger cars in 16 cities was conducted across an 8-month period by observing safety belt usage by drivers as they stopped for traffic signals at primary road intersections and freeway exits. A supplementary survey was conducted at O'Hare airport rental car check-ins to compare usage of single versus dual retractor safety belts. Overall safety belt usage was found to be 18.5%, with usage of the lap-shoulder combination belt system significantly higher than that of the lap-shoulder separate or lap-belt only systems. In terms of model year, usage was highest for 1974 cars. Usage in terms of car style was higher for smaller than larger cars. This finding paralleled a differential usage by car manufacturer in terms of the size of cars these manufacturers produced. Other findings were that usage was higher on the West Coast than on the East Coast, higher at freeway exits than at primary road intersections, and higher during rush hours than during other times of the day. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Compact automobiles KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Highways KW - Human characteristics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manufacturing KW - Safety and security KW - Small car KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Transportation safety KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle make UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175975 AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STANDARDS ENFORCEMENT TEST REPORTS INDEX FOR 1977 PY - 1978/01 SP - 1675 p. AB - This is the ninth in a series of indexes to the Standards Enforcement Test Reports of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The first index covers the year 1969 and is out of print, but is available for examination in the Administration. The index includes reports released during calendar year 1977. The index is divided into eleven sections as listed: Manufacturer; Model Year; Model or Part Number; Fail; FMVSS Number; Component or Vehicle ID (NHTSA No.); Laboratory Test Number; CIR Number; HS Number; Brand or Seller; Tire Size or Body Style. Entries are arranged alphabetically or numerically within each section. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Components KW - Design standards KW - Enforcement KW - Headlamps KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Lighting equipment KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Technical reports KW - Testing KW - Tests KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175551 AU - Chenzoff, A P AU - Schumacher, S P AU - Binstock, L G AU - INNOVATRIX, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAINING PROGRAM FOR DRIVER LICENSING SCREENING FOR MEDICAL IMPAIRMENT PY - 1978/01 SP - 66 p. AB - The purpose of the contract was to create a complete curriculum package for training motor vehicle license examiners to identify individuals with potentially unsafe physical or mental conditions. The present report describes the process followed in developing the training and the products that resulted. One of the by-products developed for the subject curriculum was the Medical Evaluation Checklist---a performance aid that helps driver examiners to decide whether or not an applicant should be referred to a physician for medical evaluation. Part II of the present report describes the development of curriculum materials designed to combat the problem of false identification documents presented by applicants for operator's licenses. These materials teach driver examiners to detect imposters and altered or counterfeit documents. They convey the scope of the false ID problem and establish motivation for scrutinizing ID documents carefully. KW - Curricula KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Driver examiners KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Government policies KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Licenses KW - Medical disability KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Physical disabilities KW - Policy KW - Safety KW - Specialized training KW - State government KW - States KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175569 AU - Neill, AHJ AU - Kondo, A AU - Hinch, J AU - BOYD, P L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE TRACTION GENERATING POTENTIAL OF SNOW TIRES VS. REGULAR TREAD TIRES ON ICE, SNOW, WET, AND DRY SURFACES PY - 1978/01 SP - 45 p. AB - The use of snow tires vs. regular tread tires on different surfaces is often debated. The use of radials in place of snow tires is allowed by certain jurisdictions. This paper lets the reader make an informed choice on what tires to place on his car for a given environmental condition. The tractive performance of snow tread tires vs. regular tread tires has been measured in acceleration, braking, and cornering on a variety of surface conditions including ice, snow, wet, and dry concrete using an instrumented vehicle and the Mobile Tire Traction Dynamometer. Test results indicate that snow treads are superior to regular treads on snow and ice. On wet concrete there is no difference in tractive performance but on dry surfaces snow treads generate lower tractive forces than regular treads. Finally snow tires generally perform better than regular tread tires designated as snow tires. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Braking KW - Bridge members KW - Control KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Dynamometers KW - Field tests KW - Ice KW - Moisture content KW - Pavements KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Skid resistance KW - Snow KW - Snow tires KW - Steering KW - Texture KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169749 AU - Klein, R H AU - Szostak, H T AU - Ashkenas, I L AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POWER STEERING FAILURE STUDY. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/01 SP - 28 p. AB - This report describes the feasibility of modifying power steering systems to prevent excessive steering effort resulting from a power steering failure. Field test data are presented which provide the basis for requirements for maximum steering forces, minimum flow rates, and horsepower as a function of vehicle size, maximum allowable delay time (transient time prior to forces exceeding limits), and minimum operation time. These tests were made using an instrumented, variable power steering test car driven by three naive subjects on a closed test course. A power steering pump bypass was tested as one possible means of reducing steering forces due to a failed system, but this method proved totally unsuccessful for all conditions. A tradeoff table describing other candidate implementation schemes versus their estimated cost and capability (elimination of specific power steering failure modes) is presented in conclusion. This shows the most cost effective solution to be an auxiliary electric motor coupled to the existing power steering pump through two one-way clutches. KW - Automobiles KW - Clutches KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Failure KW - Field tests KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Force KW - Horsepower KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic power pumps KW - Hydraulic servomechanisms KW - Mechanical failure KW - Modification kits KW - Motors KW - Power steering KW - Pumps KW - Servomechanisms KW - Size KW - Steering KW - Traffic delays KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169750 AU - Klein, R H AU - Szostak, H T AU - Ashkenas, I L AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POWER STEERING FAILURE STUDY. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978/01 SP - 99 p. AB - This report describes the feasibility of modifying power steering systems to prevent excessive steering effort resulting from a power steering failure. Field test data are presented which provide the basis for requirements for maximum steering forces, minimum flow rates and horsepower as a function of vehicle size, maximum allowable delay time (transient time prior to forces exceeding limits), and minimum operation time. KW - Automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Failure KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Force KW - Horsepower KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic power pumps KW - Hydraulic servomechanisms KW - Mechanical failure KW - Modification kits KW - Power steering KW - Pumps KW - Servomechanisms KW - Size KW - Steering KW - Traffic delays KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169297 AU - Hochberg, Y AU - Stutts, J C AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OBSERVED SHOULDER BELT USAGE OF DRIVERS IN NORTH CAROLINA: A FOLLOW-UP PY - 1978/01 SP - 87 p. AB - During October 1974, shoulder belt usage was observed for 21,359 drivers in the population at risk in North Carolina. The sample was stratified according to geographic region (Mountain, Piedmont, Coastal), road type, urban/rural location, time of day and day of week. Information was recorded on shoulder belt usage of driver, approximate age and sex of driver, and license plate number of vehicle. For N.C. vehicles, license plate numbers were later passed against the vehicle registration file to obtain the corresponding VIN's which provide information on vehicle make, size, and model year. Similar observations were made during October 1976 on a smaller sample of 3,486 drivers in the Piedmont area only. KW - Age KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Characteristics KW - Classification KW - Crashes KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Identifying number KW - License plates KW - Manual safety belts KW - North Carolina KW - Safety equipment KW - Sampling KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Surveys KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban areas KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169294 AU - Brenner, R AU - Institute for Safety Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CURRICULUM WORKSHOPS FOR COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY DRIVER EDUCATION INSTRUCTORS PY - 1978/01 SP - 137 p. AB - A total of ten three-day workshops were conducted throughout the country to introduce the contents of the 'Guide for Teacher Preparation in Driver Education' to the potential users, namely, college and university instructors who operate a teacher preparation program in driver education for secondary school instructors. Procedures used to select the workshop participants are described. Contents of the separate sessions comprising the workshop are presented, along with instructors' comments on each. Handouts and training aids, assembled in a separate document, are referenced. Evaluations of the workshops by the participants and instructors are summarized. KW - Curricula KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Driving instructors KW - Instructional materials KW - Instructors KW - Manuals KW - Schools KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101827 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Average fuel economy standards for light trucks, model years 1980-1981 : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082974 AU - Oates, John F AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - Experimental Evaluation of Second-Generation Alcohol Safety-Interlock Systems PY - 1978///Interim Report SP - 115p AB - This report documents the results of laboratory testing of four "second-generation" alcohol safety-interlock systems. As a group, these systems were found to produce appreciable discrimination between sober and intoxicated subjects. KW - Alcohol ignition interlock devices KW - Countermeasures KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Intoxication KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Traffic safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25478/DOT-HS-EPX-017.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00896418 AU - JATRAS, KATHY PAPPAS AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Government Printing Office TI - MOTORCYCLES: FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM: SPECIAL REPORT ON MOTORCYCLES. PY - 1978 IS - 050-003-00304-2 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Motorcycles KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/612669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496548 AU - American Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - MEASUREMENTS OF THE IMPACTS OF MATERIALS SUBSTITUTION - A CASE STUDY IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY PY - 1978 SP - 72 p. AB - This publication contains papers presented at the Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, San Francisco, California, December 10-15, 1978. The symposium considered policy rather than technical issues in materials. The intent was to demonstrate some aspects of the complicated relationships between materials substitution and development and our global resource base in terms of materials, energy, and the environment. The contents are as follows: Introduction, F.P. Huddle; Materials Substitution in the Automotive Industry, W.D. Compton; The Resources to Meet the Needs of the Automobile Industry in 1985, R.B. Gavert; Energy Requirements for the Material Needs of the Automobile Industry in 1985, J.T. Herridge and R.W. Hale; Materials Substitution in the Automotive Industry - Environmental Impacts, A.H. Purcell; Recycling the 1985 Automobile, M.B. Bever; and Summary, I. Le May. KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobiles KW - Conferences KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy resources KW - Energy sources KW - Impacts KW - Materials KW - Natural resources KW - Recycling KW - Substitution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452390 AU - National Safety Council TI - RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 1936-1977 PY - 1978 SP - 84 p. AB - The Committee on Alcohol and Drugs, first known as the Committee on Tests for Intoxication, was established in the National Safety Council in 1936. From that time, the Committee has been active in making recommendations for the control of the drinking-driving problem, including legislation, enforcement, education, chemical testing equipment, training of testing personnel, and other aspects of alcohol countermeasure programs. Its role has been limited to developing recommendations and standards, but its members have been active in assisting in many aspects of programs designed to reduce the drinking-driving problem. In fact, many of the members, past and present, have been directly involved as officials in programs. There have been numerous contributions by individual members of the Committee such as the development of breath testing devices and methods for blood and urine tests that have been widely used. These contributions, which include numerous scientific articles and papers on the subject of chemical tests, have added greatly to the total sum of knowledge in this important scientific effort. This report attempts to present in condensed form most of the recommendations, standards, and work of the Committee for the past four decades. KW - Alcohols KW - Committee on alcohol and drugs KW - Committees KW - Drugs KW - National safety council KW - Recommendations KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453142 AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - DRIVER EDUCATION ASSESSMENT AND NEEDS STUDY PY - 1978 SP - 85 p. AB - This study seeks to define a program of driver education, stressing quality and economy, which can be offered to as many secondary school age beginning drivers as possible. To accomplish this goal, three basic steps were taken. A survey of the status of driver education was completed addressing the general areas of effectiveness, population trends, motivation and needs, teacher qualifications, goals and course description. This state of the art summary formed the basis of a definition of the problem facing driver education in New York State. The third step involved identification and investigation of possible solutions to the problem and alternatives to the present system of providing the course. KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Driver education KW - Effectiveness KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys KW - Teenage drivers KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267562 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399184 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Turnbull, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECENT GENERAL ELECTRIC ENGINE DEVELOPMENT TESTING FOR IMPROVED SERVICE LIFE (AIRCRAFT ENGINES) PY - 1978 SP - 23 p. AB - More exact simulation of engine in-service operating conditions by accelerated development test program improvements are reviewed for lessons learned by General Electric towards earlier identification/solution of engine life extension problems. Improvements are discussed for the following GE development aircraft engine families: T700 (small turboshaft), F101 (augmented turbofan), F404 (augmented low bypass turbofan), and CFM56 (high bypass fan), Improved design features, analysis and test simulation of mission cycles, and component test techniques, and, in general, increased emphasis on demonstrating required minimum service life prior to production are discussed. Tests include low cycle fatigue and life cycle, and accelerated mission and simulated mission endurance. Possible future direction of these efforts is indicated for consideration in general engine specification revisions. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Engines KW - Service life KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218060 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399205 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pataky, P P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROJECTING THE IMPACT OF NEW MEDIUM AND HEAVY TRUCK NOISE REGULATION STRATEGIES ON COMMUNITY NOISE LEVELS PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - A mathematical modeling technique for studying the effects of various medium and heavy truck noise regulation strategies on community noise levels is presented. Assumptions and input data, traffic scenarios modeled, and output are discussed. Two new-vehicle noise regulation strategies were evaluated for medium and heavy trucks in excess of 10,000 lb. gross vehicle weight. The first was originally contemplated by the Environmental Protection Agency: 83 dB (1977 through 1980), 80 dB (1981 through 1982), and 75 dB (1983 and beyond). The second strategy represented a General Motors' recommendation which maintained an 83 dB maximum sound level requirement for all trucks manufactured after 1977. The model projected that, for two typical traffic situations, the reduction of new-truck sound levels below current requirements (83 dB) does not result in a corresponding decrease in community noise levels. It was concluded that the potential benefits anticipated from the implementation of new-truck noise regulations will not be realized without the effective enforcement of operator in-use standards and the control of truck tire noise. KW - Mathematical models KW - Regulations KW - Sound level KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218081 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399210 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Publow, G AU - Grinberg, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE OF LATE MODEL CARS WITH GASOLINE-METHANOL FUEL PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - A test program was completed to determine how the incorporation of 15% methanol in gasoline affects the driveability, exhaust emissions, and fuel consumption of three 1978 model passenger cars. It was found that the use of methanol in this concentration impairs the driveability of the cars to what is considered to be an unacceptable performance by the present standards. The exhaust emissions are not significantly affected, except for a moderate reduction in the carbon monoxide (CO) levels. The volumetric fuel consumption, however, is increased appreciably. Relatively simple adjustments to the carburetor and ignition timing can restore the driveability to an acceptable level for operation with or without methanol. These adjustments, however, fail to restore the fuel consumption to its original level and may result in the escalation of hydrocarbon and CO emissions. The increase in emissions is even more pronounced when the modified car is reverted back to operation with gasoline. KW - Driveability KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Methanol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399212 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Barton, D B AU - Murphy, J A AU - Gardner, K W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SYNTHESIZED LUBRICANTS PROVIDE EXCEPTIONAL EXTENDED DRAIN PASSENGER CAR PERFORMANCE PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - Studies were conducted illustrating the excellent overall performance of a synthesized passenger car engine oil during greatly extended drain intervals. These studies were conducted primarily with automobiles manufactured in the U.S. and with typical U.S. service. Supporting data are presented in areas of engine cleanliness, engine wear, and lubricant stability from several types of service conditions including heavy-duty taxicab and police car operations as well as typical everyday consumer driving. Information is also provided from a high mileage test using the Environmental Protection Agency durability cycle. These field test results correlate well with extended duration API (American Petroleum Institute) SE sequence data. KW - Engine oils KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Performance KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218085 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399217 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Balban, M S AU - Williams, H O AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY MEASUREMENT PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - The Tripmaster on-board instrumentation system is designed to obtain pertinent information on vehicle fuel economy under in-service conditions. Measuring and recording real-world vehicle operating and environmental conditions is becoming increasingly important in reducing fuel consumption and other operating costs. Component testing, chassis dynamometer testing, and computer simulation are among the many approaches employed to define vehicle characteristics. The collection of in-service information has been attempted previously but with poor results. The Tripmaster system, designed for use in the Department of Transportation/Society of Automotive Engineers fuel economy measurement study, was designed to develop measurement procedures and recommended practices, for use by original equipment manufacturers and vehicle operators, that reflect factors pertinent to fuel economy. In-service tests will be conducted by vehicle users during normal revenue-producing operations. Two pairs of Class 8 tractors with trailers and two pairs of Class 6 straight trucks have been donated for these tests. Each pair of trucks, a standards and a fuel efficient version, will be driven over the operator's usual route, hauling typical loads. Each of the eight trucks has been instrumented with the Tripmaster system which consists of on-board instrumentation computer, sensor set, and data monitoring display unit. A portable data link is incorporated to extract stored data and transcribe the information onto a magnetic tape cassette. Data acquisition, sensing, signal processing, data processing and display, and information output are detailed. Initial indications are that the Tripmaster system will gather the desired information on fuel economy. KW - Data collection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399219 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schmidt, J W AU - Kesler, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - POWER TRAIN SELECTION FOR OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE AND EFFICIENCY PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - Methods for evaluating vehicle power train components and their effect on optimum vehicle performance and efficiency are considered. The assessment of overall vehicle costs includes the evaluation of each component, and optimizing power train components and performance to provide the most cost-effective vehicle for a given job. Medium and heavy duty trucks and buses involve a great variety of vocations and performance requirements. Any effort to evaluate power train specifications must include an understanding of key parameters defining performance requirements: gross vehicle weight; on-grade startability; and capability to negotiate a given grade at a selected speed. In general, power train components include the engine, transmission, drive shafts, auxiliary transmission or transfer case, and drive axle (s). Engine characteristics critical to vehicle performance and efficiency are power and governed speed, peak torque and corresponding speed, and brake-specific fuel consumption. The transmission must match engine characteristics to the duty cycle. Changes in vehicle operations and components are occurring rapidly; they encompass the desire for bigger and heavier loads, more axles and double-triple trailers, more diesel engines, larger engines, low-speed engines, and new buses, transmissions, and axles. The computer simulation method is replacing obsolete and costly methods such as trial-and-error and actual testing for analyzing vehicle vocation variables and different types of power trains and components. Using computers should bring closer an optimum match of vehicle, engine, transmission, axle, and tire parameters for a given vocation. KW - Buses KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Optimization KW - Power trains KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218092 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399186 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Holmes, G W AU - Overton, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIENCES WITH EXTENDED OIL DRAIN INTERVALS IN DIESEL TRUCK ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 24 p. AB - Results are presented of various studies related to extended oil drain intervals in diesel truck engines. In a field test program, performance comparisons were made on two drain intervals in three different engines using both mono- and multi-grade oils. Three typical customer operations were monitored. Laboratory evaluations were made of typical and severely stressed used oils, and oil filter life and durability were assessed. It was concluded that proper engine installation and maintenance are the most significant factors in extending drain intervals and ensuring normal engine life. Efficient combustion and well-filtered air are essential in extending drain intervals. Abrasives are the major problem in such extension. High Total Acid Number (TAN) correlated with wear. Further investigation is needed to determine the TAN, Total Base Number (TBN) and wear relationship. Some of today's commercial oil filters have limited service life due to poor construction. The economics suggest that drain intervals of 30,000 to 40,000 km. provide the best cost/risk relationship for the Canadian environment. KW - Diesel engines KW - Durability KW - Engine oils KW - Oil change KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Service life KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218062 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399188 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - McDonnell, B J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE APPLICATION OF A DESIGN VERIFICATION SYSTEM AND ACCELERATED MISSION TESTING TO GAS TURBINE ENGINE DEVELOPMENT PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - Two advanced techniques are described for improving the process of designing and developing high-technology gas turbine engines. The techniques being applied at the Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Government Products Division are: a design verification system (DVS), and the accelerated mission test (AMT). These tools are not new, but recent advances in high-technology instrumentation and sophisticated, computerized design prediction methods, and current awareness of the importance of mission duty cycle on engine hardware life and reliability have made them more effective. DVS disciplines confirm that the basic design is based on sound assumptions of internal engine operating conditions before major development activities are initiated. AMT techniques subject engine hardware to damaging portions of the mission duty cycle to identify and expose service-related problems early. These tools are intended to provide improved product reliability during the early operational phase and to reduce ultimate cost of ownership. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Computer aided design KW - Development KW - Engines KW - Gas turbines KW - Reliability KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218064 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399201 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Gillespie, T D AU - VERMA, M K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF ROLLOVER DYNAMICS OF DOUBLE-BOTTOM TANKERS PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - A roll dynamic analysis was undertaken to determine the rollover threshold for typical double-bottom tanker vehicles and to compare that threshold with the corresponding values for other common tractor-trailer combinations. A secondary objective was to provide the methodology for predicting the effect of changes to vehicles and operational procedures in order to improve the rollover stability of such vehicles. A dynamic model of the vehicle in the roll plane was formulated for study of roll motions under arbitrary lateral force input time histories. The roll response and limit maneuver capabilities predicted by the model showed good agreement with those of actual vehicles. The model was used to predict the relative rollover thresholds of the double-bottom tanker (associated with a high incidence of rollover accidents in Michigan) and other tanker configurations for comparison with those of other commercial vehicles in a selected double lane-change maneuver. The model confirmed that double-bottom tankers of the current design exhibit a low rollover threshold compared to other commercial vehicles. The major sensitivity to rollover derives not so much from the lateral acceleration limit of the pup trailer as from the rearward amplification of the tractor lateral accelerations. The model demonstrated that a modification of the vehicle via a composite rigidified hitch/rubber mount enhances pup trailer stability through reduction of suspension backlash, and allows roll moment sharing among all the vehicles in the train. The result is a vehicle with manuever levels comparable with other commercial vehicles. KW - Double trailers KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Mathematical models KW - Rollover crashes KW - Tankers KW - Thresholds KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218077 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399203 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ribarits, J I AU - AURELL, J AU - Andersers, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RIDE COMFORT ASPECTS OF HEAVY TRUCK DESIGN PY - 1978 SP - 27 p. AB - The use of mathematical models to analyze articulated vehicles and their vibration-isolating system is reported. Damping, cab suspensions, and frame vibration are examined in terms of ride comfort. The application of the analytical results and those from impedance and road tests to the development of a cab-over-engine heavy truck family is discussed. The qualitative evaluation of the new design in terms of ride comfort is described. This study has demonstrated that a soft cab suspension improves ride comfort in the vertical as well as the longitudinal direction, although it does not eliminate the ride comfort problem associated with articulated vehicles. This type of suspension, however, eliminates the "jumping ride" problem caused by elastic vibrations of the frame. It has been shown that damping is very important for ride comfort, and that friction has a negative influence. The need is expressed for a numerical method to optimize the damping and to calculate the quality index (rms (root mean square) output/input) for a system with many degrees of freedom. The rms values represent accelerations on the driver's seat. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Cab over engine trucks KW - Comfort KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Mathematical models KW - Ride quality KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218079 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399221 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - McDonnell, T F AU - Tempe, S A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF ENGINE OIL ADDITIVES ON VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY, EMISSIONS, EMISSION CONTROL COMPONENTS AND ENGINE WEAR PY - 1978 SP - 25 p. AB - Potential improvements in fuel economy to be gained from using current technology fuel-efficient oils are explored. Legislated fuel economy standards have necessitated investigations to determine the cost-effectiveness of low-friction engine lubricants. Preliminary testing indicates that friction-reducing engine oil additives may provide potentially significant improvements in fuel economy over conventional and low-viscosity engine oils. Vehicle test programs were undertaken to evaluate the effects of molybdenum disulfide, graphite, and soluble additives on fuel economy, engine cleanliness and wear, exhaust emission levels, and engine and emission component durability. Program results show that engine oils containing either colloidal or soluble friction modification systems may provide measurable and appreciable fuel economy, although friction modification improvements observed in Environmental Protection Agency testing do not appear to reach their full potential at the critical 6437-kilometer test point and require considerably more kilometer accumulation for maximum fuel economy. Friction-modified oils exhibit greater fuel economy during cold and transient engine conditions due to decreased friction at the piston ring/cylinder wall interface during periods of high cylinder gas pressure. Friction-modified fuel-efficient oils do not appear to cause abnormal engine wear, emission component deterioration, or catalyst poisoning. Further research and development in fuel-efficient oil technology are recommended through optimizing and combining viscometric and boundary lubrication friction reduction to achieve fuel economy benefits. KW - Air quality management KW - Development KW - Engine oils KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Oil additives KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218094 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399223 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wall, J C AU - Heywood, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE INFLUENCE OF OPERATING VARIABLES AND PRECHAMBER SIZE ON COMBUSTION IN A PRECHAMBER STRATIFIED-CHARGE ENGINE PY - 1978 SP - 24 p. AB - Experimental and computer simulation studies were conducted to analyze the combustion process in the prechamber, three-valve, stratified-charge engine. Prechamber and main-chamber pressure data and matched computer simulation calculations were used to determine effects of variations in overall air/fuel ratio, engine speed and load, and prechamber volume and orifice diameter on parameters defining the combustion process (spark advance for optimum torque, ignition delay, and combustion duration); on cylinder pressure diagrams (mean main-chamber pressure, mean pressure difference across the orifice, and cycle-by-cycle pressure fluctuations); and on exhaust emissions. Observed trends in combustion parameters and exhaust emissions showed that ignition delay, main combustion duration, and spark advance for maximum brake torque (MBT) timing increased with increasing overall air/fuel ratio, with increasing engine speed, and with decreasing engine load. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions decreased with increasing overall air/fuel ratio (in lean operation) and increased somewhat with increasing engine speed and load. The overall air/fuel ratio had a much stronger influence on combustion parameters and exhaust emissions than did engine speed or load. Combustion duration exhibited only a modest change, even with varying the overall air/fuel ratio. Spark advance for MBT timing, ignition delay, and main combustion duration increased with increasing prechamber orifice size. These trends were attributed to a decrease in mixing rates in the prechamber and main chamber resulting from decreasing jet kinetic energy as orifice size increased. Cycle-to-cycle variation NOx emissions increased slightly with orifice size. The principal effect of increasing prechamber volume was leaning out of the air/fuel ratio in the main chamber. The only part of the normalized, mass fraction burned curve substantially altered by studied parametric variations was the ignition delay period (time of spark to 10% mass fraction burned). Data comparing combustion time to the mixing time calculated from the orifice flow kinetic energy are insufficient to demonstrate a proportional relationship. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Ignition timing KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Simulation KW - Spark advance KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218096 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399193 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pullman, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHANOL, ETHANOL AND JET FUEL EMISSIONS COMPARISON FROM A SMALL GAS TURBINE PY - 1978 SP - 24 p. AB - No unusual fuel system hardware problems were encountered during 15 hours of testing with methanol and one hour of testing with ethanol in a 60 hp gas turbine engine which was converted to operate on both alcohol fuels. Model predictions of low NOx (nitrogen oxides) and CO (carbon monoxide) emissions were closely approximated after installation of an air atomizing fuel nozzle. Substantial NOx reductions resulted with ethanol. Unburned hydrocarbon (HC) fuel emissions increased with methanol and ethanol. Agreement was found with five previously reported methanol gas turbine experiments which indicated from 60% to 80% NOx reductions in comparison with distillate-type fuels. Combustor inlet temperature variation was one cause of CO emission variability with methanol. Droplet size increases and increased ignition delay adversely affected methanol's CO and HC emissions. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gas turbines KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Methanol KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218069 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399194 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hood, R K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PROCURING EQUIPMENT ITEMS THAT MEET R (RELIABILITY), M (MAINTAINABILITY) AND SS (SYSTEM SAFETY) REQUIREMENTS PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - For successful procurement of hardware items with reliability, maintainability, and system safety requirements, a consistent, disciplined use of several items is required by the system contractor. These include precise specification of the procurement, a comprehensive statement of work, and a data requirements list. These items must be cross-correlated. Clear distinctions among tasks to be accomplished, design requirements, and data items to be prepared are essential. System contractors must provide suppliers with as much information as possible concerning performance expectations of their products. KW - Equipment KW - Performance KW - Procurement KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218070 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399214 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - OWENS, E C AU - LESTZ, S J AU - Quillian, R D AU - McCormick, H E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPROACHES TO EXTENDED OIL DRAIN INTERVALS IN ARMY TACTICAL EQUIPMENT PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - Interest of the military in developing multiseasonal, extended-drain crankcase lubricants for the diesel-powered tactical fleet is addressed. These lubricants offer potentially large savings in lubricant, logistics, and manpower costs, and they can greatly improve overall fleet readiness. Studies have been conducted to examine various lubricant formulations, and engine modifications have been explored to identify approaches to extended-drain intervals. Both conventional and synthetic lubricants are being evaluated for future tactical fleet application. In addition, mechanical engine modifications which reduce oil degradation rates are being studied. Initial results indicate the near-term feasibility of using multiseasonal, extended-drain crankcase oils in a wide range of military applications, but with a significant increase in lubricant cost. Conventional, multiviscosity lubricant products appear to require further development before their introduction in the Army's combat diesel fleet. KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Lubricating oils KW - Military vehicles KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218087 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399215 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Korcek, S AU - Mahoney, L R AU - JOHNSON, M D AU - HOFFMANN, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANTIOXIDANT DECAY IN ENGINE OILS DURING LABORATORY TESTS AND LONG DRAIN INTERVAL SERVICE PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - A new method for determining antioxidant capacity of lubricants was used for monitoring initial antioxidant capacities in various engine oils and antioxidant decay during laboratory and fleet testing of selected oils. The method involves the quantitative determination of antioxidant species present in oil by titration with peroxy radicals formed at a known and constant rate from the decomposition of a free radical initiator at 60 degrees C in the presence of oxygen. A general correlation between initial antioxidant capacities of engine oils and an oil thickening characteristic from Sequence IIIC testing was obtained for engine oils containing conventional additive technologies. Monitoring the decay of antioxidant capacity during laboratory beaker, Sequence IIIC, and long drain fleet testing provided information on lubricant oxidative deterioration in the early period of testing when no other performance characteristics showed appreciable changes. New insights into the nature of engine oils' oxidative deterioration, as a function of antioxidant type and concentration, base oil type, and test or engine severity, were obtained. This was achieved by combining results derived from the new method with those obtained from conventional analysis. KW - Antioxidants KW - Engine oils KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Performance tests KW - Thickening KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218088 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399229 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hudgens, R D AU - Feldhaus, L B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL ENGINE LUBE FILTER LIFE RELATED TO OIL CHEMISTRY PY - 1978 SP - 22 p. AB - A three-year investigation was conducted to determine the cause of oil filter plugging in diesel engines. Laboratory, engine, and field tests showed that filter life does not correlate with filter media areas having highly dispersant oils. The oil holds several pounds of contaminant which is finely suspended until dump-out or agglomeration begins. Once agglomeration starts, it proceeds at a high rate, resulting in rapid filter plugging. Agglomeration or contaminant particle growth in oil depends on soot content, pH, level of oxidation products, presence of coolant or moisture, and oil additive chemistry. Filter analysis can be useful in solving field problems; in some cases, such analysis provides more information than oil analysis since the filter has stripped oil of problem evidence. Filters plug by six mechanisms (impaired dispersancy, excessive oil contamination, absorption/filtration of oxidation products, additive precipitation, gel formation, and wear debris). Water and coolant react with oil to precipitate additives, form gels or emulsions, and destroy oil dispersancy. Oils vary greatly in their water tolerance, and oil sump temperatures in winter during idle or stop-and-go service range from 120 to 170 degrees F. Blow-by condensate from a four-cycle diesel engine is extremely acidic, having pH values as low as 0.4. Small amounts of coolant in oil are difficult to detect with existing methods. Coolant evaporates, is removed by filters, forms gels with oil additives, and undergoes other reactions in the crankcase. Sodium level of filter paper ash is the most reliable means of detecting coolant leakage. Engine maintenance, not filter capacity, is the limiting factor on oil drain intervals. Filter plugging is a symptom of an engine or oil problem. Precipitated oil additive material imbedded in bearing overlay may cause overlay removal and make the bearing more susceptible to wear and corrosion. American Petroleum Institute classifications for diesel lubricants are inadequate because they have no provision for testing water tolerance nor the ability to measure wear and filter plugging with extended drains under winter operating conditions. KW - Bearings KW - Chemistry KW - Corrosion KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Oil additives KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Oil filters KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218102 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399190 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dell, M E AU - Mead, M D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REQUIREMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND QUALIFICATION OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES FOR THE NAVY PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - An improved approach by the Navy to the development and qualification of aircraft gas turbine engines is discussed. Rather than focusing on performance/functional aspects, the new approach emphasizes durability testing throughout the engine development program. The intent of each phase of the program is discussed, as well as the major tests required to meet the goals of each phase. Extensive mission-oriented flight test data generated by the Navy over three years form a basis for the durability tests. Engine durability testing was divided into three categories: testing to assure structural life of cold parts (accelerated low cycle fatigue test), to assure hot part lives (accelerated simulated mission endurance test), and to assure that durability is not excessively compromised by operation under any of the allowable specification conditions (durability proof test). The approach is intended to: reduce the potential rate of early engine failures; reduce the probability of random, or chance, failures in service; assure that an acceptable level of durability has been built into the engine; and reduce the potential for expensive retrofits. Other related Navy programs are described: the exploratory/advanced propulsion system programs, and the Lead-the-Fleet Reliability Program. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Development KW - Durability KW - Durability tests KW - Engines KW - Gas turbines KW - Testing KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218066 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399197 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Spearman, L W AU - Raffa, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FUEL EFFICIENT FOUR-BY-FOUR (FOUR-WHEEL-DRIVE) VEHICLES OF THE EIGHTIES PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The four-by-four vehicle is defined, its drive systems explained, and changes in the four-by-four market since 1970 and future trends are reviewed. Fuel economy standards, and their effect on light truck manufacturers, are addressed, and an overview is provided of Environmental Protection Agency fuel economy testing. Suggestions are provided for reducing vehicle fuel consumption; these relate to reducing curb weight and frontal area, and maximizing drive system efficiency. Data Corp.'s LW prototype, a fuel-efficient, sport/utility, four-wheel drive vehicle, is described. The LW was designed to improve the fuel economy of a current production vehicle without sacrificing performance, passenger space, or cargo carrying ability. By applying a systems approach, the drive, suspension, and frame subsystems were optimized in attaining that goal. City and highway fuel economy results obtained with the LW are 19.3 and 29.2 mpg, respectively, in comparison with 14.0 and 15.8 for the current production vehicle. KW - Four wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Markets KW - System design KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218073 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399211 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Burtner, R E AU - Morris, W E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECTS OF REFINERY GASOLINE COMPONENTS ON ROAD OCTANE QUALITY PY - 1978 SP - 44 p. AB - A test program is described in which 35 unleaded and 19 leaded gasoline blends were tested for road octane rating in a fleet of nine cars configured for unleaded gasoline and seven for leaded gasoline. The blends covered a wide range of composition while meeting octane targets and volatility specifications. Road octane results are closely related to (R plus M)/2 for unleaded gasoline, but motor octane was more important than research octane for leaded gasolines. The effects of component composition on deviations from road octane correlations were small. Unleaded component effects not predicted by laboratory octane number were obtained in a single manual transmission car; those effects are attributed to octane distribution over the gasoline boiling range. Test data are appended in tables: fuels, cars, road octanes, road octane correlations, octane distribution effects, road octane blending values, laboratory octane blending values of components, and road bonus blending values. KW - Leaded gasoline KW - Materials selection KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Road tests KW - Unleaded gasoline UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218084 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399218 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hunter, R A AU - Baker, J M AU - Juhasz, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ON-BOARD PROCESSING FOR TRUCK/BUS FUEL ECONOMY AND OPERATIONAL DATA ACQUISITION PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - Software specification, system design, and implementation processes for the in-service measurement of truck fuel economy and operating parameters using an on-board microprocessor computing system are addressed. This acquisition of data on truck and bus performance during actual operation enables information transmitted by measurement sensors to be examined, processed, compacted or aggregated, and stored in memory by on-board computer software. System development requires a careful balance of tradeoffs between hardware and software concepts, which is quite different from considerations applied with laboratory-type data acquisition systems. The data acquisition system known as Tripmaster consists of an on-board microprocessor with solid-state memory for software and data storage, an on-board real-time clock for controlling data acquisition, a plug-in data transfer unit to dump memory contents to cassette tape and to reinitialize the system, a data monitor display unit in the vehicle cab, and sensors required to measure vehicle operating parameters associated with fuel economy. The software systems approach is based on such considerations as an available finite power source on the vehicle, fully automatic data acquisition and recovery with no operator intervention, operator interface/data display capability, data access in remote field locations, real-time computation and processing of parameter data, and finite memory capacity. Information collected and summarized from sensor measurements is retained in the form of aggregate parameters and arrays of time spent operating in predefined parameter regions. Examples of accumulations include total distance traveled, fuel consumed while the engine idles, and highway operating time. KW - Buses KW - Data collection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Microprocessors KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Software KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218091 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399225 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Siewert, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENGINE COMBUSTION AT LARGE BORE-TO-STROKE RATIOS PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - The effect of bore-to-stroke (B/S) ratio on indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) and emissions of a gasoline-fueled, spark-ignited, single-cylinder engine was studied while holding compression ratio and bore diameter constant. From the baseline B/S of 1.1, B/S was increased to 2.2 and 3.3 by shortening the stroke length. The top dead center (TDC) piston position was raised with increasing B/S, since clearance volume must be decreased with stroke for a constant compression ratio. Test results based on lean air/fuel ratios, a wide open throttle, and maximum brake torque spark advance showed that increased ISFC and hydrocarbon exhaust emissions were primary deterrents to operation at a larger B/S in screening tests of B/S ratios (1.1, 2.2, and 3.3) at a 16.5:1 air/fuel ratio and 1500 rpm. A study of combustion chamber variations at 1.1 and 2.2 B/S ratios, an 18:1 air/fuel ratio, and engine speeds from 750 to 3000 rpm showed that ISFC was about 18% higher at 2.2 B/S than at 1.1 B/S. Cylinder heat loss at a larger B/S, expressed as a percent of fuel energy, could be minimized by reducing the combustion chamber surface-to-volume ratio at TDC and by increasing engine speed. Combustion duration could be reduced at a large B/S by more compact chamber geometries, more centralized or dual ignition, and increased mixture motion. The hydrocarbon emission index increased with surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio, decreased with increased engine speed, and was relatively independent of combustion duration. The nitric oxide emission index decreased with increased S/V ratio and decreased with increased combustion duration. The carbon monoxide emission index was relatively independent of S/V ratio, decreased with increased engine speed, and increased with combustion duration. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Bore-to-stroke ratios KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Combustion KW - Combustion chambers KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218098 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399189 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hudson, S M AU - McIntire, W L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PLANNING THE DEVELOPMENT AND QUALIFICATION PROCESS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY AIRCRAFT ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - From the perspective of Detroit Diesel Allison (DDA), the development process for the high-technology aircraft engine is addressed in view of recent military engine experience and current procurement policies, and time and funding constraints. The propulsion system development process comprises: definition of requirements, selection of appropriate technology, design and fabrication, verification of characteristics, and resolution of problems identified during the verification phase. During the last decade, new analytical and testing tools and a systematically evolving technology base have greatly improved the development process. An increasing emphasis has been placed on cost, durability, and reliability, as well as a continued emphasis on performance. The new weapon procurement process defined by OMB (Office of Management and Budget) A109 will extend the development time required between authority-to-proceed and a milestone equivalent to the Model Qualification Test, the last step in the traditional four-year development process. The development approach, consistent with the procurement process, includes a preview of engine requirements in the flight test program prior to the initiation of full-scale engineering development. The evaluation of the relative merits of efforts being conducted by DDA as part of advanced development and Advanced Turbine Engine Gas Generator/Aircraft Propulsion System Integration programs are routinely evaluated using total-weapon-system life cycle cost (LCC). The LCC perspective is carried through into the engine design and development phase in the form of a design-to-cost discipline, an effective tool for managing product cost control from engine configuration definition through development and into production. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Development KW - Engines KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218065 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399191 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wysong, R R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TDS--A PRELIMINARY DESIGN SYSTEM FOR TURBINES PY - 1978 SP - 22 p. AB - The Turbine Design System (TDS) is presented, a time-sharing computer system developed for preliminary design and performance evaluation of axial flow turbine engines having up to ten stages. TDS is an interactive, modularized system incorporating aerodynamic, heat transfer, and structural analyses in a contiguous arrangement. Each of 12 task-oriented modules addresses one major facet of the design process. Three modules concern the overall turbine; the remaining nine modules are used on a blade row-by blade row basis for stator and rotor of the turbine. The bulk of the system is coded in FORTRAN, with a small amount of support software in assembly language. TDS is intended for operation on a terminal equipped with a cathode ray tube and a hard-copy device. The overall system philosophy and organization, the input/output data flow, tasks performed, and functional utilization of the system are discussed. Selected results of a sample case are included. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Axial flow KW - Computer aided design KW - Engines KW - Gas turbines KW - Software KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218067 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399198 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Huffaker, G E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFICIENT LIGHT WEIGHT TRANSFER CASES FOR FOUR WHEEL DRIVE VEHICLES PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - A new series of transfer case models to improve the fuel economy of four-wheel drive vehicles has been developed by Chrysler. The transfer case assemblies, one part-time and two full-time drive models, are planned for use in vehicles up to 8600 lb. gross vehicle weight. The improved economy is the result of minimizing churning and friction losses for highway mode two-wheel drive operation, minimizing transfer case assembly weight, and providing low range transfer case ratios compatible with the lower numerical axle ratios demanded for highway fuel economy. In the two-wheel drive highway mode, fuel economy improvements of 1.2% to 1.6% have been demonstrated. Current fuel economy of the vehicles in which the transfer cases will be used is in the 15 to 16 mpg range. The gear reduction will provide acceptable off-road performance. KW - Four wheel drive KW - Fuel consumption KW - Lightweight materials KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218074 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399200 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MALLIKARJUNARAO, C AU - Fancher, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYSIS OF THE DIRECTIONAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLE TANKERS PY - 1978 SP - 23 p. AB - A linear mathematical model is developed for studying the directional response and yaw stability of many-axled, multi-articulated tanker trucks. Analytical results provide an understanding of the factors leading to unstable lateral responses of double tankers when only the rear compartment of the rear (pup) trailer is loaded, and the likelihood of rollover of the pup trailer in obstacle-avoidance maneuvers on the highway. It is indicated that the double tanker configuration corresponding to the "Michigan double-bottom tanker" (shown in a Highway Safety Research Institute study to have a peculiarly low level of rollover immunity) has a lightly damped mode of pup trailer oscillation resulting in instability at highway speeds when the rear of the pup trailer is loaded and its other compartments are empty. Also, the lateral acceleration of the pup trailer of the Michigan double tanker exceeds that of the tractor in obstacle-avoidance maneuvers at highway speeds. Modification of the vehicle by making rigid the connection at the pintle hook greatly reduces the tendency for such pup trailer lateral accelerations. Careful evaluation of the steering response of multi-articulated highway trains must be made in order to develop vehicle configurations with satisfactory directional response. It is claimed that the present analysis provides valuable assistance in deciding among various approaches for developing vehicles of appropriate size and weight in order to deliver flammable liquids safely and economically. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Double trailers KW - Hazardous materials KW - Lateral acceleration KW - Mathematical models KW - Rollover crashes KW - Tankers KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218076 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399226 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Adamczyk, A A AU - Lavoie, G A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LAMINAR HEAD-ON FLAME QUENCHING--A THEORETICAL STUDY (AUTOMOBILE ENGINE EMISSIONS) PY - 1978 SP - 23 p. AB - Results of a numerical investigation of one-dimensional laminar flame quenching with constant and time-dependent pressure variations are reported. A description of flame quenching and postflame oxidation processes for a global reaction is obtained by solving a simplified form of nonlinear conservation of mass, momentum, and energy equations in a planar flow field. These equations are reduced to finite difference form, and time-dependent pressure is input via an integrated form of the energy equation or a third-order polynomial law. Numerical calculations were performed at constant-pressure, combustion bomb-type conditions and under rapid decompression during quenching. One-dimensional head-on quenching distances, hydrocarbon concentration levels, and gas properties were derived for various stoichiometric values in a propane/air-type mixture. Results indicate that quenching distance is primarily controlled by the thermal conduction process; however, residual hydrocarbon levels are intimately related to postquenching diffusion, oxidation kinetics, and the thermodynamic cycle during which they occur. Model calculations exhibit good agreement with experimental flame speed and demonstrate single-wall quench thicknesses which closely follow known experimental trends for the two-plate quench distance. Effects of transient pressure changes on postquench burn-up are examined, and results indicate that pressure variations on a time scale similar to that of the quenching process can account for a factor increase in predicted hydrocarbons, as compared with constant pressure calculations. Additional research is recommended to devise a multistep reduction reaction scheme that adequately describes the quenching process. KW - Automobile engines KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flames KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Quenching /cooling/ KW - Temperature control KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218099 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399228 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Jones, G W AU - Armini, A J AU - Schoen, N C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SELECTIVE RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR ENGINE WEAR DIAGNOSIS AND FILTER EVALUATION PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - A method for monitoring the wear of engine parts without engine dismantling is described. The radioactivity method, trademarked as SPI-WEAR, consists of two parts: gamma ray detector readout instrument; and charged particle irradiation of the wearing component. In a test study to determine if the method was suitable for monitoring internal engine wear, a cylindrical volume of each measured part was made slightly radioactive by bombarding the part with an accelerometer-produced alpha particle beam. Depth of the irradiated spot was controlled by the accelerator beam's energy. Radioactive regions were monitored with a sodium iodide crystal detector. Since gamma rays from parts penetrated surrounding materials, the detector was mounted outside the engine near the wearing part. As active material wore away, the count rate in the detector dropped accordingly. The amount of wear was related to the amount of emitted radiation by a calibration curve. Results demonstrated that the SPI-WEAR method was accurate, reliable, convenient, and safe in measuring engine part wear. The insertion of both oil and air filters reduced corresponding bearing and piston ring wear rates when compared to similar tests with no filters. Significant piston ring wear occurred as a result of dust adds to the lube oil system when no filter was present. A small amount of bearing wear occurred as a result of dust adds to air intake with no filters present. Heaviest wear occurred on the bearing closest to the dust entry point. Piston ring wear for 0-5 micrometer size range dust appeared to be much higher than wear caused by 0-40 micrometer size range dust. There was only a rough correspondence between wear measured radioactively and wear metal levels measured spectrometrically. KW - Accuracy KW - Dust filters KW - Engines KW - Measurement KW - Oil filters KW - Piston rings KW - Radioactivity KW - Reliability KW - Tracers KW - Tracers (Chemistry) KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399233 AU - Wagner, F A AU - Wagner (Frederick A) AU - JHK & Associates TI - EVALUATION OF CARPOOL DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS. PHASE 1 REPORT, MAY 1977-AUGUST 1978 PY - 1978 SP - 218 p. AB - A total of 106 Federally funded carpool projects in 34 states and 96 urbanized areas are evaluated by quantitative estimates of project outreach attributes. These estimates included the number of employers participating, number of employees exposed, and number of applicants for carpool matching. Few of the demonstration projects actually became active during the gasoline shortage. Although many projects experienced a loss of interest and were discontinued after one year or less, at least one third of the demonstrations have continued and broadened in scope. The major focus of continuing ridesharing projects has been to improve the efficiency and economic productivity of the urban transportation system. The recent emphasis on transportation system management has stimulated renewed interest in ridesharing programs. Annual budgets for the most comprehensive of the ongoing ridesharing projects range from about 30 cents per capita in urban areas with less than 500,000 population to about 10 cents per capita for very large metropolitan areas. The projects have concentrated on carpool matching and promotion with far less emphasis on such features as incentives to attract commuters. For the average project for which data are available, 25% of the average total areawide employment were exposed to ridesharing encouragement through their place of work, 3.9% submitted applications for carpool assistance, and just under 1.0% were influenced to join or expand carpools as a result of carpool matching efforts. Broader impact assessments indicated that an average of 2.8% of the areawide commuter population had formed or expanded ridesharing arrangements. Urban areas are most in need of ridesharing ; transportation officials need to give greater support and commitment to continuity of ridesharing programs; and employers need to give more support to the concept. Guidelines for improved evaluation of the impacts of areawide ridesharing are presented, as well as a detailed examination of recurring factors which hamper or limit the effectiveness of ridesharing. A state-of-the-art review is made of forecasting techniques useful to agencies engaged in ridesharing program planning and evaluation. KW - Carpools KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ridesharing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214653 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399185 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Carey, L R AU - Stover, W H AU - Murray, D W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXTENDED DRAIN PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - Road tests of taxies and other vehicles (supplemented by laboratory programs) conducted on the effects of extended drains on oil and engine performance are described. The total field program included approximately 225 cars over 16 million km.; 5W and 10W multigrade engine oils were used. Taxi test results show sludge buildup and oil thickening to be the most significant failure modes as drains are extended beyond about 12,000 km. Oil thickening and particularly engine sludge and filter plugging are more severe in winter driving and with leaded gasoline. With conventional 5W multigrade SE oils, engine wear, particularly in the cam and lifter region, is very dependent on test conditions. However, with extended drain additive technology, excellent overall performance has been demonstrated with 5W30 engine oils at 24,000 km. oil drains under summer driving conditions. Used oil corrosivity, measured in the laboratory, and engine wear are relatively independent of used oil acidity measured by Total Acid Number. In terms of oil thickening, results from a low-temperature starting/crankability program with fresh and used oils suggest that for a 100% increase in cold cranking simulator viscosity, the minimum starting temperature increases by only 1 to 3 degrees C. Basestock volatility is critical in controlling low-temperature viscosity increases at extended drains. Superior additive technology and low volatility, narrow-cut basestocks are considered necessary for adequate performance at 24,000 km. oil drains. KW - Corrosion KW - Engine oils KW - Multigrade oils KW - Oil change KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Thickening KW - Thickness KW - Viscosity KW - Volatility KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218061 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399187 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Abata, D L AU - Myers, P S AU - Uyehara, O A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF HYDROXYL RADICAL FORMATION IN THE END GASES OF A SPARK-IGNITED ENGINE UTILIZING A DYE LASER PY - 1978 SP - 18 p. AB - An experimental determination was undertaken of a select chemical species, the hydroxyl radical, present in the nonflamed end gases ahead of the flame front in a spark-ignited engine during normal and knock conditions. Measurements of the radical were obtained via resonance absorption spectroscopy utilizing a broadband-output, frequency-tunable, flashlamp-pumped, organic-dye laser. The dye laser and a photographic spectrometer were placed on opposite sides of a single-cylinder research engine, and the combustion chamber was fitted with quartz windows which allowed the dye laser light pulse to pass through the end gas region and into the spectrometer. The dye laser was pulsed once at a preset crank angle during the combustion cycle by a trigger mechanism recording the absorption spectra on film. The absorption technique allowed hydroxyl radical concentration measurements within the range of 6.0 x 10 to the -10 power to 1.5 x 10 to the -8 power moles/cc, sufficient for the radical to be measured in the nonflamed end gases several degrees ahead of the advancing flame front. This investigation has demonstrated that dye laser absorption spectroscopy is a valuable tool in combustion research. KW - Absorption spectra KW - Combustion KW - Engine knock KW - Gases KW - Lasers KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Spectroscopic analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218063 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399202 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Winkler, C B AU - NISONGER, R L AU - Ervin, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TESTING THE MICHIGAN DOUBLE-BOTTOM TANKER PY - 1978 SP - 22 p. AB - A full-scale vehicle testing program was undertaken to analyze the rollover stability of double-bottom tankers (associated with a high incidence of rollover accidents in Michigan). The testing was part of a total research program which included yaw plane and roll plane analytical studies. Test vehicle loading, anti-rollover outriggers, instrumentation, and modification hardware are discussed. The baseline Michigan tanker was found to have an exceptionally low dynamic rollover stability, particularly in accident-evasion maneuvers. This instability probably accounted for most of the accidents in which the pup trailer alone rolled over. An improvement to the baseline double can be attained by installing, between the dolly and the semitrailer, a hitch which is rigid in both the steer and roll directions and by installing devices in the suspensions to eliminate excessive clearance in the left spring constraints. This modified tanker exhibits a rollover stability level comparable to that of the short Michigan single tanker. The pup trailer of the baseline vehicle has a lightly damped mode of yaw oscillation; it can become unstable if only the rear compartment is loaded and the speed exceeds 50 mph. Virtually all current double and single trailer combinations, and perhaps many straight trucks, incorporate a suspension feature which can reduce the dynamic rollover threshold by as much as 15%. This feature, involving free play in the vertical location of suspension leaf springs, can be almost eliminated with a minor modification. The findings on vehicle stability were combined with exposure to produce estimates of the comparative rollover rating of tanker fleets. It was concluded that fuel delivery using short Michigan single tankers yields the highest exposure to fire hazard of all known fleet options (excluding the unmodified double-bottom tanker), and fuel delivery using conventional 9000 gal. single tankers may yield an exposure to fire hazzrd equal to or greater than that of modified double-bottom tankers and large single tankers. KW - Crash exposure KW - Double trailers KW - Hazardous materials KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Suspension systems KW - Tankers KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle tests KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218078 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399204 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Aoki, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TREND OF JAPANESE TRUCK, BUS, AND TRAILER BRAKES PY - 1978 SP - 24 p. AB - The motor vehicle rulemaking procedure of the Japanese Department of Transportation, and the inspection of new and in-use vehicles in Japan are outlined. The Japanese Safety Regulation, Inspection Standard, and Type Test Standard for motor vehicles are explained, with particular reference to commercial vehicle brakes. The Japanese Automobile Standard Organization (JASO), counterpart of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), is described, and its brake standards are discussed. Comparisons are made of the requirements of the following brake regulations/standards for trucks, trailers, and buses: Japanese Safety Regulation, Inspection Standard, and Type Test; JASO; SAE; Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard; and Economic Commission for Europe. Trends in Japanese commercial vehicles and their brakes are indicated; examples are given (including illustrations) of Japanese truck brakes (drum, disc, parking wedge) and components (actuators for air-over-hydraulic and antiskid brakes, load-sensing valve). KW - Brakes KW - Buses KW - Japan KW - Standards KW - Technology KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218080 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399222 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bayer, R J AU - DeNagel, S F AU - Steiner, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ROTARY COMBUSTION ENGINE HYDROCARBON SOURCE STUDIES PY - 1978 SP - 20 p. AB - In an effort to improve the tradeoff between fuel economy and emissions in the rotary combustion engine, research was undertaken to identify unburned hydrocarbon sources in the exhaust. Flame photography was used in conjunction with extensive time-resolved exhaust gas sampling. Effects of air/fuel ratio, engine load, residual gas, and engine speed on combustion and hydrocarbon emissions were examined. At lean air/fuel ratios, flame extinction in the combustion chamber's trailing portion was an important source of exahust hydrocarbons; the importance of flame extinction was diminished at richer air/fuel ratios. At the richer air/fuel ratios, apex seal leakage appeared to be the dominant hydrocarbon source. Apex seal leakage was also significant at leaner air/fuel ratios. The earlier occurrence of peak time-resolved hydrocarbon concentration with increased apex seal leakage was probably the result of a more energetic jet of linkage gases which projected further forward into the exhausting combustion chamber. The findings indicate that the diagnostic use of time-resolved data is worthwhile, particularly when interpreted in combination with flame photography. