FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Heimer, NE Wilkes, JS Wahlbeck, PG Carper, WR AF Heimer, NE Wilkes, JS Wahlbeck, PG Carper, WR TI C-13 NMR relaxation rates in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium butanesulfonate SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID CHEMICAL-SHIFT ANISOTROPY; SPIN-LATTICE RELAXATION; REORIENTATIONAL DYNAMICS; 1-BUTYL-3-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE; ETHYLALUMINUM DICHLORIDE; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; SULFATE ANIONS; H-1 DIFFUSION; TEMPERATURE; SALTS AB A new method of obtaining molecular reorientational dynamics from C-13 spin-lattice relaxation data of aromatic carbons in viscous solutions is applied to C-13 relaxation data of both the cation and anion in the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium butanesulfonate ([EMIM]BSO3). C-13 pseudorotational correlation times are used to calculate corrected maximum NOE factors from a combined isotropic dipolar and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) equation. These corrected maximum NOE factors are then used to determine the dipolar relaxation rate part of the total relaxation rate for each aromatic C-13 nucleus in the imidazolium ring. Rotational correlation times are compared with viscosity data and indicate several [EMIM]BSO3 phase changes over the temperature range from 278 to 328 K. Modifications of the Stokes-Einstein-Debye (SED) model are used to determine molecular radii for the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation. The Hu-Zwanzig correction yields a cationic radius that compares favorably with a DFT gas-phase calculation, B3LYP/(6-311 + G(2d,p)). Chemical shift anisotropy values, Delta sigma, are obtained for the ring and immediately adjacent methylene and methyl carbons in the imidazolium cation and for the three carbon atoms nearest to the sulfonate group in the anion. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Chem, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. Wichita State Univ, Dept Chem, Wichita, KS 67260 USA. RP Carper, WR (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Chem, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM Bob.Carper@wichita.edu NR 49 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JAN 26 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 3 BP 868 EP 874 DI 10.1021/jp056045+ PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 008MY UT WOS:000235046100005 PM 16419983 ER PT J AU Wang, X Ma, N Bliss, DF Iseler, GW Becla, P AF Wang, X Ma, N Bliss, DF Iseler, GW Becla, P TI Comparing modified vertical gradient freezing with rotating magnetic fields or with steady magnetic and electric fields SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th American Conference on Crystal Growth and Epitaxy/12th US Workshop on Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy* CY JUL 10-OCT 15, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT DE fluid flows; magnetic fields; segregation; growth from melt; VGF technique ID CRYSTAL-GROWTH; CYLINDER AB This investigation treats the flow of molten gallium -antimonide and the dopant transport during the vertical gradient freezing process using submerged heater growth. A rotating magnetic field or a combination of steady magnetic and steady electric fields is used to control the melt motion. This paper compares the effects of these externally applied fields on the transport in the melt and on the dopant segregation in the crystal. Crystal growth in a combination of steady magnetic and electric fields produces a crystal with more radial and axial dopant homogeneity than growth in a rotating magnetic field. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Iseler Associates, Chelmsford, MA 01824 USA. Solid State Sci, Hollis, NH 03049 USA. RP Ma, N (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Campus Box 7910, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM nancy_ma@ncsu.edu NR 6 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 287 IS 2 BP 270 EP 274 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.036 PG 5 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 008WO UT WOS:000235071600013 ER PT J AU Raghothamachar, B Bai, J Dudley, M Dalmau, R Zhuang, DJ Herro, Z Schlesser, R Sitar, Z Wang, BG Callahan, M Rakes, K Konkapaka, P Spencer, M AF Raghothamachar, B Bai, J Dudley, M Dalmau, R Zhuang, DJ Herro, Z Schlesser, R Sitar, Z Wang, BG Callahan, M Rakes, K Konkapaka, P Spencer, M TI Characterization of bulk grown GaN and AlN single crystal materials SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th American Conference on Crystal Growth and Epitaxy/12th US Workshop on Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy CY JUL 10-OCT 15, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT DE defects; high resolution X-ray diffraction; X-ray topography; single crystal growth; aluminum nitride; gallium nitride ID ALUMINUM NITRIDE; SUBLIMATION AB Sublimation method, spontaneously nucleated as well as seeded on SiC substrates, has been employed for growing AIN bulk crystals. For GaN growth, in addition to the sublimation method using sapphire substrates, ammonothermal growth (analogous to the hydrothermal method) on HVPE GaN seeds is also being used. Thick plates/films of AIN and GaN grown by these methods have been characterized by synchrotron white beam X-ray topography (SWBXT) and high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD). Results from a recent set of growth experiments are discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Solid State Sci Corp, Hollis, NH 03049 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RP Raghothamachar, B (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Old Eng Rm 311, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM braghoth@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Raghothamachar, Balaji/B-1094-2008 NR 18 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 EI 1873-5002 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 287 IS 2 BP 349 EP 353 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.042 PG 5 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 008WO UT WOS:000235071600030 ER PT J AU Wang, BG Callahan, MJ Rakes, KD Bouthillette, LO Wang, SQ Bliss, DF Kolis, JW AF Wang, BG Callahan, MJ Rakes, KD Bouthillette, LO Wang, SQ Bliss, DF Kolis, JW TI Ammonothermal growth of GaN crystals in alkaline solutions SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th American Conference on Crystal Growth and Epitaxy/12th US Workshop on Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy* CY JUL 10-OCT 15, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT DE retrograde solubility; bulk crystal growth; the ammonothermal technique; GaN; characterization ID SUPERCRITICAL AMMONIA; ALUMINUM; NITRIDE; GALLIUM AB A method for the growth of GaN bulk crystals under ammonothermal conditions is described. Gallium nitride is shown to have a retrograde solubility in ammonobasic solutions. Using polycrystalline GaN as nutrient and hydride vapor phase epitaxy GaN templates as seeds, the crystals were grown in the hot zone. The ammonothermal growth experiments were carried out in ammonobasic solutions in high nickel content autoclaves for up to 3 weeks. Growth rates up to 50 mu m/day were achieved and single crystals of GaN up to 10 x 10 x 1 mm(3) were obtained. The ammonothermal crystals are of high quality, as characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution X-ray diffraction and photo luminescence measurements. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Solid State Sci Co,Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Solid State Sci Corp, Hollis, NH 03049 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Wang, BG (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Solid State Sci Co,Sensors Directorate, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM buguo@solidstatescientific.com NR 13 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 287 IS 2 BP 376 EP 380 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.048 PG 5 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 008WO UT WOS:000235071600036 ER PT J AU Wang, BG Callahan, MJ Bouthillette, LO Xu, CC Suscavage, MJ AF Wang, BG Callahan, MJ Bouthillette, LO Xu, CC Suscavage, MJ TI Hydrothermal growth and characterization of nitrogen-doped ZnO crystals SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th American Conference on Crystal Growth and Epitaxy/12th US Workshop on Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy* CY JUL 10-OCT 15, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT DE p-type; nitrogen-doped ZnO; hydrothermal growth; Hall measurements; photoluminescence ID P-TYPE ZNO; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; ZINC-OXIDE; THIN-FILMS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; ACCEPTORS AB Hydrothermal growth of nitrogen-doped ZnO crystals was performed in alkaline solutions with the addition of 1 N LiNO3 at T-dissoultion/T-growth = 365 degrees C/350 degrees C, and in a 20% NH4OH solution at 490 degrees C/475 degrees C, respectively. An average nitrogen concentration of approximately 10(18) at atom/cm(3) was incorporated in the crystals. X-ray diffraction showed that the crystals grown from the 1 M LiNO3 solution are of high quality, exhibiting high resistivity. The spontaneously nucleated crystals were obtained from the NH40H solution; a weak peak at 3.236 eV and a peak at 3.332 eV of photoluminescence were found at 18 K from these crystals after annealing at 600 degrees C for 2h. The emission peaks correspond to the nitrogen-associated donor-acceptor pair (DAP) and electron-acceptor emissions in ZnO:N prepared by other techniques reported in the literature. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Solid State Sci Corp, SNHC,Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. Solid State Sci Corp, Hollis, NH 03049 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Phys, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Wang, BG (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Solid State Sci Corp, SNHC,Sensors Directorate, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM buguo@solidstatescientific.com NR 20 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 287 IS 2 BP 381 EP 385 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.049 PG 5 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 008WO UT WOS:000235071600037 ER PT J AU Van Nostrand, JE Averett, KL Cortez, R Boeckl, J Stutz, CE Sanford, NA Davydov, AV Albrecht, JD AF Van Nostrand, JE Averett, KL Cortez, R Boeckl, J Stutz, CE Sanford, NA Davydov, AV Albrecht, JD TI Molecular beam epitaxial growth of high-quality GaN nanocolumns SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th American Conference on Crystal Growth and Epitaxy/12th US Workshop on Organometallic Vapor Phase Epitaxy* CY JUL 10-OCT 15, 2005 CL Big Sky, MT DE GaN photoluminescence; transmission electron microscopy; GaN nanocolumns ID ALGAN NANOCOLUMNS; LUMINESCENCE AB Vertically oriented gallium nitride (GaN) nanocolumns (NCs) approximately 90 + 10 nm wide and 0.75 nm tall were grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on Al2O3 (0001) and Si(111). The dense packing of the NCs gives them the appearance of a continuous film in surface view, but cross-sectional analysis shows them to be isolated nanostructures. Low-temperature photoluminescence measurements of NCs show excitonic emission with a dominant, narrow peak centered at 3.472 eV and FWHM of 1.26 meV. This peak is identified as the ground state of the A free exciton as confirmed by reflection measurements. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy identifies the NC microstructure as wurtzite GaN and that the NCs are largely free of defects. The GaN NCs are subsequently utilized as a defect-free vehicle for optical studies of Si-doped GaN; and the donor state was identified through low-temperature photoluminescence experiments. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Van Nostrand, JE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Joseph.VanNostrand@wpafb.af.mil RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 15 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 25 PY 2006 VL 287 IS 2 BP 500 EP 503 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.11.073 PG 4 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 008WO UT WOS:000235071600062 ER PT J AU Kaspi, R Ongstad, AP Dente, GC Chavez, JR Tilton, ML Gianardi, DM AF Kaspi, R Ongstad, AP Dente, GC Chavez, JR Tilton, ML Gianardi, DM TI High performance optically pumped antimonide lasers operating in the 2.4-9.3 mu m wavelength range SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-CASCADE LASERS; MIDINFRARED LASER; LOW CONFINEMENT; GROWTH AB We provide an update on the further development of optically pumped semiconductor lasers based on the InAs/InGaSb/InAs type-II quantum wells. We show increased power generation, as well as the inherent flexibility to produce devices that can emit at any wavelength in the similar to 2.4 mu m to similar to 9.3 mu m range with consistently high photon-to-photon conversion rates. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Adv Tact Syst Branch AFRL DELS, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Boeing Co, Def & Space Grp, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RP Kaspi, R (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Adv Tact Syst Branch AFRL DELS, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM ron.kaspi@kirtland.af.mil NR 13 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 23 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 4 AR 041122 DI 10.1063/1.2170423 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 007KV UT WOS:000234968600022 ER PT J AU Ziegler, A Idrobo, JC Cinibulk, MK Kisielowski, C Browning, ND Ritchie, RO AF Ziegler, A Idrobo, JC Cinibulk, MK Kisielowski, C Browning, ND Ritchie, RO TI Atomic-resolution observations of semicrystalline intergranular thin films in silicon nitride SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; EQUILIBRIUM THICKNESS; GRAIN-BOUNDARIES; CERAMICS; BETA-SI3N4; PHASES AB Nanoscale intergranular films in doped silicon-nitride ceramics are known to markedly affect toughness and creep resistance. They are regarded as being fully amorphous, but are shown here to have a semicrystalline structure in a Ce-doped Si3N4. Using two different but complementary high-resolution electron-microscopy methods, the intergranular atomic structure, imaged with sub-angstrom resolution, reveals that segregated cerium ions take very periodic positions, along the intergranular-phase/matrix-grain interface and as a semicrystalline structure spanning the width of the intergranular phase. This result has broad implications for the understanding of the structure and role of the intergranular phase in enhancing the mechanical properties of ceramics. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Natl Ctr Electron Microscopy, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ritchie, RO (reprint author), Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM roritchie@lbl.gov RI Ritchie, Robert/A-8066-2008; Idrobo, Juan/H-4896-2015; OI Ritchie, Robert/0000-0002-0501-6998; Idrobo, Juan/0000-0001-7483-9034; Browning, Nigel/0000-0003-0491-251X NR 22 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 23 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 4 AR 041919 DI 10.1063/1.2168021 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 007KV UT WOS:000234968600042 ER PT J AU Matson, CL Tyler, DW AF Matson, CL Tyler, DW TI Primary and secondary superresolution by data inversion SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT OSA Topical Meeting on Signal Recovery and Synthesis CY JUN, 2005 CL Charlotte, NC SP Opt Soc Amer ID SPHEROIDAL WAVE-FUNCTIONS; FOURIER-ANALYSIS; SUPPORT CONSTRAINTS; UNCERTAINTY; EXTRAPOLATION; RESTORATION; RESOLUTION; SPECTRUM; DESIGN; IMAGES AB Superresolution by data inversion is the extrapolation of measured Fourier data to regions outside the measurement bandwidth using postprocessing techniques. Here we characterize superresolution by data inversion for objects with finite support using the twin concepts of primary and secondary superresolution, where primary superresolution is the essentially unbiased portion of the superresolved spectra and secondary superresolution is the remainder. We show that this partition of superresolution into primary and secondary components can be used to explain why some researchers believe that meaningful superresolution is achievable with realistic signal-to-noise ratios, and other researchers do not. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Starfire Opt Range, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, Starfire Opt Range, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM david.tyler@optics.arizona.edu NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JAN 23 PY 2006 VL 14 IS 2 BP 456 EP 473 DI 10.1364/OPEX.14.000456 PG 18 WC Optics SC Optics GA 008AG UT WOS:000235012000002 PM 19503361 ER PT J AU Claflin, B Look, DC Park, SJ Cantwell, G AF Claflin, B Look, DC Park, SJ Cantwell, G TI Persistent n-type photoconductivity in p-type ZnO SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Materials for Advanced Technologies (ICMAT-2005)/9th International Conference on Advanced Materials (ICAM 2005) CY JUL 03-08, 2005 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE SP Int Union Mat Res Soc, Mat Res Soc Singapore, Suntec Int Convent & Exhibit Ctr DE mixed conduction; persistent photoconductivity (ppc); photo-hall-effect; p-type ZnO; zinc oxide; semiconducting II-VI materials ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; ZN3N2 THIN-FILMS; EMITTING-DIODES; ADMITTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OXIDE SEMICONDUCTORS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CODOPING METHOD; ZINC-OXIDE; FABRICATION; HETEROJUNCTION AB Research activity on ZnO has increased over the past few years, with particular interest in potential electronic and optical device applications such as transparent field-effect transistors (FETs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). High-quality bulk and epitaxial samples have been prepared using a variety of growth techniques; however, progress on ZnO-based devices has been limited by the lack of reliable and reproducible p-type doping. Unintentionally doped ZnO films usually exhibit n-type conduction, generally attributed to interstitial H or Zn, oxygen vacancies, or substitutional impurities such as Al-Zn serving as shallow donors. Recent efforts have demonstrated p-type conduction using N, P, As and Sb as acceptor dopants, with hole concentrations as high as 10(19)cm(-3). In this work, the electrical properties of N- and P-doped p-type ZnO are characterized by temperature-dependent Hall-effects and photo-Hall-effects. An MBE-grown ZnO:N homoepitaxial layer exhibits weak p-type conduction with an acceptor energy E-A approximate to 90meV in the dark and n-type photoconduction with a peak electron mobility at low temperature mu(n) > 850 cm(2)/V s under blue/UV light. This n-type photoconductivity persists for days when the sample is maintained in the dark, under vacuum, at room temperature. A sputtered ZnO:P film shows degenerate p-type conduction with p approximate to 4 x 10(18) cm(-3) and a hole mobility mu(p) approximate to 3 cm(2)/V s in the dark at room temperature. Under blue/UV light exposure, this P-doped sample undergoes a classic-mixed conduction transition from p-type to n-type where the carrier concentration exhibits a singularity, the Hall mobility (mu(H)) goes to zero and both change sign as the temperature is increased. However, the n-type photoconductivity persists and no transition from n- back to p-type is observed upon subsequent cooling. Sequential, 400 K anneals with the sample in the dark and under vacuum cause the mixed conduction transition to reappear and shift to progressively higher temperatures, ultimately returning the sample to its original p-type state. A surface-layer model provides qualitative agreement with the observed behavior. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Wright State Univ, Semicond Res Ctr, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. KJIST, Dept Mat Sci & Technol, Kwangju, South Korea. ZN Technol, Brea, CA USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM bruce.claflin@wpafb.af.mil RI jiseon, seo/N-1516-2015 NR 53 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 6 U2 73 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 EI 1873-5002 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 18 PY 2006 VL 287 IS 1 BP 16 EP 22 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.10.035 PG 7 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 007PQ UT WOS:000234982100005 ER PT J AU Hendrickson, SA Shackelford, SA AF Hendrickson, SA Shackelford, SA TI Solid state thermochemical decomposition of neat 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC) and its DNNC-d(6) perdeuterio-labeled analogue SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine; DNNC; solid state decomposition; deuterium isotope effect; KDIE ID THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; ENERGETIC MATERIALS; RDX; 1,3,5,7-TETRANITRO-1,3,5,7-TETRAAZACYCLOOCTANE; HEXAHYDRO-1,3,5-TRINITRO-1,3,5-TRIAZINE; 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE; PYROLYSIS; CHEMISTRY; PHASE; SHOCK AB The solid state thermochemical decomposition kinetics and activation energy of neat 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC) and its DNNC-d(6) deuterium labeled analogue were obtained by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (IDSC) at 142, 145, and 148 C. Global rate constants and kinetic deuterium isotope effect (KDIE) data from the exothermic decomposition process suggest that homolytic C-H bond rupture, in one or both types of chemically non-equivalent methylene (-CH2) groups of the DNNC ring structure. constitutes the exothermic rate-controlling step. A DNNC-d(6) energy of activation equal to 115 kJ/mol was determined for this initial autocatalytic exothermic energy release from which a 106 kJ/mol activation energy was calculated for unlabeled DNNC. This exothermic autocatalytic decomposition process follows an extended endothermic induction period for DNNC which shows a higher 128 kJ/mol activation energy during which a catalytic initiating species may form by a rate-controlling step different from C-H bond rupture. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Propellants Branch, PRSP, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. Pt Loma Nazarene Univ, Dept Chem, San Diego, CA 92106 USA. USAF Acad, Frank J Seiler Res Lab, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Shackelford, SA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Propellants Branch, PRSP, 10 E Saturn Dr, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. EM scott.shackelford@edwards.af.mil NR 41 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD JAN 15 PY 2006 VL 440 IS 2 BP 146 EP 155 DI 10.1016/j.tca.2005.11.007 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 007GI UT WOS:000234956400006 ER PT J AU Bandyopadhyay, A Ray, AK Sharma, AK Khondaker, SI AF Bandyopadhyay, A Ray, AK Sharma, AK Khondaker, SI TI Charge transport through a neural network of DNA nanocomposites SO NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURES; GOLD NANOPARTICLES; CONDUCTING POLYMER; MOLECULES; FABRICATION; ELECTRODES; NANOWIRES; SURFACES; NEURONS; DEVICES AB Interconnecting networks are fabricated by using calf-thymus DNA sodium salt and elementary DNA base adenine. Calf-thymus DNA sodium salt forms a complex wire-like network with poly (allylamine hydrochloride) which is a weak polyelectrolyte. The interconnection is formed by electrostatic forces during self-assembly. Adenine base and zinc oxide (ZnO) form a neural network, the conformation of which depends on the molar ratio of the two ingredients. Electrical measurements show that the formation of a calf-thymus and polyallylamine hydrochloride suprastructure may lead to a selective charge transfer network while the adenine-based network offers additional processing capability. C1 Indian Assoc Cultivat Sci, Dept Solid State Phys, Kolkata 70032, W Bengal, India. Queen Mary Univ London, Dept Mat, Nanotechnol Res Labs, London E1 4NS, England. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Nanosci Technol Ctr, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. Univ Cent Florida, Dept Phys, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. RP Bandyopadhyay, A (reprint author), Indian Assoc Cultivat Sci, Dept Solid State Phys, Kolkata 70032, W Bengal, India. EM a.k.ray@qmul.ac.uk NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-4484 EI 1361-6528 J9 NANOTECHNOLOGY JI Nanotechnology PD JAN 14 PY 2006 VL 17 IS 1 BP 227 EP 231 DI 10.1088/0957-4484/17/1/038 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 007HI UT WOS:000234959200040 ER PT J AU Berry, RJ Rigby, D Duan, D Schwartz, M AF Berry, RJ Rigby, D Duan, D Schwartz, M TI Molecular dynamics study of translational and rotational diffusion in liquid ortho-terphenyl SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED ORTHO-TERPHENYL; INITIO FORCE-FIELD; GLASS-TRANSITION; O-TERPHENYL; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MAGNETIC-RELAXATION; LIGHT-SCATTERING; SPIN RELAXATION; BENZENE; SIMULATION AB NVT molecular dynamics simulations were performed on liquid o-terphenyl as a function of temperature in the range 320-480 K. Computed translational diffusion coefficients displayed the non-Arrhenius behavior expected of a fragile glass-forming liquid and were in good, semiquantitative agreement with experimental results. Rotational correlation functions calculated for various vectors within the molecule exhibited a very short time (0-1 ps) initial decay, followed by a reversal, which corresponds to free reorientation within the "solvent" cage prior to collision with a wall. Rotational correlation times of three orthogonal vectors fixed on the central benzene were close to equal at all temperatures, indicating nearly isotropic overall molecular reorientation. The average correlation times exhibited a non-Arrhenius temperature dependence and were in very good agreement with experimental values derived from D-2 and H-1 NMR relaxation times. Correlation times of vectors located on the lateral phenyl rings were used to calculate the "spinning" internal rotation diffusion coefficients, which were approximately twice as great as the overall rotational diffusion constants, indicating rapid internal rotation of the phenyl side groups over wide ranges of angle in the liquid. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Accelrys Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. Univ N Texas, Dept Chem, Denton, TX 76203 USA. RP Schwartz, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 72 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JAN 12 PY 2006 VL 110 IS 1 BP 13 EP 19 DI 10.1021/jp053797v PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 001FZ UT WOS:000234520300004 PM 16392834 ER PT J AU Lambert, DE Stewart, DS Yoo, SH Wescott, BL AF Lambert, DE Stewart, DS Yoo, SH Wescott, BL TI Experimental validation of detonation shock dynamics in condensed explosives SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID MODELING DETONATION; FLOWS; EQUATION; STATE AB Experiments in the HMX-based condensed explosive PBX-9501 were carried Out to validate a reduced, asymptotically derived description of detonation shock dynamics (DSD) where it is assumed that the normal detonation shock speed is determined by the total shock curvature. The passover experiment has a lead disk embedded in I right circular cylindrical charge of PBX-9501 and is initiated from the bottom. The subsequent detonation shock experiences a range of dynamic states with both diverging (convex) and converging (concave) configurations as the detonation shock passes over the disk. The time of arrival of the detonation shock at the top surface of the charge is recorded and compared against DSD simulation and direct multi-material simulation. A new wide-ranging equation of state (EOS) and rate law that is constrained by basic explosive characterization experiments is Introduced as a constitutive description of the explosive. This EOS and rate law is used to Compute the theoretical normal shock velocity, Curvature relation of the explosive for the reduced description, and is also used in the multi-material simulation. The time of arrival records are compared against the passover experiment and the dynamic motion of the shock front and states within the explosive are analysed. The experiment and simulation data are in excellent agreement. The level of agreement, both qualitative and quantitative, of theory and simulation with experiment is encouraging because it indicates that descriptions Such as the wide-ranging EOS/rate law and the corresponding reduced DSD description can be used effectively to model real explosives and predict complex dynamic behaviors. C1 AF Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Lambert, DE (reprint author), AF Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD JAN 10 PY 2006 VL 546 BP 227 EP 253 DI 10.1017/S0022112005007160 PG 27 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 004FU UT WOS:000234738200011 ER PT J AU Fan, L Fallahi, M Murray, JT Bedford, R Kaneda, Y Zakharian, AR Hader, J Moloney, JV Stolz, W Koch, SW AF Fan, L Fallahi, M Murray, JT Bedford, R Kaneda, Y Zakharian, AR Hader, J Moloney, JV Stolz, W Koch, SW TI Tunable high-power high-brightness linearly polarized vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS; VECSEL; GAIN; NM AB We report on the development and the demonstration of tunable high-power high-brightness linearly polarized vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs). A V-shaped cavity, in which the antireflection-coated VECSEL chip (active mirror) is located at the fold, and a birefringent filter are employed to achieve a large wavelength tuning range. Multiwatt cw linearly polarized TEM00 output with a 20 nm tuning range and narrow linewidth is demonstrated at room temperature. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Arizona, Coll Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Arete Assoc, Tucson, AZ 85751 USA. AF Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Arizona, Arizona Ctr Math Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Marburg, Dept Phys, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. Univ Marburg, Ctr Mat Sci, D-35032 Marburg, Germany. RP Fan, L (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Coll Opt Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM lifan@optics.arizona.edu NR 13 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 9 PY 2006 VL 88 IS 2 AR 021105 DI 10.1063/1.2164921 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 002JE UT WOS:000234606900005 ER PT J AU Deer, MJ Cook, G Wyres, CA Jones, DC AF Deer, MJ Cook, G Wyres, CA Jones, DC TI Characterization of an inorganic photorefractive liquid crystal hybrid cell SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STRONTIUM-BARIUM NIOBATE; BI12SIO20 CRYSTALS; HIGH-GAIN; 2-WAVE; AMPLIFICATION AB High birefringent liquid crystals are attractive for photorefractive applications but device operation, Usually restricted to the Raman-Nath regime, can be degraded by small phase shifts between the optical and refractive index gratings and coarse grating spacings with narrow beam intersection angles. Applying external electric fields and having to tilt the cell at an angle to the grating k-vector cause further complications. In this paper, two-beam coupling in hybrid photorefractive cells comprising a nematic liquid crystal layer between inorganic photorefractive windows is described. Photorefractive properties are determined by the windows, while the liquid crystal amplifies the overall refractive index modulation. Bragg matched liquid crystal gain coefficients > 1600 cm(-1) grating periods < 300 nm and wide beam intersection angles with perfect 90 degrees phase shifts between the optical and refractive index gratings at normal incidence viithout the need for an external field are demonstrated. C1 Def Sci & Technol Lab, Malvern WR14 3PS, Worcs, England. AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Sherwood Technol Ltd, Unit 3, Widnes WA8 8FW, Cheshire, England. QinetiQ, Malvern WR14 3PS, Worcs, England. RP Deer, MJ (reprint author), Def Sci & Technol Lab, St Andrews Rd, Malvern WR14 3PS, Worcs, England. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0022-3727 J9 J PHYS D APPL PHYS JI J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys. PD JAN 7 PY 2006 VL 39 IS 1 BP 36 EP 45 DI 10.1088/0022-3727/39/1/007 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 013LR UT WOS:000235411300008 ER PT J AU Adams, BJ Byrd, JE AF Adams, BJ Byrd, JE TI Resolution of small-scale commingling: A case report from the Vietnam War SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE forensic anthropology; physical anthropology; commingling; human identification; Vietnam; CILHI ID REMAINS AB A case is reported that involves the commingled skeletal remains of two individuals who died in a helicopter crash in 1969 during the Vietnam War. The incomplete portions of two bodies were initially recovered soon after the crash. These portions were identified by personnel at a U.S. Army Mortuary in Saigon and were returned to the next-of-kin. While searching for scrap metal in 2002, a Vietnamese citizen unexpectedly discovered human remains and personal effects interspersed with buried aircraft wreckage. The personal effects correlated with the individuals who died in the 1969 incident. These newly discovered remains and artifacts were subsequently received at the U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii (CILHI) for analysis. As part of the CILHI analysis it was necessary to segregate the commingled remains into specific individuals for identification purposes. Details regarding various sorting techniques are described that provide a solid framework for systematically dealing with small-scale commingling. The sorting techniques used in the resolution of this case consist of visual pair-matching, articulation, process of elimination, osteometric comparison, and taphonomy. These techniques, when used in conjunction with each other, provided a solid basis for the individualization of most skeletal elements. (C) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. C1 Cent Identificat Lab, Joint POW MIA Accounting Command, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 USA. RP Adams, BJ (reprint author), Off Chief Med Examiner, 520 1st Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA. EM NYCbones@hotmail.com NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0379-0738 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT JI Forensic Sci.Int. PD JAN 6 PY 2006 VL 156 IS 1 BP 63 EP 69 DI 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.04.088 PG 7 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 012AJ UT WOS:000235310300009 PM 16257163 ER PT J AU Johnson, GR Spain, JC AF Johnson, GR Spain, JC TI Synthesis of substituted catechols using nitroarene dioxygenases SO ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biocatalysis; dioxygenase; catechol; whole-cell biotransformations ID PSEUDOMONAS SP; 2,4-DINITROTOLUENE; 3-METHYLCATECHOL; BIOPRODUCTION; MONOOXYGENASE; DEGRADATION; PATHWAY AB The nitroarene dioxygenases are in the class of Rieske iron-containing oxygenases that incorporate atmospheric oxygen into substrates via electrophilic attack on the substrate. In their native role, the nitroarene dioxygenases start degradative pathways by hydroxylating nitro-substituted, and adjacent unsubstituted carbons of nitroaromatic compounds. The reaction yields the corresponding nitro-cis-cyclohexadienediol, which is unstable and spontaneously re-aromatizes to form a catechol and nitrite. In bacterial metabolism, the specificity of the hydroxylation determines subsequent steps in degradation pathways. Experiments were done to find whether the specificity could be exploited to direct the hydroxylation of multiply substituted aromatic substrates and thereby produce novel catechols. Recombinant strains carrying genes for nitroarene dioxygenases were used for transformation of various substituted nitroaromatic compounds. The reactions were analyzed using HPLC to track substrate consumption and product formation, then GC-MS and NMR to identify the reaction products. A number of substituted catechols were obtained using the recombinant biocatalysts. The nitro-substituted carbon was the primary site for dioxygenase hydroxylation. When substrates included nitro and halogen substituents, the halogen-substituted positions were also targeted, but less frequently than the nitro-substituted site. The production of catechols was limited in batch fermentations, likely due to toxicity of the quinones that result from air oxidation of catechols. The nitroarene dioxygenases will serve as catalysts for direct synthesis of highly substituted catechols, however, the reaction conditions must be engineered to overcome product toxicity and allow sustained accumulation of catecholic products. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 MLQL, AF Res Lab, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Environm Engn Program, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Johnson, GR (reprint author), MLQL, AF Res Lab, 139 Barnes Dr Suite 2, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. EM glenn.johnson@tyndall.af.mil NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0141-0229 J9 ENZYME MICROB TECH JI Enzyme Microb. Technol. PD JAN 3 PY 2006 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 142 EP 147 DI 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.05.009 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 996UB UT WOS:000234199300021 ER PT B AU Somann, JP Kim, YC AF Somann, Jesse P. Kim, Yong C. GP IEEE TI Characterization of In-Phase/Quad-Phase digital downconversion via Special Sampling Scheme SO 2006 13TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRONICS, CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems CY DEC 10-13, 2006 CL Nice, FRANCE SP IEEE, IEEE Sect France, ATMEL, Mentor Graph, Texas Instruments, Cadence AB This study explores the characterization of a Special Sampling Scheme (SSS) for In-Phase and Quad-Phase (I/Q) downconversion using mathematical analysis. The SSS is an under-developed signal sampling methodology that can be used with military and industry radar receiver systems. The SSS processes a digital input signal-stream sampled at a specified sampling frequency, and downconverts it into In-Phase (1) and Quad-Phase (Q) output signal-streams. Using the theory and application of the SSS, the main objective to be accomplished is the mathematical characterization of the effects of input, output, and filter coefficient parameters on the I/Q imbalances when using the SSS. We use Matlab to examine and to characterize the SSS to generate parameters suitable for an implementation with a digital circuit. C1 [Somann, Jesse P.; Kim, Yong C.] USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Somann, JP (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM jesse.somann@wafb.af.mil; yong.kim@afit.edu NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0394-3 J9 IEEE I C ELECT CIRC PY 2006 BP 224 EP 227 DI 10.1109/ICECS.2006.379766 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BHE67 UT WOS:000252489600056 ER PT B AU Norgard, J Musselman, R AF Norgard, John Musselman, Randall GP IEEE TI Direct diagnostic testing of phased array antennas using infrared imaging techniques SO 2006 17TH INTERNATIONAL ZURICH SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE ID SCATTERING; FIELDS AB An IR thermal imaging technique is used to measure the aperture excitations of phased array antennas. IR images of the heating patterns produced in a thin, lossy detector screen placed directly on the surface of the arrays are used to measure the aperture fields. These images can be used for field diagnostics at the remote locations of the antennas. The overall "state of health" of the arrays and the need for repair can be determined in-the-field, to avoid the alternative of dismantling the arrays and shipping them to a maintenance depot for testing, calibration, and repair. C1 [Norgard, John; Musselman, Randall] USAF Acad, DF DFEE, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Norgard, J (reprint author), USAF Acad, DF DFEE, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM john.norgard@usafa.af.mil; randall.musselman@usafa.af.mil NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-3-9522990-3-6 PY 2006 BP 292 EP + DI 10.1109/EMCZUR.2006.214928 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFS74 UT WOS:000244386300075 ER PT B AU Ravindran, K Kwiat, KA Sabbir, A Cao, B AF Ravindran, K. Kwiat, K. A. Sabbir, A. Cao, B. GP IEEE TI Replica voting: a distributed middleware service for real-time dependable systems SO 2006 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SOFTWARE & MIDDLEWARE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Communication Systems Software and Middleware CY JAN 08-12, 2006 CL New Delhi, INDIA AB In Information Assurance settings, majority voting among replica processes enhances the trust-worthiness of data collected from a hostile external environment. It allows a correct data fusion and dissemination by the end-users, in the presence of content corruptions and/or timing failures that may possibly occur during data collection. Two key elements are required of the voting functionality: i) fielding asynchronously generated real-time or near-real-time data, and ii) handling large sized non-numeric data sets with problemspecific interpretations - e.g., terrain images from radar stations. Under the constraints (i) and (ii), we describe a highly asynchronous voting service to effect a timely and low-overhead delivery of data to the users. The paper analyzes the service-level properties of a voting machinery to meet the stringent needs of IA applications. The externally visible properties are prescribed in terms of 'safety' and 'liveness' requirements of the underlying voting protocols that reflect the application-specific data integrity and availability constraints. When voting is provided as a middleware service, an application designer may prescribe the necessary service-level parameters: the level of resiliency and the performance aspects of data delivery. C1 [Ravindran, K.; Sabbir, A.; Cao, B.] CUNY City Coll, Dept Comp Sci, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Kwiat, K. A.] US Air Force, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Ravindran, K (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, Dept Comp Sci, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM ravi@cs.ccny.cuny.edu; kwiatk@rl.af.mil NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9574-9 PY 2006 BP 437 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BFS72 UT WOS:000244385500055 ER PT B AU Murphy, MR Petersen, RC AF Murphy, Michael R. Petersen, Ronald C. GP IEEE TI Developing safety standards for electromagnetic energy: The IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ACES) SO 2006 28TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOLS 1-15 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual International Conference of the IEEE-Engineering-in-Medicine-and-Biology-Society CY AUG 30-SEP 03, 2006 CL New York, NY SP IEEE Engn Med & Biol Soc AB ICES develops (1) standards for the safe use of electromagnetic energy in the range of 0 Hz to 300 GHz relative to the potential hazards of exposure to humans, volatile materials, and explosive devices, (2) standards for products that emit electromagnetic energy by design or as a by-product of their operation, and (3) standards for environmental limits. ICES history, goals, organization, leadership, and products are described. C1 [Murphy, Michael R.] USAF, Res Lab, AFRL HED, 8662 Hawks Rd, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. [Petersen, Ronald C.] RC Petersen Assoc LLC, Bedminster 07921, NJ USA. RP Murphy, MR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL HED, 8662 Hawks Rd, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. EM Michael.Murphy@Brooks.af.mil; r.c.petersen@ieee.org NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0032-4 PY 2006 BP 2106 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Biomedical SC Engineering GA BGI19 UT WOS:000247284702108 ER PT B AU Soref, R AF Soref, Richard GP IEEE TI Active microring resonator devices in silicon-on-insulator SO 2006 3RD IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GROUP IV PHOTONICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Group IV Photonics CY SEP 13-15, 2006 CL Ottawa, CANADA SP IEEE ID MODULATORS; SWITCHES AB Recent results from several laboratories are surveyed. The topics include SOI-based ultrafast electrooptical modulators, N x N routing switches, tunable filters-and-add/drops, Raman lasers and amplifiers, electrically pumped group W lasers, optically pumped Er:SiO2-overclad slotted rings, and a variety of nonlinear optical devices. C1 [Soref, Richard] USAF, Res Lab, Div Electromagnet Technol, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Soref, R (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Div Electromagnet Technol, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM richard.soref@hanscom.af.mil FU AFROSR/NE FX The author is most grateful to AFROSR/NE (Dr. Gernot Pomrenke) for sponsorship of his inhouse research at AFRL/SNHC. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0095-9 PY 2006 BP 16 EP 18 PG 3 WC Crystallography; Optics SC Crystallography; Optics GA BFR79 UT WOS:000244096100006 ER PT B AU Adve, RS Applebaum, L Wicks, MC Schneible, RA AF Adve, Raviraj S. Applebaum, Lorne Wicks, Michael C. Schneible, Richard A. GP IEEE TI Space-time-waveform adaptive processing for frequency diverse distributed radar apertures SO 2006 40TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION SCIENCES AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 40th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS) CY MAR 22-24, 2006 CL Princeton, NJ SP Princeton Univ, Dept Elect Engn, IEEE Informat Theory Soc AB This paper reviews recent developments in the field of adaptive processing for frequency diverse, distributed, radar apertures. The large baseline of such a distributed radar results in angular resolution that is orders of magnitude better than the resolution of a single large radar. This capability comes at the cost of grating lobes (multistatics with evenly spaced apertures) or high sidelobes (multistatics with randomly spaced apertures). This paper presents some of the issues specific to such a radar and develops the notion of frequency diversity and presents the outlines of a data model that addresses the specific nature of frequency diverse distributed apertures. C1 [Adve, Raviraj S.; Applebaum, Lorne] Univ Toronto, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 10 Kings Coll Rd, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada. [Wicks, Michael C.] US Air Force, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Rome, NY 13441 USA. [Schneible, Richard A.] Stiefvater Consultants, Marcy, NY 13403 USA. RP Adve, RS (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 10 Kings Coll Rd, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada. EM rsadve@comm.utoronto.ca; lorne.applebaum@utoronto.ca; wicksm@rl.af.mil; Richard.Schneible@rl.af.mil NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0349-9 PY 2006 BP 1413 EP 1417 DI 10.1109/CISS.2006.286686 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications GA BFU76 UT WOS:000244721800261 ER PT B AU Blasch, E AF Blasch, Erik GP IEEE TI Level 5 (User refinement) issues supporting information fusion management SO 2006 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION FUSION, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Information Fusion CY JUL 10, 2006 CL Florence, ITALY DE fusion; situational assessment; interface design; knowledge representation; user refinement AB Subsequent revisions to the Joint-Directors of Lab (JDL) model emphasize the differentiation between fusion (estimation) and sensor management (control). Two diverging groups include one pressing for fusion automation (JDL revisions) and one advocating the role of the user (User-Fusion model). The center of debate is real-world delivery of fusion systems which requires presenting fusion results for knowledge representation (fusion estimation) and knowledge reasoning (control management). The purpose of the paper is to highlight the need of Users, with individual differences, facilitated by knowledge representations to reason about user situational awareness (SA). This paper includes: (1)Addressing the user in system management / control (2)Assessing information quality (metrics) to support SA (3)Evaluating Fusion systems to deliver user info needs, (4)Planning knowledge delivery for dynamic updating (5)Designing SA interfaces to support user reasoning. C1 [Blasch, Erik] Air Force Res Lab, WPAFB, 2241 Avion Cir, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Blasch, E (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, WPAFB, 2241 Avion Cir, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM erik.blasch@wpafb.af.mil NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0953-2 PY 2006 BP 146 EP 153 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BGC32 UT WOS:000245998000021 ER PT B AU Porter, MJ Vasquez, JR AF Porter, Maynard J., III Vasquez, Juan R. GP IEEE TI Bio-inspired navigation of chemical plumes SO 2006 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION FUSION, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Information Fusion CY JUL 10, 2006 CL Florence, ITALY DE fuzzy logic; plume tracking; navigation; plume navigation; bio-inspired ID PHEROMONE; TRACKING; FLIGHT AB The ability of many insects, especially moths, to locate either food or a member of the opposite sex is an amazing achievement. There are numerous scenarios where having this ability embedded into ground-based or aerial vehicles would be invaluable. This paper presents results from a 3-D computer simulation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) autonomously tracking a chemical plume to its source. The simulation study includes a simulated dynamic chemical plume, 6-degree of freedom, nonlinear aircraft model, and a bio-inspired navigation algorithm. The emphasis of this paper is the development and analysis of the navigation algorithm. The foundation of this algorithm is a fuzzy controller designed to categorize where in the plume the aircraft is located: coming into the plume, in the plume, exiting the plume, or out of the plume. C1 [Porter, Maynard J., III; Vasquez, Juan R.] USAF, Air Force Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. RP Porter, MJ (reprint author), USAF, Air Force Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. EM maynard.porter@afit.edu NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0953-2 PY 2006 BP 695 EP 702 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BGC32 UT WOS:000245998000096 ER PT B AU Champion, JP Vasquez, JR AF Champion, Jon P. Vasquez, Juan R. GP IEEE TI Comparison of image processing resource allocation for multi-target tracking of dismounted targets SO 2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion, Vols 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Information Fusion CY JUL 10, 2006 CL Florence, ITALY DE tracking; resource allocation; image processing; urban dismount; integer programming AB Dismounted targets can be tracked in urban environments with video sensors. Real-time systems are unable to process all of the imagery, demanding some method for prioritization of the processing resources. Furthermore, various segmentation algorithms exist within image: processing, each algorithm possesses unique capabilities, and each algorithm has an associated computational cost. Additional complexity arises in the prioritization problem when targets become occluded (i.e., a building) and when the targets are intermixed with other dismounted entities. This added complexity leads to the question "which portions of the scene warrant; both low cost and high cost processing?" The approach presented in this paper is to apply multi-target tracking techniques in conjunction with an integer programming optimization routine to determine optimal allocation of the video processing resources. This architecture results in feedback from the tracking routine to the image processing function which in turn enhances the ability of the tracker. C1 USAF, Air Force Res Lab, Distributed Informat Syst Branch, Rome, NY 13441 USA. USAF, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Air Force Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Champion, JP (reprint author), USAF, Air Force Res Lab, Distributed Informat Syst Branch, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0953-2 PY 2006 BP 1018 EP 1025 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BGC32 UT WOS:000245998000143 ER PT B AU Oxley, ME Magnus, AL AF Oxley, Mark E. Magnus, Amy L. GP IEEE TI Categories of situations for level 2 fusion SO 2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion, Vols 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Information Fusion CY JUL 10, 2006 CL Florence, ITALY DE category theory; situation; action AB In this paper we use category theory to define a situation. We seek a mathematical formalism to discuss a situation which will enable tightly integrated sensor management and planning systems. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Math & Stat, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Oxley, ME (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Math & Stat, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0953-2 PY 2006 BP 1486 EP 1491 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BGC32 UT WOS:000245998000208 ER PT B AU Pugh, M Waxman, A Fay, D AF Pugh, M. Waxman, A. Fay, D. GP IEEE TI Assessment of multi-sensor neural image fusion and fused data mining for land cover classification SO 2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion, Vols 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Information Fusion CY JUL 10, 2006 CL Florence, ITALY DE image fusion; pattern recognition; pattern leaming; land cover classification; neural network ID TM; IR AB Recent studies suggest that the combination of imagery from earth observation satellites with complementary spectral, spatial, and temporal information may provide improved land cover classification performance. This paper assesses the benefits of new biologically-based image fusion and fused data mining methods for improving discrimination between spectrally-similar land cover classes using multi-spectral, multi-sensor, and multi-temporal imagery. For this investigation multi-season Landsat and Radarsat imagery of a forest region in central New York State was processed using opponent-band image fusion, multi-scale visual texture and contour enhancement, and the Fuzzy ARTMAP neural classifier. These methods are shown to enable identification of sub-categories of land cover and provide improved classification accuracy compared to traditional statistical methods. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Direct, Rome, NY USA. BAE Syst, Adv Informat Technol, Burlington, MA USA. RP Pugh, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Direct, Rome, NY USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0953-2 PY 2006 BP 1585 EP 1592 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BGC32 UT WOS:000245998000222 ER PT B AU Salerno, JJ AF Salerno, John J. GP IEEE TI Resource management: A necessary and integral component to any level 2/3 fusion capability SO 2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion, Vols 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Information Fusion CY JUL 10, 2006 CL Florence, ITALY DE process refinement; fusion; JDL; endsley; situation awareness; situation assessment; impact assessment; threat assessment; projection; anticipation AB Process Refinement or feedback is a key component of any closed loop system. Fusion models are no exception. In this paper we will explore what process refinement means in terms of the higher levels of fusion. In doing so we further refine the existing definitions of the various levels (as defined by the Joint Director of Laboratories, JDL) and based on these definitions we discuss how each of these levels interacts with each other. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Salerno, JJ (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Rome Res Site 525 Brooks Rd, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0953-2 PY 2006 BP 1622 EP 1624 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BGC32 UT WOS:000245998000230 ER PT B AU Blasch, E AF Blasch, Erik GP IEEE TI Sensor, user, mission (SUM) resource management and their interaction with level 2/3 fusion SO 2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion, Vols 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Information Fusion CY JUL 10, 2006 CL Florence, ITALY DE fusion; Situational/Impact assessment; Resource/Sensor management; user refinement AB Revisions to the JDL model by the current DFIG team (Data Fusion Information Group) include definitions for model usefulness that stressed various control functions of sensor, user, and mission (SUM) management. The purpose of the paper is to highlight issues and challenges to real world separation of control actions. This position paper highlights: 1. Addressing the user in system management/control, 2. Determining a standard set of metrics for optimization, 3. Evaluating fusion systems to deliver timely info needs, 4. Dynamic updating for planning mission time-horizons, 5. Designing interfaces to support impact assessments. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Blasch, E (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, 2241 Avion Cir, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0953-2 PY 2006 BP 1625 EP 1628 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BGC32 UT WOS:000245998000231 ER PT B AU Yang, C Blasch, E AF Yang, Chun Blasch, Erik GP IEEE TI Kalman filtering with nonlinear state constraints SO 2006 9th International Conference on Information Fusion, Vols 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Conference on Information Fusion CY JUL 10, 2006 CL Florence, ITALY DE kalman filtering; nonlinear state constraints; Lagrangian multiplier; iterative solution; tracking AB In [Simon and Chia, 2002], an analytic method was developed to incorporate linear state equality constraints into the Kalman filter. When the state constraint is nonlinear, linearization was employed to obtain an approximately linear constraint around the current state estimate. This linearized constrained Kalman filter is subject to approximation errors and may suffer from a lack of convergence. In this paper, we present a method that allows exact use of second-order nonlinear state constraints. It is based on a computational algorithm that iteratively finds the Lagrangian multiplier for the nonlinear constraints. The method therefore provides better approximation when higher order nonlinearities are encountered Computer simulation results are presented to illustrate the algorithm. C1 Sigtem Technol Inc, Harleysville, PA 19438 USA. Air Force Res Lab, SNAA, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Yang, C (reprint author), Sigtem Technol Inc, 113 Clover Hills Lane, Harleysville, PA 19438 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0953-2 PY 2006 BP 1861 EP 1868 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BGC32 UT WOS:000245998000264 ER PT S AU Robertson, MJ Singhose, WE AF Robertson, Michael J. Singhose, William E. GP IEEE TI Robust analytic deflection-limiting commands SO 2006 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-12 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2006 CY JUN 14-16, 2006 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Automat Control Council ID TIME-OPTIMAL CONTROL; FLEXIBLE SPACECRAFT; INPUT SHAPERS; VIBRATION AB Methods for rapidly computing command signals that can move a flexible system without residual vibration and also limit the transient deflection have recently been introduced. These types of commands utilize a simple model and their performance is sensitive to both the accuracy of the system model and the desired move distance. Robust analytic deflection-limiting commands are described and evaluated in this paper. On average, the new formulation produces commands that are nine times more robust than the previous formulation. Traditional methods for measuring robustness fail to capture all the important features of these rest-to-rest commands. However, their results compare favorably to performance measures designed specifically for deflection-limited commands. Simulation results on a mass-spring-mass system are used to demonstrate the key advancements. C1 [Robertson, Michael J.] AF Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Singhose, William E.] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Mech Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Robertson, MJ (reprint author), AF Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM michael.robertson@kirtland.af.mil; bill.singhose@me.gatech.edu NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 1-4244-0209-3 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2006 VL 1-12 BP 363 EP + DI 10.1109/ACC.2006.1655382 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BFG14 UT WOS:000241666300060 ER PT S AU Nelson, E Pachter, M AF Nelson, Eric Pachter, Meir GP IEEE TI Adaptive and reconfigurable flight control using feed-forward action SO 2006 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-12 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2006 CY JUN 14-16, 2006 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Automat Control Council AB Indirect adaptive control for reconfigurable flight control is advocated. Specifically, on-line static system identification using a moving window/batch estimation, is used. The ensuing linear regression is augmented with an intercept to address the effects of trim change associated with the occurrence of a control surface failure. Parameter estimate information is used to adjust the inner loop's control gains and a command derived from the intercept estimate is fed forward to retrim the aircraft automatically. The tracking performance of this automatic retrimming method which uses system identification, surpasses the conventional approach of exclusively relying on integral action for automatic retrimming. The novel adaptive and reconfigurable flight control system successfully handles a horizontal tail control surface loss. C1 [Nelson, Eric] USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Pachter, Meir] US Air Force, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Nelson, E (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM eric.nelson@afit.edu; meir.pachter@afit.edu NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 1-4244-0209-3 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2006 VL 1-12 BP 857 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BFG14 UT WOS:000241666309240 ER PT S AU Jin, ZP Shima, T Schumacher, CJ AF Jin, Zhipu Shima, Tal Schumacher, Corey J. GP IEEE TI Scheduling and sequence reshuffle for autonomous aerial refueling of multiple UAVs SO 2006 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-12 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2006 CY JUN 14-16, 2006 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Automat Control Council ID SALESMAN PROBLEM; TIME WINDOWS; ALGORITHM; SYSTEM AB In this paper, we formulate the autonomous aerial refueling of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as a scheduling problem. In order to find the optimal refueling sequence of UAVs, an efficient dynamic programming algorithm is introduced. When UAVs leave or join the queue, the optimal sequence needs to be recalculated. A systematic reshuffling method is developed such that the UAV sequence can be reconfigured by using the least amount of shuffle steps, where only one UAV changes its position in each step. By introducing a metric over UAV sequences, this reconfiguration effort is quantified and is treated as an additional cost which can be integrated into the dynamic programming algorithm. C1 [Jin, Zhipu] CALTECH, Dept Elect Engn, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. [Shima, Tal] Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Aerosp Engn, Haifa 32000, Israel. [Shima, Tal] US Air Force, Natl Res Council Res, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Shima, Tal] US Air Force, Control Design & Anal Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Schumacher, Corey J.] Air Vehicles Directorate, Control Design & Anal Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Jin, ZP (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Elect Engn, 1200 E Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. EM jzp@caltech.edu; tal.shima@technion.ac.il; Corey.Schumacher@wpafb.af.mil FU Air Force Office of Scientific Research FX This work was supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 1-4244-0209-3 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2006 VL 1-12 BP 2177 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BFG14 UT WOS:000241666304022 ER PT S AU Prazenica, R Kurdila, A Sharpley, R Evers, J AF Prazenica, R. Kurdila, A. Sharpley, R. Evers, J. GP IEEE TI Vision-based geometry estimation and receding horizon path planning for UAVs operating in urban environments SO 2006 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-12 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2006 CY JUN 14-16, 2006 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Automat Control Council AB This paper presents a receding horizon control strategy to enable small unmanned air vehicles to fly autonomously through complex urban environments. An adaptive, multiresolution-based learning algorithm is employed to estimate the 3D geometry of the environment. This learning algorithm generates an adaptive approximation based on measurements of the 3D positions of static points in the environment, obtained via feature point tracking and structure from motion. A receding horizon path planning strategy is used to select a series of locally-optimal path points in front of the vehicle. These path points are selected in such a manner that the vehicle approaches an overall target point while avoiding static obstacles that may lie in its path. These obstacles are estimated via the adaptive learning algorithm, which provides constraints for the path planner. A standard waypoint controller is then used to fly the vehicle through the selected path points. This vision-based control strategy is demonstrated in simulations of a small UAV flying through a virtual urban environment. C1 [Prazenica, R.] Univ Florida, Res Engn Educ Facil, Shalimar, FL 32579 USA. [Kurdila, A.] Virginia Polytech & State Univ, Dept Engn Mech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. [Sharpley, R.] Univ South Carolina, Dept Math, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. [Evers, J.] US Air Force, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL USA. RP Prazenica, R (reprint author), Univ Florida, Res Engn Educ Facil, Shalimar, FL 32579 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 1-4244-0209-3 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2006 VL 1-12 BP 2874 EP + DI 10.1109/ACC.2006.1657155 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BFG14 UT WOS:000241666305056 ER PT S AU Holsapple, R Iyer, R Doman, D AF Holsapple, Raymond Iyer, Ram Doman, David GP IEEE TI A variable step-size selection method for implicit integration schemes SO 2006 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-12 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2006 CY JUN 14-16, 2006 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Automat Control Council ID ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AB Implicit integration schemes, such as Runge-Kutta methods, are widely used in mathematics and engineering to numerically solve ordinary differential equations. Every integration method requires one to choose a step-size, h, for the integration. If h is too large or too small the efficiency of an implicit scheme is relatively low. As every implicit integration scheme has a global error inherent to the scheme, we choose the total number of computations in order to achieve a prescribed global error as a measure of efficiency of the integration scheme. In this paper, we propose the idea of choosing h by minimizing an efficiency function for general Runge-Kutta integration routines. We show the efficacy of this approach on some standard problems found in the literature. C1 [Holsapple, Raymond; Iyer, Ram] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. [Doman, David] US Air Force, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Holsapple, R (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM raymond.w.holsapple@ttu.edu; ram.iyer@ttu.edu; david.doman@wpafb.af.mil FU AFRL; NRC/AFOSR FX R. Holsapple was supported by an AFRL Air Vehicles Directorate Graduate Student Assistantship during Summer 2004. R. Iyer was supported by an NRC/AFOSR Summer Faculty Fellowship during Summer 2004. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 1-4244-0209-3 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2006 VL 1-12 BP 3013 EP + DI 10.1109/ACC.2006.1657179 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BFG14 UT WOS:000241666305080 ER PT S AU Wu, XX Jiang, ZP Repperger, DW AF Wu, Xingxing Jiang, Zhong-Ping Repperger, Daniel W. GP IEEE TI Enhancement of stochastic resonance by tuning system parameters and adding noise simultaneously SO 2006 AMERICAN CONTROL CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-12 SE Proceedings of the American Control Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American Control Conference 2006 CY JUN 14-16, 2006 CL Minneapolis, MN SP Amer Automat Control Council DE optimization; stochastic resonance; signal processing ID DETECTORS; DESIGN AB The stochastic resonance effect can be realized by tuning system parameters or by adding noise. This paper investigates the possibility to enhance the stochastic resonance effect by tuning system parameters and adding noise simultaneously. First, we use examples to demonstrate the situation where only the system parameters or noise can be adjusted to maximize the stochastic resonance effect. Then, it is shown, using standard optimization theory, that the normalized power norm of the bistable double-well system with aperiodic input signal can reach a larger maximal value by tuning the system parameter and adding noise simultaneously. Finally, for the purpose of practical implementation, searching for the optimal system parameter and noise intensity is realized by an on-line fast-converging optimization algorithm. C1 [Wu, Xingxing; Jiang, Zhong-Ping] Polytech Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 6 Metrotech Ctr, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. [Repperger, Daniel W.] HECP, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Wu, XX (reprint author), Polytech Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 6 Metrotech Ctr, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. EM xwu03@utopia.poly.edu; zjiang@control.poly.edu; Daniel.Repperger@wpafb.af.mil FU Polytechnic CATT Center; New York State; NSF [ECS-009317, OISE-0408925, DMS-0504462]; Air Force FX This work has been partially supported by the Polytechnic CATT Center sponsored by New York State, NSF grants ECS-009317, OISE-0408925 and DMS-0504462, and an Air Force contract NR 23 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1619 BN 1-4244-0209-3 J9 P AMER CONTR CONF PY 2006 VL 1-12 BP 3118 EP 3123 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems SC Automation & Control Systems GA BFG14 UT WOS:000241666306011 ER PT B AU Liu, X Kasten, DG Sebo, SA Grosjean, DF Schweickart, DL AF Liu, X. Kasten, D. G. Sebo, S. A. Grosjean, D. F. Schweickart, D. L. GP IEEE TI Partial discharge measurements for a twisted pair of insulated conductors at low pressures -- Pulse waveform. analysis for argon and helium SO 2006 ANNUAL REPORT CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL INSULATION AND DIELECTRIC PHENOMENA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Kansas City, MO SP IEEE Dielect & Elect Insulat Soc AB Partial discharge (PD) experiments in argon and helium have been performed for 60 Hz ac energization, under pressures from 101.3 kPa (760 Torr) down to 0.27 kPa (2 Torr). The electrode arrangement was a twisted pair of insulated conductors taken from a standard aircraft wiring harness. The paper describes the physical PD test setup and electrical connections for ac energization. The results are presented in terms of PD current pulse waveforms and their analysis, reflecting the effects of pressure and voltage. C1 [Liu, X.; Kasten, D. G.; Sebo, S. A.