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flame photometry KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Rotary engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218095 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399224 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Young, M B AU - Lienesch, J H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ENGINE DIAGNOSTIC PACKAGE (EDRAC)--SOFTWARE FOR ANALYZING CYLINDER PRESSURE-TIME DATA PY - 1978 SP - 18 p. AB - An engine diagnostic package known as EDPAC was designed to process engine cylinder pressure data automatically from single-cylinder and multicylinder engines in order to provide engine performance and combustion information. The EDPAC consists of several self-contained, independent software modules, each having a different analysis function: engine performance calculations, pressure-volume graphics, engine simulation for residual gas estimates, and heat release analysis. After each module is executed, computed results are stored automatically, providing input to subsequent software modules and a data base for future interrogation. The EDPAC saftware offers a user-oriented mechanism by which pressure-time data can be quickly and accurately reduced to meaningful results for evaluating engine combustion and performance. Processing cylinder pressure-time data with EDPAC includes test cell data reduction, generation of indicator diagrams, engine simulation to estimate residual gas fraction, heat release analysis, multicylinder engine summary, and summary of stored data. Routine use of the EDPAC to process pressure data reduces costs, effort, and turnaround time, and a data base containing performance, emission, and combustion data is automatically estabilished. KW - Combustion KW - Cylinders KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Engines KW - Information processing KW - Performance KW - Pressure KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399220 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - LUCAS, G G AU - Brunt, M AU - Petrovic, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LEAN MIXTURE RUNNING OF THE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE BY THE GENERATION OF A VORTEX SYSTEM WITHIN THE INTAKE PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - The effect of fuel mixture strength and ignition timing on flame propagation in the spark ignition engine was investigated, and the significance of intake-generated turbulence was assessed using a vortex generator (several delta-shaped wings joined at their apexes and positioned in the inlet port). The test vehicle was a single-cylinder, four-stroke, variable compression ratio Renault with a spark ignition engine. The engine was run on gasoline at four speeds (1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 rpm), and tests were conducted to obtain the optimum spark timing over a range of mixture strengths. Engine speed, throttle angle and ignition timing, and percentage of flame arrivals across the combustion chamber were measured for three conditions: no vortex generator (datum); 50% blockage ratio vortex generator; and 85% blockage ratio vortex generator. Results showed that flame speed and lean extinction limit may be increased by fitting a vortex generator in the engine intake. The vortex generator should be of variable geometry and replace the conventional throttle. The main instrument on the engine consists of a flame logger which accepts amplified signals from ionization probes set in the engine combustion chamber. The logger is gated to count flames which travel across the combustion chamber during a set crank angle period. Information from this instrumentation is presented in the form of graphs describing the effect of vortex generator blockage ratio, mixture strength, engine speed and load, and spark timing on the percentage number of flames which cross the chamber and on the apparent flame speed. It is demonstrated that the beneficial effect of a vortex generator is more pronounced in the lean mixture region and that measured flame speed is increased using the generator. KW - Combustion KW - Flame propagation KW - Lean fuel mixtures KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Vortex generators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218093 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399227 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yousry, M AU - JOHNSON, J H AU - PANDIT, S M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF SPEED, LOAD, OIL AND COOLANT TEMPERATURE ON DIESEL ENGINE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1978 SP - 31 p. AB - Experimental brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) data are presented for two diesel engines as a function of engine speed, load, outlet coolant temperature, and inlet oil temperature. Engines used in the study were the Cummins VT-903 (turbocharged) and the Caterpillar 3208, both being direct injection and four-cycle. Data were obtained for the Caterpillar engine using a fractional, factorial statistical method which reduced the total test matrix from 256 to 64 data points. A test tree approach was employed in collecting data for the Cummins engine. Neither engine had a vehicle exhaust system, and back pressure might be different in actual vehicle testing. Engine exhaust pressure was adjusted to ambient conditions for all experimental tests. A mathematical parameter for quantitatively expressing the change in BSFC per 10 degree F change in coolant and oil temperature was derived. Results based on using Mobile Delvac 1330 oil (Society of Automotive Engineers 30 type oil) and Amoco Premier Fuel (Diesel No. 2) revealed that an increase in coolant and/or oil temperatures had the effect of reducing BSFC in both engines. An increase in the outlet coolant temperature had a greater effect on reducing BSFC in the Caterpillar engine at any given speed and load condition, while an increase in the inlet oil temperature had a greater effect on reducing BSFC in the Cummins engine. It is believed that the statistical regression method for assessing BSFC is useful in developing engines and their "performance maps." KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Engine performance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Statistical analysis KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218100 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399192 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hogg, G M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES IN AGRICULTURAL AIRCRAFT PY - 1978 SP - 18 p. AB - The environmental factors influencing the design of gas turbine engines for agricultural (ag-) aircraft are discussed under two categories: operational and atmospheric. Operational criteria relate to engine loads, propeller whirl flutter, engine low cycle fatigue, and fuels (diesel and gasoline as alternative to jet fuel). Atmospheric criteria encompass intake filtration (barrier and vortex generator filters), cockpit environmental control, fuel control protection, material coatings, and engine washing. Engine design itself is discussed in terms of: mount structure configuration, intake design envelope, cowling shape, and position of various accessories and options (oil coolers, exhaust stubs, propeller systems). Operational data are presented for the gas turbine-powered ag-aircraft in terms of performance and mechanical integrity. Future developments of the engine and associated systems are indicated. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Control systems KW - Design KW - Engines KW - Filters KW - Fuels KW - Gas turbines KW - Performance KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218068 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399199 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bickerstaff, D J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LIGHT TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY BY DESIGN EFFICIENCY PY - 1978 SP - 47 p. AB - Methods for increasing light truck fuel economy by design efficiency are addressed for compliance with fuel economy and emission control standards. Aerodynamic and road load improvements, weight reduction, and powertrain selection and optimization are discussed, and engineering and manufacturing constraints are examined. Alternative powerplant technology being considered by Ford for light trucks in the 1980's includes improvements to current spark ignition gasoline engines, diesel engines, Ford PROCO (programmed combustion) engine, and turbocharging. Long-term powerplant alternatives and alternative fuels are mentioned. Appended is a description of Ford's Testing Operations Fuel Economy Program for modeling of a vehicle and powertrain to evaluate fuel economy and performance. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Light trucks KW - Power trains KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218075 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399195 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Naegeli, D W AU - Moses, C A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF FUEL PROPERTIES ON SOOT FORMATION IN TURBINE COMBUSTION PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - A T-63 combustor rig was used to study the sensitivity of combustor performance to the physical and chemical properties of fuels in order to determine the effectiveness of fuel properties as correlating parameters for soot formation in gas turbine engines. The composition, the distillation curve, and viscosity were of special concern, the first property associated with carbon formation chemistry and the latter two related to the effect of mixing on atomization and vaporization. Six fuels blended from a JP-5 base fuel were used to determine the effects of aromatic content, aromatic types, and end point. Three JP-5's derived from coal, shale oil, and tar sands were used to examine correlation with petroleum-derived fuels. Seven other fuels that were blends of marine diesel, JP-5, and gasoline were used for overall evaluation, but with emphasis on viscosity and distillation curve. Four emulsified fuels containing 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% water were prepared with one of the above high aromatic JP-5 fuel blends; two more emulsified fuels containing 10% and 20% water were prepared with the shale oil-derived JP-5. The combustor was instrumented for flame radiation, exhaust smoke, and gaseous emissions, all measured at full power. The hydrogen/carbon ratio was the most effective correlating parameter for radiation and smoke; sensitivities to molecular structure appeared to be secondary. Similar to the syncrude fuels, the water/fuel emulsions and methanol/aromatic blends correlated in the same way as petroleum fuels. Higher end points did not affect the correlation, indicating that soot formation was due to gas phase reactions and not liquid phase pyrolysis. The results favor a chemical mechanism for the role of water in reducing soot. KW - Distillation KW - Distillation /refining process/ KW - Fly ash KW - Fuels KW - Gas turbines KW - Materials selection KW - Refining KW - Soot KW - Turbine engines KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218071 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399196 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Apel, J R AU - Wiltse, D E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - APPLYING DESIGN-TO-LIFE CYCLE COST METHODS DURING ENGINE ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - A life cycle cost (LCC) methodology is presented which can be effectively applied during advanced development of turbine engines and engine components. The APSICOST (Aircraft Propulsion Subsystem Integrated Cost of Ownership with System Tradeoffs) methodology is sensitive to engine design and performance parameters, reflects the impact of engine design decisions on total system LCC, and is economical and timely to apply. The application of the APSICOST methodology to an aircraft/engine baseline design study for an undergraduate pilot training mission is described. This system baseline is then used to evaluate the LCC reduction potential of five alternate engine component development concepts: centrifugal compressor rotor, axial compressor rotor, LP turbine rotor, LP turbine assembly, and low aspect ratio fan. It was found that engines in the bypass ratio range 1.0 to 1.65 offer the lowest LCC in a fixed-mission, high-performance trainer/light strike fighter application. The LCC savings can be as much as $1.5 billion for a 700 aircraft fleet vs. the choice of a high bypass ratio engine. The low aspect ratio fan concept was selected as the best of the five candidate concepts, with an estimated potential system LCC savings of $93.48 million. A joint airframe/propulsion/government effort is recommended to standardize methods for reflecting aircraft system LCC impacts in advanced turbine engine development. KW - Aircraft KW - Aircraft engines KW - Development KW - Engines KW - Gas turbines KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218072 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399213 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SUGIURA, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRESENT STATUS OF JAPANESE MOTOR OILS AND EXTENSION OF OIL DRAIN INTERVALS PY - 1978 SP - 19 p. AB - Recent trends in motor oils and drain interval extension in Japan are described. The present target proposed by Japanese automakers is an extension from 5000 km to 10,000 km which seems to be easily met by conventional SE oils. Recently, low ash-low phosphorus oils have predominated in the market in order to increase catalyst durability. It is not presently known whether or not an extended drain interval and such oils are compatible. In comparison with conventional SE oils, low ash-low phosphorus oils offer better valve train wear protection. KW - Engine oils KW - Japan KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218086 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399216 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Swinney, B AU - Coulter, J S AU - Hanson, R E AU - Hunter, L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF LONG DRAIN MULTIGRADE DIESEL ENGINE OILS FOR THE CANADIAN MARKET PY - 1978 SP - 19 p. AB - A line of high-quality multigrade diesel engine oils suitable for long drain applications has been developed using hydrotreated base stock. To meet the growing demand for lubricants in Canada and to offset the high degree of reliance on imports, a new lubricant facility has been constructed in the Toronto area. The facility employs a process in which feedstock undergoes very severe hydrogenation under high pressure. Products are then fractionated, dewaxed, and again hydrogenated under more moderate conditions. Advantages of the hydrotreating process include increased yield, greater flexibility in producing various viscosity grades, and less dependence on selected lubricant crude sources. Two hydrotreated base stocks were used to conduct necessary product development prior to introducing the new lubricant facility. Laboratory and engine dynamometer tests indicated that lubricating oils using hydrotreated base stock had superior control of diesel piston deposits and oxidative viscosity increase. Excellent performance of multigrade diesel engine oils using both hydrotreated and solvent-refined base stock over extended oil change intervals was demonstrated in extensive field trials. Cold weather benefits for multigrade diesel engine oils were defined by cold room studies and outdoor trials. Low volatility, high thermal stability, and good additive response were particular features contributing to overall performance improvements. Finished lubricants formulated from hydrotreated base stocks of similar viscosity index appeared to have similar performance characteristics, regardless of crude source. KW - Diesel engines KW - Engine oils KW - Hydrogenation KW - Multigrade oils KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Performance KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218089 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399230 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kibbee, L AU - ALLEN, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REPORT OF ST. LOUIS TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY DEMONSTRATION PY - 1978 SP - 23 p. AB - The Regular Common Carrier Conference representing the trucking industry and its suppliers, in cooperation with the Society of Automotive Engineers and the Department of Transportation, demonstrated the use of a test procedure known as "Short Term In-Service Vehicle Fuel Consumption Test Procedure-Type 1." The procedure is designed to evaluate add-on type fuel saving devices on trucks; operational techniques of a truck operator may also be assessed. In the cooperative undertaking, nine for-hire motor carriers, five private motor carriers, and six leasing firms furnished 26 pairs of trucks which collectively covered more than 12,500 miles during the two-day evaluation program. Fuel-saving devices came from 15 manufacturers, plus a special lubricant furnished by a major oil company. The major program objective was to demonstrate practical use of the test procedure as an effective yet simple approach to evaluating owner operation of fuel-efficient devices offered for sale to motor carriers. The test procedure proved to be sufficiently accurate, and industry use is recommended. It is also suggested that motor carriers, truck component manufacturers, and other interested parties use the procedure as part of their fuel conservation efforts; that step-by-step illustrated instructions for using the procedure be drafted; and that a source be established where persons wishing to measure fuel efficiency of a device can borrow or lease needed tanks and fittings. The procedure, test data forms, and test procedures are appended. KW - Accuracy KW - Engine oils KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel-saving devices KW - Test procedures KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399231 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Stewart, R M AU - Selby, T W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DISCUSSIONS AND AUTHOR CLOSURES FROM THE SYMPOSIUM ENTITLED, "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENGINE OIL VISCOSITY AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE--PART 3" (SP-429) PY - 1978 SP - 18 p. AB - Eight of the Symposium Papers from the Society of Automotive Engineers Congress and Exposition of March 1978 are discussed. The authors' closures are included. Topics covered are engine pumpability and crankability tests on commercial W-graded engine oils compared to bench test results, influence of the viscosity of polymer-containing engine oils on engine startability, energy savings with multigraded diesel lubricants (experimental test design in winter, urban bus operation), polymer stability in engines, temporary viscosity loss and its relationship to journal bearing performance, oil viscosity at high shear rates measured by a floating journal bearing, friction power loss of mineral and synthetic lubricants in a running engine, and European activity concerning engine oil viscosity classification (part 2). KW - Conferences KW - Engine oils KW - Engine performance KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/218104 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396990 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - THUR, G M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AUTOMOTIVE HEAT ENGINE PROGRAM PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Conflicting objectives among the auto industry, the consumer, and the Federal government are outlined, as well as the problems of current petroleum supply and foreign car imports facing the U.S. economy. The impact of Federal regulations (emission, fuel economy, noise, and safety) and possible state policy changes (e.g. adoption of "closed hood" policy which prohibits engine tampering) on the auto industry in the next decade is addressed. The Department of Energy Automotive Heat Engine Program is currently focusing on the development of gas turbine and Stirling engines by 1983 in order to provide the following advantages: at least a 30% improvement in fuel economy over the best internal combustion engine system design for the same performance; emissions cleaner than the original Clean Air Act standards (including any new particulate standards); multifuel capability; and a system suitable for production engineering and commercialization. A market projection for these advanced heat engine technologies in passenger cars and light trucks is presented, as well as their total energy savings potential. KW - Automobile industry KW - Consumers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Markets KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Stirling engines KW - Turbine engines KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217921 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396991 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Scussel, A J AU - Simko, A O AU - Wade, W R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE FORD PROCO (PROGRAMMED COMBUSTION) ENGINE UPDATE PY - 1978 SP - 42 p. AB - In order to maximize the fuel economy at constrained emission levels, mapping tests were conducted on an experimental Ford 6.6 L PROCO (programmed combustion) engine. In the gasoline-fueled PROCO stratified-charge engine, direct cylinder fuel injection permits operation at overall lean mixture ratios and higher compression ratio, resulting in brake specific fuel consumption values similar to those of prechamber diesel engines. In the current study, the air/fuel ratio, exhaust gas recirculation rate, injection, and spark timings were independently varied at eight operating points selected to cover the operating range of urban and highway driving. The data obtained from these tests were used to project vehicle results and to define a calibration schedule. The control system was adjusted to this schedule and several engines were installed and tested in vehicles. The results show that the PROCO engine, calibrated to meet the preliminary 4000-mi engineering objectives for the .41/3.4/1.0 gm/mi HC (hydrocarbon)/CO (carbon monoxide)/NOx (nitrogen oxides) emission standard, exhibits about 20% better fuel economy compared with a 6.6L carbureted engine calibrated for the 1977 emission standard of 1.5/15/2.0 gm/mi HC/CO/NOx. Acceleration, power, octane requirement, and startability test results are similar to those of a carbureted engine. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experimental design KW - Ford Motor Company KW - Fuel consumption KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217922 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399003 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Adams, M A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SLUDGE APPLICATOR EQUIPPED WITH HIGH FLOTATION TIRES PY - 1978 SP - 7 p. AB - A new development in sludge disposal equipment for land application of the sludge uses field-tested principles from the fertilizer application industry; the machine incorporates high flotation tires, four-wheel drive, four-wheel steering, an off-the-road type chassis, and planetary axles. The land application of sludge is promoted by the Environmental Protection Agency in municipal waste disposal. Within the framework of this process, sludge can be anaerobically digested to produce two useful products: methane gas for use as a heat source by sewage treatment plants; and materials with plant nutrient value. High volume disposal of municipal sludge has been accomplished using the new sludge applicator with minimum cost and maximum acceptance in both environmental and agricultural fields. The machine's operation is detailed in terms of drive train components, tire selection, pumping system selection, and subsurface injector selection. KW - Cargo handling equipment KW - Sludge (Deposit) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217935 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399004 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Patel, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRESSURE COMPENSATED ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC PROPORTIONAL FLOW CONTROL VALVE PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - The requirement for reliable, precise positioning of functions with remote actuation promoted the development of a pressure-compensated electro-hydraulic proportional flow control valve. Lower horsepower consumption, contamination insensitivity, built-in position feedback, and manual operation in case of an emergency were the prime design criteria. The control valve consists of three major components; the first component is a compensator section and the other components are three or more electro-hydraulic proportional valve segments and an outlet section. Design criteria and advantages of using these concepts in typical, mobile hydraulic circuits are discussed. Attention is paid to the control valve's pressure compensation section, electro-hydraulic flow control segment, the control valve's driver stage or low-power electro-magnetic device, pilot stage features where contamination insensitivity and positional feedback are important, ease of over-ride operation and field flushing, operation of the control valve's electro-hydraulic segment, and typical mobile hydraulic circuits and calculations of horsepower loss. KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Hydraulic circuitry KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217936 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399021 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hurst, C G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE WABCO 353FT TWIN ENGINE ELEVATING SCRAPER PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - Development of the WABCO 353FT Twin Engine Elevating Scraper for surface mining applications is an example of advancements being made in mining equipment technology. The 353FT optimizes benefits of various scraper configurations by combining the ability to work under adverse conditions, due to its all-wheel drive, with large capacity and the self-loading feature of an elevating scraper. Important design features are twin matched driveline components between tractor and scraper power trains, an improved hydraulic system, an adequate scraper bowl design, and an efficient elevator system. Versatility is the key in the 353FT design. Designed to tackle tough jobs, the scraper incorporates features of a high production machine with those of a fine finishing tool. The 353FT is an economical production tool for both mining and construction industries. KW - Construction equipment KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Excavating equipment KW - Scrapers (Construction equipment) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217953 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399022 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Thomas, D R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BRAKE TESTING AND LINING EVALUATION OF LARGE OFF-HIGHWAY MINING TRUCKS PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - A series of actual truck performance tests was conducted to determine if stopping performance is predictable, to learn about fade characteristics of available brake linings, and to compare actual brake performance with theoretical performance. Stops at maximum brake operating pressures were run on level grade, 6% grade, and 10% grade. Tests were performed with the machine unloaded, with a half load, and with a full load using two different lining mixes. The test vehicle was a 170C WABCO Haulpak truck, driven by General Electric 776 electric wheel motors having a 28.8:1 armature to wheel ratio, with 36x12 RDH Rockwell Stopmaster drum type brakes on the front wheels and 36x14 RTH Rockwell Stopmaster drum type brakes on the rear. The following data were recorded and/or monitored during each stop: vehicle speed; stop distance; gross vehicle weight; hydraulic pressure at wheel cylinders; treadle valve output pressure; drum temperature; and time of test. Data showed that designing a brake system and selecting a brake based on static torque (or the static K-value) is not adequate. Both test linings exhibited a truck K-value of 0.31 but did not work equally well. A level equivalency test of stops on 10% grade was impractical, since both brake systems performed about the same on level ground but quite differently on a 10% grade. Doubling the gross vehicle weight to double the energy of the level stop is not practical because of tire loading limitations. Increasing speed is not practical because of drivetrain limitations, and towing is not practical because of the design of the tow bar and attachments. None of these duplicates the true energy input to the braking system. Linings must be tested on grade and at operating speeds. It was found that linings are available which give good repeatable and predictable performance when used with drum type brakes. More tests of this nature are recommended. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Brake linings KW - Brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Performance tests KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217954 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396326 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Klein, R H AU - JOHNSON, W A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VEHICLE CONTROLLABILITY IN A PAVEMENT/SHOULDER EDGE CLIMB MANEUVER PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The results are described of a test program to evaluate various roadway disturbances in the driving environment, in order to pare down the list of possible disturbances to the worst cases, identify handling problem areas, find response parameters, and compare responses of different vehicles which might influence the results. The program provided an accident data analysis, survey questionnaire results, and full-scale test results; the pavement/shoulder dropoff (requiring an edge climb maneuver) was found to be the most severe and most likely disturbance to result in lane exceedance. This occurs when the vehicle is scrubbing one set of tires on the shoulder edge (or encountering the edge at too shallow an angle for climb), thereby requiring the driver to apply a large steering deflection to get the car back on the pavement. In this case, the vehicle will spin out if the speed is high enough. Road tests were performed with four passenger cars to get objective vehicle response performance measures as a function of vehicle type, shoulder height, and tire parameters (construction, wear, and pressure). The tests were divided into two categories: closed-loop and open-loop. In the closed-loop tests the effects of the driver, the vehicle, and the environment were all included, whereas in the open-loop tests only the basic vehicle response to the shoulder climb was considered. The closed-loop test with naive drivers in several different cars showed speed to be the critical factor for exceeding a lane boundary after an edge climb from a scrubbing condition. A modified open-loop handling parameter was defined, from which it is possible to predict the closed-loop critical speeds without having to perform closed-loop tests with naive drivers. Steering wheel required to force a vehicle to climb a curb from a scrub condition is independent of speed, but increases with increasing shoulder height. The severity of the shoulder climb maneuver is markedly reduced if the climbing tires are displaced by as little as 6 in. from the shoulder. Steering wheel required to climb from a scrub condition is a function of tire characteristics (worn tires climb easier than new ones; radials and those with low pressure also require less steering). For shallow encounter angles the closing velocity required climb also varies with tire wear (new tires climb at lower closing velocities than worn tires). When in a right turn with the right wheels on the shoulder, the criticality of the situation is significantly reduced over the straight-line case. However, in a left turn the control problem is virtually eliminated since a scrub condition cannot be easily maintained. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Dropoffs (Pavements) KW - Pavement/shoulder drop-off KW - Tires KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217553 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396327 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ISHII, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HEAT RESISTANCE OF FLOOR COVERINGS (VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH CATALYTIC CONVERTERS PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - Model test equipment was developed and experiments were performed to obtain the heat resistance temperature for various types of floor covering in vehicles conforming to emission control standards. Based on the test results, a target floor panel temperature was established, one which would maintain normal floor covering conditions and provide effective heat insulation. Of all the floor coverings, the insulator is the most likely to emit an offensive odor. To prevent this, the heated area of the floor panel should be less than 10 cm. in diameter. Smoke is produced by all floor coverings at panel temperatures between 180 and 200 degrees C. For heat insulation, the insulator is almost ineffective. Although felt is the most effective, it reaches its heat-resistance limit (when loaded) between 180 and 200 degrees C. Carpeting is the next most effective, but when loaded becomes almost ineffective regardless of the level of the panel temperature. For partial heat insulation, felt is most appropriate. Tests on heat conduction clarified the quantity of heat flowing from the exhaust system to the occupant compartment, allowing a reexamination of the capabilities of air conditioning systems. A new heat insulation device utilizing aluminum hydroxide in an aluminum foil envelope is effective in preventing vehicle fires due to overheating of floor panel and coverings. KW - Aluminum KW - Aluminum foil KW - Aluminum hydroxide KW - Automobiles KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Floor coverings KW - Foil KW - Insulating materials KW - Interior KW - Thermal resistance KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217554 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396341 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Holbrook, G W AU - Sloun, J K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SILICONE BRAKE FLUIDS--SHOW US THE HARDWARE PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The results of over two million miles of fleet testing of a Dow Corning silicone brake fluid by a 168-car fleet over a seven year period demonstrate greatly improved performance and component life under a wide variety of adverse conditions. Mixtures of silicone and polyglycol based fluids operate normally with no adverse chemical or physical effects. Flush filling using a variety of bleeding techniques can reduce corrosion, increase brake system life and provide improved performance at low temperatures, although the technique, no matter how thorough, will not give a pure system, and the full value of the silicone fluid will not be realized. Pure silicone systems will essentially eliminate brake system wear and corrosion for at least 70,000 miles, with a possible service life of over 100,000 miles predicted. KW - Brake fluids KW - Brakes KW - Corrosion KW - Field tests KW - Performance KW - Service life KW - Silicones KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217568 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396344 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schmid, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF OCCUPANT BIOMECHANICAL STRESS OCCURRING DURING A SIDE IMPACT PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - Using a simple mathematical model the injury risk to occupants of a laterally impacted passenger car may be calculated as a function of front and side structure rigidity of the vehicles involved, and the possibilities of compatible structure combinations derived. Test results show that at a given impact velocity and a given mass ratio, a favorable combination of rigidity of side and front structure may reduce the risk of injury to the occupants to far below that of the original structure combination; padding of the side structure also reduces the risk, independent of all rigidity combinations. A "two-stage" characteristic of the front structure of a passenger car improves the possibility of a favorable adaptation to the side impact; for frontal crashes, however, it does have some unfavorable consequences. Statistical evaluations have shown that dummies must be used while testing data in lateral tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Risk assessment KW - Side crashes KW - Structural design KW - Vehicle padding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217571 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396994 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hagie, R AU - Carney, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH SPEED ENDURANCE RECORDS USING PRODUCTION MOTORCYCLES PY - 1978 SP - 7 p. AB - The establishment of high-speed endurance records using production motorcycles is discussed. Modifications to increase specific engine output while maintaining reliability are described, as well as other motorcycle modifications made mainly to improve rider comfort and to provide for the lowered riding position necessary to reduce aerodynamic drag. Track preparation is also described. The experience of riding the modified motorcycle during high-speed endurance events is discussed, based on experience at the Daytona International Speedway in the following high-speed events 10, 100, and 1000 mi. American Motorcyclist Association; 100 and 1000 km Federation Internationale Motorcycliste; and 6, 12, and 24 hr. in the 750 cc class sanctioned by both groups. It is noted that such high-speed endurance runs provide the motorcycle manufacturer with much information about his machine, revealing possible problems that can be remedied in future production. KW - Durability tests KW - High speed tests KW - Motorcycles KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217925 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399000 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Fields, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOME CONSIDERATION IN LIQUID-COOLED SNOWMOBILE DESIGN PY - 1978 SP - 7 p. AB - The typical liquid-cooled snowmobile and snowmobile usage patterns are defined. Estimation of the cooling load of a snowmobile in terms of the following three worst conditions is discussed: maximum cooling requirement, minimum available cooling, and maximum cooling deficiency. Laboratory methods and calculations are given for determining required engine horsepower for a given speed, and engine heat rejection to the water jacket. Design considerations are presented for radiators and splash heat exchangers. The cooling deficiency method is introduced as a means to determine the heat rejection rates of cooling system components in actual field conditions using minimum instrumentation. Quality assurance tests are listed to be performed after selection and installation of appropriate cooling system components. It is noted that the cost of the radiator and snow-splash system can range from 5% to 10% of the total snowmobile cost, with a weight penalty of about 4%. The liquid-cooled snowmobile engine is described in terms of its field success as a quieter, more stable, and easier to start engine at low temperatures as compared to an air-cooled engine with belt-driven axial flow fan. KW - Cooling KW - Cooling systems KW - Engines KW - Liquid cooling KW - Liquids KW - Snowmobiles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217932 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399007 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Venkateshwar, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MODULAR DESIGN CONCEPT FOR HEAVY DUTY TRANSMISSIONS OF WHEELED AND TRACKED VEHICLES PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - A design concept has evolved for the configuration of heavy-duty transmissions based on the building block approach. Basically, an automotive transmission is a propulsion drive system that accepts as its input the speed, torque, and power characteristics output by the prime mover and delivers the requisite speed, torque, and power level compatible with vehicle load and operational requirements. This overall objective is achieved via a functional combination of subsystems or modules. A transmission system includes input, coupling, direction change, change speed, output, service, control, auxiliary power, option, and brake modules. Functional characteristics inherent in vehicle transmissions are configured by integrating requisite modules to meet drive train requirements for commercial vehicles and off-highway wheeled and tracked vehicles. These functional modules provide for total interchangeability within a preselected drive train handling range, and transmission system configurations permit flexible, compatible, and custom-built drive train packages. Specific transmission functions related to skid-steered vehicles and advantages of the modular design concept are addressed. Trends in automotive transmission manufacture are explored. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Design KW - Heavy duty equipment KW - Modular structures KW - Power trains KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217939 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399011 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Baker, R N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTROL OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM NOISE IN A MILITARY VEHICLE PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - Retrofit noise control techniques were developed to reduce noise exposure for the operator of a large Army forklift truck. The Army's Rough Terrain Forklift Truck (RTFT) is a large load-handling and towing vehicle weighing over 34,000 lbs., with selectable two-wheel or four-wheel drive and steering. Power is provided by a rear-mounted two-cycle V-6 engine with a Roots type blower. Vehicle power steering, power braking, and material handling functions are accomplished by a complex hydraulic system. In the comprehensive noise reduction program, various noise sources were studied and modified. Both moving and stationary tests were conducted, and major vehicle noise sources were characterized. Pulsation damping devices and the replacement of hydraulic pumps were studied. The impact of hydraulic system modifications on vibration levels was assessed, as well as final operator position noise levels without cab. Conventional noise analysis techniques, such as spectral analysis of sound and vibration signals, selective or isolated operation of different noise sources, and the window technique, were used to separate the contribution of hydraulic noise from that of other noise sources, and to define the nature of the hydraulic noise problem. It was found that hydraulic system noise was more difficult to reduce, at least on a retrofit basis, than other common vehicle noise sources. Practical retrofit modifications to reduce hydraulic system noise included component replacement, introduction of flexible fluid lines, vibration isolation, and vibration damping. Overall noise at the operator's ear was reduced by 15 dB(A) without a cab and by 22 dB(A) with a cab. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Military vehicles KW - Noise control KW - Retrofitting KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217943 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399018 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Straubel, M AU - Schwartz, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE ROBERT BOSCH IN-LINE INJECTION PUMP (TYPE "P") FOR DIESEL ENGINES--FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF A PROVEN LINE OF INJECTION PUMPS PY - 1978 SP - 23 p. AB - The Robert Bosch series of inline pumps serves engine output requirements ranging from 13 to 268 bhp per cylinder; in this family of injection pumps, the Type P inline pump is mainly applied to heavy-duty, direct injected truck engines, with power output up to 80 bhp per cylinder. Since 1962, approximately 1.5 million pumps of this type have been supplied to the field. Five aims of the new version of the P-pump are to: increase the permissible peak injection pressure into the 1200 bar range; increase the maximum quantity of fuel injected by enlarging the maximum plunger lift from 11 to 12 mm while maintaining a maximum plunger diameter of 13 mm; improve performance with virtually unchanged pump external dimensions so as not to complicate installation on the engine; utilize the existing transfer line during pump production to maintain a high degree of accuracy and keep costs down; and combine the wide range of add-on units to form a complete module with little or no overlapping. Individual stages in this development work are described, and research results are illustrated in a modular overview and test findings. KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Pumps KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217950 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399025 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Yahraus, W A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVING SLEEVE BEARING FATIGUE LIFE--A NEW DESIGN CONCEPT PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Peak oil film pressure is cited as the parameter controlling a sleeve bearing's fatigue life. Improvements in sleeve bearing fatigue life are achievable through alloy strengthening or reduction of peak oil film pressure; unfortunately, the "soft" properties required of a bearing generally limit metallurgical alterations which could accomplish alloy strengthening. Theoretical calculations show that the most effective way of reducing peak film pressure is to reduce the bearing clearance, but this technique tends to sensitize the bearing to "off" conditions and can lead to excessive operating temperatures. By incorporating unequal walls in upper and lower shells, fatigue life improvement can be realized without the penalty of higher temperatures. Tests conducted in both engines and bearing fatigue machines confirm the validity of the unequal wall theory. Several diesel builders are conducting tests on their own engines. By reducing the peak oil film pressure developed in a halfshell bearing, the unequal wall design offers longer bearing life in existing engines, higher load capacity for equivalent bearing life, potential for returning to a nominal 0.001 inch (or thicker) overlay in high-output diesel bearings, maintenance of acceptable peak oil film pressure values in lower-speed high-torque-rise engines, and possible lift/drag reduction to save space and weight and/or improve crankshaft reliability by allowing the use of larger fillets. KW - Bearings KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Oil film pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217957 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399032 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Stanley, R H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ENERGY--UNCERTAINTY AND REALITY PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - While national energy needs are evident and measures to meet these needs are apparent, the achievement of realistic objectives is clouded by uncertainties. The United States' dependence on foreign oil has continued to increase, and the country has no coherent national energy policy. By their very nature, energy solutions will be politically unpopular, since the public will not be enthusiastic about paying higher prices and changing energy use patterns. Required energy-related actions include conservation, a shift in energy use away from oil and natural gas, a shift in energy use toward more abundant fuels (coal, nuclear power, and electricity), and electric vehicle technology. Time is required to change energy use patterns and for continuing research and development into alternative fuel sources (oil shale and tar sand processing, solar and geothermal energy, wind power, photovoltaic generation, magnetohydrodynamics and fuel cells, and ocean thermal currents). Market forces must be allowed to work in order to provide incentives and allocate resources if a climate in which energy conservation prevails is to be established. Economic, environmental, and siting uncertainties must be minimized. Because constructive action is needed, individuals knowledgeable in energy matters must become involved in the public and political decisionmaking process. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Economics KW - Energy KW - Energy conservation KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217964 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396323 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bauer, A AU - Schimkat, H AU - Weissner, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESCRIPTION OF AN ADVANCED SAFETY VEHICLE PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - Volkswagen participated in the research safety vehicle (RSV) program of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and occupant protection was the focal point of initial work. The Experimental Safety Volkswagen (ESVW) I and ESVW II were designed to incorporate realistic safety concepts and to achieve the ultimate goal of a mass-produced unit. The first-generation ESVW I provided for occupant survival in central frontal barrier impact up to an impact velocity of 50 mph. Some safety vehicles developed with this objective in mind were heavy and expensive. Consequently, the second generation of safety vehicles, evident in the ESVW II, was built with consideration given to realistic safety measures (frontal impact velocity of 40 mph). Based on previous experience, Volkswagen developed the Integrated Research Volkswagen (IRVW) establishing six objectives: low fuel consumption; low exhaust gas emission; low noise levels; high passive safety; high active safety; and good operational performance. Other design parameters were lightweight construction, low-cost production, high value in use, and smallest possible exterior dimensions with good roominess. The IRVW is detailed with regard to the engine and transmission, the vehicle body and structure, bumpers, equipment, restraint systems, seats, chassis, front axle, steering system, rear axle, and brakes. Crash test results for the IRVW at 30, 40, and 60 mph are illustrated. It is shown that the IRVW with water-cooled four-cylinder diesel engine with turbocharger, permits a composite fuel economy of 60 mph, with emissions well below 0.4, 3.4 and 1.5 gms/mi hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, respectively. KW - Crashes KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Impact tests KW - Lightweight materials KW - Noise KW - Safety vehicles KW - Testing KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217550 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396330 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hergenrother, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL TAXICABS IN NEW YORK CITY TAXICAB FLEETS PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - A test group of 66 diesel-powered taxicabs, paired with an equal number of gasoline-powered cabs, were operated in three taxicab fleets in New York City to determine comparative differences in fuel economy, exhaust emissions, reliability, and maintenance requirements. The cabs were identical, except for their engines, which were either Nissan 198 CID diesel engines or Chrysler 225 CID gasoline engines. The test disclosed that the diesel-powered cabs averaged 14.7 mpg fuel consumption while gasoline-powered cabs averaged just 9.7 mpg. The fuel consumption superiority of the diesel-powered cabs was to be expected as the diesel engine is more efficient than the gasoline engine under conditions of low piston speed, i.e. the low driving speed (7 mph) of taxicabs in the traffic-congested urban environment. The margin of superiority, however, was not as great as expected, possibly due to different driver behavior. Exhaust emissions tests were made on both groups of taxicabs after 5000 and 50,000 miles of driving. At both mileage levels, diesel engine emissions were substantially lower than gasoline engine emissions in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. The degradation of the diesel exhaust emissions with time was also much less than that of the gasoline emissions. Preliminary analysis of vehicle maintenance through analysis of mechanic labor hours, shifts lost, and miles driven on a shift revealed that diesel cabs required slightly less maintenance than gasoline cabs. It is surmised, however, that the maintenance/reliability records of diesel cabs were somewhat downgraded due to problems resulting from engine retrofitting and delays due to mechanics' unfamiliarity with diesel engines (consequent inclination to service gasoline cabs first), and difficulties in obtaining spare parts for the diesel engines. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline engines KW - Reliability KW - Taxicabs KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217557 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396337 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Barker, R F AU - Hirst, S L AU - Caddock, B D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A EUROPEAN COLD-WEATHER DRIVEABILITY PROCEDURE PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - A test procedure was developed for rating the driveability performance of European cars equipped with manual chokes and manual transmissions so that the effects of ambient temperature and fuel volatility could be assessed. Driveability was rated subjectively, using the CRC rating scale with minor alterations. Cold-start times and warm-up times can also be measured by the procedure. The design of the intake system determines the basic driveability performance of a car. Important factors are inlet air temperature, carburetor and choke characteristics, and inlet manifold shape. Recent demands for better fuel consumption and lower exhaust emissions have led to weaker mixtures and less choke use. It was found that carburetted European vehicles respond to changes in gasoline volatility and ambient temperature. Significant improvements in driveability can be achieved by engine hardware changes which improve mixture preparation (e.g. quick warm-up inlet manifolds, heated intake air systems, and improved automatic choke systems). Vehicles with fuel-injected engines are not affected by ambient conditions or fuel quality. KW - Chokes KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Cold weather KW - Driveability KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Manual transmissions KW - Starting (Driving) KW - Vehicle performance KW - Warmup UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217564 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396348 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Weseloh, W E AU - Rudolph, K E AU - Pratt, J G AU - HUNTLEY, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMOTIVE HYDROMECHANICAL TRANSMISSION PY - 1978 SP - 22 p. AB - Development and in-vehicle testing of an automotive hydromechanical transmission (HMT) are discussed. This hydromechanical type of continuously variable transmission (CVT) has demonstrated a 20% improvement in fuel economy on the Federal composite driving cycle (compared to a production three-speed automatic transmission) without any engine modifications. The 0 to 60 mph performance for a vehicle equipped with the CVT is equal to that of an identical vehicle equipped with automatic transmission. The HMT results in increased emissions, the most serious concern being the 40% increase in nitrogen oxides. Observation of degradation characteristics on a stock engine used extensively for HMT testing suggests that the high-torque, low-speed mode of operation required for best efficiency does not adversely affect engine life to any appreciable extent. Engine speed stability under feedback control has not been a problem, and any oscillations in engine speed do not appear to reduce fuel economy significantly. The driving cycle average efficiency of the first generation HMT is only 3% higher than that of the automatic transmission. The second generation pre-production prototype HMI is promising in terms of weight, size, and manufacturing cost. Noise remains an area of concern. KW - Continuously variable transmissions KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydromechanics KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Noise KW - Performance KW - Prototypes KW - Testing KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217575 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396996 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Seguin, S D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE MOPED--THE POTENTIAL FOR SAVING OVER 5 BILLION GALLONS OF GASOLINE YEARLY IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Based on the characteristics of the moped and on travel patterns in the U.S., the yearly number of trips which are within moped capability are estimated. The corresponding number of miles traveled and fuel savings to be realized through moped use are quantified. Most of the data are from the "National Personal Transportation Study" conducted in 1969-1970 by the Bureau of the Census for the Federal Highway Administration. It is determined that the use of the moped to its full commuting capabilities would result in an annual savings of over 5 billion gallons of gasoline in the U.S. Appended data indicate the distribution of trips by sex in each age group for major transportation modes; percentage of automobile trips by season and trip length, and of single occupancy trips; automobile mi./day for trips under 10 mi. (single occupancy); and yearly moped capable mileage and gasoline consumption. Also appended are a table and charts providing a picture of motor vehicle travel (and fuel consumption) in the U.S. in 1976 (over 1.4 trillion motor vehicle miles traveled, 76.2% by passenger car). KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mopeds KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip distribution KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217927 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396998 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Underwood, A F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE UNWRITTEN HISTORY OF THE LIGHT DIESEL PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - The development of the light diesel engine is traced from the perspective of an experienced automotive engineer. Attention is focused on the past "benign neglect" of the diesel and its sudden recognition as the foremost alternate powerplant. Efforts to develop the light diesel engine by individuals and companies are reviewed, with special credit given to H. R. Ricardo and C. L. Cummins. Problems and successes, as well as areas of future concern, are detailed. A checklist indicates significant light diesel possibilities and essential developments related to fuel, noise, cold weather starting, turbocharging, high-altitude driving, fuel injection, and emissions. KW - Development KW - Diesel engines KW - History KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217929 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399012 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Skaistis, S J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MECHANICAL ISOLATION OF HYDRAULIC NOISE SOURCES PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - Vibration characteristics of hydraulic piston pumps and other pertinent vibration sources are identified to guide the design of pump vibration isolation mountings. In the study vehicle, a harvesting machine, cab noise reaches 98 dB(A) when the machine is driven to and from fields at top speed. Noise sources include the drive shaft, piston pump, gear pump, piston motor, and bevel gear. Since noise heard outside the cab is not detected in the cab, the cab effectively shields the operator from airborne noise. As a corollary to this, it is concluded that cab noise is due to structureborne noise vibrating cab walls. The absence of strong engine noise components also leads to the conclusion that engine vibration mounts are effective in isolating structureborne noise. Cab noise can also be reduced by isolating other sources of structureborne noise. Piston pumps generate structureborne noise in three ways: periodic variations in torque or moments generated by the pump; discharge flow pulsations or fluidborne noise, generating structureborne noise by exciting vibrations in hydraulic lines; and cyclic forces internal to the pump. Isolating a pump requires a resilient mounting system that blocks the transmission of linear motions in two directions and rocking motions in one or two planes. Simplification in noise reduction can be achieved with the use of mounting systems and reported design data for avoiding coupled vibration modes. The selection of an appropriate design frequency for designing a pump isolation system, coupled vibration modes, and inclined mounts are detailed. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Mounting KW - Noise control KW - Pistons (Engines) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217944 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399014 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Abercrombie, G E AU - Bennett, A G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW VIBRATION 20 HP (HORSEPOWER) MINI-RPV (REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLE) ENGINE PY - 1978 SP - 7 p. AB - A twin crank, geared output engine is being developed to satisfy the requirement for reliable, low vibration, compact reciprocating engines for small remotely piloted vehicles (mini-RPV's). The Bennett mini-RPV engine is a 20-hp, two-cylinder, two-stroke, simultaneously firing twin crankshaft unit, with the twin cranks geared to a common output shaft. Cranks run in separate cavities in a common housing. Induction is by twin carburetors, each feeding through a separate crankshaft-mounted rotary valve. In effect, the machine consists of two independent single-cylinder engines. The special feature of the engine is its very low vibration. An analysis and the resulting balance criterion that gives low vibration are presented. KW - Design KW - Piston engines KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217946 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399029 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - KITTELSON, D B AU - Dolan, D F AU - Diver, R B AU - Aufderheide, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS--FUEL AND ADDITIVE EFFECTS PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - Particle mass and size distribution measurements were made on the exhaust of an Onan prechamber diesel engine in order to describe the influence of fuel and fuel additives on physical characteristics of particulate matter emitted from a prechamber diesel engine. Seven fuels were examined (No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuels, 40 and 50 cetane number secondary reference fuels, and No. 2 diesel fuel doped with three different concentrations of Lubrizol 565, a barium-based smoke suppressant). Fuel cetane number had a marked influence on diesel exhaust particle emissions. Reducing the cetane number decreased particle mass and volume concentrations in exhaust. A probable explanation for this decrease was that longer ignition delay periods associated with reduced cetane number fuels allowed more complete mixing of fuel and air prior to ignition, thus minimizing the amount of fuel burnt under rich conditions that lead to particle formation. It was found that the barium smoke suppression additive markedly reduced Bosch smoke number but did not produce similar reductions in particle mass emissions. Under certain conditions of light load and high additive concentrations, mass emissions were increased. The additive apparently suppresses the production of light-absorbing carbon particles, but leads to the formation of dense but only weakly light-absorbing barium-containing particles. No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuels and the 50 cetane number reference fuel produced very similar emissions, with emission indexes in the 0.3-1.3 mg range and volume mean diameters between 0.09 and 0.15 micrometers. The 40 cetane number reference fuel produced both smaller emission indexes and particle diameters. KW - Cetane number KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel additives KW - Particle size distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217961 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399031 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Chu, M L AU - Doyle, G R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NONDETERMINISTIC ANALYSIS OF A FOUR-WHEELED MODEL VEHICLE TRAVERSING A SIMULATED RANDOM TERRAIN PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - In order to increase confidence in the reliability and accuracy of the linear random vibration theory in predicting vehicular behavior, an experiment was performed with a four-wheeled model vehicle having an independent suspension system. The vehicle has three degrees of freedom (vertical translation, pitch, and roll) and was made to operate at different speeds on a simulated road bed with randomly distributed surface roughness. Using linear random vibration theory, equations giving the power spectral density of each degree of freedom about the vehicle's center of gravity were derived as a function of the power spectral density of the four wheels' vertical displacement. Numerical and experimental techniques enabled a direct comparison to be made between theoretical predictions and experimental results. The linear random vibration theory gave reliable predictions at higher speeds and on rougher terrain. Deliberate, asymmetrical loading of the model vehicle had little effect on the reliability of linear random vibration theory predictions. A comparison between results of linear random vibration theory and a numerical-nonlinear technique showed the superiority of the former in predicting experimental results, with a relatively small computing time requirement. KW - Experiments KW - Forecasting KW - Linear method KW - Random vibration KW - Reliability KW - Theory KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217963 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396319 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Durst, W E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYDRAULIC BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATORS--DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - The manufacture of hydraulically-driven bucket wheel excavators in West Germany is reported. Developments in the 1970's have resulted in giant machines with performances up to 240,000 cubic meters of bank per day and in hydraulically-driven standard machine types. Experience with bucket wheel excavators shows that the best output is obtained when material dug by the excavator is transported away continuously by conveyor. Performance is further improved if a belt wagon is introduced, making it possible for the excavator to remove several blocks with the face conveyor remaining in the same position. A series of all-hydraulic bucket wheel excavators and belt wagons has been developed and put into operation by a West German firm. Energy can be provided by diesel engines mounted in the excavator itself or fed in by high-tension electric cables. A simplified hydraulic layout for one machine shows that oil feed can be directed to the drive which needs the most energy at a particular moment of operation. The hydraulically-driven bucket also makes adjustment of power regulation very simple. When the digging force acting on the wheel periphery exceeds a certain value, the speed of revolution drops with the slewing speed; thus peripheral force increases while length of the bucket edge engaged in cutting is reduced. Both measures enable harder layers to be cut without the bucket wheel being disengaged due to overloading. Driving pulleys of conveyor belts are hydraulically-powered belt pulleys with built-in gear boxes. Specific excavator models are described and illustrated. KW - Conveyors KW - Design KW - Excavating equipment KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217546 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396332 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wong, V W S AU - Rife, J M AU - Martin, M K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTS IN STRATIFIED COMBUSTION WITH A RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - High-speed movies and analysis of rapid compression machine experiments were used to study mechanisms that control combustion rates in the Texaco Controlled Combustion System. The Texaco system is a spark-ignited, direct injection, stratified charge engine with a deep cup in the piston, relatively high swirl in the combustion chamber, and injection-controlled timing. The fuel injection nozzle is directed at spark plug electrodes. Air swirl is oriented to carry fuel from the injector to the spark plug. The Texaco stratified charge engine has demonstrated good fuel economy, relatively low emissions, and a wide fuel tolerance. A rapid compression machine was employed to obtain performance data and high-speed combustion photographs with the Texaco geometry. Experimental results were analyzed to describe the combustion process, particularly physical mechanisms that control mixing and combustion rates. Air motion in the combustion chamber appeared to be dominated by air swirl, and simple mass and momentum arguments could be used to calculate air swirl at top dead center. Fuel jet motion for the injector to the spark plug could be computed with a single jet mixing model. A similar model also appeared to be appropriate for calculating the motion of unburned fuel-air mixture in the wake of spark plug electrodes. KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experiments KW - Fuel consumption KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Swirl UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217559 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396334 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Henein, N A AU - Elias, N Y AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MODIFIED CETANE SCALE FOR LOW IGNITION QUALITY FUELS PY - 1978 SP - 26 p. AB - Detailed analysis was performed on the Cetane Scale used to rate the auto ignition quality of fuels; the effect of an increase in temperature and pressure, due to increasing the compression ratio, on ignition delay was theoretically and experimentally evaluated. The CFR cetane variable compression engine used in the investigation had a combustion chamber divided into two parts connected by a passage tangential to the prechamber. Cylinder gas pressure, injector needle lift, fuel line pressure, fuel flow rate, air flow rate, intake air heater performance, and intake air surge tank performance were measured. Experimental work was conducted in four phases: engine certification; analysis of cetane number auto ignition parameters; techniques to modify the Cetan Scale to rate low ignition quality fuels; and comparison between fuel ratings on 150-degree F and 350-degree F scales. Results showed ignition delay was more sensitive to air temperature than air pressure. Sensitivity increased with a drop in fuel cetane number. A modified cetane scale was developed by raising the inlet temperature from 150 to 350 degrees F without changing the rest of the rating technique; this extended the scale to zero cetane number and enabled the rating of low ignition quality fuels. Increasing intake air temperature was effective in reducing the compression ratio required to rate low ignition quality fuels. The cycle-to-cycle variation in the length of the ignition delay decreased with a raise in intake air temperature. Fuel blends with low cetane numbers exhibited sensitivity and resulted in lower cetane ratings at higher inlet temperatures. It is recommended that a study be made of the factors affecting the cycle-to-cycle variation in the length of ignition delay of low ignition quality fuels (e.g. gasoline fuels), of cetane scales at intake temperatures other than 350 degrees F, and of the problem of fuel sensitivity of low ignition quality fuels when the intake temperature is increased. Engine specifications and information on the computer model for the compression process in the CFR cetane engine are appended. KW - Cetane number KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Experiments KW - Fuels KW - Ignition KW - Pressure KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217561 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399001 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - POWELL, T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH-OUTPUT SMALL-DISPLACEMENT TWO-STROKE ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 23 p. AB - Approaches taken by manufacturers and independent engine developers over the past 20 years are reviewed in converting lightweight, air-cooled, reed-valved, chain-saw type, two-stroke engines into high-output competition motors for powering small vehicles for recreation, sports, and organized racing. Increasing small two-stroke engine output has entailed solving problems associated with their high rpm potentials, reed and rotary-valve induction systems, cylinder and piston ports, crankcase induction, anti-friction bearing cranktrains, air cooling, and fuel-lubricant combustion. Developing modification routines for the small two-stroke engines has involved techniques differing considerably from those used in boosting output of small four-stroke engines. Manufacturers and competition engine developers have used high-strength, anti-fatigue, and anti-corrosive aerospace type alloys, and advanced metallurgical treatment techniques. They have also investigated induction-exhaust acoustic tuning effects, novel carburetor designs, new type spark plugs, ring and rod innovations, radical high-rpm anti-friction bearing designs, new synthetic lubricants, special alcohol racing fuels, improved engine cooling methods, ultra-high-strength fastener designs, and crankcase tolerances in thousandths of an inch. Some of these approaches are applicable to four-stroke engines. Appended are a list of SAE paper numbers on two-stroke engines and illustrations of engines and components. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Alloys KW - Design KW - Synthetic crude oil KW - Synthetic oils KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217933 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399008 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wei, L J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL TRACTOR TORQUE CONVERTER TRANSMISSION PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - A new torque converter transmission has been designed for International Harvester's (IH) worldwide industrial tractors in the 55-81 horsepower range. The previous forward-reverse transmission provided four synchronized speeds actuated by a mechanical clutch with a hydraulic clutch for forward and reverse. A sliding gear shifted-range transmission provided high and low speeds, thus giving a total of eight forward and eight reverse speeds. Design goals for the new torque converter transmission were to introduce the torque converter to the existing transmission with minimum development time and investment. Specific goals were to fit certain components into the same space as the existing transmission (forward and reverse clutch pack with modulation for full power directional shift, torque converter, oil distributing housing, manual shift three-speed synchronized transmission, torque converter drive and reinforced plates, and engine flywheel), to provide a high-low constant mesh collar shift range transmission as a solution to the problem of gear tooth chipping experienced on the existing transmission, and to minimize new tooling by using existing production tooling as much as possible for basic housing surfaces and production parts. Successful test results indicate that the new torque converter transmission is reliable for IH's tractors in the 55-81 horsepower range. Clutch design, general design features, and hydraulic circuitry for the new transmission are detailed. KW - Clutches KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Hydraulic circuitry KW - Torque converters KW - Transmissions KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217940 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399010 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Maroney, G E AU - Harris, J D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRACTICAL METHODS FOR REDUCING HYDRAULIC NOISE PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The control of hydraulic noise along vibration and pressure ripple transmission paths is discussed, and basic theories of structureborne and fluidborne noise control are examined. The acoustical acceptability of off-highway equipment is generally viewed in terms of airborne noise perceived by a bystander or user. Airborne noise associated with a machine is directly related to energy conversion or energy transmission processes. Since perceived airborne noise due to a machine is related to the machine's operating environment, standard test procedures account for this fact to insure the reproducibility of noise measurements. Noise control can be achieved by obtaining quiet sources, reducing the amount of noise transmitted by various paths, or modifying the receiver's environment. Airborne noise results from structureborne noise, part of which is caused by fluidborne noise. If primary structureborne noise and fluidborne noise are reduced, a system's airborne noise will decrease. Important acoustical concepts that relate to noise control are explored, and a brief discussion of machine noise control is provided. Examples giving quantitative results are cited to show that practical techniques can be employed to reduce hydraulic system noise in machines. It is suggested that, when possible, noise control should be initiated at the design stage. KW - Acoustics KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Noise KW - Noise control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217942 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399033 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rodgers, J J AU - Kabel, R H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE SEQUENCE IID ENGINE OIL TEST PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - The American Society of Testing and Materials Sequence IIC test was established to evaluate the rust and corrosion protection provided by gasoline engine oils. It is one of several tests used to define SE-quality engine oils. The test utilizes a 1967, 7.0 L Oldsmobile engine which is no longer available. A program has been implemented to replace this engine with a 1978, 5.7 L Oldsmobile engine. The new test, called Sequence IID, also evaluates engine oil rust and corrosion protection, and it correlates with both Sequence IIC engine test and passenger car short-trip test results. The Sequence IID test procedure is essentially the same as the Sequence IIC procedure, although some changes in test operational limits were necessary due to differences in engine displacement. In addition, since the same 5.7 L engine is also used in the Sequence IID test, the commonality of equipment permits laboratories to conduct both tests with little increase in parts inventory. The Sequence IID test generates fewer rust deposits than the sequence IIC test. To compensate for this difference and maintain oil quality equivalence, the minimum rust rating for SE-quality oils has been increased from 8.4 in the Sequence IIC test to 8.5 in the Sequence IID test. KW - Corrosion protection KW - Engine oils KW - Materials tests KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Rust prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217965 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396336 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Myers, J P AU - Alkidas, A C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION-CHAMBER SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF A SINGLE-CYLINDER SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - The effect of combustion-chamber surface temperature on exhaust emissions was investigated for wide ranges of air/fuel ratio, speed and volumetric efficiency. A single-cylinder research engine was operated on propane over a range of speed (1000 to 2500 r/min.), volumetric efficiency (20% to 80%) and air/fuel ratio (13 to 22.5), while combustion-chamber surface temperature was varied independently. It was found that oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions significantly increase with increasing surface temperature. This effect is strongest at lean air/fuel ratios. In rich mixtures, the demonstrated weak influence of surface temperature on NOx emissions is attributed to NO decomposition reactions occurring during the expansion stroke. With the exception of the extremely lean condition (22.5 air/fuel ratio), the sensitivity of hydrocarbon emissions to surface temperature was found to be essentially independent of air/fuel ratio. No significant effect of surface temperature on carbon monoxide emissions was found. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion chambers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Surface temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217563 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396338 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Becker, R F AU - Ciardiello, U AU - Fitch, F B AU - Smith, C N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HOT WEATHER VOLATILITY REQUIREMENTS OF EUROPEAN PASSENGER CARS PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - Studies were made in Europe during the summer of 1977 on the possibility of expanding gasoline supply through relaxation of existing Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) volatility specifications. Performance parameters investigated included vehicle vapor lock and hot weather driveability under both controlled and consumer operation. Test results confirmed that increasing gasoline RVP from 10 to 12.5 psi with corresponding reductions in distillation temperatures and vapor/liquid ratio temperatures had no serious effect on vehicle hot weather performance. Relaxing some existing RVP specifications, while still providing satisfactory consumer protection levels, would permit more optimum utilization of available high volatility, high octane gasoline components, and expand gasoline product yields while minimizing crude requirements. KW - Driveability KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Gasoline KW - Hot weather KW - Vapor lock KW - Vehicle performance KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217565 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396340 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - CONLEY, J H AU - JAMISON, R G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ARMY EXPERIENCE WITH SILICONE BRAKE FLUIDS PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - A program to evaluate silicone brake fluids for use in military vehicles operating in various climatic conditions was begun in 1967. After six years of laboratory testing and numerous improvements in the characteristics of these fluids, a vehicle field test was initiated in the spring of 1973. Three candidate silicone fluids were selected and installed in M151 1/4-ton cargo vehicles, and M-715 1-1/4-ton vehicles operating at the Tropical Test Center (TTC), Panama Canal Zone, the Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), Arizona, and the Arctic Test Center (ATC), Fort Greeley, Alaska. Brake parts were inspected after one year of operation, and all parts were removed and inspected after two years of operation. After two years of service at TTC and YPG, the two water intolerant silicone fluids were significantly better than the water tolerant silicone fluid and the conventional VV-B-680 fluid. At ATC, the water intolerant silicone fluids were removed from test after eight months due to possible crystallization at temperatures below -50 degrees F, and two new silicones were installed. The new low temperature silicones were superior to the MIL-H-13910 Arctic brake fluid after one year of service. A potential problem with silicone fluids in vacuum-over-hydraulic brake systems, used on some larger vehicles, is under investigation and should soon be resolved. KW - Brake fluids KW - Climate KW - Military vehicles KW - Silicones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217567 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396345 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Beachley, N H AU - Frank, A A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVING VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY WITH HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Hybrid vehicles (i.e. those containing two or more sources of power) have the potential of increased fuel economy under urban driving conditions, but little if any potential for high-speed highway driving. Systems currently being investigated include combinations of heat engines, electric drives, flywheels, and accumulators. For improved fuel economy, efficient components and good system design are required. Hybrid powerplants appear more promising for heavier vehicles, yet lighter vehicles are required for overall fuel economy. Schemes which have frequent changes from one form of energy to another have little chance of good fuel economy, since losses occur at each change. For electric hybrid concepts, more efficient and lighter weight motors and generators, and better batteries are needed. For flywheel hybrids, the main need is a better continuously variable transmission. For hydraulic accumulator hybrids, new accumulator designs are needed which have reduced weight, minimal thermodynamic cycling losses, and more efficient hydrostatic components. Production hybrid vehicles may appear within the next decade. Ultimately, other engines such as the gas turbine and Stirling may prove better in hybrids than the internal combustion engine. KW - Accumulators KW - Electric drives KW - Flywheels KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Storage batteries KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217572 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396347 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - LEISING, C J AU - PUROHIT, G P AU - DeGrey, S P AU - Finegold, J G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WASTE HEAT RECOVERY IN TRUCK ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Improvement in fuel economy is examined and compared for a broad spectrum of truck engines and waste heat utilization concepts. Diesel, spark ignition, gas turbine, and Stirling engines are considered, with principal emphasis on the turbocharged, four-stroke diesel. Because of increased exhaust energy and a large potential for improved performance, the still-to-be-developed adiabatic diesel is also examined. Waste heat utilization concepts considered include preheating, regeneration, turbocharging, turbocompounding, and Rankine engine compounding. Predictions are based on fuel/air cycle analyses, computer simulation, and engine test data, with all options compared on the basis of maximum theoretical improvement. The diesel and adiabatic diesel are also evaluated in terms of maximum expected improvement and expected improvement over a driving cycle. The indication is that diesels should be turbocharged and aftercooled to the maximum possible level. Based on current design practices, up to 6% fuel economy improvements might be possible. Rankine engine compounding can provide about three times as much improvement as turbocompounding, but will cost three times as much. By turbocharging, turbocompounding, and Rankine engine compounding, driving cycle performance could be increased by up to 20% for a diesel and up to 40% for an adiabatic diesel. Rankine engine compounding can provide significant fuel economy improvement for gas turbine and spark ignition engines and regeneration could significantly enhance the performance of the latter. Because of the low heat content of its exhaust, the Stirling engine has only a small potential for further waste heat recovery. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Diesel engines KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - Heat recovery KW - Performance KW - Preheating KW - Rankine engines KW - Regeneration KW - Regenerators KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Stirling engines KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks KW - Turbine engines KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging KW - Turbocompounding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217574 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396992 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SIEGLA, D C AU - SIEWERT, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE VARIABLE STROKE ENGINE--PROBLEMS AND PROMISES PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - The concept of the variable stroke engine (VSE) is explained and problems related to its use are discussed. Single-cylinder combustion data are combined with published multi-cylinder VSE friction data to formulate an engine model. This engine model is coupled with a vehicle model to project 55/45 fuel economy (based on Environmental Protection Agency urban/highway schedule calculations) and NOx (nitrogen oxides) gm/mi which are compared with similar projections for a throttled engine. At an NOx level of 0.93 gm/km (1.5 gm/mi), VSE fuel economy improvements ranged from 2% to 20%, depending upon the frictional losses and the vehicle power-to-weight ratios used in the models (the higher the ratio, the greater the improvement). The calculations suggest that with the VSE, the lower the NOx level, the less the fuel economy improvement. Variable displacement engines using cylinder deactivation have been projected to offer fuel economy improvement competitive with that of the VSE. KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Friction losses KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical models KW - Variable stroke engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217923 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399002 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Dannan, R E AU - Perrin, J H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE RICHIER A625 ROAD ROLLER--COMBINING MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A VIBRATING ROAD ROLLER AND A WHEEL LOADER TO CREATE A NEW MACHINE PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - The A625 road roller represents a combination of the Ford A62 wheel loader, the smallest in a range of three articulated loaders, and the Richier (France) CV415 road roller, a 17-ton vibrating roller. The A625 meets the marketing objective of introducing a new self-propelled road roller in the 10-ton class. It meets the engineering requirements of reliability and ease of operation by utilizing the experience gained in the field with the shovel loader and roller. The new vehicle limits complexity, both in production and in service, by utilizing more than 80% of existing components. The contributions of each parent machine are listed and discussed. KW - Loaders KW - Roadbuilding machinery KW - Rollers KW - Vibratory equipment KW - Vibratory rollers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217934 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399009 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Pinson, C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYDROSTATIC ASSISTING DRIVE (TRANSMISSIONS) PY - 1978 SP - 6 p. AB - Technical and economic reasons why concepts of high-pressure hydrostatic systems (5 to 6000 pounds per square inch), high-torque low-speed hydraulic motors, wheel motors, and multiflow fixed displacement pumps contribute to higher vehicle performance are reviewed. Hydrostatic transmissions offer significant advantages over traditional designs, e.g. adaptation of travel speed to working possibilities of machines in a more reliable way than a V-belt drive, and very easy driving. Hydrostatic transmission also allows substitution of some mechanical drive components with hydrostatic drive components (mainly the hydraulic wheel concept). Another important market for the hydrostatic transmission is to power wheels not usually powered by mechanical means. The assisting drive market based on the hydrostatic transmission is also quite large and includes construction, agricultural, and handling machines like graders, scrapers, and towed agricultural machines such as small harvesters and large plows. The simple design of high-torque low-speed wheel motors used as power wheels makes them robust and adaptable to vehicle drive. With some applications, the range of speed needed is important. Good efficiency in starting torque efficiency is claimed for the hydrostatic transmission. An adapted circuit and pump are essential for good assisting drive. A constant displacement pump is recommended to attain adequate assisting drive performance. If efficiency is important, pump displacement should match mechanical drive and several pumps should be used to match each gear-box ratio. An assisting drive allows manufacturers to modify machine design and thus increase efficiency and performance, in turn, lowering price. KW - Construction equipment KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Hydrostatic transmissions KW - Hydrostatics KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217941 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399016 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Vieilledent, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW PRESSURE ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM FOR TWO-STROKE ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 18 p. AB - A brief general survey of different fuel injection systems is presented, and a new low-pressure fuel electronic injection system is described that is specially adapted to two-stroke engines. Due to its design, the two-stroke internal combustion engine has an important drawback, i.e. burnt gases during scavenging are thrown away by partly diluted fresh gases. It would be more convenient to carry out scavenging with fresh gases rather than with an air-fuel mixture in the crankcase, and this can only be achieved by a direct fuel injection quantity to avoid mixture of fresh gases and fuel particles. Due to recent trends toward fuel economy and pollution control, the future of the two-stroke engine may be jeopardized despite its positive advantages of robustness, simplicity, low manufacturing costs, and high power-to-weight ratio. The best solution to maintain requirements of the modern two-stroke engine involves electronic direct fuel injection. By adopting the capacitive discharge system, energy can be stored slowly for discharging in a very short time. To adapt a low-pressure injection system to the two-stroke engine encompasses some seemingly incompatible requirements: the system must be independent and not require an external energy source; injected quantities, though small, must be injected accurately and in a short period of time; and the system must be reliable without time draft. General aspects of the low-pressure electronic fuel injection system are described (air-fuel supply, injection time, spraying and distribution of fuel, and fouling and endurance). The principle of supercharged injection, the electronic control unit, and engine adjustments are detailed. Two main advantages of the system are fuel economy and pollution control. KW - Electronic fuel injection KW - Fuel injection KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Low pressure KW - Pressure KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217948 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399027 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mihal, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PLANETARY SPEEDS MADE EASY--A PRACTICAL METHOD (POWER TRANSMISSIONS) PY - 1978 SP - 27 p. AB - Power transmission systems utilizing a planetary arrangement can be adapted to a wide range of both constant and variable speed drive requirements. Basically, planetary gear systems consist of four element types (outer ring, pinions, carrier, and sun gear). Due to the rather complex kinematic arrangement of most planetary systems, velocity, force, and torque relationships among various elements are often difficult to visualize and are subject to miscalculations, primarily because of numerous combinations of input and output speeds that can result from a single arrangement. It is important that the powertrain designer be able to determine quickly the equation of any simple planetary arrangement having an output speed that can be calculated from any two input speeds; this will permit the designer to judge analytically the simultaneous effect of a single or multiple design change on the arrangement. Calculation error in design and building stages of a product can be costly and time-consuming. Examples and illustrations show that simple static and kinematic principles can be applied to the solution of any planetary arrangement, regardless of complexity. KW - Design KW - Kinematics KW - Planetary gear trains KW - Power trains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217959 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396321 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Waddey, W E AU - Shaub, H AU - Pecoraro, J M AU - Carley, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IMPROVED FUEL ECONOMY VIA ENGINE OILS PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - A program was implemented to develop a passenger car engine oil that improves fuel economy. The selected approach was to incorporate fuel economy performance in a premium SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) 10W-40 oil, retaining excellent deposit and wear control as well as compatibility with emission (oxidation) catalysts. The technical basis for fuel-efficient engine oils was established, with attention paid to oil-related frictional losses in automotive engines. Friction-reducing additive technology effects were defined, general routes to lower friction engine oils were explored, engine fuel economy dynamometer tests were conducted, and fuel economy benefits of friction-reducing engine oils were determined. The fuel-efficient SAE 10W-40 passenger car engine oil was formulated with petroleum base stocks and known additives, many of which are conventionally used. The new oil retained overall performance capabilities of the premium reference oil. In a controlled fuel economy fleet test, 18 out of 19 cars showed a fuel economy improvement with the fuel-efficient oil. The average benefit was 4.6%, compared with a baseline reference oil and several other typical 10W-40 multigrade oils. In Environmental Protection Agency road simulator (dynamometer) tests, the SAE 10W-40 oil gave 5.5% better fuel economy than the reference oil. The fuel-efficient oil was formulated on the basis of friction-related technology developed over a period of several years, and it is expected that this technology may lead to oils with even higher fuel economy improvements. A fuel economy field test statistical summary is appended. KW - Dynamometers KW - Engine oils KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Oil additives KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217548 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396328 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Motte, K B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NONWOVENS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The use of non-woven fabrics in automotive interior applications is constantly increasing. There are two broad categories of non-woven fabrics: natural fibers--cotton, jute, and wool, and man-made fibers which are further sub-categorized as cellulosic (viscose rayon or acetate) and non-cellulosic (acrylic, modacrylic, nylon, olefin, polyester, and vinyon). The physical properties of each fiber are discussed in relation to dyeability, absorbency, resiliency, and durability, and the application of these fibers in interior components (seat covers, seat padding, door or seat trim, floor insulation, floor and cargo area carpeting, headlining, and door panelling) is described. In the future, there will be greater use of needle looms rather than tufting machines, and greater use of polyester and polypropylene fibers and nonwoven synthetics. More closely controlled products using virgin fibers and more stringent specifications will make nonwovens more serviceable. A glossary of applicable automotive terms is included. KW - Automobiles KW - Durability KW - Interior KW - Nonwoven textiles KW - Physical properties KW - Synthetic fibers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217555 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396339 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Caddock, B D AU - Davies, P T AU - EVANS, A W AU - Barker, R F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE HOT-FUEL HANDLING PERFORMANCE OF EUROPEAN AND JAPANESE CARS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Extensive tests were carried out with European and Japanese cars to investigate the occurrence of vapor lock and related problems under hot-weather conditions. Different criteria, based on gasoline inspection properties, were evaluated for their ability to control hot-fuel handling performance. Considerable market experience was accumulated with the flexible control, RVP (mbar) plus 7E70, which is preferred to the Vapor/liquid ratio type of control because it is far easier to use in routine refinery applications and to control. However, the two types of control are equivalent in their ability to predict the performance of a wide range of gasolines, including those which may result from reductions in lead content. In their tolerance to gasoline volatility, the European and Japanese cars are very similar to the catalyst-equipped California models tested by the CRC in 1975. In developing new car models, careful consideration should be given to minimizing the effects of some emission control systems and engine ancillaries in the fuel system, effects which may worsen a car's hot-fuel handling performance. KW - Driveability KW - Foreign automobiles KW - Foreign vehicles KW - Gasoline KW - Hot weather KW - Vapor lock KW - Vehicle performance KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217566 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396346 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Malliaris, A C AU - Strombotne, R L AU - Scheiner, F R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS FOR 1981-1984 PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - An overview is presented of the regulatory process used in establishing the passenger car fuel economy standards for model years 1981 through 1984, as mandated by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) of 1975. The four factors defined by the EPCA for the determination of maximum feasible fuel economy are outlined: technological feasibility, economic practicability, effect of other Federal standards, and the need for the nation to conserve energy. The determination of feasible average fuel economy is discussed for domestic and foreign automakers. Four alternative fuel economy schedules were considered, including the selected schedule (22, 24, 26, 27, and 27.5 mpg, respectively, for 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985). The evaluation of the fuel conservation potential of the various schedules is discussed. Economic considerations are described: capital requirements and manufacturing costs; auto prices and sales, and employment; consumer and national economic impacts; and competition within the industry. Secondary environmental impacts are addressed (less need to mine and convert coal or oil shale, reduced fuel handling, use of less raw materials in vehicles, and diesel engine emission and noise pollution). It is estimated that about 20 billion gallons of gasoline will be saved annually in the 1990 time frame over consumption at the 1980 level. A consumer saving of $1000 due to less fuel costs and $200 due to reduced maintenance of lighter cars is predicted, with a $50 to $150 increase (cumulative) in car price in the mid-1980's resulting from increased capital expenditures for rule implementation. No net reduction in employment is anticipated. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Economics KW - Energy conservation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fuel consumption KW - Prices KW - Savings KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217573 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396891 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Baruah, P C AU - Benson, R S AU - Balouch, S K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION PREDICTIONS OF A MULTI-CYLINDER SPARK IGNITION ENGINE WITH EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION PY - 1978 SP - 19 p. AB - A theoretical and experimental study was made of a four-cylinder, four-stroke, spark ignition engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) for reduced nitric oxide (NO) emission. Computer simulation of the system, including intake and exhaust manifolds, was compared with experiments. The tests were conducted at various EGR openings at constant engine speed and wide open carburetor throttle; the computation was limited to zero, half, and full EGR valve openings. Pressures and exhaust emissions of NO, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons were measured at various locations. It was found that NO emission can be reduced up to 50% at the peak NO condition without any significant effect on CO concentration and with a 10% loss in engine power. In spite of simplified assumptions, agreement between prediction and measurement was good. The simulation program is promising as a tool for engine development work, allowing prediction of engine performance and emission under any steady-state condition. The major shortcoming of the computer program at this time is the simplified approach to air/fuel homogeneity in the inlet manifold and the CO concentration calculation. An outline of the simulation model calculations and some recent results are appended. KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Engine performance KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Measurement KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Simulation KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217855 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396989 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Robertson, C S AU - Eckard, S E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MULTI-VANE EXPANDER, BY ADDING POWER, CAN IMPROVE THE FUEL ECONOMY OF LONG-HAUL DIESEL TRUCKS PY - 1978 SP - 22 p. AB - A Rankine bottoming cycle for waste heat recovery from diesel engines used in long-haul trucks has the potential of improving peak fuel efficiency by up to 15% over a typical duty cycle. Of all Rankine cycle system components, the expander is the most important and the most difficult to design for high efficiency. The design and preliminary evaluation of a nominal 40 hp multi-vane rotary expander developed for this application are described. Key features of a multi-vane expander for the diesel truck engine include: ruggedness and close match to diesel speed characteristics, high efficiency over a wide range of conditions, adaptability to a simplified control system, and a firm basis of hardware experience. Potential advantages of the expander for the diesel engine bottoming cycle include the elimination of a high-speed turbine/gearbox combination and over 80% isentropic engine efficiency. Areas requiring additional work include additional cycle analysis to quantify the best cycle and components, development of an expander for this specific application, and integration and testing of an entire Rankine system on a diesel engine. KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel trucks KW - Expander KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heat recovery KW - Rankine cycle KW - Rankine engines KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217920 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399005 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ferris, J J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TOWARD A HYDRAULIC PRIME MOVER PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - Reasons for and development of an internal combustion engine with an immediately hydraulic output are examined. The crankshaft can be eliminated by converting combustion energy through pistons to hydraulic output, and as a result there are no energy conversion losses in and out of the intervening rotary stage. The hydraulic harnessing of combustion energy permits better distribution of forces on the piston and, therefore, higher piston loading. More power can be generated for the same piston size and speed. Hydraulic output lends itself to energy storage; hydraulically-stored energy insulates the engine from the rate at which work is being done. The engine can thus be designed around its best speed without considering partial or no load conditions. Stored energy makes it possible for the compression system to respond to work demand without waiting for the engine to respond. The engine runs only when necessary. Two or more engines can be combined in systems requiring high horsepower. Hydraulics offers greatly increased design flexibility. Discussed are the hydraulic substitute for the conventional flywheel; quick and efficient starting and stopping; conversion of declining combustion pressure into constant hydraulic pressure; operation over a range of system pressure levels; and interface with a hydrostatic transmission. Applications of hydraulic prime movers include use in off-road machinery, railroad locomotives, marine equipment, standby electrical generating equipment, armored vehicles and ships. The engine may also help reduce air pollution by removing the necessity of keeping engines running when no work is needed. KW - Energy storage systems KW - Engines KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrostatic transmissions KW - Hydrostatics KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Prime movers KW - Structural design KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217937 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399006 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BERTODO, R AU - Smith, P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRIME MOVERS FOR FUTURE LIFT TRUCKS PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - An examination of future trends in lift truck developments suggests a stable product line with a requirement for increased power at a time of escalating fuel costs. Containerization is extending the use of lift trucks for cost-effective and efficient product handling. The range and scope of lift trucks is very large, but most sales are in the 4000-5000 lb. class. Trucks of this type have probably attained their optimum technical level through replacement of the dry clutch/mechanical gearbox combination with an oil clutch/automatic transmission. Future development must be toward greater flexibility and better ergonomics, with more power. At projected energy use rates, natural crude resources will not satisfy demand much beyond the year 2000, even with exploitation of tar sands and oil shale deposits. Natural gas and conventional nuclear fuels may reach a critical stage about the same time. Economic and social pressures and political expediency in favor of energy conservation will increase during the 1980's, resulting in fuel and prime mover changes for the 1990's. Although the eventual depletion of coal reserves and advances in ceramic technology should lead to hydrogen as the main fuel in the long term and the commercial exploitation of Stirling cycle engines and gas turbines, two simpler options are available: a switch away from gasoline-like fuels toward wide-cut low-specification fuel oils, and the introduction of gasoline-alcohol blends, followed by an eventual switch to alcohol alone. Within the time span of the survey (up to about year 2000), no new prime movers will be introduced. The continuing growth of the lift truck market will, in the short term, benefit all motive power sources. The market share of battery/electric trucks, however, will decline in favor of heat-engined ones until the early 1990's, when a breakthrough in the commercialization of a high-density, lightweight cell is forecast. In the intervening period, gasoline and diesel-derived engines will increase their market share, with diesels showing the greater growth in the short term. These will be overtaken by stratified charge engines. The wide use of alcohol as a primary fuel will prevent the reduction or containment of the rise in operating costs by introducing a broad specification fuel oil and the associated injected stratified charge engine. KW - Alcohol fuels KW - Engines KW - Forecasting KW - Lift trucks KW - Markets KW - Prime movers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217938 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399020 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rice, S L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PITTING RESISTANCE OF SOME HIGH TEMPERATURE CARBURIZED CASES (GEARS) PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - Surface type gear pitting failures were produced on a geared roller test machine and pitting life data were statistically analyzed by a method that accounts for or minimizes the influence of variables determining the fatigue environment. In the geared roller test machine, rollers were mounted on two parallel shafts supported by a hinged upper and lower frame. Power was supplied to the lower shaft and transmitted to the upper shaft via phasing gears. Sliding was controlled by changing the phasing gear ratio or by changing speed. The machine housing served as an oil reservoir. Vibration switches terminated the test when a fatigue pit larger than 1/8 inch in diameter was generated. Larger pits were sometimes generated, depending on test conditions and on multiple origin failures. Statistical analysis of test data demonstrated the sensitivity of contact fatigue to microstructural variations and to changes in the amount of negative sliding when variables determining the operating environment were accounted for or minimized. Decreased pitting life in rollers carburized at high temperatures was primarily attributed to grain growth. Small changes in the amount of retained austenite, microcracks, and oxide type were of secondary importance. Pitting life increased when rollers were reheated after carburizing for grain refinement. KW - Austenite KW - Carburized material KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Microstructure KW - Pitting KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217952 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399023 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schmidtt, R H AU - Poole, R J AU - Shim, J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FROM WATER TO "SUPER-STABILIZED" ANTIWEAR HYDRAULIC OILS PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - A new generation of "super-stabilized" antiwear hydraulic oils has been developed to meet stringent requirements of modern high-performance hydraulic systems. Outstanding performance properties of this heavy-duty industrial hydraulic oil include multimetal compatibility, "keep-clean" performance, antiwear retention, thin oil film inhibition, controlled demulsibility, and wide temperature range pumpability. Multimetal compatibility minimizes corrosion and wear of copper and aluminum alloys used in many high-performance pumps. Keep-clean performance eliminates early plugging of ultrafine filters and assures that close tolerance spool valves are clean to insure reliable performance. Antiwear retention prevents or minimizes the deterioration of oil properties from water contamination. Thin oil film inhibition provides outstanding corrosion protection of ferrous metals under severe service conditions and on surfaces infrequently wetted by oil. Controlled demulsibility assures reliable performance with small unavoidable amounts of water contamination. Wide temperature range pumpability provides low-temperature starting capability needed under very low temperature conditions and adequate shear stability to maintain flow at high temperatures. A review of power transmission fluids used in earlier equipment designs is presented. KW - Corrosion protection KW - Durability KW - Engine lubrication devices KW - Hydraulic fluids KW - Performance KW - Temperature KW - Transmission fluid KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217955 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396324 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - MELLANDER, H AU - KOCH, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RESTRAINT SYSTEM EVALUATION--A COMPARISON BETWEEN BARRIER CRASH TESTS, SLED TESTS AND COMPUTER SIMULATION PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Injury criteria measured in belted dummies in frontal barrier crash tests were compared with results from two alternative evaluation methods: sled tests and mathematical simulation. Five identical cars, the 1975 Volvo 245, were loaded with maximum cargo weight and were occupied by two 50th percentile male dummies in the front seat. Cars underwent frontal impacts perpendicular to a fixed barrier at 30 mph. Dummies were restrained by a three-point retractor, with the retractor mounted in the B-pillar (Volvo production belt). Cars were equipped with accelerometers on the inside of door sills; dummies were equipped with accelerometers in the head and chest and with load cells in the femur. Webbing force was measured between the shoulder and the webbing guide (referred to as shoulder belt force) and between the hip and the outer attachment (referred to as lap belt force). Sled tests were performed with a Bendix sled. The computer model involved the simulation of an occupant with three mass elements (head, torso, and legs) allowed to move in a vertical plane in the vehicle's longitudinal direction. The recorded values from the barrier crash tests and sled tests were compared by two different statistical inference tests in order to establish a possible significant difference between the methods. The two models gave about the same results. When they did not agree, it was due to the confidence interval barely including zero, and, in these cases, the ambiguity is resolved by an additional examination of the physical events of the crashes. The confidence intervals were rather wide due to the statistically small number of crashes. Results of barrier crash tests compared well with results from sled tests, except for the driver's chest severity index and head injury criteria. Only the passenger's situation was simulated mathematically, and results compared well with results from barrier crash testing except for the head injury criterion number. Some differences in belt loads were observed. Supplementary information on test results are appended. KW - Crash injury research KW - Dummies KW - Manual safety belts KW - Simulation KW - Sled tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217551 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396325 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Luchter, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PASSENGER CAR FUEL ECONOMY AND RELATIVE ENERGY CONSUMPTION PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - A method is presented for comparing the fuel economy of various automobiles and groups of automobiles, based on a comparison of the energy consumed over the two Federal driving cycles and a theoretical value. Environmental Protection Agency certification data for both average and best fuel economy show that, for a given model year, the certification data closely follow a line of constant relative energy consumption. Projections of possible upper limits of fuel economy likewise show agreement, but over a wider range. Further refinements in the methodology may be useful both when considering overall average fuel economy, and when comparing individual automobiles. KW - Automobiles KW - Fuel consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217552 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396342 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Norling, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CONTINUOUS TIME SIMULATION OF FORCES AND MOTION WITHIN AN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - A general purpose model of the internal combustion engine with time as the continuous independent variable has been derived for digital computer simulation. A significant advantage rests in the graphic display of maximum and minimum values of component forces and torques, or any model variable, as a function of crank angle. The differential equations of motion that describe component positions, velocities and acceleration were combined to describe the dynamics of the entire engine. Gas forces, as well as static, viscous and velocity-dependent friction terms, have been included. The IBM Continuous System Modeling Program was used to describe the engine and solve the equations. The model is easily adaptable to many engine configurations. KW - Automobile engines KW - Dynamics KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217569 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396343 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Ni, C-M AU - Fine, D S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PREDICTING CRUSH RESPONSE OF AUTOMOTIVE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - An analytical technique is presented which provides the capability to predict the crush response of certain automotive structural components. The technique was coded from the finite difference formulation to solve the highly nonlinear equations of motion of the structural components when subjected to large deformation. It features a capability in predicting the peak load and its subsequent force-deflection response, even for quasi-static crush in the degenerate "slow dynamics" case. Operational for production usage, CRUSH has extensive user convenience such as interactive computer graphics in model generation, model editing, and output display. In addition, CRUSH saves time in data preparation and computer result interpretation. It possesses acceptable accuracy for engineering applications to predict the crush response of certain automotive structural components, and, in conjunction with the barrier impact simulation programs CRUSH is highly effective in the design of these components in a shorter time and with less weight. Four problems solved by use of the program are reported. KW - Accuracy KW - Automobiles KW - Computer graphics KW - Crushing KW - Forecasting KW - Interactive graphics KW - Peak loads KW - Peak periods KW - Simulation KW - Structural members UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217570 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396997 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Batoni, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE FUTURE OF TWO STROKE MOTORCYCLE ENGINE (SIC) PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Fuel consumption and exhaust problems associated with the two-stroke motorcycle/moped/motor scooter engine compared to the four-stroke engine are reviewed. The most serious drawback of the two-stroke engine is its high fuel consumption due to scavenging losses of the fresh air/fuel mixture. An experimental two-stroke engine developed for better fuel economy is described, and experimental results reported. Air intake is via a larger displacement cylinder, while intake of an auxiliary, smaller displacement cylinder is a carburetor-delivery rich air/fuel mixture, whose ratio depends on displacement ratio. During scavenging, fresh air from the main crankcase takes the place of exhaust gases and is partly lost through the exhaust port while the fresh mixture is transferred in a swirling motion from the small cylinder before dead center. The compression stroke follows, and the rich mixture is diluted by fresh air to stoichiometric or lean values. Fuel consumption is competitive with a four-stroke engine at wide open throttle and better at partial loads. Unburned hydrocarbons are 50% and carbon monoxide 75% of those levels in a conventional two-stroke engine with the same performance. A different approach is proposed to motor vehicle emission standards, based on a total index of pollution. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motorcycles KW - Two stroke cycle engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217928 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396999 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Johnson, O W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOAD SENSING HYDRAULIC FLOW CONTROL; A VERSATILE CONTROLLER PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The function, applications, and system considerations are described for a load-sensing hydraulic flow control valve. A fluid-linked power steering system is used for illustrations, but the same principles can apply to any circuit using a special four-way valve. The valve functions in all systems: open center, closed center, and load sensing. Advantages of this type of control include: only the flow demanded by the vehicle operator for a steering maneuver going to the steering circuit; priority of steering function over other system functions; availability of undemanded flow to other circuits; improved steering control regardless of steering load pressure; and a new versatility in system design. The flow control valve can be used in systems to coordinate several pumps or pressure reserves, to provide abnormal peak flows to some circuits, or to provide alternate sources on failure. In use for about ten years, this type of valve received new attention during the fuel crisis of 1974 when interest was renewed in load-sensing systems to conserve energy. KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Hydraulic circuitry KW - Load sensing systems KW - Loads KW - Monitoring KW - Protective services KW - System design KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217930 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399013 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zibolski, R E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EUROPEAN STANDARDS AND ROAD REGULATIONS FOR CRANES PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The difficulty of marketing cranes in the European community is stressed, because of different road regulations. Two overseas organizations have combined their efforts to compile a list of existing and proposed laws and regulations affecting construction machinery, cranes in particular. Inter-Europe Regulations, Ltd., and Technical Help to Exporters call their work "Mobile Construction Equipment Export Information Service." To meet requirements of any country, the most regulated items are rope safety factors, smooth or grooved drums, ratio of drum diameter to wire rope diameter, and machine stability. Many countries require various types of automatic shutoff and braking systems. Safety features, such as sheave guards, are practically standard, but some countries require cable reeling guides for multiple-layer drums. Hook safety catches are a rather standard requirement, along with safety glass and audible signal horns. Certificates for wire ropes and hook blocks are sometimes required. Requirements for homologation overload tests are difficult to meet. The most common vehicle requirements are maximum length, width, height, gross vehicle weight, axle load, turning circle radius, and noise level in the operator's cab and at seven meters. Changes required on U.S. crane models to permit their sale in Europe are noted. Design guidelines and charts to aid in the evaluation of crane design requirements are included. KW - Construction equipment KW - Cranes KW - Design KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217945 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399015 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hinds, E T AU - Blair, G P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - UNSTEADY GAS FLOW THROUGH REED VALVE INDUCTION SYSTEMS (TWO-CYCLE ENGINES) PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - It is possible to predict the unsteady gas flow behavior and the performance and noise characteristics in a naturally aspirated two-cycle engine. A mathematical model has been formulated to simulate the action of the two-cycle engine fitted with a reed valve due to unsteady gas dynamic behavior in the inlet tract. A complete computer simulation of a two-cycle engine fitted with a reed intake valve is thus possible. The mathematical model of a cantilever beam vibrating in the first three modes, as applied to the two-cycle engine reed valve and employing a completely theoretical forcing function, is particularly advantageous in view of the fact that a subsequent mathematical model formulated to predict reed behavior in the simulator could do so accurately for milder forcing pressures than would be experienced in the firing two-cycle engine. The complete program for a reed valve two-cycle engine will provide a significant design tool and will effect savings in development time and costs. The complete program predicts all noise and performance characteristics and will include reed petal motion. Designed elements will be petal length, width, thickness, inclination, and number for a given petal material. KW - Design KW - Mathematical models KW - Noise KW - Performance KW - Two stroke cycle engines KW - Unsteady flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217947 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399028 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Onyegegbu, S O AU - Bolt, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE EFFECT OF SECONDARY FUEL INJECTION ON THE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF AN OPEN-CHAMBER DIESEL ENGINE PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - Secondary injection in a diesel engine is defined as the introduction of additional fuel into the combustion chamber after the end of the main injection. It is usually caused by residual pressure waves in the high-pressure pipeline connecting the pump and injector. When these waves exceed the injector opening pressure, secondary injection occurs. The Army's TACOM single-cylinder engine was used in an investigation of secondary fuel injection; the engine was fitted with an American Bosch injection system and had secondary injection within the normal engine operating region. The modified injection system contained redesigned spill ports and delivery valve. The object of the modified system was to release highly transient pressure trapped in the fuel line by controlling the flow of fuel from the spill port. To accomplish this, the injection system-stored elastic energy was explored as a useful design control parameter. Comparative tests of both conventional and modified injection systems were run on the same engine. Effects of secondary injection on engine power, economy, and exhaust emissions were determined. Secondary injection had a significant effect on diesel engine performance, decreasing engine power and increasing fuel consumption. Power reduction of up to 20% and a fuel consumption increase of up to 17% were observed for test runs at an engine speed of 1800 rpm. Secondary injection increased exhaust smoke, unburned hydrocarbons, and specific hydrocarbon emissions. Exhaust temperatures and nitrogen oxides were not affected. Tests demonstrated that an increase in engine speed was responsible for adverse effects of after-injection. KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217960 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399030 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Khatri, N J AU - JOHNSON, J H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PHYSICAL SIZE DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERIZATION OF DIESEL PARTICULATE MATTER AND THE STUDY OF THE COAGULATION PROCESS PY - 1978 SP - 28 p. AB - The design and development of accurate and repeatable sampling methods using the Electrical Aerosol Analyzer (EAA) are presented; methods involve both steady-state tunnel and bag measurements to determine the physical size distribution of diesel particulate matter. In both diluted and undiluted states, diesel particulate matter is subject to the processes of coagulation, condensation or evaporation, and nucleation which causes continuous changes in its physical characteristics. The EAA can be used to measure diesel particle size distribution in a dilution tunnel for a naturally aspirated, direct injection diesel engine operating on the Environmental Protection Agency 13-mode cycle. Test data indicate a bimodal nature within the 0.001 to 1 micrometer range. The first mode, termed the embryonic mode, has a saddle point between 0.005 to 0.015 micrometer and the second mode, termed the aggregation mode, lies between 0.08 to 0.15 micrometer for the number distribution. Particle concentration decreases with time and the resulting size distribution function approaches an asymptotic steady-state solution, indicating the self-preserving nature of particulate size distributions. Coagulation constants are calculated for diesel particles and are compared to theoretical values in the literature. KW - Coagulation KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Particle size distribution KW - Particulates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217962 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396333 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - SORENSON, S C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MODELING TURBULENT TRANSIENT COMBUSTION PY - 1978 SP - 20 p. AB - An analytical study investigated the use of a one-dimensional combustion model for transient, premixed flames under conditions similar to those occurring in a spark ignition internal combustion engine. The model numerically integrated basic conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy, and species with effects of turbulence modeled using turbulent diffusivity. To evaluate effects of certain assumptions and to identify significant model parameters, a simplified system consisting of constant-volume adiabatic combustion was considered. With simple chemical kinetics and constant turbulent diffusivity, there were three parameters in the problem: nondimensional speed of sound; nondimensional temperature rise due to combustion; and a Damkohler parameter relating diffusion and chemical reaction rate effects. Two flame types were modeled, a flat flame in linear coordinates and a cylindrical flame. Effects of boundary conditions and numerical parameters were explored. Calculated results for the cylindrical flame were compared to literature data for similar conditions. It was concluded that model results are in qualitative agreement with laminar flame theory and that turbulent, transient, premixed flames can be modeled using the MacCormack predictor-corrector technique to numerically integrate conservation equations for mass, momentum, energy, and species, using suitable parameters for reaction rates and turbulent diffusivity. Equations for the basic model and for boundary and initial conditions are appended. KW - Adiabatic conditions KW - Combustion KW - Equations KW - Mathematical models KW - Spark ignition engines KW - Turbulence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217560 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396335 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Bechtold, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PERFORMANCE, EMISSIONS, AND FUEL CONSUMPTION OF THE WHITE L-163-S STRATIFIED-CHARGE ENGINE USING VARIOUS FUELS PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - Performance, exhaust emissions, and fuel consumption of a White Engines, Inc. L-163-S engine were determined using both gasoline and diesel fuel. Values of fuel economy and exhaust emissions were predicted for Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hot-start urban and highway driving cycles simulated from steady-state results. The L-163-S engine was selected since it is one of the few internal combustion engines capable of burning a range of different fuels without engine adjustments. Ignition timing was adjusted to occur at the same time as injection at all speed/load points. A water-cooled, eddy-current type dynamometer was used capable of absorbing 175 horsepower. The excess intake air made available to the engine was kept at 70 degrees F. The humidity of intake air was measured using wet and dry bulb temperatures; water temperature was kept constant at 180 degrees F by use of a cooling tower. Ambient air temperature of the test cell varied from 50 to 80 degrees F. Smoke opacity was measured with a six-inch-diameter smokemeter. Exhaust gases were analyzed using a heated flame ionization detector to measure hydrocarbons (HC), nondispersive infrared instruments to monitor carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), and a chemiluminescent instrument to measure nitrogen oxides (NOx). Oxygen concentration was determined using a polarographic instrument, and fuel/air ratio was calculated using a carbon balance technique. Brake specific fuel consumption values were about equal for the gasoline and diesel fuel at higher load settings; at one-third power, these values were significantly lower with gasoline compared to the diesel fuel. At speeds and loads tested, steady-state emissions of HC and CO were lower with gasoline than with the No. 2 diesel fuel. Nitrogen oxide emissions were higher with gasoline compared to the diesel fuel. Simulated driving cycle results yielded composite EPA urban/highway fuel economies of 29.9 mpg for gasoline and 26.7 mpg for the No. 2 diesel fuel. Corresponding hot-start simulated emissions for HC, CO and NOx (in grams per mile) were 4.9, 5.5, and 3.9 with gasoline, and 18.7, 15.9, and 2.9 for the No. 2 diesel fuel, respectively. It was concluded that liquid petroleum synthetic fuels having properties similar to the gasoline and No. 2 diesel fuels used should present few problems in operating an engine having the L-163-S type of combustion system. KW - Diesel fuels KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Performance KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217562 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396320 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - AZUMA, T AU - Nakato, N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NOISE AND EXHAUST GAS POLLUTION CAUSED BY ENGINES IN SMALL- AND MEDIUM-SIZED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT IN JAPAN PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - Antipollution regulations and countermeasures against noise and exhaust pollution in Japan are discussed. Increased economic growth in Japan has generated one of the most serious pollution problems in the world, and strong public opinion has led the government to pass stringent environmental legislation: Road Transport Vehicle Act of 1951; Anti-Pollution Act of 1967, with revisions in 1968; Noise Regulation Act of 1968; Industrial Safety and Hygiene Act of 1972; and Vibration Regulation Act of 1976. Noise and vibration receive the largest number of complaints among environmental pollutants because they cause both physical and psychological discomfort. Exhaust gas from construction equipment engines has been regulated for some time, and motor vehicles are regulated for gasoline engines emitting large amounts of carbon monoxide. Diesel-engined vehicles are regulated for the emission of black smoke, although the regulation controlling nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons has only been in effect since 1974. Exhaust emissions of construction machinery in ordinary use are not regulated, since the rate of pollution generation is minimal compared with motor vehicles, factories, and buildings. Conditions regulating exhaust emissions, industrial safety, and the poisonous composition of exhaust emissions are examined. Tables and figures show the structure of Japanese noise regulations, environmental noise standards, permissible noise levels for hearing protection, noise levels of construction machinery, noise factors and noise reduction methods, the atmospheric pollution rate of stationary and vehicular emissions in Tokyo, the structure of pollution regulations in Japan, and permissible emission levels of diesel-powered vehicles. KW - Air pollution KW - Construction equipment KW - Countermeasures KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Noise KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217547 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396322 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Passut, C A AU - Kollman, R E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LABORATORY TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATION OF ENGINE OIL EFFECTS ON FUEL ECONOMY PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - Test methods to evaluate the effect of engine oil formulations on fuel economy were investigated using various experimental and commercial oils. A series of laboratory tests, including a motor-driven engine, a single-cylinder engine generator, and several automotive engines on dynamometer stands, was employed to evaluate 11 oils. Oils tested in the motor-driven engine showed reduced power requirements for low viscosity oils at low temperatures and for friction-reducing additives at high temperatures. The single-cylinder engine generator exhibited a trend toward improved fuel economy with friction-reducing additive. Automotive engine dynamometer tests, run at several operating conditions, demonstrated fuel economy improvements for low viscosity oils and for oils containing friction-reducing additives. Data from vehicles tested on an all-weather chassis dynamometer provided an excellent simulation of field service. Laboratory test procedures correlated well with results obtained in the chassis dynamometer. Supporting test data are provided in appendices. KW - Dynamometers KW - Engine oils KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oil additives UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217549 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396329 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Franchini, E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE NEW FIAT SAFETY CENTER FOR A NEW PHILOSOPHY IN COLLISION TESTS PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - In order to develop the technology (and automobiles) that will comply with present and future automotive safety and fuel economy regulations, Fiat has constructed a new vehicle testing Safety Center which provides for all types of dynamic tests (pendulums, dummy-torso catapults for impact against steering wheel, simulator dolly for seat and safety belt tests) and static tests (presses up to 80 tons and 5 m. stroke, door and roof penetration, seat and belt anchorage strength, locks, and hinges). Five outdoor tracks, 1370 feet long, and three indoor tracks, 400 feet long allow vehicle testing up to a maximum speed of 62 mph for commercial vehicles up to 20 tons, or of 87 mph for passenger cars. The vehicles are propelled by an underground trolley or supplemental dollies, with the speed tolerance kept to 0.25% by a central computer, programmed for each particular crash test. Crash test measurement signals from test vehicles and on-board dummies are transmitted to an analog and digital computer housed in a centralized Electronic Data Room via a 60-channel cable and 96-channel telemetry system. This Data Room is also equipped with a closed-circuit TV system with six remotely-controlled TV cameras positioned throughout the center, and videotaping equipment, to allow for slow motion observation of the tests. A 1000-car parking area adjacent to the outdoor tracks provides parking space for experimental vehicles to allow for re-examination after testing. KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Television cameras KW - Test facilities KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217556 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396331 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - OPPENHEIM, A K AU - Teichman, K AU - Hom, K AU - STEWART, H E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - JET IGNITION OF AN ULTRA-LEAN MIXTURE PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - A preliminary study was conducted of jets of active radicals used as igniters for lean fuel mixtures. Jets were generated by combustion or electric discharge. Experiments were performed in a cylindrical steel vessel, 9 centimeters in diameter and 9 centimeters in length, filled initially with air or an ultra-lean methane-air mixture (equivalence ratio of 0.5) at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Observations were made by streak photography of light emitted by the jets taken with a rotating mirror camera and by schlieren photography, using a submicrosecond spark discharge in air as a point light source. Gas dynamic properties of jets were primarily governed by their initial velocity, while the particular process by which they were formed had a secondary role. Jets of radicals invariably appeared as turbulent plumes which were embedded in blast waves headed by hemispherical shock fronts. Three interesting properties of jet ignition are examined: controllable depth of penetration so that combustion can be started at any desired location within the charge; zonal pre-turbulization enhancing the combustion process; and wide dispersion resulting in multipoint ignition so that combustion is initiated throughout a relatively large segment of the medium rather than in the form of a small, laminar flame kernel as it does in an unconfined spark discharge. KW - Experiments KW - Jet ignition KW - Lean fuel mixtures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217558 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396993 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Rockwood, F A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STATUS OF CERAMIC APPLICATIONS IN TURBINE ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - A program is being conducted to demonstrate improved specific fuel consumption and the durability of ceramic components in an existing vehicular gas turbine engine. The key to utilization of gas turbine engines lies in successful application of ceramic gas path components which permits operation at temperatures well above those permitted by state-of-the-art metal alloys. The baseline engine selected for the program is the Detroit Diesel Allison 404 industrial gas turbine engine, which in its current all-metal configuration operates at 1835 degrees F (1002 degrees C) with a 0.45 lb/hp-hr (273.7 mg/W.h) specific fuel consumption. Initial engine testing at 1900 degrees F (1038 degrees C) operating temperature has demonstrated structural and chemical stability of the materials evaluated with over 1000 hr on silicon carbide nozzle vanes, 100 hr on a silicon nitride turbine tip shroud, and 3000 hr on aluminum silicate regenerator disks. Nondestructive inspection and rig qualification testing of components supplied by four ceramic material sources has supported this effort. Initial materials characterization has been conducted on reaction bonded and sintered silicon nitride, and reaction bonded and sintered silicon carbide. Components of alternate ceramic materials for the nozzle vane and turbine tip shroud are now undergoing rig component tests in preparation for near term engine evaluation. The initial test results have been very encouraging and have contributed invaluable experience to the subsequent planned program steps. A new design of ceramic components to operate at 2070 degrees F (1132 degrees C) is in process. KW - Ceramic materials KW - Durability KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gas turbines KW - High temperature KW - Materials tests KW - Silicon carbide KW - Silicon nitride KW - Turbine engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217924 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00396995 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Murphy, M J AU - Margolis, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LARGE AMPLITUDE WAVE PROPAGATION IN EXHAUST SYSTEMS OF TWO-STROKE ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - The characteristics of large amplitude wave propagation in variable area ducts were investigated in order to gain a more thorough understanding of exhaust systems for power-tuned two-stroke engines. An apparatus to simulate the power stroke of a two-stroke motorcycle engine was developed, using a stock Yamaha 360 MX barrel, cylinder head, piston, and ring. In this way, a single pulse of pressurized air could be introduced into virtually any duct geometry. An oscilloscope trace of the subsequent exhaust pulse and duct interaction was photographed. The resulting pressure-time histories were used to experimentally evaluate the effects of several duct terminations on the shape and timing of the reflected wave. The investigation resulted in quantifying the effects of an orifice plate and converging cone termination and in determining the best termination for a Yamaha 360 MX engine. The method used in this experiment has application in predicting the wave shapes of waves reflected off of various surfaces. The results of this analysis can be applied to computer models as a basis for determining the system parameters or to confirm whether a computer program realistically simulates an actual system. KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Motorcycles KW - Two stroke cycle engines KW - Wave motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217926 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399017 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Williams, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DESIGN OF INLINE FUEL INJECTION EQUIPMENT FOR AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 24 p. AB - Problems posed to the designer of fuel injection equipment suited to engines developing from 11 Kw (15 bhp) to 75 Kw (100 bhp) per cylinder are outlined, and improvements made to several highly-stressed components in order to increase service life are reported. Research work on specific engine performance and emissions indicates the desirability of a high injection rate for a given pump size with attendant load and stress increases. It is well-known that noise from the pump and engine is adversely affected by load and stress increases. Although legislation relating to noise has not been finalized, the Lucas Industries Noise Centre has predicted likely levels and dates of implementation. Designers of fuel injection equipment must consider failure analysis, cam design, cam production, geometric cam design, and camshaft bearings. Two design elements which are becoming more common involve retard notches that delay the start of excess fuel injection and load advance. Other design features of importance are port design, leakage, and the pump body (stiffness, barrel clamping, and spill erosion). Following a review of Lucas' inline equipment, the Maximec pump is noted as the largest pump offered. It embodies all design considerations previously outlined and is offered with a range of three camshaft lifts (10, 11, and 12 mm), giving maximum fuelings of 300, 350, and 400 cubic mm, respectively, and an element diameter of 13 mm, which enables the pump to produce 1000 bar peak injection pressures. The pump is available in 6, 8, and 12 cylinder forms at speeds up to 2700 rpm. KW - Camshafts KW - Design KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Retarding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217949 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399019 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Diesburg, D E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH-CYCLE AND IMPACT FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF CARBURIZED STEELS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The influence of residual stress and retained austenite on the fracture behavior of bend test specimens of carburized steels was evaluated. A specimen designed to represent a simplified geometry of a gear tooth was used to evaluate high-cycle fatigue properties. A specimen having the same tooth geometry as that of the high-cycle fatigue specimen was employed to determine single-impact fracture stress. The ability of impact fracture stress to absorb repeated low-energy impacts was assessed, and both metallographic and x-ray diffraction techniques were utilized to evaluate retained austenite contents of the carburized cases. Test results, part of an ongoing research effort to compare relative fracture properties of alternate steel grades, showed that steels of equal hardenability and core carbon content generally exhibited similar fracture behavior. Compressive residual stress in the carburized cases significantly influenced impact fracture stress which, in turn, correlated with impact fatigue properties. High levels of retained austenite at the surface caused peak compressive residual stress to occur further into the case. This occurrence was not necessarily detrimental to impact fracture stress or impact fatigue properties. High-cycle fatigue limits were more dependent on processing variables than on differences in alloy content. KW - Austenite KW - Carburized material KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Residual stress KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217951 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399024 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Roehrle, M D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THERMAL EFFECTS ON DIESEL ENGINE PISTONS PY - 1978 SP - 20 p. AB - After surveying temperature conditions of pistons in nonturbocharged and turbocharged diesel engines and various temperature measurement techniques used to determine piston temperatures, concentration is focused on different parameters in pistons for diesel engines in the diameter range of 100 to 140 mm. Comparative analysis reveals that the piston of an internal combustion engine exhibits a temperature distribution for each specific operating condition that is a function of heat input, thermal conductivity of piston material, and given cross-sections in the piston. If maximum permissible temperatures are exceeded, proper piston operation cannot be guaranteed. With piston cooling, the specific power of engines can be increased and maximum permissible temperatures will not be exceeded. Temperature conditions in naturally aspirated and supercharged engines are contrasted. Examples of important factors in noncooled pistons and pistons with forced oil cooling are cited. Mean values for the effect of changes in engine conditions on piston temperature are presented. KW - Diesel engines KW - Heat KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Temperature KW - Thermal conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217956 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00399026 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Widner, R L AU - Dominik, W K AU - Jenkins, A J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH PERFORMANCE BEARINGS PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - High-performance bearings made of consumable electrode vacuum arc remelted (CEVM) steel can be the answer to initial machine design problems and to problems associated with prototype or established machines. In order to consider the high-performance bearing as a potential alternative or solution, one must know the total environment in which the bearing is to operate. CEVM steel contains fewer and smaller inclusion impurities than conventional bearing steels, and its benefit in extending bearing life is related to the extent that nonmetallic inclusions affect life. In most cases, bearings made of CEVM steel are modified by contouring roller-race contact and other parameters to effect maximum performance. Eight tradeoffs or potential advantages of using high-performance bearings are: more capacity per dollar in most bearing sizes; lower mounting cost due to reduced shaft and housing sizes; lower torque and heat generation; lower weight in the bearing assembly and mounting components; lower rib and roller velocities at a given rpm and, therefore, less demand on cage design and lubricating system; lower centrifugal force effects at high rotational speeds; higher speed at the same operating temperature; and less oil flow requirement at the same speed and for the same operating temperature. High-performance bearings should be considered for new designs, upgrading existing designs, and solving field problems. KW - Bearings KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - High performance KW - Performance KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217958 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395864 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Flower, W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ANALYTICAL AND SUBJECTIVE RIDE QUALITY COMPARISON OF FRONT AND REAR CAB ISOLATION SYSTEMS ON A COE (CAB OVER ENGINE) TRACTOR PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - Instrumented and subjective cab ride quality data were obtained for a cab-over-engine (COE) tractor/trailer combination in which two different cab isolation systems were installed. In the rear cab isolation system (RCIS), the rear of the cab is suspended on soft springs and the front pinned to the frame, allowing cab pitch only. In the front cab isolation system (FCIS), the arrangement is reversed (rear pinned, front on springs). The relative performance of the two systems is compared, and results are compared with predictions of a multi degree of freedom tractor/trailer computer model. The FCIS system, while more difficult to install, provides a superior ride, and should be considered by COE tractor manufacturers as an alternative to a four point cab isolation system. KW - Cab over engine trucks KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Design KW - Ride quality KW - Suspensions KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217347 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395866 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Danieli, G A AU - Keck, J C AU - Heywood, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF WANKEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE PY - 1978 SP - 24 p. AB - Given the engine geometry, speed, equivalence ratio, and inlet manifold conditions, a computer simulation of the Wankel engine operating cycle predicts mass flows of fuel and air, chamber pressure, unburned and burned gas temperatures, heat transfer, gas leakage, and quenching. From these variables, engine power, efficiency, average heat transfer, leakage, and hydrocarbon emissions are computed. Each of the three chambers in a single engine rotor housing is treated as an open thermodynamic system, connected via the apex seal leakage path. Values for the effective seal leakage area and the turbulent heat transfer coefficient deduced from experimental data on a Toyo Kogyo 12B engine under both motoring and firing conditions show reasonable agreement with predicted values. Results of parametric studies show that a 10% reduction in leakage and heat transfer would improve specific fuel consumption by 1.7% and 2%, respectively (at 2000 rpm, mid-load conditions). KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heat transfer KW - Performance KW - Wankel engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217349 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395871 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Miska, K H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HIGH PERFORMANCE CARS DEMAND HIGH PERFORMANCE MATERIALS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Materials are surveyed which meet the exacting demands of builders of high performance road cars and racing cars. Aluminum, magnesium, and alloy steel are the most commonly used materials. Aluminum, with its light weight, high strength-to-weight ratio, and ease of fabrication, is used for engine blocks, transmission and differential housings, body sheet, and numerous other applications. Magnesium, a low-density and relatively durable metal, has found application in crankcases, transmission cases, and wheels for vehicles primarily driven in competition. Components in high performance cars where stresses can only be met by high-strength steels, either simple cast irons or nickel superalloys, include crankshafts, camshafts, connecting rods, exhaust manifolds, valves, turbocharger housings, and suspension components. More exotic materials such as titanium, plastics, and composites have also found use. Porsche has employed titanium connecting rods in its Type 917, 930, and 935 sports cars, titanium rear half-shafts and coil springs in its Type 935 racing Turbo-Carrera. Glass fiber reinforced plastics are extremely attractive materials for high performance cars because they are light, have good strength, and are easy to repair at trackside. The bodywork for competition cars, except those derived from a series-production car, is made of glass-reinforced plastic; this material is also used for air ducts, aerodynamic spoilers, engine fans, and door panels, and for body shells of production sports cars such as the Corvette, Avanti, and Lotus. KW - Alloy steel KW - Aluminum KW - Composite materials KW - High performance cars KW - High strength steel KW - Magnesium KW - Plastics KW - Race cars KW - Racing KW - Sports cars KW - Super alloys KW - Titanium KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217354 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395873 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - BAIRD, J D AU - Didion, J AU - Hughes, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION IN URBAN AREAS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration contracted with seven organizations to investigate certain types of accidents in select urban, suburban, and rural areas: 100% of the accidents involving a fatality or overnight hospitalization of a participant in the accident; 25% of the collisions that resulted in a participant requiring treatment at a hospital emergency room; and 10% of the collisions which involved no injury or an injury not requiring emergency medical treatment. In all accidents investigated, the passenger car involved in the accident had to be damaged severely enough to be towed from the scene. This "National Crashworthiness Severity Study," was designed to investigate various proposed accident severity measurements, such as delta "V", relative velocity, and absorbed energy; to determine the national cumulative distribution function of accident severity and fatal and injury accidents; to determine the relationship between accident severity and injury severity; to use data collection areas and sampling and investigation techniques that are prototypes for a National Accident Sampling System; to find the occupant contact points, intruding objects, or avenue for ejection involved in moderate and greater injuries; to obtain improved data on medical treatment needed and work days lost due to injuries; and to evaluate head restraints and side-door beams. Work of the team from Dynamic Science, Inc. (investigating accidents in the Los Angeles area) and the team from the University of Miami (investigating accidents in the Miami area) is discussed. Investigation procedures and techniques are given, as well as problems, such as safety risks to investigators. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Injuries KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217356 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395875 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cassiani Ingoni, A A AU - Miorali, M G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A SIMPLE BENCH ENGINE TEST FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-SCUFFING PROPERTIES OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE LUBRICANTS PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - A tightening bench test was developed using a two-stroke engine which is able to assess the anti-scuffing protection of automotive engine lubricants. Several types of lubricants were evaluated: mineral oils, polyglycols, esters, polybutenes, alkylates, and white oils. Of these, the best antiscuffing performance was shown by the esters; by using blends of mineral base stocks and low viscosity ester type lubricants, optimum formulation of automotive engine oils should be possible. KW - Engine oils KW - Esters KW - Lubricating oils KW - Performance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217358 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395860 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Kawahara, Y AU - Abe, M AU - Hirabayashi, H AU - Matsushima, A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF SURFACE CONDITION OF LIP ON SEALING PHENOMENA OF OIL SEALS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - A study has shown that the suction coefficient of oil and the sealing characteristic constant are closely connected with the rubbing surface state of oil seals. Results of laboratory testing are similar to those obtained in actual vehicle usage on the road. KW - Oil seals KW - Soil suction KW - Suction KW - Surface condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395862 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wild, R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO CAB SUSPENSION PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - The introduction of the modern tilt cab has required suspension designs to be more sophisticated in order to provide acceptable ride quality. A study was undertaken to determine practical methods and the respective considerations and decisions required to mount a cab to various chassis constructions. Basis of the exercise was a European type truck of cab over configuration. Because measurable standards exist on ride quality, this aspect was studied briefly, although comfort standards vary greatly among countries. The final objective was to determine the cab structural damage incurred through the cab suspension, as well as projected vehicle mileage on various highways before structural damage is caused. The main elements of front and rear cab suspension are discussed, and a system analysis program utilizing both analytical and experimental techniques is briefly described. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Design KW - Ride quality KW - Suspensions KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217345 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395878 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Redfern, T P AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PULSE MODULATION A/D (ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL) CONVERTER PY - 1978 SP - 7 p. AB - The mechanization of a single chip CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) analog to digital converter is described, using a pulse width modulator technique coupled with a unique comparator design. A detailed block diagram is presented as well as important circuit considerations. Although the main objective was the integration of a 3.5 digit voltmeter on a single monolithic device, the application of the technique to discrete solutions working in conjunction with microprocessors is briefly explored. Finally the finished product, a 3.5 digit digital voltmeter chip is discussed briefly as an example of the practicality of the pulse width modulation technique. KW - Analog to digital converters KW - Pulse duration modulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217360 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395880 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hoeft, R J AU - Rokahr, D F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WHY HYDRAULIC SHOVELS--MINING PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - The hydraulic shovel as a primary loading tool in mines and quarries is compared to more conventional equipment used to date in the North American market, such as cable shovels and large wheel loaders. History of hydraulic shovels, their concept and their place in the mining industry are discussed, as are the applications for which they are best suited because of their performance, mobility, and production and economic considerations. A comparison is made to alternative loading methods. KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Loaders KW - Shovels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217362 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395893 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Eriksson, L J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR EXHAUST SYSTEM DESIGN PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - An analytical model has been developed that provides a valuable addition to the design and evaluation of practical exhaust systems. Exhaust system elements may be considered as reactive, resistive, or combination units. Reactive elements reduce energy transmission through a change in impedance that results in acoustic energy being reflected back to the source. Resistive or dissipative elements reduce energy transmission through actual energy dissipation in the element, typically accomplished using fibrous materials such as fiberglass or steel wool. The analytical model's focus is on reactive element design, although many of the ideas can be applied to resistive elements. The method developed by Alfredson and Davies assumes insentropic area contractions and adiabatic area expansions. Their approach has been modified for ease of use and to include conditions not originally considered. The revised model analyzes each element on a section-by-section basis to increase flexibility in analysis and to include a different temperature for each section. More complex elements like plug sections, pass sections, and reversing chambers are also modeled. Effects of higher-order modes can be calculated with the model, and source impedance effects can be simulated to produce insertion loss calculations. Model application provides insight into obtaining additional insertion loss without a corresponding increase in muffler volume. The model can be used for specific design problems and in general parameter studies to maximize exhaust system attenuation within a given volume. KW - Design KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Mathematical models KW - Mufflers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217375 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395895 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Sanders, C E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EARTHMOVING MACHINE SERVICE PROBLEMS PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - Earthmoving equipment manufacturers must concentrate on service-related problems such as routine maintenance, design, safety equipment, component reliability, tires, and specifications for export machines. Many of these problems must be addressed at the initial point of design, and earthmoving equipment manufacturers must incorporate seat belts that will last the life of machines under normal operating conditions. Oil, dirt, and abrasion related to seat operation and operating controls need to be part of seat belt design. Since about 80% of field repairs take less than two hours, attention must be largely directed toward eliminating nuisance repairs related to such items as the electrical system, the hydraulic system, engine attachments, and cooling system failures. General-purpose tires are essential for scrapers, trucks, and bottom dump hauling units that will move through cut and fill conditions which contain rock and mud. Design engineers need to incorporate the appropriate size and capacity for various tire manufacturers and tire sizes on equipment so that contractors can take advantage of productive capacity, horsepower, and hauling unit speed. Equipment manufacturers must concentrate on designing machines that reduce service and maintenance costs, provide simplicity of operation and maintenance, and recognize appropriate design considerations of the export market. Manufacturer concentration on a limited product line with intense technological improvements and designed-in reliability is envisioned as a cost-effective way of meeting contractor and public needs and demands. KW - Construction equipment KW - Design KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Manual safety belts KW - Reliability KW - Tires KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217377 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395897 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Martz, J W AU - Smiley, R G AU - Kormos, J G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FIELD TESTING OF "REFERENCE VEHICLES" AS AN AID TO THE DESIGN ANALYSIS PROCESS FOR EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT PY - 1978 SP - 23 p. AB - New design analysis methods for the structural development and evaluation of earthmoving equipment have been heavily utilized in recent years. In particular, this increased utilization has focused on finite element methods for analyzing stress in structural components and combined experimental/analytical modeling techniques, such as the "building block" approach, to study complete vehicles' system responses. The presence of these predictive methods has placed an additional burden on test activities which support vehicle design and analysis. Properly planned tests on reference vehicles, i.e. existing vehicles for which new designs are needed, can play an important role in directing new vehicle design efforts. Results of reference vehicle testing can provide: information which quantifies operating functional and service history of the reference vehicle for use in defining design specifications and criteria; information on generalized and specific loading conditions which can be applied to analytical models of a new vehicle to evaluate its response; and detailed understanding of the structural interaction and coupling characteristics of vehicle components and the resulting enhancement of a vehicle's response to certain types of loading. A hardware/software system for reference vehicle testing is detailed that incorporates a multichannel data acquisition system and a data reduction system. Reference vehicle testing techniques are described, and an example depicting integrated use of the techniques is provided. Future developments in reference vehicle testing are explored. KW - Construction equipment KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Structural analysis KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217379 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395868 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Burley, H A AU - Meloeny, M R AU - Stark, T L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SOURCES OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS IN ROTARY ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 20 p. AB - In many rotary engines, over 10% of the fuel passes through the engine unused. These unburned hydrocarbons represent a serious penalty in fuel economy and make exhaust cleanup difficult. Major sources of hydrocarbons were found to be associated with apex seal leakage, the cold wall zone, rotor surface temperature, residuals and chamber surface quench. Minor sources were found to be crevice volume, ignition and spark plug effects, mixture quality, turbulence, and lubricant effects. Apex seal leakage, accounting for 22% of the hydrocarbon emissions, allows hydrocarbons to slip from the combustion zone to the exhaust zone. The cure was to improve seal design and reduce housing distortion. By heating the cold wall zone, the top portion of the rotary engine between the intake port and the combustion zone, with exhaust gases, a reduction was made in the hydrocarbons that were wetting the wall and then being swept by the seals around to the exhaust port. The surface-to-volume ratio is higher on rotary engines, resulting in greater surface area per unit displacement and increased hydrocarbons. It was found that by increasing the temperature of the rotor and housing surfaces, hydrocarbon emissions were significantly reduced. Tests in a piston engine and rotary engine's higher residuals are a major source of its high hydrocarbons. High residuals at light load also had an adverse effect on brake specific fuel consumption. The crevice above the rotor side seals and the volume below the apex seal were found to be relatively small contributors to exhaust hydrocarbons, which could be reduced by raising side seals and reducing apex seal crevice volume. Mixture quality, ignition, spark plug and lubricant effects appeared to contribute about 8% of the hydrocarbons at low speed light load. KW - Air quality management KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Leakage KW - Rotary engines KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217351 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395869 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Montgomery, L D AU - Glassford, E J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A PULSATING CUSHION THAT IMPROVES LOWER BODY HEMODYNAMICS OF SEATED INDIVIDUALS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Drivers who sit for long periods of time (such as long-distance truck drivers) frequently experience discomfort in the lower extremities, drowsiness, dizziness, and mental fatigue. This is due to disruption of normal blood circulation, i.e., a hemodynamic shift from the central venous pool to the peripheral pool and compromised blood perfusion, which, in turn, is caused by tissue compression and muscular inactivity. A special seat cushion has been developed which utilizes a series of sequentially-inflating internal air passages to produce undulations that progress from the front to the back of the cushion. These undulations are intended to stimulate the circulation of blood through the extremities and thereby alleviate the problems described above. Impedance plethysmography was used to measure the localized hemodynamic responses produced by the pulsating cushion. This technique was used to quantify hemodynamic changes in the calf, knee, thigh and buttock segments of the body during operation of the inflatable seat cushion. The grouped mean indices of arterial perfusion increased significantly (P less than 0.05) in all portions of the lower extremities studied following a five minute operation period of the cushion. The device assisted venous clearance in all segments during each inflation cycle. These hemodynamic responses were more pronounced in the proximal segments of the lower extremities that were closer to the direct pulsating action of the cushion. The arterial perfusion indices increased approximately 8% in the lower leg and knee segments following operation of the seat cushion. Similarly, the blood flow index increased 10.4% in the thigh and 27.9% in the buttock segments. The average indices of venous clearance in the lower leg, knee and thigh segments were 2.9, 5.9 and 15.6 ml respectively for each inflation cycle. KW - Comfort KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Human factors KW - Inflatable devices KW - Physiological aspects KW - Professional drivers KW - Seat cushions KW - Seats KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217352 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395887 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Burris, L AU - Nelson, P A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ADVANCED BATTERIES FOR VEHICLE PROPULSION PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The development of batteries for electric vehicles, performance goals for these batteries, and the strategy being followed in the United States to promote commercialization of electric vehicles are discussed. Intensive battery development is underway in the U.S. and other countries to reduce the consumption of petroleum by shifting the energy source to coal and nuclear power. Through the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act of 1976, the U.S. has authorized a large research and development program on battery and electric vehicle technologies and a demonstration program designed to promote the commercialization of electric vehicles. The existing lead-acid battery does not have sufficiently high performance, in terms of vehicle range, to attract a large market. Near-term research is aimed at improving the lead-acid battery and developing iron-nickel oxide and zinc-nickel oxide batteries. One of these is expected to advance sufficiently to achieve commercialization and capture the near-term market. Advanced batteries such as lithium-aluminum/iron sulfide, sodium/sulfur, and zinc/chlorine promise much higher performance than any near-term battery, vehicle ranges approaching 200 miles with the speed, acceleration and hill-climbing capabilities of gasoline-powered vehicles. Market penetration through the early stages of commercialization may be through limited markets of submarines, postal vans, buses, and mining vehicles. Batteries for vehicle propulsion purposes are not likely to find application in earthmoving or large farming equipment. KW - Development KW - Electric batteries KW - Electric vehicles KW - Iron compounds KW - Lithium sulfur batteries KW - Marketing KW - Nickel iron batteries KW - Nickel zinc batteries KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Sodium sulfur batteries KW - Zinc chloride batteries UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217369 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395888 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - ECKLUND, E E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - METHANOL AND OTHER ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR OFF-HIGHWAY MOBILE ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 18 p. AB - Considerable insight into alternatives to petroleum as fuel for earthmoving and other off-highway vehicles can be gained from investigations of highway vehicles. At the same time, off-highway equipment has the potential of greater flexibility in fuel choice due to more simple fuel logistics. One way of avoiding concern about future fuel type is to have engines without cetane or octane requirements. Continuous combustion and external combustion engines, exemplified by the Brayton (gas turbine) and Stirling-cycle engine, can use a broad variety of fuel types. Equipment designers must explore both motive requirements and exhaust emissions, and this typically involves tradeoffs. A prime factor in such relationships is the air/fuel operating regime. Synthetic gasoline and synthetic distillates are primary candidates for replacing petroleum, but investigation of these has been limited because of the unavailability of supply. Sulfur and bound nitrogen exist in synthetic crudes, and bound nitrogen can especially affect exhaust emissions. The nitrogen content of oil shale is in the range of 2% and that of sulfur is about 0.5 to 0.7%. Syncrudes, especially from coal, are high in aromatics, and this aromaticity effect on carcinogens in exhaust emissions is of considerable concern. Oil shale and coal have a lower hydrogen-to-carbon ratio than petroleum; thus, synthetic fuels from these sources require the addition of a substantial amount of hydrogen. The timing of hydrogen as a long-range candidate fuel is largely dependent on the availability of hydrogen at competitive prices, supply logistics, and convenient storage onboard the vehicle. Alcohols are basically good fuels, and either ethyl alcohol (ethanol) or methyl alcohol (methanol) can be used straight or blended in small concentrations with petroleum products, with only modest requirements placed on the engine/fuel system design. Straight alcohol is an excellent fuel in an engine optimized for it, providing cold start problems are avoided or overcome. Since alcohols have high octane ratings, they are suitable for high compression applications and may therefore have use in modified compression ignition engines. Alcohols can play a role where fuel supply logistics permit the use of nonconventional fuels or special handling and mixtures of conventional and nonconventional fuels, such as in earthmoving equipment. Because changes in fuels and engines will be evolutionary due to the complex infrastructure, specialized applications such as earthmoving equipment can lead the way to more dramatic changes in nonpetroleum products. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Alternate fuels KW - Brayton system KW - Coal KW - Construction equipment KW - Ethanol KW - Exhaust gases KW - Heat cycle KW - Hydrogen KW - Methanol KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Oil shales KW - Stirling engines KW - Synthetic fuels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217370 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395858 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Otto, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SEALING CONSIDERATIONS FOR TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The application of seals to tapered roller bearings is discussed as a guide for the engineer designing a sealed application, for production personnel installing seals in the application, and for maintenance personnel servicing the application. Noncontacting seals, including labyrinth and hydrodynamic seals, are described as well as contacting seals, such as elastomeric and mechanical face seals and radial lip seals. Factors to consider when investigating failures are indicated, with a list of possible problems, causes, and corrective actions. When problems are encountered that cannot be solved by use of this guide, the bearing or seal manufacturer should be consulted. KW - Guidelines KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Tapered roller bearings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217341 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395865 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Wallace, T F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - BUICK'S TURBOCHARGED V-6 POWERTRAIN FOR 1978 PY - 1978 SP - 21 p. AB - A new turbocharged 3.8 litre V-6 engine and powertrain has been developed for production application in 1978 Buick models. The design offers a turbocharged powertrain with improved fuel economy and performance equal to larger displacement engines. Significant technological advances include engine-turbo matching for improved low end and mid-range performance, minimized turbo vehicle "lag", and an all new electronic spark control closed loop system that controls detonation through the use of spark retard. Revisions of basic engine components to ensure durability and driveability equivalent to that of a conventional engine are discussed. Further development of this powertrain concept may provide the flexibility to meet legislated fuel economy levels of the future without severe compromises in vehicle size or performance. Numerous diagrams and photographs are included. KW - Design KW - Fuel consumption KW - Performance KW - Power trains KW - Turbochargers KW - Turbocharging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217348 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395872 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Scofield, G L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DIESEL ENGINES AND THEIR PARTICLE SIGNATURES PY - 1978 SP - 20 p. AB - Instrumentation is described and sampling and analytical techniques are discussed for the physical and chemical characterization of diesel engine exhaust particulates and wear particles found in diesel engine lubrication oil. In order to collect typical particle populations, an inertial impactor divided the exhaust sample into eight particle size ranges and collected the smaller sizes (80% to 90% of the sample) and organic matter on successive back-up filters. The particle size distribution was strongly dependent on exhaust temperature below 300 degrees C and independent above this temperature, the shift interpreted as the result of liquid hydrocarbon aerosols. Organic matter increased at lower exhaust temperatures. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for physical characterization of the particulate matter and a transmission electron microscope for the study of individual particles. After separating particles according to size by passing them through a magnetic field, it was possible to obtain a visual idea of the particle size distribution from a ferrogram slide by means of optical microscope analysis. A second level of analysis was achieved by using a bichromatic microscope to distinguish between free metal particles and oxides or other compounds. At a third level of analysis, the SEM provided greater magnification for studying particle origin or wear mechanism via particle morphology. With a heated ferrogram analysis technique, the source or type of material in the wear particles was identified. Various component materials take on different thicknesses of oxide layers upon a given exposure to an elevated temperature. Minimum wear was correlated with an inlet oil temperature below 77 degrees C, and an outlet temperature below 82 degrees C. KW - Analysis KW - Diesel engines KW - Exhaust gases KW - Instrumentation KW - Particle size distribution KW - Particulates KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217355 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395884 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Glassey, S F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COOLING THE WOODS TRACTOR PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - An investigation was made into the cooling requirements of land clearing tractors. The major problems are defined as a radiator cleaning interval that is too short, radiators that are very difficult to clean, and radiator fins that bend flat and block air flow. Test techniques in the investigation, analysis methods, instrumentation, and results are described. A cooling package was developed to minimize radiator plugging and to achieve the best compromise between cooling capacity, fin spacing, and core configuration for a woods tractor. Use of screens to prevent debris from entering the cooling system is considered essential. KW - Cooling systems KW - Radiators KW - Truck tractors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217366 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395891 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Zarotti, G L AU - Nervegna, N AU - Miotto, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSIONS CONTROLS--IS THERE SPACE FOR OPTIMIZATION? PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - Efficiency characteristics are considered for simple control types (constant pressure and constant power) of hydrostatic transmissions and applied to a variable displacement pump as a single unit or in connection with a fixed displacement motor or dummy actuator having efficiency features of a transmission line. A transmission control is defined as a certain law relating hydraulic power factors (flow rate and pressure) which are automatically actuated on mobile equipment by an unrestricted system (hydraulic, mechanical, electronic, or mixed). In general, four procedures can be adopted to introduce controls into a hydrostatic transmission: acting on generators; acting with transmitters; acting on actuators; and simultaneous operation of all of these. Component modeling of hydraulic transmission controls encompasses pump, motor, and dummy actuator modeling. Constant pressure and constant power control problems are resolved, showing that the most efficient way of implementing a specific control can be identified in terms of speed and displacement. Basic control parameters result from optimizing maximum or mean efficiency. Some effects of controls on driving engine fuel consumption and sizing are discussed. Computations are based on efficiency models devised as an approximation of reference data and are made using an original, nonlinear programming code. KW - Construction equipment KW - Control KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Hydrostatic transmissions KW - Hydrostatics KW - Transmissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217373 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395881 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Witmeur, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE CATERPILLAR 215 EXCAVATOR PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The 36,000 lb. 215 Excavator is the smallest of Caterpillar's four track-type excavators. The development of the versatile fully hydraulic 215 and a variety of multipurpose attachments and their applications are discussed. In addition to general machine specifications, some of the major design features are reviewed, including the hydraulic system, the track final drive and the variable gauge undercarriage. KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Excavating equipment KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic machinery UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217363 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395883 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Mueller, W N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - COOLING SYSTEM DESIGN FOR EARTHMOVING VEHICLES PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - The basic criteria are presented for the design of an optimum earthmoving vehicle cooling system. Cooperation by the vehicle designer, cooling components manufacturer, fan manufacturer, and lab and field test personnel is required to obtain the best compromise. In providing the specified cooling, deaeration and reliability of the radiator and oil coolers for heavy duty off-highway earthmoving vehicles, five categories are important: vehicle design criteria for optimum cooling and air flow; radiator design and installation; oil cooler design and installation; testing; and maintenance. KW - Construction equipment KW - Cooling systems KW - Design KW - Radiators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217365 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395890 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Godfrey, W H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CATERPILLAR'S LARGEST WHEEL LOADER--THE 992C PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Specifications for the new Caterpillar 992C wheel loader, (to replace the Caterpillar 992B model) placed emphasis on increased productivity, reliability, and durability; improved serviceability and maintenance; integral operator safety and comfort, and better appearance. Improved productivity required sizing the machine to be compatible with both 50-ton and 85-ton off-highway truck capacities. The bucket linkage was changed from the eight-bar type to the Z-bar type to provide increased forces at the bucket cutting edge and to offer design simplicity. Structural design requirements were based on the use of fabrications of high-strength steel plates, burned to required profiles and attached with full penetration welds. Transitional steel castings were used in areas of complex load paths where welding would otherwise reduce fatigue strength to an unacceptable level. Both buckets and linkage structures were designed to withstand torsional loading induced by eccentric loading of the bucket cutting edge. The engine and frame design was fabricated box-type construction, featuring minimum bulk for component accessibility. Modular design and construction of major power-producing or power-transmitting components afforded complete package assembly and testing prior to vehicle installation. Although the 992C power train was conventional in design like the 992B, all new componentry was required to provide increased power demands with maximum reliability. Major revision to implement system design distinguished hydraulics of the 992C from the otherwise conventional design of the 992B. Extension of the modular design and construction concept allowed the operator's platform to be the same as that used on the 988B wheel loader; multiple usage of components from one vehicle to another provided for increased efficiency in manufacture, field service, and required parts inventories. To reduce maintenance, design attention focused on minimizing the need for low-hour service intervals and providing ease of accessibility to all maintenance points. Throughout each phase of the design and development program, attention was paid to reliability, durability, and safety and health. KW - Construction equipment KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Loaders KW - Reliability KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217372 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395892 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hongo, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A METHOD FOR THE PREDICTION OF NOISE LEVELS AT CONSTRUCTION SITE BOUNDARIES PY - 1978 SP - 18 p. AB - The regulation and measurement of noise levels at construction sites in Japan are examined. From fiscal years 1971-1976, Japan's investment in construction increased from $17,080 to $23,880 million. Prior to starting any construction project, legislation requires that noise pollution levels caused by construction equipment at job site boundaries be determined. This requirement has led to the development of a simple, inexpensive, but relatively precise computer program and method for noise prediction. Computer program input requires measuring each machine's noise level, and the method's accuracy has been experimentally verified by field tests. Field testing shows that the evaluation of noise emitted by construction equipment is determined by the sound source's power level. To obtain this level with great accuracy, at least 10 microphones must be placed around the machine. When simple measurement is appropriate, four microphones will provide acceptably accurate results. A 10-meter radius of an imaginary hemisphere on which microphones are located is preferable; the microphone arrangement recommended in International Standards Organization 4872 is reasonable. In general, engine high idle should be the standard operating condition. If there are other noticeable sound sources, they should also be taken into consideration. When prediction with high accuracy is required, it is necessary to consider sound source directivity, land layout, interference of sound waves, and excess attenuation. KW - Accuracy KW - Computer programs KW - Construction equipment KW - Construction sites KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217374 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395859 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Horve, L A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EVALUATING DUST EXCLUSION FOR ROTATING SHAFT SEAL APPLICATIONS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The effectiveness of a given dual lip design in elastomeric radial lip seals was studied as compared to the single lip design. Among the tests conducted were those of temperature effects and dust ingestion, and life tests. Under the given test conditions, the single lip design out-performed the dual lip design, with better retention of lubricants and exclusion of dust. KW - Dust control KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rotating shafts KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Shafts (Machinery) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217342 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395861 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Hirabayashi, H AU - Yukimasa, T AU - Uchino, K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EFFECT OF QUANTITY OF LUBRICATION OIL ON SEALING CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL SEALS PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - The sealing characteristics of oil seals are discussed as affected by the quantity of lubricating oil supplied. The necessary minimum quantity of oil for preventing wear of the seal lip is investigated. A decrease in sealing characteristics is found to occur when insufficient oil is supplied to the seal lip portion. A suggested countermeasure is a thin specially compounded polytetrafluoroethylene layer bonded to the rubbing surface of the seal lip; careful fitting on the shaft is essential as the seal lip edge of this oil seal is more easily flawed than that of rubber material. KW - Lubricating oils KW - Oil seals KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217344 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395876 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Schlax, T R AU - Auman, J T AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMOTIVE CONTROL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - A microprocessor based system is described for use as a development tool by the automotive engineer to test and evaluate many automotive control concepts. The system provides a simplified means of program debugging, the capability to modify data and program functions during operation and evaluation and to accumulate and store evaluation data. Equipment associated with this development system is divided into two portions: one controlling the vehicle operation and interfacing with the automotive sensors and actuators; the other controlling the operator interface devices which include the keyboard, display, printer, and other peripheral units. The vehicle equipment is designed to operate on vehicle battery power. After the control algorithm has been determined using the development system, the contents of the system memory can be transferred to a ROM (Read Only Memory) device for the production automotive controller. KW - Algorithms KW - Control systems KW - Microprocessors KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217359 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395879 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Golin, L AU - Lee, Jong Jae AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE CHRYSLER DIE CAST AND WELDED ALUMINUM 6-CYLINDER INTAKE MANIFOLD PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - Volume production of the 225 CID (3.7L) 6-cylinder intake manifold as a die cast and welded assembly has been instituted as a running change for mid-1978 model cars. The development of the die castings and welding of the 380 aluminum is discussed as well as production welding and processing. Each manifold so produced represents a 14 to 15 lb. (6.4 to 6.8 kg) weight reduction and an estimated 30% cost reduction over its cast iron counterpart. Preliminary evidence indicates improvement in gas mileage, engine emissions, and performance. This high volume welding application for die cast aluminum combines the advantages of high productivity die casting and non-vacuum electron beam welding to fabricate assemblies at cost savings over permanent mould and sand castings. KW - Aluminum KW - Costs KW - Die castings KW - Electron beam welding KW - Manifolds KW - Processing KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217361 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395894 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Koutsky, L J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SUSPENSION SEAT FOR EARTHMOVING VEHICLES PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - A new suspension seat design for earthmoving and other off-highway vehicles had to fulfill five basic requirements: to provide the operator with a comfortable and controlled seated posture; to protect the operator from excessive shock and vibration; to provide the operator a location with adequate vision for functioning safely and efficiently and with easy and nonfatiguing access to machine controls; and to restrain the operator within a safety zone in the event of a collision or machine rollover. Appropriate cushion design considerations were implemented and seat adjustments made (fore-aft, backrest angle, seat cushion angle, height, and operator weight adjustments). Detailed attention was paid to arm rests, the suspension system, operator safety, and testing and reliability. A wide range of adjustments is available to position the operator properly relative to various vehicle controls. Several innovative ideas are employed, including a fore-aft slide with self-cleaning rollers, a mechanical suspension spring system which provides air spring characteristics, and a seat/suspension package which will meet the Society of Automotive Engineers' recommended practice for seat belt attachment without the need for additional tether belts. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Comfort KW - Construction equipment KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Design KW - Seats KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217376 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395896 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Thomas, G J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EARTHMOVING TOOLS FOR TOMORROW'S WORK PY - 1978 SP - 6 p. AB - A large contractor believes that one of the primary items that should be built into tools is better life. A machine with 20,000 productive and economical hours of life is needed, along with at least 90% availability. While existing machines are more agile and faster and horsepower has been increased, the cost of steel, petroleum products, labor, and vendor-purchased items has increased, forcing the price of machinery up. To survive energy-related and economic constraints, fleets must be run longer in order to realize a 20,000-hour life. Significant accomplishments have been made in building machines with unitized components for ease of installation and removal. Equipment designers must concentrate on evacuation systems for all lubricant sumps of a machine, and more research and development time must be spent on tires. Designing a machine to accept all future product improvements is essential in order to avoid the cost of completely redesigned machinery every few years. KW - Construction equipment KW - Design KW - Development KW - Life span KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217378 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395863 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Selman, A A AU - Pixton, T A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A CAB SUSPENSION FOR TRANSCONTINENTAL OPERATION PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - Designs were formulated for a heavy duty truck having a sophisticated cab suspension system adaptable to the special conditions of transeuropean operation. The design and development of the Ford Transcontinental cab suspension, and the resulting ride performance, are described, as well as the unique hydraulic cab tilt system. The cab suspension complies with European safety standards; including the exceptionally strict Swedish regulations. KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Design KW - Ride quality KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217346 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395874 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Alexander, W R AU - Murphy, L T AU - Silver, R D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPING AN ENGINEERED SYSTEMATIZED MAINTENANCE PROGRAM FOR HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - Employing the systems approach, an extended interval maintenance program, "ESI Plus," has been developed for heavy duty trucks. The program is outlined, including engine oil, gear oil, chassis grease, and the various filters required. Extensive laboratory and field testing was conducted in developing the various specifications and component configurations required to assure satisfactory performance and durability. Close adherence to the optimum maintenance schedule is essential; changing any of the items may adversely affect the performance of the entire system. General engineering specifications are tabulated for engine and gear oil and grease. KW - Performance KW - Scheduling KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217357 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395882 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Etherington, M AU - DEERING, D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE FLUID TAPPET--A NEW CONCEPT IN HIGH ENERGY IMPACT BREAKING PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - A new high energy impact hammer incorporating a fluid tappet and a high velocity piston is described which offers improved productivity, safety and reliability in rock excavation, structure demolition and secondary boulder breaking. Two models of this hammer are discussed, the 411 with a blow energy of 6000 ft. lb. (685 kg.m.) and the 514 with a blow energy of 20,000 ft. lb. (2275 kg.m.). The attachment of these new tools to a wide range of excavators and special machines is shown. The process of impact breaking is analyzed and several examples of effective use of these hammers are presented. KW - Excavating equipment KW - Hammers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217364 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395889 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Cadou, P B AU - Bowser, F J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SCRAPER SUSPENSION SYSTEM PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - An optimum scraper suspension system was developed after determining performance and related cost characteristics of several alternatives. Four system modifications were considered as realistic possibilities: operator seat and seat suspension modifications; operator relocation; vehicle system detuning; and vehicle axle isolation. The optimum system considered was a front axle suspension system which was applied to a 24-cubic-yard scraper. Where prototype hardware and testing were relatively inexpensive, fairly conventional "build and test" techniques were used. If a complete unit was required as a prototype, however, a computer model was developed to permit testing and modifying to be done on paper, thereby avoiding the need for costly and lengthy prototype modifications. The suspended axle approach proved to be the most effective single operator-motion attenuation system. The operator was able to produce more while maintaining a significantly improved state of physiological well-being. The optimized system, consisting of a pivoted axle assembly controlled by hydropneumatic springs and a hydraulic control system with self-leveling and manual on-off features, is detailed. KW - Construction equipment KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Excavating equipment KW - Scrapers (Construction equipment) KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217371 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395867 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Basshuysen, R van AU - Wilmers, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN UPDATE OF THE DEVELOPMENT ON THE NEW AUDI NSU ROTARY ENGINE GENERATION PY - 1978 SP - 24 p. AB - Audi NSU has developed a new rotary engine (KKM 871) which utilizes a lean burn concept with fuel injection and an exhaust emission control system employing a catalytic converter. Test results indicate that the fuel economy ranges at the same level as comparable reciprocating engines. Although base emissions levels are still too high, these levels could be reduced with the further development of the engine to enable compliance with U.S. standards (even after a driving distance of 50,000 miles). The rotary engine proved to be quieter than the reciprocating engine over most of the range of engine speeds. Results of comprehensive tests concerning the durability of the Audi rotary engine indicate that no difficulties are to be expected in customer usage. The service life of the rotary engine would appear to correspond with that of the reciprocating engine. In addition, development projects incorporating a stratified charge system within the basic KKM 871 design indicate that this engine, if somewhat modified, is also suitable for other combustion processes. Modifications of the KKM 871 to achieve stratified charge are described, including partial and full direct injection. KW - Durability KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel injection KW - Lean fuel engine KW - Lean fuel mixtures KW - Rotary engines KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217350 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395870 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Aigner, J AU - Franz, F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE FIESTA-CONCEPT OF AN ECONOMICAL VEHICLE PY - 1978 SP - 20 p. AB - The Ford Fiesta sub-compact automobile was introduced in Europe in 1976 and, after modification, in North America in 1977. The design features of both the European and American versions are discussed. Specific information is provided on the body (interior, aerodynamics, heating and ventilation systems, structure and safety components, and interior noise characteristics); the engine (general concepts of its design, carburetion, combustion, and cooling systems, and noise and vibration insulation components); the transmission, differential, and driveshaft mechanisms; the chassis (front suspension and steering, rear suspension, and brakes); and the electrical system. Additional information provided under the description of the North American version relates to bumper systems, emission control systems, and ride and handling characteristics. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Air quality management KW - Brakes KW - Bumpers KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Suspension systems KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle components KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217353 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395885 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Baranski, B R AU - Pisarski, J J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REDUCING FAN NOISE IN CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - Two types of cooling system fan noise, discrete frequency and broadband noise, can be best reduced by a combination of aerodynamic design and control of the fan environment. Principal fan noise sources include a periodic pressure field, inflow distortion, inflow turbulence, boundary layer separation, vortex shedding, and vibration due to aerodynamic loading. Design for minimum noise requires the optimization of fan geometry (blade angle, solidity, number of blades, blade surface, camber and form) and fan environment, maximum efficiency at the operating point and the lowest possible blade tip speed. Good noise measurements are essential; acoustical test techniques are described. Computer-aided design techniques are required to optimize the fan. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Aerodynamics KW - Computer aided design KW - Construction equipment KW - Cooling systems KW - Design KW - Fans KW - Noise control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217367 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395886 JO - SAE Technical Paper Series PB - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) AU - Martin, M D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GASEOUS AUTOMOTIVE FUELS FROM STEAM REFORMED LIQUID HYDROCARBONS PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - A system is proposed for producing a mixture of hydrogen and methane for automotive fuel by steam reforming gasoline. These gaseous fuels are produced under the hood and only at the rate demanded by the engine. The energy of formation is obtained from waste heat. The results of a computer model of the system are given and a verifying experimental program on a Volkswagen engine is described. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Hydrogen KW - Methane KW - Steam UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395629 AU - Loop, F M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CATHODIC AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRODEPOSITION (PAINT) PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - Cathodic electrodeposition as a means of applying organic primer coatings in the automotive industry offers the following advantages: superior corrosion resistance over steel and other substrates; high throw-power; lower curing schedules, and long-term stability. Other advantages are that the system is automated, film is uniformly thick, there is almost 100% utilization of paint, and the paint is nonflammable. Equipment requirements of cathodic paint are similar to or identical with those of anodic paint in many ways. Operation of cathodic systems are also similar in many respects to anodic systems, but control parameters such as pH, MEQ, voltage, and conductivity are different. There are numerous cathodic electrodeposition systems in operation in the automotive industry. KW - Automation KW - Automobile industry KW - Cathodic coating, process KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Deposition KW - Electrodeposition KW - Painting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395646 AU - Haselman, L C AU - Westbrook, C K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A THEORETICAL MODEL FOR TWO-PHASE FUEL INJECTION IN STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 28 p. AB - A computational model is presented which can deal with a variety of fluid-dynamic problems associated with injection of fuel into engine chambers. The model differs from previous ones in that it depends more on the basic equations of fluid dynamics and less on experimental correlations. It has been applied to a wide variety of gas jet injection problems examining the effects on the flow field and fuel/air mixing caused by variations in injection velocity, mass flow rate, air swirl, and injector location. Increased jet velocity markedly enhances air/fuel mixing; increasing the air swirl rate enhances the mixing to a lesser degree. Slower mixing results when the injector is located at the chamber wall than when it is located close to the chamber axis. Use of the spray droplet model has identified the physical processes characterizing the evolution of such sprays. The gas jet and the droplet jet are qualitatively and quantitatively different, and the conventional use of gas jet models in environments which are not close to the thermodynamic critical point is probably not appropriate in most cases. KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Fuel injection KW - Mathematical models KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395647 AU - Bettoney, W E AU - Rogers, J D AU - Benson, J D AU - Keller, B D AU - Stanke, G W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - KNOCK PERCEPTION--A 1975 CUSTOMER/RATER STUDY BY CRC (COORDINATING RESEARCH COUNCIL) PY - 1978 SP - 19 p. AB - Octane requirements of late-model vehicles were determined by trained knock raters and compared with those determined by customers. The average differences between the requirements of these groups are greater than previously believed. Average differences of independent distributions of customer and rater requirements were about 3 Research Octane Numbers (RON)/2 Motor Octane Numbers (MON) at part throttle and 6 RON/4 MON at full throttle and maximum octane requirement conditions. Comparison of customer and rater requirements in individual cars indicated that 5% of the customers objected to knock when their cars were operated on a fuel matching the rater requirements, while 50% objected when using a fuel 6 RON/4.1 MON lower. On the average, customer perception of knock was only 0.8 RON/0.6 MON higher than customer objection level. The average difference between customer and rater requirements for individual laboratories ranged from 1.1 to 8.5 RON. The differences between customer and rater octane requirements were unrelated to gender or age of customer, vehicle engine size, transmission type, or mileage. KW - Data collection KW - Engine knock KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395661 AU - Nordmark, G E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF ALUMINUM JOINTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - Fatigue tests were conducted to evaluate several methods of joining aluminum sheet for automotive applications: resistance spot welds; gas metal arc (GMA) spot welds; fillet welds; rivets, mechanical clinching; bonding, and combinations of bonding with spot welding, riveting, and clinching. Spot welded, riveted or clinched lap joints in 1.0 mm (0.040 in.) aluminum have fatigue strengths 1/2 to 2/3 those of spot welded joints in 0.8 mm (0.032 in.) steel. Bonding in combination with these joining techniques produces joints having fatigue strengths equal to or higher than those of spot welded steel joints. Simulated service exposures generally reduce long-life fatigue strength of combination joints. KW - Aluminum KW - Arc welds KW - Bonding KW - Electric arc welding KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fillet welds KW - Joining KW - Metal joining KW - Metal working KW - Spot welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395664 AU - Symons, J D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SEAL SIZE--ITS EFFECTS ON RADIAL LIP-TYPE OIL SEAL DESIGN PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - A fractional factorial experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of seal size on seal design. The seven factors studied were inside lip diameter (without spring), seal size, shaft-to-bore offset, spring position, contact width, flex section thickness, and material modulus. The experiment was designed so that all interactions involving seal size were determinable. Leakage was measured as the response or dependent variable. The large seal (nominal 100 mm) differed from the small seal (nominal 50 mm) in three areas: shaft-to-bore offset was not tolerated by the large seal; the spring position was required to be closer to the contact line with the larger seal; and a higher material modulus was necessary with the larger seal. KW - Design KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Size KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395137 AU - Krechmer, D AU - Strawbridge, J AU - Wenger, P AU - Zavatsky, S AU - Systems Architects, Incorporated TI - PARATRANSIT INTEGRATION WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, OCTOBER 12-13, 1977 PY - 1978 SP - 97 p. AB - Experts in the field of demand responsive transportation dealt with seven areas of concern for a proposed manual of paratransit services: planning and institutional constraints, involvement of the private operator, estimation techniques, system design for nonautomated systems, system design for automated systems, implementation and operation, and needs and priorities. Planning is short-range, low-risk, and low-capital; planners should recognize that communities want to control their transportation services and that the private operator should be involved. A brokerage concept is suggested to coordinate the various sources of paratransit funding. Local transportation ordinances need to be updated so as not to restrict paratransit operators unnecessarily. Dispatchers and drivers should be in separate unions. Taxi drivers' insurance needs to be increased, and some form of compensation for transporting the elderly provided. Pitfalls in estimation included overpopularity, poor ridership estimation, overselling, and inaccurate cost projections. Current models are accurate in the 25-30% range. When designing nonautomated systems for small communities, the role of the private operators should be taken into account; most important factors include target population, budget, fare, level of service, allowed number of trips, personalizing of service, and political computer technology, taking into consideration the threshold level for automation, and experiences and recent developments. Management strategies must deal with the needs of the elderly and handicapped, training programs, labor/management relations, marketing, and vehicles and maintenance. The manual should both guide and educate the planning community, and should discuss proposed United Mass Transit Authority regulations, strategies for involving the private operator in planning, and local problems. KW - Aged KW - Estimating KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Paratransit services KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Planning KW - Private enterprise KW - Strategic planning KW - System design KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395154 AU - Kraus, B J AU - Godici, P E AU - King, W H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - REDUCTION OF OCTANE REQUIREMENT BY KNOCK SENSOR SPARK RETARD SYSTEM PY - 1978 SP - 19 p. AB - A 1975 California model automobile with an 8:1 compression ratio 350 CID engine was modified by increasing the compression ratio to 9:1 which resulted in improved fuel economy. The higher oxides of nitrogen emissions were reduced to the base level by substituting a back pressure-controlled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) unit for the original valve and increasing the EGR flow. Octane requirement was controlled by a knock sensor-actuated spark timing retard system. The knock sensor (accelerometer) was attached to one of the cylinder heads of the engine. When knock occurred, the vibration was picked up by the sensor, the signal was filtered to remove some of the engine background noise, and the knock pulse was detected. When the amplitude of the detected knock signal exceeded a threshold, the spark timing was retarded. When no knocking was detected over a waiting period, the timing was advanced back to its normal schedule. Using this system, the vehicle's octane requirement can be lowered several numbers with some performance debit (i.e. slower acceleration times). KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Engine knock KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Spark retard system UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395155 AU - Goyal, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - MODULAR APPROACH TO FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM SIMULATION PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - A modular approach to the mathematical simulation of fuel injection system response to changes in design and operating parameters simplifies the process of writing a simulation for grossly different systems. A separate analysis is written for each portion of the system as a module; a small computer program then calls and combines the appropriate modules to make up a given system. The analytical model is programmed for a time variant simulation on the digital computer, and includes an accurate description of the geometric and physical character of the system as well as the dynamics of the fluid and mechanical components. In the total system analysis, the differential equations describe fluid flow rates, compressibility, valve motions, and pressure wave propagation phenomena in the fuel lines. Applications of the simulation include the following: the inline type "Jerk Pump" system, a fuel injection system using Roosa Master opposed plunger, inlet metered distributor type pump, and the Universal-Fuel Injection System. KW - Fuel injection KW - Mathematical models KW - Modules KW - Modules (Electricity) KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395169 AU - Zurilla, R W AU - Hospadaruk, V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - QUANTITATIVE TEST FOR ZINC PHOSPHATE COATING QUALITY PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - Zinc phosphated steels representing a wide range of salt spray performance were analyzed for coating weight, composition, X-ray structure, morphology, and porosity. Of these factors, apparent coating porosity was the only characteristic that consistently correlated with salt spray performance. An electrochemical test has been developed which measures relative porosity values accurately, rapidly, and directly on zinc phosphated steels. Residual carbonaceous materials bound tightly to the surface of commercial steels need to produce porosity levels of only a few percent in order to reduce drastically the effectiveness of zinc phosphate coatings as a paint base. KW - Metal coatings KW - Performance KW - Porosity KW - Steel KW - Zinc phosphates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395632 AU - Junod, L A AU - Arvin, J R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - INTEGRALLY CAST TURBINE ROTOR FOR HIGH VOLUME PRODUCTION PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - An automated procedure is described for determining the optimum radial orientation, or "stacking," of turbine rotor blade sections to give a design which satisfies both high production manufacturing and rotor structural requirements. High production manufacturing requires that the spaces between blades be pulled away from the wheel in a generally radial direction to release the wax replica of the wheel from the tooling. Structural requirements are expressed in terms of bending stress constraints. A pullability index is defined to indicate the amount of interference to be encountered in removing the tooling. This index is optimized with respect to the direction of removal of the tooling. Bending stress requirements are simultaneously satisfied. This method has been applied successfully to four rotor designs which are currently being manufactured in experimental quantities. KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Design KW - Manufacturing KW - Rotor blades KW - Stresses KW - Tooling KW - Tools KW - Turbines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395643 AU - Dorward, R C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LABORATORY CORROSION TESTS ON ALUMINUM RADIATOR MATERIALS PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - Data were gathered to predict the performance of aluminum in automobile coolant systems, particularly in radiators and heater cores. A number of candidate materials were evaluated in an accelerated laboratory glassware test, including vacuum brazed materials, flux brazed sheet, unbrazed Alclad 3004 and Bare 5052, "brazed" Alclad 3004, and zinc-containing filler metal. This testing indicated that conventional aluminum brazing materials may not be suitable under service conditions unless significant improvements are made in corrosion resistance and/or coolant inhibition. Residual aluminum/silicon alloy cladding layer on brazing sheet is susceptible to galvanic corrosion along aluminum matrix-silicon particle interfaces. Once cladding is penetrated, corrosion continues into the core alloy. This attack is accentuated by an unfavorable galvanic relationship between the core (anodic) and the cladding (cathodic). Although corrosion performance can be greatly improved by utilizing an inner anod cladding alloy (Alclad concept), fabricating and manufacturing processes would be simplified by using a conventional product in a properly inhibited cooling system. KW - Aluminum KW - Brazing KW - Clad metals KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Heaters KW - Laboratory tests KW - Radiators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395650 AU - Bettoney, W W AU - Rogers, J D AU - Riegel, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STUDIES OF CUSTOMER AWARENESS OF KNOCK (OCTANE) PY - 1978 SP - 32 p. AB - The influence of driving procedures and extraneous car noise on perception of engine knock has been studied with a random sample of 1975 and 1977 U.S. and imported cars, all but one with automatic transmissions. Test fuels were blended from unleaded, commercial gasolines of low, intermediate, and high octane quality; they provided a range of Research Octane Number (RON) from 81 to 100. Year-to-year changes in reports of knock by both customers and raters and changes in octane requirements were also considered. Customers generally accelerated cars less vigorously and tended to perceive knock less often than raters. In cars that had maximum octane requirements at part-throttle, customers perceived knock about as frequently as raters. Octane requirements, as determined by raters, were reduced by about 2 RON's when the car radio was turned on and the windows closed. Both customers and raters reported more knock with 1975-1977 model cars than with earlier models. Since 1975, octane requirements of certain car models tended to be adjusted to the octane quality of available gasoline. More information is needed to determine whether the differences between customer and rater perception of knock change significantly from winter to summer. KW - Data collection KW - Engine knock KW - Octane number KW - Octane rating KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395657 AU - Fowler, F D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - TESTIMONY CONCERNING HUMAN FAULT CONCEPTS PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - Two types of human error of which the design engineer must be aware are those which he may commit during the design process, and those the potential user may commit when attempting to use the product. Causes of failure in products and product liability trends are discussed. A definition of human fault is followed by a consideration of designer and user errors, and other behavior variables. When called as a witness to defend his design decisions in a product liability suit, the design engineer must be able to show that both concepts of human fault were considered as part of the design process. He must also be familiar with methods of preventing these human errors, including the provision of adequate warnings and instructions. KW - Design engineering KW - Design engineers KW - Errors KW - Human factors KW - Instructions KW - Liability KW - Needs assessment KW - User needs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395151 AU - JONES, T O AU - Stewart, H D AU - Wilson, D E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ALTERNATOR ENERGIZED ELECTRIC TOWING DYNAMOMETER PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - A light-duty towing dynamometer specifically designed for testing contemporary vehicles uses a self-energizing alternator concept to provide controlled electrical power to the retarder. The system is simpler than its predecessor, is reduced in size and weight, (25% and 60% respectively), and has 50% less parasitic loss. An improved method of supplying controlled electrical power to eddy-current retarders uses a 24 volt production alternator to supply direct current controlled by adjusting the alternator's field current. Rotational energy to turn the alternator is derived from forward motion of the dynamometer trailer. The improved system eliminates the need for the previously used gasoline-powered generator and silicon-controlled rectifier system. Both costs and noise levels are greatly reduced. KW - Alternators KW - Dynamometers KW - Electric power supply KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395158 AU - Pratt, T H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE QUANTIFICATION OF RISK IN PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - A fault tree analysis is used to demonstrate the quantification of risk for industrial processes and consumer products. A sensitivity analysis is first performed which gives an ordering of the critical components according to their importance. The failure probabilities of those components shown to be critical are then quantified by the probit method using the applicable stress function. Component probabilities are reassembled with a data management program to obtain a quantification of the failure probability of the system. The costs incurred and/or saved in adjusting the system failure are coupled with probability to give a cost/benefit analysis. Two hypothetical examples of cost/benefit analysis are a component singled out to make system failure, and the manufacture of an automotive part, taking into consideration warranty claims and product recall. In the latter, the probability of component failure within the 12-month/12,000-mile warranty is quantified; for the recall portion of the analysis, the probability of the failures resulting in a product recall is also quantified. These probabilities are then coupled with the cost figures associated with the process/product in a first-cut calculation. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Failure KW - Hazards KW - Manufacturing KW - Probability KW - Probits KW - Recall campaigns KW - Risk assessment KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395165 AU - Hofman, M V AU - JOHNSON, J H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF FERROGRAPHY TO THE STUDY OF DIESEL ENGINE WEAR PY - 1978 SP - 32 p. AB - Ferrographic oil analysis of wear measurement is compared with both the radioactive tracer method and spectroscopic oil analysis, and is described in depth. Metallic wear debris is magnetically separated from a lubricant sample, systematically arranged according to size on a glass substrate, and examined by either a scanning electron microscope or transmission electron microscope. Ferrography is easily adaptable to either laboratory or field analysis. Its disadvantage is that it cannot detect the soluble portion of wear which is often due to corrosion. The technique is described in detail. Test data of the ferrographic oil analysis technique made with a direct injection, four-cycle, turbocharged diesel engine show that ferrography is sensitive enough to indicate changes in engine operating conditions. Data indicate operating time on engine oil for steady state engine operation to approach finite concentrations with time. Engine oil filtration is beneficial. Ferrography is shown to be the most versatile method of analyzing severe wear and detecting failure. KW - Diesel engines KW - Ferrography KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395145 AU - Bates, B AU - Dosdall, J M AU - Smith, D H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT BY ENGINE VALVE CONTROL (MICROPROCESSOR) PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - Intake and exhaust valve control has been combined with engine calibration control by an on-board computer to achieve a variable displacement engine with improved brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) during part throttle operation. A microprocessor on the on-board computer provides integrated algorithms for control of the entire powertrain, allowing practical application of the valve disabler mechanism. The system includes a strategy portion which determines which items are to be controlled and which control algorithms to use. The calibration portion contains the table values and equations which determine actual output control signals at any given time. The control strategy is flowcharted. Variable displacement operation improves fuel economy by reducing throttling losses and the mechanical friction in the engine. A research vehicle tested on various drive cycles yielded displacement histograms. Variable displacement is shown to be a manageable tool for increasing the efficiency of current powertrains. No emission problems have been found, other than increased oxides of nitrogen characteristic of the increased load factor of this type of operation. Fuel economy is improved up to 15%. KW - Algorithms KW - Control systems KW - Engines KW - Fuel consumption KW - Microprocessors KW - Power trains KW - Throttles KW - Valves KW - Variable displacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395147 AU - Ayusawa, T AU - Nemoto, T AU - Koo, Y AU - Jo, S H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL AIR-FUEL RATIO AND COMBUSTION CHARACTER IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 18 p. AB - A method for the direct measurement and quantitative analysis of hydrocarbon concentration at any desired point in an engine cylinder allows for the measurement of the air-fuel ratio of the mixture from the hydrocarbon (vaporized fuel) and oxygen concentrations. Either multi-cycle sampling (MCS) or single-cycle sampling (SCS) may be used. The MCS method was used to measure the distribution of air-fuel ratio in a two-stroke engine combustion chamber. Hydrocarbon and air-fuel ratio levels corresponding to crank angle were made in a stratified-charge engine combustion chamber. The SCS method was used to measure the air-fuel ratio at the ignition plug of a four-stroke engine. It was shown that the peak of maximum cylinder pressure is obtained at an air-fuel ratio of approximately 12:1 measured at the ignition plug; its value decreases at any ratio above or below that, suggesting that there is a distribution of air-fuel ratios within the combustion chamber. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion chambers KW - Cylinders KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Induction heating KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395162 AU - Loasby, K M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE USE AND MANIPULATION OF ALUMINUM IN ASTON MARTIN AND LAGONDA CARS PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - Castings, extrusions, and rolled sheet aluminum are used in Aston Martin and Lagonda cars for their lightness, ease of manipulation, and simplification of body tooling. Form, specification, and weight of all light alloy components are tabulated. Details of casting and finishing of the cylinder block are given; design and production of gearboxes, wheels, extrusions, and bodywork are also discussed. The Lagonda body's aluminum panels are formed by superforming rather than by the rubber-die process. Aluminum so formed behaves more like steel than the conventional sheet aluminum. KW - Aluminum KW - Design KW - Lightweight materials KW - Production KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395164 AU - Ayres, R A AU - Lanning, H W AU - TAYLOR, B AU - Heimbuch, R AU - Brazier, W G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WARM FORMING THE GM V-6 OIL PAN IN ALUMINUM PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - In order to assess the potential for improving the ductility of aluminum autobody alloys at elevated temperatures, an actual forming operation was carried out on heated production dies. The aluminum alloy was 5182-0 and the die was the GM V-6 oil pan draw die developed for A-K steel. Aluminum parts could only be made at elevated temperatures on the heated die and preheated sheet. From gridded blanks, it is clear that large elongations developed in the sides of the successful pans, giving a more favorable strain distribution. In unsuccessful parts, wrinkling rapidly developed in the flange area, thus inhibiting movement into the die. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Die castings KW - Ductility KW - High temperature KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395637 AU - Masaki, K AU - AONO, S AU - Akaeda, M AU - Minami, H AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF THE NISSAN ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED CARBURETOR SYSTEM PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - A closed loop carburetor system has an air/fuel ratio control characterized by the air bleeds being controlled by turning the solenoid valves on and off at a constant frequency. The frequency above 30 Hz was desirable for practical performances. Improvements were made to the solenoid valve, the basic carburetor configuration, and the electronic control unit. An on-off control of the solenoid valve was provided. The system is more capable of maintaining the air/fuel ratio at a constant level under varying engine operating conditions than are conventional carburetors, and requires only minor modification of conventional carburetors and few additional parts. It can be used with many varieties of engines, systems, and vehicles, and is cost-efficient. Application of this carburetor system to a three-way catalytic system proved that emissions can be reduced sufficiently to pass the 1978 Japanese standards. Fuel consumption was improved and oxides of nitrogen emissions were reduced, yet engine performance and driveability remained unimpaired. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Air quality management KW - Carburetors KW - Catalysts KW - Electronic control KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Solenoids KW - Three-way catalyst UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395639 AU - Norman, T A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ELECTRIC-FLYWHEEL VEHICLE FOR POSTAL SERVICE APPLICATIONS PY - 1978 SP - 4 p. AB - The Postal Service and the Department of Energy have developed and installed a flywheel system on a quarter-ton electric postal delivery vehicle. The flywheel significantly improves performance of electric vehicles and increases the potential application of the electric vehicle for postal delivery service without increasing energy consumption. The flywheel functions by recovering and storing the vehicle's braking energy and using it in the next start-up or drive cycle. KW - Electric vehicles KW - Energy conservation KW - Flywheels KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395654 AU - Dale, J D AU - Smy, P R AU - Clements, R M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LASER IGNITED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE--AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Preliminary test results are presented for a spark ignition engine which uses a focused, laser beam and conventional spark ignition as ignition sources. For a steady running, single cylinder engine with minimum spark for best torque (MBT) spark timing and fixed throttle position, laser ignition provides improved engine performance and efficiency, extension of the lean limit of operation by five air/fuel ratios, and increased nitric oxide production. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions are essentially the same. With the laser, the spark location was found to have little effect on performance except when it was moved near the combustion chamber wall. The minimum laser pulse energy required for steady engine operation seems to be dictated by the minimum energy required to achieve breakdown of the laser pulse in air at the same pressure. Raising the spark energy above this minimum level is desirable to produce a steady running engine. The use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was found to be effective in reducing nitric oxide levels. The nitric-oxide specific fuel consumption tradeoff with 16% EGR showed the laser to be superior to the standard ignition system. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Ignition systems KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Lasers KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395656 AU - Nefske, D J AU - Howell, L J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMOBILE INTERIOR NOISE REDUCTION USING FINITE ELEMENT METHODS PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - Low-frequency interior noise in the automobile passenger compartment can be significantly affected by the vibration behavior of the body panels surrounding the enclosed cavity. An acoustic finite element method for computing panel-excited interior noise is reviewed and an approach outlined for identifying potentially noisy panels adjacent to the passenger compartment. To illustrate its potential, the analytical method is applied to a production automobile. A structural modification suggested by the procedure is shown to reduce significantly the low-frequency interior noise to which the occupant is exposed. Experimental verification of the method is presented. KW - Automobiles KW - Finite element method KW - Interior KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395633 AU - Schlatter, J C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - WATER-GAS SHIFT AND STEAM REFORMING REACTIONS OVER A RHODIUM THREE-WAY CATALYST PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - A laboratory study was made to measure the contribution, if any, of rich-side reactions with water to the observed behavior of fresh rhodium catalysts. A rhodium loading of 0.0025 weight percent on alumina was used. Reactant streams were varied in an effort to isolate the contributions from the different reactions. The water-gas shift reaction (carbon monoxide plus water) is shown to be insignificant. Steam reforming (propylene or propane plus water) takes place to give carbon monoxide and hydrogen as products. Propane is much less reactive than propylene. Since the three-way window of fresh catalysts at steady-state is most often governed by carbon monoxide on the rich side, conversion of hydrocarbons to carbon monoxide by steam reformation is unlikely. Because three-way catalysts seldom contain only rhodium as the active metal, the overall effect of converting hydrocarbons to carbon monoxide might be influenced by the presence of other catalytic components. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Catalysts KW - Chemical reactions KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Rhodium KW - Three-way catalyst KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395635 AU - Keirns, M H AU - Holt, E L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HYDROGEN CYANIDE EMISSIONS FROM THREE-WAY CATALYST PROTOTYPES UNDER MALFUNCTIONING CONDITIONS PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - Measurements were made of the emissions from a prototype three-way catalyst automobile during normal and simulated malfunction driving conditions to study the effects of catalyst rhodium content and vehicle malfunction mode on the rate of hydrogen cyanide production from a three-way system vehicle. Four ceramic-supported catalyst compositions were investigated, ranging from rhodium through two mixtures of rhodium and platinum to platinum. Driving conditions included cyclic and cruise modes to investigate the effect of high-speed driving on hydrogen cyanide production. Under normal operating conditions no hydrocarbon was detected. Under rich malfunction conditions, hydrocarbon was generally observed, even in the absence of a catalyst. In some cases, catalysts appeared to remove hydrocarbon from the exhaust gas; in others they increased its level. The highest emission rate for hydrocarbon was observed for the rhodium catalyst, about 40 mg/km at 64 kph cruise. Ammonia emission levels were much higher under malfunction conditions than under normal operating conditions. Hydrogen sulfide emissions also increased under malfunction conditions. KW - Ammonia KW - Catalysts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Hydrogen cyanide KW - Hydrogen sulfide KW - Mechanical failure KW - Platinum KW - Rhodium KW - Three-way catalyst UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395658 AU - Thorpe, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRODUCTS LIABILITY--BRINGING THE INTERACTION OF SOCIETY AND TECHNOLOGY INTO ENGINEERING EDUCATION PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - The role of engineering education in the interaction between technology and society is reviewed, with particular emphasis on design engineering and the law. The Products Liability crisis has an impact on engineering education through the teaching of design courses and, increasingly, through faculty consulting work. The broadening perspective in engineering education is considered from the standpoint of traditional engineering education, design engineering education, and guidelines for professional practice. Curriculum topics are recommended concerning engineering and the law, engineering and government, and professional practice. The present status of Products Liability in engineering education is surveyed. At least 160 university departments of engineering teach Products Liability concepts. Continuing education programs in this field have been provided through universities, professional societies, engineering journals, insurance seminars, the Defense Research Institute, and other private short courses. KW - Design engineering KW - Design engineers KW - Education KW - Engineering KW - Engineering personnel KW - Engineering schools KW - Liability KW - Schools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395660 AU - Hoch, F R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - JOINING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS 6009/6010 PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - Aluminum is recommended as the best alternative to steel in making lighter and more fuel-efficient automobiles. The new Alcoa aluminum alloys 6009-T4 and 6010-T4 are discussed. These alloys have good formability in the as-received condition and superior strength and dent resistance in the aged (-T6) condition which can be achieved in paint bake cycles. The alloys are similar in composition and do not require scrap segregation. They also provide improved welding characteristics through a combination of better metallurgical characteristics and lower and more uniform surface resistance. The metallurgical factors and surface conditions which make these new alloys more effective are discussed, as well as applicable joining methods (spot welding, mechanical clinching, adhesive bonding, riveting, weldbonding, clinchbonding, and rivetbonding), procedures and the test results obtained. KW - Adhesion KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Bonding KW - Formability KW - Joining KW - Metal joining KW - Metal working KW - Metallurgy KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Spot welding KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395143 AU - Blayden, L C AU - Parnell, J E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FORMING HIGH STRENGTH BUMPERS FROM ALUMINUM SHEET PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - Aluminum alloys in high-strength sheets suitable for cost-effective and weight-saving bumper facebars are of either the 6XXX or 7XXX series. They are formed in the -O or -W temper, then thermally processed to produce a yield strength in excess of 345 MPa. Design criteria include the following: a 1:1 ratio between the corner flange width and corner radius; center peak depth less than 60% of the top center flange width; corner offset approximately 2 cm to 3 cm; and utilization of take-up pockets on flanges at corner bend areas. Critical tooling parameters include: contouring the binderline to conform to the punch face; sloping the ends of the binder to promote metal flow; using only that blankholder pressure necessary to control wrinkles; using proper clearances at specific points to allow substantial metal thickening; using a developed blank; and using good lubrication. Development case histories of four such bumpers are given. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Bumpers KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - High strength materials KW - Tooling KW - Tools KW - Yield strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395166 AU - Zalar, F V AU - Nisbett, D E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DIESEL ENGINE OIL TECHNOLOGY PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - The interactions among base oil, additive, and engine are observed and the performance of new additive systems is compared with the old. Development of multifunctional or universal lubricating oils is reviewed. New parameters for oil testing include single cylinder and multicylinder diesel engine testing as well as measures of valve train wear protection, clutch plate friction retention, extended drain interval, and lubricant-related fuel economy. Some additive chemistry meeting the requirements of the 1G and T-1 diesel engine tests was found unsatisfactory in the new 1G2 and T-5 procedures. Improved Type II additive chemistry with better high temperature detergency has been developed to meet the requirements of the 1G2 and T-5 engine performance tests. Additive/base oil interactions have been observed in the 1G, 1G2, and V-C engine tests. The TO-2 and C-3 friction tests have been observed to respond to ZDP and metallic detergent changed in additive formulations. Numerous valve train wear screening tests will be used to evaluate diesel engine oil in order to guard against poor wear protection afforded by some oils meeting multifunctional or universal requirements. Multifunctional diesel engine oils meeting current performance requirements can provide both extended drain intervals and improved fuel economy. KW - Additives KW - Diesel engines KW - Lubricating oils KW - Testing KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395168 AU - Leidheiser, H AU - Kim, Doo Kie AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PAINT ADHESION FOLLOWING DEFORMATION AS RELATED TO THE SURFACE STRUCTURE OF HOT-DIPPED GALVANIZED STEEL PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - Tests were made to determine paint adhesion to samples of hot-dipped galvanized steel following their severe deformation. The quality of the adhesion of paint increases as the fraction of grains with the (0001) plane approximately parallel to the surface increases. Paint adhesion is improved by a small grain size of the zinc and by a rolling operation. The best paint adhesion has been observed on samples with a small grain size of zinc, very highly oriented with (0001) planes parallel to the surface. The fraction of grains exhibiting orientations approximating (0001) was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and by a newly developed etching procedure. The effect of grain orientation on paint adhesion is attributed largely to the mechanism of deformation of zinc, although the chemical properties of zinc are also a function of the crystal face exposed at the surface. KW - Adhesion KW - Deformation KW - Galvanized metals KW - Galvanizing KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Hot dip galvanizing KW - Orientation /particles/ KW - Paint KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395634 AU - CADLE, S H AU - MULAWA, P A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SULFIDE EMISSIONS FROM CATALYST-EQUIPPED CARS PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - An on-stream gas chromatographic technique was developed to analyze grab samples of diluted and undiluted vehicle exhaust for the reduced sulfur compounds which cause rotten-egg odors. The method was used to conduct a brief survey of two cars with modified carburetors, four customer cars with odor problems, and five experimental three-way catalyst cars. The cars were tested on a chassis dynamometer using a driving cycle developed for this study, in which a low temperature cold start is followed by a series of 80 km/h-idle cycles and a hot start. Hydrogen sulfide and carbonyl sulfide were frequently detected; ethyl mercaptan was also detected in a few samples. These sulfides are usually emitted during low temperature cold starts and at hot idle. More carbonyl sulfide was emitted from rich malfunctioning three-way catalyst cars during cruise than from rich malfunctioning cars with oxidation catalysts. Production of hydrogen sulfide over oxidation catalysts is favored by rich air/fuel ratios, low exhaust space velocity, and high catalyst temperature. Therefore, rotten-egg odors would be expected to be a problem primarily with malfunctioning cars. The maximum concentration of hydrogen sulfide and carbonyl sulfide in undiluted exhaust rarely exceeds 7 ppm, and occurs for only brief periods. Therefore, these emissions pose no known health problem. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Catalysts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Mechanical failure KW - Sulfides KW - Three-way catalyst KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395641 AU - Cooke, W E AU - Wright, T E AU - Hirschfield, J A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FURNACE BRAZING OF ALUMINUM WITH A NON-CORROSIVE FLUX PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - A new non-corrosive flux for furnace brazing of aluminum involves a non-hygroscopic potassium fluoroaluminate material having a melting point near but below that of the filler material. This flux dissolves or disrupts the oxide skin on the aluminum surface, does not react with aluminum, and has a substantially water-insoluble residue after brazing. The process confers the benefits of a conventional flux in terms of tolerance to fit up and cleanliness, but with the advantage of eliminating flux removal postbraze treatments. When used in an inert gas mode, it has a significant tolerance to impurities in the furnace atmosphere. It has no detrimental effect on the corrosion resistance of the brazed product, and indeed has an inhibiting effect. The material and the process are promising as being economical and reliable for brazing automotive heat exchangers. KW - Aluminum KW - Brazing KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Heat exchangers KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395648 AU - Asanuma, T AU - Gajendra Babu, M K AU - Yagi, S AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SIMULATION OF THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE OF THREE-VALVE STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINE PY - 1978 SP - 19 p. AB - A simulation model of the thermodynamic cycle of a three-valve stratified charge engine is described, with particular reference to the combustion process. Computed pressure and temperature/crankangle diagrams compare satisfactorily with experimental data, except for a large discrepancy in the temperature/crankangle diagrams in one case. There is qualitative agreement between predicted and experimental values of the major exhaust emissions. There is also good agreement between the computed equivalence ratio in the auxiliary chamber and the measured value for an operating condition. The adequacy of the simulation model of the thermodynamic cycle for analyzing the performance of a three-valve stratified charge engine is proved by the following calculations: mass flow, gas temperature, and velocity through the torch opening during the combustion period; mass flow rate and temperature of exhaust gases through the exhaust valve; gas pressure and temperature during exhaust and intake processes; and mass flow through the main and auxiliary intake valves. The model seems to be inadequate for measuring cylinder gas temperature in the main chamber during the combustion period and needs to be modified by considering such factors as the mixture formation and the mixing of jet flame in the main combustion chamber. KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Stratified charge engines KW - Thermodynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395652 AU - Asik, J R AU - Moyer, D F AU - Rado, W G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A DISTRIBUTORLESS IGNITION SYSTEM--SOLID STATE HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION WITH LOW RFI EMISSIONS (RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE) PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - A distributorless ignition system (DIS) having solid state, high voltage distribution was designed and constructed as a major competitor of conventional ignition for four-cylinder application under electronic engine control. It uses high-voltage diodes, a special ignition coil, and a special electronic module. The ignition coil has two opposite-polarity, high-voltage outputs that alternate in phase upon each firing. Each high-voltage terminal is connected to two spark plugs through a pair of high-voltage diodes arranged in back-to-back polarity. DIS has significant advantages in that the ignition package size is smaller, RFI emission levels are low, rotor registration is expanded, and problems with distributor cap maintenance are eliminated. Disadvantages include double spark plug firing rate causing increased plug erosion, electronic module circuit complexity, need for a sensor to index one pair of cylinders relative to the crankshaft, and need for an engine modification to drive the oil pump. DIS cannot be applied to three-cylinder or to five-cylinder engines because cylinder pairing of compression and exhaust strokes cannot be carried out with an odd number of cylinders. KW - Diodes KW - Electronics KW - High voltage KW - Ignition coils KW - Ignition systems KW - Solid state KW - Solid state devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395659 AU - Nine, H D AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ASSESSMENT OF LUBRICANTS FOR ALUMINUM FORMING PY - 1978 SP - 7 p. AB - A test was devised by which lubricants for sheet metal forming may be assessed for their lubrication capability and their effect on galling. An apparatus was constructed which simulates drawbeads, a mechanism which controls sheet flow into a die. The load to draw sheet metal through the simulated drawbeads varies for different lubricants. Comparison to the load for a standard lubricant gives a lubricity rating. Lubricants are also rated for their effect on galling. The lubricity rating obtained by this laboratory method correlates with the performance of the lubricants in production runs. The tests are useful for rapidly screening a large number of lubricants to determine their acceptability in sheet metal forming compared to a standard. KW - Aluminum KW - Forming KW - Lubricants KW - Sheet metal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395149 AU - Lawson, T G AU - Kateb, F J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTOMATED DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING FOR BRAKE TESTING PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - A data logger used for collecting brake test data is a compact, lightweight unit which can scan eight data channels simultaneously. It is powered directly from the vehicle's 12 volt battery supply or from the standard factory power supply for bench applications. Signal levels are formatted onto magnetic cassette tape with a storage capacity of 500,000 characters. Details are given of the scanning rate and method, instrumentation, hardware for replay, processing, output, system development, and analysis programs. Both computation and plotting are automated. The data logger greatly increases both quantity and quality of gathered data, and reduces manpower in both testing and data analysis. Disadvantages of the system are that transients cannot be recorded and that instant visual appraisal of results during testing cannot be made. KW - Automation KW - Brakes KW - Data collection KW - Data logger KW - Data logging KW - Information processing KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395160 AU - Aswad, A A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AN OVERVIEW OF RISK ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - Three assessment methodologies for quantifying technological risk are the direct interrogation method, the empirical behavioral method, and the indirect behavioral method. The technique of successive subdivisions, based on the indirect behavioral method, is used to assess the distributions of technical experts. It involves having the assessor successively choose between a real world and hypothetical gamble. In a case study, the technique is applied to a case of new product development. Each subsystem performance measure distribution was assessed at three funding levels: the developer's normal budget, an increased or rich budget, and a reduced or lean budget. The judgments of the assessors were quantified in terms of probability distributions for use as inputs to a decision and control model. Training methods for analysts and assessors are given. KW - Decision making KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Hazards KW - Mathematical models KW - Risk assessment KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395167 AU - Strigner, P L AU - Kallio, N N AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A STUDY OF OIL AND FILTER CHANGE PERIODS AND ENGINE OIL MONITORING FOR GM 6V-71 DIESEL BUS ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 20 p. AB - Thirteen new 1965 buses having GM 6V-71 diesel engines were put on various oil/filter change periods from 6000/6000 to 25000/25000 miles, and operated in normal passenger service for seven years (1966-1973) to determine the optimum oil/filter change interval. Crankcase oil was tested periodically, and oil filters were examined after scheduled removal. Maintenance and operation records were kept. Finally, at the overhaul point, some engine parts were examined. The optimum oil/filter change period was judged to be 25000/125000 miles, in conjunction with field testing for solids load, water and dilution. Oil change periods greater than 25000 miles may be possible in view of the levelling off effect of contaminants in an that burns a relatively fixed amount of oil. Filter change periods, however, should not be increased. Because three oil types were used in all test engines, conclusions regarding the acceptability of any one type of oil are tenuous. KW - Diesel engines KW - Oil changing KW - Oil filter change interval KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395630 AU - Kennedy, A W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A REVIEW OF THE USE OF ZINCROMETAL IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY (STEEL) PY - 1978 SP - 6 p. AB - ZINCROMETAL (Wyandotte Paint Products Company) a precoated steel prepared on coil coating lines, is corrosion resistant, weldable and formable, and is available as a one-side coated material. It is used for fenders, door panels, quarter panels, hoods, and deck lids. In 1977, over 13 million pounds of zinc dust were used; production on coil coating lines accounted for over 40% of that industry's output of coated steel; and the wholesale value of the ZINCROMETAL sold to the automotive industry was nearly one half billion dollars. KW - Automobile industry KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Metal coatings KW - Steel KW - Vehicle components KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395631 AU - Burridge, G AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF AIR BRAKE REGULATIONS IN EUROPE PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - European Economic Community (EEC) brake regulations are reflective of many different national inputs over a number of years and cover all types of vehicles. Since British and German manufacturing techniques were quite different in philosophy, there have been some interesting contrasts in the valves and system principles employed to meet the uniform requirements. These are described in the following areas: dual braking systems; system protection in case of failure; upright and inverse control systems; trailer controls; hand control valves; spring brakes and lock actuators; brake distribution and compatibility; and trailer systems. Interpretation of the EEC Directives and establishment of uniform test methods have given rise to several problems. Consequently, a period of stability is sought before further changes are introduced. KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Dual braking systems KW - Regulations KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395644 AU - Gosman, A D AU - Johns, RJR AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PREDICTIVE TOOL FOR IN-CYLINDER GAS MOTION IN ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - A method is described of calculating the flow, temperature, and turbulence fields in cylinder configurations typical of a direct-injection diesel engine. The method operates by solving numerically the Navier Stokes equations that govern the flow, together with additional equations representing the effects of turbulence. A general curvilinear-orthogonal grid that translates with the piston motion is used for the calculations in the complex-shaped piston bowl, while an expanding/contracting grid is used elsewhere. Predictions are presented showing the evolution of the velocity and turbulence fields during the compression and expansion phases of a motored engine cycle, for various shapes of axisymmetric piston bowl and various initial swirl levels. The method is capable of solving the conservation equations governing in-cylinder flow and heat transfer in typical diesel and stratified-charge configurations with swirl under monitoring conditions, but the accuracy of the solutions remains to be assessed. The presence of a bowl provokes, even in the absence of swirl, a complex flow pattern containing at least two strong vortices, one being formed during the approach to top dead center by the squish phenomenon and the other in the clearance gap by reverse squish during the initial descent of the piston. The evolution of the turbulence intensity distribution can be explained largely in terms of the flow behavior. Changes in piston bowl shape and swirl level may profoundly alter the flow structures. KW - Diesel engines KW - Equations KW - Flow KW - Temperature KW - Turbulence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395645 AU - Boni, A A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLAME PROPAGATION IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES: A STATUS REPORT PY - 1978 SP - 16 p. AB - Work on the application of computational fluid dynamics methodology to the internal combustion engine is reviewed to assess the current computational capability and adequacy of subgrid scale models. Literature describing both one-dimensional and two-dimensional, transient computer codes was reviewed to develop a numerical model capable of simulating the combustion processes in the internal combustion engine. Such a model must be capable of handling the following: multidimensional systems; complex geometry; moving boundaries; transient, compressible fluid dynamics; disparate time scales (for chemistry, acoustic propagation, and diffusion of mass, momentum, and energy); and disparate spatial scales. Numerical dilemmas in modeling include choice of coordinate system (Eulerian or Lagrangian or mixed); higher-order or lower-order differencing techniques; implicit or explicit techiques; operator splitting or simultaneous solution of all equations; and finite differences or finite element techniques. Numerical diffusion limits the ability of finite difference techniques to compute the performance of combustion systems economically, but this can be circumvented by using Lagrangian coordinate systems. Flux correction techniques reduce numerical diffusion. A minimum of six and preferably ten zones should be located within the flame front, to get adequate resolution; an adaptive grid system may be needed. KW - Combustion KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395662 AU - Niemeier, B A AU - Burley, C E AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - HAILSTONE RESPONSE OF BODY PANELS--REAL AND SIMULATED PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The dent resistance of aluminum and steel autobody panels has been studied under controlled laboratory conditions and by field observations and measurements of actual hailstone damage. Analysis shows that very nearly the same response occurred in the lighter weight aluminum components as in the steel panels. The autobody components were all 1977 model year production panels. Laboratory testing included four steel and four aluminum hoods, both painted and unpainted. The hailstone damaged components included a steel hood, aluminum doors and an aluminum fender. The aluminum and steel panels were damaged in the same hailstorm in May, 1977. This analysis of denting resistance is based on insight and experience gained from a four-year cooperative program of Reynolds Research and several automobile companies. The results of the analysis supplement previously published laboratory data and confirm the conclusion that lighter weight aluminum autobody panels can be designed to give at least comparable, if not better, dent resistance than convention steel panels, and at a weight saving of 50%. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile bodies KW - Dent resistance KW - Doors KW - Fenders KW - Hoods KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Panels KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395663 AU - Glagola, M A AU - Morley, R A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - IN-PLANT AND AFTER-MARKET REPAIR OF ALUMINUM AUTO BODY SHEET PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - The technique and problems associated with in-plant and body shop repair of aluminum auto body sheet are discussed. Metallic and nonmetallic repair procedures are discussed for in-plant repair: use of a nonmetallic (usually epoxy) filler, and a lead/antimony/tin filler. An after-market procedure for repair of aluminum sheet is also presented, as well as a new procedure for arc welding of thin gauge aluminum sheet for in-plant and after-market repair. KW - Aluminum KW - Automobile bodies KW - Electric arc welding KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395153 AU - Ferraro, C V AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A KNOCK INTENSITY METER BASED ON (A) KINETIC CRITERION PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - A new knock intensity meter is based on a criterion which correlates knock intensity and kinetic energy associated with knock-typical pressure oscillations. The instrument measures combustion chamber pressure, filters it from harmonics external to the knock frequency range in order to obtain knock pressure, and evaluates the kinetic index. The electronic chain is described. The meter functioned correctly when tested on laboratory engines and on automotive engines at high speed. Measurement problems associated with the processing of knock pressure are described in an appendix. KW - Automobile engines KW - Combustion chambers KW - Engine knock KW - Intensity KW - Kinetic energy KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395156 AU - Mowbray, D F AU - Drori, M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE CAV DP15 FUEL INJECTION PUMP PY - 1978 SP - 20 p. AB - A new distributor type fuel injection pump for diesel engines up to 40 BHP/cylinder provides performance flexibility to achieve minimum gaseous emissions and fueling accuracy over a wide range of fuel temperatures and viscosities. The pump has the following characteristics: insensitivity of the shaped delivery curve and advance mechanism to the effects of fuel viscosity and temperature; ease of shaping the delivery curve and adjustment of maximum fuel; and almost total insensitivity of the delivery curve to nozzle hole tolerances, and to changes of nozzle type. Other characteristics include: good correlation of delivery between test machine and engine; shaping the delivery curve at low speed as an acceptable control for turbocharged engines; and ease of provision of excess fuel to a high speed, enabling good engine starts at lower temperatures than would otherwise be possible. KW - Diesel engines KW - Fuel injection KW - Performance KW - Pumps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395170 AU - Leister, H M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - AUTODEPOSITION--A NEW PROCESS FOR CONTROLLING CORROSION (PAINT) PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - An entirely new concept for applying organic films to steel surfaces relies on chemical attack of the metal substrate and use of the reaction products to deposit a latex polymer which forms a continuous film on curing. The method for application of films via autodeposition requires immersion process steps, although spray stages are used in cleaning and rinsing. The system conserves energy, eliminates fire hazards, requires little space, and has unlimited throw power. Details are given of the basic steps involved: cleaning, rinsing, coating, rinsing, reaction rinsing, and curing. The corrosion protection provided by the coating process is very good. Normal day-to-day salt spray requirements of 168 hours can be routinely achieved in production. KW - Autodeposition KW - Corrosion protection KW - Film KW - Organic coatings KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395636 AU - Seiter, R E AU - CLARK, R J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FORD THREE-WAY CATALYST AND FEEDBACK FUEL CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1978 SP - 18 p. AB - A three-way catalyst with feedback control monitors the exhaust oxygen concentration and controls the fuel flow to produce a stoichiometric exhaust mixture. The control loop consists of zirconium dioxide exhaust sensor to indicate oxygen concentration, an electronic control unit, a vacuum regulator to proportion a vacuum signal to the carburetor, and a feedback controlled carburetor with vacuum modulated main fuel system. Not only does the system pass the 50K emission and durability testing, but it has excellent deterioration factors. Fuel economy was improved as compared with other conventional California emission systems: 14% metro-highway advantage for automatic transmission applications and 7% advantage for manual transmission applications. Driveability is improved because exhaust gas recirculation rates are significantly reduced, more than offsetting the leaner air/fuel ratio. Wide open throttle performance is equal to that of conventional systems; idle quality is not depreciated. Major developmental issues are idle system control, feedback carburetor diaphragm development, exhaust gas oxygen sensor, ramp rate, and control hydrocarbons emissions. KW - Catalysts KW - Control systems KW - Driveability KW - Durability KW - Exhaust gases KW - Feedback control KW - Fuel consumption KW - Oxygen KW - Three-way catalyst KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395638 AU - Canale, R P AU - Winegarden, S R AU - Carlson, C R AU - Miles, D L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - GENERAL MOTORS PHASE 2 CATALYST SYSTEM PY - 1978 SP - 13 p. AB - A combination of closed loop air/fuel ratio control and three-way catalyst has been introduced on some 1978 GM cars sold in California. The three-way catalytic converter simultaneously acts on hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen exhaust pollutants. An exhaust gas sensor gives an indication of rich or lean exhaust, and an electronic control unit processes this information and converts it into a command signal to the carburetor. The closed-loop carburetor controls the air/fuel ratio fed to the engine to the proper levels required for good operation of the catalytic converter. Two engine families are involved in the production of the basic system: one with vacuum actuated metering controls and the other with electromechanically driven metering controls. The 1978 California emission standards are met, and driveability is good while fuel economy loss is minimized. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Carburetors KW - Catalysts KW - Catalytic converters KW - Electronic control KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Three-way catalyst UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395653 AU - Murray, M C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECENT TRENDS IN AUTOMOTIVE IGNITION SPECIFICATIONS AND MATERIALS (SILICONE RUBBER) PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - Rapid growth in use of silicone rubber in ignition cables has resulted in a profusion of individual manufacturers' specifications and test methods, suggesting the need for a universal standard. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J557 could be revised to encompass the new requirements in the following ways: Test procedures should be as short as practical, perhaps 1000 or 1200 hours. Performance and not construction should be specified. Obsolete tests should be eliminated. A material call-out that includes slab properties should be used to provide a starting point (this should conform with SAE J200). In testing high physical properties should not be confused with outstanding high temperature performance. Elastomers which meet table GE of SAE J200 offer the best value in high temperature performance for most applications. The principal performance criterion for ignition cable is electrical; adding both fume process silica and ground quartz as filler will increase electric strength. KW - Ignition systems KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Materials tests KW - Performance KW - Silicones KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395655 AU - Young, C T AU - Grimes, D A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - EROSION MECHANISMS OF AUTOMOTIVE SPARK PLUG ELECTRODES PY - 1978 SP - 19 p. AB - Scanning electron microscopy and microchemical analyses were conducted to determine the electrode erosion mechanisms of two different spark plugs, platinum-tip and nickel-alloy, tested under various environments in both bench and vehicle tests. The electrodes were shown to have eroded by different mechanisms, depending on the electrode materials and the operating environments. In the bench test, the platinum center electrode is eroded primarily by ejection of molten platinum particles through a recoil force mechanism, and, to a lesser degree, by metal vaporization. The nickel-alloy center electrode was eroded by ejection of molten oxide particles from the oxide layer on the electrode surface. The nickel-alloy side electrodes are eroded by metal vaporization due to electrode-ion bombardment. In vehicles using unleaded fuels, the nickel-alloy center electrode is rerded by vaporization of the top compound layer, and by oxidative recession of the base metal. In vehicles using leaded fuel, the nickel-alloy electrodes are eroded mainly by chemical corrosion. In vehicles using unleaded fuel with MMT (Methycyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl) additive, the platinum center electrode is eroded by separation of platinum grains due to grain boundary corrosion. The nickel-alloy center electrode is eroded by particle ejection from the surface compound, and by oxidative recession of the base metal; the side electrode is eroded by surface vaporization and base metal oxidation. KW - Corrosion KW - Electrode erosion KW - Electrodes KW - Erosion KW - Nickel alloys KW - Platinum KW - Spark plugs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395144 AU - Ailor, W H AU - Wilkinson, T L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - FIELD TESTING OF ALUMINUM BUMPER ALLOYS--TWO-YEAR REPORT PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Tabulated data give progress of atmospheric exposure testing of bare, anodized, plated, and organic-coated aluminum bumper stock in the following environments: subtropical rural; mild marine; desert urban; mild industrial; and industrial. Corrosion rates after one year of exposure of the various aluminum alloys are compared with rates for such competitive metals as carbon steel, type 304 stainless steel, zinc, and galvanized steel. The subtropical environment is more severe than the desert in terms of corrosion rates, but the latter is more aggressive toward organic coatings. The industrial location is the most aggressive, followed by the semi-industrial location. Two anodized alloys had a new appearance at the desert and subtropical locations. Both bumper-stock samples and full-size bumpers were tested; the latter included chrome-plated, anodized, and organically coated aluminum bumpers, and chrome-plated steel bumpers. KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Bolts KW - Bumpers KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive environments KW - Field tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395146 AU - Mueller, R S AU - Uitvlugt, M W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - VALVE SELECTOR HARDWARE PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - Of the methods which deactivate cylinders, and thus reduce pumping loss due to pressure drop across the throttle blade at light loads and transporting of air through the engine, a valve selector was devised which bolts onto the engine with a minimum of modification and which allows the fulcrum to rise. When the valve selector is energized to deactivate the valves, the blocking plate is rotated by the solenoid to align windows in the blocking plate with the projections on the body, the rocker arm is lifted by the pushrod, and the fulcrum moves up the stud and lifts the body. Illustrations are given of the elongated hydraulic lifters, spring cup selector, latched rocker arm, rocker arm pivot release, swing arm and rotating selector, and engine installation. The valve selector fits many engines with minimal modifications. KW - Control devices KW - Engines KW - Valves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395161 AU - Young, J F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE USE OF HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY STEEL IN AUTOMOTIVE TUBING APPLICATIONS PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - Vehicle weight reductions have been achieved through the development and use of high strength, thin-walled tubing materials as alternatives to solid bar sections. Strength has been increased by the addition of carbon and manganese, and silicon, and by small additions of vanadium and columbium. Cold drawn tubing has the advantages of close dimensional control, relatively high mechanical properties, and very smooth surface quality. A thorough quality assurance program is followed. High strength low alloy (HSLA) tubing has been used in front bumper isolators suspension struts, and van control arms. The chemical and other properties of specific HSLA steels used for such purposes are tabulated. KW - Chemical properties KW - High strength steel KW - Low alloy steel KW - Mechanical properties KW - Tubing KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395163 AU - Burst, H E AU - Strehler, E W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE USE OF ALUMINUM IN THE PORSCHE 928 PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Of the 1420 kg total body weight of the Porsche 928, 266 kg are aluminum, distributed throughout the engine, clutch and manual gear box, chassis and suspension, body, and electrical assemblies. Die-cast, chill-cast, rolled, and extruded aluminum components are employed. The engine is of all-aluminum which provides a favorable power-to-weight ratio. The upper and lower parts of the crankcase are made of different types of aluminum. There are 35 aluminum alloy castings in the engine. Clutch and transmission housings are highly stressed and are made of a cast alloy. The unitized body includes aluminum fenders, doors, and hood together weighing 33 kg. Use of aluminum helps reduce vehicle weight and increase stiffness. KW - Aluminum KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Lightweight materials KW - Stiffness KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395148 AU - Evers, L W AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - SPARK PLUG PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS FOR MEASURING INDICATED WORK PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The suitability of spark plug transducers was tested for measuring indicated work in internal combustion engines. Three piezoelectric transducers were compared as to response of the spark plug unit with a reference device. Comparative data were obtained from a single-cylinder engine fitted with both a flush-mounted pressure transducer and a spark plug pressure transducer. Signals from both transducers were recorded simultaneously, combined with a volume function, and analyzed for output differences. The volume function used in the calculations of indicated work was generated about an angular reference point recorded with the pressure data. Typically, indicated work calculated from the spark plug pressure transducer was found to be from -3.2 precent to +7.6 percent of that calculated from the flush mounted pressure transducer. Three types of distortion caused by spark plug pressure transducer adaptors are the lag time of the pressure signal, frictional pressure loss, and gas column resonance. Distortions of the pressure signal caused by the spark plug adaptor can result in either an overestimate or an underestimate of the indicated work. Such errors would be difficult to compensate for because they change with operating conditions and are thus impractical to calculate. Spark plug transducers, may, however, be useful in acquiring data on the indicated work from one combustion cycle to the next, or for comparing indicated work for various cylinders in a multicylinder engine at one operating condition. KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Spark plugs KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395150 AU - Flis, T J AU - WALLACE, B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - A MICROCOMPUTER BASED DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR VERSATILE MOBILE DATA PROCESSING PY - 1978 SP - 28 p. AB - A microcomputer-based, eight-channel data acquisition system is described for customer correlation and routine vehicle field testing applications. The In Vehicle Microcomputer System meets the design goals of multi-channel inputs, self-contained signal conditioning with completely interchangeable, channel by channel measurement function flexibility, a selectable frequency capability of at least DC to 50 cps, recording capacity for at least six months of unattended use, and good packaging and pricing. Calibration, signal gain, and channel zero offset adjustments can be performed under software control. The microcomputer system is based on a Motorola M6800 microprocessor and a nonvolatile core memory module. The design, development, field performance, and data processing characteristics of the system are described, including specific automotive applications (e.g. transmission data acquisition) and field test results. The system can be used for extended statistical recording of various vehicle functions in the customer's environment. It provides for program, control, and signal conditioning flexibility and has many applications. KW - Data collection KW - Field tests KW - Information processing KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395152 AU - Arrigoni, V AU - Calvi, G F AU - Gaetani, B AU - Giavazzi, F AU - Zanoni, G F AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DETECTION OF KNOCK IN S.I. (SPARK IGNITION) ENGINES PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - The following topics concerning knock detection in spark ignition engines are reviewed: reduction of effect of noise on the sensitivity of the measuring instrument; characteristics of the pass-band electronic filter; type and mounting of the transducer; and interpretation of the phenomena as detected and their relation to the energy released from knock and the danger of mechanical damage. In knock detection instruments, background noise always decreases the accuracy of the results. Automatic suppression systems are useful in comparative assessments of different fuels performed at various speeds but are of limited value whenever knock intensity has to be established. Knock detection instruments are generally equipped with an electronic filter for removing the signals relative to the combustion cycle and to noise. Use of too selective filters has its drawbacks. The advantage offered by the use of accelerometers is confirmed by satisfactory experimental results obtained over the last five years. Positioning of the accelerometer over the cylinder head bolts is standard. Results from an accelerometer and a piezoelectric microphone are in good agreement. The mechanism by which knock induces mechanical damage in the combustion chamber is not yet fully clarified. A measure based on the detection of the maximum signal relative to knock for each cycle offers a reasonable indication of the possible mechanical damage which could be expected for a given knock intensity. KW - Accelerometers KW - Combustion chambers KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Engine knock KW - Loss and damage KW - Spark ignition engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395157 AU - Binroth, W AU - Haboush, R K AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - STOCHASTIC SYSTEM MODELING APPLIED TO AN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION SYSTEM PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - Two stochastic methods for calculating system availability, reliability, and downtime for an industrial system are the stochastic system modeling approach and the stochastic failure rate model. The former method is applicable when the underlying component or subsystem failure and repair-time distributions are exponential. The method provides system state probability expressions which can be used to compute system reliability and availability. The system differential equations which yield the system state probabilities in the steady state can be derived intuitively as long as the analyst can model the manner in which the system can migrate to adjacent states. The method was demonstrated in detail for a system of four identical subsystems in series with one identical standby spare. Three simultaneous linear equations for the state probabilities were derived and used to derive system availability. Subsystem exponential failure and repair rates were used as parameters. The second method, the stochastic failure rate model, makes the assumption that component failure rates are log-normally distributed while component life is conditionally exponentially distributed. The method is based on a Monte Carlo procedure for sampling from the component failure rate distributions, resulting in a probability distribution for system reliability. The step-by-step procedure is described, with its implementing computer program. Results are shown for a system with 210 components. KW - Availability KW - Downtime KW - Industrial plants KW - Mathematical models KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Reliability KW - Stochastic processes KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395159 AU - Lapp, S A AU - Powers, G J AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE SYNTHESIS OF FAULT TREES PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - Fault tree synthesis models, in order to be useful in assessment and control of risk, must be modular in the modeling of behavior; all possible modes of behavior must be describable; loops should be modeled naturally; range of variables must be greater than 0.1; and the fault tree or Boolean equation must be deduced from the models. Multiply-edged directed graphs models meet the needs of a fault tree synthesis. The Lapp-Powers fault tree synthesis algorithm is based on logical combinations of digraph variables which could cause a particular deviation in an output variable. Given the correct models, the algorithm will generate the correct fault tree for the system. A flow control system and a heat exchanger system are analyzed, as examples of using the models and the algorithm. KW - Algorithms KW - Behavior KW - Hazards KW - Mathematical models KW - Modules KW - Modules (Electricity) KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395640 AU - Warner, J C AU - Weltman, W C AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE FLUXLESS BRAZING OF ALUMINUM RADIATORS PY - 1978 SP - 15 p. AB - The history of material, processing, and development experience with vacuum brazing of aluminum radiators is reviewed. Three systems of fluxless brazing are currently producing parts such as air conditioner evaporators, transmission oil coolers, and radiators for production and prototype development. The welded, clad tube and bare fin concept is economically and technically superior to other designs. The mechanisms of vacuum brazing and process requirements are reviewed as they apply to radiators. Individual components and joint areas are examined, including tube-fin joints, tube-header joints, tank-header joints, and fittings. KW - Aluminum KW - Brazing KW - History KW - Radiators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395642 AU - McNamara, P AU - Singleton, O R AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - ZINC DISTRIBUTION IN VACUUM BRAZED ALCLAD BRAZING SHEET PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - The effect of typical vacuum brazing cycles on the distribution of zinc in 7072 clad vacuum brazing sheet is described. The cladding contains a 1.0% concentration of zinc, which can be lost by both sublimation into the environment and diffusion into the core. Where both types of losses occur, there is a subsurface region anodic to the surface. For heavier gauges, there is sufficient retained zinc in the postbraze composite. For lighter gauges, nominal composition 7072 does not provide adequate retained zinc. If the initial zinc concentration is increased to 3.0%, there is sufficient retained zinc so that the cladding is significantly more anodic than the core. KW - Aluminum KW - Brazing KW - Clad metals KW - Vehicle components KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395649 AU - Wall, J C AU - Heywood, J B AU - WOODS, W A AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - PARAMETRIC STUDIES OF PERFORMANCE AND NOX (OXIDES OF NITROGEN) EMISSIONS OF THE THREE-VALVE STRATIFIED CHARGE ENGINE USING A CYCLE SIMULATION PY - 1978 SP - 28 p. AB - The trade-off between engine operating efficiency and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in a prechamber three-valve, stratified charge engine is examined in a series of parametric studies using an improved model developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Engine geometric, operating, and combustion parameters are varied independently and the effects on brake-specific-fuel-consumption (BSFC), exhaust temperature and brake-specific nitric oxide (BSNO) observed. Parameters studied include the following: timing of the start of combustion, overall air/fuel ratio, prechamber air/fuel ratio at the start of combustion, main-chamber combustion duration, prechamber size, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and load. A faster combustion duration in the main combustion chamber gives lower BSFC and exhaust temperature. At a constant overall air/fuel ratio, combustion duration and optimum timing combined with increased stratification in the engine at start of combustion will serve to increase BSFC, decrease exhaust temperature slightly, and will almost always decrease BSNO. Increasing the stratification at the start of combustion increases the proportion of the exhausted NOx formed in the prechamber. Changes in prechamber volume at constant combustion duration produce only modest changes in BSFC and BSNO. As for load, the major effect of decreasing brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) from the midload base study point of 59 psia at constant combustion duration and optimum timing is a rapid increase in BSFC. Increasing BMEP from the base point results in both decreased BSFC and increased BSNO. EGR increases at constant combustion duration and optimum timing reduces BSFC, BSNO, and exhaust temperature. The three-valve, stratified charge engine has much leaner operation because of its rich prechamber mixture at the time of spark and its jet ignition process in the main combustion chamber. Control measures are needed for hydrocarbon emissions, which increase because of the substantial reduction in mean exhaust temperature due to leaner operation. KW - Air fuel ratio KW - Combustion KW - Exhaust gas recirculation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel air mixtures KW - Fuel consumption KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Stratified charge engines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395651 AU - Davis, C C AU - Zimmerman, P M AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LOW VAPOR PRESSURE ISOCYANATES FOR HIGH RESILIENT URETHANE FOAM PY - 1978 SP - 12 p. AB - A flexible urethane foam has been developed for automotive seating uses which avoids use of toluene diisocyanate (TDI), a respiratory toxin. A polymeric isocyanate at 100 index with a triol mixture at 2.6 pph water without fluorocarbon and fixed catalysts/surfactant provided the best balance of properties for the material. Tear strength in these parts tended to be almost as high as the high water, high index parts. At lower water levels and indices, a significant softening of the foam was seen in 65% indentation load deflection values. The compression sets were not significantly affected by water level. Without fluorocarbon, however, the density and hardness remain higher than current foams made with TDI. KW - Automobiles KW - Fluorocarbons KW - Seats KW - Strength of materials KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394059 AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS, CANBERRA, 26-28 MARCH 1974 (AUSTRALIA) PY - 1978 SP - 250 p. AB - Opening and keynote addresses deal with rationalizing transport policy in Australia and defining requirements of a mass accident data system, respectively. In a session on compilation and presentation of data, the role of the Australian Bureau of Statistics and of road and accident authorities in accident statistics were discussed, as well as uniform data collection. A session on sources of accident data considered police accident reporting, population characteristics and measures of exposure to road accidents, and multidisciplinary mass data collection. Mass data workshops dealt with police data collections, uniform accident data, and data processing systems. A session on the use of accident data considered public use of statistics, evaluation of countermeasures, and the trilevel approach to crash investigation. A paper concerning development of an accident data system considered the information system in North Carolina. Accident information workshops dealt with human, vehicle, road and environmental, and medical factors. In-depth investigations in Australia included one in metropolitan Adelaide, a mobile survey in Victoria, an investigation of seat belt performance in New South Wales crashes, rural accidents within 100 mi. of Brisbane, and the role of wreckage examination in the investigation of aircraft accidents. The concluding session deals with the National Authority on Road Safety and Standards. Included are lists of authors and seminar delegates, with their professional affiliations. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Data systems KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Statistics KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394061 AU - Campbell, B J AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - REQUIREMENTS OF A MASS ACCIDENT DATA SYSTEM. KEYNOTE ADDRESS. ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 8 p. AB - In mass accident data systems, the quantity of data is traded against depth of data to control cost. Mass data provides perspective by showing how much actual improvement is attributable to a countermeasure and evaluating effectiveness against cost. Two mass data systems, the Cornell Automotive Crash Injury Research (ACIR) project and the North Carolina accident data system, are described, and the essential features of a good data system are indicated. A good data system should be responsive to all phases of the problem. Full cooperation of police is essential. The system should use a multilevel reporting capability and be able to accommodate additional sampling to obtain needed special information quickly. It should provide for training of reporting officers as to specific data requirements and provide for feedback through some kind of publication. The crash classification should be reviewed to be sure it does not rule out certain analyses just because of its internal characteristics. Data should provide an indication of crash severity, such as by means of a vehicle deformation scale. The system should provide for at least crude injury data on all injured parties, and a means to obtain samples of detailed injury. It should consider ways of storing and retrieving the investigating officer's narrative. Through retention of key identifying numbers, the system should lend itself to linkage with other data files. Crash locations should be precisely identified so as to relate crashes with roadway features. The system should provide for acquisition of appropriate exposure data, and for very good analysis capability. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data systems KW - Information systems KW - Police KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394068 AU - Rubinstein, E AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - THE MOBILE IN-DEPTH ACCIDENT SURVEY IN VICTORIA (AUSTRALIA). ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 7 p. AB - The multidisciplinary, in-depth study of injury-producing and fatal crashes involving pedestrians and/or car occupants in Victoria, Australia is described. The goal of the Road Accident Research Unit is to find practical countermeasures to reduce the number of serious and fatal crashes and their severity. The accident investigation teams comprise a medical researcher, an engineer, and a sociologist. The sampling procedure for crash selection and the data sought (primary, secondary, tertiary) are outlined. The technique of investigation is discussed separately for injury and for fatal crashes. Resources (personnel, equipment, finance) are listed. Integration of the data collected, problems to be solved, presentation of results, and a study timetable are indicated. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394070 AU - MCDONALD, G L AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - RURAL ACCIDENTS WITHIN 100 MILES OF BRISBANE. STUDY (AUSTRALIA). ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 10 p. AB - Plans for the study of road accidents in the rural area surrounding Brisbane (Queensland, Australia) are discussed. A sample of accidents will be selected from those to which an ambulance was called. The pre-crash and crash phase of the accident, and vehicle and road contributory factors are of main interest. The information being sought in each of the following accident phases is discussed: initiation, metastable, and damaging energy exchange. An idealized, unscaled time diagram for an accident, and an expanded accident information matrix are included. Data relating to the development of the predisposing conditions phase, as obtained in follow-up interviews, are also considered. Investigation techniques are described, the primary ones being on-the-scene interviews of those involved in the accident and witnesses, detailed recording of the crash scene, and on-the-scene replication of accident aspects. Study resources, integration of data collected, and main problems are indicated. KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Follow up investigation KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Rural areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394065 AU - RYAN, G A AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - THE TRI-LEVEL APPROACH TO CRASH INVESTIGATION. ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 9 p. AB - Police reporting is the most readily available source of information on car crashes, but requires supplementing by various special studies (on-scene, hospital admission, and engineering and medical follow-up) to make possible the development of effective road safety countermeasures. The trilevel concept of crash reporting consists of basic reporting of routine police investigations (level A), limited investigations of a sample of crashes by special police or technicians (level B), and intensive investigations by professionals (level C). Three trilevel U.S. studies are reviewed: Calspan Corporation (Buffalo, N.Y.); Indiana University, Institute for Research in Public Safety (Bloomington, Indiana); and University of Michigan, Highway Safety Research Institute (Ann Arbor, Michigan). These three studies, while nominally similar, show many differences in approach and methodology. There is consistency among them at level A as well as a statistical relationship between level A and B cases. However, in none of them can level C cases be usefully related to cases at other levels, and the studies do not attempt to relate crash data at any level to the background data on driver and vehicle populations. The essential requirements of a trilevel study are stated, and application of the multilevel concept in Australia is addressed. Appended is an illustration of the use of data on exposure and police reporting of crashes to determine instances of high crash frequency. KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Methodology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394066 AU - Campbell, B J AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - THE INFORMATION SYSTEM IN NORTH CAROLINA (TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS). ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 11 p. AB - The traffic accident records system in North Carolina is outlined, and the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center's (HSRC) use of the system is described in terms of goals, available resources, and problems. The process of bilevel reporting is described by which the police complete a supplemental crash form when additional information is required. Four HSRC bilevel reporting experiments are described: tire condition, occupant characteristics, seat and shoulder belt use and availability, and safety devices. Decoding of the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) by HSRC is explained, and the utility of this procedure for analytical purposes is illustrated (e.g. evaluating car make in terms of injury). Providing feedback to police is discussed as essential to data quality maintenance, with the HSRC's monthly bulletin, "The Accident Reporter," serving such a purpose. Deformation ratings assigned to wrecked vehicles by the investigating officers are described, as well as HSRC computerization of officers' narrative descriptions of accidents. To facilitate the researcher in selecting keywords for querying the data file, the computer produces a dictionary. KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Police UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394062 AU - Bagley, F D AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - THE ROLE OF THE AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS. ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 13 p. AB - The Australian Bureau of Statistics provides a comprehensive national statistical service relevant to the pursuit of community goals. It is hindered, however, by lack of resources. Road traffic accident statistics are derived from nine separate collection and processing systems shared among 15 different authorities. The new National Authority for Road Safety and Standards will be responsible for uniformity of statistical data. National statistics are currently restricted to casualty accidents. Lack of uniformity from one state to another is the major deficiency in statistical data; other nations also have this problem. The goals of data gathering are uniformity of data nationwide, and comprehensiveness and relevance of data. Existing report forms might be made uniform. Any system should be flexible and simple. The Bureau must remain close to its major users of road traffic accident statistics as well as to those who provide the raw data; the Bureau provides a link between these two groups, a role which should be shared with the National Authority for Road Safety and Standards. KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Information processing KW - Standardization KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394069 AU - VAUGHAN, R G AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - INVESTIGATION OF SEAT BELT PERFORMANCE IN N.S.W. (NEW SOUTH WALES) TRAFFIC CRASHES (AUSTRALIA). ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - The Impact-1 (In-depth, Multi-Phase Analysis of Crash Trauma) project being conducted within a 250-mi. radius of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia was initiated in 1973. Its broad aim is to identify those factors which presently limit the effectiveness of seat belt restraint systems. The accident investigations concentrate on those aspects related to seat belt wearing in the crash phase. Crashes studied are those in which at least one adult occupant of a 1969 or later model car was fatally injured while wearing a seat belt. Impact-1 is described in terms of data sought, resources, investigation procedures (notification, field, medical), integration of data collected, problem areas, and timetable. Two other studies also being conducted by the Traffic Accident Research Unit are described: Impact-2, a planned in-depth study of restraint system effectiveness using crashes where belted occupants were seriously injured, and Impact-3, an in-depth crash study to establish the relative benefits of alternative restraint systems for child occupants (now being conducted in pilot form). Appended are a list of equipment used by the Impact-1 field team, and instructions for photographic record of vehicle damage. KW - Crash investigation KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Manual safety belts KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394060 AU - Halton, C C AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - RATIONALISING TRANSPORT POLICY IN AUSTRALIA. OPENING ADDRESS. ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 6 p. AB - Accidents signify inefficiency which places intolerable burdens on the community. The need for improved safety on the road is integral to better transportation policy. The merging of Australia's previously separate Departments of Transport and Civil Aviation encourages coordinated policy planning. The present system of national highways is an extension of the Australian government's involvement in road development policy brought about by its large financial contribution to road-building programs. The states themselves have attempted to rationalize (make more efficient) the transportation of goods by effective distribution between road and rail modes. Market forces and government restrictions both play a part in rationalizing transport. Social costs and benefits must be considered, for example air quality and corresponding regulation of vehicle emissions, as well as support of urban mass transit systems. Another important issue in rationalizing transport policy is the matter of investment policy. Progress in road safety requires streamlining of the institutional framework. The government has established the National Authority on Road Safety and Standards to work with relevant road safety authorities. KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Planning KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394071 AU - Cosgrove, K J AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - THE NATIONAL AUTHORITY ON ROAD SAFETY AND STANDARDS (AUSTRALIA). ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 6 p. AB - Background developments are described which led to the establishment of Australia's National Authority on Road Safety and Standards. The functions of the Authority are outlined as announced by the Australian Minister for Transport. These include advising the Minister on road safety, formulating motor vehicle and highway safety standards, certifying motor vehicle standard compliance, and preparing road safety impact statements. Additional functions are conducting multidisciplinary road safety research, collecting and disseminating road safety research information, and conducting road safety education and publicity campaigns. The major areas in which future initiatives would be taken are discussed, with emphasis on the need for improved accident information and statistics. KW - Compliance KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Education KW - Government agencies KW - Highway safety KW - Information dissemination KW - Publicity KW - Standards KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394063 AU - Thomas, RJS AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - THE ROLE OF ROAD AND TRAFFIC AUTHORITIES IN ACCIDENT STATISTICS. ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 6 p. AB - Accident data are gathered from the surviving drivers and from the police officers who make the accident reports. Types of data derived include raw, demographic, and broad accident classifications. Such data are used to make spot maps and accident rate lists. In addition to accident data from a central data bank, each state road authority uses its own data on selected accidents so that road hazards may be corrected immediately. In-depth studies of particular accidents, as conducted by a specialized investigation team, help show causative factors. The bulk of the accident investigation by state road authorities concerns accident rates before and after road improvements. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Data KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394064 AU - Johinke, A K AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - UNIFORM DATA COLLECTION (AUSTRALIA). ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 9 p. AB - Excerpts are presented from a series of government reports (published since 1960) dealing with accident reporting in Australia. This historical overview demonstrates that the need for a more uniform system of data collection has been realized and fully reported upon for 15 or more years. A national authority must be established to design such a system but its success will depend on absolute cooperation of state legislatures as well as the goodwill of the police officers who collect the base data on accidents. A system of self-reporting of accidents might ease the strain on the police officers and lessen the need to collect so much data at the scene. Appended are provisions of the National Road Traffic Code concerning drivers' duties in reporting accidents. KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Police KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394067 AU - McLean, A J AU - Australian Government Publishing Service TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF ACCIDENTS IN METROPOLITAN ADELAIDE (SOUTH AUSTRALIA). ROAD ACCIDENT INFORMATION SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS PY - 1978 SP - 13 p. AB - The multidisciplinary, in-depth investigation of traffic accidents requiring ambulance service is discussed as planned for metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. Data will be collected at the accident scene, supplemented by results of follow-up studies of the environment, vehicles, and injured parties (including psychological interviews). The general objectives of the project are to study road user safety, identify safety hazards, and evaluate the effectiveness of existing countermeasures, as well as to recommend necessary changes. The sampling technique to be used in accident selection is described and specific topics for investigation, and reasons for their selections, are outlined. Road and traffic factors include traffic control devices and regulations, road layout and surface, traffic conditions, street lighting, and roadside objects. Vehicle factors include seat belt use, energy-absorbing steering assemblies, side door reinforcement beams, vehicle defects, and vehicle causative factors. Road user factors include behavior, traffic safety attitudes and knowledge, attitudes toward safety equipment, driving experience, familiarity with environment, ergonomics, physical impairment, and alcohol use. Personnel (teams consisting of a registered medical graduate, psychologist, and engineer) and equipment, and techniques of investigation are described. Integration of data with other information, main problems to be solved, presentation of results, and a study timetable are indicated. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Follow up investigation KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Traffic control KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392294 AU - Oregon State Motor Vehicles Division TI - 1978 OREGON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS. FOCUS ON: TRUCKS PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - Truck traffic accident statistics for 1978 are compiled separately for: the state of Oregon, Oregon rural areas, Oregon cities and urban areas except Portland, Portland, and Oregon cities except Portland. Tables provide data on accident type; fatalities; location; age of casualty; directional analysis (for two-vehicle, pedestrian and other accidents); pedestrian actions by age; driver age, sex, and residence; contributing circumstances; road surface and light conditions; vehicle type; and type of two-vehicle accident. Truck driver error data are tabulated, as well as data on other contributing circumstances (driver, pedestrian, vehicle, miscellaneous). The number of individual errors, their percentage of the total errors, and the percentage of drivers responsible by age group are given. The errors are categorized under turning maneuvers, improper maneuvers, disregarding signs and/or signals, right-of-way error, passing maneuvers, miscellaneous actions, and basic rule error. KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392288 AU - Thompson, G AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - FUEL ECONOMY EFFECTS OF TIRES. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978 SP - 13 p. AB - The effects of tires in general, and the influence of tire type (radial vs. bias and bias belted) and tire-related parameters (pressure and wear), on fuel economy are discussed. Conclusions from consumer and national fuel conservation standpoints are presented. The most cost-effective option for the consumer is to use a tire pressure gauge. For a typical vehicle owner traveling about 10,000 mi/yr on tires underinflated by three to four psi, an average annual fuel savings of 12 gallons would result if this were corrected. Improved tire life would also occur if tire inflation pressures were properly maintained. The consumer's only fuel-efficient choice when replacing worn tires is some type of radial tire. On the average, radial tires improve fuel economy by about 5%, or 1 mpg for a 20 mpg automobile. If all original and aftermarket tire sales were radials, the total annual U.S. fuel consumption would be 2% less (1.4 billion gallon saving of passenger car fuel). An additional improvement would result if automakers and consumers would select optimum, low energy dissipation radial tires (second generation "P-metric" tires). KW - Bias ply tires KW - Consumers KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inflation KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207406 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00390964 JO - Washington and Lee Law Review PB - Washington and Lee University, Lexington AU - Granger, H AU - Olson, J C AU - Washington and Lee University, Lexington TI - NOTES AND COMMENTS. VASAP (VIRGINIA ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROGRAM): A REHABILITATION ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL DWI (DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED) PENALTIES PY - 1978 VL - 35 SP - p. 673-694 AB - Studies indicate that the pathological drinker rather than the social drinker causes the automobile collision problem. The Virginia Alcohol Safety Action Program (VASAP) is a novel rehabilitative approach involving education and treatment, not affecting the availability of traditional penalties for drunk drivers, but offering individual rehabilitation through local programs adapted to specific local needs. The Fairfax County (Virginia) model program, one of 35 established by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1972, concentrates on police enforcement, public information, the courts and rehabilitation. Although statistical studies show the program's success in reducing fatalities, injuries and property damage, as well as recidivism, the wide range of discretion given trial judges by the VASAP-authorizing legislation leads to a disparity of procedures. The fact that several Virginia areas have no alcohol safety program or a different one raises possible constitutional problems of equal protection. This study considers the problems arising from variations in the programs, and recommends uniform eligibility standards and other requirements used by the judges, and availability of the program to all of Virginia's first-time DWI offenders. KW - Alcohol education programs KW - Alcohol use KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Judges KW - Legal factors KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education KW - Treatment programs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391456 AU - Keller, J L AU - Nakaguchi, G M AU - Ware, J C AU - Union Oil Company of California TI - METHANOL FUEL MODIFICATION FOR HIGHWAY VEHICLE USE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1978 SP - 407 p. AB - A number of problems that might occur if methanol were used as a blending stock or replacement for gasoline in present cars are identified and characterized as to the probability of their occurring and the severity of their consequences. Possibilities for correcting several problems are reported. Some problems are responsive to fuel modification but others require or are better dealt with by modification of vehicles and the bulk fuel distribution system. Phase separation on exposure to water and increased tendency to vapor lock, two major problems with blends, can both be alleviated by incorporation of cosolvent higher alcohols, ones which can be produced with methanol when it is manufactured from synthesis gas. Fuels consisting mostly of methanol require some modification of gasoline engines if the engines are to operate. If such modifications were made, starting cars at low temperatures would still be a problem. Startability can be provided by adding gasoline or light hydrocarbons; these increase the susceptibility of the fuel to vapor lock but not beyond tolerable limits. Addition of gasoline also alleviates other problems related to toxicity and safety hazards. Still other problems of both blends and methanol-rich fuels can be treated with selected additives. Some observations have been made on differences between methanol and ethanol in gasoline blends. An extension of the work is planned to study problems and corrective measures with ethanol-containing fuels. KW - Ethanol KW - Fuel additives KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline engines KW - Low temperature KW - Methanol KW - Modifications KW - Phase separation KW - Startability KW - Vapor lock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390955 AU - Hunter, W W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill TI - PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF MOPED ACCIDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES (INTERIM REPORT) PY - 1978 SP - 14 p. AB - An overview is presented of an ongoing project designed to formulate a model to forecast the nature and scope of the potential moped accident problem in the U.S.; to use the analytical model to predict outcomes for such input values as sales volume, usage patterns, and crash rates; and to recommend research and safety program action to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, based on the model forecasts. Project tasks include planning and administration, literature review, market research, model formulation, collection of additional data (optional), use of the model analysis, and preparation of program plans. KW - Crash rates KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Mopeds UR - http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research_library/PDFs/Problem78.ocr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390960 AU - National Safety Council TI - ACCIDENT FACTS. 1978 EDITION PY - 1978 SP - 99 p. AB - Statistics are compiled of deaths and disabling injuries incurred in all 1978 accidents (costs, types of accident, trends in death rates), and in accidents at work and in motor vehicles, public accidents, and accidents at home, farm, or school (including school bus accidents). A disabling injury is defined as one which results in death, some degree of permanent impairment, or renders the injured person unable to perform his regular activities for a full day after the day of the injury (American National Standards Institute Standard Z16.1-1967, revised 1973). KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391467 AU - Veterans Administration TI - ADD-ON AUTOMOTIVE ADAPTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES. PROGRAM GUIDE PY - 1978 SP - 65 p. AB - This program guide represents a systematic compilation of information on automotive driving aids for handicapped drivers. The systems are those which, after comprehensive testing, met the minimum Veterans Administration (VA) standards for safety and quality. Background is presented on the development of adaptive equipment standards as mandated by Public Law 91-666, and driving requirements are basically described. A general classification of driving aids, and the functional classes of brake and accelerator controls are given. Included are the VA Standard Design and Test Criteria for Safety and Quality of Special Automotive Driving Aids (Adaptive Equipment) for Standard Passenger Automobiles. Guidelines are presented for prescribing adaptive equipment for the disabled driver. A catalog of devices is provided, grouped under the various classes: hand controls, left foot accelerators, parking brake extensions, steering assists, turn levels (right hand operated), and shift levers (left hand operated). Each device is pictured, and the following information given: type (push-pull, push-twist, push-right-angle-pull), major components, description, source, and procurement method. An inspection checklist for installers and inspectors of adaptive equipment is included, and some advanced control systems under development are described. KW - Adaptive equipment (Disabled persons) KW - Automobiles KW - Disabled drivers KW - Equipment KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389100 AU - Schuldt, R C AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Motorcycle Safety Foundation TI - AN EVALUATION OF MOTORCYCLE FRONT LIGHTING ON VISIBILITY PY - 1978 SP - 62 p. AB - From the motorcycle accident data, it appears that nearly 30% of motorcycle accidents occur at urban intersections, with the motorcyclist not at fault in 70% of these cases. The most common cause for the accident occurrence is failure of a driver to see the motorcycle. The effects of front lighting on motorcycle visibility was investigated as determined by gap times left by turning vehicles. Three systems of front lighting were tested in traffic at night: standard motorcycle headlamp on low beam; motorcycle low beam headlamp with auxiliary lamps extended horizontally 16 in. from the center of the headlamp; and a standard car with headlamps on low beam. Magnets placed around a wheel of the test vehicles transmitted pulses to a digital distance and speed counter, from which gap times were calculated. The data strongly suggest that the motorcycle headlamp with auxiliary lamps was superior to the motorcycle headlamp alone. The car with low beam headlamps was superior to both the motorcycle configurations. Recommendations were made to repeat the experiment during the daytime and to require motorcycles to use the headlight in conjunction with auxiliary lamps. KW - Crash causes KW - Headlamps KW - Motorcycles KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385637 AU - Troutbeck, R J AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - THE EFFECTS OF LONG VEHICLES IN THE TRAFFIC STREAM. DATA REPORT PY - 1978 SP - 40 p. AB - Statistics are compiled on the overtaking maneuver practiced in the traffic stream. Overtakings are classified as flying or accelerative, single or multiple, and accomplished by cars or commercial vehicles. Of 3150 documented overtakings, 457 involve accelerative car overtakings of a 16-meter truck traveling at 70 km/hr. Based on data for overtakings of a particular type, correlation matrixes are compiled. Data groups with a significant correlation for any two variables are listed. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Long vehicles KW - Passing KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385636 AU - Troutbeck, R J AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - THE EFFECTS OF LONG VEHICLES IN THE TRAFFIC STREAM. PRELIMINARY APPRAISAL AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA PY - 1978 SP - 56 p. AB - Data were derived and analyzed from video tape records of the overtaking behavior of motorists on Australian two-lane rural roads. A preliminary analysis forms a basis for determining the effect of length and speed of the overtaken vehicle on overtaking behavior. Twenty-seven parameters were defined to quantify the overtaking maneuver (e.g. overtaking time and distance, accepted gap, vehicle speeds, headway). The forward visibility limit of an overtaking motorist was either an oncoming vehicle or a crest or curve. Pooling of the overtaking data for the two types of visibility distance restriction was found acceptable. Many of the defined parameters could be reasonably modeled by a lognormal distribution. There were no unexpected high correlations among the parameters. When past overtaking studies were compared to the present one it was indicated that overtaking times have decreased since the early 1940's and that Australian motorists tend to take a longer time to overtake than their Scandinavian counterparts. KW - Long vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passing KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385638 AU - Troutbeck, R J AU - ARRB Group Limited TI - THE EFFECTS OF LONG VEHICLES IN THE TRAFFIC STREAM--REGRESSION ANALYSIS PY - 1978 SP - 139 p. AB - Overtaking data collected in this project were used to determine changes in the overtaking behavior of drivers due to changes in the overtaken vehicle's length and speed. Consideration was given to three overtaking types: accelerative overtakings by cars, flying overtakings by cars, and accelerative overtakings by commercial vehicles. Parameters of interest in the analysis were overtaking time and distance, accepted gap (time interval), speed of overtaken vehicle, and headway at start and completion of overtaking. Results showed that increasing the overtaken vehicle's length from 5 to 16 meters increased overtaking time by about 18%. Overtaking time also increased by about 14% for each 10 km/hr increase in the overtaken vehicle's speed. If trucks travel 16 to 20 km/hr slower than cars, the same time will elapse while 85th percentile drivers overtake both vehicle types. It is recommended that regulatory bodies in Australia carefully examine the findings with respect to truck speed and length. Regression analysis techniques used in the project are described. Tables and figures detailing overtaking parameters are appended. KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Drivers KW - Long vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passing KW - Regression analysis KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384707 AU - BRADLEY, J S AU - Transport Canada TI - A FIELD STUDY OF HUMAN RESPONSE TO TRAFFIC NOISE. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978 SP - 36 p. AB - An extensive field study obtained measures of human response to traffic noise through 1216 interviews at subjects' residences, noise measurements from digitally recorded data, and vehicle flow rate details at each site. Three types of housing (single unit detached, row housing, and apartment blocks), two road types (freeways and regular roads), three community sizes (populations of 7000, 240,000, and 2,000,000), and two socioeconomic status levels (high and low) were studied. Four levels of traffic noise were considered, ranging from the quietest to the noisiest levels found where traffic was the major source of noise. Some evidence was found to show that traffic noise had greater impact on apartment residents and on those living near a freeway, and less for those living in small towns. Traffic noise felt to be more necessary or more difficult to reduce was found more acceptable. Fear, in terms of accidents, and psychological stress increased negative responses to traffic noise. Some evidence of health effects was found, including hearing loss. Objective physical measurements most closely related to the energy equivalent sound levels of traffic noise only were found to be the most accurate predictors of adverse responses. KW - Annoyance KW - Attitudes KW - Classification KW - Field studies KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Interviewing KW - Reaction KW - Residential areas KW - Sound level KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380636 AU - JESSL, P AU - Rueter, G AU - Battelle-Institut EV, West Germany TI - ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PASSIVE ACCIDENT PREVENTION FOR TWO-WHEEL MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1978 SP - 87 p. AB - The particularly high accident and injury risk is statistically described for operators of two-wheeled motor vehicles (motorcyles, motor scooters, mopeds, and motor bikes), followed by a comprehensive analysis of passive accident protection based on statistical data (West Germany) and a review of the literature. Two-wheeled motor vehicle accidents are discussed in terms of frequency, cause, characteristics, and mechanisms. Injury mechanisms, frequencies and degrees, and types are examined. The available types of protective devices, their development level and improvement possibilities, are discussed for two-wheeled motor vehicle operators. These devices encompass vehicle design features, protective clothing, and crash helmets. It is concluded that vehicle safety-oriented equipment such as protective shields and guards is lacking and that improvements are needed in protective clothing and headgear. Further accident analyses and experimental research on accident mechanics are recommended for the development of improved passive accident protection. KW - Crashes KW - Hazards KW - Helmets KW - Injuries KW - Passive protection devices KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Protection KW - Protective clothing KW - Protective equipment KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety equipment KW - Two wheeled vehicles KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371204 AU - Paulsrude, S AU - McMurray, L AU - Washington State Department of Motor Vehicles TI - A STUDY TO ASSESS DRIVER PERFORMANCE BEHAVIOR OF WASHINGTON LICENSED DRIVERS AFFLICTED WITH EPILEPSY PY - 1978 SP - 34 p. AB - The collision and traffic violation records of drivers restricted because of an epileptic condition (experimental) group) were compared with those of an unafflicted (control) group. The samples were matched according to age, sex, geographic location, marital status, and driving exposure. Although a significantly higher proportion of experimental subjects had traffic citations over the 12-mo. observation period, all other evaluative measures indicated that the epileptic drivers were not more collision prone than the controls. It was concluded that in terms of actual collision risk potential, no further treatment/surveillance programs were required to supplement those already administered by Washington State for drivers with epilepsy. Under the current Department of Motor Vehicle Licensing system, an epileptic driver is required to obtain a doctor's certificate verifying that he has been free from seizures for at least six months and to establish a semiannual, annual, or biennial schedule for physical reexamination. KW - Accident proneness KW - Crash rates KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver records KW - Driver restriction KW - Epilepsy KW - Traffic citations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368832 AU - Her Majesty Stationary Office TI - ROAD ACCIDENTS GREAT BRITAIN 1977 PY - 1978 SP - 50 p. AB - The statistics of accidents and casualties in this publication are compiled from reports submitted by the Police to the Department of Transport and to the Scottish Development Department. Reports are now made in a standard form for all accidents involving personal injury. The form that had been in use since 1959 was discontinued at the end of 1968, being replaced by a revised version with many new items on accident circumstances such as weather, street lighting, and occurrence of jack-knifing. The index numbers of traffic quoted in the tables are based on estimates of vehicle mileage made by the Department of Transport and its Transport and Road Research Laboratory from traffic counts. From 1974 the census method underlying the count of the stock of licensed vehicles has been changing as vehicle records have gradually been transferred from local taxation offices to the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Centre. Consequently stock figures from 1974 to 1978 are not comparable. No census results are available for 1977. The 1978 census was obtained from a full count at the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Centre on 30 June 1978. The series will eventually be based on the count of licensed vehicles as at 31 December. The population figures quoted, or used, in the tables are mid year estimates unless otherwise stated. KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366525 AU - Army Ordnance and Chemical Center and School TI - INSPECTING THE STEERING SYSTEM OF A WHEELED VEHICLE PY - 1978 SP - 24 p. AB - This guide has been developed as a reference for inspecting the steering system of M809 series 5-ton trucks. The inspections made are designed to pinpoint trouble spots in the steering system. It is important that these be identified before they develop into major repair items. KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance practices KW - Steering gears KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366524 AU - Army Ordnance and Chemical Center and School TI - TROUBLESHOOTING CLUTCHES ON WHEELED VEHICLES AND ADJUSTING CLUTCH LINKAGE. TRUCK, 1/4 TON, M151 SERIES PY - 1978 SP - 22 p. AB - This job aid has been developed as a guide to show how to inspect and troubleshoot clutches on wheeled vehicles and adjust clutch linkages on M151 series vehicles or those equipped with disk clutches. These troubleshooting and adjustment tasks are designed to check the operation of the clutch. An improperly adjusted clutch can result in slippage, worn parts, and major repairs. KW - Clutches KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance practices KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361544 AU - Nevada Automative Test Center TI - TIRE TREADWEAR VALIDATION. VOLUME 2, SECTION 1, NEVADA TREADWEAR MEASUREMENT TEST DATA PY - 1978 SP - 421 p. AB - Treadwear measurement test data include accelerated treadwear measurements, convoy measurements, convoy tread profile graphs, convoy most worn groove graphs, and new tire footprints. The tire measurement data sheets provide the following information: tire size, manufacturer and description; rim width and diameter; cold start inflation; tire dimensions (outside diameter, tread radius and arc); and amount of tread remaining in each groove after ten mileage increments. KW - Measurement KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361546 AU - Nevada Automative Test Center TI - TIRE TREADWEAR VALIDATION. VOLUME 2, SECTION 3, TEXAS TREADWEAR MEASUREMENT TEST DATA PY - 1978 SP - 500 p. AB - Treadwear measurement test data include accelerated treadwear measurements, convoy measurements, convoy tread profile graphs, and convoy most worn groove graphs. The tire measurement data sheets provide the following information: tire size, manufacturer and description; rim width and diameter; cold start inflation; tire dimensions (outside diameter, tread radius and arc); and amount of tread remaining in each groove after ten mileage increments. KW - Measurement KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361548 AU - Nevada Automative Test Center TI - TIRE TREADWEAR VALIDATION. VOLUME 3. INSTRUMENTED SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OPERATING PROCEDURES PY - 1978 SP - 124 p. AB - A system is described for measuring and recording dynamic tire/wheel vertical force (Fv), longitudinal force (FL), side force (Fs), ground speed, and wheel velocities of all wheels, and steering angles of the vehicle's front wheels. The system incorporates four triaxial, strain-gauge type, wheel force transducers, providing outputs proportional to Fv, FL, and Fs of up to four wheel positions. Two resistance potentiometers are used to measure the relative steering angle of the two front wheels. The system calculates, records, and displays longitudinal and side Mu forces and differential interface velocity (DIV) of the four wheels via function modules designed into the electronic portion of the system. Five electronic counters measure and display revolutions of a fifth wheel attached to the test vehicle and of the four vehicle wheels, providing functions of distance traveled and wheel revolutions per unit time or distance traveled. Proximity pulse pickups provide multiple pulses to the counters and to three pulse rate-to-DC converters which provide DC voltage analog to velocity to the DIV function modules. Universal in nature, the system can record and/or display any of 32 of the functions available from the various transducers and/or function modules. The vehicle incorporates a modified brake system that will allow any of the four wheels to be independently locked by the brake or freed of all hydraulic pressure; the vehicle also has locking hubs on front and rear axles, allowing it to be driven in front wheel drive, rear wheel drive, or four wheel drive. An air-assisted shock absorber system enables the driver to control the air pressure in each unit; this allows changing the front and rear spring rates, transfer of vertical load, and maintaining of normal ride heights under heavy vehicle loads. A Dana transfer case allows high or low range operation in all drives, selectable from the driver's position. System calibration procedures, operation, and use for accelerated treadwear evaluations are described. Appendices contain actual photographs of the equipment, calibration data, and calibration graphs. KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361545 AU - Nevada Automative Test Center TI - TIRE TREADWEAR VALIDATION. VOLUME 2, SECTION 2, CONNECTICUT TREADWEAR MEASUREMENT TEST DATA PY - 1978 SP - 470 p. AB - Treadwear measurement test data include accelerated treadwear measurements, convoy measurements, convoy tread profile graphs, and convoy most worn groove graphs. The tire measurement data sheets provide the following information: tire size, manufacturer and description; rim width and diameter; cold start inflation; tire dimensions (outside diameter, tread radius and arc); and amount of tread remaining in each groove after ten mileage increments. KW - Measurement KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361550 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RECOGNIZING FRAUDULENT IDENTIFICATION (INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL FOR TRAINING PERSONNEL WHO ISSUE DRIVER LICENSES) PY - 1978 SP - 26 p. AB - An instructor's outline is presented for conducting a training course for driver licensing personnel on the recognition of fraudulent identification (ID). The course uses 80 slides; word slides emphasize major points made by the instructor and picture slides illustrate the topics of discussion, with many showing actual documents that were fraudulently altered or prepared. It is suggested that slides be supplemented with locally prepared materials addressing specific documents or identification problems unique to area jurisdictions. Training objectives and notes are provided for each lesson (introduction, scope of the false ID problem, Federal Advisory Com. on False Identification, importance of establishing identity, how to detect false identification, what the examiner should expect, and summary). After completing the course, the trainee should be able to explain the importance of establishing the identity of each applicant for a driver's license, and describe a set of properties which establish ID document validity. KW - Driver licensing KW - Fraud KW - Manuals KW - Training KW - Visual aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361547 AU - Nevada Automative Test Center TI - TIRE TREADWEAR VALIDATION. VOLUME 2, SECTION 4: PROGRAM SCOPE EXPANSION (NEVADA), TREADWEAR MEASUREMENT TEST DATA PY - 1978 SP - 52 p. AB - Tire measurement data sheets are presented from convoy testing for tread wear. Data include wheel position; original and accumulated (including wet) mileages; inflation pressure; ambient temperature; outside, crown, and inside diameters, section width; tread radius and arc width; original tread depth for individual grooves; tread remaining; and visual conditions. Tread profile and most worn groove graphs are provided. KW - Measurement KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191329 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AUTOMOTIVE FUEL ECONOMY CONTRACTOR'S COORDINATION MEETING HELD AT WASHINGTON, DC. ON DECEMBER 11-13, 1978 PY - 1978 SP - 427 p. AB - This document is intended to be an effective and timely means of broadly disseminating a full and up-to-date review of the automotive fuel economy research and analysis program objectives and progress. Topic areas covered include: Fuel economy and emissions considerations; Motor vehicle demand forecasting; Consumer research; Engines; Weight reduction; and Industrial behavior. KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Automotive engineering KW - Consumers KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost estimating KW - Data collection KW - Demand KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicles KW - Planning KW - Pollutants KW - Public opinion KW - Research KW - Research projects KW - Reviews KW - Technology assessment KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181392 AU - Fisher, FGJ AU - COOK, H AU - Oldham, F AU - Gloss, R AU - Eidemiller, R AU - Ultrasystems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPTIMIZED BRAKE INSPECTION. TECHNICAL VOLUME PY - 1977/12/31 SP - 308 p. AB - The primary purpose of this study was to develop an optimized brake inspection program as a function of the criticality of brake system failure modes and degradation modes. The approach used to develop the criticality index was based on four main components: (1) a brake system computer simulation program developed at the University of Illinois; (2) weighting factors, rating a defect's potential for causing an accident, developed from the University of Indiana's Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Study Data; (3) component outage frequencies (probability of being in a defective condition) developed from DOT's VIU data bank; and (4) a computer optimization technique (CDC's APEX III) for selecting the optimum inspection program. These four components were utilized to develop certain mathematical relationships that provide a quantitative assessment of the criticality of various brake system defects and at the same time provide a mechanism for quantitatively supporting an optimized brake inspection program. The results indicate the criticality approach provides a most effective means of inspecting brakes and at the same time reduces the number of components that must be inspected as well as determine the optimum intervals at which inspection should be made. KW - Brakes KW - Computer programs KW - Criticality KW - Disc brakes KW - Drum brakes KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nuclear reactors KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181327 AU - Fisher, F G AU - COOK, H AU - Oldham, F AU - Gloss, R AU - Eidemiller, R AU - Ultrasystems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - OPTIMIZED BRAKE INSPECTION PY - 1977/12/31 SP - 32 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to develop an optimized brake inspection program as a function of the criticality of brake system failure modes and degradation modes. The approach used to develop the criticality index was based on four main components: (1) a brake system computer simulation program developed at the University of Illinois; (2) weighting factors, rating a defect's potential for causing an accident, developed from the University of Indiana's Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Study Data; (3) component outage frequencies (probability of being in a defective condition) developed from DOT's VIU data bank; and (4) a computer optimization technique (CDC's APEX III) for selecting the optimum inspection program. These four components were utilized to develop certain mathematical relationships that provide a quantitative assessment of the criticality of various brake system defects and at the same time provide a mechanism for quantitatively supporting an optimized brake inspection program. The results indicate the criticality approach provides a most effective means of inspecting brakes and at the same time reduces the number of components that must be inspected as well as determine the optimum intervals at which inspection should be made. KW - Brakes KW - Criticality KW - Defects KW - Degradation KW - Failure KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nuclear reactors KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176244 AU - Bishop, E W AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION: TRAINING STATE AND COMMUNITY INSTRUCTORS PY - 1977/12/31 SP - 154 p. AB - This project was undertaken to train instructors for the NHTSA MVI Training curriculum developed under Contract DOT-HS-5-01136. It was also a means of acquainting state personnel with the content and scope of the curriculum. Instructor training followed the model of previous NHTSA Instructor Institutes. A total of 73 state or community personnel were successfully trained as instructors in five sessions at various locations throughout the country. Each session lasted four days; the MVI Training curriculum was reviewed, applicable training methods were taught and each attendee presented a lesson segment for practice and critique. Some problems in implementing the NHTSA training at the state level were perceived, and one final meeting among state, NHTSA and contractor personnel was held to address just the issue of implementation. In a two-day meeting potential problems were discussed and guidance for further refinement of the MVI training by NHTSA was developed. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Curricula KW - Education KW - Inspection KW - Instructors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Specialized training KW - Students KW - Vocational education KW - Vocational guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181382 AU - Costenoble, K AU - THOREN, S AU - Northrop, G AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FMVSS 122: MOTORCYCLE BRAKE SYSTEMS. TASKS 4 AND 5 PY - 1977/12 SP - 138 p. AB - This report covers the final design and implementation plan for evaluating the effectiveness of FMVSS 122: Motorcycle Brake Systems. The plan for the evaluation study considers measurability criteria, alternative statistical techniques, laboratory tests, data availability/collectability, resource requirements, work schedule, and other factors. The overall objective of the standard is accident avoidance. This objective is to be achieved by specifying required equipment for motorcycle brakes and establishing performance test procedures for these systems. The goals of the standard are to improve motorcycle braking performance by increasing stoping capabilities and decreasing stopping distances, and to avoid accidents by insuring safe motorcycle braking performance under both normal and emergency conditions. The extent to which the standard achieves these goals is obscured by the fact that accident-avoidance braking performance requires rather precise hand and foot coordination, and is highly dependent upon the braking abilities of the rider. The plan described in this study contains five coordinated evaluation programs, plus one for determining additional costs due to the standard. The first study analyzes mass accident data in relation to accident avoidance, injury reduction and effects of brake failure. The second study is a three-part data collection survey of motorcycle riders, tires, and modifications made to motorcycles. The third study, an analysis of NASS and California accident data, is very similar to the first task. Study number four is a dynamometer test of motorcycle brakes in a controlled laboratory setting. The fifth task uses volunteer and professional riders to test the performance capabilitiles of motorcycle brakes and to analyze the behavior of motorcycle riders. The last study is the cost data analysis. In summary, the entire program would require approximately five staff years of effort, would take three years to complete, at a total cost of $348,000. KW - Brakes KW - Dynamometers KW - Effectiveness KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Motorcyclists KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Stopping distances KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371109 AU - Motor Industry Research Association TI - SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF BUSES AND PASSENGERS INVOLVED IN STAGE CARRIAGE SERVICE ACCIDENTS. NATIONAL PSV ACCIDENT--INTERIM DATA PY - 1977/12 SP - 53 p. AB - This report contains firstly, a summary of the extensions made to the data collected on vehicle design, so that it included particular features related to current factors affecting the use of buses by the elderly and ambulant disabled, secondly a description of the patterns of accidents experienced by passengers across all types of vehicle and thirdly some analysis of the effects of particular differences in vehicle design upon accidents to passengers. KW - Aged KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Crash victims KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Information systems KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Statistics KW - United Kingdom KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181984 AU - Griffin, R AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - 90-DEGREE DOLLY ROLLOVER TEST OF AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE PER FMVSS 208 TEST PROCEDURE - 1977 ELECTRA-VAN 500 PY - 1977/12 SP - 62 p. AB - A 1977 Electra-Van 500 was subjected to an FMVSS 208-type dolly rollover test. The test speed was 29.56 mph. The vehicle came to rest in the 492-degree position and suffered extensive body deformation. Several windows either shattered or completely lost retention. The left rear axle sheared and the right front spindle cracked. Tools were required to open all doors except the rear door which opened during the roll. The traction batteries were not damaged in the roll. They were leaking slightly when the vehicle came to rest, but the leakage ceased when the vehicle was returned to its upright position. The Part 572 dummy which occupied the right front passenger seat developed an head injury criterion of 350 and a chest severity index of 274. The peak resultant head and chest accelerations were 148G and 58G, respectively. KW - Anatomical models KW - Damage assessment KW - Electric automobiles KW - Electric vehicles KW - Equipment tests KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Measuring instruments KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural analysis KW - Test equipment KW - Test facilities KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181956 AU - Carr, R W AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF OCCUPANT PROTECTION DEVICES AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1977/12 SP - 133 p. AB - The report presents the results of four full-scale crash tests. The object of these tests was to gather data for evaluating Volvo Air Cushion Restraint (ACR) systems and conventional Volvo three-point belt restraint systems during a high-speed frontal car-to-car collision. KW - Air cushion KW - Air cushion vehicles KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Equipment KW - Frontal crashes KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Manual safety belts KW - Occupant restraint KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181390 AU - Ball, J T AU - Reidy, J C AU - Northrop, G M AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FMVSS 202: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HEAD RESTRAINTS AND FMVSS 207: SEATING SYSTEMS. TASKS 4 AND 5 PY - 1977/12 SP - 162 p. AB - The report covers the final design and implementation plan for evaluating the effectiveness of FMVSS 202: Head Restraints, and FMVSS 207: Seating Systems. The plan for the evaluation study considers measurability criteria, alternate statistical techniques, laboratory tests, data availability/collectability, resource requirements, work schedule and other factors. The overall purpose of FMVSS 202 is to reduce the frequency and severity of neck injury in rear end and other collisions. This purpose is to be achieved by establishing requirements for head restraints in passenger cars. The overall purpose of FMVSS 207 is to reduce the incidence of seat failures and their contributions to fatalities and injuries. This purpose is to be achieved by establishing strength requirements for seating systems and requiring a self-locking restraining device for folding seat backs. The integrated plan for evaluating the effectiveness of these two Standards, as described, contains eight separate evaluation programs. One program focuses on neck injury insurance claims. Another employs detailed accident data to evaluate both head restraints and seating systems. A third program analyzes fatalities to investigate the effects of self-locking seat backs. The fourth and fifth programs evaluate mass accident data and newly collected head restraint usage data. Both Standards are evaluated with laboratory tests in the sixth program, and through instrumenting vehicles in the field in the seventh program. The eighth program is for cost data acquisition. KW - Automobile insurance KW - Automobiles KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Crash injury research KW - Deployable head restraints KW - Dynamic tests KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Fatalities KW - Headrests KW - Highway safety KW - Information processing KW - Injuries KW - Insurance claims KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Protection KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181400 AU - Reidy, J C AU - Northrop, G M AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FMVSS 108: SIDE MARKER LAMPS AND HIGH INTENSITY HEADLAMPS (ONLY). TASKS 4 AND 5 PY - 1977/12 SP - 148 p. AB - The report covers the final design and implementation plan for evaluating the effectiveness of FMVSS 108: Side Marker Lamps and High Intensity Headlamps (only). In part, this is achieved by requiring side marker lamps which help drivers notice other vehicles and judge distances during darkness or other conditions of reduced visibility. High intensity headlamps have recently been allowed on passenger cars. Their light output is up to double that of existing headlamps, leading to greater nighttime sighting distances and possibly more accidents from increased headlamp glare. The plan described contains nine separate evaluation programs, including one on the cost of complying with the Standard. The first program uses mass accident data to analyze the affect of side marker lamps. The next three programs are experiments to test the effects of adverse weather on glare from high intensity headlamps, to field study sighting distance as affected by high intensity headlamps and side marker lamps, and to test side marker lamp conspicuity. If these initial studies are not sufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of high intensity headlamps and side marker lamps additional programs include field data collection at hazardous locations for nighttime performance of cars with high intensity headlamps; analysis of mass accident data for overdriving headlamps and glare complaints; field surveys of lighting system usage, headlamp misaiming (or outage). The ninth program presented is the cost sampling plan. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - High beamed headlamps KW - High beamed headlights KW - Highway safety KW - Lamps KW - Luminescence KW - Markers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Night visibility KW - Prevention KW - Requirement KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Side marker lamps KW - Sight distance KW - Signal face KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191344 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE WITH MODIFIED SIDE STRUCTURE 35 MPH, 60 DEGREE IMPACT, IMPALA-TO-VOLARE, TEST NO. 10 PY - 1977/12 SP - 79 p. AB - Test no. 10 of 11 tests was conducted to investigate and improve crashworthiness of compact vehicle side structures. This test was run at 35 mph at a striking angle of 60 degrees. A 1978 Chevrolet Impala was the bullet vehicle and a modified 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. Volare modifications included a heavier door beam, stronger beam-to door connections, and tying the door structure into the sill. The modified vehicle showed significant improvement in intrusion and door velocity as compared to baseline tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190521 AU - Carr, R W AU - Aboud, G M AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE INTEGRATION AND EVALUATION OF ADVANCED RESTRAINT SYSTEMS. VOLUME III: PHASE C PY - 1977/12 SP - 215 p. AB - The objective of the program was to evaluate the performance of restraint systems in terms of meeting the FMVSS 208 injury criteria. In this phase of the tests, Ford Torinos were tested using instrumented dummies restrained by both standard and modified belt systems. The report presents the results of the tests. KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Bags KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance tests KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186868 AU - Reeder, R H AU - National Safety Council AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE HITCH CASE - SAVING AMPOULES FOR A DEFENDANT FROM A CHEMICAL TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION PY - 1977/12 SP - 34 p. AB - The author provides a review of the Hitch Case, as decided by the California Supreme Court in 1974, and its subsequent impact in the field of chemical tests for alcoholic intoxication. The report reviews the scientific basis for the Hitch decision and also reviews appellate court decisions since Hitch (1974-1977). The latter illustrates the lack of agreement among scientific experts who testified in Hitch, as well as, the lack of agreement among courts as to what due process of law requires in this area. The decisions of eleven states appellate courts are discussed, along with that of one U.S. District Court. The report includes 33 footnotes. KW - Alcohol tests KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chemical detection KW - Chemical tests KW - Courts KW - Detection and identification systems KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Litigation KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186229 AU - Giangualano, N F AU - Crounse, K S AU - McPhail, R G AU - DeFrancesco, H F AU - New York State Police AU - Advanced Technology Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CITIZEN'S BAND RADIO SAFETY EVALUATION PROJECT. VOLUME I. TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1977/12 SP - 63 p. AB - The experiment employed in the project was designed to evaluate the contributions to highway safety that result from State Police use of Citizen's Band (CB) radio. The experiment shows that State Police use of CB radio, (1) improves response times to requests for assistance, (2) increases the number of reports on unsafe driving acts and conditions, (3) increases public and State Police participation in reporting and responding to highway safety related incidents, and (4) provides for a public/State Police interface. The results obtained from two opinion polls are described. The public opinion poll indicates a high level of acceptance by the public for State Police use of CB radios. The State Trooper opinion poll indicates a high level of troopers acceptance of CB radios and agreements among troopers that CB radio use helps them in the performance of their duties. Recommendations are presented on how the effectiveness of CB radio and related communication supporting the highway system can be improved. KW - Citizen band radio KW - Communications KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental design KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - New York (State) KW - Police vehicles KW - Public opinion KW - Radio KW - Safety engineering KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180902 AU - Costenoble, K AU - Northrop, G M AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FMVSS 213: CHILD SEATING SYSTEMS PY - 1977/12 SP - 144 p. AB - The report covers the final design and implementation plan for evaluating the effectiveness of FMVSS 213 (Child Seating Systems). The plan for the evaluation study considers measurability criteria, alternative statistical and laboratory techniques, data availability/collectability, resource requirements, work schedule, and other factors. The objective of FMVSS 213 is injury reduction, to be achieved through specifying performance requirements for all child seats manufactured after April 1, 1971. The plan described herein contains seven analyses. Mass accident data will be analyzed to determine if the use of child seating systems has resulted in a reduction in the number of deaths and severity of injury to young children. Detailed accident bases will be investigated for effects of various variables on injury to restrained and unrestrained children. Task 3 is a NASS special data collection and analysis. Mail surveys of pediatricians and hospital emergency rooms will take place in the fourth task. Task 5 includes an on-site real world survey on the use of child restraints and a mail survey on attitudes toward these systems. Task 6 involves dynamic testing of commercial systems and the final analysis is of the direct costs of implementing FMVSS 213. KW - Admissibility KW - Adolescents KW - Automobiles KW - Children KW - Data collection KW - Dynamic tests KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Minors KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Seats KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176299 AU - FITZPATRICK, M U AU - Fitzpatrick Engineering AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE INTEGRATION AND EVALUATION OF ADVANCED RESTRAINT SYSTEMS. RESTRAINT SYSTEM ANALYSIS REPORT PY - 1977/12 SP - 205 p. AB - The report describes the results of the sled testing and vehicle crash testing that were conducted in order to evaluate the performance of four advanced restraints systems in a compact size automobile. These results were then used to construct a crash survivability envelope for the front seat occupants of the subject vehicle in a variety of accident modes. The vehicle chosen for this effort was the 1976 Volvo 244. The restraint systems chosen to be integrated into the Volvo were: (1) advanced driver airbag system; (2) advanced passenger airbag system; (3) force-limited airbelt system; (4) force-limited 2-inch belt system. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Front seats KW - Impact tests KW - Inflatable structures KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Research KW - Rocket propelled sleds KW - Rocket sleds KW - Safety equipment KW - Sleds KW - Survival KW - Testing KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175572 AU - White, J F AU - Miller, J N AU - Burlington Industries, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MAINTENANCE COMPARISON ON FMVSS NO. 121 CONFIGURED VEHICLES VERSES NON 121 CONFIGURED VEHICLES PY - 1977/12 SP - 55 p. AB - The aim of the contract effort is to present accurate and objective data on brake system maintenance cost, tire operating cost, accident frequency and fuel consumption for vehicles configured in accordance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 121. For comparative purposes, data is presented for vehicles similar to the selected FMVSS No. 121 configured vehicles with respect to gross vehicle weight rating, engine type, and transmission type, but which were manufactured and placed in service prior to the enactment of FMVSS No. 121. The source maintenance history, operating data, and accident data used in the contract effort was extracted from the Contractor's computerized data base which is maintained on a service basis for vehicle fleets of various types. The source data system is compatible with the Vehicle Maintenance Reporting Standards developed by the American Trucking Association, Inc. The data presented reflects approximately 57.4 million operating miles for 508 FMVSS 121-configured vehicles and approximately 123.2 million operating miles for 536 pre-FMVSS 121 vehicles. KW - Air brakes KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brakes KW - Configuration KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Diesel engines KW - Estimates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Safety engineering KW - Shape KW - Standards KW - Tires KW - Traffic crashes KW - Truck tractors KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175280 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ROLLOVER ACCIDENTS. A SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM HIGHWAY SAFETY LITERATURE PY - 1977/12 SP - 113 p. AB - This bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) concerning motor vehicles involved in rollover accidents. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Bibliographies KW - Braking KW - Buses KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors engineering KW - Indexing KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trailers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176304 AU - American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT OF UNIFORM GUIDELINES PY - 1977/11/30 SP - 274 p. AB - The report represents the product of the efforts of three Standing Committees of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators in exploring issues that were identified by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and in developing guidelines for State action on those issues. The Committees were: Driver License and Control Committee; Engineering and Vehicle Inspection Committee; and Registration and Title Committee. The products from them are as follows: (1) Uniform guidelines for motor vehicle safety equipment that should be inspected periodically; (2) A model odometer disclosure procedures program; (3) State procedures used to identify problem drivers; (4) A model State classified driver licensing program. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Driver licensing KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Licenses KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Oedometers KW - Safety equipment KW - State government KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305886 AU - Harris, R W AU - Treat, J R AU - HUME, R D AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRUCK, BUS, AND MOTORCYCLE SAFETY STATUS METHODOLOGY. VOLUME I: TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1977/11/14 SP - 30 p. AB - Phase I of the project established the feasibility of surveying the in-use condition of the truck, bus, and motorcycle population. Methods for inspecting each vehicle type and data collection strategies were designed. Consultations were held with representatives of the affected industries and owner groups to assess the feasibility of the inspection techniques. In Phase II, the optimal strategy was developed in detail. The approach adopted involves the use of a mobile inspection team to conduct inspections at six major sites representing three types of vehicle inspection programs. Inspection procedures and methods were developed and tested using time and motion studies, and validated in actual field tests. Equipment necessary to conduct inspections was identified. KW - Buses KW - Data collection KW - Equipment KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorcycles KW - Project management KW - Safety KW - Strategy KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190504 AU - University of Miami, Coral Gables AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENT STUDY PY - 1977/11 SP - 577p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00173256 AU - Holahan, C J AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROADSIDE SIGNS AND TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: A FIELD INVESTIGATION PY - 1977/11 SP - 26 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the relationship between signs located proximally to sixty randomly selected urban traffic intersections and traffic accidents at those intersections. Specific sign dimensions studied were: total number, type (public versus commercial), size, and color. The dependent variable was at-fault accidents during the 1975 calendar year. Results indicated that larger sized commercial signs were significantly related to accidents at stop sign controlled intersections. No relationship was found between signs and accidents at traffic signal controlled intersections. Possible interpretations for the findings are considered, and some practical suggestions for reducing the effects of distracting signs at stop sign intersections are advanced. /Author/ KW - Color KW - Distraction KW - Intersections KW - Roadside advertising KW - Signalized intersections KW - Size KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signs KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181979 AU - Black, T L AU - Woodson, W E AU - Selby, P H AU - Man Factors, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE CONTROLS OPERABILITY PY - 1977/11 SP - 209 p. AB - Automobile driver controls locations and operational modes and expectancies were studied in order to develop recommendations for modifying Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 101. Study phases included: (1) a field investigation of driver controls operation expectancies; (2) derivation and review of proposed rule-making recommendations; (3) analysis of current control option provisions in domestic and foreign vehicles; and (4) preparation of recommendations for modification/improvement of FMVSS No. 101 and future research standards. Results include: (1) the analysis of control operation expectancy data to support specific recommendations for improved driver-controls interface; (2) the identification of several areas for rule-making in which current information is inadequate; (3) development of a preliminary draft of a modified standard relative to FMVSS No. 101; (4) the application of human engineering principles to identification, location, operation and illumination for automotive controls; and (5) recommendations for needed research to enlarge data bank. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Control KW - Control boards KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Location KW - Manual control KW - Operations KW - Position fixing KW - Safety KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181403 AU - CLEVEN, A M AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INSTRUCTOR TRAINING INSTITUTE FOR NHTSA CURRICULUM PACKAGE: EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN-DISPATCHER PY - 1977/11 SP - 81 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to conduct four institutes to introduce the EMT-Dispatcher curriculum package and to provide training in instructional techniques appropriate to the package. The study involved development of a 3-day program and all program planning and management activities. A complete curriculum package was developed, including a planning guide, instructor lesson plans and attendee guide. The contract also involved the development of training aids to support the EMT-Dispatcher curriculum package; the resultant 2x2 35 mm slides and audio tapes were also introduced at the institutes. Institutes were held in the fall of 1977. Instructors were faculty members from Central Connecticut State College who were authorized to conduct the course for college credit. Host colleges were selected for their interests and capabilities relative to highway safety instructor training. Each college provided a representative to monitor the program; each thus has an in-place capability to respond to future requests for EMT-Dispatcher instructor training. Forty-nine individuals attended the program. KW - Allied health personnel KW - Curricula KW - Dispatching KW - Education KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Health manpower KW - Highway safety KW - Institutions KW - Instructional materials KW - Instructors KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Medical equipment KW - Medical personnel KW - Medicine KW - Organizations KW - Planing KW - Specialized training KW - Training KW - Training programs KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191054 AU - Boyatzis, R E AU - McBer and Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSIS, REFERRAL, AND REHABILITATION OF PERSONS CONVICTED OF DRIVING WHILE INTOXICATED. VOLUME II: A SPECIAL REHABILITATION PROGRAM FOR MULTIPLE OFFENDERS PY - 1977/11 SP - 247 p. AB - A rehabilitation program is presented for multiple DWI offenders. The program includes education related to alcohol use and abuse and therapeutic activities to help a client learn new techniques for living and alternatives to alcohol abuse. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Behavior KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Motivation KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repeaters KW - Specialized training KW - Strategic planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25446/DOT-HS-803-772.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190506 AU - Kurucz, C N AU - Morrow, B W AU - Fogarty, W J AU - Janicek, A AU - Klapper, J AU - University of Miami, Coral Gables AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENT STUDY. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1977/11 SP - 143 p. AB - The report describes the methodology utilized to perform the study, the nature of the accident events investigated, the characteristics of the drivers, vehicles and highway conditions encountered and the causal factors contributing to accident causation and injury/damage production. Specific and general countermeasures recommended to reduce the frequency of occurrence and the severity of single vehicle accidents are also included. KW - Attenuators KW - Automobiles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving conditions KW - Florida KW - Human characteristics KW - Human factors engineering KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25451/DOT-HS-803-653.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190507 AU - Kurucz, C N AU - Morrow, B W AU - Fogarty, W J AU - Janicek, A AU - Klapper, J AU - University of Miami, Coral Gables AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENT STUDY. VOLUME III. APPENDICES PY - 1977/11 SP - 415 p. AB - Contents: Data Forms; Instruction Manual for Coding Forms; Review and Analysis Tasks; Dade County Demographic Data; Comparison of Dade County and National Characteristics; Single Vehicle Accident Characteristics; Causal Factors; Selected Impact Attenuating Device Performance, Curb Performance, and Rollover Characteristics; Motor Vehicle Standards Involvement and Evaluation. KW - Attenuators KW - Automobiles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Florida KW - Human factors engineering KW - Injuries KW - Instructions KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Rollover crashes KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190505 AU - Kurucz, C N AU - Morrow, B W AU - Fogarty, W J AU - Janicek, A AU - Klapper, J AU - University of Miami, Coral Gables AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, SINGLE VEHICLE ACCIDENT STUDY. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1977/11 SP - 27 p. AB - The general objectives of the study were to determine the nature and causes of single vehicle accidents, describe their resulting consequences, and develop recommendations to effect a reduction in the frequency and severity of these accidents. Analyses were based on in-depth investigations of 609 single vehicle accidents in Dade County, Florida, and police reported data on all County accidents during the study period. Comparisons of single vehicle and non-single vehicle accident characteristics were made as well as comparisons involving fatal and alcohol involved single vehicle accidents. Causal factors for accident causation and injury production were identified and certain quantitative models developed. The models include consideration of the effectiveness of breakaway light standards and energy absorbing devices, the redirection capabilities of curbs, roadway departure characteristics, and speed relationships. The analyses were used to develop and support countermeasure recommendations. KW - Attenuators KW - Automobiles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Florida KW - Human factors engineering KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181344 AU - Sweeton, E R AU - Northrop, G M AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FINAL DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FMVSS 105: HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS IN PASSENGER CARS PY - 1977/11 SP - 171 p. AB - This report covers the final design and implementation plan for evaluating the effectiveness of FMVSS 105 (Hydraulic Brake Systems in Passenger Cars). The plan for the evaluation study considers measurability criteria, alternative statistical and laboratory techniques, data availability/collectability, resource requirements, work schedule, and other factors. The Standard specifies minimum performance requirements for a number of different braking characteristics such as stopping distance vs. speed, fade and recovery, water recovery, partial failure and others. The evaluation of the Standard cannot be done exclusively with mass accident data, because few records indicate whether or not brake performance was a causal factor in the accident. The requirements of the Standard cover such a broad spectrum of performance characteristics, there is little distinction between vehicles meeting or not meeting all of the requirements. Therefore, data from a more detailed type of accident reporting such as that of multidisciplinary investigation teams would be required. The plan described herein takes two general approaches: (1) statistical analysis of available and subsequent multidisciplinary accident data; and (2) acquisition of new test data. To carry out these approaches, five evaluation and cost methodologies are discussed herein. One evaluation program involves straightforward data processing of existing data. Three other evaluation programs call for acquiring laboratory and field survey data. The program for determining cost of the Standard requires obtaining data from the manufacturers. It is estimated that the entire program would take nearly six years, at a cost of about $873 thousand. KW - Automobiles KW - Data collection KW - Dynamic braking KW - Field tests KW - Hydraulic brakes KW - Laboratory tests KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Traffic crashes KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175476 AU - DiMiceli, M AU - Becker, H B AU - Young (Arthur) and Company AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - GUIDELINES MANUAL, VEHICLE THEFT COUNTERMEASURES IN THE ISSUANCE OF CERTIFICATES OF VEHICLE TITLE PY - 1977/11 SP - 49 p. AB - This report defines elements of the vehicle titling/registration processes of state departments of motor vehicles that are particularly vulnerable to attempts to acquire 'legal' title to stolen vehicles. Recommendations are made for improvement of procedures that will reduce the potential for fraudulent retitling. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crimes KW - Guidelines KW - Instructions KW - Insurance KW - Law enforcement KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Security KW - State government KW - Theft KW - Victims UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175279 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE LIGHTING. A SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM HIGHWAY SAFETY LITERATURE PY - 1977/11 SP - 215 p. AB - This bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) as related to the lighting of motor vehicles on the highway. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal Highway Safety Literature and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Bibliographies KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors engineering KW - Identification lights KW - Illuminating KW - Indexing KW - Lighting systems KW - Luminaires KW - Motor vehicles KW - Night vision KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Transportation lighting KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169199 AU - BURGER, W J AU - Smith, R L AU - Queen, J E AU - Slack, G B AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT AND NEAR ACCIDENT CAUSATION: THE CONTRIBUTION OF AUTOMOBILE DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1977/11 SP - 213 p. AB - A study was conducted to (1) determine the frequency and severity of driver/vehicle design mismatch problem contribution to accidents and near accidents, (2) relate driver and vehicle characteristics to severity and frequency of problems experienced by drivers, (3) develop and validate the method used to measure mismatch problems, and (4) identify vehicle design countermeasures which would reduce problem frequency or severity. Based upon recommendations by experts, literature reviews, focus panels and preliminary question testing, five direct mail questionnaires were developed and pilot tested on a sample of 800 U.S. Government employees. Results were analyzed and a modified questionnaire recommended for a large scale survey of drivers. The questionnaire contained questions on vision, controls, steering, braking, shifting, and seating. Subsequently, a direct mail survey was conducted by three private institutions which surveyed 10,000 drivers from California and New Hampshire. The 3500 returns citing 1691 near accidents or accidents for various mismatch questions were analyzed by driver and vehicle demographic variables. Results strongly indicate that the survey approach is valid and that driver/vehicle design mismatch problems are not trivial as contributors or causes of accidents. Most frequent and severe problems experienced are vision related, e.g., oncoming headlight glare, window obscuration due to weather, and mirror information and glare. Steering and braking problems were also significant. Driver height, age, weight, sex, experience and exposure, and vehicle age, size (type), and model are uniquely related to specific mismatch problems experienced. KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Highways KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human machine systems KW - Man machine interaction KW - Motor reactions KW - Performance KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Questionnaires KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Steering KW - Surveys KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle design KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191399 AU - Wilson, R E AU - American Association Community and Junior Colleges AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOP AND TEST AN ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAM FOR TRAFFIC RECORDS ANALYST PY - 1977/10/19 SP - 28 p. AB - The project was the third in a series to explore the feasibility of a two-year associate degree curriculum. The others were in fields of traffic engineering and driver training. Community colleges were solicited in an attempt to identify one for initiating a two year program. A participating institution experienced difficulty in establishing a job market for entry employment in public service agencies. Consequently efforts to recruit and enroll a student constituency were not felt to be justified. KW - Education KW - Employment KW - Financing KW - Instructors KW - Job opportunities KW - Records management KW - Requirement KW - Schools KW - Specialized training KW - Specifications KW - Students KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190518 AU - Dynamic Science, Inciorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE INTEGRATION AND EVALUATION OF ADVANCED RESTRAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1977/10 SP - 802p-in 3V AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168965 AU - Johnson, A K AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ANGULAR MISALIGNMENT ERRORS IN MOUNTING LINEAR ACCELEROMETERS TO ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS PY - 1977/10 SP - 54 p. AB - Linear accelerometers are regularly mounted to anatomical subjects, such as cadavers and primates, in biomechanical impact tests to measure the acceleration of selected points on the anatomy, such as on the head, sternum and ribs. They are mounted as single elements or in biaxial or triaxial combinations. Statistical correlations are then established between injury patterns and the measured accelerations. Linear accelerometers are also used to compare motions during impacts, such as between cadavers and dummies and between human volunteers. The analyses in this report are based on mathematical statistics. They show by probability transformations how the accuracy of linear accelerometer measurements depends on the accuracy to which the linear accelerometers, especially when used as single elements, are angularly aligned during mounting relative to a suitable anatomical reference frame. Often an anatomical reference frame is not well defined thereby making accurate angular alignment difficult. When used as a single element, the inaccuracy increases as the component of acceleration perpendicular to the accelerometer's principal axis increases. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Acceleration physics KW - Accelerometers KW - Alignment KW - Anatomical models KW - Anatomy KW - Cadavers KW - Calibration KW - Configurations mathematics KW - Impact acceleration KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Primates KW - Probability theory KW - Response KW - Sensitivity KW - Set forward force KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190519 AU - Carr, R W AU - Aboud, G M AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE INTEGRATION AND EVALUATION OF ADVANCED RESTRAINT SYSTEMS. VOLUME I: PHASE A PY - 1977/10 SP - 363 p. AB - The report presents the results of nine full-scale crash tests conducted to evaluate the performance of four advanced restraint systems; RSV Driver Airbag, RSV Passenger Airbag, Force Limited Airbelt, and the Force Limited 2-inch Belt, when structurally integrated into a production vehicle. The vehicle chosen by NHTSA for this was the Volvo 244. The tests consisted of car-to-car and car-to-barrier impacts which were conducted to help determine the performance limits of the four advanced restraint systems in terms of meeting the FMVSS 208 crashworthiness criteria. KW - Air bags KW - Automobiles KW - Bags KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Design standards KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Manual safety belts KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190520 AU - Carr, R W AU - Aboud, G M AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VEHICLE INTEGRATION AND EVALUATION OF ADVANCED RESTRAINT SYSTEMS. VOLUME II: PHASE B PY - 1977/10 SP - 224 p. AB - A series of eighteen full-scale crash tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of four advanced restraint systems that were structurally integrated into the Volvo 244. These tests were split into two phases; Phase A consisted of car-to-car and car-to-barrier impact tests using only Volvo 244's as test vehicles while the Phase B impact test configurations were car-to-car using Volvo 244's with Ford Torinos serving as bullet vehicles. This report presents the test results from Phase B of the test series. KW - Automobiles KW - Bags KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Evaluation KW - Impact tests KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186191 AU - Yeung, K S AU - Welch, R E AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REFINEMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE STRUCTURES UNDER CRASH LOADING. VOLUME I. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1977/10 SP - 28 p. AB - A finite element computer program for use in the static and dynamic analyses of vehicle structure, including sheet metal, in a crash environment was developed in this research project. The developed computer program consists of the following features: large displacement, nonlinear static and dynamic, and elastic and plastic including strain-rate effect; with plate, three-dimensional beam and spring elements, and rigid links and a variety of three-dimensional beam end conditions; options of using either the explicit or implicit time integration procedures; and options of specifying stress, mass and center of gravity, and energy output. KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Equations of motion KW - Finite element method KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural members KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186201 AU - Yeung, K S AU - Welch, R E AU - IIT Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - REFINEMENT OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE STRUCTURES UNDER CRASH LOADING. VOLUME II PY - 1977/10 SP - 287 p. AB - A finite element computer program for use in the static and dynamic analyses of vehicle structure, including sheet metal, in a crash environment was developed in this research project. KW - Automobiles KW - Computer programs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Equations of motion KW - Finite element method KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural members KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175968 AU - Joksch, H C AU - Haas, G AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF THE CRASH-PHASE FMVSS ON DRIVER FATALITY RISK IN TWO-CAR COLLISIONS PY - 1977/10 SP - 84 p. AB - The study compares the risk of driver fatalities in collisions between two cars, to estimate the effects of the crash-phase Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. To avoid the use of the accident involvement figures which may be inaccurate, only collisions between two cars in which exactly one driver was killed were studied. The influences of the factors, collision type, vehicle weight, and driver age and sex were modelled by low-order polynomials. To estimate the impact of the crash-phase Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, remaining differences between cars of differing model years were compared. The comparisons suggested differences between the pre-1968 and post-1967 model years only, and no systematic differences within these groups. The result we have most confidence in is that in front-front collisions the fatality risk in post-1967 cars is 22 percent lower than in the earlier model years. We are less certain of the result for front-side impacts where the fatality risk for the driver of the striking car appears to be reduced 30 to 38 percent, and for the driver of the struck car, 11 to 12 percent. Improvements of the estimates through refinement of the model and additional data appear possible. KW - Age KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Gender KW - Hazards KW - Mathematical models KW - Mortality rates KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety factors KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175550 AU - Klein, R H AU - Szostak, H T AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EFFECTS OF WEIGHT DISTRIBUTING HITCH TORQUE ON CAR-TRAILER DIRECTIONAL CONTROL AND BRAKING PY - 1977/10 SP - 143 p. AB - This report presents the results of a full scale test program, with supporting computer simulation analysis, aimed at determining the effects of weight-distributing hitch forces (or torque) on combination-vehicle (C-V) handling and braking. Two C-V configurations were used; a full sized station wagon plus 31 ft travel trailer, and a compact sized sedan plus 18 ft utility trailer. Test procedures included a step steer (for tow vehicle understeer changes and transient response), a pulse steer (for trailer swing mode damping), straight line braking (for stopping distance), and braking in a turn (for transient understeer changes). Over 800 test runs were performed in which load leveling torque, hitch load, and tire pressure were the primary independent variables. Results show that increasing hitch load and/or load leveling torque degrade the tow vehicle understeer and reduce the speed for incipient jackknifing. On the other hand, trailer damping is somewhat improved with load leveling. Front/rear tire pressure differentials (front lower than rear) have a significant beneficial influence when the hitch load is high. KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Jackknifing KW - Load settlement KW - Loads KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Physical distribution KW - Pressure KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Tires KW - Torque KW - Towing vehicles KW - Trailers KW - Weight KW - Weight control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175278 AU - Campbell, K L AU - Wolfe, A C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - FLEET ACCIDENT EVALUATION OF FMVSS 121 PY - 1977/10 SP - 227 p. AB - The Interim Report presents preliminary results based on the first year of the fleet monitoring program to evaluate the safety impact of FMVSS 121. Mileage, accidents, and brake system maintenance are being collected on a national sample of vehicles. The fleets and vehicles were selected from manufacturers' sales lists for the production period January 1974 through January 1976 using probability-based sampling techniques. A complete description of the sample design is included. Preliminary results indicate that the adjusted accident rate is slightly lower (19%) for the post-standard vehicles. However, brake system maintenance on the post-standard vehicles occurs more frequently (35%). These results are not statistically significant. KW - Air brakes KW - Brakes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Evaluation KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Probability theory KW - Safety KW - Safety and security KW - Sampling KW - Standards KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169213 AU - Innes, J J AU - Eder, L E AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MOTOR VEHICLE DIAGNOSTIC INSPECTION DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PY - 1977/10 SP - 95 p. AB - The report is a compendium of the motor vehicle diagnostic inspection demonstration projects established under the provisions of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act, PL 92-513. These projects conducted over 125,000 in-depth safety and emission diagnostic inspections over a fifteen month period in 1975 and 1976. The diagnostic inspections were conducted on a matrix of vehicles closely representing the national passenger car population of 1968-1973 model year passenger cars. The results of the demonstration shows that the use of this technology to determine the condition of vehicle safety and emissions systems is viable and that it offers great promise to consumers and repair industry alike. Diagnostic motor vehicle inspection will benefit consumers by providing them information on the condition of vehicles, which if used properly, can result in greater safety, lower pollution, improved gas mileage and in the case of complex vehicle systems generally lower overall repair and maintenance costs. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobile makes KW - Automobiles KW - Demonstration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety equipment KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180900 AU - Hull, R W AU - Adams, L M AU - Schuetze, C E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DIRT FILMS, LAMPS AND PROCEDURES FOR HEADLAMP WASHER TESTS PY - 1977/09/28 SP - 48 p. AB - Four dirt film formulations were evaluated for use in testing of headlamp washers. The evaluations were made using three different headlamp beam patterns and four different sets of photometric test points. From these tests, a test dirt film, a test lamp and a set of photometric test points were selected which were judged to be internationally acceptable for testing headlamp washers. Recommended revisions to the Docket 69-19 washer standards were prepared. KW - Cleaners KW - Cleaning KW - Cleaning equipment KW - Dirt KW - Equipment tests KW - Film KW - Headlamps KW - Honeycomb structures KW - Motor vehicles KW - Soils KW - Standards KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Tests KW - Washing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197360 AU - Glines, S W AU - Byrd, R N AU - Utah State Highway Safety Program Office AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - JUVENILE COURT ALCOHOL SCHOOL EVALUATION INTERIM REPORT PY - 1977/09/01 SP - 169 p. AB - The Utah Juvenile Court Alcohol School is an educational program attended by random juveniles convicted of alcohol offenses and their parents. The evaluation of their program compares the impact of the school with the impact of a subsidiary treatment and the standard court procedures. This is in the first interim report of the evaluation, covering 30 percent of the projected data. The final evaluation report will be used to specialize the 'referral to treatment process' and update the school's curriculum so that it encompasses those elements which most effectively impact recidivism. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholism KW - Courts KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drug abuse KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Prevention KW - Recidivism KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Schools KW - Teenage drivers KW - Traffic safety education KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01412954 AU - Cross, K D AU - Fisher, G AU - United States. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) TI - A study of bicycle/motor vehicle accidents: identification of problem types and countermeasure approaches; volumes 1 to 3 PY - 1977/09 IS - DOT HS 803 315, DOT SP - 305p + 267p + 264p AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the causes of bicycle/motor-vehicle accidents and to use data on accident causation to identify potential countermeasure approaches. Data were collected by interviews and on-site investigations for 753 non-fatal accidents and 166 fatal accidents. The sampling areas, each consisting of several contiguous counties, were located in California, Colorado, Florida, and Michigan. In addition to an analysis of descriptive data, accident cases were classified into "problem types" based upon traffic context, accident causes, and target groups. A total of 36 unique problem types were identified; the ten most frequent problem types accounted for 67 per cent of the fatal cases and 64 per cent of the non-fatal cases. The results of the analyses of descriptive data are discussed and the distinguishing characteristics of each problem type are described. Potential countermeasure approaches are suggested for each problem type (A). KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident cause KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident type KW - Bicycle KW - Bicycles KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Crash types KW - Cyclist KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1180752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167358 AU - Waller, P F AU - Li, L K AU - Campbell, B J AU - Herman, M L AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY BELTS: THE UNCOLLECTED DIVIDENDS. A MANUAL FOR USE BY STATE LEGISLATORS AND STATE OFFICIALS ON TECHNIQUES TO INCREASE SAFETY BELT USAGE PY - 1977/09 SP - 135 p. AB - Recognizing that increased safety belt usage is by far the most cost-effective highway safety measure that can be undertaken by any state, this project describes how states can initiate action to collect major dividends in cost and human welfare. A manual with supporting 35 mm slides was developed describing techniques that could be used by state legislators and state officials to bring about increased belt usage. The manual consists of 12 chapters, the first of which provides an overview of safety belt effectiveness. The next chapter describes a statewide coordinated plan to increase belt usage. Each of the final ten chapters focuses on a major area where belt usage could be encouraged. The proposed techniques are linked to the state agencies having primary responsibility for the area. Topics covered include police traffic services, accident investigation, traffic accident records, traffic courts, infant and child restraints, periodic motor vehicle inspection, driver licensing, driver and traffic safety education, codes and laws, and public information and education. Most of the proposed techniques could be implemented within already existing authority, although a few would require at least limited legislation. KW - Crash investigation KW - Government policies KW - Inspection KW - Law enforcement KW - Legislation KW - Manual safety belts KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Policy KW - Prevention KW - Public relations KW - Regulations KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167274 AU - Whittenburg, J A AU - Baker, G L AU - Social Systems Training and Research, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A FOLLOW UP EVALUATION OF THREE CLASSROOM-RANGE DRIVER IMPROVEMENT TRAINING PROGRAMS: 1970-1974 PY - 1977/09 SP - 99 p. AB - A long range follow up survey was conducted in May and June 1974 with over 3,600 United States Coast Guard (USCG) enlisted men who had received driver training and matched men who had not received such training between October 1970 and May 1974. Three types of training were conducted--combined classroom and range, classroom only, and range only. The effectiveness of driver training on subsequent driving performance can be summarized according to five criteria--reduction in accidents, traffic citations, dollar damage, injuries, and work days missed. One conclusion is consistent regardless of the performance measure used--driver training is effective in reducing the severity of accidents. Recommendations are made to develop individualized, integrated classroom and range driver training programs according to a modular approach, to maximize benefits. KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Specialized training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176006 AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ROLLOVER PROCEDURE - 45-DEGREE DOLLY ROLLOVERS PY - 1977/09 SP - 324 p. AB - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 presently contains requirements for a rollover test for vehicles equipped with passive restraint systems. In that test procedure, the test vehicle has no longitudinal velocity and thus the procedure does not closely simulate a real-world highway rollover. The objective of this program was to develop a rollover procedure in which the vehicle is oriented at 45 degrees to its line of travel. Four preliminary tests were conducted in accordance with the current FMVSS No. 208 procedure. Three 1972 Vega hatchbacks and one 1971 Vega notchback were used in these tests. Five 45 degrees Tests were conducted using 1972 Chevrolet Vega hatchbacks. Moment-of-inertia values were determined for one of the test vehicles. Vertical and lateral suspension force/deflection characteristics were measured for all five vehicles. Although the test conditions were controlled as closely as possible the vehicles did not exhibit identical roll characteristics, rolling between 1/2 and 1-1/2 times. The test vehicles were instrumented with linear accelerometers and roll-, pitch-, and yaw-rate measuring devices. Each vehicle contained two test dummies, in the right front and right rear seating positions, instrumented with head and chest triaxial accelerometers. KW - Accelerometers KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Deflection KW - Loads KW - Measurement KW - Pitch (Dynamics) KW - Research KW - Roll KW - Rolling KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - Suspension systems KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69919 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00176789 AU - Lummis, M AU - McSwain, N E AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAW REPEAL PY - 1977/09 SP - p. 1-13 AB - With the congressional forced relaxation of the enforcement of Department of Transportation standards many states are repealing the motorcycle helmet laws. Kansas was among the first to do so. An evaluation of the incidence of head injuries and comparison of the number of such injuries during the summer months (July, August and September) before the repeal and the same 3-month period after repeal of the law was completed. This evaluation along with helmet usage rates was undertaken in Kansas to evaluate the effect of the repeal of this law. Severity of the head injuries was evaluated by the Abbreviated Injury Scale and total severity of each inidividual accident was evaluated in the Injury Severity Score. Helmet usage during this time period decreased from greater than 95% to less than 10% on urban streets and less than 50% on major highways. An in-depth evaluation of the subsequent injury patterns and severity of injury will be discussed. /Author/ U1 - 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationInsurance Institute for Highway Safety-United States StartDate:19780915 EndDate:19780917 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Design KW - Head KW - Helmets KW - Impact studies KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Law enforcement KW - Motorcycles KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197709 AU - Krause, P B AU - Olshan, M D AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOUTH DAKOTA (SD): ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT (ASAP) ANALYTIC STUDY NO 5/6 - 1977, AN ANALYSIS OF ALCOHOL REHABILITATION EFFORTS PY - 1977/09 SP - 124 p. AB - The study examines the efficacy of problem drinker driver rehabilitation as a viable addition, or alternative, to traditional court punitive sanctions for driving while intoxicated. Two groups of clients were analyzed in a control group versus treatment group experimental design. The first group were regular SD:ASAP clients who were randomly assigned to treatment or control after January, 1974. The second group was a subset of SD:ASAP clients who became part of the national Short Term Rehabilitation (STR) study. The treatment outcome measures were the traditional DWI recidivism, analyzed with a survival rate methodology, and the recently developed questionnaire/interview scale scores measuring certain aspects of life activity. The recidivism comparisons were based on cohorts of clients formed quarterly with a follow-up period of 15 quarters. No evidence was found to suggest that rehabilitation made any difference in post-treatment drunk driving behavior. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholism KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Courts KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Questionnaires KW - Recidivism KW - Rehabilitation KW - South Dakota KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361181 AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Edwards, M L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Public Safety AU - Texas Office of Traffic Safety Administration TI - COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SPEED CONTROL STRATEGIES. VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1977/09 SP - 34 p. AB - This is the first of a two volume final statement of findings for Texas Traffic Safety Program contract no. 77-6300-30A whose goal was to develop a method for controlling traffic speeds which would increase the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies without increasing their manpower or operating costs. The study evaluates the effect of enforcement activities on vehicle speed both upstream and downstream of randomly located stationary patrol vehicles. Vehicle speeds were measured in both directions over several miles on test lengths of 2-lane and 4-lane highways under peak traffic conditions while the patrol car was parked parallel to the major traffic flow. Two separate programs were conducted. The first was a comparative evaluation of the effect of radar and non-radar equipped patrol vehicles. The second was an evaluation of two Speed Control Strategies to determine if the actual patrol vehicle presence could be eventually reduced without reducing its speed suppression capabilities. The study also evaluated the extent of the halo effect or zone of reduced speed, upstream or downstream of the stationary patrol vehicle. The report conclusions are intended to apply to a traffic population composed primarily of commuters. KW - Costs KW - Deployment KW - Halo effect KW - Law enforcement KW - Operating costs KW - Patrol KW - Radar devices KW - Radar vehicle detectors KW - Speed control KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197712 AU - Krause, P B AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF SD (SOUTH DAKOTA): ASAP (ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION) PROJECT) EFFORTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1977/09 SP - 55 p. AB - The report summarizes the 4-1/2 year, 2.5 million dollar South Dakota ASAP project in terms of the major countermeasure activity, productivity and ultimate impact on countermeasure activity, productivity and ultimate impact on alcohol related traffic accidents. The major operational expenditure, $715,000, went to law enforcement; this allocation proved to be highly successful as DWI arrests more than tripled from pre-ASAP arrest rates. The decision/treatment processes ubsystem supported pre-sentence investigation, prosecution, referral and drinker rehabilitation activities at a cost of $650,000. It can be shown that pre-sentence investigation and drinker diagnosis are effective in homogeneously grouping problem drinkers according to the status of their problem. Referrals to rehabilitation alternatives were based on the drinker diagnosis; it could not be shown, however, that any treatment program was effective in modifying drunk driving behavior. Public information and education received the least funding, $55,000. These expenditures were restricted to non-mass media campaigns, and any increase in project or problem recognition was slight and temporary. The best estimate of the project's influence on alcohol related traffic accidents was an immediate, small and temporary reduction. Post-project follow-up data do suggest, however, that the project maintained a dampening effect of a potentially increasing trend during the operational period. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Arrests KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191065 AU - Enserink, E AU - Dynamic Science AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - IMPACT TEST OF COMPACT VEHICLE WITH MODIFIED SIDE STRUCTURE, 35 MPH, 60 DEGREE IMPACT, TORINO-TO-VOLARE, TEST NO. 5 PY - 1977/09 SP - 62 p. AB - Test No. 5 of 11 tests conducted to investigate and improve crashworthiness of compact vehicle side structures. This test was run at 35 mph at a striking angle of 60 degrees. A 1975 Ford Torino was the bullet vehicle and a modified 1976 Plymouth Volare the target vehicle. Volare modifications included a heavier door beam, stronger beam-to-door connections, and tying the door structure into the sill. The modified vehicle showed significant improvement in intrusion and door velocity as compared to baseline tests. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Doors KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183084 AU - HARE, C T AU - Bradow, R L AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL EMISSION CORRECTION FACTORS FOR AMBIENT CONDITIONS PY - 1977/09 SP - 23 p. AB - To determine the effects of ambient conditions on emissions from light-duty diesels, 174 emission tests were conducted on four vehicles. The major program objective was estimation of a factor to correct NOx emissions to a standard humidity. Humidity effects on NOx emissions were found to be substantial and quite predictable. Relationships observed between other emissions and ambient conditions were relatively weak and unpredictable. /SASI/ KW - Diesel engines KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Humidity KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167293 AU - STALNAKER, R L AU - Alem, N M AU - BENSON, J B AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - VALIDATION STUDIES FOR HEAD IMPACT INJURY MODEL PY - 1977/09 SP - 541 p. AB - The objective of the study was to perform experiments involving the heads of sub-human primates and fresh unembalmed cadavers with sufficient precision and reliability so that a validation of an analytical model can be made for the impact situation, and to determine the brain injury mechanisms in the primate test from the pathology and engineering data obtained from the experiments. The static load-deflection response, and the resulting static principal strains on the skulls of two monkeys and one human cadaver, are reported. Thirty-nine live primate head impacts and two human cadaver head impacts are reported in the texts. Techniques for measuring epidural pressure during impact, strains on the skull, and placement of six accelerometers on the skull were developed. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accelerometers KW - Brain KW - Brain injuries KW - Cadavers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Deflection KW - Head KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Monkeys KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Traffic crashes KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167124 AU - Farris, R AU - Malone, T B AU - Kirkpatrick, M AU - Essex Corporation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF ALCOHOL INVOLVEMENT IN EXPOSED AND INJURED DRIVERS PY - 1977/09 SP - 116 p. AB - The primary objective of the study was to determine the relationship between alcohol and injury-producing automobile accidents. Alcohol related data collected from drivers involved in injury-producing accidents were compared with the same type of data collected from drivers who were similarly exposed to accident conditions but who did not have accidents. Results of the study indicate that over-involvement of alcohol exists in injury-producing automobile accidents to a highly significant degree. Efforts are supported to develop countermeasures designed to reduce the role alcohol plays in non-fatal as well as fatal type automobile accidents. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood chemical analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180858 AU - Blavelt, A A AU - Peters, R A AU - McRuer, D T AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOLID STATE DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING SYSTEM (SSDAPS), VOLUME I: SYSTEM SUMMARY. VOLUME II: DESCRIPTION, OPERATION, AND VERIFICATION TEST REPORT PY - 1977/09 SP - 97 p. AB - A portable data acquisition and analysis system is described. The system is designed for studies of vehicle dynamics, braking, and driver behavior. As such it consists of a full complement of instrumentation sensors; data acquisition and signal conditioning modules; 62 channel FM/VHF digital telemetry (46 active at this time); and base station with PDP-11 minicomputer, teletype, and digital magnetic tape drive. Several unique features include onboard computations of sideslip velocity and lateral position, road referenced accelerations, and drive line torque, plus an interactive driver display panel. KW - Automobiles KW - Behavior KW - Braking KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Data collection KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Equipment tests KW - Ground vehicles KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Minicomputers KW - Portable equipment KW - Signal processing KW - Solid state KW - Solid state devices KW - Telemetering data KW - Telemetry KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180784 AU - BURKES, J M AU - Cromack, J R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE TESTING OF AN IMPROVED DRIVER RESTRAINT SYSTEM FOR SUBCOMPACT CARS. VOLUME 2. FINAL REPORT PY - 1977/09 SP - 47 p. AB - The purpose of the program was to evaluate the performance of an improved driver restraint system for subcompact vehicles. The restraint system consisted of an air bag deployed from an energy absorbing steering column and an energy absorbing knee restraint. Test methodology consisted of controlled impact sled tests using anthropometric test devices and unembalmed cadavers as driver surrogates. For each test, the response of the surrogate was to be thoroughly documented with respect to the criteria established in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Number 208. KW - Air bags KW - Anthropometry KW - Automobiles KW - Cadavers KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorption KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Passenger restraints KW - Performance tests KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180798 AU - Cross, K D AU - Fisher, G AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorported AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF BICYCLE/MOTOR-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS: IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM TYPES AND COUNTERMEASURE APPROACHES. VOLUME 2. APPENDICES A-D PY - 1977/09 SP - 267 p. AB - Contents: Field investigator's instruction manual; Specimens of questionnaires and other data collection instruments; Post-interview evaluation procedures. KW - Bicycles KW - California KW - Colorado KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Florida KW - Interviewing KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180783 AU - BURKES, J M AU - Cromack, J R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PERFORMANCE TESTING OF AN IMPROVED DRIVER RESTRAINT SYSTEM FOR SUBCOMPACT CARS. VOLUME 1. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1977/09 SP - 30 p. AB - Nineteen dummy tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an improved driver restraint system. Impact conditions varied from frontal to 30 oblique and ranged in severity from 17.5 mph to 50 mph total velocity change. The results indicate that occupant protection is marginal at 50 mph and depends upon impact direction and occupant size -- the greater the obliquity of the impact direction from frontal, the greater the injury potential and the larger the occupant size, the greater the injury potential. Seventy-eight full-scale vehicle stopping tests were performed and documented. In every case the emergency locking retractors performed as specified. Three dummy tests were conducted to evaluate the influence of shoulder belt slack introduced by the occupant. Results indicate that under severe impact conditions (35 mph total velocity change) belt slack contributes to restraint system failure. KW - Anatomical models KW - Automobiles KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Evaluation KW - Failure KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger restraints KW - Performance tests KW - Protection KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Small car KW - Speed KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180797 AU - Cross, K D AU - Fisher, G AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorported AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF BICYCLE/MOTOR-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS: IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM TYPES AND COUNTERMEASURE APPROACHES. VOLUME 1. TEXT PY - 1977/09 SP - 305 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine the causes of bicycle/motor-vehicle accidents and to use data on accident causation to identify potential countermeasure approaches. Data were collected by interviews and on-site investigations for 753 non-fatal accidents and 166 fatal accidents. The sampling areas, each consisting of several contiguous counties, were located in California, Colorado, Florida, and Michigan. In addition to an analysis of descriptive data, accident cases were classified into 'problem types' based upon traffic context, accident causes, and target groups. A total of 36 unique problem types were identified; the ten most frequent problem types accounted for 67% of the fatal cases and 64% of the non-fatal cases. The results of the analyses of descriptive data are discussed and the distinguishing characteristics of each problem type are described. Potential countermeasure approaches are suggested for each problem type. KW - Bicycles KW - California KW - Colorado KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Fatalities KW - Florida KW - Interviewing KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180875 AU - Cross, K D AU - Fisher, G AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorported AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A STUDY OF BICYCLE/MOTOR-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS: IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM TYPES AND COUNTERMEASURE APPROACHES. VOLUME 3. APPENDICES E-G PY - 1977/09 SP - 264 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine the causes of bicycle/motor-vehicle accidents and to use data on accident causation to identify potential counter-measure approaches. Data were collected by interviews and on-site investigations for 753 non-fatal accidents and 166 fatal accidents. The sampling areas, each consisting of several contiguous counties, were located in California, Colorado, Florida, and Michigan. In addition to an analysis of descriptive data, accident cases were classified into problem types based upon traffic context, accident causes, and target groups. A total of 36 unique problem types were identified; the ten most frequent problem types accounted for 67% of the fatal cases and 64% of the non-fatal cases. The results of the analyses of descriptive data are discussed and the distinguishing characteristics of each problem type are described. Potential countermeasure approaches are suggested for each problem type. KW - Bicycles KW - California KW - Colorado KW - Crash causes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Florida KW - Highways KW - Interviewing KW - Michigan KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger transportation KW - Research KW - Safety and security KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180818 AU - Blauvelt, A A AU - Peters, R A AU - McRuer, D T AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SOLID STATE DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING SYSTEM (SSDAPS). VOLUME III. DESCRIPTION, INSTALLATION, CALIBRATION, AND OPERATING PROCEDURES PY - 1977/09 SP - 335 p. AB - A portable data acquisition and analysis system is described. The system is designed for studies of vehicle dynamics, braking, and driver behavior. As such it consists of a full complement of instrumentation sensors; data acquisition and signal conditioning modules; 62 channel FM/VHF digital telemetry (46 active at this time); and base station with PDP-11 minicomputer, teletype, and digital magnetic tape drive. Several unique features include onboard computations of sideslip velocity and lateral position, road referenced accelerations, and drive line torque, plus an interactive driver display panel. KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Data collection KW - Detectors KW - Equipment tests KW - Ground vehicles KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Minicomputers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Portable equipment KW - Signal processing KW - Solid state KW - Solid state devices KW - Telemetering data KW - Telemetry KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75245 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00176790 AU - Waller, P F AU - Griffin, L I AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE IMPACT OF A MOTORCYCLE LIGHTS-ON LAW PY - 1977/09 SP - p. 14-25 AB - The effect of a motorcycle lights-on law in North Carolina was examined by analyzing accident data for a six year period from 1972 through 1976. The law was implemented on September 1, 1973 when motorcycle activity was declining after reaching a peak during the summer months. The proportions of motorcycle crashes that were daylight multivehicle were compared with the similar proportions for all crashes. It was found that a significant decrease in these crashes occurred for motorcycles following the implementation of the law. A similar decrease was not observed for total crashes. It was concluded that the motorcycle lights-on law had the desired impact on daylight multivehicle crashes. /Author/ U1 - 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationInsurance Institute for Highway Safety-United States StartDate:19780915 EndDate:19780917 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Crash rates KW - Daylight KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Motorcycles KW - Safety KW - Vehicle lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73309 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00176802 AU - Treat, J R AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - TRI-LEVEL STUDY FO THE CAUSES OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: AN OVERVIEW OF FINAL RESULTS PY - 1977/09 SP - p. 391-403 AB - Final results of a Tri - Level Accident Causation Study are reported, as well as results of special analysis projects investigating the relationship of driver vision, knowledge, and psychological attributes to accident involvement. A total of 2,258 accidents investigated by technicians, and 420 accidents investigated by a multidisciplianry team are reported. Human factors were cited as probable causes in 93% of accidents, compared to 34% for environemtnal factors and 13% for vehiclular factors. Leading human factors included improper lookout, excessive speed, inattention, and improper evasive action. View obstructions and slick roads were leading environmental factors. The most frequently- involved vehicle factors were gross brake failure, in- adequate tread depth, side-to-side brake imbalance, and underinflation. Vision (especially poor dynamic visual acuity) and personality (especially poor personal and social adjustment) were related to accidents. However, knowledge of the driving task was not shown to be related. /Author/ U1 - 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationInsurance Institute for Highway Safety-United States StartDate:19780915 EndDate:19780917 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Brakes KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Environmental impacts KW - Human factors KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Personnel performance KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73315 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00176785 AU - Jones, I S AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE EFFECT OF SIDE DOOR REINFORCEMENT BEAMS AND 5 MPH ENERGY ABSORBING BUMPERS ON INJURY SEVERITY PY - 1977/09 SP - p. 113-126 AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of side door reinforcement beams in reducing occupant injury in side impacts and to determine whether cars fitted with 5 MPH energy absorbing bumpers, involved as the striking vehicle in side impacts, significantly affect the injury severity of occupants in the struck vehicle, particularly from the point of view of degrading any benefit obtained from the side door beam. The results are based on analyses of Level 2 accident data collected from the eight county area surrounding Buffalo. The data set covers the period November 1969 to April 1975, a total of 34,253 accidents. In looking at the effect of door beams on occupant injury, the data have been filtered so that only accidents in which the struck vehicle suffered compartment damage were included. The results of the study suggest that injury severity is reduced to some extent in vehicles equipped with side door beams but that the effect is small. For unrestrained occupants seated on the struck side, there was a significant side door beam benefit; for cars with side door beams, the proportion of no injuries was higher (65.1% vs. 13.0%). The effect was not as noticeable for restrained occupants. For occupants seated on the opposite side to that struck, door beams do not provide any significant benefit irrespective of restraint use. In terms of occupant protection, restraints offer significantly more benefit than side door beams. Cars fitted with energy absorbing bumpers present a less aggressive striking vehicle but the effect is small. Energy absorbing bumpers do not appear to degrade the benefit obtained from side door beams. /Author/ U1 - 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationInsurance Institute for Highway Safety-United States StartDate:19780915 EndDate:19780917 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Bumpers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Doors KW - Energy absorption KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Occupant restraint KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Severity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73304 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00176788 AU - Karlson, T A AU - BAKER, S AU - Morton, B F AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - FATALLY INJURED TRUCK DRIVERS PY - 1977/09 SP - p. 367-378 AB - Autopsy findings on 68 fatally injured truck drivers were reviewed to ascertain severe injuries sustained upon impact with the occupant compartments. Injures of the head, neck, chest, and abdomen in drivers of vans, pickups, and heavy trucks are discussed with some suggestions as to possible mechanisms. Findings suggest that particular attention is needed to prevent steering assembly injuries of the chest and abdomen in drivers of heavy trucks and pickups, injuries of the cervical spinal column in drivers of pickups, and head injuries of the drivers of vans. It is urged that existing knowledge of crash dynamics and occupant protection be applied to the prevention of injuries to truck occupants. /Author/ U1 - 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationInsurance Institute for Highway Safety-United States StartDate:19780915 EndDate:19780917 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Abdomen KW - Daily KW - Daily traffic pattern KW - Fatalities KW - Head KW - Injuries KW - Neck KW - Safety KW - Thorax KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73307 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00176781 AU - Simpson, H M AU - Warren, R A AU - Collard, D AU - Page-Valin, L AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - BARBITURATES AND ALCOHOL IN B.C. TRAFFIC FATALITIES PY - 1977/09 SP - p. 219-225 AB - Coroners' records and toxicology reports on 721 fatally injured drivers in British Columbia were examined. Of these, 594 who died within six hours of the crash were studies for alcohol and barbiturates inasmuch as previous work has shown that the frequency of testing is directly related to the time of death. Among these victims, a high rate of testing was found, with specimens for 505 (85%) of the victims being subjected to chemcial analyses. At least 46% of these drivers who died within six hours were found to be imparired, i.e., and B.A.C.'s in excess of 80 mg. %. The frequency for testing for barbiturates was less than the testing for alcohol, but, nevertheless, reasonably substantial with 197 victims being screened for barbiturates. Only five of these were postitive. The incidence of barbiturates is comparable to what has been found in other studies and the implications of these data for future work in the area are considered. /Author/ U1 - 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationInsurance Institute for Highway Safety-United States StartDate:19780915 EndDate:19780917 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Safety KW - Testing KW - Time KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73301 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00176784 AU - Moskowitz, H AU - Burns, M AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND VALIUM, SINGLY AND IN COMBINATION, UPON DRIVING-RELATED SKILLS PERFORMANCE PY - 1977/09 SP - p. 226-240 AB - Twelve male participants, ages 21-42, were tested in four laboratory sessions under diazepam alone, alcohol alone, diazepam and alcohol in combination, and placebos. The test battery included pursuit tracking, visual divided attention, and visual backward masking. Performance deficits were found under the separate treatments, with an additive effect under the combined alcohol-diazepam treatment. /Author/ U1 - 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationInsurance Institute for Highway Safety-United States StartDate:19780915 EndDate:19780917 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Additives KW - Driver performance KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Drugs KW - Drunk driving KW - Laboratory tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73303 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00176795 AU - Reed, M H AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - PEDIATRIC ROAD ACCIDENTS PY - 1977/09 SP - p. 391-403 AB - A prospective study was carried out of 195 children treated at our hospital between June 1, 1975 and December 31, 1976 for injuries sustained in road accidents. The most common type of accident was the motor-vehicle pedestrian accident (35%). This type frequently resulted in severe injuries, the most common of which was a fractured femur. Motor-vehicle passenger accidents comprised (24%) of the series. The injuries were not quite so severe and involved the skull, facial bones and upper extremities more frequently. Motor-vehicle bicycle accidents (8%) and motorcycle accidents (8%) were both uncommon, but the latter type in particular resulted in severe injures. Bicycle accidents not involving motor vehicles were the second most common type (26%) and the least dangerous. Most of the injuries in this group were upper extremity fractures. /Author/ U1 - 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationInsurance Institute for Highway Safety-United States StartDate:19780915 EndDate:19780917 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Adolescents KW - Bicycles KW - Bones KW - Crash investigation KW - Injuries KW - Injury severity KW - Minors KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Severity KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73312 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00176801 AU - Davis, M M AU - American Association for Automotive Medicine TI - A STUDY OF SOME SCHOOLBUS CRASHES PY - 1977/09 SP - p. 188-196 AB - Between 1972 and 1976 eleven school bus crashes were intensively investigated. One bus contained only the driver, another only one passenger. The remainder were partially or fully loaded so that a total of 312 passengers, in addition to the drivers, were involved. From the analyses of these accidents certain observations, conclusions, and recommendations are made. Improvements in schoolbus safety design are evolving. Emotional overreaction to a very few spectacular crashes must not be allowed to distort the schoolbus safety evaluation. /Author/ U1 - 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive MedicineNational Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationInsurance Institute for Highway Safety-United States StartDate:19780915 EndDate:19780917 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - School buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175965 AU - Mourant, R R AU - Moussa-Hamouda, E AU - Howard, J M AU - Wayne State University AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR FINGERTIP REACH CONTROLS PY - 1977/09 SP - 123 p. AB - This project was instituted to develop human factors recommendations for fingertip reach controls. Interviews were conducted with 405 drivers of cars equipped with fingertip reach controls. A high percentage of finding problems was reported when the horn was mounted on a stalk and also when the turn signal was on a right stalk. Drivers of configurations with two left stalks had a large percentage of operating problems for the turn signal and for the headlight beam selector. A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate modes of operation for the wiper on/off, wiper speed, and washer on/off functions when these controls were located on one left stalk. Subjects performed best when wiper on/off and wiper speed were controlled by a rotating hand switch. Performance on stalk mounted control functions was faster and required less direct looks than performance on dash mounted functions. It was recommended that the turn signal, headlight beam selector and flash-to-pass controls be located on one left stalk. It was also recommended that the wiper on/off, wiper speed and washer controls be located to the left of the driver at fingertip reach, and if stalk mounted, on the same stalk. Finally, it was suggested that future research be conducted on assessing the potential benefits of putting additional controls at fingertip reach. KW - Automobiles KW - Control KW - Control devices KW - Design KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Experimental design KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance tests KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175571 AU - Oates, JFJ AU - Dunlap and Associates Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TRAINING OF DRIVER LICENSING ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING OFFICERS PY - 1977/09 SP - 54 p. AB - Ten 2-day in-service training seminars were conducted for state motor vehicle agency personnel responsible for holding administrative hearings. Seminars focused on the legal, public safety, and interpersonal aspects of the hearing process. A total of 155 trainees from 10 states completed the seminars. Effectiveness and administrative evaluations disclosed that the seminars were highly successful in achieving the training objectives and were well-received by trainees. KW - Administration KW - Administrative procedures KW - Curricula KW - Drivers KW - Equipment replacement KW - Instructors KW - Meetings KW - On the job training KW - Prevention KW - Professional personnel KW - Safety KW - Social psychology KW - Specialized training KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169197 AU - Fell, J C AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - A PROFILE OF FATAL ACCIDENTS INVOLVING ALCOHOL PY - 1977/09 SP - 28 p. AB - Accident investigation studies were conducted during 1971-75 in the cities of Boston, Baltimore, Oklahoma City and Albuquerque where Alcohol Safety Action Programs (ASAPs) were operating. Analysis of the four studies, plus newly available data on fatal crashes revealed salient fatal accident characteristics associated with alcoholo: Single vehicle accidents are overrepresented and in multiple vehicle accidents the alcohol involved vehicle is the striking vehicle. The accidents tend to accur between 8:00 p.m. and 4:00 a.m. on weekends, involve older model vehicles which are probably poorly maintained, and there is an increased risk that speeding or travelling too fast for conditions is involved. An aggregate profile of the driver who typically was drinking and responsible for the crash appears to be a male, 20-35 years of age, who has no more than a high school education, is single, separated or divorced, has an increased risk of having a previous DWI arrest, or two or more speeding violations, may have a suspended or revoked license at the time of the crash, and is a heavy social or problem drinker. The findings suggest that the profile be utilized once the driver is brought into the system (for a DWI arrest or a second or third speeding violation) for further screening purposes and the appropriate countermeasure action. Published in proceedings of Conference of the American Association for Medicine (21st), Vancouver, British Columbia, 15-17 Sep 77. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Automobile makes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash types KW - Driver licenses KW - Drunk driving KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Human factors KW - Night KW - Probation KW - Safety and security KW - Speed KW - Transportation safety KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25400/25447/DOT-HS-802-711.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169747 AU - Joksch, H C AU - Reidy, JCJ AU - Ball, J T AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF A COMPREHENSIVE CAUSAL NETWORK. PHASE III: FINAL REPORT (VOLUME 1) PY - 1977/09 SP - 123 p. AB - A comprehensive causal network was constructed which gives a conceptual framework for accident-related factors. These factors are presented in graphical and tabular form. A coding scheme was developed to organize factors according to accident element (driver, vehicle, environment, traffic situation, etc.), time (long term and short term factors and events immediately preceding the crash), and hierarchical relationships. Uses of the network are discussed and recommendations for future study given. The construction of the causal network revealed gaps in information on causative factors and interactions--in particular the driver's perception and decision-making processes. KW - Analysis KW - Analyzing KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Decision making KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Environment KW - Highway traffic KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Networks KW - Perception KW - Planning KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169748 AU - Joksch, H C AU - Reidy, JCJ AU - Center for the Environment and Man, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF A COMPREHENSIVE CAUSAL NETWORK. VOLUME 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES PY - 1977/09 SP - 241 p. AB - This report describes how sources were identified, selected and reviewed; it summarizes the findings and presents a structural overview of the findings. An annotated and general bibliography and detailed reviews are in the appendices. KW - Analysis KW - Analyzing KW - Bibliographies KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Drivers KW - Highway traffic KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Networks KW - Planning KW - Reviews KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169273 AU - BURKES, J M AU - Peel, H H AU - Lawrason, G C AU - Cromack, J R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - RESPONSE OF CADAVER TEST SUBJECTS IN BELT RESTRAINTS PY - 1977/09 SP - 149 p. AB - Seven unembalmed cadavers were subjected to simulated flat barrier collisions to evaluate the effectiveness of various types of restraint systems. The deceleration profiles for the two vehicle types simulated and the representative restraint systems utilized were as follows: (1) 1974 full size automobile, front seat production lap and shoulder belt with retractors, velocity change of 30 mph; (2) 1974 compact automobile, front seat production lap and shoulder belt with retractors, velocity change of 25 mph; (3) 1972 compact automobile, front seat prototype Inflataband, velocity change of 32 mph. Each test was highly instrumented, and a detailed autopsy following each test was made to determine and document the extent of bodily injury sustained during the impact in accordance with the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) formulated by the American Medical Association. The results of these examinations indicate that severe thoracic and cervical injuries (including multiple rib fractures, fractures of the sternum, clavicle, and cervical vertebrae) are induced by the belted restraint systems. No injuries to the cadaver were observed when restrained by the Inflataband. KW - Automobiles KW - Bone fractures KW - Cadavers KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash diagrams KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Deceleration rate KW - Evaluation KW - Fractures (Anatomy) KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Neck KW - Passenger restraints KW - Prototype tests KW - Research KW - Restraint systems KW - Safety equipment KW - Shoulder harness KW - Shoulder harnesses KW - Simulation KW - Thorax KW - Velocity KW - Vertebrae UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168975 AU - Mucciardi, A N AU - Orr, E C AU - Chang, J K AU - Adaptronics, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS EFFECTIVENESS MODEL PY - 1977/09 SP - 108 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to construct a model capable of functionally relating highway safety (DOT/NHTSA) program outputs to (intermediate) risk factors and then to accidents, injuries and fatalities. The model inputs and outputs were obtained from a conceptual Causal Network which displayed the factors believed to influence the occurrence of an accident and their postulated interdependencies in leading to an accident. Also depicted in the network were the outputs of the highway safety activities as they were believed to interact with the intervening factors. KW - Casualties KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Functions KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Grant aid KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Networks KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Research management KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168997 AU - Bohn, P F AU - Keenan, R J AU - Prowznik, J AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - HYBRID COMPUTER VEHICLE HANDLING PROGRAM PY - 1977/09 SP - 379 p. AB - The hybrid computer simulation for vehicle handling studies has been in use for 4 years and has been validated for a large class of two-axle vehicles. The following suspensions can be simulated: (a) independent front and rear axles, (b) independent front with solid rear axle, (c) independent front and solid rear axle with dual rear tinres, (d) solid front and rear axles, and (e) solid front and rear axles with dual rear tires. Model validation was accomplished using parametric data representative of a 1974 Chevrolet Nova, 1973 VW Campmobile, a 1974 White Tractor, and various other automobiles and trucks. Braking, steering, and combinations of braking and steering were input to the simulated mathematical model for validation, and the simulation time histories were then compared to full-scale test data. The hybrid vehicle handling program can be used for general studies of vehicle dynamics. Performance of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration standard passenger car Vehicle Handling Test Procedures and calculation of the associated performance comparison variables are simulation options. A special interactive user's interface is available to allow program use by vehicle engineers as well as computer specialists. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Axles KW - Braking KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Hybrid simulation KW - Hybrids KW - Mathematical models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Testing KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Validation KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167275 AU - Ellingstad, V S AU - Struckman-Johnson, D L AU - University of South Dakota, Vermillion AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - INTERIM ANALYSIS OF STR PERFORMANCE AND EFFECTIVENESS. SHORT TERM REHABILITATION (STR) STUDY PY - 1977/09 SP - 251 p. AB - The development of criterion measures employed in analyses of the effectiveness of STR alcohol rehabilitation modalities are documented and include measures of direct traffic safety outcome criteria, measures of client drinking behavior comparable to criteria employed in previous evaluations of NIAAA treatment programs, and a set of factor analytically derived scales of client behavior designed to assess adjustment in a number of life adjustment dimensions. The report also provides a summary of alternative STR rehabilitation countermeasure programs, and presents demographic profiles of clients referred to alternative treatment and no-treatment conditions at the eleven STR sites. The results of interim assessments of STR treatment effectiveness within seven separate program level designs are also presented. Preliminary results indicate evidence of treatment effectiveness only for alcohol safety schools. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Personality KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318487 AU - Schroer, B J AU - Peyton, W F AU - University of Alabama, Huntsville AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF AUTOMOBILE INSPECTIONS ON ACCIDENT RATES PY - 1977/08/31 SP - 85 p. AB - The study was conducted to determine the effects the Alabama Auto Check automotive diagnostic inspection facility has had on the accident rate of Huntsville residents having accidents in Madison County, Alabama. A previous study indicated that the inspected vehicle was 12 percent less likely to be involved in an accident. The previous study observed the accident history of individual vehicles for 13 months and used one method of determining accident rate improvement. The present study on the other hand, observed the vehicles for 21 months and with the larger sample size used three independent methods of determining accident rate improvement. KW - Automobiles KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Inspection KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176241 AU - Fancher, P S AU - Winkler, C B AU - Mac Adam, C C AU - Segel, L AU - MALLIKARJUNARAO, C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - STEERING CONTROLLABILITY CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1977/08/31 SP - 189 p. AB - The relationship of the steering controllability characteristics of domestically-produced subcompact, compact, and intermediate size automobiles to specifications on yaw-rate gain and response time as developed in NHTSA research programs is examined through (1) an analytical survey of the yaw response of 1977 vehicles and (2) open- and closed-loop testing of 3 selected vehicles in modified and unmodified conditions. It is found that, with the exception of some vehicle models equipped with manual steering, the directional performance characteristics of currently produced subcompact, compact, and intermediate size cars lie within the 'optimum' region that has been defined through NHTSA research. It is recommended that further effort in defining safety-related handling requirements is needed before implementing vehicle performance specifications. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Feedback control KW - Human factors engineering KW - Intermediates KW - Kinetics KW - Motor reactions KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance based specifications KW - Reaction kinetics KW - Safety engineering KW - Specifications KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Yaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175546 AU - Rockwell, T H AU - Balasubramanian, K N AU - Kretovics, T AU - Wilfong, E J AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - THE UTILITY OF PERIPHERAL VISION TO MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS PY - 1977/08/01 SP - 252 p. AB - The study involved (1) the determination of the frequency of mirror usage by subjects in traffic maneuvers using their own cars and the associated extent of head turn during mirror usage, (2) the measurement of peripheral detection angles (PDA) as a function of target contrast, target speed, foveal attentional load, eye and head position, and subject age in a laboratory simulation, and (3) field validation studies. In Task 1, 45 subjects using their own vehicles yielded 4,400 mirror samples and associated head movements. Highlights include: (1) Greater head movement is associated with the left mirror compared to the inside mirror. The percent head turn (degree head turn/degrees to mirror) was 65% for the outside mirror versus 50% for the inside mirror. (2) Age differences were significant with older subjects exhibiting greater head movement for both mirrors. KW - Age KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Field of vision KW - Field tests KW - Head KW - Human factors engineering KW - Mirrors KW - Motion KW - Peripheral vision KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167378 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ACCIDENT RISK FORECASTING PY - 1977/08 SP - 98 p. AB - This bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in 1967, as related to accident forecasting. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal 'Highway Safety Literature' and are indexed by a keyword-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Adolescents KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Human factors engineering KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167137 AU - CLEVEN, A M AU - Dunlap and Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ORIENTATION SEMINARS FOR REVISED NHTSA CURRICULUM PACKAGES PY - 1977/08 SP - 72 p. AB - The purpose of the traffic safety training study was to introduce two revised NHTSA curriculum packages into the mainstream of teaching activity. These packages were the second editions of the 'Basic Training Course for Emergency Medical Technicians' and the 'Highway Safety Workshop for Traffic Court Judges.' The study involved development of a 15-hour seminar for each package, conduct of the seminars and all administrative responsibilities relative to the seminars. Sessions were included on the design of the revised curriculum package, instructional tasks required to prepare for and to teach the course, and sessions on planning, managing and evaluating the course. A complete curriculum package was developed for each seminar including a course guide for the training administrator, lesson plans for the seminar instructors and a study guide for the attendee. KW - Evaluation KW - Information systems KW - Instructional materials KW - Instructors KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Manuals KW - Medical personnel KW - Meetings KW - Methodology KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167139 AU - Hamilton, D O AU - Lunnenfeld, H AU - McBride, D AU - ROCKWELL INTERNATIONAL AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEM DESIGN REPORT FOR THE NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER DESIGN STUDY PY - 1977/08 SP - 519 p. AB - The study provides the system design and detailed specifications for the development and integration of software, hardware and procedural components of a rapid response capability for the National Driver Register. The first section of the report discusses design objectives, presents the overall system concept, and highlights key areas for further consideration. Section 2 describes the functioning of the system in considerably greater detail and provides specifications for software development and data base creation. Section 2 as presented is the system specification, with sufficient detail and supporting data in a suitable format for inclusion in a system implementation procurement document. Section 3 provides a plan for implementing the system, indicating milestones for accomplishment of key tasks while Section 4 provides a description of the planning to be addressed for testing and evaluating the developed system. Section 5 presents an analysis and projection of the costs for development and operation of a Rapid Response System. KW - Cost estimating KW - Drivers KW - Estimates KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Licenses KW - Records management KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167117 AU - Howell, W Y AU - Institute for Safety Analysis AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - WORKSHOPS IN ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURES FOR STATE AND LOCAL HIGHWAY SAFETY OFFICIALS PY - 1977/08 SP - 75 p. AB - A total of five three-day workshops were conducted in cities around the country to orient influential local officials in the alcohol highway safety area and to encourage them to initiate or intensify local alcohol highway safety action programs. An average of twenty participants attended each workshop; about one-third were from the enforcement (police) area, about one-third from state or local level alcohol and drug agencies; and the remainder from other agencies. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Local government KW - Meetings KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Specialized training KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168974 AU - BOBO, S N AU - Scapicchio, A J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - ULTRASONIC DETECTION OF OVERBUFFING IN RETREADED TIRES PY - 1977/08 SP - 40 p. AB - A study was performed to determine the feasibility of nondestructive inspection by the reflection ultrasound for damage from overbuffing of retreaded tires. Following the introduction, the report briefly describes the principles of the method. Then, the details of the study are discussed. In Part I, comparison of inspection for overbuffing of two tires by X-rays and reflection ultrasound conclusively showed that the latter technique was superior. In Part II, flaws of varying severity, deliberately introduced in six tires were identified by reflection ultrasound, positively in 24 instances and tentatively in the remainder. Subsequent X-ray inspection proved negative. The report ends with a brief section of conclusions and recommendations. KW - Buffing KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Quality control KW - Tires KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368823 AU - Gardner, N G AU - Ontario Ministry of Transportation & Communic, Can TI - THE ONTARIO TELEPHONE SEAT BELT SURVEY OCTOBER 1975. AN EVALUATION PY - 1977/08 SP - 25 p. AB - A telephone survey was conducted during October and November 1975 to study the level of seat belt use in Ontario and to measure the effectiveness of the media information campaign conducted earlier in the spring. The analysis of the results included examining several variables such as: the model year of car, place of manufacture, driver's socio-economic status, attitudes, knowledge of utility, knowledge of correct usage, age, sex, marital status, annual distance travelled, and number of years licensed. The analysis revealed that reported use is higher than the actual level. The level of increase in seat belt use found subsequent to the information campaign indicated that the program had very limited effect on seat belt use. The media information campaign had little success in eliminating two fallacies: seat belts are not effective in accidents where the car becomes submerged in water, or in accidents where the car catches on fire. The report suggests that future educational programs are needed. The media information campaign was relatively successful in changing people's attitude towards seat belt legislation. The percentage in favour rose from 42.1 percent in February to 48.5 percent in October 1975. KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Driver characteristics KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Human characteristics KW - Manual safety belts KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Publicity KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181908 AU - Scrimgeour, G F AU - Palmer, J A AU - Ripberger, R J AU - Indiana University, Bloomington AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SEMINARS FOR PROBATION-DIAGNOSIS-REFERRAL PERSONNEL IN ALCOHOL-HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAMS PY - 1977/08 SP - 72 p. AB - Eight short-term seminars were conducted to train approximately 15-25 alcohol countermeasures personnel at each site. The training package, 'Seminar in Alcohol and Highway Safety: Probation, Diagnosis, Referral and Rehabilitation', which was developed by Indiana University under a previous NHTSA-sponsored contract, was employed to train local personnel in the techniques and procedures for investigating, referring, and controlling drinking drivers according to the nature of their drinking problems. The seminar was provided with reasonable success at eight sites. The objectives, impact, unique features, and participants for each seminar are presented. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcohol usage KW - Alcohol use KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Crash investigation KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway safety KW - Meetings KW - Personnel development KW - Police KW - Rehabilitation KW - Specialized training KW - Studies KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192215 AU - Yeganiantz, L AU - Puerto Rico Traffic Safety Commission AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PUERTO RICO ALCOHOL SAFETY ACTION PROJECT. SECTION IV. VOLUME I. POST ASAP ANALYSIS OF PROJECT IMPACT ON ULTIMATE MEASURES OF PERFORMACE LEVEL III-ANALYTIC STUDY ONE, 1975-1976 PERIOD PY - 1977/08 SP - 202 p. AB - The report summarizes the results of the continued ASAP countermeasures, covering data for 18 months after termination of 403 funding. There was definite reduction in the number of fatal injuries, and fatal crashes from what was predicated by time series analysis using Box Jenkins approach. Data on vehicle miles of travel, were taken into consideration. The encouraging figures for the period should be considered in the fact, that the reduction of fatal accidents accurred at night and day time accidents did not change significantly. Using Time Series Analysis Technique known as "Intervention Analysis" it was concluded that continued ASAP activities resulted in a reduction of 2.8 fatal night-time accidents per month, starting in January, 1974 and continued through December, 1976. The same analysis made on data limited to baseline and ASAP operational period, did not show significant results. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Fatalities KW - Impact studies KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Time series analysis KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167268 AU - Johnston, D E AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF VEHICLES-IN-USE SUB-LIMIT MANEUVERS. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1977/08 SP - 37 p. AB - Automobile sub-limit performance maneuvers and measures were developed for investigating the influence of vehicles-in-use steering, suspension, and brake system degradation and tire factors on vehicle handling. The maneuvers and performance measures are directed at vehicle static and dynamic stability characteristics, vehicle controllability, driver workload, and vehicle path stability under unbalanced force or moment disturbance inputs. The NHTSA automobile simulation was modified to incorporate various steering and suspension degradations and was employed to guide selection of maneuver and component degradation levels for full-scale vehicle testing. A multi-vehicle test plan was outlined to extend the current vehicle data base, to refine the maneuvers and procedures developed in this program, and to initiate development of meaningful acceptability criteria for vehicles-in-use sub-limit performance testing. KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Maneuverability KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Suspension systems KW - Suspensions KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167294 AU - Hayes, G G AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TIRE-PAVEMENT INTERFACE VARIABILITY. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1977/08 SP - 174 p. AB - To account for or eliminate the effects of surface properties on vehicle handling performance measured in established open-loop tests, various measures of surface properties were compared to vehicle test results on disparate surfaces. None of the non-vehicle textural and friction measures correlated well with vehicle performance. However, the vehicle performance was relatively insensitive to pavement properties on dry, stable surfaces. The peak 'coefficient of friction' with partial braking using a tire tester was also insensitive to pavement differences. Surfaces that produced some differences in vehicle performance also produced relatively large differences in the locked-wheel 'coefficient of friction' obtained with a standard skid measurement system. On the pavements used, if the locked-wheel coefficient showed no significant difference between pavements, the vehicle performance measures also showed no significant difference. KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Computer programs KW - Differential thermal analysis KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Friction KW - Locked-wheel KW - Pavements KW - Road tests KW - Roads KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167303 AU - Bennett, R O AU - McIvor, I K AU - Robbins, D H AU - WANG, H C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODULAR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT FOR VEHICLE CRASH SIMULATION. VOLUME III. USERS' GUIDE FOR UMVCS-1 PY - 1977/08 SP - 284 p. AB - This guide is an instruction and information manual to enable the user to prepare an input data set for exercising the program. The guide describes the input quantities which must be provided to the executive section of the program; it also gives a description and sample output of the executive system, a description and sample of the output produced by the computer program, and an example problem including a sample data set and exercise of the program. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash diagrams KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167270 AU - Hinch, J AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - USING AN OUTFLOW METER TO PREDICT BRAKING TRACTION SPEED GRADIENTS AS A FUNCTION OF SURFACE TEXTURE PY - 1977/08 SP - 40 p. AB - The outflow meter was tested for use in prediction at speed gradient properties of a surface for both peak and slide traction coefficients. Several analytical methods were used to correlate gradient to outflow time resulting in fair correlation coefficients. The results of this test show the outflow meter can only determine trends in speed gradients. KW - Braking KW - Dynamic braking KW - Flow measurement KW - Forecasting KW - Highway grades KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Road tests KW - Roughness KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167284 AU - Pierce, R N AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - UNIFORM TIRE QUALITY GRADING TREADWEAR COURSE MONITORING PY - 1977/08 SP - 467 p. AB - A 400-mile public highways test course in the vicinity of San Angelo, Texas was used to accumulate data for the selection of Treadwear Course Monitoring Tires and the evaluation of their performance. The testing program, which was divided into three phases, consisted of 111 tests of 6400 miles each. The test plan required that each of 29 test tire sets and 9 spare tire sets be broken-in for 800 miles on the test course. The total program (all phases) provided for the completion of 44 radial tire tests, 38 belted-bias tire tests, and 29 bias tire tests between June 1975 and June 1976. The data collected upon measuring individual tires at 800-mile increments were provided to the UTOG Test Facility Manager at San Angelo. Summaries of the resultant wear rates and projected mileages are presented with the details of the test conduct and processes. KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Durability KW - Durability tests KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Grading KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Monitoring KW - Performance tests KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Texas KW - Tire treads KW - Tires KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167129 AU - Hayes, G G AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TIRE-PAVEMENT INTERFACE VARIABILITY. VOLUME I. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1977/08 SP - 23 p. AB - To account for or eliminate the effects of surface properties on vehicle handling performance measured in established open-loop tests, various measures of surface properties were compared to vehicle test results on disparate surfaces. None of the non-vehicle textural and friction measures correlated well with vehicle performance. However, the vehicle performance was relatively insensitive to pavement properties on dry, stable surfaces. The peak coefficient of friction with partial braking using a tire tester was also insensitive to pavement differences. Surfaces that produced some differences in vehicle performance also produced relatively large differences in the locked-wheel 'coefficient of friction' obtained with a standard skid measurement system. On the pavements used, if the locked-wheel coefficient showed no significant difference between pavements, the vehicle performance measures also showed no significant difference. KW - Brakes KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Friction KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Locked-wheel KW - Pavements KW - Road tests KW - Roads KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Texture KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167145 AU - Anderson, W J AU - McIvor, I K AU - Kimball, B S AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODULAR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT FOR VEHICLE CRASH SIMULATION. VOLUME II: PLASTIC HINGE EXPERIMENTS PY - 1977/08 SP - 186 p. AB - A large number of full-scale automotive box and channel beams have been tested to observe the formation of plastic hinges. The purpose of the testing was to establish a data bank for moment-angle and force-extension properties of various hinges as a basis for computer simulation of crushing of automobile frames. Some 88 tests were made for extensional, bending and torsional hinges in thin walled tubes. Results are in the form of figures of the load-deflection relationship and tables of parameters used to model the hinge behavior through analytical expressions. In addition, several buckling and combined-load tests were carried out to verify the theory and the computer code which were developed concurrently. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Bending KW - Buckling KW - Chassis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Dynamic tests KW - Frames KW - Hinges KW - Impact tests KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Torsion KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167116 AU - Faucette, B E AU - Jacobson, A AU - ABT Associates, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - YOUTH ALCOHOL EDUCATION MATERIAL DISSEMINATION AND PROMOTION PY - 1977/08 SP - 121 p. AB - Two educational products developed in full or in part by the Department of Transportation were the focus of this study. They were: the K-12 Alcohol Safety Curriculum Materials and a filmstrip, The Decision Is Yours. The objectives of the contract were: (1) to increase the distribution of the materials while studying the effects of alternative printed media promotion techniques; (2) to gather data on the effectiveness of the underlying curriculum development model; and (3) to create guidelines for future curriculum development and materials dissemination projects. The marketing evaluation identified direct mail marketing as a more cost-effective and sales productive technique that magazine advertising; it also identified key buyer groups in the school system for this kind of material. A user survey administered to product users was designed to gather data on curriculum design strength, weakness, and effectiveness, as well as overall customer satisfaction. KW - Adolescents KW - Alcoholism KW - Alcohols KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curricula KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Highway safety KW - Instructional materials KW - Manuals KW - Marketing KW - Minors KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Product development KW - Promoting KW - Promotion KW - Publicity KW - Sales KW - Schools KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167135 AU - Johnson, A K AU - HU, A S AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - New Mexico State University, Las Cruces TI - REVIEW OF HEAD ROTATIONAL MEASUREMENTS DURING BIOMECHANICAL IMPACT TESTS PY - 1977/08 SP - 44 p. AB - The report reviews methods used to measure head rotation during biomechanical impact tests. It reviews the nine linear accelerometer configuration to measure angular acceleration, and discusses angular velocity sensors as alternatives to the nine accelerometer configuration. These methods will be evaluated in terms of weight and of accuracy in establishing angular acceleration, velocity and displacement. KW - Accelerators (Devices) KW - Accelerometers KW - Angular acceleration KW - Angular velocity KW - Biophysics KW - Calibration KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Head KW - Impact acceleration KW - Impact tests KW - Kinematics KW - Linear accelerators KW - Linear control systems KW - Measurement KW - Rotation KW - Set forward force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167144 AU - McIvor, I K AU - Anderson, W J AU - Wineman, A S AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - MODULAR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT FOR VEHICLE CRASH SIMULATION. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT, TEST RESULTS AND THEORY PY - 1977/08 SP - 136 p. AB - The objective of the project was to develop a computer simulation for vehicle structures under general crash conditions. The program has an user oriented modular structure designed for maximum flexibility in the synthesis of vehicle models. The volume contains recommendations for future development of vehicle simulations; A description of the general program structure, modeling capability, and solution procedure for the simulation program UMVCS-1; The experimental and predicted results for static and dynamic validation tests; A modeling study of an actual vehicle dynamic frame test; The analytical studies on which the modeling elements of UMVCS-1 are based. KW - Automobile bodies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dynamic tests KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicle bodies KW - Motor vehicles KW - Plastic deformation KW - Plasticity tests KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Static tests KW - Traffic crashes KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167042 AU - BOYD, P L AU - Walston, WHJ AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - EFFECT OF RATE OF CHANGE OF SLIP ON THE PEAK BRAKING COEFFICIENT OF PASSENGER CAR TIRES PY - 1977/08 SP - 75 p. AB - The peak braking coefficient was measured for five tires at six rates of change of slip on three wet surfaces, and a slick tire was tested on dry asphalt. The difference in braking coefficient for a tire-pavement combination over the range of rates of change of slip varied from 3.6 to 33.6 percent. In general, the effect of rate of change of slip was more pronounced with slick tires and low coefficient surfaces. In cases where statistically significant differences existed on wet surfaces, the highest coefficients occurred most often at intermediate rates of change of slip (between 36%/sec and 100%/sec), and the lower coefficients were usually measured at both very fast and very slow rates of change of slip. It is hypothesized that a reduction in the rate of change of slip causes an increase in the peak braking coefficient on a dry surface but increases the probability of partial hydroplaning on a wet surface. The balance between these two conflicting effects causes the peak braking coefficient to be maximum at intermediate rates of change of slip on many wet surfaces. KW - Automobiles KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Coefficients KW - Hydroplaning KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slip coefficient KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175545 AU - BURG, A AU - Beers, J AU - Brenner, M E AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A VISIBILITY RESEARCH CAPABILITY PY - 1977/08 SP - 220 p. AB - A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of developing a capability of conducting valid research in driver visibility, that will provide realistic stimulus situations to the driver and accurately measure the relevant aspects of his performance in response to these situations. A set of requirements was set forth by NHTSA for use as guidelines in appraising the potential success of a number of alternative technical approaches in developing this visibility research capability. Through a review of the literature, discussions with resource people and visits to facilities at which relevant equipment and/or activities could be seen, a number of alternative approaches were comparatively evaluated. The study recommendations were that simulation employing motion picture displays be considered as a short-term means for conducting the desired research, and that on a long term basis, consideration be given to the use of simulation with computer-generated imagery, possibly in combination with other visual display techniques. Performance specifications are set forth for each of these simulation approaches. KW - Automotive engineering KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field of vision KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors engineering KW - Imagery KW - Information display systems KW - Information processing KW - Motion pictures KW - Planning KW - Research KW - Research management KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Training simulators KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168982 AU - Yeganiantz, L AU - Puerto Rico Traffic Safety Commission AU - Yeganiantz (Levon) AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - POST-ASAP ANALYSIS OF PROJECT IMPACT ON ULTIMATE MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE, 1975-76 PERIOD PY - 1977/08 SP - 203 p. AB - The report summarizes the results of the continued ASAP (Alcohol Safety Action Project) countermeasures, covering data for 18 month after termination of 403 funding. There was definite reduction in the number of fatal injuries, and fatal crashes from what was predicated by time series analysis using Box Jenkins approach. Data on vehicle miles of travel, were taken into consideration. The encouraging figures for the period should be considered in the fact, that the reduction of fatal accidents occurred at night and day time accidents did not change significantly. Using Time Series Analysis Technique known as 'Intervention Analysis' it was concluded that continued ASAP activities resulted in a reduction of 2.8 fatal night-time accidents per month, starting in January, 1974 and continued through December, 1976. The same analysis made on data limited to baseline and ASAP operational period did not show significant results. KW - Alcohol Safety Action Program KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Asap (Alcohol safety action program) KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Days KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fatalities KW - Human factors engineering KW - Impact studies KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Night KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Puerto Rico KW - Rehabilitation KW - Safety KW - Time series analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167118 AU - Hamilton, D O AU - Rockwell International AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYSTEM DEFINITION REPORT FOR THE NATIONAL DRIVER REGISTER DESIGN STUDY PY - 1977/08 SP - 566 p. AB - The principal objectives of this effort are to determine if the development of an NDR rapid response capability is required, and to identify feasible approaches consistent with the established user needs. Emphasis is placed on identifying approaches applicable to the widest range of expressed user needs and consistent with their existing and planned system capabilities. Additionally, particular attention is directed towards defining approaches to improve system responsiveness and efficiency within realistic cost limits. KW - Cost estimating KW - Drivers KW - Estimates KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Licenses KW - Records management KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169773 AU - Beddow, B AU - PEIZER, J AU - Mennella, L AU - Kappa Systems, Incorporated AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - NATIONAL PARTS RETURN PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1977/07/01 SP - 369 p. AB - The National Parts Return Program involves the voluntary submittal by independent automotive repair shops of failed automotive components. The purpose of this program is to gather information on these components to assist the NHTSA in identifying the existence of safety-related manufacturing defects in design, materials, construction, or performance of motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment. Under authority of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966, as amended, the NHTSA can require manufacturers to conduct safety defect recall remedy campaigns when it has been determined that a defect relating to motor vehicle safety exists. In addition, the information obtained from these parts is also valuable in preparing Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Crash investigation KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Manufacturing KW - Motor vehicle industry KW - Motor vehicles KW - Repair shops KW - Safety KW - Spare parts KW - Standards KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167374 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - PEDESTRIANS: A SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM HIGHWAY SAFETY LITERATURE PY - 1977/07 SP - 361 p. AB - This bibliography represents literature acquired since the establishment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in 1967, as related to the pedestrian. It is comprised of NHTSA contract reports, reports of other organizations concerned with highway safety, and articles from periodicals in related fields. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal 'Highway Safety Literature' and are indexed by a key-word-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Bibliographies KW - Bicycles KW - Highway traffic control KW - Human factors engineering KW - Injuries KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167347 AU - Flynn, L AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION - 1976, A SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHY FROM HIGHWAY SAFETY LITERATURE PY - 1977/07 SP - 180 p. AB - As a supplement to the 1967-1973 and 1973-1975 editions this bibliography cites documents published from January 1976 through December 1976. Citations follow the format used in the monthly abstract journal 'Highway safety literature' and are indexed by a keyword-out-of-context (KWOC) listing, author, corporate author, contract number, and report number. KW - Bibliographies KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Human factors engineering KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167132 AU - Joncas, K P AU - Avco Systems Division AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIAGNOSTIC MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS, PROGRAM ENGINEERING SUPPORT. VOLUME 11. APPENDIX J. QUALITY AUDIT OF DIAGNOSTIC DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS AND REPAIR AGENCIES PY - 1977/07 SP - 374 p. AB - This report describes work done by the program engineering support contractor in the conduct of the Motor Vehicle Diagnostic Inspection Demonstration Program operated under Title 3 of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (PL 92-513). It discusses the technical support provided, the independent investigations and evaluations carried out, and the analytic procedures and techniques developed and implemented. Both conclusions and recommendations are included. The report consists of eleven volumes. Volume 11 contains a Quality audit of diagnostic demonstration projects and repair agencies. KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Alabama KW - Alignment KW - Arizona KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Brakes KW - Cost engineering KW - Data collection KW - Fuel systems KW - Headlamps KW - Inspection KW - Lifts KW - Measuring instruments KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle engines KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Puerto Rico KW - Repair shops KW - Safety KW - Steering gears KW - Tennessee KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167125 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY RELATED RECALL CAMPAIGNS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES AND MOTOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT, INCLUDING TIRES; DETAILED REPORTS FROM JANUARY 1 THROUGH MARCH 31, 1977 PY - 1977/07 SP - 509 p. AB - The report contains detailed information regarding defect recall campaigns conducted by domestic and foreign automobile and equipment and tire manufacturers during the first quarter of 1977. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Automobiles KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Industries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Safety KW - Tires KW - Trailers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167055 AU - Joncas, K P AU - Avco Systems Division AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DIAGNOSTIC MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS, PROGRAM ENGINEERING SUPPORT. VOLUME 10. APPENDIX I. EFFICIENCY OF FACILITY DESIGNS EMPLOYED PY - 1977/07 SP - 144 p. AB - As part of the motor vehicle diagnostic inspection demonstration projects conducted under Title III of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act; Avco, in its role as engineering support contractor, has performed an efficiency assessment of facilities which are designed to conduct diagnostic-inspections. The experiences of the projects operated in the states of Alabama, Arizona and Tennessee, in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and in the District of Columbia form the basis of the evaluations. The intent is to develop operational designs which are compatible with a future, full scale implementation of diagnostic inspection. KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Alabama KW - Alignment KW - Arizona KW - Brakes KW - Cost engineering KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fuel systems KW - Headlamps KW - Inspection KW - Lifts KW - Measuring instruments KW - Methodology KW - Motor vehicle engines KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Planning KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Puerto Rico KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Steering gears KW - Tennessee KW - Test facilities KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56669 ER -