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Grosjean, D. F.] Innovat Sci Solut, ISSI, Dayton, OH USA. [Schweickart, D. L.] US Air Force, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Sebo, SA (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM sebo.1@osu.edu NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0546-7 PY 2006 BP 635 EP 639 DI 10.1109/CEIDP.2006.312012 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFK76 UT WOS:000242527800157 ER PT S AU Marple, SL Corbell, PM Rangaswamy, M AF Marple, S. Lawrence, Jr. Corbell, Phillip M. Rangaswamy, Muralidhar GP IEEE TI New non-stationary target feature detection techniques SO 2006 FORTIETH ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS, VOLS 1-5 SE Conference Record of the Asilomar Conference on Signals Systems and Computers LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 40th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers CY OCT 29-NOV 02, 2006 CL Pacific Grove, CA SP Naval Postgrad Sch, ATK Mission Res, IEEE Signal Proc Soc AB In a seminal paper [1], two algorithmic versions of the multi-channel parametric adaptive matched filter (PAW) applied to space-time adaptive processing (STAP) in an airborne radar application were shown to achieve superior test detection statistics over the conventional adaptive matched filter (AMF), which uses a non-parametric approach to estimate the detection weight vector. In fact, the performance of the PAMF approach is very close to the ideal matched filter (MF) detection statistics under exactly known covariance (the clairvoyant case). Improved versions of the two original multi-channel PAMF algorithms, one new multi-channel PAW algorithm, and a new two-dimensional PAMF algorithm (all four with fast computational implementations) have been summarized in recent papers [6] [7]. In this paper, we provide the detection performance of the four improved/new PAW algorithms with simulated radar data. In all cases, the performance is at least comparable to, and in some cases superior to, the original multi-channel PAW algorithms presented in [1], while achieving computational savings over the originals. C1 [Marple, S. Lawrence, Jr.] Oregon State Univ, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Corbell, Phillip M.; Rangaswamy, Muralidhar] US Air Force, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Marple, SL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM marple@eecs.oregonstate.edu; Phillip.Corbell@hanscom.af.mil; Muralidhar.Rangaswamy@hanscom.af.mil FU Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under the Summer Faculty Fellowship Program (SFFP) [2304] FX Dr. Marples research supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under the Summer Faculty Fellowship Program (SFFP) administered by the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Dr. Rangaswamys research supported by AFOSR under project 2304 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1058-6393 BN 978-1-4244-0784-2 J9 CONF REC ASILOMAR C PY 2006 BP 550 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications GA BGH15 UT WOS:000246925201024 ER PT S AU Martin, RK AF Martin, Richard K. GP IEEE TI Proportionate adaptation and partial updates in constrained adaptive filters SO 2006 Fortieth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Vols 1-5 SE CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE ASILOMAR CONFERENCE ON SIGNALS, SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 40th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers CY OCT 29-NOV 01, 2006 CL Pacific Grove, CA ID TRANSCEIVERS; EQUALIZATION AB Adaptive filters that are designed or assumed to be sparse typically make use of either proportionate adaptation (PA) or partial updates (PU). In this paper, we study the use of both techniques for adaptive filters operating under a constraint. In particular, we focus on the adaptive minimum mean squared error channel shortening equalizer (MMSE CSE), which is a pair of adaptive filters, one of which has a unit norm constraint. The MMSE CSE is often used to reduce the complexity of maximum likelihood sequence detection or to mitigate multipath in multicarrier systems. Each iteration of the algorithm involves adapting the channel shortener, adapting the target impulse response, and enforcing the constraint via a projection. We Will show that there are additional design considerations that must be made in order to apply PA and PU techniques to the adaptive MMSE CSE. Simulation results will be provided to Illustrate the design tradeoffs. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Martin, RK (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1058-6393 BN 978-1-4244-0784-2 J9 CONF REC ASILOMAR C PY 2006 BP 1380 EP 1384 DI 10.1109/ACSSC.2006.354983 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Telecommunications GA BGH15 UT WOS:000246925203009 ER PT B AU Martin, RK Vanbleu, K Ysebaert, G Klein, AG AF Martin, Richard K. Vanbleu, Koen Ysebaert, Geert Klein, Andrew G. GP IEEE TI Bit error rate minimizing channel shortening equalizers for multicarrier systems SO 2006 IEEE 7th Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications CY JUL 02-05, 2006 CL Cannes, FRANCE SP IEEE ID DISCRETE MULTITONE TRANSCEIVERS; TIME-DOMAIN EQUALIZER; DESIGN; TRANSMISSION AB Multicarrier systems first became widely used for digital subscriber lines (DSL). In DSL, the performance metric is the bit rate that can be provided without exceeding a given bit error rate (BER). Wireless multicarrier systems are becoming more popular, and in such systems the appropriate performance metric is the BER for a given bit rate. Multicarrier systems are robust to multipath provided that the channel delay spread is shorter than the guard interval between blocks. If this condition is not met, a channel shortening equalizer can be used. Previous work on channel shortening has focussed on maximizing the bit rate for DSL. We propose and evaluate a channel shortener that attempts to directly minimize the BER of a wireless multicarrier system. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Broadcom Corp, Mechelen, Belgium. Alcatel Bell Telephone, Antwerp, Belgium. Supelec, Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Martin, RK (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9710-1 PY 2006 BP 264 EP 268 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BGD25 UT WOS:000246147200054 ER PT S AU Spanjers, G Winter, J Cohen, D Adler, A Guarnieri, J Tolliver, M Ginet, G Dichter, B Summers, J AF Spanjers, Greg Winter, James Cohen, Dan Adler, Aaron Guarnieri, Jason Tolliver, Martin Ginet, Greg Dichter, Bronek Summers, Jeff GP IEEE TI The AFRL Demonstration and Science Experiments (DSX) for DoD space capability in the MEO SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Space Vehicles Directorate has developed the Demonstration and Sciences Experiment (DSX) to research the technologies needed to deploy space assets in the harsh MEO radiation environment. The DSX comprises three basic research experiments: 1) Wave Particle Interaction Experiment, 2) Space Weather Experiment, and 3) Space Environmental Effects Experiment. C1 [Spanjers, Greg; Winter, James; Adler, Aaron; Guarnieri, Jason; Tolliver, Martin; Ginet, Greg; Dichter, Bronek] USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Cohen, Dan] Sequoia Technol Inc, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Summers, Jeff] MicroSat Syst Inc, Littleton, CO USA. RP Spanjers, G (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM gregory.spanjers@kirtland.af.mil NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 345 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583100032 ER PT S AU Colon-Diaz, N Morton, TE Pasala, KM AF Colon-Diaz, Nivia Morton, Thomas E. Pasala, Krishna M. GP IEEE TI Sum and difference beam-pattern synthesis with side-lobe control SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT ID MONOPULSE ANTENNAS; OPTIMIZATION AB This paper(1,2) considers the synthesis of sum and difference beam patterns for a planar array of antenna elements to be used as a tracking antenna. The patterns are synthesized using an optimization such that the directivity of the sum pattern is maximized subject to prescribed sum and difference pattern side-lobe levels. A significant result is that the sum and difference patterns are synthesized with the same set of complex weights. Beam pattern results are presented for a given prescribed side-lobe level with and without beam scanning. In addition, it is of interest to maximize the slope of the difference pattern at boresight since the slope is directly related to tracking accuracy. Accordingly, various difference patterns are presented and the maximum slope determined. The parameters considered include side-lobe level, scan angle, directivity, and difference pattern slope. C1 [Colon-Diaz, Nivia; Morton, Thomas E.] USAF, Res Lab, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Pasala, Krishna M.] Univ Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Colon-Diaz, N (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Nivia.Colon-Diaz@wpafb.af.mil; Thomas.Morton@wpafb.af.mil; Krishna.Pasala@notes.udayton.edu NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 1083 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583101047 ER PT S AU Spendley, DN Rosal, JD Curtis, DD Weedon, WH Burroughs, J AF Spendley, Daniel N. Rosal, Joseph D. Curtis, David D. Weedon, William H. Burroughs, John GP IEEE TI Initial demonstration of an X-Band Digital Beamforming (DBF) receive array SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB This paper 1,2 presents the architecture and initial measured performance of an X-Band Digital Beamforming (DBF) Plug-and-Play Receive Array. This processor was designed to steer four independent simultaneous beams over the entire X-band with 32 independent channels, an instantaneous bandwidth of 15 MHz, and a spur-free dynamic range of at least 65 dB. Designed using commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components, we achieved a vast decrease in size of the DBF processor. When compared to previous DBF systems, the system's ease in mobility and measurement accuracy greatly increases DBF's applicability towards smaller airborne platforms. C1 [Spendley, Daniel N.; Rosal, Joseph D.; Curtis, David D.] USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Antenna Technol Branch,SNHA, 80 Scott Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. [Weedon, William H.; Burroughs, John] Appl Radar Inc, N Kingstown, RI 02852 USA. RP Spendley, DN (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Antenna Technol Branch,SNHA, 80 Scott Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM daniel.spendley@hanscom.af.mil NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 1107 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583101050 ER PT S AU Hubenko, VP Raines, RA Temple, MA Robert, FM Saege, MD AF Hubenko, Victor P., Jr. Raines, Richard A. Temple, Michael A. Robert, F. Mills Saege, Mark D. GP IEEE TI Adaptation, modeling, and analysis of PIM-DM in a LEO Satellite Network environment SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT ID MULTICAST AB (1,2,3)Multicast communication protocols continue to evolve as more applications take advantage of the efficiencies afforded by the ability of a single source to reliably send data to many users and vice versa. This article continues that evolution and provides analysis on three multicasting protocols (PIM-DM, DVMRP, and ODMRP), adapted to a Low Earth Orbit Satellite Network. We provide a simplified overview of multicasting and the three protocols highlighted. We then discuss the implementation details required to adapt the protocols for a satellite network environment, and deviations from the protocols that we found necessary. Finally, we compare the protocol performances in terms of Data-to-Overhead ratio, Received-to-Sent ratio, and End-to-End Delay. C1 [Hubenko, Victor P., Jr.; Raines, Richard A.; Temple, Michael A.; Robert, F. Mills] USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Temple, Michael A.; Robert, F. Mills] Air Force Res Lab, Rome, Italy. [Saege, Mark D.] Air Force Res Lab, InformAT Directorate, Rome, Italy. RP Hubenko, VP (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM victor.hubenko@afit.edu; richard.raines@afit.edu NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 1315 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583102017 ER PT S AU Cook, KLB Raquet, JF AF Cook, Kendra L. B. Raquet, John F. GP IEEE TI Characterizing the impact of precision time and range measurements on network position solutions SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT ID SYNCHRONIZATION AB (1,2,3) There is a strong desire to improve the ability to determine the relative position of a network of vehicles (such as aircraft, tanks, troops, etc). This research uses two-way time-transfer (TWTT) measurements, which are already being used for precise relative time measurements, to improve relative positioning of a vehicle network. This research characterizes the impact of using TWTT measurements to improve positioning of vehicle networks. The results show that including TWTT measurements in particular scenarios can reduce the 3-dimensional positioning errors by 11-42% and reduce the relative clock errors from 15% to over 99%. C1 [Cook, Kendra L. B.; Raquet, John F.] USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Cook, KLB (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Kendra.Cook@afit.edu; John.Raquet@afit.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 1609 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583102048 ER PT S AU Miller, N Duncan, B Dierking, MP AF Miller, Nick Duncan, Bradley Dierking, Matthew P. GP IEEE TI Resolution enhanced sparse aperture imaging SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT ID OPTICAL TELESCOPES; ARRAYS AB The resolution of a conventional diffraction limited imaging system is proportional to its entrance pupil diameter(1,2). The primary goal of multiple aperture imaging is to enhance resolution by increasing the effective aperture diameter, while also minimizing the total image collection area, the latter being desirable because of the cost and weight of large single aperture imaging systems. Provided is a description of several performance metrics. Results of a computer study for several sparse aperture geometries, in particular the compact minimum redundancy arrays first described by Golay are shown. For each geometry, we have investigated the effects of varying both the number of sub-apertures and their relative spacings. Aberrations resulting from sub-aperture piston errors are also considered. The evaluation of these sparse aperture geometries, and their accompanying metrics, guide our present terrestrial imaging work as we explore the possibility of combining sub-aperture images through post detection processing. C1 [Miller, Nick; Duncan, Bradley] Univ Dayton, 300 Coll Pk Dr, Dayton, OH 45409 USA. [Dierking, Matthew P.] US Air Force, Res Lab, AFRL SNJM, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Miller, N (reprint author), Univ Dayton, 300 Coll Pk Dr, Dayton, OH 45409 USA. EM Nicholas.Miller@wpafb.af.mil; Bradley.Duncan@notes.udayton.edu; matthew.dierking@wpafb.af.mil NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 1922 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583103027 ER PT S AU Eismann, MT AF Eismann, Michael T. GP IEEE TI Strategies for hyperspectral target detection in complex background environments SO 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-9 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT ID STOCHASTIC MIXING MODEL; RESOLUTION; IMAGERY; ENHANCEMENT; ALGORITHM; DESIGN; SYSTEM AB The capability to rapidly detect and identify ground targets hidden in natural and man-made clutter over broad areas remains of high interest for defense applications, and is emerging as a critical component to counter-terrorism and homeland security missions. Recognizing the difficulty in establishing such a capability based on traditional, panchromatic imaging sensors in the electro-optical and infrared spectral region, the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has been investigating the added potential that spectral and polarimetric sensing methods provide. This has resulted in a variety of sensor system developments and baseline processing systems for real-time target detection and discrimination. Despite the success of this prior research, however, the emerging missions are expected to present situations for which the targets will be smaller, more diverse, and more fleeting, while the background clutter will be more complex. This is likely to severely limit the detection performance achievable with the current generation of processing algorithms based on standard statistical background models and require more sophisticated detection and discrimination algorithms. This paper(1,2) provides an overview of some of the primary AFRL research interests and directions to address these limitations. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Eismann, MT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 1938 EP 1947 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583103028 ER PT S AU MacDonald, A AF MacDonald, Adam GP IEEE TI Weighted frame averaging for motion compensation of laser radar image data SO 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-9 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT ID REGISTRATION; RESTORATION; SEQUENCES AB Recent interest in the collection of laser radar imagery has motivated the development of automatic, accurate image registration techniques to reduce laser speckle, increase image signal to noise ratio, decrease the deleterious effects of atmospheric tip/tilt, and enhance image detail. This research seeks a new method to assign weights to each of the frames that have been previously registered using an arbitrary translational registration algorithm. Frames with poor registration are assigned low weights according to a maximum likelihood cost function, allowing such frames to be either discarded from the ensemble or re-registered using an alternate algorithm. The estimator is based on the underlying statistics of the intensity distribution of partially coherent illumination, which has found to be well modeled by the negative binomial probability mass function. Simulated and experimentally collected data is presented to support the development and performance of the misregistered frame detector. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP MacDonald, A (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 1948 EP 1956 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583103029 ER PT S AU Armstrong, E Richmond, R AF Armstrong, Ernest Richmond, Richard GP IEEE TI The application of inverse filters to 3D microscanning of LADAR imagery SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT ID FLASH LIDAR DATA; REGISTRATION AB Microscanning is an effective technique for reducing aliasing and increasing resolution in 2D images produced by non-coherent imaging systems. Both the aliasing reduction and resolution enhancement are accomplished by increasing the effective spatial sampling interval through subpixel movements of the field of view on the detector array. In this paper the authors examine (using both simulated and real data) the application of microscanning on 3D coherent imagery (with application to 2D coherent imagery). The application of Inverse filtering techniques are also examined to resolve difficulties associated with blurring by the detector and optical systems. The effects of blurring by the detector and optical system decrease image resolution when microscanning is attempted at sub-pixel movements of less than half the detector width. A discrete filter is designed using the MTF of the imaging system. This filter is then applied to images collected with a 128x128x20 FLASH 3D LADAR system. The authors also investigate the difficulties that arise when the MTF of the system is not well characterized and when image registration errors and a low signal to noise ratio are present in the system. C1 [Armstrong, Ernest; Richmond, Richard] USAF, Res Lab, Bldg 622, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Armstrong, E (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Bldg 622, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Ernest.Armstrong@wpafb.af.mil NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 1957 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583103030 ER PT S AU Payne, TE Gregory, SA Luu, K AF Payne, Tamara E. Gregory, Stephen A. Luu, Kim GP IEEE TI Electro-optical signatures comparisons of geosynchronous satellites SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB The Air Force Research Laboratory 12 has observed the color photometric signatures of geosynchronous (GEO) satellites since 1996. Recently, we have constructed models and a radiometric simulation in order to aid in understanding the physics of satellite radiometric signatures. We report on the results of the construction of models of GEOs and the comparison of the resulting simulated photometric signature from the models to empirical photometric data obtained of these satellites using CCD technology. We regard these models to be of "first order" in that they employ accurate basic sizes and shapes along with excellent reflectivity functions for typical spacecraft materials. However, they do not yet attempt to represent specular glints nor do we have ground truth knowledge of materials. They also do not include fine structure on the satellite. The models are basically made of three facets: solar panels, main bus structure, and large antennae. C1 [Payne, Tamara E.; Gregory, Stephen A.] Boeing LTS Inc, POB 5670, Kirtland AFB, NM 87185 USA. [Luu, Kim] USAF, Res Lab, Kihei, HI 96753 USA. RP Payne, TE (reprint author), Boeing LTS Inc, POB 5670, Kirtland AFB, NM 87185 USA. EM Tamara.payne@kirtland.af.mil; Stephen.gregory@kirtland.af.mil; Kim.luu@maui.afmc.af.mil NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 1998 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583103035 ER PT S AU Hindman, CW Lacy, SL Hatten, N AF Hindman, Charles W. Lacy, Seth L. Hatten, Nicole GP IEEE TI Image based acquisition and tracking for multi-access laser communications SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB Long-range laser communications links offer many potential advantages to satellite communications systems including high bandwidth, security, and a small physical footprint. However, the establishment of a laser communications link can be very difficult and time consuming due to the extremely small beam divergences and stringent platform stability requirements inherent to lasercom systems. Most of the difficulty lies in the first step of actually painting the partner terminal with a laser spot or detecting said spot due to large uncertainties, terminal vibrations and jitter, bright optical backgrounds and clutter. A detailed physical and statistical model of this first detection process has been developed and verified against computer simulations using representative background images to ensure the success of this critical first step in the acquisition process, enabling future designers to have some confidence that their terminals will be able to acquire(12). C1 [Hindman, Charles W.; Lacy, Seth L.; Hatten, Nicole] USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Hindman, CW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM Charles.hindman@kirtland.af.mil; Seth.Lacy@kirtland.af.mil; Nicole.Hatten@student.Mercer.edu NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 2790 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583105003 ER PT S AU Hindman, CW Engberg, BS AF Hindman, Charles W. Engberg, Brian S. GP IEEE TI Atmospheric and platform jitter effects on laser acquisition patterns SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB Several applications exist that require the acquisition of a distant target by illuminating it with a laser source, either cooperatively or non-cooperatively. Because of the uncertainties that exist in the knowledge of the target's position as well as the transmitting vehicles attitude, this acquisition process often involves scanning a laser beam over some uncertainty cone. The parameters of this scan can be adjusted to provide an acceptable intensity pattern within the uncertainty region. However, disturbances in the form of uncompensated platform jitter, atmospheric scintillation, and aero-optical effects due to boundary layer turbulence (if the transmitting terminal is located on a moving platform) combine to distort the desired pattern in the far field. A detailed simulation of the first two of these processes is developed and used as the basis for a trade study to show how to optimize the search parameters and maximize the probability of detection for a given set of disturbance inputs.(12) C1 [Hindman, Charles W.; Engberg, Brian S.] USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Hindman, CW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM charles.hindman@kirtland.af.mil; brian.enberg@kirtland.af.mil NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 2800 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583105004 ER PT S AU Campbell, D Barrett, R Lakes, MS Adams, L Abramson, E Scherbarth, MR Welsh, JS Freebury, G Beidleman, N Abbot, J AF Campbell, Douglas Barrett, Rory Lakes, Mark S. Adams, Larry Abramson, Erik Scherbarth, Mark R. Welsh, Jeffry S. Freebury, Gregg Beidleman, Neal Abbot, Jamie GP IEEE TI Development of a novel, passively deployed roll-out solar array SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB Advanced solar arrays capable of generating greater than 50 kW of total power, at power densities greater than 250 W/kg, are required for many future Air Force missions. The largest heritage systems are limited to less than 15 kW of total power, at roughly 50 W/kg. The Roll Out and Passively Deployed Array (RAPDAR) design will demonstrate the feasibility of 50 kW, 250 W/kg-class solar array systems through an innovative design that takes full advantage of the latest advances in thin-film photovoltaic and TEMBO (R) Elastic Memory Composite (EMC) deployment technologies. The use of solar energy to passively deploy the array further improves the overall system efficiency. The present paper addresses the development and validation of detailed designs for the RAPDAR (patent applied for) structural system. Specific focus is placed on the development and validation of the EMC longerons, which are the primary structural members for the RAPDAR system controlling packaging and deployment, and providing primary stiffness and strength to the deployed system. The paper includes results from both analysis and testing of EMC longerons that demonstrate deployment and shape-storage capacity. C1 [Campbell, Douglas; Barrett, Rory; Lakes, Mark S.; Adams, Larry; Abramson, Erik] Composite Technol Dev Inc, Lafayette, CO 80026 USA. [Scherbarth, Mark R.; Welsh, Jeffry S.] US Air Force, Res Lab AFRL VSSV, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Freebury, Gregg; Beidleman, Neal] Idea Inc, Aspen, CO 81612 USA. [Abbot, Jamie] JLA Technol, San Diego, CA 92119 USA. RP Campbell, D (reprint author), Composite Technol Dev Inc, Lafayette, CO 80026 USA. EM doug@ctd-materials.com FU Space Vehicles Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory; SBIR [FA9453-05-C-0049, FA9453-05-C-0050] FX The authors would like to acknowledge the Space Vehicles Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory for their technical guidance and support of the present work under Phase II SBIR Contracts No. FA9453-05-C-0049 and FA9453-05-C-0050. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 2808 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583105005 ER PT S AU Ross, SM Pachter, M Jacques, DR Kish, BA Millman, DR AF Ross, Steven M. Pachter, Meir Jacques, David R. Kish, Brian A. Millman, Daniel R. GP IEEE TI Autonomous aerial refueling based on the tanker reference frame SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB An aircraft formation autopilot is designed for,2 flight test to demonstrate autonomous aerial refueling(1,2). The controller requirements are stated, and models for the lead and wing aircraft are outlined and stabilized. Control laws are developed for the model, and four frames of reference are investigated for optimal control. Next, a simulation is constructed with modeled disturbances to produce the real-time inputs that will be available to the controller. Results from simulations of the controller are presented and assessed, including an exploration of sensitivity and robustness. Finally, results are presented from a limited flight test investigation conducted with a formation of an Air Force C-12 and a variable stability Lea et LJ-25, flown by the controller. Fully autonomous aerial refueling maneuvers were successfully demonstrated in both level and turning flight. Finally, conclusions and lessons learned from the flight test and the controller development are presented. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Kish, Brian A.; Millman, Daniel R.] US Air Force, Test Pilot Sch, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RP Ross, SM (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM steven.ross@afit.edu; brian.kish@edwards.af.mil NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 3030 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583105027 ER PT S AU Shaw, L Hidalgo, RC Rogers, JW Burgess, GJ Minor, JL AF Shaw, Leonard Hidalgo, Raniel C. Rogers, James W. Burgess, Gregory J. Minor, John L. GP IEEE TI Aeroelastic load control program: In-flight demonstration of active flow control technology SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB The USAF Test Pilot School (TPS) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) have partnered with Lockheed Martin and General Electric (GE) Global Research to execute the first flight test using Dual Bimorph Synthetic Jet (DBSJ) actuators in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of active flow control technology. The first phase of the Aeroelastic Load Control (ALC) program demonstrated the use of small, electronically controlled DBSJ actuators to mitigate the effects of turbulent airflow. The USAF TPS flew three missions that were dedicated to evaluating this technology using a unique configuration on a modified F-16 test aircraft. The primary objective of this test was to validate the configuration as an effective active flow control evaluation platform. The initial results of the flight tests showed some effectiveness in reducing dynamic loads from turbulent airflow when employing the DBSJ actuators. Specifically, parameters reflected a reduction in overall sound pressure levels when the jet actuators were operational. Our data also suggested that active flow control technology merits further investigation using our test configuration, which could potentially lead to some new and innovative solutions to turbulent airflow in the aerospace industry. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. [Hidalgo, Raniel C.] US Air Force, Capt, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. [Burgess, Gregory J.] USN, LCDR, Washington, DC USA. [Minor, John L.] US Air Force, Test Pilot Sch, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. [Rogers, James W.] US Air Force, OGMT OG 46, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Shaw, L (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. EM leonard.shaw@wpafb.af.mil; raniel.hidalgo@edwards.af.mil; james.rogers2@eglin.af.mil NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 3086 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583105032 ER PT S AU Kish, BA Jacques, DR Pachter, M AF Kish, Brian A. Jacques, David R. Pachter, Meir GP IEEE TI Establishment of a system operating characteristic for autonomous wide area search munitions SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB The optimal employment of autonomous wide area search munitions is addressed. The specific scenarios considered involve a munition searching a battle space for targets in the presence of false targets. Target encounters are modelled using either a uniform or Poisson distribution. False target encounters are modelled using a Poisson distribution. All relevant parameters are extracted from intelligence information, the sensor performance specification, and the air vehicle performance specification. Analytic system effectiveness measures are derived using applied probability theory. The effectiveness measures derived handle time-varying parameters which characterize the battle space environment and the performance of the system. This allows the formulation and solution of optimization problems that maximize the probability of a target attack while at the same time constraining the probability of a false target attack. Optimal schedules for controlling sensor threshold and area coverage rate during a mission are derived and compared to the constant-parameter results. These schedules establish a system operating characteristic. An increase in system effectiveness is demonstrated when parameters are dynamically controlled during a mission. C1 [Kish, Brian A.] USAF, Test Pilot Sch, 220 S Wolfe Ave, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. [Jacques, David R.] US Air Force, Inst Technol, Dept Aeronaut Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Pachter, Meir] US Air Force, Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Kish, BA (reprint author), USAF, Test Pilot Sch, 220 S Wolfe Ave, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. EM brian.kish@edwards.af.mil; david.jacques@afit.edu; meir.pachter@afit.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 3113 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583105035 ER PT S AU Beachkofski, BK AF Beachkofski, Brian K. GP IEEE TI Propulsion safety and affordable readiness engine health management plan SO 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vols 1-9 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB A new initiative was started to address Department of Defense safety and affordable readiness for legacy turbine engines. By using the GOTChA/ApPRoVal methods, a baseline research plan was established that is based on prognostics and health management. This paper outlines the decision process, investment strategy, projected return on investment, validation, and transition strategies. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, PRTS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Beachkofski, BK (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, PRTS, 1950 5th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 3665 EP 3670 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583106033 ER PT S AU Keller, K Swearingen, K Sheahan, J Bailey, M Dunsdon, J Przytula, KW Jordan, B AF Keller, Kirby Swearingen, Kevin Sheahan, Jim Bailey, Mike Dunsdon, Jon Przytula, K. Wojtek Jordan, Brett GP IEEE TI Aircraft electrical power systems prognostics and health management SO 2006 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-9 SE IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 04-11, 2006 CL Big Sky, MT AB Military and commercial aircraft, spacecraft and ground vehicles are increasingly dependent on electrical power. It has become common place for vehicles to rely on electrical power, in whole or in part, for all systems, including critical systems such as flight control and fuel delivery. Microprocessors embedded in digitally controlled power distribution systems, as well as in the digital controllers within these systems, provide an unprecedented, affordable and inherent opportunity to monitor an electrically powered vehicle's systems health. Data transmitted to and from these controllers can be used to characterize the system and component operating signatures, thereby enabling advanced diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. These capabilities will ensure a high mission reliability rate as well as reduce life cycle ownership costs. The Aircraft Electrical Power Systems Prognostics and Health Management (AEPHM) program, presently being worked by Air Force Research Laboratories (AFRL), Boeing, and Smiths Aerospace, has developed and demonstrated health management (diagnostics, prognostics and decision aids) algorithms. The first phase of the program, which ended in July of 2005, addressed electric actuation, fuel pumps/valves and arc fault protection. The second phase is addressing power generation. Algorithm development is based on data collected from seeded and accelerated run-to-failure laboratory testing. The AEPHM architecture supports system level fusion of evidence and state information from multiple sources to improve estimates of degradation. The robustness of health management as a function of possible data sources and data rates is being determined. The product of the research will be adaptable to a range of platforms, including military, space and commercial vehicles. Phase I of the program was completed with an end to end, hardware-in-the-loop (electric actuator, fuel pump, fuel valve, arc fault, and power distribution unit) demonstration with on-line data generation to show the integration of the technology into a realistic setting(1,2). C1 [Keller, Kirby; Swearingen, Kevin; Sheahan, Jim] Boeing Co, S111-1335 Box 516, St Louis, MO 63166 USA. [Bailey, Mike; Dunsdon, Jon] Smiths Aerosp, Cheltenham, Glos GL20 8SF, England. [Przytula, K. Wojtek] HRL Labs, Malibu, CA 90265 USA. [Jordan, Brett] AFRL, PRPE, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Keller, K (reprint author), Boeing Co, S111-1335 Box 516, St Louis, MO 63166 USA. EM Kirby.j.keller@boeing.com; kevin.l.swearingen@boeing.com; james.j.sheahan-jr@boeing.com; mike.bailey@smiths-aerospace.com; jonathan.dunsdon@smiths-aerospace.com; wojtek@hrl.com; Brett.Jordan@wpafb.af.mil NR 4 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-9545-X J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2006 BP 3737 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BFF34 UT WOS:000241583106042 ER PT B AU Hofer, TW Seetharaman, GS AF Hofer, Thomas W. Seetharaman, Guna S. GP IEEE TI Development of a digital avionics curriculum for the aeronautical engineer SO 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1- 3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 25th Digital Avionics Systerms Conference CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Portsmouth, OR SP IEEE, AIAA AB The focus of the research leading to this paper was the development of a comprehensive digital avionics curriculum that will serve the needs of aeronautical engineers who will be involved with the development, integration, testing, fielding, and supporting of avionics systems as part of the overall aircraft system. Research was conducted through a literature review, a thorough review of existing avionics programs, and the use of a Delphi Technique survey process. Based upon the findings from the reviews and the Delphi Technique survey process, a six-step curriculum development process was formulated as a method to build a course structure that will satisfy the needs of students enrolled in a digital avionics specialty course sequence. Utilizing the formulated process, a proposed three course curriculum was developed that will provide the avionics knowledge required at the correct level of proficiency while instilling the desired attributes within the aeronautical engineers. The development process and the resulting proposed curriculum will be presented. C1 USN Acad, USMC, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Hofer, TW (reprint author), USN Acad, USMC, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0377-6 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2006 BP 756 EP 768 PG 13 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGB18 UT WOS:000245889700076 ER PT B AU Johnston, MG AF Johnston, Michael G., Jr. GP IEEE TI Ground object geo-location using UAV video camera SO 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1- 3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 25th Digital Avionics Systerms Conference CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Portsmouth, OR SP IEEE, AIAA AB This paper will present an approach for object localization that utilizes basic rotation matrices and camera system geometry matrices to calculate the WGS84 Latitude, Longitude and Elevation of a cued ground object that appears within the field of view of a camera system. The calculations for obtaining the object localization are relative to the GPS position and attitude of an Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle (UAV), as well as, the elevation of the terrain directly below the UAV. A simple model and the supporting algorithms will be shown in the paper along with relevant example results from real world test cases. C1 USAF, Eglin AFB, FL USA. RP Johnston, MG (reprint author), USAF, Eglin AFB, FL USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0377-6 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2006 BP 908 EP 914 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGB18 UT WOS:000245889700093 ER PT S AU Burnham, S Jones, KW Pope, RL Jenkins, LC Ramsey, J AF Burnham, Samuel Jones, Keith W. Pope, Ronnie L. Jenkins, Larry C. Ramsey, Jeffrey GP IEEE TI A need for visionary systems engineering: The visioneer SO 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1- 3 SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 25th Digital Avionics Systerms Conference CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Portsmouth, OR SP IEEE, AIAA AB The United States' national economic and physical defense depends on its pro-activeness and visionary leadership. Visionary engineering and/or science leadership requires a leader to think beyond his or her normal job description when addressing an old or new technological challenge in new ways. Visionary leadership is important for creating an environment conducive for generating new holistic systems engineering ideas especially those ideas pertaining to development of a network-centric environment (NCE). In addition to development of holistic systems engineering approaches to problem solving and for NCE, a visionary engineering and/or science leader also should have the ability to recognize creativity and provide his/her creative workforce the space needed to thrive and express their originality. This will be especially true regarding NCEs and for shifting the paradigmatic thinking about systems engineering. Without doubt, as the idea of NCE grows it will require scientists and engineers (S&Es) to address challenges that were never before considered to be technological science and engineering problems such as those relating to people, training, education, sociology, psychology, etc. As we interconnect more people, the social sciences and education are also most likely to become the challenges that could be most difficult for technological S&Es to handle. The visionary leader might therefore create an environment where new holistic systems engineering ideas and experimentations could be and are rewarded, and s/he could demonstrate his/her appreciation by example. The authors paraphrase, Former Secretary of the United States Air Force, Dr. James Roche's comments about visionary leadership by stating the following: America must apply the sum of our operational experiences and experimentation to develop dynamic, flexible, and adaptable forces, capable of dissuading, deterring, and defeating a much wider range of potential adversaries, while still assuring our friends and allies. This fluid setting underscores the need for doctrinal agility, and expeditious and responsive acquisition, planning, and execution across the spectrum of capabilities in support of homeland security-from the most difficult anti-access scenario to humanitarian relief. As new generations of technology proliferate among potential adversaries, we also are reminded of the need to keep pushing technology forward [6]. C1 [Burnham, Samuel] USAF, 846 TSS-TSISE, Eglin AFB, FL USA. [Jones, Keith W.; Pope, Ronnie L.; Jenkins, Larry C.; Ramsey, Jeffrey] USAF, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Burnham, S (reprint author), USAF, 846 TSS-TSISE, Eglin AFB, FL USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4244-0377-6 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2006 BP 1096 EP + PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGB18 UT WOS:000245889700110 ER PT S AU Pope, RL Jones, KW Jenkins, LC Ramsey, J Burnham, S AF Pope, Ronnie L. Jones, Keith W. Jenkins, Lany C. Ramsey, Jeffry Burnham, Samuel GP IEEE TI History of science and technology systems engineering: The histneer SO 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1- 3 SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 25th Digital Avionics Systerms Conference CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Portsmouth, OR SP IEEE, AIAA AB This paper takes a holistic systems engineering approach toward addressing the need to consolidate human intellectual capital (called history of science & technology) with scientific and technological history of science and technology (HS&T) (for devices, machines, and processes), along with configuration management for individualized project management and systems engineering technology development efforts. The authors define HS&T as a field of history that examines how our (that is, humanity's) understanding of science and technology has changed over the years. They argue that without such an understanding, development of new technologies could have been improbable. They further describe HS&T as a field of history that studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific and technological innovation. They define configuration management to be a discipline that applies technical and administrative direction and surveillance to: (1) identify and document the functional and physical characteristics of a scientific and technological configuration item; (2) control changes to those characteristics or attributes pertaining to scientific and technological devices, machines, and processes; and (3) record and report changes to processing and implementation status of scientific and technological devices, machines, and processes. They further describe present-day configuration management to be based upon the physical and some aspect of the informational domain along with a machine-centered sub-domain; and that this is incomplete. The authors argue that from a holistic systems engieering perspective, the majority of the informational domain and plausibly all of the cognitive and social domain in addition to the application- and human-centered sub-domain appear to be overlooked according to present-day configuration management concepts relating to the technology development process. As a plausible solution, they advocate there should be a real-time history of science & technology systems engineer (or histneer - 1 -) team member working as part of an integrated product team (IPT). That the histneer team member, as part of the system or technology development team, could be responsible for gathering and documenting all aspects of the acquisition development process whether its human performance and recollection data; machine and software data; modeling, simulation and analysis data; ideational data, conceptual data, sociological data, psychological data, and war fighting data related to actual applications of developed technology during combat. C1 [Pope, Ronnie L.; Jones, Keith W.; Jenkins, Lany C.; Ramsey, Jeffry; Burnham, Samuel] USAF, Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Pope, RL (reprint author), USAF, Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4244-0377-6 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2006 BP 1108 EP + PG 4 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGB18 UT WOS:000245889700111 ER PT S AU Jones, K Jenkins, L Ramsey, J Burnham, S Pope, R AF Jones, Keith Jenkins, Larry Ramsey, Jeffry Burnham, Samuel Pope, Ronnie GP IEEE TI Holistic systems engineering: Cognitive hierarchy, RF receiver technology, and environment SO 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1- 3 SE IEEE-AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 25th Digital Avionics Systerms Conference CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Portsmouth, OR SP IEEE, AIAA AB From the very beginning of technological development, humans have had the goal to build systems that can capture the cognitive abilities of nature. The abilily to process control and communications information on the battlefield is important. Such control can be offered in the form of a software-defined radio (SDR) based on cognitive radio technology. Cognitive radio technology could theoretically interoperate amongst incompatible communication systems used by friendly and coalition forces. According to Dr. Joseph Mitola, the cognitive radio vision is as follows: a smart radio that could switch spectrum on the fly. Put another way, a cognitive radio is a radio function that would be capable of switching from a crowded part of the radio frequency spectrum to a radio frequency region that is more sparsely populated but can still receive the original signals of interest. Cognitive radio technology and cognitive engineering is based upon the human cognitive hierarchy process, however, for its practicable realization to occur, the authors argue a holistic systems engineering approach that appears to include- physical, informational, cognitive, social domain a tong with machine-, application-, and human-centered sub-domain combat conditions and thermal management systems engineering concepts must, from the beginning, be considered. C1 [Jones, Keith; Jenkins, Larry; Ramsey, Jeffry] Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Jones, K (reprint author), Aeronaut Syst Ctr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. EM Keith.Jones@wpafb.af.mil; Larry.Jenkins@wpafb.af.mil; Jeffry.Ramsey@wpafb.af.mil; Samuel.Burnham@eglin.af.mil; Ronnie.Pope@wpafb.af.mil NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7195 BN 978-1-4244-0377-6 J9 IEEEAAIA DIGIT AVION PY 2006 BP 1121 EP + PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGB18 UT WOS:000245889700112 ER PT B AU Mason, JF Luecke, KR Luke, JA AF Mason, James F. Luecke, Kenn R. Luke, Jahn A. GP IEEE TI Device drivers in time and space partitioned operating systems SO 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1- 3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 25th Digital Avionics Systerms Conference CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Portsmouth, OR SP IEEE, AIAA AB Current and future aircraft systems require real-time embedded software with greater flexibility than what was previously available for production aircraft. Some flexibility for real-time embedded software systems has been achieved recently through Time and Space Partitioned (TSP) operating systems. TSP operating systems have been implemented through ARINC-653 architectures by a number of commercial vendors to support safety critical applications. However, for increased functionality and flexibility to support future battle space scenarios, aircraft will need to communicate over multiple networks while maintaining data separation and Multiple Levels of Security (MLS). As a result, new MLS-capable real time operating systems referred to as Multiple Independent Levels of Security/Safety (MILS) separation kernels are emerging and in the process of being certified. The ARINC-653 standard, which too is used by the new MILS kernel, will allow for independently produced applications to run together on the same hardware and provide most of the capability necessary for isolating applications with different security levels. With MILS, functionality such as device drivers, files systems, and networks stacks are moved out of the RTOS and put into partitions, so the kernel can be affordably evaluated (using mathematical verification) and information flow, data isolation, periods processing, and damage limitation can be enforced. To better understand the impacts of separating device drivers from the kernel, Boeing moved the bulk of a Dy-4 Systems MIL-STD-1553 device driver functionality out of a RTOS kernel and into an application partition. This paper details the design, decisions, effort, results, and lessons learned as a result of performing this activity under the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) program in support of the CV-22. AFRL's objective was to gain insight and promote the development and application of commercial TSP operating systems for real-time embedded software systems. C1 Boeing Co, St Louis, MO USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Mason, JF (reprint author), Boeing Co, St Louis, MO USA. EM james.f.mason@boeing.com; kenn.r.luecke@boeing.com; jahn.luke@wpafb.af.mil NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0377-6 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2006 BP 1177 EP 1185 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGB18 UT WOS:000245889700118 ER PT B AU Rawa, RC Luke, JA AF Rawa, Raymond C. Luke, Jahn A. GP IEEE TI Preserving avionics software investment through interface abstraction SO 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1- 3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 25th Digital Avionics Systerms Conference CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Portsmouth, OR SP IEEE, AIAA AB Modernization of fielded avionics software has proven to be a difficult task. As the software evolves through its life-cycle, it invariably becomes larger and more complex and represents an increasing investment in the total avionics system cost. To reduce cost during life-cycle evolution, great emphasis is placed on capturing software investment when re-hosting code on new state-of-the-art target systems. To complicate matters, quite often, the fielded system stays in use in parallel with the new system for some period of time. Simultaneous support of different target baselines leads to issues in supporting both systems and migrating similar changes between each baseline. This paper describes the methods used to develop a common abstraction layer in support of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Information Directorate's Multi-Platform Open System Transition Technology Demonstration program (MOST-TD) program. The specific issues addressed were: Ada83 to Ada95 conversion, dealing with compiler specific extensions, vendor provided libraries and the strongly-typed data types associated with them. A special emphasis was placed on minimizing or eliminating the computational burden that might be introduced by inserting an additional layer of software on each system. Through careful use of these techniques the author has added an abstraction layer to a fielded avionics operational flight program, while incurring no additional computational burden and actually obtaining a slight overall computational savings. The abstraction layer has already been delivered back into the original platform and has successfully completed flight test. The real savings realized from change isolation using software abstraction is obtained in the maintenance costs of supporting code bases for multiple target systems as well as host-based development. C1 Boeing Co, Ridley Pk, PA 19078 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Rawa, RC (reprint author), Boeing Co, Ridley Pk, PA 19078 USA. EM raymond.c.rawa@boeing.com; jahn.luke@wpafb.af.mil NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0377-6 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2006 BP 1240 EP 1248 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGB18 UT WOS:000245889700124 ER PT B AU Bayruns, T Luke, JA AF Bayruns, Theodore Luke, Jahn A. GP IEEE TI An XML based interface taxonomy and its use in the partitioning of a monolithic avionics software application SO 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25TH DIGITAL AVIONICS SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1- 3 SE Digital Avionics Systems Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/AIAA 25th Digital Avionics Systerms Conference CY OCT 15-18, 2006 CL Portsmouth, OR SP IEEE, AIAA AB As requirements for Communication Navigation Surveillance / Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) and Network Centric Operations (NCO) continue to become prevalent in military avionics systems, application of commercial Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) products that support time and space partitioning are getting increased attention as tools for mitigating costs associated with safety and security certification. Isolation in time and space allows for multiple hazard levels to be independently assessed on the same processor. It also provides the necessary robustness for data of differing security levels to coexist as well, supporting a Multiple Independent Level Security (MILS) environment. Boeing under contract to Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Information Directorate conducted a study that focused on the development and application of partitioned RTO S products. The target of the study was an example monolithic (single time/space) Operational Flight Program (OFP) that was to be partitioned on a commercially available RTOS product and demonstrated in a Boeing systems integration lab. The end system consisted of three partitions: (1) an Input/Output (I/O) partition, (2) a navigation partition, (3) and the remaining components of the OFP. Anomalous behavior generated during the decoupling (partitioning) of computer software components (CSCs) often arises due to incorrect interpretation of syntactic, semantic, and contextual (temporal) elements. This is especially true during the decomposition into multiple time/spaces of software that was originally designed and tested within a single time/space. Generally syntactic errors are identified during the compilation portion of building a program, semantic errors identified during unit-level testing, and temporal errors identified during high-level integration. Since high-level integration typically relies on the concurrent execution of large amounts of code and more than one execution thread, it is this temporal error that proves to be the most difficult to identify and fix. To save development time and to reduce errors during execution, Boeing sought to identify where problems manifested by component decomposition might arise. A Partitioning Whitepaper was generated to proactively identify an approach for accomplishing the partitioning with minimal errors. Early in the whitepaper generation it was realized that a capability for the consistent and methodical analysis of disparate software interfaces needed to be developed. This capability essentially evolved into a taxonomy of behaviors of software interfaces within an Ada programming environment. This taxonomy focused on the syntax, semantics, and context of computer software interfaces in general. Additional emphasis was placed on how program units are related temporally since it was believed that the most difficult errors introduced by partitioning would be related to the temporal differentiation of the components imposed by the partition schedule. To represent this taxonomy, an XML schema was generated to capture the details necessary for a formal representation. Applying an XML schema was a useful method for capturing this detail since it provided a basis for application of future tools in the analysis of these interfaces. This paper is a product of that original Partitioning Whitepaper. It will describe the original motivation for the study, the details and application of the taxonomy, and a comparison of the original ideas in the Whitepaper versus the actual partitioned OFP result. C1 Boeing Co, Ridley Pk, PA 19078 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Bayruns, T (reprint author), Boeing Co, Ridley Pk, PA 19078 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0377-6 J9 DIGIT AVION SYST CON PY 2006 BP 1255 EP 1267 PG 13 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Aerospace; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGB18 UT WOS:000245889700126 ER PT S AU Peltier, HR Metzger, MR AF Peltier, Hallie R. Metzger, Michael R. GP IEEE TI Pacer comet 4: Next generation automated testing of gas turbine engines SO 2006 IEEE AUTOTESTCON, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Autotestcon LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Autotestcon Conference CY SEP 18-21, 2006 CL Anaheim, CA SP IEEE AB This paper demonstrates the advantages and main design features of the Pacer Comet. 4 system intended to test gas turbine engines for the United States Air Force. Building upon the existing test cell system and applying both technological advancements and lessons learned, Pacer Comet 4 will replace the aging Pacer Comet III (PC3) system which has served the engine test cell mission for over 20 years. Pacer Comet 4 applies modern Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) technology to an open architecture to improve capability, expandability, and sustainability. The modular nature of hardware and software design allows replacement of individual components with minimal impact to the remaining system. Mounting the data acquisition system near the source of the measured signal increases the maintainability, facilitates future expansion, allows out of test cell calibration, and limits the exposure of wiring to noise sources. By converting the analog signals to digital before leaving the frame, line losses are reduced. Converted signals are brought off of the frame and control signals are brought onto the frame via Ethernet network cabling. The Pacer Comet 4 system incorporates networked video capability for observation of critical engine test observation items, facility control, remote data access, intercom system, and Engine Health Management plus Data Repository Center (EHM+DRC) compatible data storage. The software design has a robust executive with comparatively simple Test Program Sets (TPS). This will allow new test procedures to be added with relative ease. C1 [Peltier, Hallie R.] 76th SMXG, 8745 Entrance Rd A, Tinker AFB, OK 73145 USA. [Metzger, Michael R.] Southwest Res Inst, Midwest City, OK 73110 USA. RP Peltier, HR (reprint author), 76th SMXG, 8745 Entrance Rd A, Tinker AFB, OK 73145 USA. EM haille.peltier@tinker.af.mil; mmetzger@swri.org NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1088-7725 BN 978-1-4244-0051-5 J9 IEEE AUTOTESTCON PY 2006 BP 50 EP 54 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BGI04 UT WOS:000247088200009 ER PT S AU Torres, K AF Torres, Kevin GP IEEE TI A cost effective solution for time-stamping electronic warfare system response SO 2006 IEEE AUTOTESTCON, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Autotestcon LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 41st Annual Autotestcon Conference CY SEP 18-21, 2006 CL Anaheim, CA SP IEEE AB Electronic warfare support (ES) systems receive and process RF data real-time and these systems are time critical. Hardware and software updates to existing ES systems are required to properly maintain these systems. Testing the hardware and software updates plays an important role for releasing the update into the field. The majority of this testing takes place in the laboratory. Two units of measure that are used to monitor the performance of an ES system are response time and age-out in addition to many others. Accurate timing information is required to measure the performance of an updated ES system. Many times the manual or automated instrumentation in laboratories is in place and does not have accurate time-stamping capability. This paper presents the hardware and software design of an external unit that can externally interface with any existing RF simulator to capture accurate timing information (time-stamp) for use in response time and age-out calculation. The hardware consists of two PCI bus cards. One for data acquisition and the other for accurate GPS time capture. A program was written in C++ using Visual Studio (R).NET. C1 Warner Robins Air Logist Ctr, Robins AFB, GA 31098 USA. RP Torres, K (reprint author), Warner Robins Air Logist Ctr, Robins AFB, GA 31098 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1088-7725 BN 978-1-4244-0051-5 J9 IEEE AUTOTESTCON PY 2006 BP 140 EP 144 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Automation & Control Systems; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BGI04 UT WOS:000247088200024 ER PT B AU Das, DK Renz, T AF Das, D. K. Renz, T. GP IEEE TI A simulation model for P systems with active membranes SO 2006 IEEE CONFERENCE ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES - NANOELECTRONICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies - Nanoelectronics CY JAN 10-13, 2006 CL Singapore, SINGAPORE SP IEEE AB This paper presents a software application, DasPsimulator created in Java. This is a simulation model similar to SimCm [1]. While SimCm is limited to its capability to simulate only the P dissolution operation, the DasPsimulator is capable of simulating Membrane Division, Membrane Creation and Membrane String Replication operations. This is a first step to cross the interface between simulation and a Distributed implementation of P Systems able to capture the parallelism existing in the membrane computing area. The tool is user friendly, allowing the user to follow the evolution of a P system in a visual way. The simulator can be used to perform closer inspection of P system theory by the advanced researcher and it can also be helpful to individuals interested in learning and understanding how P systems work. C1 [Das, D. K.] SUNY Inst Technol, Dept Mech & Ind Engn Technol, POB 3050, Utica, NY 13504 USA. [Renz, T.] Air Force Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Das, DK (reprint author), SUNY Inst Technol, Dept Mech & Ind Engn Technol, POB 3050, Utica, NY 13504 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9357-8 PY 2006 BP 338 EP + DI 10.1109/NANOEL.2006.1609742 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BFW82 UT WOS:000245207000072 ER PT B AU Pitzer, TL Fellows, JA Lamont, GB Terzuoli, AJ AF Pitzer, Timothy L. Fellows, James A. Lamont, Gary B. Terzuoli, Andrew J. GP IEEE TI Linear ensemble antennas resulting from the optimization of log periodic dipole arrays using genetic algorithms SO 2006 IEEE CONGRESS ON EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION, VOLS 1-6 SE IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation CY JUL 16-21, 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE ID DESIGN AB Optimization with genetic algorithms (GAs) has become both popular and realistic in the electromagnetic community with the growth in computers and precise electromagnetic computer programs. Intuition is often required for antenna design but GAs can instead define and search a large design space. Using this method results in a non-intuitive and yet very effective antenna architectures. This paper presents an integrated technique to optimize antennas whose basis is Log Periodic Dipole Arrays (LPDA). We use an aggregated fitness function in a multi-objective GA, the NSGA-II, and the optimization software package iSIGHT, along with the Graphical Numerical Electromagnetics Code (GNEC), a method of moments program for antenna design. The results of this design technique compare excellently to Yagi-Uda designs as well as produce acceptable antenna designs based on LPDAs. C1 [Pitzer, Timothy L.] AFIT, Dept Elect Engn, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. [Fellows, James A.; Lamont, Gary B.; Terzuoli, Andrew J.] Air Force Inst Technol, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. RP Pitzer, TL (reprint author), AFIT, Dept Elect Engn, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. EM Timothy.Pitzer@afit.edu; James.Fellows@afit.edu; Gary.Lamont@afit.edu; Andrew.Terzuoli@afit.edu NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9487-2 J9 IEEE C EVOL COMPUTAT PY 2006 BP 3174 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFY14 UT WOS:000245414205059 ER PT B AU Garg, A Rahalkar, R Upadhyaya, S Kwiat, K AF Garg, Ashish Rahalkar, Ragini Upadhyaya, Shambhu Kwiat, Kevin GP IEEE TI Profiling users in GUI based systems for masquerade detection SO 2006 IEEE INFORMATION ASSURANCE WORKSHOP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual IEEE Information Assurance Workshop CY JUN 21-23, 2006 CL W Point, NY DE GUI based profiling; intrusion detection; masquerade detection ID INTRUSION AB Masquerading or impersonation attack refers to the illegitimate activity on a computer system when one user impersonates another user. Masquerade attacks are serious in nature due to the fact that they are mostly carried by insiders and thus are extremely difficult to detect. Detection of these attacks is done by monitoring significant changes in user's behavior based on his/her profile. Currently, such profiles are based mostly on the user command line data and do not represent, his/her complete behavior in a graphical user interface. (GUI) based system and hence are not sufficient to quickly detect such masquerade attacks. In this paper, we present a new framework for creating a unique feature set for user behavior on GUI based systems. We have collected real user behavior data from live systems and extracted parameters to construct these feature vectors. These vectors contain user information such as mouse speed, distance, angles and amount of clicks during a user session. We model our technique of user identification and masquerade detection as a binary classification problem and use Support Vector Machine (SVM) to learn and classify these feature vectors. We show that our technique can provide detection rates of up to 96% with few false positives based on these feature vectors. We have tested our technique with various feature vector parameters and conclude that these feature vectors can provide unique and comprehensive user behavior information and are powerful enough to detect masqueraders. C1 [Garg, Ashish; Rahalkar, Ragini; Upadhyaya, Shambhu] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, 201 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Kwiat, Kevin] AF Res Lab, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Garg, A (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, 201 Bell Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM ashish@cse.buffalo.edu; rahalkar@cse.buffalo.edu; shambhu@ce.buffalo.edu; kwiatk@rl.af.mil FU DARPA [F30602-00-10507] FX The authors would like to thank S.Vidyaraman and M.Chandrasekaran for their comments and suggestions for improving the quality of paper. This research is supported in part by DARPA, under contract: F30602-00-10507. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0129-1 PY 2006 BP 48 EP + DI 10.1109/IAW.2006.1652076 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFR98 UT WOS:000244121300008 ER PT B AU Schweitzer, D Baird, L AF Schweitzer, Dino Baird, Leemon GP IEEE TI The design and use of interactive visualization applets for teaching ciphers SO 2006 IEEE INFORMATION ASSURANCE WORKSHOP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual IEEE Information Assurance Workshop CY JUN 21-23, 2006 CL W Point, NY DE information assurance education; cryptography; classroom visualization AB Cryptography is a fundamental topic in an information assurance curriculum. Students should understand the basic concepts and weaknesses of both historical and current cipher algorithms. Visualization tools can help students understand these concepts, both in the classroom and as out-of-class exercises. This paper describes a set of such tools designed for a Cryptography Course at the United States Air Force Academy. The design goals, implementation details, and classroom experiences are addressed. C1 [Schweitzer, Dino; Baird, Leemon] USAF Acad, Acad Ctr Informat Secur, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Schweitzer, D (reprint author), USAF Acad, Acad Ctr Informat Secur, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM leemon.baird@usafa.af.mil NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0129-1 PY 2006 BP 69 EP + DI 10.1109/IAW.2006.1652079 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFR98 UT WOS:000244121300011 ER PT B AU Dalton, GC Mills, RF Colombi, JM Raines, RA AF Dalton, George C., II Mills, Robert F. Colombi, John M. Raines, Richard A. GP IEEE TI Analyzing attack trees using generalized stochastic Petri nets SO 2006 IEEE INFORMATION ASSURANCE WORKSHOP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual IEEE Information Assurance Workshop CY JUN 21-23, 2006 CL W Point, NY DE attack trees; attack modeling; Petri nets; (PNs); timed Petri nets AB In recent years, attack trees have been developed to describe processes by which malicious users attempt to exploit or break computer software and/or networks. Attack trees are a way of decomposing, visualizing, and determining the cost or likeliness of attacks. Similarly, Petri Nets (PNs) are graphical representations of a system or process used for modeling, formal analysis, and design verification. PNs are easy to build and simulate using a myriad of available tools. There are a number of subclasses of PNs, including Colored, Timed, Stochastic, etc. This paper focuses on the use of Generalized Stochastic PNs (GSPNs) to model and analyze Attack Trees with the ultimate goal of automating the analysis using simulation tools. The results of this simulation and analysis can be used to further refine the Attack Tree or to develop countermeasures. C1 [Dalton, George C., II] USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Colombi, John M.] AFIT, Ctr Syst Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Mills, Robert F.; Raines, Richard A.] AFIT, Dept Elect Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Dalton, GC (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM George.Dalton@AFIT.edu; Robert.Mills@AFIT.edu; John.Colombi@AFIT.edu; Richard.Raines@AFIT.edu NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0129-1 PY 2006 BP 116 EP + DI 10.1109/IAW.2006.1652085 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFR98 UT WOS:000244121300017 ER PT B AU Carlisle, MC Humphries, JW Hamilton, JA AF Carlisle, Martin C. Humphries, Jeffrey W. Hamilton, John A., Jr. GP IEEE TI Safely redistributing untrusted code using .NET SO 2006 IEEE INFORMATION ASSURANCE WORKSHOP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual IEEE Information Assurance Workshop CY JUN 21-23, 2006 CL W Point, NY DE D.4.6 security and privacy protection; D.2.13.b reusable libraries; D.3.4.k runtime environments AB Reusing software components is a textbook software engineering best practice. Developers reuse components written by others, combining them in unique ways to create new software products Reusing software components can create a significant security risk, as these reused components may behave badly, either by malicious intent or negligence on the part of their authors. The .NET framework provides fine-grained mechanisms for specifying how software should be trusted. Permissions are granted based on the source of software, and where it currently resides (on the local disk, or in a particular internet zone). Unfortunately, these trust guarantees are difficult to manage, and there is no guarantee that an end-user receiving a redistributed untrusted component will correctly set its trust level. We propose a framework with a set of easily understood trust levels, and a simple mechanism for applying these trust levels both to already-compiled applications and libraries within the .NET framework. This will allow both end-users and software developers to leverage the work of others, while maintaining guarantees that this software will not, intentionally or otherwise, cause damage to their systems or leak confidential information. This tool should provide significant opportunities for code reuse with security and should be easily extended to handle related applications, such as those using compiled Java class libraries. C1 [Carlisle, Martin C.; Hamilton, John A., Jr.] Auburn Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Software Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Humphries, Jeffrey W.] US Air Force Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Carlisle, MC (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Software Engn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM carlislem@acm.org; humphries@acm.org; hamilton@eng.auburn.edu NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0129-1 PY 2006 BP 326 EP + DI 10.1109/IAW.2006.1652113 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFR98 UT WOS:000244121300045 ER PT B AU Shelly, NJ Jensen, NA Baird, LC Moore, JA AF Shelly, Nicholas J. Jensen, Nathan A. Baird, Leemon C. Moore, Jason A. GP IEEE TI Fault-tolerant overlay protocol network SO 2006 IEEE INFORMATION ASSURANCE WORKSHOP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual IEEE Information Assurance Workshop CY JUN 21-23, 2006 CL W Point, NY DE availability; overlay; tunnel; voice over Internet protocol; virtual private networking AB Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and other time critical communications require a level of availability much higher than the typical transport network supporting traditional data communications. These critical command and control channels must continue to operate and remain available in the presence of an attack or other network disruption. Even disruptions of short duration can severely damage, degrade, or drop a VoIP connection. Routing protocols in use today can dynamically adjust for a changing network topology. However, they generally cannot converge quickly enough to continue an existing voice connection. As packet switching technologies continue. to erode traditional circuit switching applications, some methodology or protocol must be developed that can support, these traditional requirements over a packet-based infrastructure. We propose the use of a modified overlay tunneling network and associated routing protocols called the Fault Tolerant Overlay Protocol (FTOP) network. This network is entirely logical; the supporting routing protocol may be greatly simplified due to the overlays's ability to appear fully connected. Therefore, ensuring confidentiality and availability are much simpler using traditional cryptographic isolation and VPN technologies. Empirical results show for substrate networks, convergence time may be as high as six to ten minutes. However, the FTOP overlay network has been shown to converge in a fraction of a second, yielding an observed two order of magnitude convergence time improvement. This unique ability enhances availability of critical network services allowing operation in the face of substrate network disruption caused by malicious attack or other failure. C1 [Shelly, Nicholas J.; Jensen, Nathan A.; Baird, Leemon C.; Moore, Jason A.] USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Shelly, NJ (reprint author), USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0129-1 PY 2006 BP 369 EP + DI 10.1109/IAW.2006.1652118 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFR98 UT WOS:000244121300050 ER PT S AU Sohn, KJ Li, HB Himed, B AF Sohn, Kwang June Li, Hongbin Himed, Braham GP IEEE TI Multichannel parametric Rao detector SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ACOUSTICS, SPEECH, AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL IV, PROCESSING: SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR COMMUNICATION, SENSOR ARRAY AND MULTICHANNEL SIGNAL PROCESSING SE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing ICASSP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing CY MAY 14-19, 2006 CL Toulouse, FRANCE SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc DE Adaptive Sensor Array Signal Processing; space time adaptive processing AB The parametric Rao test for a multichannel adaptive signal detection problem is derived by modeling the disturbance signal as a multichannel autoregressive (AR) process. Interestingly, the parametric Rao test takes a form identical to that of the recently introduced parametric adaptive matched filter (PAMF) detector. The equivalence offers new insights into the performance and implementation of the PAMF detector. Specifically, the Rao/PAMF detector is asymptotically (for large samples) a parametric generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT), due to an asymptotic equivalence between the Rao test and the GLRT. The asymptotic distribution of the Rao test statistic is obtained in closed-form, which follows an exponential distribution under Ho and, respectively, a non-central Chi-squared distribution with two degrees of freedom under H-1. The non-centrality parameter of the non-central Chi-squared distribution is determined by the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of a temporal whitening filter. Since the asymptotic distribution under H-0 is independent of the unknown parameters, the Rao/PAMF asymptotically achieves constant false alarm rate (CFAR). Numerical results show that these results are accurate in predicting the performance of the parametric Rao/PAMF detector even with moderate data support. C1 [Sohn, Kwang June; Li, Hongbin] Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. [Himed, Braham] SNRT, Air Force Res Lab, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Sohn, KJ (reprint author), Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. EM ksohn@stevens.edu; hli@stevens.edu; Braham.Himed@rl.af.mil FU Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) [FA8750-05-2-0001] FX This work was supported by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) under contract number FA8750-05-2-0001. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1520-6149 J9 INT CONF ACOUST SPEE PY 2006 BP 1101 EP + PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFW22 UT WOS:000245062900276 ER PT B AU Christiansen, BD Kim, YC Bennington, RW Ristich, CJ AF Christiansen, Bradley D. Kim, Yong C. Bennington, Robert W. Ristich, Christopher J. BE Constantinides, GA Mak, WK Sirisuk, P Wiangtong, T TI Decoy circuits for FPGA design protection SO 2006 IEEE International Conference on Field Programmable Technology, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IEEE International Conference on Field Programmable Technology CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL Bangkok, THAILAND SP IEEE, Thailand Sect, IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, Thailand Chapter, IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, Singapore Chapter, Natl Elect & Comp Technol Ctr, Altera Corp, Celoxica Ltd, Synplicity Inc, Xilinx Inc, Mahanakorn Univ Technol AB Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are increasingly used in system designs, but their vulnerability to reverse engineering could lead to lost profits or security breaches. Thus, high FPGA design security is needed with low performance penalties and low realization and maintenance costs. Using a novel circuit modification method, common circuits were augmented with decoy circuits for protection. Security values for the original and modified circuits were calculated, and the original and modified circuits' execution times, power consumptions, and resource usages were collected from simulations. For the modified circuits, security improved by six orders of magnitude, yet execution times, power consumption, and resource usage increased by less than one order of magnitude. The proposed algorithm has demonstrated the potential for substantial increases in FPGA design security at a low cost, and could also be applied to Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Christiansen, BD (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9728-6 PY 2006 BP 373 EP 376 DI 10.1109/FPT.2006.270351 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture SC Computer Science GA BFZ29 UT WOS:000245587300065 ER PT S AU Alise, M Roberts, RG Repperger, DW AF Alise, Marc Roberts, Rodney G. Repperger, Daniel W. GP IEEE TI The wave variable method for multiple degree of freedom teleoperation systems with time delay SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION (ICRA), VOLS 1-10 SE IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) CY MAY 15-19, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP IEEE AB Time delay is a serious problem for bilateral teleoperation systems. Even a small time delay in a bilateral teleoperation system will generally degrade the system's performance and cause instability. An important approach that guarantees stability for any fixed time delay is the wave variable method. In this paper we present some recent material dealing with teleoperation systems using wave variables. In particular, we describe a wave variable scheme based on a family of scaling matrices for multiple degree-of-freedom bilateral teleoperation system. We include a derivation of a larger family of scaling matrices that will guarantee the system remains stable for a fixed time delay. A multiple degree-of-freedom bilateral teleoperation system using the new wave variable method is simulated using a SIMULINK model. In addition, the new derivation was implemented in hardware using an Immersion joystick and a C++ program. C1 [Alise, Marc; Roberts, Rodney G.] Florida State Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32304 USA. [Repperger, Daniel W.] US Air Force, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Alise, M (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32304 USA. EM alise@eng.fsu.edu; rroberts@eng.fsu.edu; Daniel.Repperger@wpafb.af.mil NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1050-4729 BN 0-7803-9505-0 J9 IEEE INT CONF ROBOT PY 2006 BP 2908 EP + DI 10.1109/ROBOT.2006.1642143 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Mechanical; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BFB71 UT WOS:000240886906032 ER PT S AU Rodriguez, BM Peterson, GL Bauer, KW Agaian, SS AF Rodriguez, Benjamin M. Peterson, Gilbert L. Bauer, Kenneth W. Agaian, Sos S. GP IEEE TI Steganalysis embedding percentage determination with Learning Vector Quantization SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, VOLS 1-6, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics CY OCT 08-11, 2006 CL Taipei, TAIWAN SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Minist Educ, Natl Sci Council, Natl Taipei Univ Technol, Natl Chiao Tung Univ ID STEGANOGRAPHY AB Steganography (stego) is used primarily when the very existence of a communication signal is to be kept covert. Detecting the presence of stego is a very difficult problem which is made even more difficult when the embedding technique is not known. This article presents an investigation of the process and necessary considerations inherent in the development of a new method applied for the detection of hidden data within digital images. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) as a clustering technique which assists in discerning clean or non-stego images from anomalous or stego images. This comparison is conducted using 7 features [1] over a small set of 200 observations with varying levels of embedded information from 1% to 10% in increments of 1%. The results demonstrate that LVQ not only more accurately identify when an image contains LSB hidden information when compared to k-means or using just the raw feature sets, but also provides a simple method for determining the percentage of embedding given low information embedding percentages. C1 [Rodriguez, Benjamin M.; Peterson, Gilbert L.; Bauer, Kenneth W.] USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Agaian, Sos S.] Univ Texas San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA. RP Rodriguez, BM (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM benjamin.rodriguez@afit.edu; gilbert.peterson@afit.edu; kenneth.bauer@afit.edu; sos.agaian@utsa.edu FU US Air Force FX This research was partially funded by the US Air Force. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Air Force, Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. We would additionally like to express our appreciation to June Rodriguez for the contribution of a multitude of digital images for analytical support. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1062-922X BN 978-1-4244-0099-7 J9 IEEE SYS MAN CYBERN PY 2006 BP 1861 EP + DI 10.1109/ICSMC.2006.385001 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BGK85 UT WOS:000248078502013 ER PT B AU Roberts, ML Temple, MA Raines, RA Clabaugh, DJ AF Roberts, Marcus L. Temple, Michael A. Raines, Richard A. Clabaugh, Donald J. GP IEEE TI Time hopping biorthogonal pulse position modulation in modified Saleh-Valenzuela UWB fading channels SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ULTRA-WIDEBAND, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband CY SEP 24-27, 2006 CL Waltham, MA SP IEEE DE fading channels; multiple access communication; multipath; orthogonal functions; ultra wideband ID BANDWIDTH INDOOR CHANNEL; RADIO AB Time Hopping-Biorthogonal Pulse Position Modulation (TH-BPPM) performance is characterized using a modified Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) ultra wideband (UWB) channel model as adopted by the IEEE for personal area networks (PANs). TH-BPPM performance is characterized for single and multiple user scenarios using up to 20 multipath signals from each of 10 users operating for both synchronous and asynchronous networks. Results show that TH-BPPM provides equivalent multiple access performance as binary techniques while providing typical m-ary signaling advantages. By comparison with previous AWGN channel results, multipath and multiple access interference effects are shown to provide greater performance degradation when using more realistic UWB channel models. Furthermore, it is shown that multipath interference (versus multiple access interference) is most dominant in fading channels. C1 [Roberts, Marcus L.; Temple, Michael A.; Raines, Richard A.] USAFIT, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Clabaugh, Donald J.] USAFRL, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Roberts, ML (reprint author), USAFIT, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM michael.temple@afit.edu NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0101-7 PY 2006 BP 67 EP + DI 10.1109/ICU.2006.281517 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFU33 UT WOS:000244649800012 ER PT S AU Manolakis, D Lockwood, R Cooley, T Jacobson, J AF Manolakis, D. Lockwood, R. Cooley, T. Jacobson, J. GP IEEE TI Robust Matched Filters for Hyperspectral Target Detection SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB The objective of this paper is to introduce a robust matched filter that takes the uncertainty or variability of target signatures into account. It is shown that, if we describe this uncertainty with an ellipsoid in the spectral space, we can design a matched filter that provides a response of the same magnitude for all spectra within this ellipsoid. Thus, by changing the size of this ellipsoid, we can control the "spectral selectivity" of the matched filter. Finally, we demonstrate the operation of the robust matched filter with real hyperspectral imaging data. C1 [Manolakis, D.] MIT, Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. [Lockwood, R.; Cooley, T.] AF Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. [Jacobson, J.] Natl Air & Space Intelligence Ctr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Manolakis, D (reprint author), MIT, Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. EM dmanolakis@ll.mit.edu FU Department of Defense under Air Force [FA872 1-05-C-0002] FX This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense under Air Force Contract FA872 1-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 368 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.99 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989400095 ER PT S AU Messinger, DW West, JE Schott, JR AF Messinger, David W. West, Jason E. Schott, John R. GP IEEE TI Improving Background Multivariate Normality and Target Detection Performance Using Spatial and Spectral Segmentation SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB Target detection in reflective hyperspectral imagery generally involves the application of a spectral matched filter on a per-pixel basis to create an image of the target likelihood of occupying each pixel. Stochastic (or unstructured) target detection techniques require the user to define an estimate of the background mean and covariance from which to separate out the desired targets in the image. Typically, scene-wide statistics are used, although it is simple to show that this methodology does not produce sufficiently multivariate normal backgrounds, nor does it necessarily represent the best suppression of likely false alarms. This technique can be improved on by segmentation methods that selectively choose which pixels best represent the background for a particular test pixel and / or target spectrum. Here, several spatial and spectral segmentation techniques are presented and improved target detection performance over scene-wide statistics is shown for a common target in two data sets with different scene content. Results are presented in the form of Average False Alarm Rates and a Chi-squared goodness of fit measure of the background multivariate normality. Improvements are possible using segmentation methods over global estimation of background mean and covariance. However, the best method of background characterization depends strongly on the spatial and spectral characteristics of the target of interest and scene content. C1 [Messinger, David W.; Schott, John R.] Rochester Inst Technol, Ctr Imaging Sci, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. [West, Jason E.] US Air Force, Washington, DC USA. RP Messinger, DW (reprint author), Rochester Inst Technol, Ctr Imaging Sci, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. EM messinger@cis.rit.edu; schott@cis.rit.edu FU Office of Naval Research [N00014-01-1-0867] FX This work was partially funded under the Office of Naval Research Multi-disciplinary University Research Initiative Model-based Hyperspectral Exploitation Algorithm Development, no. N00014-01-1-0867. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 371 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.100 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989400096 ER PT S AU Manolakis, D Rossacci, M Cipar, J Lockwood, R Cooley, T Jacobson, J AF Manolakis, D. Rossacci, M. Cipar, J. Lockwood, R. Cooley, T. Jacobson, J. GP IEEE TI Statistical Characterization of Natural Hyperspectral Backgrounds SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB The objective of this paper is the statistical characterization of natural hyperspectral backgrounds using multivariate probability distribution models. We consider models based on elliptically contoured t-distributions and threshold models based on extreme value theory. Both models provide a level of accuracy for the "heavy-tails" of hyperspectral backgrounds, which is necessary for the implementation of constant false alarm rate detectors and their performance evaluation. The performance of these models is illustrated using data from the AVIRIS sensor. C1 [Manolakis, D.; Rossacci, M.] MIT, Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. [Cipar, J.; Lockwood, R.; Cooley, T.] Air Force Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. [Jacobson, J.] Natl Air & Space, Intelligence Ctr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Manolakis, D (reprint author), MIT, Lincoln Lab, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. EM dmanolakis@ll.mit.edu FU Department of Defense under Air Force [FA8721-05-C-0002] FX This work was sponsored by the Department of Defense under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 1624 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.419 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989401011 ER PT S AU Lockwood, RB Cooley, TW Nadile, RM Gardner, JA Armstrong, PS Payton, AM Davis, TM Straight, SD Chrien, TG Gussin, EL Makowski, D AF Lockwood, Ronald B. Cooley, Thomas W. Nadile, Richard M. Gardner, James A. Armstrong, Peter S. Payton, Abraham M. Davis, Thom M. Straight, Stanley D. Chrien, Thomas G. Gussin, Edward L. Makowski, David GP IEEE TI Advanced Responsive Tactically-Effective Military Imaging Spectrometer (ARTEMIS) Design SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB The Advanced Responsive Tactically-Effective Military Imaging Spectrometer (ARTEMIS) is under development for tactical military applications and is the primary payload for the TacSat-3 satellite. The optical design for the telescope, imaging spectrometer, and high resolution imager is described. C1 [Lockwood, Ronald B.; Cooley, Thomas W.; Nadile, Richard M.; Gardner, James A.; Armstrong, Peter S.; Payton, Abraham M.; Davis, Thom M.; Straight, Stanley D.] USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Chrien, Thomas G.; Gussin, Edward L.; Makowski, David] Raytheon Space Airborne Syst, El Segundo, CA 90245 USA. RP Lockwood, RB (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 1628 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.420 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989401012 ER PT S AU Pugh, ML Waxman, AM AF Pugh, Mark L. Waxman, Allen M. GP IEEE TI Classification of Spectrally-Similar Land Cover Using Multi-Spectral Neural Image Fusion and the Fuzzy ARTMAP Neural Classifier SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci DE neural networks; image fusion; data mining; feature extraction; pattern recognition; land cover classification AB Multi-spectral imagery from Earth observation satellites has been widely used for land cover classification over the past two decades; however these classifications have generally been limited to broad categories. The ability to accurately identify sub-categories of land cover within these broad categories using widely available remotely sensed imagery is highly desirable for many applications. This paper assesses the benefits of new biologically-based image fusion and fused data mining methods for improving discrimination between spectrally-similar land cover classes using remotely sensed multi-spectral imagery. For this investigation multi-season Landsat imagery of a forest region in central New York State was processed using opponent-color image fusion, multi-scale visual texture and contour enhancement, and the Fuzzy ARTMAP neural classifier. This approach is shown to enable identification of individual species of coniferous forest and improve classification accuracy compared to traditional statistical methods. C1 [Pugh, Mark L.] USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY USA. [Waxman, Allen M.] BAE Syst Inc, Adv Informat Technol, Burlington, MA USA. RP Pugh, ML (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY USA. EM mark.pugh@rl.af.mil; allen.waxman@baesystems.com NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 1808 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.467 PG 2 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989401059 ER PT S AU Cipar, J Cooley, T Lockwood, R AF Cipar, John Cooley, Thomas Lockwood, Ronald GP IEEE TI A Comparison of Forest Classification using Hyperion and AVIRIS Hyperspectral Imagery SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci ID IMAGING SPECTROMETER AB We test how well a cluster-based unsupervised classification algorithm separates forest land covers. Our test data, Hyperion and AVIRIS images taken in northern Virginia during autumn, provide two spectrally distinct land covers: pine forests and senescent deciduous forests. We find that the algorithm successfully separates these land covers for AVIRIS data that has been spatially aggregated to simulate 30-m Hyperion GSD. The algorithm does not successfully separate the land covers for the Hyperion data. C1 [Cipar, John; Cooley, Thomas; Lockwood, Ronald] USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. RP Cipar, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 1956 EP 1959 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.506 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989401098 ER PT S AU Glennon, MA Puetz, CA Cooley, T Lockwood, R Cipar, J Payton, S Tompkins, S AF Glennon, Mary Ann Puetz, Capt Angela Cooley, Thomas Lockwood, Ronald Cipar, John Payton, Steven Tompkins, Stefanie GP IEEE TI Methodology of Accuracy Assessment of Land Cover Classification using Hyperion and AVIRIS Imagery SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing IGARSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB The objective of the most recent Hyperion Utility Assessment was to validate the EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral data for image classification by comparing independent image classification results with ground truth over two distinct terrains. Lessons learned during the experiment will be presented to aid future research. C1 [Glennon, Mary Ann] Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. [Puetz, Capt Angela; Cooley, Thomas; Lockwood, Ronald; Cipar, John] Air Force Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. [Payton, Steven; Tompkins, Stefanie] SAIC, Chantilly, VA 20151 USA. RP Glennon, MA (reprint author), Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA. EM nary.glennon@hanscom.af.mil NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-6996 BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 2095 EP + DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.542 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989401134 ER PT B AU Cipar, J Lockwood, R Cooley, T AF Cipar, John Lockwood, Ronald Cooley, Thomas GP IEEE TI Unsupervised Land-Cover Classification Using a Cluster Algorithm SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-8 SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) CY JUL 31-AUG 04, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Canadian Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, Off Naval Res, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, Japan Aerosp Explorat Agcy, Ball Aerosp & Technologies Corp, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Colorado State Univ, Univ Colorado, Int Union Radio Sci AB We describe a new approach to unsupervised classification that automatically finds dense parts of the hyperspectral data cloud. These dense regions are the cluster centers required for unsupervised classification. The approach is tested using AVIRIS data from central Texas C1 [Cipar, John; Lockwood, Ronald; Cooley, Thomas] USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Cipar, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, 29 Randolph Rd, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9509-1 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2006 BP 4201 EP 4204 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.2006.1078 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BIN08 UT WOS:000260989402264 ER PT S AU Perlovsky, LI AF Perlovsky, Leonid I. GP IEEE TI Neural dynamic logic of consciousness: the knowledge instinct SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORK PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-10 SE IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network CY JUL 16-21, 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE ID GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY; NETWORKS; CHILDREN AB The paper describes neural dynamics of the knowledge instinct, determining adaptation and evolution of consciousness. Evolution of consciousness is determined by complex dynamics integrating cognition and language. In the past, algorithms for cognition and language, considered separately, faced an impenetrable wall of combinatorial complexity. The paper describes dynamic logic, a mathematical technique integrating language and cognition and overcoming combinatorial complexity. Mathematical mechanisms of concepts, emotions, instincts, consciousness and unconscious are described and related to perception and cognition. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Perlovsky, LI (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM leonid.perlovsky@hanscom.af.mil NR 67 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1098-7576 BN 978-0-7803-9490-2 J9 IEEE IJCNN PY 2006 BP 377 EP 383 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BFW67 UT WOS:000245125900056 ER PT S AU Perlovsky, LI AF Perlovsky, Leonid I. GP IEEE TI Integrated emotions, cognition, and language SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORK PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-10 SE IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network CY JUL 16-21, 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE AB Recent developments in neural and cognitive sciences resulted in appreciation of emotions as inseparable part of intelligence. Emotions evaluate conceptual contents of cognition for instinctual satisfactions. This paper describes aesthetic emotions related to the knowledge instinct. It analyzes the role of emotions in language, develops a hypothesis that aesthetic emotions integrate cognition and language within a wholeness of psyche, and discusses possible brain mechanisms. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Perlovsky, LI (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM leonid.perlovsky@hanscom.af.mil NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1098-7576 BN 978-0-7803-9490-2 J9 IEEE IJCNN PY 2006 BP 1570 EP 1575 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BFW67 UT WOS:000245125902075 ER PT S AU Deming, R Higbee, S Dwyer, D Welser, M Perlovsky, L Pellegrini, P AF Deming, Ross Higbee, Shawn Dwyer, Derek Welser, Michael Perlovsky, Leonid Pellegrini, Paul GP IEEE TI Adaptive estimation for spectral-temporal characterization of energetic transient events SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORK PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-10 SE IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network CY JUL 16-21, 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE AB We describe a new approach for performing pseudo-imaging of point energy sources from spectral-temporal sensor data. Pseudo-imaging, which involves the automatic localization, spectrum estimation, and identification of energetic sources, can be difficult for dim sources and/or noisy images, or in data containing multiple sources which are closely spaced such that their signatures overlap. The new approach is specifically designed for these difficult cases. It is developed within the framework of modeling field theory (MFT), a biologically-inspired neural network system that has demonstrated practical value in many diverse areas. MFT performs an efficient optimization over the space of all model parameters and mappings between image pixels and sources, or clutter. The optimized set of parameters is then used for detection, localization and identification of the multiple sources in the data. The paper includes results computed from experimental spectrometer data. C1 [Deming, Ross; Higbee, Shawn; Dwyer, Derek; Welser, Michael; Perlovsky, Leonid; Pellegrini, Paul] USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Deming, R (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM ross.deming@hanscom.af.mil; Shawn.Higbee@hanscom.af.mil; Derek.Dwyer@hanscom.af.mil; Michael.Welser@hanscom.af.mil; Leonid.Perlovsky@hanscom.af.mil; Paul.Pellegrini@hanscom.af.mil NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2161-4393 BN 978-0-7803-9490-2 J9 IEEE IJCNN PY 2006 BP 1742 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BFW67 UT WOS:000245125903021 ER PT S AU Perlovsky, LI AF Perlovsky, Leonid I. GP IEEE TI Higher cognitive abilities (toward a physical theory of the mind) SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORK PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1-10 SE IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Network CY JUL 16-21, 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP IEEE AB Higher cognitive abilities of the mind are described mathematically. Few "first principles" are elucidated, including the knowledge instinct, an inborn drive to increase the knowledge. It leads to understanding of higher cognitive abilities of the mind, including conceptual thinking, emotional evaluation, consciousness and unconscious, intuition, imagination, experiences of beautiful and sublime. The mathematical descriptions correspond to intuition, psychological and neural data, philosophical analyses. We discuss theoretical predictions and testing of the theory. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Perlovsky, LI (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM leonid.perlovsky@hanscom.af.mil NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1098-7576 BN 978-0-7803-9490-2 J9 IEEE IJCNN PY 2006 BP 4947 EP 4953 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BFW67 UT WOS:000245125909016 ER PT B AU Kirawartich, P Islam, NE Yakura, SJ AF Kirawartich, Phumin Islam, Naz E. Yakura, S. Joe GP IEEE TI Electromagnetic Topology Simulations for Cable Coupling with a Radiating Dipole at an Aperture SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOLS 1-3, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility CY AUG 01, 2006 CL Portland, OR SP IEEE DE electromagnetic topology; system interaction; multiconductor transmission line network; topological simulation AB Field penetration through apertures and their coupling with a cable linking two personal computers have been carried out using a topological network simulation code. The interaction processes simulated include the integration of experimentally determined scattering parameters for the cable. The aperture field is treated as a distributed source elements on the cable and the transfer function for the topological network is generated by assuming a radiating dipole at the aperture. The driving sources for the dipole are determined by short circuiting the opening at the aperture using FDTD-simulations. Topology based simulations show that the nature of the external pulse, scattering parameter and the aperture affects the cable response. C1 [Kirawartich, Phumin; Islam, Naz E.] Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Yakura, S. Joe] US Air Force, Res Lab, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Kirawartich, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. FU AFOSR through Grant [F49620-02-1-0183] FX This research is supported by AFOSR through Grant#F49620-02-1-0183 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0293-9 PY 2006 BP 632 EP 635 DI 10.1109/ISEMC.2006.1706387 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BII44 UT WOS:000259733100128 ER PT B AU Hackett, KE AF Hackett, Kirk E. GP IEEE TI Directed energy applications for high power vacuum electronics SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE HELD JOINTLY WITH 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRON SOURCES SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC)/6th IEEE International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference (IVESC) CY APR 25-27, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc DE directed energy; high power microwaves; millimeter-waves; active denial C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Hackett, KE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0108-9 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2006 BP 11 EP 13 DI 10.1109/IVELEC.2006.1666161 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEW82 UT WOS:000239893200004 ER PT B AU Fleming, T Mardahl, P Bowers, L Bosman, H Prasad, S Fuks, M Schamiloglu, E AF Fleming, T. Mardahl, P. Bowers, L. Bosman, H. Prasad, S. Fuks, M. Schamiloglu, E. GP IEEE TI Three dimensional PIC simulations of the transparent and eggbeater cathodes in the Michigan relativistic magnetron SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE HELD JOINTLY WITH 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRON SOURCES SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC)/6th IEEE International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference (IVESC) CY APR 25-27, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc C1 [Fleming, T.; Mardahl, P.; Bowers, L.] USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Bosman, H.; Prasad, S.; Fuks, M.; Schamiloglu, E.] Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Fleming, T (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM timothy.fleming@kirtland.af.mil; peter.mardahl@kirtland.af.mil; hbosman@ece.unm.edu; sarita@ece.unm.edu; fuchs@ece.unm.edu NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0108-9 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2006 BP 345 EP + DI 10.1109/IVELEC.2006.1666325 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEW82 UT WOS:000239893200168 ER PT B AU Hoff, BW Gilgenbach, RM Lau, YY Jordan, NM White, W Cruz, E Jones, MC Neculaes, V Spencer, TA Price, D AF Hoff, B. W. Gilgenbach, R. M. Lau, Y. Y. Jordan, N. M. White, W. Cruz, E. Jones, M. C. Neculaes, Va Spencer, T. A. Price, D. GP IEEE TI Magnetic priming experiments on a relativistic magnetron SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE HELD JOINTLY WITH 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRON SOURCES SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC)/6th IEEE International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference (IVESC) CY APR 25-27, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc C1 [Gilgenbach, R. M.] Univ Michigan, Plasma Pulsed Power & Microwave Lab, Dept Nucl Engn & Radiol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Jones, M. C.] Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Neculaes, Va] GE Res, Niskayuna, NY USA. [Hoff, B. W.; Gilgenbach, R. M.; Lau, Y. Y.; Jordan, N. M.; White, W.; Cruz, E.] Air Force Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Spencer, T. A.] L3 Commun Titan Div, San Leandro, CA USA. RP Gilgenbach, RM (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Plasma Pulsed Power & Microwave Lab, Dept Nucl Engn & Radiol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. EM rongilg@umich.edu FU AFOSR; AFRL; AFOSR-MURI FX This research was supported by AFOSR, AFRL and the AFOSR-MURI Program on Nanophysics of Electron Emission and Breakdown for High Power Microwaves. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0108-9 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2006 BP 557 EP + DI 10.1109/IVELEC.2006.1666430 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEW82 UT WOS:000239893200273 ER PT B AU Bowers, L Fleming, T Mardahl, P Bosman, H Fuks, M Prasad, S Schamiloglu, E AF Bowers, L. Fleming, T. Mardahl, P. Bosman, H. Fuks, M. Prasad, S. Schamiloglu, E. GP IEEE TI Improvement of the output characteristics of a relativistic magnetron using a small diameter cathode surrounded by a transparent cathode SO 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRONICS CONFERENCE HELD JOINTLY WITH 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL VACUUM ELECTRON SOURCES SE IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference IVEC LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th IEEE International Vacuum Electronics Conference (IVEC)/6th IEEE International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference (IVESC) CY APR 25-27, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc C1 [Bowers, L.; Fleming, T.; Mardahl, P.] USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Bosman, H.; Fuks, M.; Prasad, S.; Schamiloglu, E.] Univ New Mexico, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, MSC01 100, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Bowers, L (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM edl@ece.unm.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0108-9 J9 IEEE INT VAC ELECT C PY 2006 BP 565 EP + DI 10.1109/IVELEC.2006.1666434 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEW82 UT WOS:000239893200277 ER PT S AU Miller, M Nguyen, T Yang, C AF Miller, Mikel Nguyen, Thao Yang, Chun GP IEEE TI Symmetric phase-only matched filter (SPOMF) for frequency-domain software GNSS receivers SO 2006 IEEE/ION POSITION, LOCATION AND NAVIGATION SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE-ION Position Location and Navigation Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/ION Position, Location, and Navigation Symposium CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Coronado, CA SP IEEE, ION AB As a powerful tool, the symmetric phase-only matched filter (SPOMF) has been shown to yield superior performance over the conventional correlator and is widely used in image registration and recognition. In this paper, we investigate the use of this SPOMF for processing GNSS signals. This extension is compatible with our frequency-domain software GNSS receiver architecture in which both the incoming signal and replica spectra are available for the SPOMF implementation versus the conventional correlator. The use of phase-only information is equivalent to equalizing the magnitude spectrum in contrast to the original spectrum that tapers off according to a sinc-function. This tends to accentuate the high frequency components corresponding to edges or transitions in the signals. As such, the SPOMF produces a much sharper peak (ideally a Dirac delta function) that is more accurate in timing and less sensitive to multipath. In addition, the same operation is applicable to both a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulated signal such as the GPS C/A-code and P-code and a binary offset carrier (BOC) modulation such as the GPS M-code and Galileo codes. More importantly, it only has a single matching peak regardless of which modulation code is being used. In this paper, the SPOMF is introduced within the framework of a generalized frequency-domain correlator (GFDC) for GNSS signals. The salient features of SPOMF as well as its application to BPSK and BOC signals are illustrated with simulation examples. C1 [Miller, Mikel; Nguyen, Thao] USAF, Res Lab, SNRN, 2241 Av Circle,Bldg 620, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Yang, Chun] Sigtem Technol Inc, Harleysville, PA 19438 USA. RP Miller, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNRN, 2241 Av Circle,Bldg 620, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM mikel.miller@wpafb.af.mil; thao.nguyen@wpafb.af.mil; chunyang@sigtem.com FU [FA8650-05-C-1828] FX Research supported in part under Contract No.FA8650-05-C-1828,which is gratefully acknowledged. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-358X BN 0-7803-9453-4 J9 IEEE POSITION LOCAT PY 2006 BP 187 EP + DI 10.1109/PLANS.2006.1650603 PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFG11 UT WOS:000241665600024 ER PT S AU Campbell, JL Miller, MM de Haag, MU Venable, D Smearcheck, M AF Campbell, J. L. Miller, M. M. de Haag, M. Uijt Venable, D. Smearcheck, M. GP IEEE TI Flash-LADAR inertial navigator aiding SO 2006 IEEE/ION POSITION, LOCATION AND NAVIGATION SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE-ION Position Location and Navigation Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/ION Position, Location, and Navigation Symposium CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Coronado, CA SP IEEE, ION AB GPS aided inertial systems provide relatively high accuracy position and attitude information; however, they are limited to environments where GPS signals are available. In GPS-denied areas alternative positioning methods must be sought. Flash LADAR (Laser Radar) technology consists of a relatively wide angle modulated laser emitter coupled with a focal plane array detector to create an "image" where each pixel does not only have an associated intensity value, but also a range to the object that is observed. Coupling flash LADAR information with position and attitude information allows for 3-D scene recreation. With the recent development of low-cost (<$10 k) Flash LADAR sensors, the use of such technology to aid a low-cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) has become practical and of great interest. Current low-cost Flash LADAR sensors are capable of greater than 100 x 100 pixel resolution with a 5 mm depth resolution at a 30 Hz frame rate. From this high accuracy/resolution sensor data, various geometrical features in the environment can be extracted such as the planes created by walls, lines created where planes intersect, and points from the intersection of lines can be measured with high precision. In this paper we will describe the concept of a Flash-LADAR aided inertial navigator and present the results of the operation of such a system in a simulated indoor environment. C1 [Campbell, J. L.; Miller, M. M.] USAF, Res Labs, Sensors Directorate, RF Syst Div,Reference Syst Branch, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [de Haag, M. Uijt; Venable, D.; Smearcheck, M.] Ohio Univ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. RP Campbell, JL (reprint author), USAF, Res Labs, Sensors Directorate, RF Syst Div,Reference Syst Branch, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2153-358X BN 0-7803-9453-4 J9 IEEE POSITION LOCAT PY 2006 BP 677 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFG11 UT WOS:000241665600081 ER PT S AU Naderi, NA Li, Y Dziak, C Xin, YC Kovanis, V Lester, LF AF Naderi, N. A. Li, Y. Dziak, C. Xin, Y. C. Kovanis, V. Lester, L. F. GP IEEE TI Quantum dot gain-lever laser diode SO 2006 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Lasers-and-Electro-Optics-Society CY OCT 29-NOV 02, 2006 CL Montreal, CANADA SP IEEE Lasers & Electro Opt Soc ID HIGH-SPEED; MODULATION AB The gain lever effect in quantum dot lasers is studied for the first time. A maximum enhancement of 8-dB in the modulation efficiency is observed by using a two-section configuration. C1 [Naderi, N. A.; Li, Y.; Dziak, C.; Xin, Y. C.; Lester, L. F.] Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, 1313 Goddard SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. [Kovanis, V.] US Air Force, Res Lab SNDP, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Naderi, NA (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, 1313 Goddard SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. EM nader@chtm.umn.edu NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 978-0-7803-9555-8 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2006 BP 52 EP + DI 10.1109/LEOS.2006.278832 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BGD41 UT WOS:000246167900027 ER PT S AU Gunapala, SD Bandara, SV Ting, DZ Hill, CJ Mumolo, IM Liu, JK Rafol, SB Blazejewski, ER Levan, PD Tidrow, MZ AF Gunapala, S. D. Bandara, S. V. Ting, D. Z. Hill, C. J. Mumolo, I. M. Liu, J. K. Rafol, S. B. Blazejewski, E. R. Levan, P. D. Tidrow, M. Z. GP IEEE TI Quantum well and quantum dot based detector arrays for infrared imaging SO 2006 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Lasers-and-Electro-Optics-Society CY OCT 29-NOV 02, 2006 CL Montreal, CANADA SP IEEE Lasers & Electro Opt Soc C1 [Gunapala, S. D.; Bandara, S. V.; Ting, D. Z.; Hill, C. J.; Mumolo, I. M.; Liu, J. K.; Rafol, S. B.; Blazejewski, E. R.] CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. [Levan, P. D.] Air Force Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Missile Def Agency AS, Washington, DC 20301 USA. RP Gunapala, SD (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1092-8081 BN 978-0-7803-9555-8 J9 IEEE LEOS ANN MTG PY 2006 BP 919 EP + DI 10.1109/LEOS.2006.279146 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BGD41 UT WOS:000246167900464 ER PT B AU Liang, D Tse, K Tan, Y Tsang, L Ding, KH AF Liang, Ding Tse, Kaki Tan, Yunhua Tsang, L. Ding, Kung Hau GP IEEE TI Scattering and emission in snow based on QCA/DMRT and numerical Maxwell model of 3 dimentional simulations (NMM3D) SO 2006 IEEE MICRORAD LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Specialist Meeting on Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing Applications (MicroRad 2006) CY FEB 28-MAR 03, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE DE dense medium; snow; scatter; emissionphase matrix ID EXTINCTION AB An important application of dense medium is in microwave remote sensing of snow because the ice grains in snow are densely packed together. Classical Radiative Transfer Theory assumes that the particles scatter independently. There are four major physical features in the results of classical theory, when applied to snow grains at microwave frequency from 5GHz to 37GHz. (1) For particle sizes small compared with wavelength, scattering is proportional to frequency of the 4th power. (2) scattering is proportional to concentration, (3) using classical Mie theory or Rayleigh theory, the phase matrix is close to that of the Rayleigh phase matrix so that the mean cosine of scattering is equal to or approximately equal to zero (4) The Mie phase matrix or the Rayleigh phase matrix has zero cross polarization in the plane of incidence. In dense media, the classical approach of independent scattering is not valid. We have used analytical QCA/DMRT model and Numerical solutions of Maxwell equations in 3D simulations (NMM3D). In this paper, we compare the results of extinction and phase matrix among classical, QCA/DMRT and NMM3D using the same physical parameters of particle sizes, permittivity and fractional volumes. We discuss the differences and similarities of the four physical features of results. C1 [Liang, Ding] Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Tse, Kaki; Tan, Yunhua] City Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Tsang, L.] Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. [Ding, Kung Hau] Air Force Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. RP Liang, D (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Elect Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. FU Hong Kong RGC Central Allocation [8730017]; NASA FX The research in this paper was supported by Hong Kong RGC Central Allocation Grant 8730017 to City University of Hong Kong and by NASA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9417-9 PY 2006 BP 197 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BFW80 UT WOS:000245203200037 ER PT S AU Reid, JR Webster, RT AF Reid, J. Robert Webster, Richard T. GP IEEE TI A 55 GHz bandpass filter realized with integrated TEM transmission lines SO 2006 IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-16, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE MTTS DE millimeter wave filters; millimeter wave circuits; resonators; micromachining; microelectromechanical systems AB A compact 4-pole bandpass filter centered at 55 GHz with a 13.6% bandwidth is realized using an integrated three dimensional microfabrication process. The filter has an almost exact match to the design simulations except for a shift in the center frequency that is less than 1.3%. Measured insertion loss is 2.4-3.5 dB. The filter is very compact, measuring less than 0.86 mm (approximate to lambda/6) by 1.9 mm (approximate to lambda/3) by 0.3 mm (approximate to lambda/15). This filter clearly demonstrates the potential of three dimensional microfabrication processes for the realization of millimeterwave filters. C1 [Reid, J. Robert; Webster, Richard T.] USAF, Res Lab, Antenna Technol Branch, SNHA, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Reid, JR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Antenna Technol Branch, SNHA, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM James.Reid@hanscom.af.mil FU Center for Advanced Sensor and Communications Antennas (CASCA); Air Force Office of Scientific Research [LRIR 92SN04COR] FX The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This document has been cleared for public release: Distribution Unlimited; ESC-06-0060. This work was funded in part by the Center for Advanced Sensor and Communications Antennas (CASCA) and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under LRIR 92SN04COR. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-0-7803-9541-1 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2006 BP 132 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2006.249412 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFS69 UT WOS:000244379000032 ER PT S AU Ebel, JL Cortez, R Leedy, KD Strawser, RE AF Ebel, John L. Cortez, Rebecca Leedy, Kevin D. Strawser, Richard E. GP IEEE TI A latching capacitive RF MEMS switch in a thin film package SO 2006 IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium CY JUN 11-16, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE MTTS DE RF MEMS; microwave devices; microwave switches; microelectromechanical devices AB A latching capacitive RF MEMS switch has been successfully designed, fabricated and tested. The switch uses a long thin metal cantilever which is electrostatically held to an upper electrode at the free end and to a lower electrode at the beam root end forming an S-shaped actuator. The upper electrode sits on top of a thin dielectric shell which also serves as part of the package for the device. Slight dielectric charging holds the cantilever in either the on-state or off-state between switching pulses. In the latched states with no bias, insertion loss is 0.2 dB at 10 GHz and isolation is > 20 dB in a narrow band around 10 GHz. Repeatable switching has been demonstrated for actuation voltages below 20 V. Hot-switched power handling has been tested up to 6 W at 10 GHz without failure. C1 [Ebel, John L.; Cortez, Rebecca; Leedy, Kevin D.; Strawser, Richard E.] USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ebel, JL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 978-0-7803-9541-1 J9 IEEE MTT S INT MICR PY 2006 BP 259 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSYM.2006.249482 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFS69 UT WOS:000244379000063 ER PT S AU Greco, M Gini, F Rangaswamy, M AF Greco, Maria Gini, Fulvio Rangaswamy, Muralidhar GP IEEE TI Non-stationarity analysis of real X-Band clutter data at different resolutions SO 2006 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel ID SEA-CLUTTER; DOPPLER SPECTRA; MODEL; SCATTERING; SURFACE; OCEAN AB This work deals with the problem of providing a statistical model of the backscattering from marine surface for low-grazing angle and high resolution radar systems. Based on the electromagnetic two-scale model, we analyzed both the amplitude and frequency modulations induced on the small-scale Bragg resonant waves by the large-scale surface tilt and advection, due to the swell presence. Evidence of marine clutter non-stationarity and the relationship between the variations of clutter texture, Doppler centroid and bandwidth have been investigated by processing measured data, recorded by the IPIX radar of McMaster University in Grimsby, Ontario, Canada. Our results demonstrate that sea/lake clutter at different range resolutions is non-stationary and is better modeled by a hybrid AM/FM modulated process. C1 [Greco, Maria; Gini, Fulvio] Univ Pisa, Dept Ingn Informaz, Via Caruso 16, I-56122 Pisa, Italy. [Rangaswamy, Muralidhar] US Air Force, Res Lab, SNHE, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Greco, M (reprint author), Univ Pisa, Dept Ingn Informaz, Via Caruso 16, I-56122 Pisa, Italy. EM m.greco@iet.unipi.it; f.gini@iet.unipi.it; Muralidhar.Rangaswamy@hanscom.af.mil OI Greco, Maria/0000-0002-3804-2949 FU AFOSR [FA8655-04-1-3059] FX This work has been funded by AFOSR grant FA8655-04-1-3059. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research or the U.S. Government. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2006 BP 44 EP + DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631774 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500008 ER PT S AU Bonneau, RJ AF Bonneau, Robert J. GP IEEE TI A waveform strategy for detection of targets in multiplicative clutter SO 2006 IEEE Radar Conference, Vols 1 and 2 SE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel AB Conventional radar signal processing techniques approximate multipath as a linear process. Unfortunately such an approach results in poor detection performance and because the model for the interference does not accurately represent the physical scattering process. We instead propose a method that uses the flexibility of waveform design for a given aperture to linearize the physical scattering phenomenon. This allows us to successfully detect targets using a Wiener matched filter approach in high multipath conditions. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL SNRT, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Bonneau, RJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL SNRT, 26 Elect Pkwy, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 RADAR CONF PY 2006 BP 84 EP 93 DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631780 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500014 ER PT S AU Markow, JS Wicks, MC Chen, PY AF Markow, Joshua S. Wicks, Michael C. Chen, Pinyuen GP IEEE TI Building a confidence interval for the number of signals in noise using likelihood ratio test statistics SO 2006 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel ID LATENT ROOTS AB We propose a multi-step procedure for constructing a confidence interval for the number of signals present in noise. The proposed procedure uses likelihood ratio statistics and their simulated percentiles in a sequential manner to estimate the upper and lower limits for the confidence interval. A preference zone in the parameter space of the population eigenvalues is defined and used to separate signals from noise. We derive the least favorable configuration asymptotically under the preference zone and use it to determine the procedure parameters for the required confidence level. We applied our procedure to computer simulated radar data and the MCARM measured data set. C1 [Markow, Joshua S.; Wicks, Michael C.] USAF, Res Lab, Radar Signal Proc Branch, Rome, NY USA. [Chen, Pinyuen] Syracuse Univ, Dept Math, Syracuse, NY USA. RP Markow, JS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Radar Signal Proc Branch, Rome, NY USA. EM Joshua.Markow@rl.af.mil NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2006 BP 120 EP + DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631785 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500019 ER PT S AU Corbeil, A Van Patten, G Spoldi, L O'Hern, B Alford, M AF Corbeil, Allan Van Patten, Greg Spoldi, Laura O'Hern, Brian Alford, Mark GP IEEE TI Data mining of GMTI radar databases SO 2006 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel AB An innovative data mining algorithm was developed by TSC for application to long-term, wide area Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) radar databases obtained from both airborne and space-based Intelligence, Reconnaissance and Surveillance (ISR) systems. The algorithm can discover high-value targets of opportunity including convoys in dense civilian background traffic, and was recently demonstrated for a GMTI database collected by an operational Air Force ISR platform. Further investigations are using a realistic computer simulation of vehicle traffic. In the algorithm, vehicle detection sequences are linked over multiple scans and then analyzed by Hough Transform (HT) processing. The HT can resolve closely spaced vehicles and characterize target kinematics to provide real-time operator cueing or support GMTI radar forensic analysis. These data mining algorithms have been successfully applied to actual and simulated GMTI radar databases with a per scan probability of target detection as low as 50%, false alarm rates as high as one per km of road, and civilian vehicle densities up to 10 per kin. Thus they can complement conventional tracking algorithms in areas of dense background traffic where false tracks and data-to-track misassociation is a serious problem. C1 [Corbeil, Allan; Van Patten, Greg; Spoldi, Laura] Technol Serv Corp, Trumbull, CT USA. [O'Hern, Brian; Alford, Mark] USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY USA. RP Corbeil, A (reprint author), Technol Serv Corp, Trumbull, CT USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2006 BP 154 EP + DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631790 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500024 ER PT S AU Antonik, P Wicks, MC Griffiths, HD Baker, CJ AF Antonik, Paul Wicks, Michael C. Griffiths, Hugh D. Baker, Christopher J. GP IEEE TI Frequency diverse array radars SO 2006 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel AB This paper presents a generalized structure for a frequency diverse array radar. In its simplest form, the frequency diverse array applies a linear phase progression across the aperture. This linear phase progression induces an electronic beam scan, as in a conventional phased array. When an additional linear frequency shift is applied across the elements, a new term is generated which results in a scan angle that varies with range in the far-field. This provides more flexible beam scan options, as well as providing resistance to point interference such as multipath. More general implementations provide greater degrees of freedom for space-time-frequency-phase-polarization control, permitting novel concepts for simultaneous multi-mission operation, such as performing synthetic aperture radar and ground moving target indication at the same time. C1 [Antonik, Paul; Wicks, Michael C.] USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. [Griffiths, Hugh D.; Baker, Christopher J.] UCL, London, England. RP Antonik, P (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. NR 3 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2006 BP 215 EP + DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631800 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500034 ER PT S AU Mudaliar, S AF Mudaliar, Saba GP IEEE TI Bistatic radar clutter simulations using scattering phenomenology SO 2006 IEEE Radar Conference, Vols 1 and 2 SE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel ID RANDOM MEDIUM LAYER AB Most models used by the radar community for clutter simulations are empirical and intended for monostatic radars. For bistatic applications, the monostatic-bistatic equivalence theorem of Crispin, Goodrich, and Siegel [1] is often used to estimate the bistatic clutter. We found that this theorem has serious limitations when applied to simulating scattering from clutter scenes. To address this issue we have developed a phenomenology-based model for efficient simulation of scattering from clutter scenes. The underlying algorithm is founded on a multiple scattering wave theory for a random medium layer over a two-scale rough surface. It works equally well for monostatic and bistatic applications and is computationally efficient and suitable for radar simulation studies. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Mudaliar, S (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 RADAR CONF PY 2006 BP 302 EP 309 DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631816 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500050 ER PT S AU Pillai, SU Li, KY Himed, B AF Pillai, S. Unnikrishna Li, Ke Yong Himed, Braham GP IEEE TI Cramer-Rao bounds for target Doppler and power in space based radar SO 2006 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel AB In this paper, the Cramer-Rao bound for target parameters from a space based radar platform is derived. In particular, the bounds for target Doppler and power are derived under a variety of conditions - target in white noise, target in clutter and noise case. In the later case, the performance is analyzed with range foldover and in the presence/absence of earth's rotation. When both these phenomena are present, the bound is shown to be inferior compared to other situations where only either effect is present. In the general case, methods such as waveform diversity should be considered for superior target detection. C1 [Pillai, S. Unnikrishna] Polytech Univ, 6 Metrotech Ctr, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. [Li, Ke Yong] C&P Technol Inc, Closter, NJ USA. [Himed, Braham] AF Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. RP Pillai, SU (reprint author), Polytech Univ, 6 Metrotech Ctr, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. EM pillai@fire.poly.edu; kli@cptnj.com; Braham.Himed@rl.af.mil FU AFRL [FA8750-04-C-0202] FX This work was supported under AFRL contract FA8750-04-C-0202. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2006 BP 452 EP + DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631839 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500073 ER PT S AU Linderman, RW AF Linderman, Richard W. GP IEEE TI Swathbuckler: Wide swath SAR system architecture SO 2006 IEEE Radar Conference, Vols 1 and 2 SE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel AB Between 2001 and 2005, the Swathbuckler wide-swath SAR real-time image formation multinational project evolved a system architecture to continually process 40KM strips into high resolution (< 1m) imagery. The rapid advance of COTS memory, 110, and processor technology drove the supercomputer cost down from over $1M to under $100K. This paper discusses the key technology improvements driving the affordable solution. In particular, the 8 gigabytes of memory attached to standard dual Xeon server nodes arranged in a standard cluster greatly simplified the previously daunting task of SAR image formation. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Direct, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Linderman, RW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Direct, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 RADAR CONF PY 2006 BP 465 EP 470 DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631841 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500075 ER PT S AU Penno, RP Thiele, G Reynolds, J Schneider, S AF Penno, Robert P. Thiele, Gary Reynolds, John Schneider, Stephen GP IEEE TI Back lobe elimination using a conformal microstrip leaky wave antenna SO 2006 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel AB This work models a conformal, microstrip traveling wave antenna, also known as a "Leaky Wave" antenna, for this function. Experimental results corroborate that with a conformal Leaky Wave antenna the back lobe is eliminated. C1 [Penno, Robert P.] Univ Dayton, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. [Thiele, Gary] Analyt Designs Inc, AFRL, SNRR, WPAFB, Dayton, OH USA. [Reynolds, John; Schneider, Stephen] AFRL, SNRR, WPAFB, Dayton, OH USA. RP Penno, RP (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. FU USAF Air Force Research Laboratory WPAFB, OH FX This research is funded by the USAF Air Force Research Laboratory at WPAFB, OH NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2006 BP 485 EP + DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631844 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500078 ER PT S AU Zhang, YH Kim, K Hajjari, A Schneible, R Himed, B AF Zhang, Yuhong Kim, Kyungjung Hajjari, Abdelhak Schneible, Richard Himed, Braham GP IEEE TI Beamspace space-time adaptive processing for conformal array radars SO 2006 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel AB This paper presents a beamspace space-time adaptive processing (STAP) approach to conformal array radar applications. The spatial channels in beamspace STAP are designed to have the same phase center, but different beam orientations and/or shapes. The joint-domain localized (JDL) algorithm and Sigma Delta-STAP (employing sum and difference beams) are two special cases of beamspace-STAP. This paper develops a theory for a generalized beamspace STAP and applies it to conformal arrays. The desired beam pattern characteristics for beamspace STAP are identified with supportive examples. In practice, the beam pattern sidelobe structure is not controllable because of near-field effects, mutual coupling, and various other errors. A practically feasible design that employs a low sidelobe mainbeam combined with a few non-tapered beams (sum and/or difference beams) is developed in this paper. An iterative method is used to synthesize the desired conformal array patterns for beamspace-STAP. Several beamspace-STAP examples for a cylindrical array and a dome-shaped array, as representatives of conformal arrays, perform very well and the results are consistent with the theory. C1 [Zhang, Yuhong; Kim, Kyungjung; Hajjari, Abdelhak; Schneible, Richard] Stiefvater Consultants, Marcy, NY 13403 USA. [Himed, Braham] AF Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. RP Zhang, YH (reprint author), Stiefvater Consultants, Marcy, NY 13403 USA. EM yhzhang@direcway.com; Braham.Himed@rl.af.mil NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2006 BP 552 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500088 ER PT S AU Antonik, P Wicks, MC Griffiths, HD Baker, CJ AF Antonik, Paul Wicks, Michael C. Griffiths, Hugh D. Baker, Christopher J. GP IEEE TI Multi-mission multi-mode waveform diversity SO 2006 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel AB Previously, the authors presented a novel method for achieving range-dependent beamforming through the use of a frequency diverse array. The frequency diverse array concept was developed using a quasi-stationary waveform assumption. This concept can be extended to non-continuous wave signals for narrowband and wideband applications such as moving target indication (MTI) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Alternative implementations are described which offer the potential for achieving MTI and SAR simultaneously. C1 [Antonik, Paul; Wicks, Michael C.] USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. [Griffiths, Hugh D.; Baker, Christopher J.] UCL, London, England. RP Antonik, P (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 5 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2006 BP 580 EP + DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631858 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500092 ER PT S AU Tucker, S Vienneau, R Corner, J Linderman, RW AF Tucker, Scot Vienneau, Robert Corner, Joshua Linderman, Richard W. GP IEEE TI Swathbuckler: HPC processing and information exploitation SO 2006 IEEE RADAR CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE IEEE Radar Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 IEEE Radar Conference CY APR 24-27, 2006 CL Verona, NY SP IEEE Aerosp & Elect Syst Soc, Radar Syst Panel AB This real-time system recorded raw returns and processed continuous strip-map, high-resolution (< 1m), wide-swath (37 km) imagery on-board the Convair 580 aircraft with an embedded high performance computing system costing under $100K. The SAR image formation algorithm was optimized at all levels of the computer architecture to achieve real-time processing over 9000 times faster than the original algorithm specification. The information management system implemented a pub-sub-query environment to allow real-time offboard exploitation of the on-board multi-terabyte database within seconds. Real-time SAR image formation was demonstrated on five flight tests. The completed flights provided 7.3 terabytes of raw and processed imagery to support future algorithm research. C1 [Tucker, Scot; Vienneau, Robert] ITT Ind, Adv Engn & Sci, Rome, NY USA. [Corner, Joshua; Linderman, Richard W.] USAF, Air Force Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY USA. RP Tucker, S (reprint author), ITT Ind, Adv Engn & Sci, Rome, NY USA. EM Scot.Tucker@rl.af.mil; Robert.Vienneau@itt.com; comerj@rl.af.mil; lindermanr@rl.af.mil NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1097-5764 BN 978-0-7803-9496-4 J9 IEEE RAD CONF PY 2006 BP 710 EP + DI 10.1109/RADAR.2006.1631880 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BFS08 UT WOS:000244174500114 ER PT S AU Linnehan, R Schindler, J Brady, D AF Linnehan, Robert Schindler, John Brady, David GP IEEE TI Evaluation and tuning of a SAR detector using sparse-array spotlight mode simulations SO 2006 IEEE SENSOR ARRAY AND MULTICHANNEL SIGNAL PROCESSING WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of the IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop CY JUL 12-14, 2006 CL Waltham, MA SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc, IEEE Boston Sect, Air Force Res Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Air Force Off Sci Res, Off Naval Res AB We describe a method of tuning a simple detection process of stationary targets in SAR images. The tuning metric accounts for the squared-error performance of prescient estimators of target location and reflectivity. The efficiencies of these prescient estimators are compared to their Cramer Rao bounds (CRBs). The off-line tuning is performed by collecting statistics of scatterer estimation in SAR images created using sparse-array spotlight mode simulations. C1 [Linnehan, Robert] USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. [Schindler, John] Anteon Corp, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. [Brady, David] Northeastern Univ, ECE Dept, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Linnehan, R (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM robert.linnehan2@hanscom.af.mil; jkschindler@verizon.net; brady@ece.neu.edu NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1551-2282 BN 1-4244-0308-1 J9 PR IEEE SEN ARRAY PY 2006 BP 315 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN69 UT WOS:000243341900067 ER PT S AU Roman, JR Garnham, JW Antonik, P AF Roman, Jaime R. Garnham, John W. Antonik, Paul GP IEEE TI Information theoretic criterion for waveform selection SO 2006 IEEE SENSOR ARRAY AND MULTICHANNEL SIGNAL PROCESSING WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of the IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop CY JUL 12-14, 2006 CL Waltham, MA SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc, IEEE Boston Sect, Air Force Res Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Air Force Off Sci Res, Off Naval Res AB A novel criterion for waveform selection in adaptive radar and other sensing applications is presented that is based on the information theoretic concept of mutual information. In addition, its application to the area of waveform diversity for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems is examined. Mutual information is a measure of the information (in the sense of Shannon) in a random variable or vector about another random variable or vector. It is shown herein that such a framework provides the basis for a conceptually simple and powerful criterion for context-dependent evaluation of candidate waveforms, as well as context-dependent design of waveforms. Furthermore, in the special case of zero-mean Gaussian-distributed clutter, interference, and noise, the criterion attains an analytically simple form - a scalar function of the singular values of a specific cross-covariance matrix. The criterion can be used in distinct optimization contexts (minimization or maximization) as a function of the problem to be addressed. In addition, the criterion inherently includes the statistical information of the sensed parameters. More specifically, in the context of a SAR system the criterion includes the covariance matrix of the set of illuminated ground scatterers. The formulation and simulation-based results are presented in the context of a first-order radar system model for simplicity, but the approach can be extended in a straightforward manner to cover more complex models. Results presented show that the criterion is an effective means for waveform selection in an adaptive SAR system. C1 [Roman, Jaime R.; Garnham, John W.] SAIC, 2109 Air Pk Rd SE, Albuquerque, NM 87111 USA. [Antonik, Paul] Rome Res Site, SNRT, AF Res Lab, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Roman, JR (reprint author), SAIC, 2109 Air Pk Rd SE, Albuquerque, NM 87111 USA. EM jaime.r.roman@saic.com FU AFRL/SNRT [F30602-03-C-0114] FX This work was sponsored, in part, by AFRL/SNRT under contract no.F30602-03-C-0114, under direction of Mr. Paul Antonik, Prog. Manager. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1551-2282 BN 1-4244-0308-1 J9 PR IEEE SEN ARRAY PY 2006 BP 444 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN69 UT WOS:000243341900094 ER PT S AU Deming, R Perlovsky, L AF Deming, Ross Perlovsky, Leonid GP IEEE TI Concurrent detection and tracking using multiple, flying, sensors SO 2006 IEEE SENSOR ARRAY AND MULTICHANNEL SIGNAL PROCESSING WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of the IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop CY JUL 12-14, 2006 CL Waltham, MA SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc, IEEE Boston Sect, Air Force Res Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Air Force Off Sci Res, Off Naval Res AB We develop a probabilistic technique for performing multiple target detection and tracking based on data from multiple, flying, sensors. Multiple sensors can facilitate detecting and discriminating low signal-to-clutter targets by allowing correlation between different sensor types and/or different aspect angles. However, the data association problem can cause the computational complexity of standard trackers to become prohibitively high when combining too much data - a problem which will be exacerbated when including data from multiple sensors. Dynamic Logic (DL) is a probabilistic technique for performing data association, based upon maximum likelihood parameter estimation of mixture models, which does not suffer from a computational explosion with increasing amounts of data. Previously, a DL-based tracker was developed for the relatively simple case incorporating data from a stationary sensor platform. In this paper we expand the framework to incorporate multiple, moving, sensor platforms, which requires a revision in the parameter estimation equations. The framework is general enough to be valid for different sensor types, for example radar or electro-optical. Sample results from synthetic data are presented. C1 [Deming, Ross; Perlovsky, Leonid] USAF, SNHE, Anteon Corp, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Deming, R (reprint author), USAF, SNHE, Anteon Corp, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM ross.deming@hanscom.af.mil NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1551-2282 BN 1-4244-0308-1 J9 PR IEEE SEN ARRAY PY 2006 BP 505 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN69 UT WOS:000243341900107 ER PT S AU Shaw, A Jamali, M Wilkins, N AF Shaw, Arnab Jamali, Moshin Wilkins, Nathan GP IEEE TI Toward bandwidth invariance of spatial processing in the non-cooperative receiver SO 2006 IEEE SENSOR ARRAY AND MULTICHANNEL SIGNAL PROCESSING WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of the IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop CY JUL 12-14, 2006 CL Waltham, MA SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc, IEEE Boston Sect, Air Force Res Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Air Force Off Sci Res, Off Naval Res AB As the modern electro-magnetic environment in urban and battlefield scenarios becomes increasingly denser, system designers tend to gravitate toward wide bandwidth solutions. Not only do spread spectrum designs permit increased co-channel utilization, they also tend to be inherently more secure, decreasing the probability of intercept by non-cooperative receivers. This is in part due to the code that must be applied in order to modulate the information bandwidth into a much wider transmitted bandwidth. In addition the non-cooperative receiver must contend with issues of increased noise, decreased sensitivity, and increased signal processing resource requirements among others. The problem is further exacerbated for receivers that must perform emitter geo-location or other forms of spatial processing, since the conventional high-resolution techniques rely on phase measurements based on the monochromatic assumption. This paper will discuss some of the existing methods suggested to contend with wide bandwidth spatial processing for noncooperative receivers and their limitations. It will introduce a new method based on the bilinear transformation that overcomes some of these limitations. It will present simulation results that demonstrate the advantage of this technique. C1 [Shaw, Arnab] Wright State Univ, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. [Jamali, Moshin] Univ Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA. [Wilkins, Nathan] AF Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Shaw, A (reprint author), Wright State Univ, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. EM ashaw@cs.wright.edu; mjamali@utnet.utoledo.edu; nathan.wilkins@wpafb.af.mil NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1551-2282 BN 1-4244-0308-1 J9 PR IEEE SEN ARRAY PY 2006 BP 556 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN69 UT WOS:000243341900117 ER PT S AU Green, JW Hale, TB Temple, MA Buckreis, JT AF Green, Justin W. Hale, Todd B. Temple, Michael A. Buckreis, John T. GP IEEE TI Incorporating pulse-to-pulse motion effects into side-looking array radar models SO 2006 IEEE SENSOR ARRAY AND MULTICHANNEL SIGNAL PROCESSING WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of the IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop CY JUL 12-14, 2006 CL Waltham, MA SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc, IEEE Boston Sect, Air Force Res Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Air Force Off Sci Res, Off Naval Res AB A technique is presented for incorporating pulse-to-pulse (inter-pulse) motion effects into side-looking array radar data models yielding a motion-sensitive space-time snapshot. Low flying, highly-maneuverable Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) represent a potential worst case application scenario given their roll, yaw, and pitch rates are primarily limited by structural integrity. High degrees of maneuverability during the Coherent Processing Interval (CPI) allow clutter and target returns to change significantly. The technique presented uses M coordinate transformations to describe platform attitude variations throughout the CPI. Ward's model then is extended to incorporate maneuver-induced changes in spatial frequency and Doppler. The new motion-sensitive space-time snapshot is used to characterize Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) performance without motion-compensation applied. Results clearly show motion-induced clutter-null broadening with measurable degradation of STAP algorithm minimal discernable velocity. C1 [Green, Justin W.; Hale, Todd B.; Temple, Michael A.; Buckreis, John T.] USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Green, JW (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1551-2282 BN 1-4244-0308-1 J9 PR IEEE SEN ARRAY PY 2006 BP 580 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN69 UT WOS:000243341900122 ER PT S AU Corbell, PM Temple, MA Hale, TB AF Corbell, Phillip M. Temple, Michael A. Hale, Todd B. GP IEEE TI Forward-looking planar array 3D-STAP using space time illumination patterns (STIP) SO 2006 IEEE SENSOR ARRAY AND MULTICHANNEL SIGNAL PROCESSING WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of the IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop CY JUL 12-14, 2006 CL Waltham, MA SP IEEE Signal Proc Soc, IEEE Boston Sect, Air Force Res Lab, Def Adv Res Projects Agcy, Air Force Off Sci Res, Off Naval Res AB Close-in sensing is needed for urban warfare operations, where Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) could be provided via forward or rear-facing multi-function array radars mounted on small highly-maneuverable airborne platforms. However, airborne radar arrays oriented any direction other than side-looking cause an elevation dependent angle-Doppler relationship in the clutter returns. This non-stationarity is acute in close-in sensing geometries where elevation diversity exists over the scene of interest. However, planar arrays have an inherent advantage over linear arrays due to their ability to observe clutter statistics as a function of elevation. This paper demonstrates the utility of elevation diversity by synthesizing a single 3D-STAP filter that exhibits an elevation dependent azimuth-Doppler response which is tailored to null the clutter "bowl" which characterizes the forward-looking clutter spectrum. Such a capability is particularly exploitable on transmit, where all elevation angles are simultaneously illuminated. To demonstrate potential benefits, this paper proposes the use of recently developed Space Time Illumination Patterns (STIP) from a planar AESA to invoke elevation diverse space-time illumination in a forward-looking clutter scenario. It is shown that 3D-STIP (azimuth-elevation-Doppler) facilitates elevation specific space-time beamforming which removes the clutter energy from a given Doppler frequency across all ranges, potentially simplifying processing on receive. Simulations using synthesized training data and clairvoyant covariance knowledge are conducted to demonstrate proof-of-concept. C1 [Corbell, Phillip M.] SNHE, Air Force Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. [Temple, Michael A.; Hale, Todd B.] ENG, Air Force Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Corbell, PM (reprint author), SNHE, Air Force Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1551-2282 BN 1-4244-0308-1 J9 PR IEEE SEN ARRAY PY 2006 BP 602 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFN69 UT WOS:000243341900127 ER PT B AU Lynch, C Bliss, D Zens, T Weyburne, D Jimenez, J Avella, M Kuo, PS Yu, X AF Lynch, C. Bliss, D. Zens, T. Weyburne, D. Jimenez, J. Avella, M. Kuo, P. S. Yu, X. TI Characterization of HVPE-grown thick GaAs structures for IR and THz generation SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDIUM PHOSPHIDE AND RELATED MATERIALS CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials CY MAY 07-11, 2006 CL Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ SP IEEE HO Princeton Univ ID ORIENTATION-PATTERNED GAAS; EPITAXIAL LAYERS; FILMS AB In a previous paper, we described a method for growing thick epitaxial layers of GaAs on orientation-patterned wafers by low pressure hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The low pressure method allows for rapid growth at rates well above 100 mu m/hr and layers up to 1 mm thick have been successfully produced. In this paper we present characterization of these layers by optical microscopy, Hall measurement, and cathodolummescence imaging. We demonstrate growth of low free carrier concentration, mm-thick orientation-patterned GaAs for efficient nonlinear optical conversion. C1 [Lynch, C.; Bliss, D.; Zens, T.; Weyburne, D.] USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. [Jimenez, J.; Avella, M.] ETSII, Fis Mat Condensada, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain. [Kuo, P. S.; Yu, X.] Stanford Univ, E L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Lynch, C (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. FU Air Force Office of Scientific Research; European Office of Aerospace Research and Development FX The authors thank J. Bailey and K. OHearn for help with the HVPE growth. Funding for this work was provided by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. The European Office of Aerospace Research and Development supported the Spanish effort. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9557-2 PY 2006 BP 151 EP + DI 10.1109/ICIPRM.2006.1634134 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BFT11 UT WOS:000244480500039 ER PT B AU Manternach, J Broadstock, T AF Manternach, Jonathan Broadstock, Tom BE Smari, WW McQuay, W TI Information integration for situation awareness SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems-CTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Collaboration Technologies and Systems CY MAY 14-17, 2006 CL Las Vegas, NV SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc DE Collaboration Enabling Technologies; Information Exchange and Fusion in Collaborative Environments (CE); awareness in collaborative systems; Collaborative Applications; Modeling and Simulation of; Collaboration; Collaboration M&S for Exercise Support; and Wargaming AB The Air Force Research Laboratory continues to investigate technologies for improved situational awareness (SA) by developing a testbed for evaluating SA concepts and capabilities. Information Integration for Situational Awareness (USA) is a collaborative framework that allows distributed, disparate users and resources to create and share a common understanding of the battlespace. The foundation of this framework is a message-oriented middleware that serves as an information repository and provides publish and subscribe services to push information to clients that require it. IISA clients plug into the framework via interfaces defined by Extensible Markup Language (XML) Schema, thus providing loose coupling and ease of integration. HSA envisions a wide variety of clients, both automated and user-based, to collect, refine, and distribute battlespace information. Clients connect realworld systems to HSA, including elements of command and control (C2) and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). LISA leverages modeling and simulation technologies to stimulate the testbed with synthetic battlefield information in the absence of realworld systems. The first phase of IISA development has been demonstrated in the context of an operations other than war (OOTW) scenario involving counter-insurgency operations in an urban setting. Key features of this phase of development include a flexible map viewer client and a simulation gateway. This baseline serves as a point of departure for continuing research in areas such as machine-to-machine process automation, adversarial modeling and prediction, and information distribution from unattended ground sensors (UGS). The ongoing development of LISA promises valuable lessons to support key initiatives such as predictive battlespace awareness and effects-based operations. C1 [Manternach, Jonathan] USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Broadstock, Tom] Sci Applicat Int Corp, Dayton, OH USA. RP Manternach, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM jonathan.manternach@wpalb.af.mil; tom.broadstock@wpafb.af.mil FU AFRL/IFSD FX This work is sponsored by AFRL/IFSD. The authors wish to thank the reviewers for their many valuable comments. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9785699-0-7 J9 INT S COLLAB TECHNOL PY 2006 BP 142 EP + DI 10.1109/CTS.2006.47 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGD91 UT WOS:000246214100017 ER PT B AU Faas, P Gallimore, J Matthews, E Quill, L AF Faas, Paul Gallimore, Jennie Matthews, Elizabeth Quill, Laurie BE Smari, WW McQuay, W TI Collaborative logistics on the military flightline SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems-CTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Collaboration Technologies and Systems CY MAY 14-17, 2006 CL Las Vegas, NV SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc DE collaboration; logistics; flightline; maintenance; decision making; human factors AB This paper discusses field experiments in the Air Force Research Laboratory's ongoing Smart Systems for Logistics Command and Control (SSLC2) research program. Spiral 1 of this program included four field experiments conducted in the spring of 2005 at Air Force ReservelA ir National Guard bases in Indiana and Ohio. This paper describes how the recommendations from Spiral 1 pointed the way to field experiments planned for upcoming spirals-experiments in the collaborative logistics environment of the maintenance flightline. C1 [Faas, Paul] Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45324 USA. [Gallimore, Jennie] Human Wise Inc, Overland Pk, KS USA. [Matthews, Elizabeth] GRACAR Corp, Dayton, OH USA. [Quill, Laurie] Univ Dayton, Inst Res, Dayton, OH USA. RP Faas, P (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45324 USA. EM paul.faas@wpafb.af.mil; jgallimore@humanwise.com; r.cagle@gracar.com; laurie.qliill@udri.udayton.edu NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9785699-0-7 J9 INT S COLLAB TECHNOL PY 2006 BP 215 EP + DI 10.1109/CTS.2006.28 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGD91 UT WOS:000246214100028 ER PT B AU Militello, LG Gentner, FC Swindler, SD Beisner, G AF Militello, Laura G. Gentner, Frank C. Swindler, Stephanie D. Beisner, Gary, II BE Smari, WW McQuay, W TI Conation: Its historical roots and implications for future research SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems-CTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Collaboration Technologies and Systems CY MAY 14-17, 2006 CL Las Vegas, NV SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc DE conative and emotive aspects; sociotechnical systems; psychological issues in collaboration; logistics networks; distributed adaptive logistics ID SCIENCE AB This conceptual paper is a review of the literature concerning conation. Although there is no single definition for conation, it has been described in several ways including the mental procedure directed toward action including volition and drive, or as the connection between cognition and affect to action. The historical aspects, applications, and research methods for studying conation are brief but informative. Based on the literature review, the application of conation appears to hold considerable promise, especially within the realm of socio-technical design/systems. C1 [Militello, Laura G.; Gentner, Frank C.] Univ Dayton, Inst Res, Human Factor Grp, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. [Swindler, Stephanie D.; Beisner, Gary, II] Logist Readiness Branch, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Militello, LG (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Inst Res, Human Factor Grp, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. EM militello@udri.udayton.edu; frank.gentner@udri.udayton.edu; stephanie.swindler@wpajb.af.mil; gary.beisner@wpajb.af.mil NR 53 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9785699-0-7 J9 INT S COLLAB TECHNOL PY 2006 BP 240 EP + DI 10.1109/CTS.2006.31 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGD91 UT WOS:000246214100032 ER PT B AU Cheatham, M Cleereman, K AF Cheatham, Michelle Cleereman, Kevin BE Smari, WW McQuay, W TI Application of social network analysis to collaborative team formation SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems-CTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Collaboration Technologies and Systems CY MAY 14-17, 2006 CL Las Vegas, NV SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc DE social network; concept map; collaboration; team formation AB Teamformation is a challenging problem in many large organizations in which it is entirely possible for two individuals to work on similar projects without realizing it. By applying social network analysis to mappings of co-authors and to mappings of related research paper keywords, we are able to help generate teams of diverse individuals with similar interests and aptitudes. C1 [Cheatham, Michelle; Cleereman, Kevin] AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Cheatham, M (reprint author), AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM michelle.cheatham@wpajb.af.mil; kevin.cleereman@wpafb.af.mil NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9785699-0-7 J9 INT S COLLAB TECHNOL PY 2006 BP 306 EP + DI 10.1109/CTS.2006.18 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGD91 UT WOS:000246214100041 ER PT B AU Kim, SY Zhu, J Smari, WW McQuay, WK AF Kim, Seung-yun Zhu, Jian Smari, Waleed W. McQuay, William K. BE Smari, WW McQuay, W TI Security and access control for a human-centric collaborative commerce system SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems-CTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Collaboration Technologies and Systems CY MAY 14-17, 2006 CL Las Vegas, NV SP IEEE, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst Man & Cybernet Soc DE C-commerce systems; security; access control; human-centric computing; collaboration; e-commerce ID PRINCIPLES AB The rise of globally distributed computer based workspaces has enabled the incorporation of collaboration in electronic commerce (e-Commerce) systems. Working in collaborative environments with e-Commerce technologies leads to the subject of collaborative commerce (or c-Commerce). C-Commerce creates dynamic collaboration and harnesses organizations' information and knowledge base into a computer-based framework to support personalized access to potentially all participants and information in a given community. One of the main concerns in such a system is security and control of access. Many distributed organizations and individuals want to work together and share their information and knowledge in the process. At the same time, they need to protect their privacy and sensitive information and establish proper protocols for access and sharing activities. This paper discusses a human-centered collaborative commerce system (HCCS) and its security and access control design. Specifically, it presents three security modules and components that will support collaborative exchange and processes. We, then, introduce an improved access control method and algorithm which is role-, group-, and task-based (RGT-based access control) that ensures information and resources access efficiently. Developing further access control algorithms and implementations will be considered in a variety of case studies in future work. C1 [Kim, Seung-yun; Zhu, Jian; Smari, Waleed W.] Univ Dayton, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 300 Coll Pk, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. [McQuay, William K.] AFRL IFSD, Wright Patterson AFB OH, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Kim, SY (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 300 Coll Pk, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. EM kimseung@notes.udayton.edu; zhujianz@notes.udayton.edu; waleed.smari@notes.udayton.edu; William.McOuay@wpafb.mil NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9785699-0-7 J9 INT S COLLAB TECHNOL PY 2006 BP 429 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BGD91 UT WOS:000246214100058 ER PT B AU Seetharaman, GS Talbert, ML Blasch, E AF Seetharaman, Guna S. Talbert, Mchael L. Blasch, Erik GP IEEE TI Architectural elements of integrated micro-sensors for distributed sensor networks SO 2006 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE FOR MACHINE PERCEPTION AND SENSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Computer Architecture for Machine Perception and Sensing CY SEP 18-20, 2006 CL Montreal, CANADA SP IEEE DE Command and Control; C4ISR; Microsensors; self-aware sensor nets AB Recent advancements in the design, fabrication and packaging of micro electro-mechanical (MEM) sensors with embedded computing and wireless communication capabilities have made positive impacts on persistent surveillance of large areas in hostile conditions. We outline a set of core capabilities required of smart sensors to establish their precise location and perform collaborative sensing to gain and maintain maximum situation awareness. Such features include: CORDIC structured computations, direction selective transmission and reception through RF-MEMS, chip-scale atomic clock (CSAC), infra structure assisted sensing, among others. Then we outline several system-level considerations such as: command, control, collaborative & cognitive computation and communication, and offer an end-user perspective of intelligent sensors in mission oriented sensor networks. The objective is to provide insights into the critical challenges for increasing the effectiveness of future sensor networks. We use a hypothetical counter-sniper system as an example to concretely emphasize the value of such features. C1 [Seetharaman, Guna S.] USAF, Inst Technol, Washington, DC 20330 USA. [Talbert, Mchael L.; Blasch, Erik] Air Force Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX USA. RP Seetharaman, GS (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Washington, DC 20330 USA. EM GUNA.SEETHARAMAN@AFIT.EDU; MICHAEL.TALBERT@WPAFB.AF.MIL; ERIK.BLASCH@WPAFB.AF.MIL NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0685-2 PY 2006 BP 157 EP + DI 10.1109/ASAP.2007.4429982 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BHI90 UT WOS:000253463900034 ER PT B AU Oberly, CE AF Oberly, Charles E. GP IEEE TI Lightweight superconducting generators for mobile military platforins SO 2006 Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Vols 1-9 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT General Meeting of the Power-Engineering-Society CY JUN 18-22, 2006 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Power Engn Soc DE superconducting generator; YBCO; ac loss; military power system; lightweight generator; cryogenic refrigerator; cryogenic armature; generator architecture; synchronous alternator AB Mobile Military platforms impose severe restrictions on size, weight and efficiency of megawatt class power components. Severe shock, vibration and tilt requirements are additional limitations not required by commercial utility power systems. Many military power system restrictions and requirements can be met by application of superconductor technology only if the cryogenic containment and cooling are relatively transparent to the system. Advantages and limitations for military systems of various superconducting generator architectures are discussed. Current and future technology directions for high temperature superconducting generators are assessed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, PRPG, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Oberly, CE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, PRPG, 1950 Fifth St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0492-6 PY 2006 BP 3203 EP 3210 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BGH99 UT WOS:000247080003117 ER PT B AU Mattamana, A Axtell, H Cerny, C Creech, G James, T Mbuko, I Neidhard, R Orlando, P Patel, VJ Selke, D Quach, T AF Mattamana, A Axtell, H Cerny, C Creech, G James, T Mbuko, I Neidhard, R Orlando, P Patel, VJ Selke, D Quach, T BE Drayton, RF TI Narrow and broadband low-noise amplifiers at higher frequency using FDSOI CMOS technology SO 2006 TOPICAL MEETING ON SILICON MONOLITHIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS IN RF SYSTEMS, DIGEST OF PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems CY JAN 18-20, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc DE CMOS; FDSOI; LNA; IIP3; broadband; noise figure; narrowband AB This work demonstrates the successful implementation of two single-stage low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) using 0.18 mu m fully depleted silicon on insulator (FDSOI) CMOS technology. These two amplifiers utilize a metal T-gate n-MOSFET device for improved RF performance. The narrowband LNA has a measured gain of 8.2 dB, a noise figure (NF) of 1.5 dB and input referred third order intercept point (M) value of 12.8 dBm at 3.2 GHz. The broadband LNA has yielded a gain of 7.6 - 4.5 dB and a NF of 2.8 - 3.0 dB across 5 - 10 GHz. The measured M is 15.4 dBm at 8 GHz. The narrowband amplifier consumes 28.5 mW and the broadband amplifier consumes 54.5 mW of power, both at Vgs = 0.75 V and Vds = 1.0 V. These two amplifiers have demonstrated the feasibility of FDSOI CMOS technology for phased array applications. C1 USAF, Res Lab, 2241 Avion Circle,Bldg 620, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, 2241 Avion Circle,Bldg 620, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. FU MDA/AS Radar Systems Technology Program FX The authors would like to thank the MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MIT-LL) for fabrication support. Additional thanks goes to DARPA/MTO NEOCAD and TEAM program managers, Dr. Anantha Krishnan and Dr. Dan Radack, respectively for their support of the AFRL Mixed Signal Design Center. This work was funded in part by the MDA/AS Radar Systems Technology Program. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9472-0 PY 2006 BP 155 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BDW61 UT WOS:000235866900038 ER PT B AU Mbuko, O Orlando, P Axtell, H Cerny, C Creech, G Friddell, T James, T Kormanyos, B Mattamana, A Neidhard, R Nykiel, E Patel, VJ Selke, D Quach, T AF Mbuko, O Orlando, P Axtell, H Cerny, C Creech, G Friddell, T James, T Kormanyos, B Mattamana, A Neidhard, R Nykiel, E Patel, VJ Selke, D Quach, T BE Drayton, RF TI RF filters in SiGeBiCMOS technology and fully depleted silicon-on-insulator CMOS technology SO 2006 TOPICAL MEETING ON SILICON MONOLITHIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS IN RF SYSTEMS, DIGEST OF PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems CY JAN 18-20, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc DE CMOS; FDSOI; silicon germanium; filters; S- band AB This paper presents two integrated nonreflective bandpass filters. The filters are implemented in a Silicon Germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS technology and Fully Depleted Silicon on Insulator (FDSOI) CMOS technology. The purpose of these circuits is to explore the feasibility of passive filter applications on silicon substrates while maintaining low insertion loss and 50 Ohm impedance matching. The SiGe-based filter achieved 3.3-4.2 dB insertion loss across 3.54.5 GHz with input return loss better than similar to 10 dB from 1-10 GHz. The FDSOI filter simulation yielded an insertion loss of 4.5 dB across the design frequency of 3.7-4.3 GHz. C1 USAF, Res Lab, 2241 Avion Circle,Bldg 620, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Boeing Phantom Works, Solid State Elect Dev, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, 2241 Avion Circle,Bldg 620, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. FU MDA/AS Radar Systems Technology FX The authors would like to thank MIT/Lincoln Laboratorys Solid State Electronics group for modeling of passive components, and fabrication of chips. Additionally, the DARPA/MTO NeoCAD and TEAM program managers, Dr. Anantha Krishnan and Dr. Dan Radack, respectively. Their support and assistance in establishing the AFRL Mixed-Signal Design Center and enabling the innovative processes that exist there was instrumental to this work. This work was funded in part by the MDA/AS Radar Systems Technology Program. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9472-0 PY 2006 BP 163 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BDW61 UT WOS:000235866900040 ER PT B AU Kormanyos, BK Friddell, TH Quach, TK Creech, GL Orlando, PL Patel, VJ Watson, PM Axtell, HS Neidhard, RA Jessen, GH Drangmeister, RG AF Kormanyos, BK Friddell, TH Quach, TK Creech, GL Orlando, PL Patel, VJ Watson, PM Axtell, HS Neidhard, RA Jessen, GH Drangmeister, RG BE Drayton, RF TI A low voltage SiGeBJT integrated RF amplifier with very high third order intercept point SO 2006 TOPICAL MEETING ON SILICON MONOLITHIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS IN RF SYSTEMS, DIGEST OF PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems CY JAN 18-20, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc DE low voltage; amplifier; shunt diode; linearizer; silicon germanium; SiGe; BBT; third order intercept point; IP3; multi chip module AB We present a 0.7 to 1.3 GHz RF amplifier with very high third order intercept point (IP3) for use in an integrated receiver. The amplifier is designed in a modern high volume commercial SiGe HBT process and operates with a collector voltage of 1.8 V. An integrated shunt diode linearizer, inductive emitter degeneration, and output impedance matching are all optimized together to achieve an IP3 of +40 dBm with an IP3/Pdc figure of merit ratio of 18.5. This combination of techniques has resulted in unprecedented linearity for a design in a silicon process with a low breakdown voltage. C1 Boeing Co, Solid State Elect, Phantom Works, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. US Air Force, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. MIT, Lincoln Lab, Lexington, MA 02420 USA. RP Boeing Co, Solid State Elect, Phantom Works, Seattle, WA 98124 USA. FU AFRL Mixed-Signal Design Center; MDA/AS RADAR Systems Technology Program FX We would like to thank DARPA/ MTO for their support of the AFRL Mixed-Signal Design Center. This work was funded in part by the MDA/AS RADAR Systems Technology Program. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9472-0 PY 2006 BP 287 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BDW61 UT WOS:000235866900068 ER PT S AU Fagin, B Baird, L AF Fagin, Barry Baird, Leemon GP IEEE TI New conservation functions and a partial taxonomy for 1-D cellular automata SO 2007 IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON ARTIFICIAL LIFE SE IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life CY APR 01-05, 2007 CL Honolulu, HI SP IEEE AB We present algorithms that permit increased efficiency in the calculation of conservation functions for cellular automata, and report results obtained from implementations of these algorithms to report conservation laws for 1-D cellular automata of higher order than any previously known We introduce the notion of trivial and core conservation functions to distinguish truly new conservation functions from simple extensions of lower-order ones. We give new theorems related to these concepts, and show our use of them to derive more efficient algorithms for finding conservation functions. We then present the complete list of conservation functions up to order 16 for the 256 elementary 1-d binary cellular automata. These include CAs that were not previously known to have nontrivial conservation functions. C1 [Fagin, Barry; Baird, Leemon] USAF Acad, Dept Comp Sci, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Fagin, B (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Comp Sci, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM baffy.fagin@usafa.af.mil; leemon.baird@usafa.af.mil NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2160-6374 BN 978-1-4244-0701-9 J9 IEEE SYMP ART LIFE PY 2006 BP 378 EP + PG 4 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGN12 UT WOS:000248557700050 ER PT B AU Achanta, A McKenna, M Heyman, J Rudd, K Hinders, M Costianes, P AF Achanta, Anjani McKenna, Mark Heyman, Joseph Rudd, Kevin Hinders, Mark Costianes, Peter BE Bonneau, RJ TI Non-linear acoustic concealed weapons detection SO 34TH APPLIED IMAGERY AND PATTERN RECOGNITION WORKSHOP: MULTI-MODAL IMAGING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Applied Imagery and Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR 2005) CY OCT 19-21, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Comp Soc TCPAMI AB The detection of concealed weapons at a distance is a critical security issue that has been a great challenge for different imaging approaches. In this paper we discuss the use of ultrasonics in a novel way to probe for metallic and non-metallic materials under clothing. Conventional ultrasonics has problems penetrating clothing and produces false positives from specular reflections. Our approach is to use ultrasonics to create a localized zone where nonlinear interactions generate a lower frequency acoustic wave that is able to penetrate clothing better than direct ultrasonics. The generation of a probing beam for concealed weapons is described in this brief summary showing comparisons of the physical models with the experimental data. An imaging scan of concealed improvised weapons seized by officials at corrections institutes is presented to highlight the value of this approach. C1 [Achanta, Anjani; McKenna, Mark; Heyman, Joseph] Luna Innovat Inc, 130 Res Dr St 300, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. [Rudd, Kevin; Hinders, Mark] Coll William & Mary, Dept Appl Sci, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. [Costianes, Peter] AFRL IFEC, Air Force Res Lab, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Achanta, A (reprint author), Luna Innovat Inc, 130 Res Dr St 300, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2479-6 PY 2006 BP 21 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEK80 UT WOS:000237617100004 ER PT B AU Rao, RM Himed, B AF Rao, Raghuveer M. Himed, Braham BE Bonneau, RJ TI Constrained optimal interferometric imaging of extended objects SO 34TH APPLIED IMAGERY AND PATTERN RECOGNITION WORKSHOP: MULTI-MODAL IMAGING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Applied Imagery and Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR 2005) CY OCT 19-21, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Comp Soc TCPAMI AB Correlative interferometry has been proposed for terahertz imaging in applications such as standoff detection of concealed explosives. It offers the advantage of low cost image reconstruction in the pupil plane given the current unavailability of ready-to-use focal plane imaging technology at these wavelengths. Current interferometric approaches are based on finding the inverse Fourier transform of the spatial correlation computed from field measurements at a distance. This paper proposes an image reconstruction approach that provides a constrained least squares fit between computed autocorrelation from sensor measurements and the expression for the far field autocorrelation for extended objects and line arrays. C1 [Rao, Raghuveer M.; Himed, Braham] USAF, Res Lab, Sensor Directorate, 26 Elect Pkwy, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Rao, RM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensor Directorate, 26 Elect Pkwy, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2479-6 PY 2006 BP 54 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEK80 UT WOS:000237617100009 ER PT B AU Zhu, ZG Tang, H Wolberg, G Layne, JR AF Zhu, Zhigang Tang, Hao Wolberg, George Layne, Jeffery R. BE Bonneau, RJ TI Content-based 3D mosaic representation for video of dynamic 3D scenes SO 34TH APPLIED IMAGERY AND PATTERN RECOGNITION WORKSHOP: MULTI-MODAL IMAGING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 34th Applied Imagery and Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR 2005) CY OCT 19-21, 2005 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Comp Soc TCPAMI DE image fusion; multi-image registration; video surveillance; content-based video coding AB We propose a content-based three-dimensional (3D) mosaic representation for long video sequences of 3D and dynamic scenes captured by a camera on a mobile platform. The motion of the camera has a dominant direction of motion (as on an airplane or ground vehicle), but 6 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) motion is allowed. In the first step, a pair of generalized parallel-perspective (pushbroom) stereo mosaics is generated that captured both the 3D and dynamic aspects of the scene under the camera coverage. In the second step, a segmentation-based stereo matching algorithm is applied to extract parametric representation of the color, structure and motion of the dynamic and/or 3D objects in urban scenes where a lot of planar surfaces exist. Based on these results, the content-based 3D mosaic (CB3M) representation is created, which is a highly compressed visual representation for very long video sequences of dynamic 3D scenes. Experimental results will be given. C1 [Zhu, Zhigang; Tang, Hao; Wolberg, George] CUNY City Coll, Dept Comp Sci, New York, NY 10031 USA. [Layne, Jeffery R.] US Air Force, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Zhu, ZG (reprint author), CUNY City Coll, Dept Comp Sci, New York, NY 10031 USA. EM zhu@cs.ccny.cuny.edu; tang@cs.ccny.cuny.edu; wolberg@cs.ccny.cuny.edu; Jeffery.Layne@wpafb.af.mil FU Air Force Research Lab under the AFRL/SN RASER program [FA8650-05-1-1853]; AFRL/HECB Grant for Multimedia Surveillance [F33615-03-1-63-83]; Army Research Office [W911NF-05-1-0011]; New York Institute; NSF [EIA-9726401] FX This work is supported by the Air Force Research Lab under the AFRL/SN RASER program for MultiSensor Registration (Award No. FA8650-05-1-1853) and an AFRL/HECB Grant for Multimedia Surveillance (Award No. F33615-03-1-63-83). The work is also supported by Army Research Office through Grant No. W911NF-05-1-0011 and by New York Institute for Advanced Studies. Some data were captured in the UMass Computer Vision Lab under an NSF grant (No EIA-9726401). NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2479-6 PY 2006 BP 198 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEK80 UT WOS:000237617100032 ER PT S AU Hamilton, ER AF Hamilton, Eric R. GP IEEE TI Work in progress: Building capacity for research-based adaptation of educational innovation SO 36th Annual Frontiers in Education, Conference Program, Vols 1-4: BORDERS: INTERNATIONAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SE PROCEEDINGS-FRONTIERS IN EDUCATION CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Frontiers in Education (FIE 2006) CY OCT 28-31, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Soc Engn Educ, ERM Div, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Educ Soc, Univ San Diego, San Diego State Univ DE adaptation of innovation; cycle of innovation; faculty development; research capacity-building AB This paper reports on a novel and strategic approach to building across a college faculty the capacity to participate in high quality evaluative research con teaching innovation. There are many factors pointing to acceleration of opportunities for innovation - and the need to develop systematic means for engaging disciplinary faculty in testing and adapting promising innovations. The paper reports on ways to instantiate what is referred to by NSF and others at the Cycle of Innovation. Our approach is to develop a "turnkey toolkit" by which research-based innovations are organized for cycle of innovation testing by faculty. The toolkit for each innovation is designed to give time-pressed faculty the means to undertake high quality adaptation research. A toolkit includes the materials needed for implementation; IRB guidance, a summary of relevant theoretical frameworks, active research questions and ongoing findings; and methodological and data collection templates for testing the innovation. C1 USAF Acad, Ctr Res Learning & Teaching, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Hamilton, ER (reprint author), USAF Acad, Ctr Res Learning & Teaching, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0190-5848 BN 978-1-4244-0256-4 J9 PROC FRONT EDUC CONF PY 2006 BP 699 EP 700 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Computer Science; Education & Educational Research GA BGC22 UT WOS:000245981400177 ER PT S AU Hamilton, ER AF Hamilton, Eric R. GP IEEE TI Work in progress: International symposium in distributed learning and collaboration (DLAC) SO 36TH ANNUAL FRONTIERS IN EDUCATION, CONFERENCE PROGRAM, VOLS 1-4: BORDERS: INTERNATIONAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SE Frontiers in Education Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Frontiers in Education (FIE 2006) CY OCT 28-31, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP Amer Soc Engn Educ, ERM Div, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Educ Soc, Univ San Diego, San Diego State Univ DE distributed learning; international collaboration; distance education; research community development AB This paper reports on an international symposium on distributed learning and collaboration (DLAC) held at the E-learning lab at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The workshop will be held in June 2006, involving approximately 50 US, Chinese, Australian and European counterparts, to frame critical research issues in distributed learning and collaboration. The testbed venue for this conference is the Network College of Engineering, China's leading online degree program in engineering, and the country's leading distributed learning research center. This project is funded by the National Science Foundation's International Programs Office. C1 USAF Acad, Ctr Res Learning & Teaching, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Hamilton, ER (reprint author), USAF Acad, Ctr Res Learning & Teaching, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM eric.hamilton@usafa.af.mil NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0190-5848 BN 978-1-4244-0256-4 J9 PROC FRONT EDUC CONF PY 2006 BP 773 EP 774 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Computer Science; Education & Educational Research GA BGC22 UT WOS:000245981400195 ER PT S AU Stoffel, N Tan, S Shick, C Bacon, W Beaman, B Morrow, A Green, M Bussjager, R Johns, S Hayduk, M Osman, J Erdmann, R McKeon, B AF Stoffel, Nancy Tan, Songsheng Shick, Charles Bacon, Wesley Beaman, Bryan Morrow, Alan Green, Malcolm Bussjager, Rebecca Johns, Steve Hayduk, Michael Osman, Joseph Erdmann, Reinhard McKeon, Brian GP IEEE TI Diamond shaped ring laser characterization, package design and performance SO 56TH ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS & TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE 2006, VOL 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS SE Electronic Components and Technology Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Electronic Components and Technology Conference CY 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP Elect Components, Assembilies & Mat Assoc, Elect Ind Alliance, IEEE Components, Packaging & Mfg Technol Soc, IEEE AB A semiconductor diamond-shaped ring laser was fabricated and packaged for further test and analysis as an element in digital photonic logic. The optical characteristics of the ring laser were quantified in order to design a prototype package. The mode field was found to be quasi-circular. Based on the mode field of the laser, coupling curves were calculated and Coming OptiFocus (TM) Lensed fiber was chosen to use for the four fiber outputs. Each fiber placement was actively optimized. Output power measurements were made for each facet before and after fiber coupling. Reflections from fiber tips were found to affect the final output power distribution of the device even though the fibers were antireflection (AR) coated, and additional effort was put into minimizing its variance. The packaged devices were tested for performance in digital photonic logic applications. Tests conducted to this point. indicate that the packaging enabled a multiple port device of this type to be sufficiently portable for field testing. C1 [Stoffel, Nancy; Tan, Songsheng; Shick, Charles] Infoton Technol Ctr, 5450 Campus Dr, Canandaigua, NY 14424 USA. [Bacon, Wesley; Beaman, Bryan] Kodak Res Lab, Rochester, NY 14650 USA. [Morrow, Alan; Green, Malcolm] Binopt Corp, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. [Bussjager, Rebecca; Johns, Steve; Hayduk, Michael; Osman, Joseph; Erdmann, Reinhard; McKeon, Brian] SNDP, Air Force Res Lab, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Stoffel, N (reprint author), Infoton Technol Ctr, 5450 Campus Dr, Canandaigua, NY 14424 USA. EM nancy.stoffel@infotonics.org; amorrow@binoptics.com; Rebecca.Bussjager@rl.af.mil FU AFRL [F30602-03-2-0228] FX Infotonics Technology Center and Binoptics Inc. acknowledge support for this work through AFRL Grant Award F30602-03-2-0228. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0569-5503 BN 1-4244-0151-8 J9 ELEC COMP C PY 2006 SI 2006 BP 1583 EP + DI 10.1109/ECTC.2006.1645868 PG 2 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BEP36 UT WOS:000238566601077 ER PT B AU Li, B Buingamer, A Pirkl, D Stobie, J Neiderer, W Graziano, M Burcin, L Storey, T Orlowsky, B Hunt, KK Rodgers, J Maimon, J AF Li, Bin Buingamer, Adam Pirkl, Daniel Stobie, James Neiderer, Wayne Graziano, Michael Burcin, Laura Storey, Thomas Orlowsky, Brian Hunt, Kenneth K. Rodgers, John Maimon, Jonathan GP IEEE TI A 4Mbit non-volatile Chalcogenide-Random Access Memory designed for space applications SO 7TH ANNUAL NON-VOLATILE MEMORY TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Annual Non-Volatile Memory Technology Symposium CY NOV 05-08, 2006 CL San Mateo, CA SP JPL Assurance Technol Program Off, NASA Elect Parts & Packaging Program, IEEE Electron Devices Soc DE chalcogenide; phase change; nonvolatile; memory AB A 4Mbit non-volatile Chalcogenide-Random Access Memory (C-RAM (TM)) has been designed and fabricated in RH25, a radiation hardened CMOS technology. The top-clown design focused on accommodating chalcogenide process variations and satisfying space system specifications. The optimized band-gap circuit supplies reference current and voltage that meet temperature and voltage requirements. The innovative write circuitry supplies appropriate currents (amplitude and shape) to the chalcogenide memory cells to allow them to be programmed either in amorphous state (write "0") or crystalline state (write "1"). The on-chip pulse generator circuit can provide multiple pulse widths for write "0" and write "1". The write circuits have a dedicated power supply, which can be removed to place the part in a read only mode. The read circuitry includes a voltage limiting circuit, an adjustable current reference, an adjustable pre-charge circuit, and a sense amplifier to accurately sense the current difference between cells programmed as "0" or "1". A localized, redundant cell architecture is implemented with shared read/write circuits to improve yield without impacting access times. The redundant cells can be tested prior to laser fusing or used to monitor endurance. Considerations for testability such as direct chalcogenide cell access, margin testing, analog monitors, and endurance acceleration have been implemented. Noise and power reduction techniques have also been used globally. C1 [Li, Bin; Buingamer, Adam; Pirkl, Daniel; Stobie, James; Neiderer, Wayne; Graziano, Michael; Burcin, Laura; Storey, Thomas; Orlowsky, Brian; Rodgers, John] Bae Syst, 9300 Wellington Rd, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. [Maimon, Jonathan] Ovonyx Corp, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. [Hunt, Kenneth K.] Air Force Res Lab, VSSE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Li, B (reprint author), Bae Syst, 9300 Wellington Rd, Manassas, VA 20110 USA. EM bin.li@baesystems.com FU Space Vehicles Directorate of AFRL for C-RAM development; BAE Systems and Ovonyx FX The authors would like to acknowledge support of the Space Vehicles Directorate of AFRL for C-RAM development and the management teams at BAE Systems and Ovonyx. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-7803-9738-5 PY 2006 BP 61 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BHZ37 UT WOS:000257654800014 ER PT S AU Polak, M Usak, E Jansak, L Demencik, E Levin, GA Barnes, PN Wehler, D Moenter, B AF Polak, M. Usak, E. Jansak, L. Demencik, E. Levin, G. A. Barnes, P. N. Wehler, D. Moenter, B. BE Weber, HW Sauerzopf, FM TI Coupling losses and transverse resistivity of multifilament YBCO coated superconductors SO 7TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY (EUCAS'05) SE Journal of Physics Conference Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th European Conference on Applied Superconductivity CY SEP 11-15, 2005 CL Vienna Univ Technol, Vienna, AUSTRIA HO Vienna Univ Technol ID MAGNETIC-FIELD; LOSS REDUCTION; CONDUCTORS; STRIP AB We studied the magnetization losses of four different types of filamentary YBCO coated conductors. A 10 mm wide YBCO coated conductor was subdivided into 20 filaments by laser ablation. We measured the frequency dependence of the total losses in the frequency range 0.1 Hz < f < 608 Hz. The coupling loss was obtained from the total by subtracting the hysteresis loss. The latter was measured at low frequencies since only hysteresis loss is non-negligible at frequencies below 1 Hz. The transverse resistivity, rho(tr), was determined from the coupling losses; it was assumed that the sample length is equal to half of the twist pitch. The values of rho(tr) deduced from the loss data were compared with those obtained by the four-point measurements with current flowing perpendicular to the filaments. Preliminary results indicate the existence of electrical contacts between the superconducting filaments and the substrate in some areas of the samples. This was also confirmed by the Hall probe mapping of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the tape. The measured transverse resistivity was close to the resistivity of the substrate (Hastelloy). C1 [Polak, M.; Usak, E.; Jansak, L.; Demencik, E.] Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Elect Engn, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-84239 Bratislava, Slovakia. [Levin, G. A.; Barnes, P. N.] Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. [Wehler, D.; Moenter, B.] Univ Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany. [Usak, E.] Slovak Tech Univ, Fac Elect Engn & Informat Technol, Bratislava, Slovakia. RP Polak, M (reprint author), Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Elect Engn, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-84239 Bratislava, Slovakia. EM elekpola@savba.sk FU AFOSR [FA8655-03-1-3082]; Center of Excellence CENG; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation FX The financial support from AFOSR, grant number FA8655-03-1-3082 is gratefully acknowledged. We also acknowledge the support of the Center of Excellence CENG, Slovak Academy of Sciences. M.P. thanks the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for the support of the work. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1742-6588 J9 J PHYS CONF SER PY 2006 VL 43 BP 591 EP 594 DI 10.1088/1742-6596/43/1/145 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BOS72 UT WOS:000277479400145 ER PT J AU Marquis, EA Seidman, DN Asta, M Woodward, C AF Marquis, EA Seidman, DN Asta, M Woodward, C TI Composition evolution of nanoscale Al3Sc precipitates in an Al-Mg-Sc alloy: Experiments and computations SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE atom-probe tomography; ab initio calculations; Al3Sc precipitates; Mg segregation; coherent heterophase interface ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; 3-DIMENSIONAL ATOM-PROBE; WAVE BASIS-SET; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; TRANSITION; INTERFACES; DIFFUSION; ALUMINUM; METALS; CREEP AB Controlling the distribution of chemical constituents within complex, structurally heterogeneous systems represents one of the fundamental challenges of alloy design. We demonstrate how the combination of recent developments in sophisticated experimental high resolution characterization techniques and ab initio theoretical methods provide the basis for a detailed level of understanding of the microscopic factors governing compositional distributions in metallic alloys. In a study of the partitioning of Mg in two-phase ternary Al-Sc-Mg alloys by atom-probe tomography, we identify a large Mg concentration enhancement at the coherent alpha-Al/Al3Sc heterophase interface with a relative Gibbsian interfacial excess of Mg with respect to Al and Sc, Gamma(Mg)(rel), equal to 1.9 +/- 0.5 atom nm(-2). The corresponding calculated value of Gamma(Mg)(rel) is similar to 1.2 atom nm(-2). Theoretical ab initio investigations establish an equilibrium driving force for Mg interfacial segregation that is primarily chemical in nature and reflects the strength of the Mg-Sc interactions in an Al-rich alloy. (c) 2005 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Dept Phys Mat, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Seidman, DN (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM d-seidman@northwestern.edu RI Seidman, David/B-6697-2009; LAI, JING/F-6526-2010; Marquis, Emmanuelle/O-5647-2014 OI Marquis, Emmanuelle/0000-0002-6476-2835 NR 39 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 32 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1 BP 119 EP 130 DI 10.1016/j.actamat.2005.08.035 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 991AM UT WOS:000233784500013 ER PT J AU Li, JQ Ma, ZE Zhou, YC AF Li, JQ Ma, ZE Zhou, YC TI Global analysis of SIS epidemic model with a simple vaccination and multiple endemic equilibria SO ACTA MATHEMATICA SCIENTIA LA English DT Article DE epidemic model; equilibrium; backwards bifurcation; vaccination; stability ID INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; POPULATION BIOLOGY; BIFURCATION; STATES AB An SIS epidemic model with a simple vaccination is investigated in this article. The efficiency of vaccine, the disease-related death rate and population dynamics are also considered in this model. The authors find two threshold R-0 and R-c (R-c may not exist). There is a unique endemic equilibrium for R-0 > 1 or R-c = R-0; there are two endemic equilibria for R-c < R-0 < 1; and there is no endemic equilibrium for R-0 < R-c < 1. When R-c exists, there is a backward bifurcation from the disease-free equilibrium for R-0 = 1. They analyze the stability of equilibria and obtain the globally dynamic behaviors of the model. The results acquired in this article show that an accurate estimation of the efficiency of vaccine is necessary to prevent and control the spread of disease. C1 Xian Jiaotong Univ, Dept Appl Math, Xian 710049, Peoples R China. USAF, Engn Univ, Telecommun Engn Inst, Xian 710077, Peoples R China. RP Li, JQ (reprint author), Xian Jiaotong Univ, Dept Appl Math, Xian 710049, Peoples R China. EM jianq_li@263.net NR 12 TC 15 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0252-9602 J9 ACTA MATH SCI JI Acta Math. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 26 IS 1 BP 83 EP 93 DI 10.1016/S0252-9602(06)60029-5 PG 11 WC Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 021LL UT WOS:000235984600009 ER PT S AU Cooney, A Blackshire, JL AF Cooney, Adam Blackshire, James L. BE Meyendorf, N Baaklini, GY Michel, B TI Advanced Imaging of hidden damage under aircraft coatings - art. no. 617902 SO Advanced Sensor Technologies for Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Sensor Technologies for Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring II CY MAR 01-02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE aerospace coatings; hidden corrosion and cracks; nondestructive evaluation AB The external coating systems of nearly all military aircraft are stripped to bare metal during programmed depot maintenance cycles. This paint stripping process has become cost prohibitive in recent years, and is expected to continue to be a major and escalating problem for the sustainment of an aging Air Force fleet. Although a number of competing factors come into play, the key reason behind current paint stripping practices is centered on requirements for visual inspection of the aircraft structure to determine if corrosion and/or fatigue damage is present. In recent years, a number of advancements have been made in the area of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) that provide new inspection capabilities for aircraft skins without the requirement for protective coating removal. In this effort, several advanced imaging methods are evaluated for hidden damage detection and quantification through typical aircraft coating systems. A number of measurement examples are provided for engineered and realistic aircraft reference standards with variations in coating type, coating thickness, hidden damage type, and component complexity being considered. A comparison of measurement sensitivity, resolution, area coverage, ease-of-use, quantitative assessment, data processing requirements, and inspection speed are also made. It is anticipated that the use of one or more of these advanced NDE methods for thru-paint inspections will provide an enabling capability for long-life coating systems and condition based maintenance practices resulting in significant reductions in hazardous waste generation, dramatic cost savings, and enhanced readiness levels for a wide variety of Air Force systems. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL MLLP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Cooney, A (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL MLLP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6232-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6179 BP 17902 EP 17902 AR 617902 DI 10.1117/12.659035 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BEO72 UT WOS:000238491300002 ER PT S AU Blackshire, JL Cooney, A AF Blackshire, James L. Cooney, Adam BE Meyendorf, N Baaklini, GY Michel, B TI Evaluation and improvement in sensor performance and durability for structural health monitoring systems - art. no. 61790K SO Advanced Sensor Technologies for Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Sensor Technologies for Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring II CY MAR 01-02, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE structural health monitoring; bonded sensors; displacement-field imaging AB For aerospace applications, the successful transition and use of integrated structural health monitoring systems will require durable sensors that can perform in their intended environment for many years. For legacy aircraft the primary means of implementing a sensor system will be through surface mounting or bonding of the sensors to the structure. Previous work has shown that the performance of surface-bonded piezo sensors can degrade due to environmental effects such as vibrations, temperature fluctuations, and substrate flexure motions. This performance degradation included sensor cracking, disbonding, and general loss of efficiency over time. In this activity, the bond and piezo material characteristics of a typical surface-bonded piezo sensor system were studied to understand and improve the long-term durability and survivability of the sensor system. Analytic and computational models were developed and used to understand stress-strain relationships for the bonded sensor system, with a special emphasis being place on coefficient of thermal expansion issues. Accelerated environmental testing was accomplished for simple bonded piezo sensor systems, where a displacement-field imaging technique was used to understand the piezo sensor performance. Future activities will focus on identifying the optimal bond conditions and piezo material type, with the ultimate goal of improving the robustness of health monitoring systems through improved sensor system design and packaging. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL MLLP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Blackshire, JL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL MLLP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6232-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6179 BP K1790 EP K1790 AR 61790K DI 10.1117/12.659024 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BEO72 UT WOS:000238491300016 ER PT S AU Beckner, CC Matson, CL AF Beckner, Charles C., Jr. Matson, Charles L. BE Luk, FT TI Using mean-squared error to assess visual image quality - art. no. 63130E SO Advanced Signal Processing Algorithms, Architectures, and Implementations XVI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Signal Processing Algorithms, Architectures, and Implementations XVI CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE deconvolution; mean-squared error; Fourier-domain filter; regularization; Cramer-Rao bounds AB Conclusions about the usefulness of mean-squared error for predicting visual image quality are presented in this paper. A standard imaging model was employed that consisted of: an object, point spread function, and noise. Deconvolved reconstructions were recovered from blur-red and noisy measurements formed using this model. Additionally, image reconstructions were regularized by classical Fourier-domain filters. These post-processing steps generated the basic components of mean-squared error: bias and pixel-by-pixel noise variances. Several Fourier domain regularization filters were employed so that a broad range of bias/variance tradeoffs could be analyzed. Results given in this paper show that mean-squared error is a reliable indicator of visual image quality only when the images being compared have approximately equal bias/variance ratios. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Beckner, CC (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6392-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6313 BP E3130 EP E3130 AR 63130E DI 10.1117/12.682154 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mathematics, Applied; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Mathematics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFI07 UT WOS:000241947100014 ER PT S AU Gruneisen, MT Dymale, RC Rotge, JR Garvin, MB AF Gruneisen, Mark T. Dymale, Raymond C. Rotge, James R. Garvin, Matthew B. BE Giles, MK Gonglewski, JD Carreras, RA TI Diffractive wavefront control with programmable spatial light modulator technology - art. no. 630601 SO Advanced Wavefront Control: Methods, Devices, and Applications IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices, and Applications IV CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE diffractive optics; spatial light modulators; kinoform optics; computer-generated holography; optical phased arrays; mosaic imaging ID LIQUID-CRYSTAL; BEAM STEERER; OPTICS AB An overview of modeling, analysis and demonstrations of optical wavefront control implemented with a reconfigurable diffractive optic is presented. This includes, analytic modeling of the wavelength-dependent diffraction efficiency and wavefront errors associated with modulo-N lambda(0) optical path control and analysis of the effects of discrete-element addressing and fill factor on diffraction efficiency. More than 200 waves of 2-D wavefront control are demonstrated with a 640x480-element optical path modulator. Wavefront steering together with field-angle-dependent aberration compensation is demonstrated as a technique for acquiring extended field-of-regard mosaic images. The effects of diffraction phenomena on image quality are analyzed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Gruneisen, MT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6385-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6306 BP 30601 EP 30601 AR 630601 DI 10.1117/12.683850 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI37 UT WOS:000242009600001 ER PT S AU Carreras, RA Marker, DK AF Carreras, R. A. Marker, D. K. BE Giles, MK Gonglewski, JD Carreras, RA TI Proposed adaptive optics control loop for a continuous face sheet, MEMS based deformable membrane mirror - art. no. 630607 SO Advanced Wavefront Control: Methods, Devices, and Applications IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices, and Applications IV CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE deformable mirrors; MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems); membrane mirror; adaptive optics; close loop control; optical aberrations; and feedback control modeling AB Small MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) deformable mirror (DM) technology is of great interest to the adaptive optics (AO) community. These new, MEMS-DM's are being considered for many conventional AO applications since they posses some advantages over conventional DM's. The MEMS-DM technology is driven by the expectation of achieving improved performance with lower costs, low electrical power, high number of actuators, high production rates, and large reductions in structural mass and volume. In addition to the imaging community, the directed energy community is also interested in taking advantages of some of the characteristics which MEMS-DM's offer. The Air Force Research Laboratory has undertaken the challenge of developing and analyzing several continuous face-sheet MEMS-DM's designs. This paper proposes a simple controls loop computer model for a typical continuous reflective face-sheet MEMS-DM. There are a variety of MEMS-DM's which are being developed for the Air Force Research Laboratory. Data from a typical continuous reflective face-sheet MEMS-DM has been acquired and analyzed. From this data a model for a typical MEMS-DM device could be developed and verified. This MEMS-DM's data can be compared to previous design models which were developed in previous articles. In addition a feedback, closed adaptive optics loop can be designed and analyzed. The research goal is to get a realistic idea of the behavior and performance of these new, innovative devices. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Carreras, RA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6385-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6306 BP 30607 EP 30607 AR 630607 DI 10.1117/12.681625 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI37 UT WOS:000242009600007 ER PT S AU Rhoadarmer, TA Beckner, CC Klein, LM AF Rhoadarmer, Troy A. Beckner, Charles C., Jr. Klein, Laura M. BE Giles, MK Gonglewski, JD Carreras, RA TI Intensity redistribution for multiconjugate adaptive optics - art. no. 630608 SO Advanced Wavefront Control: Methods, Devices, and Applications IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices, and Applications IV CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE amplitude reshaping; Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm; scintillation; multi-conjugate adaptive optics AB Multi-Conjugate Adaptive-Optical (MCAO') systems have been proposed as a means of compensating both intensity and phase aberrations in a beam propagating through strong-scintillation environments. Progress made on implementing a MCAO system at the Starfire Optical Range (SOR), Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, is discussed. As a preliminary step toward controlling a two deformable mirror (DM) system, the First-stage Intensity Redistribution Experiment (FIRE) examines one aspect of an MCAO system-control and compensation of wavefront intensity. Two wavefront sensors (WFS) and a single DM are employed for this experiment. One WFS is placed conjugate to the DM while the second WFS is located at a distance which produces a desired Fresnel number for the propagation between the WFSs. The WFS measurements are input to a Gerchberg-Saxton based control algorithm in order to determine the DM commands. The phase pattern introduced by the DM is chosen so propagation along the path between the two WFSs produces a desired intensity profile at the second WTS. The second WFS is also used to determine the accuracy of the intensity redistribution and measure its effects on the wavefront phase. In the next phase of MCAO development, a second DM will be added conjugate to the second WFS in order to correct the remaining phase aberrations. This paper presents the setup and operation for FIRE along with initial laboratory results. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Rhoadarmer, TA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6385-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6306 BP 30608 EP 30608 AR 630608 DI 10.1117/12.682478 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI37 UT WOS:000242009600008 ER PT S AU Rhoadarmer, TA Klein, LM AF Rhoadarmer, Troy A. Klein, Laura M. BE Giles, MK Gonglewski, JD Carreras, RA TI Adaptive control and filtering for closed-loop adaptive-optical wavefront reconstruction - art. no. 63060E SO Advanced Wavefront Control: Methods, Devices, and Applications IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices, and Applications IV CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive control; adaptive optics; jitter AB This paper discusses the application of adaptive control methods in the Atmospheric Simulation and Adaptive-optics Laboratory Testbed at the Starfire Optical Range at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB. Adaptive compensation is useful in adaptive optics applications where the wavefronts vary significantly from one frame to the next or where wind velocities and the strength of atmospheric turbulence change rapidly, rendering classical fixed-gain reconstruction algorithms far from optimal. The experimental results illustrate the capability of the adaptive control scheme to increase Strehl ratios and reduce jitter. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Opt Div, AFRL,DES,Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Rhoadarmer, TA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Opt Div, AFRL,DES,Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6385-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6306 BP E3060 EP E3060 AR 63060E DI 10.1117/12.682476 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI37 UT WOS:000242009600013 ER PT S AU Klein, LM Rhoadarmer, TA AF Klein, Laura M. Rhoadarmer, Troy A. BE Giles, MK Gonglewski, JD Carreras, RA TI Closed-loop control techniques for an adaptive-optical system with an interferometric wavefront sensor - art. no. 63060F SO Advanced Wavefront Control: Methods, Devices, and Applications IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices, and Applications IV CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; wavefront sensors; interferometers; scintillation; wavefront reconstruction ID STRONG SCINTILLATION; PERFORMANCE AB The self-referencing interferometer (SRI) wavefront sensor (WFS) is being developed for applications requiring laser propagation in strong scintillation. Because it directly measures the optical field of the wavefront, the SRI WFS is less effected by scintillation than conventional WFSs. This feature also means the phase determined from the WFS measurements is limited to the range -pi to pi, due to the use of the arctangent function. If a segmented wavefront corrector is used, this constraint is not a problem. However, if a continuous facesheet deformable mirror is used, the resulting phase should be unwrapped in order to minimize fitting error. There are a couple of places in the adaptive-optical (AO) closed-loop control process where an unwrapping algorithm can be inserted. Simulations of these configurations have shown that how and where the unwrapping is carried out affects overall AO performance and loop stability. This paper presents an overview of the unwrapping options and the associated issues. A laboratory demonstration of two control loop configurations was carried out to test the validity of the simulation results. These experiments and their outcome are discussed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Opt Div, AFRL,DES,Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Klein, LM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Opt Div, AFRL,DES,Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6385-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6306 BP F3060 EP F3060 AR 63060F DI 10.1117/12.682481 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI37 UT WOS:000242009600014 ER PT S AU Rhoadarmer, TA Klein, LM AF Rhoadarmer, Troy A. Klein, Laura M. BE Giles, MK Gonglewski, JD Carreras, RA TI Design of a spatially phase shifted self-referencing interferometer wave front sensor - art. no. 63060K SO Advanced Wavefront Control: Methods, Devices, and Applications IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Wavefront Control - Methods, Devices, and Applications IV CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE adaptive optics; wave front sensors; interferometers; scintillation; wave front reconstruction ID STRONG SCINTILLATION; PERFORMANCE AB Over the last few years the Starfire Optical Range, Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, has been developing the self-referencing interferometer (SRI) wave front sensor (WFS). The objective of this project has been to demonstrate and evaluate the performance advantages the SRI WFS provides over conventional WFSs, particularly in applications requiring laser propagation in strong scintillation. The initial SRI prototypes relied on a temporal phase shifting approach to produce and capture the required interference images for wave front reconstruction. This approach simplified the initial development by minimizing issues related to detector calibration and the co-alignment of beams. In this paper we discuss the next step in our SRI development efforts and present the design of a spatial phase shifting SRI WFS. The design allows all four interference images-with respective phase shifts of 0, pi/2, pi, and 3 pi/2 between the reference and signal beams-to be captured simultaneously on a single camera. Initial results from a laboratory demonstration of the design are shown. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Opt Div, AFRL DES,Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Rhoadarmer, TA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Opt Div, AFRL DES,Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6385-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6306 BP K3060 EP K3060 AR 63060K DI 10.1117/12.682479 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BFI37 UT WOS:000242009600019 ER PT S AU Wilcox, M AF Wilcox, Michael BE Ellerbroek, BL Calia, DB TI Scalable analog wavefront sensor with subpixel resolution - art. no. 62723G SO Advances in Adaptive Optics II, Prs 1-3 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in Adaptive Optics II CY MAY 24-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE biological vision; feature extraction; wavefront sensor; subpixel resolution; high sensitivity; high speed; direct coupled adaptive mirror controller; analog circuitry AB Standard Shack-Hartman wavefront sensors use a CCD element to sample position and distortion of a target or guide star. Digital sampling of the element and transfer to a memory space for subsequent computation adds significant temporal delay, thus, limiting the spatial frequency and scalability of the system as a wavefront sensor. A new approach to sampling uses information processing principles in an insect compound eye. Analog circuitry eliminates digital sampling and extends the useful range of the system to control a deformable mirror and make a faster, more capable wavefront sensor. C1 USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Wilcox, M (reprint author), USAF Acad, 2355 Fac Dr, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6337-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6272 BP U1154 EP U1161 AR 62723G DI 10.1117/12.672152 PN 1-3 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEZ51 UT WOS:000240348301053 ER PT S AU Barnes, PN Harrison, BC Kell, JW Levin, GA Sumption, MD AF Barnes, P. N. Harrison, B. C. Kell, J. W. Levin, G. A. Sumption, M. D. BE Balachandran, U TI Improving YBCO coated conductors for applications SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 52A & 52B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Keystone, CO SP US DOE, Fermi Natl Accele Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Off Naval Res, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE YBCO conductor; AC loss; flux pinning; superconducting machines ID STRIATED YBCO; FILMS; FIELD; GENERATORS; DENSITY; TB; CE AB Superconducting power devices made of high temperature superconductors (HTS) can enable megawatt-class power systems which are lighter in weight and smaller in size than their conventional counterparts. The YBCO coated conductor is expected to be the premiere HTS conductor in making these systems. With advances in YBCO deposition techniques and the establishment of reel-to-reel processing, new research should address enhancement of the YBCO coated conductor's performance. These improvements in the YBCO conductor must include maintaining high critical current densities in fields of a few tesla and minimizing ac losses. This paper first discusses a current sharing scheme in the multifilamentary YBCO conductor to circumvent filamentary breakage. Also, a method for providing magnetic flux pinning to increase the current capacity of the YBCO conductor is outlined using minute additions of rare earth dopants. C1 [Barnes, P. N.; Harrison, B. C.; Kell, J. W.; Levin, G. A.] Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Sumption, M. D.] Ohio State Univ, LASM, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Barnes, PN (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RI Sumption, Mike/N-5913-2016 OI Sumption, Mike/0000-0002-4243-8380 FU Air Force Office of Scientific Research; Air Force Research Laboratory FX This work is supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the Air Force Research Laboratory. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0316-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 824 BP 425 EP + PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BEF10 UT WOS:000237080500052 ER PT S AU Levin, GA Barnes, PN AF Levin, G. A. Barnes, P. N. BE Balachandran, U TI The integration of YBACU(3)O(6+x) coated conductors into magnets and rotating machinery SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 52A & 52B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Keystone, CO SP US DOE, Fermi Natl Accele Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Off Naval Res, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE coated conductors; magnets; rotating machinery ID AC LOSS; LOSS REDUCTION; STRIATED YBCO; LOSSES; TAPE AB The implementation of the 2(nd) generation high-T-c superconductors in power applications, such as electrical transformers, motors and generators requires superconducting wires that are superior to copper Litz wires at cryogenic temperatures in terms of losses in time-varying magnetic fields, as well as in engineering current density. Another problem is to find a way to make practical coils and armatures out of flat tape-like conductors with low bending strain tolerance. We discuss several novel approaches to the construction of coils and armatures based specifically on the properties of coated conductors manufactured today. C1 [Levin, G. A.; Barnes, P. N.] USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, 1950 5th St,Bldg 450, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Levin, GA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, 1950 5th St,Bldg 450, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. FU National Research Council Senior Research Associateship; Air Force Research Laboratory FX One of the authors, G.A.L, was supported by the National Research Council Senior Research Associateship Award at the Air Force Research Laboratory. We thank J. Murphy and J. Roe for technical assistance. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0316-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 824 BP 433 EP + PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BEF10 UT WOS:000237080500053 ER PT S AU Varanasi, CV Chuck, L Chaney, AD Barnes, PN AF Varanasi, Chakrapani V. Chuck, Leon Chaney, Andrew D. Barnes, Paul N. BE Balachandran, U TI A simple test method to compare the tensile strengths of metallic substrates used in YBa2Cu3O7-x coated conductors SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 52A & 52B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Keystone, CO SP US DOE, Fermi Natl Accele Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Off Naval Res, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE coated conductors; substrates; tensile strength; metal alloy AB A simple method is developed and used to compare the tensile strengths of metallic substrates used in the YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) coated conductor technology. This method is developed based on the ASTM D3379 tensile test standard method that is recommended for single filament materials. Two different biaxially textured samples, pure Cu and Cu-Fe alloy, are tested by this new method and the tensile strengths are compared. The copper samples showed average yield strength of 36 MPa, and the Cu-Fe samples showed average yield strength of 72 MPa-double that of the pure copper. C1 [Varanasi, Chakrapani V.; Chuck, Leon; Chaney, Andrew D.] Univ Dayton, Res Inst, 300 Coll Pk, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. [Chaney, Andrew D.; Barnes, Paul N.] PRPG, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Varanasi, CV (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Res Inst, 300 Coll Pk, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0316-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 824 BP 758 EP + PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BEF10 UT WOS:000237080500094 ER PT S AU Harrison, BC Fang, H Carpenter, J Klenk, P Varanasi, CV Barnes, PN AF Harrison, B. C. Fang, H. Carpenter, J. Klenk, P. Varanasi, C. V. Barnes, P. N. BE Balachandran, U TI Sm and Nd substitutions in YBCO films produced through metal organic deposition SO ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING, VOL 52A & 52B SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Cryogenic Materials Conference CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Keystone, CO SP US DOE, Fermi Natl Accele Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Off Naval Res, Oak Ridge Natl Lab DE MOD; metal organic deposition; YBCO; Sm; Nd; substitution; Rare Earth ID TFA AB Epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7-X (YBCO) films were produced on non-buffered (100) single crystal LaAlO3 using the metal organic deposition (MOD) method with fluorinated metal acetates. In an effort to enhance the in-field performance of the films, Sin and Nd acetates were fractionally substituted for Y acetate in a series of precursor solutions to incorporate an array of nanoscale flux pinning centers in the post-annealed films. From measurements taken in the non-optimized films a 50%-150% improvement in critical current density at 77K in fields up to IT were found for films with a 1/3 substitution of the Rare Earth elements, with further improvements at 40K. Furthermore, a study of the microstructure of the films by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the presence of nanoparticles on the surfaces of the films. C1 [Harrison, B. C.; Carpenter, J.; Klenk, P.; Barnes, P. N.] USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Fang, H.] Univ Houston, Dept Engn Mech, Houston, TX 77204 USA. [Varanasi, C. V.] Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Harrison, BC (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0316-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 824 BP 771 EP + PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Materials Science GA BEF10 UT WOS:000237080500096 ER PT S AU Razani, A Dodson, C Flake, B Roberts, T AF Razani, A. Dodson, C. Flake, B. Roberts, T. BE Weisend, JG Barclay, J Breon, S Demko, J DiPirro, M Kelley, JP Kittel, P Klebaner, A Lock, J Maddocks, J Peterson, T Pfotenhauer, J Rowe, A VanSciver, S Zeller, A TI The effect of phase-shifting mechanisms on the energy and exergy flow in pulse tube refrigerators SO Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vols 51A and B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Cryogenic Engineering Conference 2005 CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Keystone, CO SP US DOE, Off High Energy Phys, Fermi Natl Accele Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Off Naval Res & Naval Res Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab AB A first-order model is developed for a pulse tube refrigerator including the primary components and important parameters affecting the energy and exergy transport in the refrigerator. Three kinds of phase-shifting mechanisms are considered: an orifice system, a double inlet valve, and an inertance tube with the ability of combining two mechanisms. The effect of the basic parameters representing the phase-shifting mechanisms on the energy and exergy flow in the refrigerator is determined. In addition, the effect of using different parametric models representing a needle valve as the phase shifting mechanism is evaluated. Using the exergy balance on the components of the refrigerator, their irreversibilities are determined. The goal of this study is to find the effect of varying phase shifting parameters on the timed-average irreversibility distribution of components in pulse tube refrigerator as well as how this affects the refrigeration capacity and its exergetic efficiency. The model includes a recent empirical relation for pressure drop calculations in the regenerator, a simple model for the thermal analysis in the regenerator, and the important parameters for the compressor. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Razani, A (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0317-1 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 823 BP 1572 EP 1579 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA BEL54 UT WOS:000237990201065 ER PT S AU Peterson, G AF Peterson, G BE Pollitt, M Shenoi, S TI Forensic analysis of digital image tampering SO ADVANCES IN DIGITAL FORENSICS SE International Federation for Information Processing LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Digital Forensics CY FEB 13-16, 2005 CL Natl Ctr Forens Sci, Orlando, FL SP Int Federat Informat Proc HO Natl Ctr Forens Sci DE image forgery; image forensics; image authentication AB The use of digital photography has increased over the past few years, a trend which opens the door for new and creative ways to forge images. The manipulation of images through forgery influences the perception an observer has of the depicted scene, potentially resulting in ill consequences if created with malicious intentions. This poses a need to verify the authenticity of images originating from unknown sources in absence of any prior digital watermarking or authentication technique. This research explores the ability to detect image forgeries created using multiple image sources and specialized methods tailored to the popular JPEG image format. Four methods are presented for detection of image tampering based on fundamental image attributes common to any forgery. These include discrepancies in (i) lighting levels, (ii) brightness levels, (iii) underlying edge inconsistencies, and (iv) anomalies in JPEG compression blocks. These methods detected image forgeries with an observed accuracy of 60% in a completely blind experiment containing a mixture of 15 authentic and forged images. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Peterson, G (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 1571-5736 BN 0-387-30012-0 J9 INT FED INFO PROC PY 2006 VL 194 BP 259 EP 270 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BDN85 UT WOS:000234537000021 ER PT S AU Okolica, J Peterson, G Mills, R AF Okolica, James Peterson, Gilbert Mills, Robert BE Olivier, MS Shenoi, S TI Using PLSI-U to detect insider threats from email traffic SO ADVANCES IN DIGITAL FORENSICS II SE International Federation for Information Processing LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Digital Forensics CY JAN 29-FEB 01, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP IFIP WG 11 9, Natl Ctr Forens Sci, Fed Bureau Investigat, Natl Security Agcy DE Probabilistic Latent Semantic Indexing (PLSI); insider threat; data mining; social networks AB Despite a technology bias that focuses on external electronic threats, insiders pose the greatest threat to commercial and government organizations. Once information on a specific topic has gone missing, being able to quickly determine who has shown an interest in that topic can allow investigators to focus their attention. Even more promising is when individuals can be found who have. an interest in the topic but who have never communicated that interest within the organization. An employee's interests can be discerned by data mining corporate email correspondence. These interests can be used to construct social networks that graphically expose investigative leads. This paper describes the use of Probabilistic Latent Semantic Indexing (PLSI) [4] extended to include users (PLSI-U) to determine topics that are of interest to employees from their email activity. It then applies PLSI-U to the Enron email corpus and finds a small number of employees (0.02%) who appear to have had clandestine interests. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Okolica, J (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 1571-5736 BN 0-387-36890-6 J9 INT FED INFO PROC PY 2006 VL 222 BP 91 EP + PG 3 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFC20 UT WOS:000240980400008 ER PT S AU Wicks, MC Himed, B Bascom, H Clancy, J AF Wicks, MC Himed, B Bascom, H Clancy, J BE Byrnes, J TI Tomography of moving targets (TMT) for security and surveillance SO ADVANCES IN SENSING WITH SECURITY APPLICATIONS SE NATO Security Through Science Series A-Chemistry and Biology LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO Advanced-Study-Institute on Advances in Sensing with Security Applications CY JUL, 2005 CL Il Ciocco, ITALY SP NATO Adv Study Inst DE tomography; moving targets; spatial diversity; ultra narrow band (UNB); monostatic radar; multistatic radar AB In order to improve upon automated sensor performance for security applications in public and private settings, numerous alternative sensor designs have been developed to provide affordable and effective detection and identification performance. Radio frequency (RF) sensors offer a balanced approach to system design for a wide variety of geometries and threat targets. These threat targets include persons carrying weapons and explosives, portable containers with contraband including cargo boxes, suitcases, and briefcases and fixed structures including building or underground facilities harboring criminals, terrorist or enemy combatants. In order to achieve the resolution required for the detection and identification of threat targets, separation of interference from the target response is essential. High bandwidth offers a conventional approach to high resolution sensing of the threat. An alternative approach, one based upon wide angular bandwidth (spatial diversity), is presented here. This chapter addresses the issue of spatial diversity in radar applications. There has been an increased need for information via radio frequency (RF) detection of airborne and ground targets while at the same time the electromagnetic spectrum available for commercial and military applications has been eroding. Typically, information concerning ground and air targets is obtained via monostatic radar. Increased information is often equated with increased bandwidth in these monostatic radar systems. However, geometric diversity obtained through multistatic radar operation also affords the user the opportunity to obtain additional information concerning these targets. With the appropriate signal processing, this translates directly into increased probability of detection and reduced probability of false alarm. In the extreme case, only discrete Ultra Narrow Band (UNB) frequencies of operation may be available for both commercial and military applications. As such, the need for geometric diversity becomes imperative. C1 Air Force Res Lab Sensors Directorate, 26 Elect Pkwy, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. L3 Commun Anal Corp, Adv Technol & Law Enforcement Sect, Rome, NY 13440, Italy. RP Air Force Res Lab Sensors Directorate, 26 Elect Pkwy, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. FU Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate FX The authors would like to acknowledge the management of the Air Force Research Laboratory, Sensors Directorate, for supporting this research. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1871-4641 BN 1-4020-4284-1 J9 NATO SECUR SCI SER A PY 2006 VL 2 BP 323 EP + PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Chemistry; Engineering; Remote Sensing GA BEC96 UT WOS:000236847700014 ER PT J AU Ombrello, T Qin, X Ju, YG Carter, C AF Ombrello, T Qin, X Ju, YG Carter, C TI Combustion enhancement via stabilized piecewise nonequilibrium gliding arc plasma discharge SO AIAA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 10-13, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP AIAA ID SUPERSONIC AIR-FLOW; IGNITION; FLAME; EXTINCTION; METHANE; SIMULATION; MIXTURES; LAYER; H-2; CH4 AB A new piecewise nonequilibrium gliding are plasma discharge integrated with a counterflow flame burner was developed and validated to study the effect of a plasma discharge on the combustion enhancement of methane-air diffusion flames. The results showed that the new system provided a well-defined flame geometry for the understanding of the basic mechanism of the plasma-flame interaction. It was shown that with a plasma discharge or the airstream, up to a 220% increase in the extinction strain rate was possible at low-power inputs. The impacts of thermal and nonthermal mechanisms on the combustion enhancement was examined by direct comparison of measured temperature profiles via Rayleigh scattering thermometry and OH number density profiles via planar laser-induced fluorescence (calibrated with absorption) with detailed numerical simulations at elevated air temperatures and radical addition. It was shown that the predicted extinction limits and temperature and OH distributions of the diffusion flames, with only an increase in air temperature, agreed well with the experimental results. These results suggested that the effect of a stabilized piecewise nonequilibrium gliding are plasma discharge of air at low air temperatures on a diffusion flame was dominated by thermal effects. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Drexel Univ, Drexel Plasma Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Aerosp Prop Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ombrello, T (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Engn Quadrangle Olden St, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 26 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0001-1452 J9 AIAA J JI AIAA J. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 44 IS 1 BP 142 EP 150 DI 10.2514/1.17018 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 000XZ UT WOS:000234497000015 ER PT S AU Blake, TF Goda, ME Cain, SC Jerkatis, KJ AF Blake, Travis F. Goda, Matthew E. Cain, Stephen C. Jerkatis, Kenneth J. BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Enhancing the resolution of spectral images - art. no. 623309 SO Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XII Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL ID CRYSTAL TUNABLE FILTER AB This research continues the development of the Model-Based Spectral Image Deconvolution (MBSID) algorithm first presented elsewhere.(1) The deconvolution algorithm is based on statistical estimation and is used to spectrally deconvolve images collected from a spectral imaging sensor. The development of the algorithm requires only two key elements, 1) the statistics of the photon arrival and 2) an in-depth knowledge of the spectral imaging sensor. With these two elements, the MBSID algorithm can, through image post-processing, increase the spectral resolution of the images. While MBSID algorithms can be developed for any spectral imaging system, this research focuses on an algorithm developed for ASIS (AEOS Spectral Imaging Sensor), a new spectral imaging sensor installed with the 3.6m Advanced Electro-Optical System (AEOS) telescope at the Maui Space Surveillance Complex (MSSC). The primary purpose of ASIS is to take spatially resolved spectral images of space objects. The stringent requirements associated with imaging these objects, especially the low-light levels and object motion, required a sensor design with less spectral resolution-than required for image analysis. However, by applying MBSID to the collected data, the sensor will be capable of achieving a much higher spectral resolution, allowing for better spectral analysis of the space object. Before the algorithm is used on data collected with ASIS, it is proven with data collected using a set-up similar to that of ASIS. The lab data successfully shows that the MBSID algorithm can improve both the spatial and spectral resolution for a collected spectral image. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Blake, TF (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6289-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6233 BP 23309 EP 23309 AR 623309 DI 10.1117/12.664903 PN 1&2 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES78 UT WOS:000239353500009 ER PT S AU Meidunas, EC Gustafson, SC AF Meidunas, Eduardo C. Gustafson, Steven C. BE Shen, SS Lewis, PE TI Johnson distribution models of hyperspectral image data clusters - art. no. 623322 SO Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XII Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery XII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL ID ALGORITHM AB The Johnson System for characterizing an empirical distribution is used to model the non-normal behavior of Mahalanobis distances in material clusters extracted from hyperspectral imagery data. An automated method for determining Johnson distribution parameters is used to model Mahalanobis distance distributions and is compared to an existing method which uses mixtures of F distributions. The results lead to a method for determining outliers and mitigating their effects. C1 USAF, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Meidunas, EC (reprint author), USAF, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6289-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6233 BP 23322 EP 23322 AR 623322 DI 10.1117/12.663965 PN 1&2 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES78 UT WOS:000239353500071 ER PT S AU Majumder, U Minardi, M Blasch, E Gorham, L Naidu, K Lewis, T Williams, R AF Majumder, Uttam Minardi, Michael Blasch, Erik Gorham, Leroy Naidu, Kiranmai Lewis, Thomas Williams, Robert BE Zelnio, EG Garber, FD TI Radar signals dismount data production - art. no. 623704 SO Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE dismount; radar signal; urban operations; signal processing; synthetic aperture radar (SAR) AB It has recently become apparent that dismount tracking from non-EO based sources will have a large positive impact on urban operations. EO / camera imaging is subject to line of site and weather conditions which makes it a non-robust source for dismount tracking. Other sensors exist (e.g. radar) to track dismount targets; however, little radar dismount data exists. This paper examines the capability to generate synthetic and measured dismount data sets for radar frequency (RF) processing. For synthetic data, we used the Poser (TM) program to generate 500 facet models of human dismount walking. Then we used these facet models with Xpatch to generate synthetic wideband radar data. For measured dismount data, we used a multimode (X-Band and Ku-Band) radar system to collect RF data of volunteer human (dismount) targets. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Majumder, U (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6293-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6237 BP 23704 EP 23704 AR 623704 DI 10.1117/12.666163 PG 4 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEX14 UT WOS:000239925300003 ER PT S AU Mitra, AK Kobold, M Lewis, T Williams, R AF Mitra, Atindra K. Kobold, Mike Lewis, Tom Williams, Rob BE Zelnio, EG Garber, FD TI Theoretical radar-Doppler models for pivoting mechanical and biological objects-of-interest - art. no. 623705 SO Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE pulse-Doppler radar; motion models for radar simulation; kinematics AB A set of approximate theoretical equations for the Doppler response of monostatic radar signals due to slowly pivoting objects are derived. The treatment is based on physical models extracted from the mechanical engineering community. Potential applications include analysis of load-based vehicle classification and detection of biological movements such as human joint rotations. Several example calculations are presented based on the resulting theoretical formulas. These examples include Doppler calculations for notional first-order vehicle suspension models and first-order human joint (arm/leg) rotation models. Each set of example calculations includes two sets of notional radar parameters in order to provide insight into potential Doppler pivot detection capabilities as a function of basic radar parameters such as frequency and PRF (pulse repetition frequency). C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNRR, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Mitra, AK (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNRR, Bldg 620,2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6293-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6237 BP 23705 EP 23705 AR 623705 DI 10.1117/12.666565 PG 8 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEX14 UT WOS:000239925300004 ER PT S AU Gorham, LA Majumder, UK Buxa, P Backues, MJ Lindgren, AC AF Gorham, LeRoy A. Majumder, Uttam K. Buxa, Peter Backues, Mark J. Lindgren, Andrew C. BE Zelnio, EG Garber, FD TI Implementation and analysis of a fast backprojection algorithm - art. no. 62370G SO Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE Synthetic Aperture Radar; convolution backprojection; FPGA AB The convolution backprojection algorithm is an accurate synthetic aperture radar imaging technique, but it has seen limited use in the radar community due to its high computational costs. Therefore, significant research has been conducted for a fast backprojection algorithm, which surrenders some image quality for increased computational efficiency. This paper describes an implementation of both a standard convolution backprojection algorithm and a fast backprojection algorithm optimized for use on a Linux cluster and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based processing system. The performance of the different implementations is compared using synthetic ideal point targets and the SPIE XPatch Backhoe dataset. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Gorham, LA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, 2241 Avion Circle,Bldg 620, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6293-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6237 BP G2370 EP G2370 AR 62370G DI 10.1117/12.674024 PG 8 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEX14 UT WOS:000239925300014 ER PT S AU Lundberg, M Ulander, LMH Pierson, WE Gustavsson, A AF Lundberg, Mikael Ulander, Lars M. H. Pierson, William E. Gustavsson, Anders BE Zelnio, EG Garber, FD TI A challenge problem for detection of targets in foliage - art. no. 62370K SO Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE challenge problem; VHFSAR; CARABAS-II; change detection ID CONCEALED GROUND TARGETS; SAR; SURVEILLANCE AB This paper describes a challenge problem whose scope is detection of stationary vehicles in foliage using VHF-band SAR data. The data for this challenge problem consists of images collected by the Swedish CARABAS-II system which produces SAR images at the low VHF-band (20-90 MHz). At these frequencies the electromagnetic energy from the radar penetrates the foliage of the forest, providing a return from a target concealed in a forest. Thus, VHF-band SAR technology transforms the foliage penetration problem into a traditional detection problem where the goal is to reduce the false alarm rate (FAR). Reducing the FAR requires suppressing the clutter in a VHF-band SAR image which is dominated by larger tree trunks, buildings and other man-made objects. The purpose of releasing the CARABAS-II data set is to provide the community with VHF-band SAR data that supports development of new algorithms for robust target detection with a low false alarm rate. The set of images supports single-pass, two-pass and multi-pass target detection. C1 Swedish Def Res Agcy, Dept Radar Syst, SE-58111 Linkoping, Sweden. USAF, SNAA, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Lundberg, M (reprint author), Swedish Def Res Agcy, Dept Radar Syst, POB 1165, SE-58111 Linkoping, Sweden. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6293-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6237 BP K2370 EP K2370 AR 62370K DI 10.1117/12.663594 PG 12 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEX14 UT WOS:000239925300018 ER PT S AU Parker, DR Gustafson, SC Ross, TD AF Parker, David R. Gustafson, Steven C. Ross, Timothy D. BE Zelnio, EG Garber, FD TI Unified measures of target detection system performance evaluation - art. no. 62370M SO Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE automatic target recognition; performance metrics; receiver operating characteristic; dice similarity coefficient; Fisher ratio; Youden index ID METRICS AB This research compares alternative performance metrics to those more commonly used in target detection system performance evaluation. The alternative performance metrics examined here include the Fisher ratio, a modification of the Dice similarity coefficient, and the Youden index. These metrics are compared to metrics that have been previously introduced for such target detection system performance evaluation: the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (and the related summary area under the ROC curve (AUC) value), and the confidence error generation (CEG) curve (and the related summary root square deviation (RSD) value). The ROC curve is a discrimination metric that measures the ability of a target detection system to distinguish between target and non-target. The CEG curve quantifies detection system knowledge of its own performance. An approach is presented that combines such metrics; this combination may be dynamically adjusted and updated based on current and future evaluation requirements for particular target detection systems. C1 USAF, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Parker, DR (reprint author), USAF, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6293-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6237 BP M2370 EP M2370 AR 62370M DI 10.1117/12.665507 PG 11 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEX14 UT WOS:000239925300020 ER PT S AU Ross, TD Goodwon, LC AF Ross, Timothy D. Goodwon, Lloyd C. BE Zelnio, EG Garber, FD TI Improved automatic target recognition (ATR) value through enhancements and accommodations - art. no. 62370T SO Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE ATR; radar; SAR; enhancements; accommodations; affordability; identification; detection ID SAR; PERFORMANCE; REGISTRATION; ALGORITHM; FUSION AB There is a strong and growing need for automatic target recognition (ATR) technologies. Those technologies have made great strides; however, there is a general sense that they are not having the full impact desired. This paper develops a value-based framework for considering how ATR technology can be made more relevant and then introduces and expands on two elements within that framework: "enhancements" and "accommodations". Value is used here as the degree to which a technology's benefits exceed the technology's costs. Value may be improved by increasing benefits or decreasing costs; but it may be as important that the uncertainty about benefits and costs be reduced. Enhancements and accommodations are distinguished here from the "core ATR". While it is generally appreciated that improved core ATR performance could improve value, enhancements and accommodations might be overlooked by those focused on ATRs. Enhancements are ways of making the overall system, inclusive of a core ATR, more capable. Accommodations are ways of making the problem easier for the core ATR. An example enhancement is technology to fuse the output of the core ATR with other sources. An example accommodation is for the user to agree to limit the target set to large, and therefore more easily recognized, objects. This paper encourages the consideration of this framework and outlines a number of candidates for enhancements and accommodations for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ATR, including humans-in-the-loop, change detection, fusion, modeling confusers, group detection, adaptive algorithms, class make-up, and scene-based decisions. C1 AFRL SNA, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ross, TD (reprint author), AFRL SNA, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6293-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6237 BP T2370 EP T2370 AR 62370T DI 10.1117/12.674026 PG 12 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEX14 UT WOS:000239925300024 ER PT S AU Lewis, TL Mitra, AK Shaw, AK AF Lewis, Thomas L. Mitra, Atindra K. Shaw, Arnab K. BE Zelnio, EG Garber, FD TI An iterative approach for moving target detection and geolocation in SAR - art. no. 62370W SO Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE SAR; moving target detection; geolocation AB We propose a novel approach to focus and geolocate moving targets in synthetic aperture radar imagery. The initial step is to detect the position of the target using an automatic target detection algorithm. The next step is to estimate the target cross-range velocity using sequential sub-apertures; this is done by forming low resolution images and estimating position as a function of sub-aperture, thus yielding an estimate of the cross-range velocity. This cross-range estimate is then used to bound the search range for a bank of focusing filters. Determining the proper velocity that yields the best focused target defines an equation for the target velocity, however both components of the targets velocity can not be determined from a single equation. Therefore, a second image with a slightly different heading is needed to yield a second focusing velocity, and then having a system of two equations and two unknowns a solution can be obtained. Once the target velocity is known the proper position can be determined from the range velocity. Synthetic data will be used with a point source target and both background clutter and noise added. The results support the development of staring radar applications with much larger synthetic aperture integration times in comparison to existing SAR modes. The basic idea of this approach is to trade-off the development of expensive phased-array technology for GMTI applications with the potential development of advanced processing methods that show potential for processing data over very large aperture integration intervals, to obtain similar GMTI geolocation results that would be compatible with current radar technology. C1 USAF, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Lewis, TL (reprint author), USAF, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6293-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6237 BP W2370 EP W2370 AR 62370W DI 10.1117/12.666560 PG 12 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEX14 UT WOS:000239925300027 ER PT S AU Minardi, MJ Zelnio, EG AF Minardi, M. J. Zelnio, E. G. BE Zelnio, EG Garber, FD TI Comparison of SAR based GMTI and standard GMTI in a dense target environment - art. no. 62370X SO Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery XIII CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE SAR; GMTI; Synthetic aperture radar; radar signal processing; moving target focusing AB SAR-MTI is a generalization of SAR processing and can work with only a single-phase center. SAR-MTI requires formation of a stack of SAR images assuming different sensor ground speeds. Each image will capture a different set of target velocities, and the complete set of images will focus all target speeds less than a desired maximum speed regardless of direction and target location. SAR-MTI has no minimum detectable velocity. SAR-GMTI will have higher resolution than standard GMTI because the SAR based processing allows longer coherent processing intervals (CPI). A realistic dense moving target scenario was simulated using. SAR-GMTI detection and standard GMTI detection was simulated for this scenario and the frequency of unresolved targets was compared. SAR-GMTI suffered many fewer unresolvable target pairs because of its smaller resolution cell and because it inherently detects in a 3 dimensional space vs. a two dimensional space. Furthermore SAR-GMTI does not have a clutter notch, which eliminated about 15% of the moving targets for standard GMTL. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Automat Target Recognit Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Minardi, MJ (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Automat Target Recognit Div, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6293-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6237 BP X2370 EP X2370 AR 62370X DI 10.1117/12.674030 PG 10 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEX14 UT WOS:000239925300028 ER PT S AU Khramov, AN Balbyshev, VN Mantz, RA AF Khramov, A. N. Balbyshev, V. N. Mantz, R. A. BE Poole, WJ Wells, MA Lloyd, DJ TI Protection of aluminum alloys via hybrid sol-gel coatings with encapsulated organic corrosion inhibitors SO ALUMINIUM ALLOYS 2006, PTS 1 AND 2: RESEARCH THROUGH INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Aliminium Alloys (ICAA-10) CY JUL 09-13, 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA DE coatings; corrosion; organic inhibitors; sol-gel; aluminum alloy AB Several heterocyclic organic corrosion inhibitors that contain ionazible functional group were encapsulated into nano-structural hybrid organo-silicate coating to improve its corrosion protection performance on aluminum alloy 2024-T3 substrate. When the coating is formed on the substrate surface, it serves simultaneously as protective barrier and as a reservoir for leachable corrosion inhibitor that is stored and released through the mechanism of reversible ionic interaction with the matrix material. The efficiency of active corrosion protection for these coating systems was examined by electrochemical methods including potentiodynamic polarization (PDS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effects of chemical structure and the loading concentration of the inhibitor within the coating were determined. C1 Univ Technol Corp, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Khramov, AN (reprint author), Univ Technol Corp, 1270 N Fairfield Rd, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. EM alexander.khramov@wpafb.af.mil NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-408-1 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2006 VL 519-521 BP 661 EP 666 PN 1-2 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BEZ41 UT WOS:000240309000103 ER PT J AU To, D AF To, D TI Three-dimensional digital quantification of joint surface area and its contribution to osteological research SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 JPAC Cent Identificat Lab, Hickam AFB, HI USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Anthropol, Sch Human Evolut & Social Change, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0002-9483 J9 AM J PHYS ANTHROPOL JI Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. PY 2006 SU 42 BP 177 EP 177 PG 1 WC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology SC Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology GA 016YQ UT WOS:000235661100503 ER PT J AU Mayfield, HT Burr, E Cantrell, M AF Mayfield, HT Burr, E Cantrell, M TI Analysis of explosives in soil using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography SO ANALYTICAL LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 52nd Annual Conference of the American-Society-of-Mass-Spectrometry CY MAY 23-27, 2004 CL Nashville, TN SP Amer Soc Mass Spectrometry DE explosives; TNT; solid phase microextraction; gas chromatography; gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ID TRAP MASS-SPECTROMETRY AB Current methods for the analysis of explosives in soils utilize time consuming sample preparation workups and extractions. The method detection limits for EPA Method 8330 for most analytes is substantially higher than the typical explosive concentrations encountered in soils near unexploded ordnance items, landmines, or other hidden explosive devices. It is desirable to develop new analytical techniques to analyze soil with low concentrations of explosives to support the development of explosive sensors. This report describes efforts to adapt headspace solid phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to provide a convenient and sensitive analysis method for explosives in soil. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Airbase Technol Div, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. Appl Res Associates, Tyndall AFB, FL USA. RP Mayfield, HT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Airbase Technol Div, 139 Barnes Dr,Suite 2, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. EM howard.mayfield@tyndall.af.mil NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0003-2719 J9 ANAL LETT JI Anal. Lett. PY 2006 VL 39 IS 7 BP 1463 EP 1474 DI 10.1080/00032710600669358 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 049ZW UT WOS:000238057900018 ER PT J AU Haiges, R Wagner, R Boatz, JA Yousufuddin, M Etzkorn, M Prakash, GKS Christe, KO Chapman, RD Welker, ME Kreutzberger, CB AF Haiges, Ralf Wagner, Ross Boatz, Jerry A. Yousufuddin, Muhammed Etzkorn, Markus Prakash, G. K. Surya Christe, Karl O. Chapman, Robert D. Welker, Mark E. Kreutzberger, Charles B. TI Preparation, characterization, and crystal structures of the SO(3)NHF(-) and SO(3)NF(2)(-) ions SO ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION LA English DT Article DE difluoroamines; fluorine; structure elucidation; sulfamates ID CENTER-DOT H3NSO3; DIRECT FLUORINATION; HYDROGEN SULFAMATE; SULFURIC-ACID; DIFLUORAMINE; ALKYLATION C1 Univ So Calif, Loker Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Chem, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. USN, Air Warfare Ctr, Weapons Div, Chem Branch, China Lake, CA 93555 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space & Missile Propuls Div, AFRL,PRSP, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. TPL Inc, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. RP Haiges, R (reprint author), Univ So Calif, Loker Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM haiges@usc.edu; kchriste@usc.edu; robert.chapman@navy.mil RI Christe, Karl/O-4885-2014; OI Christe, Karl/0000-0003-0661-5519; Haiges, Ralf/0000-0003-4151-3593 NR 41 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1433-7851 J9 ANGEW CHEM INT EDIT JI Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. PY 2006 VL 45 IS 31 BP 5179 EP 5184 DI 10.1002/anie.200601020 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 074JM UT WOS:000239808500022 PM 16927336 ER PT J AU Ye, CF Gao, HX Boatz, JA Drake, GW Twamley, B Shreeve, JM AF Ye, Chengfeng Gao, Haixiang Boatz, Jerry A. Drake, Gregory W. Twamley, Brendan Shreeve, Jean'ne M. TI Polyazidopyrimidines: High-energy compounds and precursors to carbon nanotubes SO ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION LA English DT Article DE azides; explosives; heats of formation; nanotubes; nitrogen ID TRIMETHYLSILYL AZIDE; NITROGEN; DETONATION; NITRIDES; CHEMISTRY; SALTS C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Chem, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space & Missile Prop Div, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. NASA, Solid Propellants Branch ER22, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Shreeve, JM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Chem, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. EM jshreeve@uidaho.edu NR 34 TC 83 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1433-7851 J9 ANGEW CHEM INT EDIT JI Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. PY 2006 VL 45 IS 43 BP 7262 EP 7265 DI 10.1002/anie.200602778 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 109DU UT WOS:000242288900025 PM 16969890 ER PT J AU Gentile, LC Burke, WJ Rich, FJ AF Gentile, LC Burke, WJ Rich, FJ TI A global climatology for equatorial plasma bubbles in the topside ionosphere SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; electric fields and currents; equatonal ionosphere; plasma waves and instabilities ID RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR INSTABILITY; DMSP AB We have developed a global climatology of equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) occurrence based on evening sector plasma density measurements from polar-orbiting Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft during 1989-2004. EPBs are irregular plasma density depletions in the post-sunset ionosphere that degrade communication and navigation signals. More than 14400 EPBs were identified in similar to 134000 DMSP orbits. DMSP observations basically agree with Tsunoda's (1985) hypothesis that EPB rates peak when the terminator is aligned with the Earth's magnetic field, but there are also unpredicted offsets in many longitude sectors. We present an updated climatology for the full database from 1989-2004 along with new plots for specific phases of the solar cycle: maximum 1989-1992 and 1999-2002, minimum 1994-1997, and transition years 1993, 1998, and 2003. As expected, there are significant differences between the climatologies for solar maximum and minimum and between the two solar maximum phases as well. We also compare DMSP F12, F14, F15, and F16 observations at slightly different local times during 2000-2004 to examine local time effects on EPB rates. The global climatologies developed using the DMSP EPB database provide an environmental context for the long-range prediction tools under development for the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) mission. C1 Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. RP Gentile, LC (reprint author), Boston Coll, Inst Sci Res, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 USA. EM louise.gentile@hanscom.af.mil NR 13 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2006 VL 24 IS 1 BP 163 EP 172 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 030CM UT WOS:000236610900013 ER PT J AU Shue, JH Newell, PT Liou, K Meng, CI Hairston, MR Rich, FJ AF Shue, JH Newell, PT Liou, K Meng, CI Hairston, MR Rich, FJ TI Ionospheric characteristics of the dusk-side branch of the two-cell aurora SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE ionosphere; auroral ionosphere; electric fields and currents; particle precipitation ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; ULTRAVIOLET IMAGER; HIGH-LATITUDES; CONVECTION; BOUNDARY; DMSP; ELECTROJET; SUBSTORMS; PRECIPITATION; EMISSIONS AB The two-cell aurora is characterized by azimuthally elongated regions of enhanced auroral brightness over extended local times in the dawn and dusk sectors. Its association with the convection, particle precipitation, and field-aligned currents under various phases of substorms has not been fully understood. With Polar Ultraviolet Imager auroral images in conjunction with Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F12 spacecraft on the dusk-side branch of the two-cell aurora, we are able to investigate an association of the auroral emissions with the electric fields, field-aligned currents, and energy nux of electrons. Results show that the substorm expansion onset does not significantly change the orientation of the dusk-side branch of the two-cell aurora. Also, the orientation of the magnetic deflection vector produced by the region I field-aligned current changed from 73 +/- 1 degrees to the DMSP trajectory during the substorm growth phase, to 44 +/- 6 degrees to the DMSP trajectory during the substorm expansion phase. With a comparison between the orientation of the dusk-side branch of the two-cell aurora and the orientation of the magnetic deflection vector, it is found that the angular difference between the two orientations is 28 +/- 5 degrees during the substorm growth phase, and 13 +/- 6 degrees during the substorm expansion phase. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Inst Space Sci, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan. Natl Cent Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Univ Texas, Ctr Space Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Shue, JH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Inst Space Sci, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan. EM jhshue@jupiter.ss.ncu.edu.tw RI Liou, Kan/C-2089-2016; OI Liou, Kan/0000-0001-5277-7688; Hairston, Marc/0000-0003-4524-4837 NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2006 VL 24 IS 1 BP 203 EP 214 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 030CM UT WOS:000236610900016 ER PT J AU Hysell, DL Larsen, MF Swenson, CM Barjatya, A Wheeler, TF Bullett, TW Sarango, MF Woodman, RF Chau, JL Sponseller, D AF Hysell, D. L. Larsen, M. F. Swenson, C. M. Barjatya, A. Wheeler, T. F. Bullett, T. W. Sarango, M. F. Woodman, R. F. Chau, J. L. Sponseller, D. TI Rocket and radar investigation of background electrodynamics and bottom-type scattering layers at the onset of equatorial spread F SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy (ISEA) CY MAY 09-14, 2005 CL Natl Cent Univ, Inst Space Sci, Taipei, TAIWAN SP Civil Servant Natl Ctr HO Natl Cent Univ, Inst Space Sci DE ionosphere; equatorial ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities; plasma waves and instabilities ID SPORADIC-E-LAYERS; REGION IRREGULARITIES; LATITUDE IONOSPHERE; EVENING IONOSPHERE; ELECTRIC-FIELD; PLASMA DRIFTS; SHEAR; INSTABILITY; DYNAMO; SUNSET AB Sounding rocket experiments were conducted during the NASA EQUIS II campaign on Kwajalein Atoll designed to elucidate the electrodynamics and layer structure of the postsunset equatorial F region ionosphere prior to the onset of equatorial spread F (ESF). Experiments took place on 7 and 15 August 2004, each comprised of the launch of an instrumented and two chemical release sounding rockets. The instrumented rockets measured plasma number density, vector electric fields, and other parameters to an apogee of about 450 km. The chemical release rockets deployed trails of trimethyl aluminum (TMA) which yielded wind profile measurements. The Altair radar was used to monitor coherent and incoherent scatter in UHF and VHF bands. Electron density profiles were also measured with rocket beacons and an ionosonde. Strong plasma shear flow was evident in both experiments. Bottom-type scattering layers were observed mainly in the valley region, below the shear nodes, in westward-drifting plasma strata. The layers were likely produced by wind-driven interchange instabilities as proposed by Kudeki and Bhattacharyya (1999). In both experiments, the layers were patchy and distributed periodically in space. Their horizontal structure was similar to that of the large-scale plasma depletions that formed later at higher altitude during ESF conditions. We argue that the bottom-type layers were modulated by the same large-scale waves that seeded the ESF. A scenario where the large-scale waves were themselves produced by collisional shear instabilities is described. C1 Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC USA. Utah State Univ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. AF Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. Inst Geofis, Jicamarca Radio Observ, Lima, Peru. RP Hysell, DL (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM dlh37@cornell.edu RI Larsen, Miguel/A-1079-2013; Chau, Jorge/C-7568-2013 OI Chau, Jorge/0000-0002-2364-8892 NR 35 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 4 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2006 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1387 EP 1400 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 073DZ UT WOS:000239724400012 ER PT J AU Moen, J Carlson, HC Oksavik, K Nielsen, CP Pryse, SE Middleton, HR McCrea, IW Gallop, P AF Moen, J. Carlson, H. C. Oksavik, K. Nielsen, C. P. Pryse, S. E. Middleton, H. R. McCrea, I. W. Gallop, P. TI EISCAT observations of plasma patches at sub-auroral cusp latitudes SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Biannual EISCAT International Workshop CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 2005 CL Swedish Inst Space Phys, Kiruna, SWEDEN SP EISCAT HO Swedish Inst Space Phys DE ionosphere; auroral ionosphere; electric fields and currents; polar ionosphere ID POLAR-CAP PATCHES; F-LAYER PATCHES; MAGNETOPAUSE RECONNECTION RATE; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; HF RADAR; IONOSPHERIC SIGNATURES; SUBSTORM CYCLES; AURORAL IONOSPHERE; ELECTRON-DENSITY; SVALBARD RADAR AB A sequence of 3 patches of high-density (10(12) m(-3)) cold plasma on a horizontal scale-size of 300-700km was observed near magnetic noon by the EISCAT VHF radar above Svalbard on 17 December 2001. The patches followed a trajectory towards the cusp inflow region. The combination of radar and all-sky observations demonstrates that the patches must have been segmented equator-ward of the cusp/cleft auroral display, and hence their properties had not yet been influenced by cusp particle showers and electrodynamics on open flux tubes. The last patch in the sequence was intersected by radio tomography observations, and was found to be located adjacent to a broader region of the same high electron density further south. The patches occurred under moderately active conditions (Kp=3) and the total electron content (TEC) of the high-density plasma was 45 TEC units. The train of patches appeared as a segmentation of the tongue of ionization. The sequence of patches occurred in association with a sequence of flow bursts in the dusk cell return flow. It is proposed that reconnection driven pulsed convection is able to create sub-auroral patches in the region where high density mid-latitude plasma is diverted poleward toward the cusp. It is the downward Birkeland current sheet located at the equatorward boundary of the flow disturbance that represents the actual cutting mechanism. C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. USAF, Off Sci Res, Res Lab, Arlington, VA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD USA. Norwegian Polar Res Inst, Ny Aalesund, Norway. Univ Wales, Inst Math & Phys Sci, Aberystwyth SY23 3BZ, Dyfed, Wales. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Univ Ctr Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway. RP Moen, J (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. EM jmoen@fys.uio.no OI Oksavik, Kjellmar/0000-0003-4312-6992 NR 60 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2006 VL 24 IS 9 SI SI BP 2363 EP 2374 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 095AQ UT WOS:000241281000004 ER PT J AU Tautz, M Lai, ST AF Tautz, M. Lai, S. T. TI Analytic models for a spherical satellite charging in sunlight at any spin rate SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE space plasma physics; electrostatic structures; spacecraft sheath, wakes, charging; general or miscellaneous ID POTENTIALS AB We present analytic models for the steady state potential distributions surrounding a spinning, dielectric-coated, spherical spacecraft charging in sunlight. The sun direction is assumed to lie in the satellite bellyband plane, perpendicular to the spin axes. The models are based on a multipole expansion of Laplacian potentials external to the spacecraft surface. The combination of monopole potentials along with the dipole or quadrupole contributions produce potential barriers which form at the satellite surface. These barriers can block escaping photoelectrons and lead to current balance, allowing sunlight charging to high negative levels. In a previous treatment, analytic models were limited to fast spin relative to differential charging rates so that the solutions had azimuthal symmetry around the spin axes. By introducing an associated Legendre term into the potential expansion, the azimuthal symmetry is removed, and the models can be developed to encompass any spin rate. The analysis turns up three functions of spin rate which are only known at the spin limits, but the characteristics of the charging of a rotating sphere can be explored using approximate forms which represent the basic trends. For finite spin, the sunlit side charges less (negatively) than the shade side which is in contrast to the fast spin case, where these two potentials are equal. Also, for finite spin, differential charging develops perpendicular to the sun and spin axis directions, due to the transverse motion. This transverse charging occurs at all finite spin rates, disappearing only at the zero and infinite spin limits. There is a correlated lag angle between the direction of maximum sheath radius and the sun line. Plots are given to illustrate the potential distributions representing barrier dominated sunlight charging of a spinning dielectric coated spherical satellite. C1 AER Radex Inc, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, VSBXT, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Lai, ST (reprint author), AER Radex Inc, Bedford, MA 01730 USA. EM shu.lai@hanscom.af.mil NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2006 VL 24 IS 10 BP 2599 EP 2610 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 110TA UT WOS:000242402000016 ER PT J AU Maynard, NC Burke, WJ Ebihara, Y Ober, DM Wilson, GR Siebert, KD Winningham, JD Lanzerotti, LJ Farrugia, CJ Ejiri, M Reme, H Balogh, A Fazakerley, A AF Maynard, N. C. Burke, W. J. Ebihara, Y. Ober, D. M. Wilson, G. R. Siebert, K. D. Winningham, J. D. Lanzerotti, L. J. Farrugia, C. J. Ejiri, M. Reme, H. Balogh, A. Fazakerley, A. TI Characteristics of merging at the magnetopause inferred from dayside 557.7-nm all-sky images: IMF drivers of poleward moving auroral forms SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics (auroral phenomena; magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions; solar windmagnetosphere interactions) ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOLAR-WIND PRESSURE; MAGNETOSPHERIC SASH; TRANSIENT EVENTS; IMPULSE EVENTS; ELECTRON EDGE; CUSP GEOMETRY; RECONNECTION; CONVECTION AB We combine in situ measurements from Cluster with high-resolution 557.7 nm all-sky images from South Pole to investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of merging on the dayside magnetopause. Variations of 557.7 nm emissions were observed at a 6 s cadence at South Pole on 29 April 2003 while significant changes in the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) clock angle were reaching the magnetopause. Electrons energized at merging sites are the probable sources for 557.7 nm cusp emissions. At the same time Cluster was crossing the pre-noon cusp in the Northern Hemisphere. The combined observations confirm results of a previous study that merging events can occur at multiple sites simultaneously and vary asynchronously on time scales of 10 s to 3 min (Maynard et al., 2004). The intensity of the emissions and the merging rate appear to vary with changes in the IMF clock angle, IMF B(X) and the dynamic pressure of the solar wind. Most poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs) reflect responses to changes in interplanetary medium rather than to local processes. The changes in magnetopause position required by increases in dynamic pressure are mediated by merging and result in the generation of PMAFs. Small (15-20%) variations in dynamic pressure of the solar wind are sufficient to launch PMAFs. Changes in IMF BX create magnetic flux compressions and rarefactions in the solar wind. Increases (decreases) in IMF B(X) strengthens vertical bar B vertical bar near northern (southern) hemisphere merging sites thereby enhancing merging rates and triggering PMAFs. When correlating responses in the two hemispheres, the presence of significant IMF B(X) also requires that different lag-times be applied to ACE measurements acquired similar to 0.1 AU upstream of Earth. Cluster observations set lag times for merging at Northern Hemisphere sites; post-noon optical emissions set times of Southern Hemisphere merging. All sky images and magnetohydrodynamic simulations indicate that merging occurs in multiple discrete locations, rather than continuously, across the dayside for southward IMF conditions in the presence of dipole tilt. Matching optical signatures with clock-angle, BX, and dynamic pressure variations provides new insights about interplanetary control of dayside merging and associated auroral dynamics. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. Natl Inst Polar Res, Tokyo 173, Japan. ATK Mission Res, Nashua, NH USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. New Jersey Inst Technol, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. CNRS, CESR, F-31028 Toulouse 4, France. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London SW7 2BW, England. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. RP Maynard, NC (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Ctr Space Sci, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM nelson.maynard@unh.edu RI Ebihara, Yusuke/D-1638-2013 OI Ebihara, Yusuke/0000-0002-2293-1557 NR 62 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PY 2006 VL 24 IS 11 BP 3071 EP 3098 DI 10.1029/2002JA009381 PG 28 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 125GS UT WOS:000243431000025 ER PT J AU Meier, EA Whisman, BA Rathkopf, MM AF Meier, EA Whisman, BA Rathkopf, MM TI Effect of imported fire ant extract on the degradation of mountain cedar pollen allergen SO ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STABILITY; STORAGE AB Background: Dust mite, cockroach, and mold extracts have been shown to contain proteases capable of degrading the proteins in other extracts. Loss of potency of allergens has been reported in mixtures containing cockroach and fungal extracts. Fire ant venoms consist of 90% to 95% n-alkyl and n-alkenyl piperidine alkaloids, which are not allergenic. No studies are available addressing the mixture of imported fire ant (IFA) whole-body extract with other allergens or the presence of proteolytic activity in the venom extract. Objectives: To evaluate the stability of mountain cedar pollen extract mixed with IFA whole-body extract and to qualitatively analyze the extract mixture for degradation of mountain cedar protein. Methods: One milliliter each of mountain cedar and IFA whole-body extracts at a concentration of 500 mu g/mL were combined and stored at 4 degrees C for 1, 3, 6, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days. Separate mixtures of I mL of mountain cedar and IFA with I mL of human serum albumin were used as controls. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed, and protein bands were qualitatively analyzed for degradation. Results: We detected 3 distinct IFA protein bands and I mountain cedar protein band. With respect to these bands, no protein degradation was observed during 6 months of study in the extract mixture compared with the controls. Conclusions: Imported fire ant whole-body extract does not seem to degrade mountain cedar protein. Mixtures of allergenic extracts may be able to include IFA whole-body extract. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Allergy & Immunol, Lackland AFB, TX USA. RP Meier, EA (reprint author), 5933 Debarr Rd,Apt 303, Anchorage, AK 99504 USA. EM powdercap14@excite.com NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER COLL ALLERGY ASTHMA IMMUNOLOGY PI ARLINGTON HTS PA 85 WEST ALGONQUIN RD SUITE 550, ARLINGTON HTS, IL 60005 USA SN 1081-1206 J9 ANN ALLERG ASTHMA IM JI Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 96 IS 1 BP 30 EP 32 PG 3 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 003OV UT WOS:000234692400008 PM 16440529 ER PT J AU Bertin, JJ Cummings, RM AF Bertin, JJ Cummings, RM TI Critical hypersonic aerothermodynamic phenomena SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS SE Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics LA English DT Review; Book Chapter DE hypersonic; ground testing; CFD; flight testing; boundary-layer transition ID TURBULENT-BOUNDARY-LAYER; HEAT-TRANSFER; CONSERVATION-LAWS; ACCURATE COMPUTATIONS; NONEQUILIBRIUM AIR; DIFFERENCE-SCHEMES; DIRECT SIMULATION; FLIGHT EXPERIMENT; EDDY SIMULATION; EULER EQUATIONS AB The challenges in understanding hypersonic flight are discussed and critical hypersonic aerothermodynamics issues are reviewed. The ability of current analytical methods, numerical methods, ground testing capabilities, and flight testing approaches to predict hypersonic flow are evaluated. The areas where aerothermodynamic shortcomings restrict our ability to design and analyze hypersonic vehicles are discussed, and prospects for future capabilities are reviewed. Considerable work still needs to be done before our understanding of hypersonic flow will allow for the accurate prediction of vehicle flight characteristics throughout the flight envelope from launch to orbital insertion. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Houston, TX 77251 USA. USAF Acad, Dept Aeronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Rice Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Houston, TX 77251 USA. EM jjbertin@rice.edu; russ.cummings@usafa.edu NR 121 TC 46 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 47 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0066-4189 J9 ANNU REV FLUID MECH JI Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. PY 2006 VL 38 BP 129 EP 157 DI 10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092041 PG 29 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 012XJ UT WOS:000235373900006 ER PT S AU Mayer, CB Dressler, J Harlow, F Brault, G Candan, KS AF Mayer, Christopher B. Dressler, Judson Harlow, Felicia Brault, Gregory Candan, K. Selcuk BE Dorigo, M Gambardella, LM Birattari, M Martinoli, A Stutzle, T TI Replicating multi-quality web applications using ACO and bipartite graphs SO ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION AND SWARM INTELLIGENCE, PROCEEDINGS SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Ant Colony Optimization and Swarm Intelligence CY SEP 04-07, 2006 CL Brussels, BELGIUM SP AntOptima, COMP2SYS, Natl Funds Sci Res, French Comm Belgium, IEEE Computat Intelligence Soc ID FACILITY LOCATION PROBLEM; SYSTEM; COLONY AB This paper presents the application of the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) meta-heuristic to a new NP-hard problem involving the replication of multi-quality database-driven web applications (DAs) by a large application service provider (ASP). The ASP must assign DA replicas to its network of heterogeneous servers so that user demand is satisfied at the desired quality level and replica update loads are minimized. Our ACO algorithm, AntDA, for solving the ASP's replication problem has several novel or infrequently seen features: ants traverse a bipartite graph in both directions as they construct solutions, pheromone is used for traversing from one side of the bipartite graph to the other and back again, heuristic edge values change as ants construct solutions, and ants may sometimes produce infeasible solutions. Testing shows that the best results are achieved by using pheromone and heuristics to traverse the bipartite graph in both directions. Additionally, experiments show that AntDA outperforms several other solution methods. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Sci, Tempe, AZ USA. RP Mayer, CB (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM chris.mayer@afit.edu; judson.dressler@afit.edu; felicia.harlow@afit.edu; gregory.brault@afit.edu; candan@asu.edu NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-38482-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4150 BP 270 EP 281 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFE46 UT WOS:000241466100024 ER PT S AU Tikhanoff, V Fontanari, JF Cangelosi, A Perlovsky, LI AF Tikhanoff, Vadim Fontanari, Jose F. Cangelosi, Angelo Perlovsky, Leonid I. BE Kollias, S Stafylopatis, A Duch, W Oja, E TI Language and cognition integration through modeling field theory: Category formation for symbol grounding SO ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS - ICANN 2006, PT 1 SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN 2006) CY SEP 10-14, 2006 CL Athens, GREECE SP European Neural Network Soc, Int Neural Network Soc, Japanese Neural Network Soc, IEEE Computat Intelligence Soc ID COMMUNICATION; ROBOTS AB Neural Modeling Field Theory is based on the principle of associating lower-level signals (e.g., inputs, bottom-up signals) with higher-level concept-models (e.g. internal representations, categories/concepts, top-down signals) avoiding the combinatorial complexity inherent to such a task. In this paper we present an extension of the Modeling Field Theory neural network for the classification of objects. Simulations show that (i) the system is able to dynamically adapt when an additional feature is introduced during learning, (ii) that this algorithm can be applied to the classification of action patterns in the context of cognitive robotics and (iii) that it is able to classify multi-feature objects from complex stimulus set. The use of Modeling Field Theory for studying the integration of language and cognition in robots is discussed. C1 Univ Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil. USAF, Res Lab, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Tikhanoff, V (reprint author), Univ Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, England. EM vadim.tikhanoff@plymouth.ac.uk; fontanari@ifsc.usp.br; acangelosi@plymouth.ac.uk; leonid.perlovsky@hanscom.af.mil RI Fontanari, Jose/A-4511-2008; Cangelosi, Angelo/D-6784-2011; Fitzgerald, Robert/I-7250-2016; Tikhanoff, Vadim/P-3409-2016; Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, IFSC/USP/M-2664-2016; OI Fontanari, Jose/0000-0001-9413-1922; Fitzgerald, Robert/0000-0003-1906-4939; Tikhanoff, Vadim/0000-0001-5295-3928; Cangelosi, Angelo/0000-0002-4709-2243 NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-38625-4 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 4131 BP 376 EP 385 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFE51 UT WOS:000241472100040 ER PT S AU Marcos, FA AF Marcos, Frank A. BE Williams, BG DAmario, LA Howell, KC Hoots, FR TI New measurements of thermospheric neutral density: A review SO ASTRODYNAMICS 2005, VOL 123, PTS 1-3 SE Advances in the Astronautical Sciences LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 07-11, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Astronaut Soc ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; IONOSPHERE; ATMOSPHERE; MISSION AB Uncertainties in neutral density variations continue to be the major source of satellite drag errors. Accurate thermospheric density measurements have historically been one of the limiting factors in achieving high accuracy satellite drag forecast models. This situation has been greatly ameliorated by expansive new data sets that have become available in this century. Data include those from ground-based radar tracking of satellite orbital decay and from satellite-borne accelerometers and remote sensors. These measurements, with complementary spatial and temporal capabilities, now permit global thermospheric monitoring over a wide range of altitudes and solar/geomagnetic conditions. The new data permit development of improved thermospheric models, provide constraints on physical model thermospheric driver estimation processes and support advanced operational assimilation forecast models. This paper highlights aspects of selected recent measurements and their application to outstanding satellite drag problems. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VSBXT, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Marcos, FA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VSBXT, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM frank.marcos@hasncom.af.mil NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-8770-3527-X J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2006 VL 123 BP 3 EP 14 PN 1-3 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEL45 UT WOS:000237804700001 ER PT S AU Bowman, BR AF Bowman, Bruce R. BE Williams, BG DAmario, LA Howell, KC Hoots, FR TI The semiannual thermospheric density variation at altitudes of 160-300 km SO Astrodynamics 2005, Vol 123, Pts 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 07-11, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Astronaut Soc ID HETEROSPHERE AB The goal of this study is to characterize the semiannual thermospheric density variation at low altitudes, covering the height range of 160 to 300 km. Historical radar observational data have been processed with special orbit perturbations on 36 highly eccentric satellites with very low perigee heights. Approximately 70,000 very accurate average daily perigee density values, covering the period from 1993 through 2003, have been obtained for all satellites using orbit energy dissipation rates. As with previous analyses by this author, the semiannual variation has been found to be variable from year to year. The magnitude of the maximum yearly difference, from the July minimum to the October maximum, is used to characterize the yearly semiannual variability. A high correlation has been found between this maximum difference and solar EUV values. This correlation is a function of altitude, with the correlation reversing sign as the altitude decreases from 300 km to 160 km. C1 USAF, Space Command, XPY, Peterson AFB, CO 80914 USA. RP Bowman, BR (reprint author), USAF, Space Command, XPY, Peterson AFB, CO 80914 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-8770-3527-X J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2006 VL 123 BP 49 EP 58 PN 1-3 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEL45 UT WOS:000237804700004 ER PT S AU Lovell, TA Tollefson, MV AF Lovell, T. Alan Tollefson, Mark V. BE Williams, BG DAmario, LA Howell, KC Hoots, FR TI Calculation of impulsive hovering trajectories via relative orbit elements SO Astrodynamics 2005, Vol 123, Pts 1-3 SE ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference CY AUG 07-11, 2005 CL Lake Tahoe, CA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Amer Astronaut Soc AB In previous years, a paper was presented at this conference that detailed the dynamics of a trajectory that puts a satellite into a quasi-hovering pattern relative to a reference satellite. Equations for this motion based on the Clohessy-Wiltshire-Hill's equations were developed in terms of the geometry of the trajectory shape. However, to obtain these expressions in closed form, symbolic computation software was required. The current paper revisits the impulsive hovering concept, with closed-form expressions for the motion developed by a much simpler method. This involves relative orbit elements, which give more of a geometric than a Cartesian description of the satellite's relative motion. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Lovell, TA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIVELT INC PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 28130, SAN DIEGO, CA 92128 USA SN 1081-6003 BN 0-8770-3527-X J9 ADV ASTRONAUT SCI PY 2006 VL 123 BP 2533 EP 2548 PN 1-3 PG 16 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BEL45 UT WOS:000237804702039 ER PT J AU Smith, BJ Price, SD Moffett, AJ AF Smith, BJ Price, SD Moffett, AJ TI Phase lags in the optical-infrared light curves of asymptotic giant branch stars SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE infrared : stars; stars : AGB and post-AGB; stars : variables : other ID DYNAMIC-MODEL ATMOSPHERES; PERIOD VARIABLE-STARS; COBE DIRBE DATA; MASS-LOSS RATES; MIRA VARIABLES; AGB STARS; EVOLVED STARS; TIME-VARIATION; COOL STARS; SPECTRA AB To search for phase lags in the optical-infrared light curves of asymptotic giant branch stars, we have compared infrared data from the COBE DIRBE satellite with optical light curves from the AAVSO and other sources. We found 17 examples of phase lags between the times of infrared and optical maximum, and 4 stars with no observed lags. There is a clear difference between the Mira variables and the semiregular variables in the sample, with the maximum in the optical preceding that in the near-infrared in the Miras, while in most of the semiregular variables no lags are observed. Comparison to published theoretical models indicates that the phase lags in the Miras are due to strong titanium oxide absorption in the visual at stellar maximum, and suggests that Miras pulsate in the fundamental mode, while at least some semiregular variables are first-overtone pulsators. There is a clear optical-near-infrared phase lag in the carbon-rich Mira V CrB; this is likely due to C-2 and CN absorption variations in the optical. C1 E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Geol, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicle Directorate, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Geol, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. RP Smith, BJ (reprint author), E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Phys Astron & Geol, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. EM smithbj@etsu.edu; steve.price@hanscom.af.mil; zajm17@etsu.edu NR 49 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 131 IS 1 BP 612 EP 620 DI 10.1086/497972 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 001TU UT WOS:000234561300046 ER PT S AU Dyrud, P Andersen, G AF Dyrud, Peter Andersen, Geoff BE Young, CY Gilbreath, GC TI Fast holographic wavefront sensor - art. no. 62150I SO Atmospheric Propagation III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric Propagation III CY APR 20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE wavefront sensor; holography; optical processing ID ADAPTIVE-OPTICS; PHASE-DIVERSITY; PLANE AB In this talk we will present a new zonal wavefront sensor. The device is able to take a single incident beam and diffract it into multiple beams with different focal locations, according to the presence and strength of particular aberrations. The Zernike terms in the beam are simply read out according to the location of the foci on the image plane CCD. We have created a hologram design such that the locations of the beams can be quickly and easily determined, providing all necessary information to correct for these aberrations, so that the wavefront information is derived without the need for any computations. It is a very compact and practical device that could potentially have applications for the USAF airborne laser or atmospheric distortion characterization. C1 USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Dyrud, P (reprint author), USAF Acad, Ste 2A31,2354 Fairchild Dr, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6271-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6215 BP I2150 EP I2150 AR 62150I DI 10.1117/12.665091 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Optics; Physics; Telecommunications GA BES21 UT WOS:000239257900015 ER PT S AU Telle, J Drummond, J Denman, C Hillman, P Moore, G Novotny, S Fugate, R AF Telle, John Drummond, Jack Denman, Craig Hillman, Paul Moore, Gerald Novotny, Steven Fugate, Robert BE Young, CY Gilbreath, GC TI Studies of a mesospheric sodium guidestar pumped by continuous-wave sum-frequency mixing of two Nd : YAG laser lines in lithium triborate - art. no. 62150K SO Atmospheric Propagation III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Atmospheric Propagation III CY APR 20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE sodium guidestar; adaptive optics; sum-frequency mixing; lithium triborate; Nd : YAG ID EXCITATION; ATMOSPHERE; BEACON; STAR AB Mesospheric sodium guidestar radiance is plotted vs. wavelength, fasor power, fasor polarization and date. Peak radiance for circular polarization was about 7000 photons/sec/cm(2) (VI magnitude = 5. 1) for 30 watts of pump power in November of 2005. Pumping with circular polarization at high power produces about 2 times more return than linear polarization. Pumping D2a at high power produces about 12 times more return than pumping D2b. A lidar equation is used to determine column density. Estimated maximum possible guidestar radiance is about 3 times greater than measured values. Guidestar radiance may be saturated by atoms becoming trapped in F'=1 and atomic recoil. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Starfire Opt Range, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Telle, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Starfire Opt Range, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6271-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6215 BP K2150 EP K2150 AR 62150K DI 10.1117/12.673121 PG 10 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Optics; Physics; Telecommunications GA BES21 UT WOS:000239257900017 ER PT J AU Sallam, KA Aalburg, C Faeth, GM Lin, KC Carter, CD Jackson, TA AF Sallam, K. A. Aalburg, C. Faeth, G. M. Lin, K-C. Carter, C. D. Jackson, T. A. TI Primary breakup of round aerated-liquid jets in supersonic crossflows SO ATOMIZATION AND SPRAYS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIZERS; SPRAYS AB An experimental investigation of the primary breakup properties of round aerated-liquid jets in the annular flow regime exposed to a supersonic crossflow is described. Single- and double-pulse shadowgraphy and holography were used to study the properties of the conical liquid sheet that extends from the jet exit for finite degrees of aeration as well as the outcomes of primary breakup in the dense-spray region near the liquid jet itself The results show that the gas jet along the axis of the annular flow leaving the injector passage is underexpanded so that the excess pressure of the flow in this region forces the annular liquid sheet into a conical shape that extends from the injector exit. Primary breakup occurs in a similar manner along both the upstream and downstream sides of the liquid jet (relative to the crossflow), which suggests that there are relatively weak aerodynamic effects due to the crossflow near the jet exit. Surface velocities of the liquid sheet were measured and were used to develop correlations for the liquid sheet thickness. The sizes of ligaments and drops were measured along the liquid surface and were found to have constant diameters of 29 and 43 mu m, respectively, independent of position along the liquid sheet for the wide ranges of aeration levels, liquid/gas momentum flux ratios, injector exit passage diameters, and liquid properties considered during the present investigation. Finally, drop size distributions satisfied Simmons's universal root-normal drop size distribution function with mass median drop diameter (MMD)/Sauter mean diameter (SMD) = 1.07, which implies more nearly monodisperse drop size properties after aerated-liquid jet primary breakup than is encountered for other primary breakup processes. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Taitec Inc, Beavercreek, OH 45430 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Sallam, KA (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. EM khalad.sallam@okstate.edu OI Ismail, Mostafa/0000-0001-7530-9764 NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 25 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI REDDING PA 50 CROSS HIGHWAY, REDDING, CT 06896 USA SN 1044-5110 J9 ATOMIZATION SPRAY JI Atom. Sprays PY 2006 VL 16 IS 6 BP 657 EP 672 DI 10.1615/AtomizSpr.v16.i6.40 PG 16 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 098ME UT WOS:000241523900004 ER PT J AU Maturo, S Brennan, J AF Maturo, S Brennan, J TI Vocal cord paralysis in a fighter pilot SO AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE thyroplasty; anti-G straining maneuver; recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis ID ANATOMY AB We present in this case report the return to flying duty of a pilot with vocal cord paralysis secondary to removal of a thymoma. We discuss the importance of glottic function as it pertains to the unique aviation environment. We also discuss the anatomy and physiology of the glottis, the evaluation for vocal cord paralysis, and surgical approaches for paralyzed vocal cords. Although the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is low in the military aviation community, it is important to recognize that its sequelae can be managed so that the aviator may return to flight duties. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Otolaryngol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. RP Maturo, S (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Otolaryngol, 2200 Bergquist Dr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. EM Stephen.Maturo@lackland.af.mil NR 5 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AEROSPACE MEDICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 320 S HENRY ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3579 USA SN 0095-6562 J9 AVIAT SPACE ENVIR MD JI Aviat. Space Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 77 IS 1 BP 65 EP 68 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Sport Sciences SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Sport Sciences GA 001IA UT WOS:000234525600013 PM 16422457 ER PT S AU Knecht, SD Mead, FB Micci, MM Larson, CW AF Knecht, Sean D. Mead, Franklin B. Micci, Michael M. Larson, C. William BE Komurasaki, K Yabe, T Uchida, S Sasoh, A TI Trajectory simulations, qualitative analyses and parametric studies of a laser-launched micro-satelfite using OTIS SO BEAMED ENERGY PROPULSION SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Beamed Energy Propulsion CY NOV 15-18, 2005 CL Nara, JAPAN SP Commemorat Org Japan World Exposit 1970, Tokyo Inst Technol, Entropia Laser Initiat, Inst Laser Technol AB This paper will discuss Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Propulsion Directorate's theoretical and computational results regarding trajectory simulations, qualitative analyses and parametric studies of a 25-cm focal diameter Laser Ramjet (X-25LR) using Optimal Trajectories by Implicit Simulation (OTIS). OTIS has been used to produce an optimized trajectory simulation of a laser ramjet's flight to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The baseline case that has been simulated is a flight vehicle powered by a 1 MW, 10.6 mu m, CO2, ground-based laser (GBL) with an initial power capture of 82%. The fuel that is used during rocket flight is Delrin doped with energetic additives to increase the coupling coefficient and thrust by a factor of five. Additionally, a nozzle extension was considered which increased performance by 40%. The flight trajectory was separated into three phases: 1) Air-breathing ramjet flight to a specified altitude of similar to 30 km and Mach number of similar to 10; 2) Rocket powered flight into a trajectory with a final Mach number similar to 27; and 3) Un-powered coasting flight to the final altitude of 185 kin. Additional sounding rocket trajectory flights with 10-Howatt class CO2 lasers have been assessed for a variety of laser powers. Also to be discussed in this paper are the parametric trade studies of the rocket phase comparing high thrust vs. low thrust and the effects of different-size vehicles. C1 [Knecht, Sean D.; Mead, Franklin B.; Micci, Michael M.; Larson, C. William] AF Res Lab, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RP Knecht, SD (reprint author), AF Res Lab, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0322-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 830 BP 522 EP + PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BEM36 UT WOS:000238124400055 ER PT S AU Mead, FB Larson, CW Knecht, SD AF Mead, Franklin B., Jr. Larson, C. William Knecht, Sean D. BE Komurasaki, K Yabe, T Uchida, S Sasoh, A TI An overview of the experimental 50-cm laser ramjet (X-50LR) program SO BEAMED ENERGY PROPULSION SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Beamed Energy Propulsion CY NOV 15-18, 2005 CL Nara, JAPAN SP Commemorat Org Japan World Exposit 1970, Tokyo Inst Technol, Entropia Laser Initiat, Inst Laser Technol AB In January 2001, the X-50LR program was initiated to scale the Lightcraft [1] concept ultimately to a 50-cm focal diameter, and to launch a 50 cm, fully functional vehicle, into space in either a sounding rocket or suborbital trajectory by the end of FY 2009. The current work involves scaling from the 10-cm aluminum Lightcraft to a fully composite 25-cm laser ramjet vehicle (X-25LR). An overview and status of this program will be given in terms of the various efforts that support this development. These efforts will include testing at the High Energy Laser System Test Facility (HELSTF), New Mexico; some results of the laser launch system study by Flight Unlimited; supporting research by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR); the different facets of attitude control in a small business program with Polaris Sensors Technology; continuing development of a launch model at The Pennsylvania State University; and, the development of a thrust measurement technique, and the use of a "mini-thruster" for research with The University of Alabama, Huntsville in collaboration with the AFRL. This paper will be followed by a number of papers giving additional details of the efforts briefly overviewed in this presentation. C1 [Mead, Franklin B., Jr.; Larson, C. William; Knecht, Sean D.] US Air Force, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RP Mead, FB (reprint author), US Air Force, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0322-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 830 BP 534 EP + PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BEM36 UT WOS:000238124400056 ER PT S AU Knecht, SD Larson, CW Mead, FB AF Knecht, Sean D. Larson, C. William Mead, Franklin B. BE Komurasaki, K Yabe, T Uchida, S Sasoh, A TI Comparison of ablation performance in laser lightcraft and standardized mini-thruster SO Beamed Energy Propulsion SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Beamed Energy Propulsion CY NOV 15-18, 2005 CL Nara, JAPAN SP Commemorat Org Japan World Exposit 1970, Tokyo Inst Technol, Entropia Laser Initiat, Inst Laser Technol DE laser; ablation; lightcraft; Delrin((R)); mini-thruster; calorimetry; pendulum AB Experiments on laser ablation of black and while Delfin((R)) with a 10.6-micron laser beam from a CO2 electric discharge laser are reported. Mass ablation and thrust generation (impulse) were accurately measured as a function of input laser energy in single-shot experiments. The efficiency of conversion of laser energy to jet kinetic energy depended on the geometry of the energy absorption/conversion zone. The standard geometry, an axisymmetric mini-thruster with 13-degree conical half angle and 8:1 expansion ratio, produced similar to 65% conversion efficiency. The extensively-studied 10-cm focal diameter Lightcraft (with inverted paraboloid, plug-nozzle geometry) produced similar to 50% conversion efficiency. The upper limit to energy conversion was theoretically computed with a one-dimensional chemical equilibrium code to be 73% for the well-defined mini-thruster geometry. Thus, total losses amount to similar to 8% in the mini thruster and similar to 23% in the Lightcraft. In these experiments a near-exact match of coupling coefficients, similar to 1%, was achieved in a 14-fold scale-down of die 10-cm focal diameter Lightcraft to the mini-thruster. These results helped validate die concept of "momentum calorimetry" in which heats of formation of energetic propellants are obtained by measurement of the momentum of the jets they produce when they are ablated with known laser energy. The performance of chemically-enhanced laser ablation propellants or other solid propellants may be inexpensively measured on a small scale. A matrix of impulse measurements, ablated mass, laser energy and plume absorptivity was carried out with various mini-thruster expansion ratios and chamber geometries. C1 AF Res Lab, Propuls Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RP Knecht, SD (reprint author), AF Res Lab, Propuls Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0322-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2006 VL 830 BP 615 EP 627 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Optics; Physics GA BEM36 UT WOS:000238124400063 ER PT J AU Tan, YX Shi, LM Hussain, SM Xu, J Tong, WD Frazier, JM Wang, C AF Tan, YX Shi, LM Hussain, SM Xu, J Tong, WD Frazier, JM Wang, C TI Integrating time-course microarray gene expression profiles with cytotoxicity for identification of biomarkers in primary rat hepatocytes exposed to cadmium SO BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article ID PARTIAL-LEAST-SQUARES; MULTICLASS CANCER CLASSIFICATION; NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; DRUG-METABOLIZING-ENZYMES; OXIDATIVE STRESS; HEAT-SHOCK; DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; TUMOR CLASSIFICATION; LINEAR-REGRESSION; INDUCED APOPTOSIS AB Motivation: DNA microarrays can provide information about the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously at the transcriptomic level, while conventional cell viability and cytotoxicity measurement methods provide information about the biological functions at the cellular level. Integrating these data at different levels provides a promising approach for evaluating or predicting how cells respond to chemical exposure. It is important to investigate the multi-scale biological system in a systematic way to better understand the gene regulation networks and signal transduction pathways involved in the cellular responses to environmental factors. Results: Primary rat hepatocytes were exposed to cadmium acetate at 0, 1.25 and 2 mu M. mRNA expression profiles at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h were measured using the Affymetrix RatTox U34 GeneChip (R) arrays. Simultaneously, cytotoxicity was assessed by lactase dehydrogenase leakage assay. Gene expression profiles at different time points were used to evaluate cytotoxicity at subsequent time points using partial least squares, and it was found that gene expression profiles at 0 h had the best prediction accuracy for the cytotoxicity observed at 12 h. Some biomarkers whose expression profiles showed strong relationship with cytotoxicity were identified and the underlying pathways were reconstructed to illustrate how hepatocytes respond to cadmium exposure. Permutation studies were also applied to assess the reliability of the predictive models. C1 Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Cedars Sinai Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Ctr Toxicoinformat, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Appl Biotechnol Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45434 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. RP Wang, C (reprint author), Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Cedars Sinai Res Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. EM cwang61@ucla.edu NR 98 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1367-4803 J9 BIOINFORMATICS JI Bioinformatics PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 77 EP 87 DI 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti737 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Computer Science; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 000AO UT WOS:000234433500014 PM 16249259 ER PT J AU Carus, WS Petro, JB AF Carus, WS Petro, JB TI Avoiding the biological security dilemma at our own peril: A response to Tucker SO BIOSECURITY AND BIOTERRORISM-BIODEFENSE STRATEGY PRACTICE AND SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Def Univ, Ctr Study Weapons Mass Destruct, Washington, DC 20319 USA. Joint Mil Intelligence Coll, Bolling AFB, Washington, DC USA. RP Carus, WS (reprint author), Natl Def Univ, Ctr Study Weapons Mass Destruct, 500 5th Ave NW,Ft Leslie J McNair, Washington, DC 20319 USA. EM caruss@ndu.edu NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1538-7135 J9 BIOSECUR BIOTERROR JI Biosecur. Bioterror. PY 2006 VL 4 IS 2 BP 200 EP 203 DI 10.1089/bsp.2006.4.200 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; International Relations SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; International Relations GA 057YK UT WOS:000238630900016 ER PT J AU Smith, PW Anderson, AO Christopher, GW Cieslak, TJ Devreede, GJ Fosdick, GA Greiner, CB Hauser, JM Hinrichs, SH Huebner, KD Iwen, PC Jourdan, DR Kortepeter, MG Landon, VP Lenaghan, PA Leopold, RE Marklund, LA Martin, JW Medcalf, SJ Mussack, RJ Neal, RH Ribner, BS Richmond, JY Rogge, C Roselle, GA Rupp, ME Sambol, AR Schaefer, JE Sibley, J Streifel, AJ Von Essen, SG Warfield, KL AF Smith, Philip W. Anderson, Arthur O. Christopher, George W. Cieslak, Theodore J. Devreede, G. J. Fosdick, Glen A. Greiner, Carl B. Hauser, John M. Hinrichs, Steven H. Huebner, Kermit D. Iwen, Peter C. Jourdan, Dawn R. Kortepeter, Mark G. Landon, V. Paul Lenaghan, Patricia A. Leopold, Robert E. Marklund, Leroy A. Martin, James W. Medcalf, Sharon J. Mussack, Robert J. Neal, Randall H. Ribner, Bruce S. Richmond, Jonathan Y. Rogge, Chuck Roselle, Gary A. Rupp, Mark E. Sambol, Anthony R. Schaefer, Joann E. Sibley, John Streifel, Andrew J. Von Essen, Susanna G. Warfield, Kelly L. TI Designing a biocontainment unit to care for patients with serious communicable diseases: A consensus statement SO BIOSECURITY AND BIOTERRORISM-BIODEFENSE STRATEGY PRACTICE AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; PUBLIC-HEALTH MANAGEMENT; LABORATORY EXPOSURES; BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; AGENTS; BIOTERRORISM; PREPAREDNESS; INFECTION; SYSTEMS AB In spite of great advances in medicine, serious communicable diseases are a significant threat. Hospitals must be prepared to deal with patients who are infected with pathogens introduced by a bioterrorist act (e.g., smallpox), by a global emerging infectious disease (e.g., avian influenza, viral hemorrhagic fevers), or by a laboratory accident. One approach to hazardous infectious diseases in the hospital setting is a biocontainment patient care unit (BPCU). This article represents the consensus recommendations from a conference of civilian and military professionals involved in the various aspects of BPCUs. The role of these units in overall U.S. preparedness efforts is discussed. Technical issues, including medical care issues (e.g., diagnostic services, unit access); infection control issues (e.g., disinfection, personal protective equipment); facility design, structure, and construction features; and psychosocial and ethical issues, are summarized and addressed in detail in an appendix. The consensus recommendations are presented to standardize the planning, design, construction, and operation of BPCUs as one element of the U.S. preparedness effort. C1 Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr 985400, Biocontainment Unit, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. USAMRIID, Ft Detrick, MD USA. USAF, MC Wilford Hall Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX USA. Brooke Army Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Ft Sam Houston, TX 78234 USA. Univ Nebraska, Peter Kiewit Inst, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. Nebraska Med Ctr, Omaha, NE USA. Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Omaha, NE 68182 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Nebraska Hlth & Human Serv, Lincoln, NE USA. USA, Trauma Training Ctr, Miami, FL USA. Ctr Biopreparedness Educ, Omaha, NE USA. Leo A Daly Architects, Omaha, NE USA. USAF, Offutt AFB, NE USA. Emory Univ Hosp, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Jonathan Richmond & Associates, Southport, NC USA. VA Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH USA. Nebraska Hlth & Human Serv, Lincoln, NE USA. Kiewit Bldg Grp Inc, Omaha, NE USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Environm Hlth & Safety, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Smith, PW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr 985400, Biocontainment Unit, Omaha, NE 68198 USA. EM pwsmith@unmc.edu NR 39 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1538-7135 J9 BIOSECUR BIOTERROR JI Biosecur. Bioterror. PY 2006 VL 4 IS 4 BP 351 EP 365 DI 10.1089/bsp.2006.4.351 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; International Relations SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; International Relations GA 120OX UT WOS:000243095500010 PM 17238819 ER PT B AU Mowle, T AF Mowle, Thomas BE Innes, MA TI NATO, THE BALKAN CRISES, AND EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY SO BOSNIAN SECURITY AFTER DAYTON: NEW PERSPECTIVES SE Contemporary Security Studies LA English DT Article; Book Chapter C1 USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Mowle, T (reprint author), USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND BN 978-0-203-96901-4 J9 CONTEMP SECUR STUD PY 2006 BP 6 EP 22 PG 17 WC History; International Relations; Political Science SC History; International Relations; Government & Law GA BMJ33 UT WOS:000272560000003 ER PT B AU Browning, CE AF Browning, Charles E. BE Dai, L TI Carbon Nanotechnology Recent Developments in Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Device Applications FOREWORD SO CARBON NANOTECHNOLOGY: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND DEVICE APPLICATIONS LA English DT Editorial Material; Book Chapter C1 [Browning, Charles E.] Univ Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. [Browning, Charles E.] USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Colorado Springs, CO USA. RP Browning, CE (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 978-0-08-045932-5 PY 2006 BP VII EP VIII DI 10.1016/B978-044451855-2/50000-0 PG 2 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BCQ51 UT WOS:000311028400001 ER PT J AU Jin, MHC Durstock, M Dai, L AF Jin, M. H. -C. Durstock, M. Dai, L. BE Dai, L TI Optical limiters and photovoltaic devices based on C-60, carbon nanotubes and their nanocomposites SO CARBON NANOTECHNOLOGY: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND DEVICE APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON-TRANSFER; LIMITING PROPERTIES; POLYMER COMPOSITES; BLACK SUSPENSIONS; SOLVENT MIXTURES; SOLAR-CELLS; HETEROJUNCTION; BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE; TRANSPORT; DESIGN C1 [Jin, M. H. -C.] Univ Texas Arlington, Mat Sci & Engn Program, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. [Durstock, M.] USAF, Res Lab, AFRL MLBP, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Dai, L.] Univ Dayton, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Jin, MHC (reprint author), Univ Texas Arlington, Mat Sci & Engn Program, Arlington, TX 76019 USA. NR 73 TC 114 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 978-0-08-045932-5 PY 2006 BP 611 EP 631 DI 10.1016/B978-044451855-2/50020-6 PG 21 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BCQ51 UT WOS:000311028400019 ER PT B AU Schrand, AM Tolle, TB AF Schrand, Amanda M. Tolle, Tia Benson BE Dai, L TI Carbon nanotube and epoxy composites for military applications SO CARBON NANOTECHNOLOGY: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND DEVICE APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID EMI SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS; MECHANICAL INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES; SILICATE CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; INTERLAMINAR SHEAR-STRENGTH; FIBER-MATRIX ADHESION; SOLAR-CELLS; FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES; SURFACE-TREATMENT C1 [Schrand, Amanda M.] Univ Dayton, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, 300 Coll Pk, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. [Schrand, Amanda M.] Univ Dayton, Univ Dayton Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. [Tolle, Tia Benson] USAF, Res Lab, AFRL MLBC, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Schrand, AM (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, 300 Coll Pk, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. NR 202 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 978-0-08-045932-5; 978-0-44-451855-2 PY 2006 BP 633 EP 675 DI 10.1016/B978-044451855-2/50021-8 PG 43 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BCQ51 UT WOS:000311028400020 ER PT S AU Boyd, JE Edwards, A Pineda, AC AF Boyd, John E. Edwards, Arthur Pineda, Andrew C. BE Taylor, PG Kolobov, AV Edwards, AH Maimon, J TI A computational study of oxygen contamination in Sb2Te3 SO Chalcogenide Alloys for Reconfigurable Electronics SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chalcogenide Alloys for Reconfigurable Electronics held at the 2006 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 19-21, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID DENSITY; SYSTEMS; DEFECTS AB We present first principles electronic structure calculations of oxygen substitutional defects in the Sb2Te3 layered crystalline system and a model of amorphous Sb2Te3 using density functional theory (DFT). Our calculated formation energies for oxygen substitutional defects at Sb sites are above 2 eV, so most of our results are on the Sb2Te3-xOx [x = .0074 - .20] system, where one of two inequivalent Te sites are instead occupied by a single oxygen atom with formation energies between -1.2 eV and .2 eV. Defect formation energies for the system show a preference for oxygen atoms on the Te1 site at low concentrations that switches to the Te2 site at high concentrations at approximately 6 atomic percent. In agreement with experiment, we find that oxygen does widen the band gap, even at relatively low concentrations. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, VSSE,Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Boyd, JE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, VSSE,Space Vehicles Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-875-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2006 VL 918 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BFK82 UT WOS:000242536800005 ER PT B AU Grundahl, F Meibom, S Bruntt, H Jensen, HR Clausen, JV Frandsen, S AF Grundahl, F. Meibom, S. Bruntt, H. Jensen, H. R. Clausen, J. V. Frandsen, S. BE Randich, S Pasquini, L TI Studying old open clusters with detached eclipsing binaries SO CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES AND MIXING IN STARS IN THE MILKY WAY AND ITS SATELLITES SE ESO ASTROPHYSICS SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ESO-Arcetri Workshop on Chemical Abundances and Mixing in Stars in the Milky Way and its Satellites CY SEP 13-17, 2004 CL Castiglione della Pescaia, ITALY SP ESO ID NGC-188 C1 [Grundahl, F.; Jensen, H. R.; Frandsen, S.] Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. [Meibom, S.] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. [Bruntt, H.] US Air Force Acad, Dept Phys, Colorado Springs, CO USA. [Bruntt, H.; Clausen, J. V.] Univ Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Grundahl, F (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. EM fgj@phys.au.dk; bruntt@phys.au.dk NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-34135-8 J9 ESO ASTROPHY SYMP PY 2006 BP 58 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-34136-9_21 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFD86 UT WOS:000241310400021 ER PT B AU Grundahl, F Bruntt, H AF Grundahl, F. Bruntt, H. BE Randich, S Pasquini, L TI Abundance variations in NGC 288, NGC 362 and NGC 1851 SO CHEMICAL ABUNDANCES AND MIXING IN STARS IN THE MILKY WAY AND ITS SATELLITES SE ESO ASTROPHYSICS SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT ESO-Arcetri Workshop on Chemical Abundances and Mixing in Stars in the Milky Way and its Satellites CY SEP 13-17, 2004 CL Castiglione della Pescaia, ITALY SP ESO C1 [Grundahl, F.] Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. [Bruntt, H.] US Air Force Acad, Dept Phys, Colorado Springs, CO USA. [Bruntt, H.] Univ Copenhagen, Astron Observ, DK-1168 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Grundahl, F (reprint author), Aarhus Univ, Inst Phys & Astron, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. EM fgj@phys.au.dk; bruntt@phys.au.dk NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-34135-8 J9 ESO ASTROPHY SYMP PY 2006 BP 132 EP + DI 10.1007/978-3-540-34136-9_48 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BFD86 UT WOS:000241310400048 ER PT J AU Smiglak, M Reichert, WM Holbrey, JD Wilkes, JS Sun, LY Thrasher, JS Kirichenko, K Singh, S Katritzky, AR Rogers, RD AF Smiglak, M Reichert, WM Holbrey, JD Wilkes, JS Sun, LY Thrasher, JS Kirichenko, K Singh, S Katritzky, AR Rogers, RD TI Combustible ionic liquids by design: is laboratory safety another ionic liquid myth? SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID SALTS AB The non-flammability of ionic liquids (ILs) is often highlighted as a safety advantage of ILs over volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but the fact that many ILs are not flammable themselves does not mean that they are safe to use near fire and/or heat sources; a large group of ILs ( including commercially available ILs) are combustible due to the nature of their positive heats of formation, oxygen content, and decomposition products. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Chem, HQ USAF DFC, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. Univ Alabama, Ctr Green Mfg, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Chem, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Chem, Ctr Heterocycl Cmpds, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Wilkes, JS (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Chem, HQ USAF DFC, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM john.wilkes@usafa.af.mil; katritzky@chem.ufl.edu; rdrogers@bama.ua.edu RI Sun, Luyi/B-8375-2009; Rogers, Robin/C-8265-2013; Smiglak, Marcin/N-8284-2013; OI Rogers, Robin/0000-0001-9843-7494; Smiglak, Marcin/0000-0003-4444-5354; Holbrey, John/0000-0002-3084-8438 NR 15 TC 194 Z9 194 U1 1 U2 35 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PY 2006 IS 24 BP 2554 EP 2556 DI 10.1039/b602086k PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 053HJ UT WOS:000238295900007 PM 16779475 ER PT J AU Betancor, L Berne, C Luckarift, HR Spain, JC AF Betancor, Lorena Berne, Cecile Luckarift, Heather R. Spain, Jim C. TI Coimmobilization of a redox enzyme and a cofactor regeneration system SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-PSEUDOALCALIGENES JS45; NITROBENZENE NITROREDUCTASE; GLUCOSE-OXIDASE; DEHYDROGENASE; FUNCTIONALIZATION; BIOCATALYSIS; AMINOPHENOLS; CONVERSION; STABILITY; SILICA AB The coimmobilization of nitrobenzene nitroreductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in silica particles enables the continuous conversion of nitrobenzene to hydroxylaminobenzene with NADPH recycling. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Tyndall AFB, FL 32403 USA. RP Spain, JC (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 311 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM jcspain@ce.gatech.edu RI Berne, Cecile/D-7193-2013 NR 27 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 21 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PY 2006 IS 34 BP 3640 EP 3642 DI 10.1039/b604689d PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 076DQ UT WOS:000239937600022 PM 17047791 ER PT J AU Henderson, WA Young, VG Fox, DM De Long, HC Trulove, PC AF Henderson, Wesley A. Young, Victor G., Jr. Fox, Douglas M. De Long, Hugh C. Trulove, Paul C. TI Alkyl vs. alkoxy chains on ionic liquid cations SO CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; SALTS AB The crystal structures and thermal behavior of the 1-(2-methoxyethyl)- 2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride and hexafluorophosphate salts are compared with the analogous 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium salts to examine the influence of the ether oxygen on salt thermal properties for a typical constituent cation used in the preparation of ionic liquids. C1 USN Acad, Dept Chem, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Xray Crystallog Lab, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Trulove, PC (reprint author), USN Acad, Dept Chem, 572 M Holloway Rd, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA. EM trulove@usna.edu NR 14 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1359-7345 J9 CHEM COMMUN JI Chem. Commun. PY 2006 IS 35 BP 3708 EP 3710 DI 10.1039/b606381k PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 078NB UT WOS:000240109400013 PM 17047819 ER PT J AU Bebarta, VS Forrester, MB Vu, T AF Bebarta, V. S. Forrester, M. B. Vu, T. TI A large case series of acute pediatric methotrexate ingestions: Significant clinical effects are rare SO CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. Texas Dept State Hlth Serv, Austin, TX USA. RI Bebarta, Vikhyat/M-1513-2015 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0731-3810 J9 CLIN TOXICOL JI Clin. Toxicol. PY 2006 VL 44 IS 5 MA 63 BP 654 EP 655 PG 2 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 072RJ UT WOS:000239690400068 ER PT J AU Vu, T Forrester, MB Bebarta, VS AF Vu, T. Forrester, M. B. Bebarta, V. S. TI A six year review of acute methotrexate ingestions in adults: Significant clinical effects and treatments used SO CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. Texas Dept State Hlth Serv, Austin, TX USA. RI Bebarta, Vikhyat/M-1513-2015 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0731-3810 J9 CLIN TOXICOL JI Clin. Toxicol. PY 2006 VL 44 IS 5 MA 64 BP 655 EP 655 PG 1 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 072RJ UT WOS:000239690400069 ER PT J AU Oschwald, M Smith, JJ Branam, R Hussong, J Schik, A Chehroudi, B Talley, D AF Oschwald, M Smith, JJ Branam, R Hussong, J Schik, A Chehroudi, B Talley, D TI Injection of fluids into supercritical environments SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE propellant injection; sprays; supercritical pressure ID CRYOGENIC INJECTION; SHEAR-LAYER; JETS; PRESSURE; NITROGEN; DENSITY AB This paper summarizes and compares the results of systematic research programs at two independent laboratories regarding the injection of cryogenic liquids at subcritical and supercritical pressures, with application to liquid rocket engines. Both single jets and coaxial jets have been studied. Cold flow studies provided valuable information without introducing the complexities of combustion. Initial studies utilized a single jet of cryogenic nitrogen injected into a quiescent room temperature nitrogen environment with pressures below and above the thermodynamic critical pressure of the nitrogen. Later, the work was extended to investigate the effects of a co-flowing gas. Parallel to this work, combustion studies with cryogenic propellants were introduced to understand high pressure coaxial injection phenomena with the influence of chemical reaction. Shadowgraphy and spontaneous Raman scattering were used to measure quantities such as growth rates, core lengths, turbulent length scales, fractal dimensions, and jet breakup regimes. It is found that jets injected at supercritical pressures do not atomize as they do at subcritical pressures. Rather, they behave in many respects like variable density turbulent gas jets. C1 German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Inst Space Prop, Lampoldshausen, Germany. Engn Res Consultants, Lancaster, PA USA. USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Edwards AFB, CA USA. RP Oschwald, M (reprint author), German Aerosp Ctr DLR, Inst Space Prop, Lampoldshausen, Germany. EM michael.oschwald@dlr.de OI Oschwald, Michael/0000-0002-9579-9825 NR 45 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 13 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 178 IS 1-3 BP 49 EP 100 DI 10.1080/00102200500292464 PG 52 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 993XY UT WOS:000233993000003 ER PT J AU Lin, KC Cox-Stouffer, SK Jackson, TA AF Lin, KC Cox-Stouffer, SK Jackson, TA TI Structures and phase transition processes of supercritical methane/ethylene mixtures injected into a subcritical environment SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE supercritical; scramjet; homogeneous nucleation ID HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION RATES; SUPERSATURATED VAPOR; RAPID EXPANSION; N-NONANE; CONDENSATION; CHAMBER; WATER; JET AB The structure and phase transition of supercritical methane/ethylene mixtures injected into quiescent subcritical nitrogen were investigated in this study. Visualization of the near-field jets and flow structure inside the injector, as well as measurement of shock/jet structures, were performed using shadowgraph images. It was found that supercritical methane/ethylene jets injected away from the critical point undergo ideal-gas-like expansion and exhibit visible internal shock structures. Opaque jets with condensation occurring at the injection plane or even inside the injector were observed when the supercritical mixture was injected near the critical point. The pressure profile along the injector axis for the condensed jet indicates that a pressure rise inside the injector comes from the release of latent heat during homogeneous nucleation processes and is the primary factor in the production of a large jet expansion angle in the condensed jet. The fluid along streamlines passing through the Mach disk is less likely to condense, due to the short residence time within the nongaseous region and substantial increases in pressure and temperature downstream of the Mach disk. C1 Taitech Inc, Beavercreek, OH 45431 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Lin, KC (reprint author), Taitech Inc, Beavercreek, OH 45431 USA. EM kuo-cheng.lin@wpafb.af.mil NR 30 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 178 IS 1-3 BP 129 EP 160 DI 10.1080/00102200500290716 PG 32 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 993XY UT WOS:000233993000005 ER PT J AU Edwards, T AF Edwards, T TI Cracking and deposition behavior of supercritical hydrocarbon aviation fuels SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE supercritical; endothermic; coking; thermal cracking; jet fuel ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE STABILIZERS; C-10-C-14 NORMAL-ALKANES; COKE FORMATION; JET FUELS; STEAM CRACKING; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; PRODUCT DISTRIBUTIONS; ELEVATED PRESSURES; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; REACTION-MECHANISMS AB Trends in increasing aircraft speeds and engine efficiencies are increasing vehicle and engine heat loads. Especially at higher Mach numbers, fuel is an attractive heat sink. For many vehicle applications, utilization of this heat sink would increase fuel temperatures beyond critical values, typically 370-400 degrees C (700-750 degrees F). As temperatures increase beyond about 480 degrees C (900 degrees F), this heat addition can lead to thermal/catalytic cracking of the fuel, leading to an "endothermic'' fuel. The principal barrier to the use of high temperature fuels is the deposition of carbonaceous material on heat exchanger passages, filters, fuel injectors, and other fuel system components. This paper will review progress in understanding and mitigating the thermal instability/deposition problem. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Edwards, T (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. EM james.edwards@wpafb.af.mil NR 107 TC 109 Z9 131 U1 7 U2 79 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 178 IS 1-3 BP 307 EP 334 DI 10.1080/00102200500294346 PG 28 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 993XY UT WOS:000233993000011 ER PT J AU Herzinger, K Wilson, S Sieben, N Rushall, J AF Herzinger, Kurt Wilson, Stephen Sieben, Nandor Rushall, Jeff TI Perfect pairs of ideals and duals in numerical semigroups SO COMMUNICATIONS IN ALGEBRA LA English DT Article DE dual; minimal generating set; numerical semigroup; relative ideal ID TENSOR-PRODUCTS; RIGIDITY; MODULES; TORSION; SETS; TOR AB This article considers numerical semigroups S that have a nonprincipal relative ideal I such that mu S(I)mu S(S - I) = mu S(I + (S - I)). We show the existence of an in. nite family of such pairs mu S(I) in which I + (S-I ) = S\{0}. We also show examples of such pairs that are not members of this family. We discuss the computational process used to find these examples and present some open questions pertaining to them. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Math Sci, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Herzinger, K (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Math Sci, 2354 Fairchild Dr,Suite 6D124, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM kurt.herzinger@usafa.af.mil NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0092-7872 J9 COMMUN ALGEBRA JI Commun. Algebr. PY 2006 VL 34 IS 9 BP 3475 EP 3486 DI 10.1080/00927870600794206 PG 12 WC Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 083XI UT WOS:000240491100026 ER PT S AU Nelson, RL Grote, JG Haus, JW Birchfield, B AF Nelson, Robert L. Grote, James G. Haus, Joseph W. Birchfield, Bradley BE Dewar, G McCall, MW Noginov, MA Zheludev, NI TI Embedded electrode electro-optic composite materials - art. no. 63200R SO Complex Photonic Media SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Complex Photonic Media CY AUG 13-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID SUSCEPTIBILITIES AB We explore new concepts for electro-optic (EO) modulator designs based on local-field enhancement and electrodes in close proximity for improving the performance of nonlinear materials. Using nanopatterned metals or conductive materials for electrodes and plasmonic elements we show that the effective nonlinearity can be enhanced and concurrently the driving voltage reduced for electro-optic active materials. We especially devote our attention on EO modulator applications using polymers doped with active chromophores. Our substrate materials are mesoscopically patterned using focused ion beam milling. The critical dimensions of the features are smaller than a wavelength. The effective medium theory is used to analyze the results. C1 AF Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Nelson, RL (reprint author), AF Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6399-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6320 BP R3200 EP R3200 AR 63200R DI 10.1117/12.682488 PG 9 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Optics GA BFI23 UT WOS:000241980600016 ER PT J AU Mollenhauer, D Iarve, EV Kim, R Langley, B AF Mollenhauer, D Iarve, EV Kim, R Langley, B TI Examination of ply cracking in composite laminates with open holes: A moire interferometric and numerical study SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Composites Testing and Model Identification (CompTest 200) CY SEP 21-23, 2004 CL Univ Bristol, Bristol, ENGLAND HO Univ Bristol DE laminates ID CIRCULAR HOLE; DAMAGE; STRESS AB A moire interferometric investigation of surface strain redistribution due to matrix cracking around open holes in two [0/45/90/-45](s) composite laminates with differing ply thicknesses was conducted. Both tests revealed significant redistribution of strain as damage developed. The results from the thicker-ply specimen show strain redistribution mostly due to the cracking of the top 0 degrees ply. This was verified by a mesh-independent displacement discontinuity modeling method based on higher order shape functions. Localized effects of sub-surface-ply cracking were not found. However, due to a thinner surface ply and more extensive damage, the thinner-ply specimen showed significant redistribution of strain as a result of the sub-surface-ply cracking as well as the 0 degrees ply cracking. Evidence of cracking in the center -45 degrees plies was present in the strain results. Examination of the strain redistribution and the failure surface of the thinner ply specimen led to the development of a failure scenario, where the initiation of critical 0 degrees fiber cracking occurs slightly away from the hole edge. Future modeling efforts will attempt to verify this scenario. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLBC, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. Wright State Univ, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Mollenhauer, D (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, MLBC, 2941 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM david.mollenhatier@wpafb.af.mil NR 22 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 2006 VL 37 IS 2 BP 282 EP 294 DI 10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.06.004 PG 13 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 020SQ UT WOS:000235931100014 ER PT J AU Ruggles-Wrenn, MB Mall, S Eber, CA Harlan, LB AF Ruggles-Wrenn, M. B. Mall, S. Eber, C. A. Harlan, L. B. TI Effects of steam environment on high-temperature mechanical behavior of Nextel (TM) 720/alumina (N720/A) continuous fiber ceramic composite SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs); fibres; creep ID BRITTLE-MATRIX COMPOSITES; SILICON-CARBIDE; WATER-VAPOR; BORON-NITRIDE; SIC/SIC COMPOSITES; COATING CONCEPTS; DAMAGE-TOLERANT; POROUS-MATRIX; OXIDATION; STABILITY AB Mechanical behavior of an oxide-oxide continuous fiber ceramic composite (CFCC) consisting of a porous alumina matrix reinforced with laminated, woven mullite/alumina fibers (Nextel (TM) 720) was investigated at 1200 and 1330 degrees C in laboratory air and in 100% steam environments. CFCC has no interface between the fiber and matrix, and relies on the porous matrix for flaw tolerance. Tension-tension fatigue behavior was studied for fatigue stresses ranging from 100 to 170 MPa at 1200 degrees C, and for fatigue stresses of 50 and 100 MPa at 1330 degrees C. Tensile creep behavior was examined for creep stresses ranging from 80 to 154 MPa at 1200 degrees C, and for creep stresses of 50 and 100 MPa at 1330 degrees C. At 1200 degrees C, the CFCC exhibited excellent fatigue resistance in laboratory air. The fatigue limit (based on a run-out condition of 105 cycles) was 170 MPa (88% UTS at 1200 degrees C). The material retained 100% of its tensile strength. Presence of steam caused noticeable degradation in fatigue performance at 1200 degrees C. Fatigue resistance at 1330 degrees C was poor. In creep tests, primary and secondary creep regimes were observed. Minimum creep rate was reached in all tests. At 1200 degrees C, creep rates were 10(-8)-10(-5) s(-1) and maximum time to rupture was 255 h. At 1330 degrees C, creep rates were 10(-7)-10(-5) s(-1) and maximum time to rupture was 87 h. Presence of steam accelerated creep rates and dramatically reduced creep life. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ruggles-Wrenn, MB (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM marina.ruggles-wrenn@afit.edu RI Ruggles-Wrenn, Marina/J-6103-2014 NR 58 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 2006 VL 37 IS 11 BP 2029 EP 2040 DI 10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.12.008 PG 12 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 106WH UT WOS:000242132200019 ER PT J AU Byrd, LW Birman, V AF Byrd, LW Birman, V TI Effectiveness of z-pins in preventing delamination of co-cured composite joints on the example of a double cantilever test SO COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE fracture toughness; laminates; polymer matrix composites (PMCS) ID CRACK-PROPAGATION; DCB SPECIMENS; RELEASE RATE; BEAM; ARREST AB The effectiveness of z-pins in co-cured joints is illustrated on the model of a composite double cantilever beam (DCB) Subject to a standard fracture toughness test. A comprehensive Solution is presented in the paper accounting for a broad spectrum of issues that affect the problem. They include the accurate evaluation of the rotational constraint provided by the intact section of DCB, possible transverse shear deformation in the delaminated section, and effects of uniform and nonuniform temperature on the response. A simple criterion for the effectiveness of z-pins in co-cured joint is introduced and its application is illustrated on numerous examples. As follows from the analysis, z-pinning is an effective method of enhancing delamination resistance of composite joints. Even a very small volume fraction of z-pins (less than 1.5%) may arrest delamination in co-cured composite joints. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 VASM, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Missouri, Engn Educ Ctr, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. RP Byrd, LW (reprint author), VASM, AFRL, Bldg 65,2700 D St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 21 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-8368 J9 COMPOS PART B-ENG JI Compos. Pt. B-Eng. PY 2006 VL 37 IS 4-5 BP 365 EP 378 DI 10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.05.019 PG 14 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 030SI UT WOS:000236654300013 ER PT J AU Kang, IP Heung, YY Kim, JH Lee, JW Gollapudi, R Subramaniam, S Narasimhadevara, S Hurd, D Kirikera, GR Shanov, V Schulz, MJ Shi, DL Boerio, J Mall, S Ruggles-Wren, M AF Kang, Inpil Heung, Yun Yeo Kim, Jay H. Lee, Jong Won Gollapudi, Ramanand Subramaniam, Srinivas Narasimhadevara, Suhasini Hurd, Douglas Kirikera, Goutham R. Shanov, Vesselin Schulz, Mark J. Shi, Donglu Boerio, Jim Mall, Shankar Ruggles-Wren, Marina TI Introduction to carbon nanotube and nanofiber smart materials SO COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE nano-structures; elastical properties; electron microscopy; casting ID ACTUATORS; SENSORS; SENSITIVITY; FIBERS; ROPES AB The potential use of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers as smart composite materials is discussed in this paper. An overview of the properties of carbon nanotube materials is presented, and then four applications under development are briefly discussed. The first application is electrochemical actuation in dry and aqueous environments. The second is a carbon nanotube polymer piezoresistive strain sensor developed for structural health monitoring. Third, nanotubes are used with an electrolyte for harvesting power from structural vibration. Fourth, a carbon nanotube bioelectronic sensor is discussed. Tying all this together, a vision is presented for using nanoscale smart materials to synthesize intelligent electronic structures with prescribed elastic and electrical properties for a wide range of new applications. Hurdles to be overcome to achieve this goal are also discussed. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Smart Struct Bioanotechnol Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Mech Engn, Syst Dynam & Res Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Korea Inst Machinery & Mat, Taejon 305343, South Korea. USAF, Inst Technol, Dayton, OH USA. RP Schulz, MJ (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Smart Struct Bioanotechnol Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM mark.j.schulz@uc.edu NR 56 TC 208 Z9 210 U1 7 U2 91 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-8368 EI 1879-1069 J9 COMPOS PART B-ENG JI Compos. Pt. B-Eng. PY 2006 VL 37 IS 6 BP 382 EP 394 DI 10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.02.011 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 056YB UT WOS:000238559900002 ER PT S AU Akdim, B Kar, T Shiffler, DA Duan, X Pachter, R AF Akdim, B. Kar, T. Shiffler, D. A. Duan, X. Pachter, R. BE Alexandrov, VN VanAlbada, GD Sloot, PMA Dongarra, J TI Effects of O-3 adsorption on the emission properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes: A density functional theory study SO COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE - ICCS 2006, PT 1, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2006) CY MAY 28-31, 2006 CL Reading, ENGLAND SP Intel Corp, IBM, SGI, Microsoft Res, EPSRC, Springer, ACET Ctr, Univ Reading, SIAM, IMACS, UK e Sci Programme ID FIELD-EMISSION; EMITTERS AB In this study, we report density functional theory calculations to examine the effects Of O-3 adsorption on the field emission properties of capped C(5,5) single-wall carbon nanotubes. Structural changes, adsorption energies, and the first ionization potential for possible adsorption sites are discussed, including an applied field in the calculations. The results suggest a suppression of the emission upon O-3 adsorption, explained by the charge transfer, while the favored adsorption for the etched structures rationalizes enhancement due to sharper tips upon opening of the carbon nanotube when ozonized, consistent with experimental observations. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM USA. RP Pachter, R (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Brahim.Akdim@wpafb.af.mil; tkar@wpafb.af.mil; Donald.Shiffler@wpafb.af.mil; Xiaofeng.Duan@wpafb.af.mil; Ruth.Pachter@wpafb.af.mil NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-34379-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3991 BP 372 EP 378 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEO11 UT WOS:000238389200048 ER PT S AU Srivastava, A Jain, A Joshi, S Kaziska, D AF Srivastava, A Jain, A Joshi, S Kaziska, D BE Narayanan, PJ Nayar, SK Shum, HY TI Statistical shape models using elastic-string representations SO COMPUTER VISION - ACCV 2006, PT I SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Asian Conference on Computer Vision CY JAN 13-15, 2006 CL Hyderabad, INDIA ID SPACES AB To develop statistical models for shapes, we utilize an elastic string representation where curves (denoting shapes) can bend and locally stretch (or compress) to optimally match each other, resulting in geodesic paths on shape spaces. We develop statistical models for capturing variability under the elastic-string representation. The basic idea is to project observed shapes onto the tangent spaces at sample means, and use finite-dimensional approximations of these projections to impose probability models. We investigate the use of principal components for dimension reduction, termed tangent PCA or TPCA, and study (i) Gaussian, (ii) mixture of Gaussian, and (iii) non-parametric densities to model the observed shapes. We validate these models using hypothesis testing, statistics of likelihood functions, and random sampling. It is demonstrated that a mixture of Gaussian model on TPCA captures best the observed shapes. C1 Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Indian Inst Technol, New Delhi, India. USAF, Inst Technol, Dayton, OH USA. RP Srivastava, A (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RI Srivastava, Anuj/F-7417-2011 NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-31219-6 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3851 BP 612 EP 621 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BDW06 UT WOS:000235772300062 ER PT S AU Kaziska, D Srivastava, A AF Kaziska, D Srivastava, A BE Leonardis, A Bischof, H Pinz, A TI Cyclostationary processes on shape spaces for gait-based recognition SO COMPUTER VISION - ECCV 2006, PT 2, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV 2006) CY MAY 07-13, 2006 CL Graz, AUSTRIA SP Adv Comp Vis, Graz Univ Technol, Univ Ljubljana AB We present a novel approach to gait recognition that considers gait sequences as cyclostationary processes on a shape space of simple closed curves. Consequently, gait analysis reduces to quantifying differences between statistics underlying these stochastic processes. The main steps in the proposed approach are: (i) off-line extraction of human silhouettes from IR video data, (ii) use of piecewise-geodesic paths, connecting the observed shapes, to smoothly interpolate between them, (iii) computation of an average gait cycle within class (i.e. associated with a person) using average shapes, (iv) registration of average cycles using linear and nonlinear time scaling, (iv) comparisons of average cycles using geodesic lengths between the corresponding registered shapes. We illustrate this approach on infrared video clips involving 26 subjects. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Math & Stat, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Stat, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Kaziska, D (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Math & Stat, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. RI Srivastava, Anuj/F-7417-2011 NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-33834-9 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3952 BP 442 EP 453 PN 2 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEK41 UT WOS:000237555200034 ER PT J AU Cohen, K Siegel, S McLaughlin, T AF Cohen, K Siegel, S McLaughlin, T TI A heuristic approach to effective sensor placement for modeling of a cylinder wake SO COMPUTERS & FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID LOW REYNOLDS-NUMBERS; FEEDBACK-CONTROL; DYNAMICS; FLOW AB The effectiveness of a sensor configuration for feedback flow control on the wake of a circular cylinder is investigated in both direct numerical simulation as well as in a water tunnel experiment. The research program is aimed at suppressing the von Karman vortex street in the wake of a cylinder at a Reynolds number of 100. The design of sensor number and placement was based on data from a laminar two-dimensional simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations for the unforced condition. A low-dimensional proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was applied to the vorticity calculated from the flow field and sensor placement was based on the intensity of the resulting spatial eigenfunctions. The numerically generated data was comprised of 70 snapshots taken over three cycles from the steady state regime. A linear stochastic estimator (LSE) was employed to map the velocity data to the temporal coefficients of the reduced order model. The capability of the sensor configuration to provide accurate estimates of the four low-dimensional states was validated experimentally in a water tunnel at a Reynolds number of 108. For the experimental wake, a sample of 200 particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements was used. Results show that for experimental data, the root mean square estimation error of the estimates of the first two modes was within 6% of the desired values and for the next two modes was within 20% of the desired values. This level of error is acceptable for a moderately robust controller. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Aeronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Siegel, S (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Aeronaut, 2354 Fairchild Dr Suite 6H27, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM Stefan.Siegel@usafa.af.mil OI Cohen, Kelly/0000-0002-8655-1465 NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-7930 J9 COMPUT FLUIDS JI Comput. Fluids PD JAN PY 2006 VL 35 IS 1 BP 103 EP 120 DI 10.1016/j.compfluid.2004.11.002 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Mechanics SC Computer Science; Mechanics GA 979LO UT WOS:000232943700006 ER PT B AU Hoff, BW Gugenbach, RM Lau, YY Jordan, NM White, W Zier, J Cruz, E Spencer, TA Price, D AF Hoff, B. W. Gugenbach, R. M. Lau, Y. Y. Jordan, N. M. White, W. Zier, J. Cruz, E. Spencer, T. A. Price, D. BE Shen, XC Lu, W Zhang, J Dou, WB TI Magnetic priming of a relativistic magnetron SO CONFERENCE DIGEST OF THE 2006 JOINT 31ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFRARED AND MILLIMETER WAVES AND 14TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TERAHERTZ ELECTRONICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint 31st International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves/14th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Inst Tech Phys, SE Univ, Chinese Acad Sci, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, IEEE MTT S, IEEE Nanjing Joint Chapter, IEEE Shanghai Sub Sect, Shanghai Int Culture Assoc, Chinese Phys Soc, Chinese Opt Soc, Chinese Inst Elect C1 [Hoff, B. W.] Kirtland AF Base, High Power Microwave Div, AF Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Hoff, B. W.; Gugenbach, R. M.; Lau, Y. Y.; Jordan, N. M.; White, W.; Zier, J.; Cruz, E.] Univ Michigan, Nucl Engn & Radiol Sci Dept, Plasma Pulsed Power & Microwave Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. [Spencer, T. A.] Air Force Res Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87123 USA. [Price, D.] L-3 Commun Titan Div, San Leandro, CA 94577 USA. RP Hoff, BW (reprint author), Kirtland AF Base, High Power Microwave Div, AF Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. FU (U.S.) Air Force Office of Scientific Research [FA9550-05-0087]; Air Force Research Laboratory; AFOSR MURI on Cathodes andWindows [FA9550-04-1-0369]; L-3 Communications Electron Devices Division; Northrop Grumman Corporation FX Manuscript received October 15, 2009; revised January 20, 2010; accepted March 1, 2010. Date of publication April 26, 2010; date of current version June 9, 2010. This work was supported in part by the (U.S.) Air Force Office of Scientific Research FA9550-05-0087, by the Air Force Research Laboratory, by the AFOSR MURI on Cathodes andWindows for HPM FA9550-04-1-0369, by L-3 Communications Electron Devices Division, and by Northrop Grumman Corporation. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0399-8 PY 2006 BP 340 EP 340 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGH25 UT WOS:000246942200338 ER PT B AU Merill, JM Hausgen, P Senft, D Granata, J AF Merill, John M. Hausgen, Paul Senft, Donna Granata, Jennifer GP IEEE TI Air force perspective on present and future space power generation SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 2006 IEEE 4TH WORLD CONFERENCE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion CY MAY 07-12, 2006 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Photovoltaics continue to be the primary source for electric power for space missions. The need for ever higher power, specific power, areal power density, and radiation resistance continues to push development of novel solar cell technologies. To meet present and future space power requirements, conventional crystalline multijunction solar cells, next generation thin-film solar cells, and novel technologies are being pursued. In the near to mid term, III-V based multijunction solar cell efficiencies are being increased through incorporation of new materials and metamorphic structures. These efforts are expected to result in AM0 solar cell efficiencies of 33-35%. For thin-film solar cells, significant progress has been made in moving to lightweight polymer substrates and incorporation of monolithic integration, pushing cell. level specific powers over 1800 W/kg. Efficiencies continue to increase through better process control and post process treatments. Incorporation of new materials and tandem structures promises to further increase thin-film solar cell efficiencies. For the longer term, novel material systems and nanotechnologies are being investigated. Examples are InGaN alloys which show promise for a continuously varied bandgap with composition, and intermediate bandgap or nanostructured solar cells which take advantage of size dependant light absorption to absorb more of the solar spectrum. To take advantage of new technologies, novel module and array structures are also being developed. C1 [Merill, John M.; Hausgen, Paul; Senft, Donna] Air Force Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Granata, Jennifer] Aerosp Corp, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Merill, JM (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM john.merrill@kirtland.af.mil NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0016-3 PY 2006 BP 1750 EP + PG 3 WC Energy & Fuels; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Physics GA BFD80 UT WOS:000241251601125 ER PT B AU Granata, JE SahIstrom, TD Hausgen, P Messenger, SR Walters, RJ Lorentzen, JR Liu, S Helizon, R AF Granata, J. E. SahIstrom, T. D. Hausgen, P. Messenger, S. R. Walters, R. J. Lorentzen, J. R. Liu, Simon Helizon, Roger GP IEEE TI Thin-film photovoltaic proton and electron radiation testing for a MEO orbit SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 2006 IEEE 4TH WORLD CONFERENCE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion CY MAY 07-12, 2006 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB A radiation test plan for thin-film photovoltaic technologies focused on a MEO flight experiment is outlined. The proton and electron radiation response of thin film, amorphous Si solar cells and CulnGaSe(2) solar cells, with and without space coatings, is presented. The degradation of the photovoltaic output under penetrating and junction-damaging proton irradiation, and 0.6 MeV and 1 MeV electron irradiation, is measured and examined. The experimental data are presented and analyzed. These data will form the basis for an on-orbit prediction model as applied to a high-radiation MEO orbit. C1 [Granata, J. E.] Aerosp Corp, Albuquerque, NM 87198 USA. [SahIstrom, T. D.] Dynacs Mil & Def Inc, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Hausgen, P.] Air Force Res Lab, Space Vech Directorate, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Messenger, S. R.; Lorentzen, J. R.] SFA Inc, Largo, MD 20774 USA. [Walters, R. J.] US Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Liu, Simon] Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA USA. [Helizon, Roger] Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Granata, JE (reprint author), Aerosp Corp, Albuquerque, NM 87198 USA. EM jennifer.granata@aero.org NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0016-3 PY 2006 BP 1773 EP + PG 2 WC Energy & Fuels; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Physics GA BFD80 UT WOS:000241251601129 ER PT B AU Jenkins, P Scheiman, D Goodbody, C Baur, C Sharps, P Imaizumi, M Yoo, H Sahlstrom, T Walters, R Lorentzen, J Nocerino, J Khan, O Cravens, R Valles, J Toporow, C Gomez, T Bazan, LP Bailey, S AF Jenkins, Phillip Scheiman, David Goodbody, Chris Baur, Carsten Sharps, Paul Imaizumi, Mitsuru Yoo, Henry Sahlstrom, Ted Walters, Robert Lorentzen, Justin Nocerino, John Khan, Osman Cravens, Robert Valles, Juan Toporow, Chantal Gomez, Trinidad Bazan, Loreto Pazos Bailey, Sheila GP IEEE TI Results from an international measurement round robin of III-V triple-junction solar cells under air mass zero SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 2006 IEEE 4TH WORLD CONFERENCE ON PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion CY MAY 07-12, 2006 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB This paper reports the results of an international measurement round robin of monolithic, triple-junction, GaInP/GaAs/Ge space solar cells. Eight laboratories representing national labs, solar cell vendors and space solar cell consumers, measured cells using in-house reference cells and compared those results to measurements made where each lab used the same set of reference cells. The results show that most of the discrepancy between laboratories is likely due to the quality of the standard cells rather than the measurement system or solar simulator used. C1 [Jenkins, Phillip; Scheiman, David] Ohio Aerosp Inst, NASA, GRC, MS 302-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. [Goodbody, Chris] QinetiQ, Farnborough, Hants, England. [Baur, Carsten] Fraunhofer Inst Solar Energy Syst, Freiburg, Germany. [Sharps, Paul] Emcore Corp, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Imaizumi, Mitsuru] JAXA Tsukuba Space Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. [Yoo, Henry] VSSV, Air Force Res Lab, Albuquerque, NM USA. [Sahlstrom, Ted] Dynacs Inc, Palm Harbor, FL USA. [Walters, Robert] US Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. [Lorentzen, Justin] SFA Inc, Orlando, FL USA. [Nocerino, John] Aerosp Corp, El Segundo, CA USA. [Khan, Osman; Cravens, Robert; Valles, Juan] Spectrolab, Sylmar, CA USA. [Toporow, Chantal] Northrop Grumman, Falls Church, VA USA. [Gomez, Trinidad; Bazan, Loreto Pazos] INTA SPASOLAB, Madrid, Spain. [Bailey, Sheila] NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Jenkins, P (reprint author), Ohio Aerosp Inst, NASA, GRC, MS 302-1, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. EM Phil.Jenkins@grc.nasa.gov NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0016-3 PY 2006 BP 1968 EP + PG 2 WC Energy & Fuels; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Physics GA BFD80 UT WOS:000241251601180 ER PT J AU Ogrin, D Colorado, R Maruyama, B Pender, MJ Smalley, RE Barron, AR AF Ogrin, D Colorado, R Maruyama, B Pender, MJ Smalley, RE Barron, AR TI Single-walled carbon nanotube growth using [Fe-3(mu(3)-O)(mu-O2CR)(6)(L)(3)](n+) complexes as catalyst precursors SO DALTON TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article ID METAL; NANOPARTICLES; VAPOR; NANOCLUSTERS; DEPENDENCE AB We present herein the VLS growth of SWNTs from oxo-hexacarboxylate - triron precursors, [Fe3O(O2CCH3)(6)(EtOH)(3)] ( 1) and [Fe3O(O2CCH2OMe)(6)(H2O)(3)][FeCl4] (2), on spin-on-glass surfaces, using C2H4/H-2 (750 degrees C) and CH4/H-2 (800 and 900 degrees C) growth conditions. The SWNTs have been characterized by AFM, SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The characteristics of the SWNTs are found to be independent of the identity of the precursor complex or the solvent from which it is spin-coated. The as grown SWNTs show a low level of side-wall defects and have an average diameter of 1.2 - 1.4 nm with a narrow distribution of diameters. At 750 and 800 degrees C the SWNTs are grown with a range of lengths (300 nm - 9 mu m), but at 900 degrees C only the longer SWNTs are observed (6 - 8 mu m). The yield of SWNTs per unit area of catalyst nanoparticle decreases with the growth temperature. We have demonstrated that spin coating of molecular precursors allows for the formation of catalyst nanoparticles suitable for growth of SWNTs with a high degree of uniformity in the diameter, without the formation of preformed clusters of a set diameter. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Rice Univ, Ctr Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Houston, TX 77005 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Rice Univ, Carbon Nanotechnol Lab, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Barron, AR (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM arb@rice.edu RI Maruyama, Benji/E-3634-2010 NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1477-9226 J9 DALTON T JI Dalton Trans. PY 2006 IS 1 BP 229 EP 236 DI 10.1039/b512885d PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 993PU UT WOS:000233968200027 PM 16357981 ER PT J AU Anderson, RE Colorado, R Crouse, C Ogrin, D Maruyama, B Pender, MJ Edwards, CL Whitsitt, E Moore, VC Koveal, D Lupu, C Stewart, MP Smalley, RE Tour, JM Barron, AR AF Anderson, RE Colorado, R Crouse, C Ogrin, D Maruyama, B Pender, MJ Edwards, CL Whitsitt, E Moore, VC Koveal, D Lupu, C Stewart, MP Smalley, RE Tour, JM Barron, AR TI A study of the formation, puri. cation and application as a SWNT growth catalyst of the nanocluster [HxPMo12O40 subset of H4Mo72Fe30(O2CMe)(15)O-254(H2O)(98)] SO DALTON TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article ID WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; SOLID-STATE REACTION; MOLYBDENUM-OXIDE; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; LARGE-SCALE; P-31; NMR; NANOPARTICLES AB The synthetic conditions for the isolation of the iron-molybdenum nanocluster FeMoC [HxPMo(12)O(40)subset of H4Mo72Fe30(O2CMe)(15)O-254(H2O)(98)], along with its application as a catalyst precursor for VLS growth of SWNTs have been studied. As-prepared FeMoC is contaminated with the Keplerate cage [H4Mo72Fe30(O2CMe) O-15(254)(H2O)(98)] without the Keggin [ HxPMo(12)O(40)](n-) template, however, isolation of pure FeMoC may be accomplished by Soxhlet extraction with EtOH. The resulting EtOH solvate is consistent with the replacement of the water ligands coordinated to Fe being substituted by EtOH. FeMoC-EtOH has been characterized by IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, MS, XPS and P-31 NMR. The solid-state P-31 NMR spectrum for FeMoC-EtOH (delta - 5.3 ppm) suggests little effect of the paramagnetic Fe3+ centers in the Keplerate cage on the Keggin ion's phosphorous. The high chemical shift anisotropy, and calculated T-1 (35 ms) and T-2 ( 8 ms) values are consistent with a weak magnetic interaction between the Keggin ion's phosphorus symmetrically located within the Keplerate cage. Increasing the FeCl2 concentration and decreasing the pH of the reaction mixture optimizes the yield of FeMoC. The solubility and stability of FeMoC in H2O and MeOH-H2O is investigated. The TGA of FeMoC-EtOH under air, Ar and H-2 ( in combination with XPS) shows that upon thermolysis the resulting Fe : Mo ratio is highly dependent on the reaction atmosphere: thermolysis in air results in signi.cant loss of volatile molybdenum components. Pure FeMoC-EtOH is found to be essentially inactive as a pre-catalyst for the VLS growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) irrespective of the substrate or reaction conditions. However, reaction of FeMoC with pyrazine (pyz) results in the formation of aggregates that are found to be active catalysts for the growth of SWNTs. Activation of FeMoC may also be accomplished by the addition of excess iron. The observation of prior work's reported growth of SWNTs from FeMoC is discussed with respect to these results. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Rice Univ, Richard E Smalley Inst Nanoscale Sci & Technol, Houston, TX 77005 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Barron, AR (reprint author), Rice Univ, Dept Chem, MS-60,6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005 USA. EM arb@rice.edu RI Maruyama, Benji/E-3634-2010 NR 24 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 10 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1477-9226 J9 DALTON T JI Dalton Trans. PY 2006 IS 25 BP 3097 EP 3107 DI 10.1039/b518395b PG 11 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 054FU UT WOS:000238363000007 PM 16786068 ER PT S AU Cardillo, RA Salerno, JJ AF Cardillo, Raymond A. Salerno, John J. BE Dasarathy, BV TI Detecting people of interest from internet data sources - art. no. 62410H SO Data Mining, Intrusion Detection, Information Assurance, and Data Networks Security 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Data Mining, Intrusion Detection, Information Assurance and Data Networks Security 2006 CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE community generation; social network analysis; named entity resolution; information extraction; data mining; co-reference; co-occurrence AB In previous papers, we have documented success in determining the key people of interest from a large corpus of realworld evidence. Our recent efforts focus on exploring additional domains and data sources. Internet data sources such as email, web pages, and news feeds make it easier to gather a large corpus of documents for various domains, but detecting people of interest in these sources introduces new challenges. Analyzing these massive sources magnifies entity resolution problems, and demands a storage management strategy that supports efficient algorithmic analysis and visualization techniques. This paper discusses the techniques we used in order to analyze the ENRON email repository, which are also applicable to analyzing web pages returned from our "Buddy" meta-search engine. C1 USAF, Res Lab, IFEA, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Cardillo, RA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFEA, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6297-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6241 BP H2410 EP H2410 AR 62410H DI 10.1117/12.665718 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BES04 UT WOS:000239205700017 ER PT S AU Desjardins, DD Hopper, DG Marasco, PL Byrd, JC Neubauer, J AF Desjardins, Daniel D. Hopper, Darrel G. Marasco, Peter L. Byrd, James C. Neubauer, Jon BE Byrd, JC Desjardins, DD Forsythe, EW Girolamo, HJ TI Military display market: fourth comprehensive edition - art. no. 622504 SO Defense, Security, Cockpit, and Future Displays II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Defense, Security, Cockpit, and Future Displays II CY APR 19-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE displays; military market; combat platforms; warfighter interfaces; commonality; specifications; technologies AB The military display market is analyzed in terms of all fully electronic and many electro-mechanical displays used on combat platforms across all DoD Services. The military market for displays is defined by parameters such as active area, bezel-to-bezel measurement and technology. Other characteristics such as luminance, contrast ratio, gray levels, resolution, viewing angle, color, video capability, and night vision imaging system compatibility are noted. This study takes into account all displays that are either installed or funded for installation. In some few cases, it also includes planned displays. Display sizes having aggregate defense applications of 5,000 units or greater and having DoD applications across 10 or more platform fleets, are tabulated. The issue of size commonality is addressed where distribution of active area across platform fleets, individually, in groups of two through nine, and ten or more, is illustrated. Military displays are also analyzed by technology, where total quantities of such displays are broken out into CRT, LCD, AMLCD, EM, LED, Incandescent, Plasma and TFEL percentages. Custom, versus Ruggedized Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (RCOTS), versus Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) designs are contrasted. High and low information content designs are identified. Displays for several high-profile military programs are discussed, to include both technical specifications and program history. Our defense-wide study as of February 2006 has documented 1,195 direct-view and 15 virtual-view display sizes across 62 8 weapon system platforms for a total of 1, 161,977 displays. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Desjardins, DD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Bldg 248,Rm 300,2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6281-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6225 BP 22504 EP 22504 AR 622504 DI 10.1117/12.663675 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES63 UT WOS:000239305300001 ER PT S AU Meyer, FM Trissell, TL Aleva, DL Longo, SJ Hopper, DG AF Meyer, Frederick M. Trissell, Terry L. Aleva, Denise L. Longo, Sam J. Hopper, Darrel G. BE Byrd, JC Desjardins, DD Forsythe, EW Girolamo, HJ TI Readability evaluation of an active matrix electrophoretic ink display - art. no. 622507 SO Defense, Security, Cockpit, and Future Displays II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Defense, Security, Cockpit, and Future Displays II CY APR 19-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE reflective active matrix electrophoretic ink display; AMEPID; metrology; legibility; night vision; low power AB A low-power, yet sunlight readable, display is needed for dismounted applications where the user must carry the power source. Such a display could potentially replace paper checklists and maps with electronic counterparts. A reflective active matrix electrophoretic ink display (AMEPID) was evaluated as a candidate technology for such applications. This display technology uses ambient illumination, rather than competing with it, and requires power only when rewriting the display. The device was tested for viewability under a variety of lighting conditions. Readability of displayed text, as compared to standard print on white paper, was evaluated in an indoor office environment and in outdoor lighting conditions. Viewability of the display with night vision goggles (NVGs) was evaluated under simulated full moon, starlight, and overcast illumination conditions. Objective measurements of luminance, contrast ratio and reflectance were conducted under corresponding irradiance conditions and viewing angles using state-of-the-art photometric and radiometric measurement equipment. In addition to visible spectrum measurements, infrared (IR) reflectance and contrast were measured for the extended spectrum of 720-1700 mn. Results are discussed in terms of performance criteria for military displays, which are often much more demanding than for civil applications. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Meyer, FM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2255 H St,AFRL,HECV, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6281-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6225 BP 22507 EP 22507 AR 622507 DI 10.1117/12.668900 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES63 UT WOS:000239305300004 ER PT S AU Zhang, JY AF Zhang, Jingyuan BE Byrd, JC Desjardins, DD Forsythe, EW Girolamo, HJ TI Enhanced Interactive DataWall: display architecture for data fusion and collaboration in C2 environments - art. no. 62250N SO Defense, Security, Cockpit, and Future Displays II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Defense, Security, Cockpit, and Future Displays II CY APR 19-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE tiled display; datawall; simultaneous wireless interaction AB Command and Control (C2) environments require several key decision-makers to visualize, interpret, and analyze voluminous static and dynamic information of varying complexity originating from multiple sources. The challenges in providing a paramount display solution for today's mission planning relies heavily on building a large, high resolution, and collaborative display system which foster better information management, and heightened situational awareness. The Advanced Visualizations and Interactive Displays (AVID) team at the Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate addresses the needs of the present C2 environment, and has designed, developed, and deployed versions of the Interactive DataWall (IDW). The IDW is a contiguous large display solution equipped with multiple methods for application interaction, and the ability to receive numerous sources of data in real time. Fostering a collaborative environment, the IDW architecture enables multiple users to engage simultaneously with the display via camera-tracked laser pointer interaction, in combination with personal digital assistants (PDA). Decision-makers share the large-screen display area together by sending their applications to the IDW, originating locally or remotely. Simultaneous and multiple cursor support are fully functional without requiring any special modifications to the operators' existing applications. C1 USAF, Res Lab, IFSB, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Zhang, JY (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFSB, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6281-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6225 BP N2250 EP N2250 AR 62250N DI 10.1117/12.674313 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES63 UT WOS:000239305300018 ER PT S AU Savage, JC O'Neal, JK Brown, RA AF Savage, James C. O'Neal, J. Kevin Brown, Robert A. BE Suresh, R TI Powered Low Cost Autonomous Attack System: A network-centric munition concept demonstration - art. no. 62490B SO Defense Transformation and Network-Centric Systems SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Defense Transformation and Network-Centric Systems CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE autonomous; munition; LADAR; seeker; network-centric; cooperative control; operator-in-the-loop AB The Powered Low Cost Autonomous Attack System (PLOCAAS) is an Air Force Research Laboratory Munitions Directorate Advanced Technology Demonstration (ATD) program. The PLOCAAS objective is to demonstrate a suite of technologies in an affordable miniature munition to autonomously search, detect, identify, attack and destroy ground mobile targets of military interest. PLOCAAS incorporates a solid state Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR) seeker and Autonomous Target Acquisition (ATA) algorithms, miniature turbojet engine, multi-mode warhead, and an integrated INS/GPS into a 36" long, high lift-to-drag ratio airframe. Together, these technologies provide standoff beyond terminal defenses, wide area search capability, and high probability of target report with low false target attack rate with high loadouts. Four LADAR seeker captive flight tests provided the sequestered data for robust Air Force ATA algorithm performance assessment. During Part I of the ATD, three successful free-flight tests were completed in which the LADAR seeker and Autonomous Target Acquisition (ATA) algorithms have detected, acquired, identified, and tracked ground mobile targets. Part II of the ATD demonstrated the ability to redirect the munition post release via a commercial satellite datalink. In addition to summarizing all program accomplishments, this paper will present results and lessons learned from Part II of the ATD. Part II's objective was to demonstrate the military utility of a two-way data-link. The data-link allows an Operator-In-The-Loop (OITL) to monitor and control multiple cooperative, wide-area-search munitions and enables these munitions to serve as non-traditional Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) assets in a network-centric environment. C1 AF Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Savage, JC (reprint author), AF Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6305-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6249 BP B2490 EP B2490 AR 62490B DI 10.1117/12.665073 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BES12 UT WOS:000239239700008 ER PT S AU Bay, JS AF Bay, John S. BE Suresh, R TI Demonstrating tactical information services from coordinated UAV operations - art. no. 62490F SO Defense Transformation and Network-Centric Systems SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Defense Transformation and Network-Centric Systems CY APR 17-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle); MOUT (military operations in urban terrain); network-centric systems; taskable networks AB As the component technologies for unmanned aerial vehicles mature, increased attention is being paid to the problem of command and control. Many UAVs, even small lightweight versions, are seeing significant operational time as a result of the Iraq war, and consequently, users are becoming increasingly proficient with the platform technologies and are considering new and more elaborate tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs), as well as concepts of operations (CONOPS), for their use, both individually and in teams. This paper presents one such concept and summarizes the progress made toward that goal in a recent research program. In particularly, the means by which a team of UAVs can be considered a tactical information resource is investigated, and initial experimental results are summarized. C1 AF Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Bay, JS (reprint author), AF Res Lab, Informat Directorate, 26 Elect Pkway, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6305-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6249 BP F2490 EP F2490 AR 62490F DI 10.1117/12.670563 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BES12 UT WOS:000239239700011 ER PT J AU Fadare, O AF Fadare, Oluwole TI Uncommon sarcomas of the uterine cervix: a review of selected entities SO DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Review AB Sarcomas constitute less than 1% of all cervical malignancies. With over 150 reported cases, rhabdomyosarcomas represent the most commonly reported sarcoma at this location. In this report, a select group of the more uncommon sarcomas of the uterine cervix are reviewed, including all previously reported examples of leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor, undifferentiated endocervical sarcoma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). Emphasis is placed on any distinctive clinicopathologic features of these entities at this unusual location. C1 [Fadare, Oluwole] Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. [Fadare, Oluwole] Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Antonio, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. RP Fadare, O (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. EM oluwolefadare@yahoo.com NR 67 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1746-1596 J9 DIAGN PATHOL JI Diagn. Pathol. PY 2006 VL 1 AR 30 DI 10.1186/1746-1596-1-30 PG 6 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA V83AX UT WOS:000205613100030 PM 16981999 ER PT J AU Fadare, O DeMartini, SD AF Fadare, Oluwole DeMartini, Steven D. TI Eosinophilic dysplasia of the gallbladder: a hitherto undescribed variant identified in association with a "porcelain" gallbladder SO DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Non-mass forming, neoplastic intraepithelial proliferations (dysplasia) represent the most well-accepted precursor lesions to gallbladder adenocarcinomas. They are typically small, localized, grossly unrecognizable lesions that have been identified in the epithelium adjacent to up to 79% of gallbladder adenocarcinomas. Morphologic variants that have been reported include flat, micropapillary, papillary and cribriform. We have recently encountered a morphologically distinctive, previously unreported lesion to which we have applied the designation eosinophilic dysplasia. This lesion was identified in a gallbladder with diffuse mural fibrosis and calcification (porcelain gallbladder). The dysplastic focus was confined to one tissue section, and was comprised of a localized true papilla [i.e with a fibrovascular core], measuring approximately 1.2 mm in greatest dimension and an adjacent, flat, 7-cell epithelial segment. These foci were lined by cells displaying significant nuclear enlargement [1.5-4 times the adjacent benign cells], nuclear pleomorphism, occasional multinucleation, hyperchromasia and nuclear membrane irregularities. Nucleoli were present but inconspicuous. These cells also showed voluminous eosinophilic to granular cytoplasm, such that the overall nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio was generally not increased. The cells displayed diffuse and marked nuclear immunoreactivity for p53, and approximately 70% of the cells showed nuclear positivity for Ki-67. The cells were also positive for cytokeratin 7 and were entirely negative for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and chromogranin A. The cells of the adjacent normal epithelium were positive for cytokeratin 7 and CEA, negative for p53 and chromogranin A and showed a Ki-67 labeling index of < 10%. Marked overexpression of the p53 protein as well as its high proliferative index are strong arguments in favor of the dysplastic nature of this lesion. However, further studies are required to elucidate its true clinical significance and to determine whether or not its association with a porcelain gallbladder, as noted herein, is entirely fortuitous. However, such studies can only be performed with an increased recognition by practitioners of this distinctive variant. C1 [Fadare, Oluwole; DeMartini, Steven D.] Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. [Fadare, Oluwole] Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Antonio, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. RP Fadare, O (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. EM oluwolefadare@yahoo.com; STEVEN.DEMARTINI@LACKLAND.AF.MIL NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1746-1596 J9 DIAGN PATHOL JI Diagn. Pathol. PY 2006 VL 1 AR 15 DI 10.1186/1746-1596-1-15 PG 4 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA V83AX UT WOS:000205613100015 PM 16879748 ER PT J AU Russell, MJ Fadare, O AF Russell, Michael J. Fadare, Oluwole TI Adenoid basal lesions of the uterine cervix: evolving terminology and clinicopathological concepts SO DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY LA English DT Review AB The epithelial proliferations that are designated adenoid basal carcinoma (ABC) in the current classification from the World Health Organization represent < 1% of all cervical malignancies. These lesions may be associated, and occasionally show morphologic transitions with, conventional cervical malignancies. The determination of the precise frequency with which these so-called ABCs show this association is hampered by the inherent selection bias in the reported cases. However, this frequency appears to be substantial (> 15%). The biologic course of ABCs that are associated with separate malignancies is largely dependent on the clinicopathologic parameters of the associated malignancies. Morphologically pure lesions, in contrast, have largely been associated with favorable patient outcomes, as none of the 66 reported patients have experienced tumor recurrence, metastases or tumor-associated death, irrespective of the modality of treatment. Although the finding of genome integrated high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types and p53 alterations in adenoid basal lesions (ABL) argue in support of their neoplastic nature, we identified no lines evidence that suggest an inherent malignancy for morphologically pure lesions. The finding of morphologic transitions between ABLs and conventional malignancies and shared HPV types in these areas, suggest that ABLs have some malignant potential. However, the precise magnitude of this potential is not readily quantifiable and should not dictate the management of morphologically pure lesions that are entirely evaluable. ABLs continue to occupy a unique position in human oncology in which the term carcinoma (without an in-situ suffix) is applied to a tumor that has not been shown to recur, metastasize or cause death. We concur with a previous proposal that the term ABC should be discarded and replaced with Adenoid Basal Epithelioma (ABE). In our opinion, there is insufficient evidence at present time to expose patients with morphologically pure lesions to the ominous implications - social, psychological, medical, financial - of a "carcinoma" diagnosis. Morphologically impure lesions should not be designated ABC or ABE. Furthermore, given the uncertainties regarding the frequency with which ABE are associated with separate malignancies, we suggest that the ABE designation only be applied when the tumor in question is entirely evaluable e. g in a hysterectomy specimen or in an excisional biopsy with negative margins. Otherwise, the generic designation Adenoid Basal Tumor is preferable. This approach strikes an appropriate balance between the need to prevent over-treatment of pure lesions on one hand, and the need to ensure that the lesions are indeed pure on the other. C1 [Russell, Michael J.; Fadare, Oluwole] Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. [Russell, Michael J.] San Antonio Uniformed Serv Hlth Educ Consortium R, San Antonio, TX USA. [Fadare, Oluwole] Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Antonio, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. RP Fadare, O (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. EM michael.russell@lackland.af.mil; oluwolefadare@yahoo.com NR 96 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1746-1596 J9 DIAGN PATHOL JI Diagn. Pathol. PY 2006 VL 1 AR 18 DI 10.1186/1746-1596-1-18 PG 14 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA V83AX UT WOS:000205613100018 PM 16911774 ER PT B AU Levy, AD AF Levy, A. D. BE Schulthess, GK VonSchulthess, GK Zollikofer, CHL TI Differential diagnosis of diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts SO Diseases of the Abdomen and Pelvis: DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING AND INTERVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 38th International Diagnostic Course CY APR 01-04, 2006 CL Davos, SWITZERLAND ID XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS CHOLECYSTITIS; PATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION; ADENOMYOMATOSIS; CARCINOMA; FEATURES; SPECTRUM; CT C1 USAF, Inst Pathol, Dept Radiol Pathol, Washington, DC USA. RP Levy, AD (reprint author), USAF, Inst Pathol, Dept Radiol Pathol, Washington, DC USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG ITALIA PI MILAN PA MILAN, ITALY BN 88-470-0470-5 PY 2006 BP 118 EP 121 DI 10.1007/88-470-0508-6_17 PG 4 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BEL70 UT WOS:000238021000017 ER PT S AU Bussjager, R Erdmann, R Kovanis, V McKeon, B Fanto, M Johns, S Hayduk, M Osman, J Morrow, A Green, M Stoffel, N Tan, S Shick, C Bacon, W Beaman, B AF Bussjager, Rebecca Erdmann, Reinhard Kovanis, Vassillios McKeon, Brian Fanto, Michael Johns, Steve Hayduk, Michael Osman, Joseph Morrow, Alan Green, Malcolm Stoffel, Nancy Tan, Songsheng Shick, Charles Bacon, Wesley Beaman, Bryan BE Hayduk, MJ Pirich, AR Donkor, EJ Delfyett, PJ TI Injection characterization of packaged bi-directional diamond shaped ring lasers at 1550 nm - art. no. 62430J SO Enabling Photonics Technologies for Defense, Security, and Aerospace Applications II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Photonics Technologies for Defence, Security, and Aerospace Applications II CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE bi-directional semiconductor ring lasers; diamond shaped; laser injection ID SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS; LOCKING AB The Air Force Research Laboratory, Binoptics Corp., and Infotonics Technology Center worked collaboratively to package and characterize recently developed diode based ring lasers that operate at 1550 nm in a diamond shaped cavity. The laser modes propagate bi-directionally; however, uniaxial propagation may be induced by optical injection or by integrating a mirror. Round trip cavity length was 500 mu m in 3.5 mu m wide ridge waveguides, and four polarization-maintaining lensed fibers provided access to the input and output modes. A signal from a tunable diode laser, incident at one port, served to injection lock both of the counter-propagating circulating modes. When the input signal was time-encoded by an optical modulator, the encoding was transferred to both modes with an inverted time-intensity profile. Performance, in terms of fidelity and extinction ratio, is characterized for selected pulsed and monochromatic formats from low frequencies to those exceeding 12 GHz. A rate equation model is proposed to account for certain aspects of the observed behavior and analog and digital applications are discussed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNDP, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Bussjager, R (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNDP, 25 Elect Pkwy, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6299-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6243 BP J2430 EP J2430 AR 62430J DI 10.1117/12.670325 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BES06 UT WOS:000239227200016 ER PT S AU Cox, JL Zmuda, H Li, J Sforza, PM AF Cox, Joseph L. Zmuda, Henry Li, Jian Sforza, Pasquale M. BE Hayduk, MJ Pirich, AR Donkor, EJ Delfyett, PJ TI Ultra wideband photonic control of an adaptive phased array antenna - art. no. 62430V SO Enabling Photonics Technologies for Defense, Security, and Aerospace Applications II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Photonics Technologies for Defence, Security, and Aerospace Applications II CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE microwave photonics; adaptive beamforming; phased array antennas; time reversal ID SUPERCONTINUUM GENERATION; FIBER; DELAY AB This paper presents a new concept for a photonic implementation of a time reversed RF antenna array beamforming system. The process does not require analog to digital conversion to implement and is therefore particularly suited for high bandwidth applications. Significantly, propagation distortion due to atmospheric effects, clutter, etc. is automatically accounted for with the time reversal process. The approach utilizes the reflection of an initial interrogation signal from off an extended target to precisely time match the radiating elements of the array so as to re-radiate signals precisely back to the target's location. The backscattered signal(s) from the desired location is captured by each antenna and used to modulate a pulsed laser. An electrooptic switch acts as a time gate to eliminate any unwanted signals such as those reflected from other targets whose range is different from that of the desired location resulting in a spatial null at that location. A chromatic dispersion processor is used to extract the exact array parameters of the received signal location. Hence, other than an approximate knowledge of the steering direction needed only to approximately establish the time gating, no knowledge of the target position is required, and hence no knowledge of the array element time delay is required. Target motion and/or array element jitter is automatically accounted for. This paper presents the preliminary study of the photonic processor, analytical justification, and simulated results. The technology has a broad range of applications including aerospace and defense and in medical imaging. C1 USAF, Space & Missile Syst Ctr, Los Angeles, CA USA. RP Cox, JL (reprint author), USAF, Space & Missile Syst Ctr, Los Angeles, CA USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6299-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6243 BP V2430 EP V2430 AR 62430V DI 10.1117/12.672882 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BES06 UT WOS:000239227200027 ER PT S AU Talbert, ML Swayne, DE AF Talbert, Michael L. Swayne, Daniel E. BE Trevisani, DA TI Visual unified modeling language for-the composition of scenarios in modeling and simulation systems - art. no. 62270J SO Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Technologies for Simulation Science X CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE composable simulation; visual language; scenario reusability; application wrapping AB The Department of Defense uses modeling and simulation systems in many various roles, from research and training to modeling likely outcomes of command decisions. Simulation systems have been increasing in complexity with the increased capability of low-cost computer systems to support these DOD requirements. The demand for scenarios is also increasing, but the complexity of the simulation systems has caused a bottleneck in scenario development due to the limited number of individuals with knowledge of the arcane simulator languages in which these scenarios are written. This research combines the results of previous efforts from the Air Force Institute of Technology in visual modeling languages to create a language that unifies description of entities within a scenario with its behavior using a visual tool that was developed in the course of this research. The resulting language has a grammar and syntax that can be parsed from the visual representation of the scenario. The language is designed so that scenarios can be described in a generic manner, not tied to a specific simulation system, allowing the future development of modules to translate the generic scenario into simulation system specific scenarios. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Talbert, ML (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6283-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6227 BP J2270 EP J2270 AR 62270J DI 10.1117/12.663672 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEU97 UT WOS:000239571500018 ER PT S AU Neriani, KE Herbranson, TJ Reis, GA Pinkus, AR Goodyear, CD AF Neriani, Kelly E. Herbranson, Travis J. Reis, George A. Pinkus, Alan R. Goodyear, Charles D. BE Verly, JG Guell, JJ TI Visual performance-based image enhancement methodology: an investigation of contrast enhancement algorithms - art. no. 622606 SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2006 Conference CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE image enhancement; psychophysical. experiments; visual search; contrast enhancing algorithm ID RETINEX AB While vast numbers of image enhancing algorithms have already been developed, the majority of these algorithms have not been assessed in terms of their visual performance-enhancing effects using militarily relevant scenarios. The goal of this research was to apply a visual performance-based assessment methodology to evaluate six algorithms that were specifically designed to enhance the contrast of digital images. The image enhancing algorithms used in this study included three different histogram equalization algorithms, the Autolevels function, the Recursive Rational Filter technique described in Marsi, Ramponi, and Carrato(1) and the multiscale Retinex. algorithm described in Rahman, Jobson and Woodell(2). The methodology used in the assessment has been developed to acquire objective human visual performance data as a means of evaluating the contrast enhancement algorithms. Objective performance metrics, response time and error rate, were used to compare algorithm enhanced images versus two baseline conditions, original non-enhanced images and contrast-degraded images. Observers completed a visual search task using a spatial-forced-choice paradigm. Observers searched images for a target (a military vehicle) hidden among foliage and then indicated in which quadrant of the screen the target was located. Response time and percent correct were measured for each observer. Results of the study and future directions are discussed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Visualizat Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6282-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6226 BP 22606 EP 22606 AR 622606 DI 10.1117/12.666018 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BEU95 UT WOS:000239569900006 ER PT S AU French, GA Murphy, DM Ercoline, WR AF French, Guy A. Murphy, David M. Ercoline, William R. BE Verly, JG Guell, JJ TI Flare cue symbology for zero-zero weather landing - art. no. 62260L SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2006 Conference CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE enhanced vision; flight symbology; flight guidance; situation awareness; military transport AB When flying an airplane, landing is arguably the most difficult task a pilot can do. This applies to pilots of all skill levels particularly as the level of complexity in both the aircraft and environment increase. Current navigational aids, such as an instrument landing system (ILS), do a good job of providing safe guidance for an approach to an airfield. These aids provide data to primary flight reference (PFR) displays on-board the aircraft depicting through symbology what the pilot's eyes should be seeing. Piloting an approach under visual meteorological conditions (VMC) is relatively easy compared to the various complex instrument approaches under instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) which may include flying in zero-zero weather. Perhaps the most critical point in the approach is the transition to landing where the rate of closure between the wheels and the runway is critical to a smooth, accurate landing. Very few PFR's provide this flare cue information. In this study we will evaluate examples of flare cueing symbology for use in landing an aircraft in the most difficult conditions. This research is a part of a larger demonstration effort using sensor technology to land in zero-zero weather at airfields that offer no or unreliable approach guidance. Several problems exist when landing without visual reference to the outside world. One is landing with a force greater than desired at touchdown and another is landing on a point of the runway other than desired. We compare different flare cueing systems to one another and against a baseline for completing this complex approach task. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP French, GA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2210 8th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6282-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6226 BP L2260 EP L2260 AR 62260L DI 10.1117/12.666601 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BEU95 UT WOS:000239569900021 ER PT S AU Reis, GA Neriani, KE Pinkus, AR Heft, EL AF Reis, George A. Neriani, Kelly E. Pinkus, Alan R. Heft, Eric L. BE Verly, JG Guell, JJ TI Psychometric correlates of the effects of image-enhancing algorithms on visual performance - art. no. 62260P SO Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2006 Conference CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE image enhancement; method of paired comparisons; magnitude estimation; psychometrics; algorithms; circular triads AB Future military imaging devices will have computational capabilities that will allow agile, real-time image enhancement. In preparing for such devices, numerous image enhancement algorithms should be studied. However, these algorithms need evaluating in terms of human visual performance using military-relevant imagery. Evaluating these algorithms through objective performance measures requires extensive time and resources. We investigated several subjective methodologies for down-selecting algorithms to be studied in future research. Degraded imagery was processed using six algorithms and then ranked along with the original non-degraded and degraded imagery through the method of paired comparisons and the method of magnitude estimation, in terms of subjective attitude. These rankings were then compared to objective performance measures: reaction times and errors in finding targets in the processed imagery. In general, we found associations between subjective and objective measures. This leads us to believe that subjective assessment may provide an easy and fast way for down-selecting algorithms but at the same time should not be used in place of objective performance-based measures. C1 USAF, Res Lab, HECV, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Reis, GA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, HECV, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6282-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6226 BP P2260 EP P2260 AR 62260P DI 10.1117/12.665541 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BEU95 UT WOS:000239569900025 ER PT S AU Calhoun, GL Draper, MH Ruff, HA Nelson, JT Lefebvre, AT AF Calhoun, Gloria L. Draper, Mark H. Ruff, Heath A. Nelson, Jeremy T. Lefebvre, Austen T. BE Verly, JG Guell, JJ TI Simulation assessment of synthetic vision concepts for UAV operations SO ENHANCED AND SYNTHETIC VISION 2006 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enhanced and Synthetic Vision 2006 CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE synthetic vision; conformal overlay; situation awareness; unmanned aerial vehicle; UAV; update rate ID AUGMENTED REALITY; ATTENTION AB The Air Force Research Laboratory's Human Effectiveness Directorate supports research addressing human factors associated with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operator control stations. One research thrust explores the value of combining synthetic vision data with live camera video presented on a UAV control station display. Information is constructed from databases (e.g., terrain, etc.), as well as numerous information updates via networked communication with other sources. This information is overlaid conformal, in real time, onto the dynamic camera video image display presented to operators. Synthetic vision overlay technology is expected to improve operator situation awareness by highlighting elements of interest within the video image. Secondly, it can assist the operator in maintaining situation awareness of an environment if the video datalink is temporarily degraded. Synthetic vision overlays can also serve to facilitate intuitive communications of spatial information between geographically separated users. This paper discusses results from a high-fidelity UAV simulation evaluation of synthetic symbology overlaid on a (simulated) live camera display. Specifically, the effects of different telemetry data update rates for synthetic visual data were examined for a representative sensor operator task. Participants controlled the zoom and orientation of the camera to find and designate targets. The results from both performance and subjective data demonstrated the potential benefit of an overlay of synthetic symbology for improving situation awareness, reducing workload, and decreasing time required to designate points of interest. Implications of symbology update rate are discussed, as well as other human factors issues. C1 USAF, Res Lab, HECI, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Calhoun, GL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, HECI, 2210 8th St,Bldg 146, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Gloria.calhoun@wpafb.af.mil NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6282-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6226 AR 62260E DI 10.1117/12.665633 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BEU95 UT WOS:000239569900014 ER PT J AU Iyer, RV Holsapple, R Doman, D AF Iyer, RV Holsapple, R Doman, D TI Optimal control problems on parallelizable Riemannian manifolds: Theory and applications SO ESAIM-CONTROL OPTIMISATION AND CALCULUS OF VARIATIONS LA English DT Article DE regular optimal control; simple mechanical systems; calculus of variations; numerical solution; modified simple shooting method AB The motivation for this work is the real-time solution of a standard optimal control problem arising in robotics and aerospace applications. For example, the trajectory planning problem for air vehicles is naturally cast as an optimal control problem on the tangent bundle of the Lie Group SE( 3), which is also a parallelizable Riemannian manifold. For an optimal control problem on the tangent bundle of such a manifold, we use frame co-ordinates and obtain first-order necessary conditions employing calculus of variations. The use of frame co-ordinates means that intrinsic quantities like the Levi-Civita connection and Riemannian curvature tensor appear in the equations for the co-states. The resulting equations are singularity-free and considerably simpler ( from a numerical perspective) than those obtained using a local co-ordinates representation, and are thus better from a computational point of view. The first order necessary conditions result in a two point boundary value problem which we successfully solve by means of a Modified Simple Shooting Method. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Iyer, RV (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM ram.iyer@ttu.edu NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 1262-3377 J9 ESAIM CONTR OPTIM CA JI ESAIM-Control OPtim. Calc. Var. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 12 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1051/cocv:2005026 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Mathematics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Mathematics GA 993RJ UT WOS:000233972300001 ER PT J AU Casazza, PG Fickus, M AF Casazza, Peter G. Fickus, Matthew TI Fourier transforms of finite chirps SO EURASIP JOURNAL ON APPLIED SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article AB Chirps arise in many signal processing applications. While chirps have been extensively studied as functions over both the real line and the integers, less attention has been paid to the study of chirps over finite groups. We study the existence and properties of chirps over finite cyclic groups of integers. In particular, we introduce a new definition of a finite chirp which is slightly more general than those that have been previously used. We explicitly compute the discrete Fourier transforms of these chirps, yielding results that are number-theoretic in nature. As a consequence of these results, we determine the degree to which the elements of certain finite tight frames are well distributed. Copyright (C) 2006 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Math, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Math & Stat, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Casazza, PG (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Math, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1110-8657 J9 EURASIP J APPL SIG P JI EURASIP J Appl. Signal Process. PY 2006 AR 70204 DI 10.1155/ASP/2006/70204 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 105YW UT WOS:000242069200001 ER PT J AU Lapierre, FD Verly, JG Himed, B Klemm, R Lesturgie, M AF Lapierre, Fabian D. Verly, Jacques G. Himed, Braham Klemm, Richard Lesturgie, Marc TI Radar space-time adaptive processing SO EURASIP JOURNAL ON APPLIED SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Royal Mil Acad, Dept Elect Engn, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Liege, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. FGAN FFM, D-53343 Wachtberg, Germany. Off Natl Etud & Rech Aerosp, DEMR, F-91761 Palaiseau, France. RP Lapierre, FD (reprint author), Royal Mil Acad, Dept Elect Engn, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION PI NEW YORK PA 410 PARK AVENUE, 15TH FLOOR, #287 PMB, NEW YORK, NY 10022 USA SN 1110-8657 J9 EURASIP J APPL SIG P JI EURASIP J Appl. Signal Process. PY 2006 AR 93805 DI 10.1155/ASP/2006/93805 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 105XE UT WOS:000242064800001 ER PT J AU Schweinsberg, A Lepeshkin, NN Bigelow, MS Boyd, RW Jarabo, S AF Schweinsberg, A Lepeshkin, NN Bigelow, MS Boyd, RW Jarabo, S TI Observation of superluminal and slow light propagation in erbium-doped optical fiber SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GAIN MODULATION; VELOCITY AB We observe both extremely slow and superluminal pulse propagation speeds at room temperature in an erbium-doped fiber (EDF). A signal at 1550 nm is sent through an erbium-doped. ber with varying powers of a 980 nm pump. The degree of signal delay or advancement is found to depend significantly on the pump intensity. We observe a maximum fractional advancement of 0.124 and a maximum fractional delay of 0.089. The effect is demonstrated both for a sinusoidally modulated signal and for Gaussian pulses. The ability to control the sign and magnitude of the pulse velocity could have important implications for applications in photonics. C1 Univ Rochester, Inst Opt, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Univ Zaragoza, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis Aplicada, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. San Francisco State Univ, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Schweinsberg, A (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Inst Opt, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. RI Schweinsberg, Aaron/D-7488-2012; OI Jarabo, Sebastian/0000-0002-2523-8598 NR 21 TC 128 Z9 144 U1 0 U2 14 PU EDP SCIENCES S A PI LES ULIS CEDEX A PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EUROPHYS LETT JI Europhys. Lett. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 2 BP 218 EP 224 DI 10.1209/epl/i2005-10371-0 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 000GA UT WOS:000234447700010 ER PT S AU Stipanovic, AJ Amidon, TE Scott, GM Barber, V Blowers, MK AF Stipanovic, AJ Amidon, TE Scott, GM Barber, V Blowers, MK BE Bozell, JJ Patel, MK TI Hemicellulose from biodelignified wood: A feedstock for renewable materials and chemicals SO FEEDSTOCKS FOR THE FUTURE: RENEWABLES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS AND MATERIALS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 227th National Meeting of the American-Chemical Society CY MAR 28-APR 01, 2004 CL Anaheim, CA SP Amer Chem Soc ID LIGNIN AB The hemicellulose fraction of woody biomass, typically 20-35% of the dry weight of wood, is currently an underutilized renewable resource potentially useful for biobased fuels, chemicals and polymeric materials In this study, a fungal biodelignification pretreatment stage was successfully employed to enhance the accessibility of fast growing willow wood chips to hemicellulose extraction using water at 140-160 degrees C Films of hardwood xylan hemicellulose blended with commercially available cellulose esters were prepared from solution in an initial effort to generate new, biodegradable hemicellulose-based materials. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Chem, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Paper Sci & Engn, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY 13440 USA. RP Stipanovic, AJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Chem, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3934-7 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2006 VL 921 BP 210 EP 221 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA BED19 UT WOS:000236870600016 ER PT S AU Ward, BG AF Ward, Benjamin G. BE Brown, AJW Nilsson, J Harter, DJ Tunnermann, A TI The effect of macro-bending on phasing in 6 and 7-core large mode area photonic crystal fibers - art. no. 61021D SO Fiber Lasers III: Technology, Systems, and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Fiber Lasers III CY JAN 23-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP Aculight Corp, SPIE ID MICROSTRUCTURED OPTICAL FIBERS; LOSSES AB In this paper, we present the results of a frequency domain analysis of the effect of coiling induced macro-bending on the phasing of the modes of 6 and 7-core large mode area photonic crystal fibers. These fibers may enable fiber laser CW power and pulse energy scaling due to their large effective mode area (similar to 4000 square microns), however; phase differences between the cores degrade the output beam quality. We study the effects of bend axis, bend radius, and core geometry on the phasing of the fiber modes. Coiling causes the signals in the individual cores to suffer de-phasing relative to each other in a predictable manner. This allows the possibility of recovering phased output, and thus near diffraction limited beam quality, from amplifiers employing these fibers. Preliminary experimental results are also presented. C1 AF Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Ward, BG (reprint author), AF Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RI Tunnermann, Andreas/K-6453-2016 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6144-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6102 BP D1021 EP D1021 AR 61021D DI 10.1117/12.646273 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEF83 UT WOS:000237143300040 ER PT S AU Shay, TM Benham, V Spring, J Ward, B Ghebremichael, F Culpepper, MAA Sanchez, AD Baker, JT Pilkington, D Berdine, R AF Shay, T. M. Benham, Vincent Spring, Justin Ward, Benjamin Ghebremichael, F. Culpepper, Mark A. A. Sanchez, Anthony D. Baker, J. T. Pilkington, D. Berdine, Richard BE Brown, AJW Nilsson, J Harter, DJ Tunnermann, A TI Self-referenced locking of optical coherence by single-detector electronic-frequency tagging SO FIBER LASERS III: TECHNOLOGY, SYSTEMS, AND APPLICATIONS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Fiber Lasers III CY JAN 23-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP Aculight Corp, SPIE DE phased array; phase control; coherent beam combining ID FIBER LASER ARRAY; PHASE; BEAM AB We report a novel coherent beam combining technique. This is the first actively phase locked optical fiber array that eliminates the need for a separate reference beam. In addition, only a single photodetector is required. The far-field central spot of the array is imaged onto the photodetector to produce the phase control loop signals. Each leg of the fiber array is phase modulated with a separate RF frequency, thus tagging the optical phase shift for each leg by a separate RF frequency. The optical phase errors for the individual array legs are separated in the electronic domain. In contrast with the previous active phase locking techniques, in our system the reference beam is spatially overlapped with all the RF modulated fiber leg beams onto a single detector. The phase shift between the optical wave in the reference leg and in the RF modulated legs is measured separately in the electronic domain and the phase error signal is feedback to the LiNbO3 phase modulator for that leg to minimize the phase error for that leg relative to the reference leg. The advantages of this technique are 1) the elimination of the reference beam and beam combination optics and 2) the electronic separation of the phase error signals without any degradation of the phase locking accuracy. We will present the first theoretical model for self-referenced LOCSET and describe experimental results for a 3 x 3 array. C1 [Shay, T. M.; Benham, Vincent; Spring, Justin; Ward, Benjamin; Ghebremichael, F.; Culpepper, Mark A. A.; Sanchez, Anthony D.; Baker, J. T.; Pilkington, D.; Berdine, Richard] USAF, Res Lab, DELO, 3550 Aberdeen Ave, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Shay, TM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, DELO, 3550 Aberdeen Ave, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RI Tunnermann, Andreas/K-6453-2016 NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6144-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6102 AR 61020V DI 10.1117/12.646634 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEF83 UT WOS:000237143300025 ER PT B AU Knapp, JR Schmidt, VA Chung, SM AF Knapp, James R. Schmidt, Vincent A. Chung, Soon M. BE Baik, DK Primeaux, D Ishii, N Lee, R TI Specification for visual requirements of work-centered software systems SO FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING RESEARCH, MANAGEMENT AND APPLICATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications CY AUG 09-11, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP Int Assoc Comp & Informat Sci AB Work-centered software systems function as inherent work-aiding systems. Based on the design concept for a work-centered support system (WCSS), these software systems support user tasks and goals through both direct and indirect aiding methods within the interface client. In order to ensure the coherent development and delivery of work-centered software products, WCSS visual requirements must be specified to capture the cognitive aspects of the user interface design. A work-centered specification language based on the User Interface Markup Language (UIML) is an effective solution to bridging this gap between cognitive systems engineering and software engineering. In this paper, we propose a new visual requirements specification language that can capture and describe work-centered visual requirements within a semi-formal syntax. The proposed language can also be easily integrated into a UML object model via the use of UML's extensibility features. A specification language for visual requirements could be employed by cognitive engineers and design teams to help convey requirements in a comprehensible format that is suitable for a software engineer. Such, a solution provides coherency in the software modeling process of developing work-centered software systems. C1 [Knapp, James R.; Chung, Soon M.] Wright State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. [Schmidt, Vincent A.] AFRL HECS, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Knapp, JR (reprint author), Wright State Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. EM knapp.12@wright.edu; vincent.schmidt@wpafb.af.mil; soon.chung@wright.edu FU Air Force Research Laboratory; Dayton Area Graduate Studies Institute FX This research is supported in part by a research fellowship jointly provided by the Air Force Research Laboratory and the Dayton Area Graduate Studies Institute. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2656-X PY 2006 BP 378 EP + DI 10.1109/SERA.2006.63 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BFB84 UT WOS:000240908800052 ER PT S AU Hindman, CW Hunt, JP Engberg, BS Walchko, KJ AF Hindman, Charles W. Hunt, Jeffrey P. Engberg, Brian S. Walchko, Kevin J. BE Mecherle, GS TI Optimal GEO lasercomm terminal field of view for LEO link support - art. no. 610504 SO Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communication Technologies XVIII CY JAN 24-25, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE lasercom; field of view; satellite availability; wide field optical design AB As alternatives to the traditional gimbaled terminal design, future satellite based laser communications terminals are envisioned that utilize a wide field of view or field of regard (WFOV/WFOR). This approach can be advantageous in situations requiring rapid switching between user terminals, support for multiple terminals simultaneously (via TDMA, SDMA or WDMA) or other non-standard mission requirements. However, a traditional gimbaled terminal has the capability to continuously track a single user over very large angles, such as the 18-20 degrees spanned by a LEO satellite as seen from GEO. WFOV/WFOR designs face increasing cost and/or complexity issues with each incremental increase in angular coverage. The methodology and inputs for a trade study are presented here that attempts to maximize the available connectivity to a LEO satellite while minimizing cost and complexity metrics by choosing an optimal FOV/FOR size for a GEO terminal. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Hindman, CW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6147-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6105 BP 10504 EP 10504 AR 610504 DI 10.1117/12.646378 PG 10 WC Optics; Telecommunications SC Optics; Telecommunications GA BEF93 UT WOS:000237168400003 ER PT S AU Shay, TM Benham, V Baker, JT AF Shay, T. M. Benham, Vincent Baker, J. T. BE Majumdar, AK Davis, CC TI First experimental demonstration of self-synchronous locking of optical coherence by single-detector electronic-frequency tagging of fiber amplifiers SO Free-Space Laser Communications VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communications VI CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE phase locking; fiber array phase locking; optical phase locking; fiber amplifier phase locking ID LASER ARRAY; PHASE; BEAM AB A novel high accuracy all electronic technique for phase locking arrays of optical fibers is demonstrated. We report the first demonstration of the only electronic phase locking technique that doesn't require a reference beam. The measured phase error is lambda/20. Excellent phase locking has been demonstrated for fiber amplifier arrays. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Shay, TM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6383-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6304 BP U234 EP U240 DI 10.1117/12.678425 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Telecommunications SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Telecommunications GA BFI04 UT WOS:000241946400023 ER PT S AU Shay, TM AF Shay, Thomas M. BE Majumdar, AK Davis, CC TI Theory of electronic phase locking of an optical array without a reference beam SO Free-Space Laser Communications VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communications VI CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID FIBER LASER ARRAY AB The first theory for two novel coherent beam combination architectures that are the first electronic beam combination architectures that completely eliminate the need for a separate reference beam are presented. Detailed theoretical models are developed and presented for the first time. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Shay, TM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6383-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6304 BP U193 EP U203 DI 10.1117/12.678424 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Telecommunications SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Telecommunications GA BFI04 UT WOS:000241946400019 ER PT S AU Wilkerson, BL Giggenbach, D Epple, B AF Wilkerson, Brandon L. Giggenbach, Dirk Epple, Bernhard BE Majumdar, AK Davis, CC TI Concepts for fast acquisition in optical communications systems SO Free-Space Laser Communications VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Free-Space Laser Communications VI CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE optical communication terminals; satellite mobile communication; satellite navigation systems; position measurement; attitude determination; pointing systems; ADS-B AB As free-space laser communications systems proliferate due to improved technology and transmission techniques, optical communication networks comprised of ground stations, aircraft, high altitude platforms, and satellites become an attainable goal. An important consideration for optical networks is the ability of optical communication terminals (OCT) to quickly locate one another and align their laser beams to initiate the acquisition sequence. This paper investigates promising low-cost technologies and novel approaches that will facilitate the targeting and acquisition tasks between counter terminals. Specifically, two critical technology areas are investigated: position determination (which includes location and attitude determination) and inter-terminal communications. A feasibility study identified multiple-antenna global navigation satellite system (GNSS) systems and GNSS-aided inertial systems as possible position determination solutions. Personal satellite communication systems (e.g. Iridium or Inmarsat), third generation cellular technology (IMT-2000/LTMTS), and a relatively new air traffic surveillance technology called Autonomous Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) were identified as possible inter-terminal communication solutions. A GNSS-aided inertial system and an ADS-B system were integrated into an OCT to demonstrate their utility in a typical optical communication scenario. Testing showed that these technologies have high potential in future OCTs, although improvements can be made to both to increase tracking accuracy. C1 USAF, German Aerosp Ctr, DLR, Wessling, Germany. RP Wilkerson, BL (reprint author), USAF, German Aerosp Ctr, DLR, Wessling, Germany. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6383-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6304 BP U72 EP U83 DI 10.1117/12.680487 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Telecommunications SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Telecommunications GA BFI04 UT WOS:000241946400007 ER PT B AU Edge, KS Lamont, GB Raines, RA AF Edge, Kenneth S. Lamont, Gary B. Raines, Richard A. BE Keijzer, M TI A retrovirus inspired algorithm for virus detection & optimization SO GECCO 2006: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Vol 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Annual Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference CY JUL 08-12, 2006 CL Seattle, WA SP ACM SIGEVO DE computer virus; security; detection; memetic; genetic algorithms; RNA; function optimization AB In the search for a robust and efficient algorithm to be used for computer virus detection, we have developed an artificial immune system genetic algorithm (REALGO) based on the human immune system's use of reverse transcription ribonucleic acid (RNA). The REALGO algorithm provides memory such that during a complex search the algorithm can revert back to and attempt to mutate in a different "direction" in order to escape local minima. In lieu of non-existing virus generic templates, validation is addressed by using an appropriate variety of function optimizations with landscapes believed to be similar to that of virus detection. It is empirically shown that the REALGO algorithm finds "better" solutions than other evolutionary strategies in four out of eight test functions and finds equally "good" solutions in the remaining four optimization problems. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Edge, KS (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 978-1-59593-186-3 PY 2006 BP 103 EP 110 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGR10 UT WOS:000249917300016 ER PT S AU Noh, KL Chaudhari, Q Serpedin, E Suter, B AF Noh, Kyoung-Lae Chaudhari, Qasim Serpedin, Erchin Suter, Bruce GP IEEE TI Analysis of Clock Offset and Skew Estimation in Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks SO GLOBECOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE SE IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 06) CY NOV 27-DEC 01, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE Commun Soc (ComSoc) DE Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN); Maximum Likelihood (ML); Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB); Clock; Synchronization AB Recently, a few protocols for synchronizing the nodes of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to a common time frame have been proposed with the goal of maximizing the accuracy and minimizing the power utilization. Thus far, the performance of the existing protocols for time synchronization is assessed only through computer simulations and experiments without using any rigorous analytical metrics. The goal of this paper is to fill up this gap by deriving the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for the clock offset in one of the most popular synchronization algorithms, namely Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN), assuming commonly used exponential and Gaussian delay models, respectively. Furthermore, this paper proposes novel and practical clock skew estimators requiring no prior information of the fixed portion of delays, which makes the TPSN algorithm very suitable to synchronization in light of its power efficiency constraint. C1 [Noh, Kyoung-Lae; Chaudhari, Qasim; Serpedin, Erchin] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Zachry Engn Ctr 214, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Suter, Bruce] Air Force Res Lab, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Noh, KL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Zachry Engn Ctr 214, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM klnoh@ece.tamu.edu; qasim@ece.tamu.edu; serpedin@ece.tamu.edu; bruce.suter@rl.af.mil FU NSF [CCR-0092901]; NRC/AFOSR fellowship FX This work was supported in part by the NSF Award No. CCR-0092901 and NRC/AFOSR fellowship. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-529X BN 978-1-4244-0356-1 J9 GLOB TELECOMM CONF PY 2006 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BUC00 UT WOS:000288765600113 ER PT S AU Wei, LL Batalama, SN Pados, DA Suter, B AF Wei, Lili Batalama, Stella N. Pados, Dimitris A. Suter, Bruce GP IEEE TI SINR-optimized Binary Signatures by Linear Search SO GLOBECOM 2006 - 2006 IEEE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE SE IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Globecom) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 06) CY NOV 27-DEC 01, 2006 CL San Francisco, CA SP IEEE Commun Soc (ComSoc) DE Binary sequences; code-division multiple-access (CDMA); code-division multiplexing; signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR); signal waveform design; signature sets; spread-spectrum communications; ultra-wideband (UWB) communications ID TOTAL-SQUARED-CORRELATION; SYNCHRONOUS CDMA SYSTEMS; KARYSTINOS-PADOS BOUNDS; DS-CDMA; USER-CAPACITY; SUM CAPACITY; INTERFERENCE AVOIDANCE; WIRELESS SYSTEMS; SETS; OPTIMUM AB When data symbols modulate a signature waveform/pattern to move across a channel in the presence of disturbance, as in common spread-spectrum (SS) or code-division multiple-access (CDMA) or multiuser ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems, the signature/spreading code that maximizes the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the output of the maximum SINR filter is the smallest-eigenvalue eigenvector of the disturbance autocovariance matrix. In digital communication systems, however, the signature alphabet is finite and digital signature optimization is NP-hard. In this paper, we present a formal search procedure of cost linear in the signature length that returns the maximum-SINR binary signature near lines of least SINR decrease in the Euclidean vector space. The quality of the proposed adaptive binary design is compared against the theoretical upper bound of the complex/real eigenvector maximizer and other known static and adaptive binary signature designs. C1 [Wei, Lili; Batalama, Stella N.; Pados, Dimitris A.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Elect Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Suter, Bruce] AF Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Batalama, SN (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Elect Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM liliwei@eng.buffalo.edu; batalama@eng.buffalo.edu; pados@eng.buffalo.edu; bruce.suter@rl.af.mil FU Air Force Office of Scientific Research [FA9550-04-1-0256]; National Science Foundation [CCF-0219903] FX This work was supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Grant FA9550-04-1-0256 and the National Science Foundation under Grant CCF-0219903. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1930-529X BN 978-1-4244-0356-1 J9 GLOB TELECOMM CONF PY 2006 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BUC00 UT WOS:000288765604157 ER PT S AU Giver, EW AF Giver, E. W. BE Clauer, CR Siscoe, G TI The 1859 space weather event: Then and now SO GREAT HISTORICAL GEOMAGNETIC STORM OF 1859: A MODERN LOOK SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the 1859 Carrington Storm CY OCT, 2003 CL Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI HO Univ Michigan DE 1859; Carrington event; space weather; white-light flare; geomagnetic storm ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; SOLAR-FLARE MYTH; GEOMAGNETIC-ACTIVITY; MAGNETIC STORM; WIND; DISTURBANCES; SPECTROHELIOSCOPE; IDENTIFICATION; ERUPTIONS; MINIMUM AB The 1859 space weather event, combining the first solar flare ever reported with arguably the largest geomagnetic storm ever observed, provided a dramatic opening to a new area of Sun-Earth studies. Here I describe solar science at the time of the discovery of the flare, recount the observation, and trace the developments that led to the correct interpretation of the 1859 solar-terrestrial event by Bartels in 1937. A "fast forward" takes us to the present time when advances in modeling and increasing concern with space weather have prompted renewed interest in a classic observation. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 USAF, VSBXS, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Giver, EW (reprint author), USAF, VSBXS, 29 Randolph Rd, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. EM edward.cliver@hanscom.af.mil NR 113 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 2 BP 119 EP 129 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.077 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFL06 UT WOS:000242567000001 ER PT S AU Shea, MA Smart, DF AF Shea, M. A. Smart, D. F. BE Clauer, CR Siscoe, G TI Geomagnetic cutoff rigidities and geomagnetic coordinates appropriate for the Carrington flare Epoch SO GREAT HISTORICAL GEOMAGNETIC STORM OF 1859: A MODERN LOOK SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the 1859 Carrington Storm CY OCT, 2003 CL Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI HO Univ Michigan DE Carrington event; Epoch 1850; geomagnetic cutoff rigidities; geomagnetic coordinates ID FIELD; MODELS AB Using the trajectory-tracing technique for cosmic rays in the geomagnetic field, vertical cutoff rigidity values for a world grid have been determined for Epoch 1850. These values have been used to derive a world map of iso-rigidity contours that would have been appropriate for the era of the Carrington flare in September 1859. When comparing these iso-rigidity contours with those determined for Epoch 2000, large differences are found, particularly in the Atlantic Ocean region. Geomagnetic cutoff rigidity values and geomagnetic coordinates have been determined for selected mid and low latitude geographic locations for which aurora were sighted during the geomagnetic storms of late August and early September 1859 and compared with the values for those locations calculated for the year 2000. While the geomagnetic latitude differences are relatively small, there are major changes in the vertical cutoff rigidity values for these same locations over this 150-year period. The cutoff differences are attributed to a combination of: (1) the decreasing internal geomagnetic field over the last 150 years and (2) the westward drift of the major features of the geomagnetic field. The relatively small changes in geomagnetic latitude are attributed to the small change in the latitude of the north magnetic pole over this 150-year period. This study emphasizes that while geomagnetic cutoff values are essential for the analysis of high-energy solar proton events, they are not an appropriate parameter for evaluation of the equatorward extent of an auroral display. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VSBX, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Shea, MA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VSBX, 29 Randolph Rd, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. EM sssrc@msn.com NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 2 BP 209 EP 214 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.156 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFL06 UT WOS:000242567000011 ER PT S AU Smart, DF Shea, MA McCracken, KG AF Smart, D. F. Shea, M. A. McCracken, K. G. BE Clauer, CR Siscoe, G TI The Carrington event: Possible solar proton intensity-time profile SO GREAT HISTORICAL GEOMAGNETIC STORM OF 1859: A MODERN LOOK SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the 1859 Carrington Storm CY OCT, 2003 CL Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI HO Univ Michigan DE Carrington event; solar protons; protons intensity; proton time profile ID COSMIC-RAY EVENTS; POLAR ICE; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; MODEL; STRATOSPHERE; NITRATE AB A possible > 30 MeV solar proton intensity-time profile associated with the Carrington solar flare event of 1 September 1859 is constructed. The derived profile is consistent with a > 30 MeV proton omni-directional fluence of 1.9 x 10(10) cm(-2) found by the analysis of solar proton generated NOy radicals that are deposited in polar ice. The intensity-time profile of the solar particle flux is constructed by assuming that the Carrington solar event is part of the class of interplanetary shock-dominated events where the maximum particle flux is observed as the shock passes the Earth. This assumption is based on the knowledge that the very large solar proton fluence events (those with > 30 MeV omni-directional fluence exceeding 1.0 x 10(9) cm(-2)) associated with central meridian solar activity during the last 50 years belong to this class of event. The absence of a statistically significant increase in the observed concentration of the cosmogenic nuclide Be-10 for 1859 indicates that the solar cosmic radiation produced in the Carrington event had a soft spectrum, similar to other interplanetary shock-dominated events. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VSBX, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. Univ Maryland, IPST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Smart, DF (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VSBX, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. EM sssrc@msn.com NR 34 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 2 BP 215 EP 225 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.116 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFL06 UT WOS:000242567000012 ER PT S AU Shea, MA Smart, DF McCracken, KG Dreschhoff, GAM Spence, HE AF Shea, M. A. Smart, D. F. McCracken, K. G. Dreschhoff, G. A. M. Spence, H. E. BE Clauer, CR Siscoe, G TI Solar proton events for 450 years: The Carrington event in perspective SO GREAT HISTORICAL GEOMAGNETIC STORM OF 1859: A MODERN LOOK SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the 1859 Carrington Storm CY OCT, 2003 CL Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI HO Univ Michigan DE Carrington event; solar proton events; solar proton event comparisons ID COSMIC-RAY EVENTS; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; ENVIRONMENT; MODEL; ICE AB Using high resolution measurements of the impulsive nitrate events in polar ice as identifiers of solar proton events in the past, we have identified 19 events over the period 1561-1950 that equal or exceed the > 30 MeV fluence measured during the August 1972 episode of solar proton events. The largest nitrate impulsive deposition event (and largest solar proton fluence above 30 MeV) occurred in late 1859 in time association with the Carrington flare of September 1859. The Carrington flare occurred near the central meridian of the sun; the interplanetary disturbance associated with the solar activity rapidly traveled toward the earth resulting in an extremely large geomagnetic storm commencing within 17.1 h of the visual observation of the solar flare. While this event was remarkable by itself, historical records indicate that the Carrington event was part of a sequence of solar activity as an active region traversed the solar disk. We compare the derived omni-directional solar proton fluence for the Carrington event of 1.9 x 10(10) cm(-2) above 30 MeV with the solar proton fluence from the past and from more recent episodes of solar activity. The Carrington event is the largest solar proton event identified in our similar to 450 year period, having almost twice the > 30 MeV solar proton fluence than the second largest event in 1895, and approximately four times the solar proton fluence of the August 1972 events. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VSBX, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. Univ Maryland, IPST, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66047 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Astron, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Shea, MA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VSBX, 29 Randolph Rd, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. EM sssrc@msn.com RI Spence, Harlan/A-1942-2011; OI Spence, Harlan/0000-0002-2526-2205 NR 34 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 2 BP 232 EP 238 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.100 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFL06 UT WOS:000242567000014 ER PT S AU Burke, WJ Huang, CY Rich, FJ AF Burke, William J. Huang, Cheryl Y. Rich, Frederick J. BE Clauer, CR Siscoe, G TI Energetics of the April 2000 magnetic superstorm observed by DMSP SO GREAT HISTORICAL GEOMAGNETIC STORM OF 1859: A MODERN LOOK SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the 1859 Carrington Storm CY OCT, 2003 CL Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI HO Univ Michigan DE energetics; magnetic superstorm; DMSP ID FIELD-ALIGNED CURRENTS; TRANSPOLAR POTENTIAL SATURATION; HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE; POYNTING FLUX; ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; HILL MODEL; PRECIPITATION; CONDUCTANCES; SIMULATION AB During the late main phase of the April 6, 2000 storm with Dst approaching -300 nT, four Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites encountered repeated episodes of intense field-aligned currents whose magnetic perturbations exceeded 1300 nT, corresponding to vertical bar J(parallel to)vertical bar > 1 A/m. They had relatively fast rise times (similar to 5 min) and lasted for similar to 20 min. The large magnetic perturbations occurred within the expanded auroral oval at magnetic latitudes below 60 degrees. From Poynting-flux calculations we estimate that during each event several hundred tera-Joules of energy that dissipates in the mid-latitude ionosphere and thermosphere. Ground magnetometers at auroral and middle latitudes detected weak fluctuations that were incommensurate with magnetic perturbations observations at DMSP altitudes. Observed discrepancies between ground and satellite magnetometer measurements suggest that under storm conditions operational models systematically underestimate the level of electromagnetic energy available to the ionosphere-thermosphere. We demonstrate a transmission-line model for M-I coupling that allows calculations of this electromagnetic energy input with no a priori knowledge of ionospheric conductances. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicle Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. RP Huang, CY (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicle Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA USA. EM Cheryl.Huang@hanscom.af.mil NR 46 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 2 BP 239 EP 252 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.085 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFL06 UT WOS:000242567000015 ER PT S AU Shea, MA Smart, DF AF Shea, M. A. Smart, D. F. BE Clauer, CR Siscoe, G TI Compendium of the eight articles on the "Carrington Event" attributed to or written by Elias Loomis in the American Journal of Science, 1859-1861 SO GREAT HISTORICAL GEOMAGNETIC STORM OF 1859: A MODERN LOOK SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the 1859 Carrington Storm CY OCT, 2003 CL Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI HO Univ Michigan DE Carrington Event of 1859; Elias Loomis; aurora; geomagnetic disturbances AB The eight articles attributed to or written by Elias Loomis on the outstanding aurora and magnetic observations between 28 August and 5 September 1859 are assembled into one compilation for easy reference by contemporary researchers. The articles were originally published in the American Journal of Science between 1859 and 1861. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VSBX, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Shea, MA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VSBX, 29 Randolph Rd, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. EM sssrc@msn.com NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 38 IS 2 BP 313 EP 385 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.005 PG 73 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BFL06 UT WOS:000242567000022 ER PT J AU Martino, W de la Mora, JF Yoshida, Y Saito, G Wilkes, J AF Martino, W de la Mora, JF Yoshida, Y Saito, G Wilkes, J TI Surface tension measurements of highly conducting ionic liquids SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; TAYLOR CONES; TEMPERATURE; SALTS; ELECTROLYTE; INTERFACE; SYSTEM; CATION; ANION AB The capillary rise method is used to measure the room temperature surface tension of several ionic liquids, selected mainly for their high electrical conductivity. They include salts based on the cations 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI+), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMI+), and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (DMI+), paired with anions such as GaCl4-, FeCl4-, C(CN)(3)(-), N(CN)(2)(-), SCN-, EtSO4-, BF4-, CF3SO3-, (CF3SO3)(2)N- (Tf2N-) and Au(CN)(2)(-). The method consumes relatively little sample (<0.1 cm(3)) with measurement errors of 5%. Vacuum-dried samples are placed in the measurement cell under ambient ( humid) air, but the meniscus is kept dry by a small flow of dry gas. Failure to dry the active interface leads to rapid contamination in the case of hydrophilic liquids, and to anomalously high surface tension. The highest surface tension measured (61 dyn cm(-1)) corresponds to DMI-N(CN)(2). C1 Yale Univ, Dept Mech Engn, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Kyoto Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Div Chem, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Martino, W (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Mech Engn, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. NR 38 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 23 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 4 BP 390 EP 397 DI 10.1039/b515404a PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 027CM UT WOS:000236391300015 ER PT S AU Sathish, S Jata, KV Martin, RW Reibel, R AF Sathish, Shamachary Jata, Kumar V. Martin, Richard W. Reibel, Richard BE Kundu, T TI Challenges in detecting damage in the presence of microstructural inhomogenities in a Friction Stir Welded aluminum alloy for reusable cryotanks - art. no. 617703 SO Health Monitoring and Smart Nondestructive Evaluation of Structural and Biological Systems V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Health Monitoring and Smart Nondestructive Evaluation of Structural and Biological Systems V CY FEB 27-MAR 01, 2006 CL San Diego, CA DE Structural Health Monitoring; cryotanks; microstructure; Friction Stir Weld; residual stress; longitudinal wave velocity ID ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPE; ELASTIC-CONSTANTS; WAVE VELOCITY AB Continuous real time structural health monitoring will be a requirement for future space launch missions. Reusable metallic cryotanks manufactured using Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technology for multiple missions, demands weld and microstructural integrity. The FS weld contains multiple interfaces and a variety of microstructures. To develop NDE-based health monitoring capability which detects damage and monitors the progression of damage, in the presence of these microstructural inhomogeneities, is a challenging task. Most structural health monitoring techniques are based on acoustic wave propagation. To design and develop efficient and optimized health monitoring capability based on acoustics, it is necessary to incorporate local elastic property variations that arise due to differences in the weld microstructure. These local elastic property changes across FSW regions have been measured using a focused acoustic beam. Measurements across the weld line show variations with a maximum change of 1% in the sound velocities. Macroscopic measurements of velocity of surface acoustic waves propagating across and also parallel the weld line in a large plate show significant variation. Experimental results of local and macroscopic sound velocity measurements from the changing microstructure along with their impact on the design of structural health monitoring system are discussed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLLP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Sathish, S (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLLP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6230-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6177 BP 17703 EP 17703 AR 617703 DI 10.1117/12.658667 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Civil; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BEO66 UT WOS:000238482700003 ER PT S AU Curry, DC Harrington, LK Hopper, DG AF Curry, David C. Harrington, Lawrence K. Hopper, Darrel G. BE Brown, RW Marasco, PL Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Dichoptic image fusion in human vision system - art. no. 622401 SO Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE dichoptic; disparate binocular resolution; image fusion; perception; human vision system; MANTIS; monovision; amblyopia; binocular rivalry and summation; eye dominance; eye-head coordination; inductee standards ID EYE-HEAD COORDINATION; OCULAR DOMINANCE; PATIENT SATISFACTION; STRABISMIC AMBLYOPIA; SPATIAL INTERACTIONS; REFRACTIVE SURGERY; MONOVISION; RESOLUTION; BLUR AB Work is currently underway to develop visual systems for warriors that provide different images to each eye (both in terms of resolution and visual field size), relying on binocular summation in the brain of the wearer to fuse the images into a common percept. The effect on the user employing such displays is not currently a part of the equipment development process. Literature involving similar visual conditions (either naturally occurring or through medical intervention) suggest that there are significant unresolved issues that must be investigated to determine if such displays may potentially negatively impact the visual perception of the wearer. This paper presents a summary of some of the related analogous conditions and identifies key issues that should be researched in parallel with the hardware. C1 AF Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Curry, DC (reprint author), AF Res Lab, 2555 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 44 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6280-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6224 BP 22401 EP 22401 AR 622401 DI 10.1117/12.661180 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES62 UT WOS:000239305200001 ER PT S AU Winterbottom, MD Patterson, R Pierce, BJ Taylor, A AF Winterbottom, Marc D. Patterson, Robert Pierce, Byron J. Taylor, Amanda BE Brown, RW Marasco, PL Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Visual suppression of monocularly presented symbology against a fused background in a simulation and training environment - art. no. 622402 SO Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE binocular rivalry; HMDs; visual suppression ID BINOCULAR-RIVALRY SUPPRESSION; SPATIAL-FREQUENCY; MOUNTED DISPLAYS; FUSION; VISION; PERCEPTION; DURATION; SICKNESS; CONTRAST; MOTION AB When wearing a monocular head-mounted display (HMD), one eye views the HMD symbology while both eyes view an out-the-window scene. This may create interocular differences in image characteristics that could disrupt binocular vision by provoking visual suppression, thus reducing visibility of the background scene, monocular symbology, or both. However, binocular fusion of the background scene may mitigate against the occurrence of visual suppression, a hypothesis that was investigated in the present study. Observers simultaneously viewed a static background scene and HMD symbology while performing a target recognition task under several viewing conditions. In a simulated HMD condition observers binocularly viewed a background scene with monocular symbology superimposed. In another condition, viewing was dichoptic (i.e. completely different images were presented to the left and right eyes). Additionally, one control condition was implemented for comparison. The results indicate that for continuously presented targets binocular rivalry did not have significant effects on target visibility. However, for briefly presented targets, binocular rivalry was shown to increase thresholds for target recognition time in HIM and dichoptic viewing conditions relative to the control. Impairment was less in the HMD condition. Thus, binocular fusion of a background scene can partially mitigate against the occurrence of visual suppression. However, some suppression still exists which occurs between monocular pathways. Implications for the integration of monocular HMDs into Air Force training environments will be discussed. C1 AF Res Lab, Mesa, AZ 85212 USA. RP Winterbottom, MD (reprint author), AF Res Lab, 6030 S Kent, Mesa, AZ 85212 USA. NR 46 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6280-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6224 BP 22402 EP 22402 AR 622402 DI 10.1117/12.666267 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES62 UT WOS:000239305200002 ER PT S AU Pinkus, AR Rash, CE AF Pinkus, Alan R. Rash, Clarence E. BE Brown, RW Marasco, PL Rash, CE Reese, CE TI A unified taxonomic approach to the laboratory assessment of visionic devices - art. no. 622406 SO Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE visionic device; optical measurement; taxonomy; image intensifier; head-mounted display AB The increased usage of visionic devices necessitates the development of a unified approach to testing and evaluation of such devices. A NATO working group was established to achieve this goal. This paper describes a taxonomy to classify a given visionic device (based on optical design and display type) and to recommend specific test parameters that should be measured to ensure planned operational performance is delivered in the final product. C1 AF Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Pinkus, AR (reprint author), AF Res Lab, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6280-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6224 BP 22406 EP 22406 AR 622406 DI 10.1117/12.658462 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES62 UT WOS:000239305200005 ER PT S AU Havig, P McIntire, J Swinney, M AF Havig, Paul McIntire, John Swinney, Mathew BE Brown, RW Marasco, PL Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Effects on task performance due to placement of a monocular HMD - art. no. 622407 SO Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE monocular HMD; helmet-mounted display; visual field; visual occlusion; visual attention ID ATTENTION; DESIGN AB Helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) are being increasingly used by the military outside of the traditional cockpit environment. In these applications, attention, functional field of view (FOV), and mental workload are important human factors issues. While some research has begun to address these issues, not many have considered how alternative placements of the monocular eyepieces in the visual field effects performance. We investigated task performance using a monocular HMD that was adjustable so that it could be placed within or outside of the FOV of the user. There were three parts to the experiment. In the first part, observers performed a visual search task to serve as a baseline measure of performance. In the second part observers wore the HMD in one of two positions and again performed the search task. Finally in the third part, observers completed the search task while performing a reaction time task that was displayed on the HMD (again placed in the two positions). Results of task performance are discussed in terms of the functional FOV, attentional demands on the user, and differences between tasks to be performed on an HMD. Recommendations are given for design, use, and future research on HMDs. C1 AFRL, AF Res Lab, HECV, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Havig, P (reprint author), AFRL, AF Res Lab, HECV, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6280-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6224 BP 22407 EP 22407 AR 622407 DI 10.1117/12.664681 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES62 UT WOS:000239305200006 ER PT S AU Van Arsdel, LCR Baldwin, LCJB Hausmann, MA Harrington, LCLK Craig, JL Koepke, LCG AF Van Arsdel, Lt Col Richard Baldwin, Lt Col J. Bruce Hausmann, Martha A. Harrington, Lt Col Lawrence K. Craig, Jeffrey L. Koepke, Lt Corbin G. BE Brown, RW Marasco, PL Rash, CE Reese, CE TI NVG adjustment methods, eyepiece focus settings, and vision - art. no. 664449 SO Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE night vision; night vision goggles; eyepiece lenses; focusing techniques; PNVG ID VISUAL-ACUITY; DIOPTER; GOGGLES; AIRCREW AB Several studies and many anecdotal reports indicate that aircrew members focus night vision goggle (NVG) eyepiece lenses to more negative powers than would be expected based on refractive error, presumably due to instrument myopia, "dark focus" myopia, and other factors. Excessive negative power stimulates accommodation, introducing risks from discomfort, fatigue, and blurred vision. Aircrew members are trained to employ specific adjustment techniques to minimize "over-minusing" of eyepiece lens powers, but those techniques are prone to error. The currently fielded AN/AVS-9 NVG (F4949) has a focus range of (+2.0) to (-6.0) diopters, and meets the needs of most aircrew. However, the new AN/AVS-10 NVG panoramic night vision goggle (PNVG) has a fixed focus of (-1.0) diopters due to engineering design constraints. Accessory snap-on lenses are available, but data are needed to optimize the distribution of lens powers to be acquired and maintained. This study involved the characterization of vision (visual acuity, perceived quality, and comfort) as a function of. 1) eyepiece focus setting using trial lenses; 2) F4949 eyepiece focus adjustments using a point source vs. a Hoffman 20/20 box; and 3) PNVG eyepiece lens selections using a lens bar vs. snap-on lens selections. Eight subjects with normal (20/20 corrected) vision ranging in age from 23 years to 49 participated in this study. The experiments were conducted in the Aerospace Vision Experimental Laboratory and the Dynamic Vision Assessment Facility at Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio using F4949 and PNVG devices with a custom-designed NVG-compatible computer-based visual acuity acquisition system. C1 USAF, Battlespace Visualizat Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Van Arsdel, LCR (reprint author), USAF, Battlespace Visualizat Branch, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6280-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6224 BP 64449 EP 64449 AR 664449 DI 10.1117/12.664449 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES62 UT WOS:000239305200016 ER PT S AU Shattuck, JLM Parisi, VM AF Shattuck, Judson La Moure, III Parisi, Vincent M. BE Brown, RW Marasco, PL Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Static and dynamic characterization of a rotational table designed to evaluate azimuth motion - art. no. 62240B SO Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE azimuth measurement; head tracker; helmet-mounted trackers; dynamic measurement; static measurement AB The Dynamic Tracker Test Apparatus (DTTA) was designed by the Helmet Mounted Sensory Technology (HMST) laboratory to accurately measure azimuth rotation in both static and dynamic conditions. The DTTA was characterized for static position data at various increments through a 360 degrees sweep and for speeds up to 1000 degrees/sec or 17.45 rad/sec. This paper describes the design, construction, capabilities, limitations, characterization and performance of the DTTA. C1 USAF, AF Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Warfighter Interfacegrat Div,Battlespace Warfight, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Shattuck, JLM (reprint author), USAF, AF Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Warfighter Interfacegrat Div,Battlespace Warfight, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6280-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6224 BP B2240 EP B2240 AR 62240B DI 10.1117/12.664069 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES62 UT WOS:000239305200010 ER PT S AU Koepke, C Parisi, V AF Koepke, Corbin Parisi, Vince BE Brown, RW Marasco, PL Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Determining in-flight tracker accuracy - art. no. 62240D SO Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE helmet-mounted tracker; helmet-mounted tracker accuracy; tracker accuracy AB Evaluating a system in flight poses challenges that are not found in a laboratory type environment. This paper discusses some of the issues in conducting an in-flight test to evaluate tracker accuracy, such as head movement, synchronization of time, changing coordinate systems and interpolating data. The paper's technical approach outlines one possible solution to deal with in-flight challenges. C1 United State AF Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Warfighter Integrat Div, Warfighter Visualizat Branch,HECV,AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Koepke, C (reprint author), United State AF Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Warfighter Integrat Div, Warfighter Visualizat Branch,HECV,AFRL, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6280-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6224 BP D2240 EP D2240 AR 62240D DI 10.1117/12.668619 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES62 UT WOS:000239305200012 ER PT S AU Dixon, SA Marasco, PL AF Dixon, Sharon A. Marasco, Peter L. BE Brown, RW Marasco, PL Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Assessing the impact unique NVG filters have on human visual performance under simulated compatible cockpit lighting - art. no. 62240H SO Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE NVGs; head-up displays; phosphors; cockpit instruments; human visual performance AB The introduction of Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) into the cockpits of aircraft configured with head-up displays (HUDs) and colored cockpit instruments necessitated the addition of special NVG objective lens filters to ensure NVG/cockpit compatibility. Three classifications have been developed: Class A, B and C, all minus blue filters, but with different transmissivity characteristics customized to make NVGs compatible with particular cockpit configurations. Class C filters, designed for aircraft equipped with holographic HUDs, are constructed of applied reflective coatings with a built-in spectral notch for transmitting the correct light wavelength to make the projected HUD symbology readable. New absorptive glass technology was integrated into the design of an RG-665 minus-blue filter identical to a class B filter but with a physical pinhole and varying glass material thickness to fine tune the filter for optimal transmissivity for NVG/HUD compatibility. A study was conducted to examine the impact these two unique classifications of filters have on visual performance using simulated compatible cockpit lighting in a controlled laboratory. Results indicate the Class C filters significantly outperformed the RG-665 filters with the windscreen condition installed. A discussion of the properties of each type of filter and its effect on NVG visual performance are discussed in this paper. C1 AF Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Dixon, SA (reprint author), AF Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6280-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6224 BP H2240 EP H2240 AR 62240H DI 10.1117/12.664076 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES62 UT WOS:000239305200014 ER PT S AU Wales, JG Marasco, PL AF Wales, Jesse G. Marasco, Peter L. BE Brown, RW Marasco, PL Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Statistical assessment of night vision goggle noise - art. no. 62240I SO Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE night vision; goggle; NVG; noise; image intensifier; I-2; CCD; histogram; Weibull ID PSYCHOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENT AB New advancements in charged-coupled device (CCD) technology allow for further investigation into the spatial nature of night vision goggle (NVG) noise distributions. This is significant because it is common practice in new NVG technology to combine image intensifiers with CCDs for night vision imaging. In this study, images of NVG noise are recorded by a CCD camera while varying input radiance and using multiple goggle types. Noise distributions characterized using histograms of these images are analyzed and fitted with curves. Using the changes in the distribution and relating distribution changes (coefficient changes) to input radiance and goggle performance provides a very accurate noise characterization. This study finds that a Weibull distribution seems more appropriate than a Poisson distribution, producing higher correlation coefficient fits. In addition, the paper suggests possible ways the noise models developed here can impact advancements in NVG image enhancement using this new technology. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Battlespace Visualizat Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Wales, JG (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Battlespace Visualizat Branch, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6280-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6224 BP I2240 EP I2240 AR 62240I DI 10.1117/12.664162 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES62 UT WOS:000239305200015 ER PT S AU Saini, GS AF Saini, Gurdial S. BE Brown, RW Marasco, PL Rash, CE Reese, CE TI Wireless communication technology as applied to head mounted display for a tactical fighter pilot - art. no. 62240W SO Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI: Technologies and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Helmet- and Head-Mounted Displays XI CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE AB The use of Helmet-Mounted Display/Tracker (HMD/Ts) is becoming widespread for air-to-air, within visual range target acquisition for a tactical fighter pilot. HMD/Ts provide the aircrew with a significant amount of information on the helmet, which reduces the burden of the aircrew from having to continually look down in the cockpit to receive information. HMD/Ts allow the aircrew to receive flight and targeting information regardless of line-of-sight, which should increase the aircrew's situation awareness and mission effectiveness. Current technology requires that a pilot wearing a Helmet Mounted Display/Tracker be connected to the aircraft with a cable. The design of this cable is complex, costly, and its use can decrease system reliability. Most of the problems associated with the use of cable can be alleviated by using wireless transmission for all signals. This will significantly reduce or eliminate the requirements of the interconnect cable/connector reducing system complexity, and cost, and enhancing system safety. A number of wireless communication technologies have been discussed in this paper and the rationale for selecting one particular technology for this application has been shown. The problems with this implementation and the direction of the future effort are outlined. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Battlespace Visualizat Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Saini, GS (reprint author), 2255 H St,Bldg 248 Rm 3005G, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6280-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6224 BP W2240 EP W2240 AR 62240W DI 10.1117/12.682997 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BES62 UT WOS:000239305200027 ER PT J AU Schablitsky, J Dixon, KJ Leney, MD AF Schablitsky, Julie Dixon, Kelly J. Leney, Mark D. TI Forensic technology and the historical archaeologist SO HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID TANDEM REPEAT LOCI C1 Univ Oregon, Museum Nat & Cultural Hist, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Montana, Dept Anthropol, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Cent Identificat Lab, Joint POW MIA Accounting Command, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 USA. RP Schablitsky, J (reprint author), Univ Oregon, Museum Nat & Cultural Hist, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY PI TUCSON PA PO BOX 30446, TUCSON, AZ 85751-0446 USA SN 0440-9213 J9 HIST ARCHAEOL JI Hist. Archaeol. PY 2006 VL 40 IS 3 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Archaeology SC Archaeology GA 084UM UT WOS:000240559900001 ER PT J AU Leney, MD AF Leney, Mark D. TI Sampling skeletal remains for ancient DNA (aDNA): A measure of success SO HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB More than 2,000 samples of human osseous and dental materials drawn from forensic archaeological casework of the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command Central Identification Laboratory (CIL) were submitted for mitochondrial DNA testing. Most cases represent unidentified remains of U.S. service personnel from World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Ancient DNA sampling technique is discussed in the context of an overall strategy of minimizing the risk of contamination with exogenous DNA. Results achieved through implementation of this strategy are reviewed with the intent of providing historical archaeologists with data to assist them in deciding if human remains should be samples for DNA analyses and, if so, how to maximize the chances of an interpretable test outcome. Sample mass proved an important determinant of probability of successful DNA testing. Skeletal element sampled was also a determinant of success rate, independent of sample mass. Femora, tibiae, mandibles, and first metatarsals were excellent sample sources. Cranial samples had low rates of DNA recovery. Climate of deposition and recovery had a minor effect on success rate with temperate recoveries outperforming tropical recoveries in DNA testing success rates. Contrary to initial expectations, older samples performed better than younger samples. This inverse age effect is attributed to conflict-specific taphonomic processes. The lack of any detectable effect over the past 60 years suggests that as long as bones are well preserved and optimal elements well represented, aDNA testing will be relatively unproblematic over time spans of hundreds of years, certainly encompassing the entire time span considered by historical archaeologists. C1 Cent Identificat Lab, Joint POW MIA Accounting Command, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 USA. RP Leney, MD (reprint author), Cent Identificat Lab, Joint POW MIA Accounting Command, 310 Worcester Ave,Bldg 45, Hickam AFB, HI 96853 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOC HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY PI TUCSON PA PO BOX 30446, TUCSON, AZ 85751-0446 USA SN 0440-9213 J9 HIST ARCHAEOL JI Hist. Archaeol. PY 2006 VL 40 IS 3 BP 31 EP 49 PG 19 WC Archaeology SC Archaeology GA 084UM UT WOS:000240559900004 ER PT J AU Kirawanich, P Yakura, SJ Christodoulou, C Islam, NE AF Kirawanich, Phumin Yakura, S. Joe Christodoulou, Christos Islam, Naz E. TI An electromagnetic topology method for cable interactions using a radiating dipole at apertures SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS LA English DT Article DE electromagnetic topology; multiconductor transmission line network; system interaction; topological simulation AB Simulations, based on electromagnetic topology, have been carried out to characterize external field penetration through apertures and their interactions with a cable linking two personal computers. Experimentally determined scattering parameters for the cable linking the two computers have been used in the study. The simulation involves coupling of the generated aperture fields with the cable by treating aperture fields as distributed source elements. The transfer function for the topological network is generated by assuming a short circuited radiating dipole antenna at the aperture with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)-created driving sources. Results show that the effects on cables depend on the nature of the external pulse, the scattering parameter, the aperture, and the cable response. The simulation has been performed using an electromagnetic topology-based code, CRIPTE, which allowed us to analyze coupling of the field with multiconductor transmission lines. C1 Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USAF, Res Labs, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Kirawanich, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM islamn@missouri.edu NR 16 TC 0 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1536-1225 J9 IEEE ANTENN WIREL PR JI IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. PY 2006 VL 5 BP 220 EP 223 DI 10.1109/LAWP.2006.8.75283 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 130RE UT WOS:000243815900058 ER PT J AU Roberts, ML Temple, MA Mills, RF Raines, RA AF Roberts, Marcus L. Temple, Michael A. Mills, Robert F. Raines, Richard A. TI EVOLUTION OF THE AIR INTERFACE OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS TOWARD 4G REALIZATION SO IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS AND TUTORIALS LA English DT Article AB Early cellular networks used analog frequency modulation for voice communication and frequency division multiple access to accommodate multiple users. Despite their utility, these networks were often unstable and provided poor quality. Over the past 25 years, robust coding, modulation, and multiple access schemes have contributed greatly to improved, ubiquitous cellular service. This survey chronicles the coding, modulation, and multiple access developments within the evolutional framework of cellular communication systems which spans early first generation (1G) to future fourth generation (4G) systems. C1 [Roberts, Marcus L.; Temple, Michael A.; Mills, Robert F.; Raines, Richard A.] USAF, Inst Technol, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP Roberts, ML (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. EM marcus.roberts@afit.edu; michael.temple@afit.edu; robert.mills@afit.edu; richard.raines@afit.edu NR 121 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1553-877X J9 IEEE COMMUN SURV TUT JI IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. PY 2006 VL 8 IS 1 BP 2 EP 23 DI 10.1109/COMST.2006.323439 PG 22 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA V21NB UT WOS:000208213200001 ER PT S AU Jessen, GH Gillespie, JK Via, GD Crespo, A Langley, D Wasserbauer, J Faili, F Francis, D Babic, D Ejeckam, F Guo, S Eliashevich, I AF Jessen, G. H. Gillespie, J. K. Via, G. D. Crespo, A. Langley, D. Wasserbauer, J. Faili, F. Francis, D. Babic, D. Ejeckam, F. Guo, S. Eliashevich, I. GP IEEE TI AlGaN/GaN HEMT on diamond technology demonstration SO IEEE COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SYMPOSIUM - 2006 IEEE CSIC SYMPOSIUM, TECHNICAL DIGEST 2006 SE IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium Technical Digest LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium CY NOV 12-15, 2006 CL San Antonio, TX SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Solid State Circuits Soc DE GaN; high electron mobility transistor (HEMT); diamond; power; wafer bonding ID THERMAL MANAGEMENT; GANHEMTS; DEVICES AB This letter is a first report on the operation of AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) atomically attached to a CVD diamond substrate. This technology demonstration shows the feasibility of producing GaN based devices on polycrystalline CVD diamond substrates to maximize heat extraction from devices operating at high power by situating the diamond substrates in the immediate proximity of the transistor channel. Such an approach offers tremendous opportunity for efficient and effective heat management of high power devices. We demonstrate the ability to preserve the electrical properties of Al-GaN/GaN HEMTs throughout the GaN-on-diamond atomic attachment process and report on the fabricated DC and small-signal HEMT characteristics. C1 [Jessen, G. H.; Gillespie, J. K.; Via, G. D.; Crespo, A.; Langley, D.] AFRL, Sensors Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Wasserbauer, J.; Faili, F.; Francis, D.; Babic, D.; Ejeckam, F.] Group4 Labs LLC, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. [Guo, S.; Eliashevich, I.] EMCORE Corp, Somerset, NJ 08873 USA. RP Jessen, GH (reprint author), AFRL, Sensors Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Gregg.Jessen@wpafb.af.mil; Felix_Ejeckam@Group4Labs.com; Ivan_Eliashevich@emcore.com FU DARPA [FA8650-05-2-7218] FX This work was performed under contract number FA8650-05-2-7218 monitored by J. Blevins funded by DARPA (M. Rosker). The epitaxial GaN-on-silicon layers were grown by Emcore Corporation (New Jersey). GaNon-Diamond atomic attachment was performed at Group4 Labs (Menlo Park, CA), and HEMT processing at AFRL (Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH). NR 11 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-8781 BN 978-1-4244-0126-0 J9 COMP SEMICOND INTEGR PY 2006 BP 271 EP 274 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFU09 UT WOS:000244612000059 ER PT B AU Wu, XX Jiang, ZP Repperger, DW Guo, Y AF Wu, Xingxing Jiang, Zhong-Ping Repperger, Daniel W. Guo, Yi GP IEEE TI Nonlinear enhancement of weak signals using optimization theory SO IEEE ICMA 2006: PROCEEDING OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MECHATRONICS AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1-3, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation CY JUN 25-28, 2006 CL Henan Univ Sci & Technol, Luoyang, PEOPLES R CHINA SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, Shandong Univ, Harbin Engn Univ, Univ Elect Sci & Technol China, IEEE Hong Kong Sect Joint RACS Chapter, Robot Soc Japan, Japan Soc Mech Engineers, Japan Soc Precis Engn, Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Chiba Inst Technol, Kagawa Univ HO Henan Univ Sci & Technol DE optimization; stochastic resonance; signal processing ID STOCHASTIC RESONANCE; SYSTEM PARAMETERS AB Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon that performance of the nonlinear system can be improved with the addition of optimal amount of noise. Stochastic resonance has been increasingly used for signal processing. The output of the nonlinear bistable dynamic system with white Gaussian noise input can be used to restore the weak input signal, if the similarity between the input signal and the output can be maximized. This paper will first use the optimization theory to show that the normalized power norm describing the similarity will reach a larger maximum when tuning both system parameters and noise intensity, compared with that of only adjusting noise intensity (classical stochastic resonance) or only adjusting system parameters. Then, computer simulations are performed to verify this proposal and demonstrate its application in signal processing. C1 [Wu, Xingxing; Jiang, Zhong-Ping] Polytech Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. [Repperger, Daniel W.] US Air Force, Wright Aeronaut Labs, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Wu, XX (reprint author), Polytech Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA. EM xwu03@utopia.poly.edu; zjiang@control.poly.edu; Daniel.Repperger@wpafb.af.mil; yguo1@stevens.edu FU Polytechnic CATT Center-New York State; NSF [ECS-009317, OISE-0408925, DMS-0504462]; Air Force contract FX This work has been partially supported by the Polytechnic CATT Center sponsored by New York State, NSF grants ECS-009317, OISE-0408925, and DMS-0504462, and an Air Force contract NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 1-4244-0465-7 PY 2006 BP 66 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Robotics GA BFE23 UT WOS:000241434600012 ER PT B AU DeLima, P York, G Pack, D AF DeLima, Pedro York, George Pack, Daniel BE Werner, B TI Localization of ground targets using a flying sensor network SO IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing, Vol 1, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing CY JUN 05-07, 2006 CL Tai Chung, TAIWAN SP IEEE Comp Soc, Asia Univ, Natl Sci Council, USA Force Off Sci Res, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Inst Informat Ind, Minist Educ DE reconfigurable sensor network; distributed control; cooperative; unmanned aerial vehicles AB In this paper we propose a novel cooperation control method for multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to search, detect, and locate ground targets. We assume that our UAVs are only equipped with rudimentary angle of arrival sensors and the ground targets are mobile Radio Frequency (RF) emitters. In addition to the mobility, we assume our targets emit signals with random duration and frequency. Our cooperative UAVs function as a reconfigurable sensor network whose goal is to minimize target localization time and the target location error. The proposed control method extends our previous work on distributed control architecture [1] for multiple UAVs by introducing localized hierarchical control structures. Such structures are dynamically established by local leaders that autonomously emerge in response to individual sensor readings, allowing efficient coordination of activities among nearby UAVs. The sensor network uses Kalman filtering techniques to minimize the target location error and the target localization time by combining current and past captured sensor values from multiple UAVs. We validate our proposed control method with simulation results that illustrate its performance under varying levels of cooperation among the members of the sensor network. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Colorado Springs, CO USA. RP DeLima, P (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Colorado Springs, CO USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2553-9 PY 2006 BP 194 EP 199 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BEQ69 UT WOS:000238969200025 ER PT B AU Talbert, ML Seetharaman, G AF Talbert, Michael L. Seetharaman, Guna BE Werner, B TI When sensor webs start being taken seriously... SO IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing, Vol 1, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing CY JUN 05-07, 2006 CL Tai Chung, TAIWAN SP IEEE Comp Soc, Asia Univ, Natl Sci Council, USA Force Off Sci Res, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Inst Informat Ind, Minist Educ DE sensor net; sensor web; command and control; collaboration; communications AB The art and science of sensing and responding to dynamic data over vast areas through distributed network of assets has long been in existence for centuries. Much of the current and emerging developments in Sensor-Networks and Trusted Computing have their metaphorical counterparts seen in history. Clear insights into the architecture and effective practices in Command, Control, Communication, Computation, Collaboration and Coordination (C*) have much to offer to the way we design and deploy new and innovative sensors as we continue to exploit latest developments in micro- and nano- scale sensors and systems. This paper presents a brief overview of how a complex web of intelligent autonomous and heterogeneous sensors might be used in a dynamic environment. The key elements of enabling technologies and required capabilities are identified to facilitate a paradigm for (design and deployment of) sensors, driven by system level considerations. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Colorado Springs, CO USA. RP Talbert, ML (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Colorado Springs, CO USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2553-9 PY 2006 BP 200 EP 205 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BEQ69 UT WOS:000238969200026 ER PT B AU Kwiat, K Ren, SP AF Kwiat, Kevin Ren, Shangping BE Werner, B TI A coordination model for improving software system attack-tolerance and survivability in open hostile environments SO IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SENSOR NETWORKS, UBIQUITOUS, AND TRUSTWORTHY COMPUTING, VOL 1, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing CY JUN 05-07, 2006 CL Tai Chung, TAIWAN SP IEEE Comp Soc, Asia Univ, Natl Sci Council, USA Force Off Sci Res, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Inst Informat Ind, Minist Educ AB The paper presents a coordination model that contains three active entities: actors, roles and coordinators. Actors abstract the system's functionalities; while roles and coordinators statically encapsulate coordination constraints and dynamically propagate these constraints among themselves and onto the actors. Software system's attack tolerance and survivability in open hostile environments are enhanced through appropriate constraint propagations and constraint enforcements. The role represents a group of actors which share the same set of behaviors declared by the role. Coordination and coordination constraints in the model are categorized into two classes: inter-role coordination and intra-role coordination. The coordinators are responsible for inter-role coordination; while the roles are not only abstractions for a set of behaviors, but also responsible for coordinating the actors which share the same role. This setting implies that both the coordination constraints and coordination activities are decentralized and distributed among the coordinators and the roles. The decentralization not only shields the system from single point of failures, but also provides a foundation and posts for survivable feedback loops to be built upon. The survivable feedback loop 1 presented in the model further restrains the contamination of faulty elements and protects the whole system from being broken down by single failures. C1 [Kwiat, Kevin] USAF, Res Lab, Infromat Directorate, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. [Ren, Shangping] Illinois Inst Technol, Dep Comp Sci, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Kwiat, K (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Infromat Directorate, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. EM kwiatk@rl.af.mil; ren@iit.edu FU NSF [CNS 0431832] FX This research is supported by NSF under grant CNS 0431832. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-2553-9 PY 2006 BP 394 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BEQ69 UT WOS:000238969200054 ER PT S AU Ren, S Siferd, R Blumgold, R Emami, N Gillen, R AF Ren, Saiyu Siferd, Ray Blumgold, Robert Emami, Nima Gillen, Robert BE Acevedo, GOD Garcia, RP Cedeno, MJ TI Pipelined delta sigma modulator analog to digital converter SO IEEE MWSCAS'06: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 49TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, SE Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems CY AUG 06-09, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE AB A two stage Pipelined Delta Sigma Modulator ADC is presented for broad band, high resolution applications. The unique architecture incorporates a first order delta sigma modulator in each stage and combines the most significant bits of the first stage with the second stage output to produce 11-13 bit resolution. The input bandwidth is 62.5 MHz and the sampling frequency of I GHz results in an over sampling ratio of 8 for the first order modulators. MATLAB simulations for the two stage ADC show 13-15 bit resolution. A transistor level design in 0. 18um CMOS for the two stage ADC was captured and simulated with Cadence show 12 bit resolution with a 50 MHz input. The ADC was fabricated in 0. 18um CMOS technology on a 10 square millimeter die. C1 [Ren, Saiyu; Siferd, Ray] Wright State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. [Blumgold, Robert; Emami, Nima] US Air Force, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. [Gillen, Robert] Systran Federal Corp, Dayton, OH USA. RP Ren, S (reprint author), Wright State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1548-3746 BN 978-1-4244-0172-7 J9 MIDWEST SYMP CIRCUIT PY 2006 BP 114 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGL19 UT WOS:000248117800024 ER PT S AU Voge, FL Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, HS Ewing, RL AF Voge, F. Lincoln Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, Hoda S. Ewing, Robert L. BE Acevedo, GOD Garcia, RP Cedeno, MJ TI Dynamic PECT Effect for Nanotransducers and Hybrid Devices SO IEEE MWSCAS'06: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 49TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, SE Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems CY AUG 06-09, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE ID ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; GRAPHITE AB Recent advances in nanotechnology have opened the door to the use of hybrid devices in integrated systemon-a-chip. The Piezo Electrochemical Transducer (PECT) effect device uses nano-dimensioned graphite fibers, where the PECT effect can be effectively used to control current and voltage levels. The PECT effect, discovered (in early 1980's) and named by co-author F. L. Vogel, uses graphite fiber intercalated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to shrink parallel to the graphite planes (basal plane), whereas the reverse PECT effect causes the graphite fiber to expand. The reverse PECT effect appears by reversing the direction of the electrolysis current. This paper explores the physical properties of PECT and its applications to developing novel solid-state hybrid devices, including new kinds of transducers and transistors based on graphite that will have a significant impact on future bio-inspired integrated circuits and nano-technology. C1 [Voge, F. Lincoln] Graphi Tech Inc, St Clair Shores, MI 48080 USA. [Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, Hoda S.] Oakland Univ, Elect & Comp Engn, Microelect Syst Design Lab, Rochester, MI 48309 USA. [Ewing, Robert L.] US Air Force, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Voge, FL (reprint author), Graphi Tech Inc, St Clair Shores, MI 48080 USA. FU AFRL/CERC [FA8650-04-2-4201] FX This material is partially sponsored by a research grant from the AFRL/CERC agreement # FA8650-04-2-4201. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1548-3746 BN 978-1-4244-0172-7 J9 MIDWEST SYMP CIRCUIT PY 2006 BP 235 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGL19 UT WOS:000248117800050 ER PT S AU Teller, J Ozguner, F Ewing, R AF Teller, Justin Oezguener, Fdsun Ewing, Robert BE Acevedo, GOD Garcia, RP Cedeno, MJ TI The morphable nanoprocessor architecture: Reconfiguration at runtime SO IEEE MWSCAS'06: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 49TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, SE Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems CY AUG 06-09, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE AB Nanoprocessor architectures enable reconfiguration to optimize the hardware for a target appliction. Previous research proposes fixing the nanoprocessor configuration at compile time [10], [6], [13]. Runtime reconfiguration enables a nanoprocessor architecture to "learn" a more optimal way to use computational and memory resources in a changing computational environment. We propose two methods to reconfigure the nanoprocessor architecture at runtime: dynamic prefetching and dynamic simultaneous multi-threading. The dynamic prefetching engine optimizes its performance and resource utilization by changing its configuration. Dynamic simultaneous multi-threading varies the number of concurrently running threads to optimize the tradeoff between thread-level and instruction-level parallelism. C1 [Teller, Justin; Oezguener, Fdsun] Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. [Ewing, Robert] US Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Teller, J (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM teller.9@osu.edu; ozguner@ece.osu.edu; Robert.Ewing@wpafb.af.mil NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1548-3746 BN 978-1-4244-0172-7 J9 MIDWEST SYMP CIRCUIT PY 2006 BP 399 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGL19 UT WOS:000248117800083 ER PT S AU Wolff, F McIntyre, D Papachristou, C Gorn, T Ewing, R AF Wolff, F. McIntyre, D. Papachristou, C. Gorn, T. Ewing, R. BE DucoudrayAcevedo, GO Garcia, RP Cedeno, MJ TI A Sensory Learning Scheme for Adaptable Mobile Agents SO IEEE MWSCAS'06: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 49TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL II SE Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems CY AUG 06-09, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE AB We propose a system architecture and methodology to manage the information flow and inquiries between a central station and an adaptable mobile agent (AMA) in real time. The agents collect and process sensory information from a target area in response to queries from the station and provide quantifiable responses to the station for evaluation and feedback. The station communicates with the AMA through Prolog implemented queries and commands, and the AMA performs detailed sensory data collection and processing. A key aspect of the proposed system methodology is the adaptation and learning capability which is embedded in the AMA. The AMA employs two onboard learning mechanisms. The first employs supervised query learning which is applied to the sequence of station queries, AMA evaluations and station feedback to the AMA. The second mechanism employs supervised and unsupervised training applied to onboard processed sensory data with the aim to provide adaptive recognition of target areas of interest. The AMA can collect more detailed data due to its ability to move into proximity with the target area. The proposed architecture addresses several defense and civilian oriented scenarios processing and evaluating query information from a central station to remote tar-et areas in real time. C1 [Wolff, F.; Papachristou, C.] Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. [McIntyre, D.] Cleveland State Univ, Cleveland, OH 44114 USA. [Ewing, R.] Wright Patterson AFB, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Wolff, F (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1548-3746 BN 978-1-4244-0172-7 J9 MIDWEST SYMP CIRCUIT PY 2006 BP 547 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSCAS.2006.381788 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGP34 UT WOS:000249557100115 ER PT S AU Ewing, RL Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, HS Morrison, JR AF Ewing, R. L. Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, H. S. Morrison, J. R. BE DucoudrayAcevedo, GO Garcia, RP Cedeno, MJ TI Polymorphic Architecture for an Electronic Nose (eNose) SO IEEE MWSCAS'06: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 49TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL II SE Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems CY AUG 06-09, 2006 CL San Juan, PR SP IEEE ID OPTICAL MEMORY; BACTERIORHODOPSIN AB Biolnspired evolvable techniques significantly increase the functionality of autonomous low-power detection systems by enabling them to learn, adapt and self-reconfigure through use of programmable BioFET devices. Electronic artificial noses or sniffers as bioinspired devices are under development that produces holograms stored within three-dimensional protein memory structures enabling automated real-time detection and classification of odors, vapors and contamination within gases. C1 [Ewing, R. L.; Morrison, J. R.] USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Abdel-Aty-Zohdy, H. S.] Oakland Univ, Dept Elect & Syst Engn, Microelect Syst Design Lab, Rochester, MI 48309 USA. RP Ewing, RL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1548-3746 BN 978-1-4244-0172-7 J9 MIDWEST SYMP CIRCUIT PY 2006 BP 551 EP + DI 10.1109/MWSCAS.2006.381789 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGP34 UT WOS:000249557100116 ER PT J AU Clark, WR Davis, A Roland, M Vaccaro, K AF Clark, WR Davis, A Roland, M Vaccaro, K TI A 1 cm x 1 cm In0.53Ga0.47As-In0.52Al0.48As avalanche photodiode array SO IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE avalanche multiplication; avalanche photodiode (APD); infrared detector; photodetector; photodiode; photodiode array ID BANDWIDTH AB We report a 1 cm x 1 cm array of 100 In0.53Ga0.47As-In0.52Al0.48As avalanche photodiodes (APD). The average breakdown voltage was 28.7 V with a standard deviation of less than 0.5 V The distribution of breakdown voltage across the area followed a radial pattern consistent with a slight epitaxial growth nonuniformity. The mean dark current at a gain of 10, or 6.1 A/W, was 10.3 nA, and none of the 100 AM had a dark current of more than 25 nA. The bandwidth at a gain of 10 was 6.2 GHz, and the maximum gain-bandwidth product was 140 GHz. This technology is ideally suited for next-generation three-dimensional imaging applications. C1 OptoGration Inc, Haverhill, MA 01835 USA. Solid State Sci Corp, Hollis, NH 03049 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP OptoGration Inc, Haverhill, MA 01835 USA. EM bill@optogration.com NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1041-1135 EI 1941-0174 J9 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L JI IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 18 IS 1-4 BP 19 EP 21 DI 10.1109/LPT.2005.860032 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 020HL UT WOS:000235899300006 ER PT J AU Brost, GA Michalak, R Payson, P Magde, K AF Brost, GA Michalak, R Payson, P Magde, K TI Effect of electrode loss on the dynamic range of linearized directional coupler modulators SO IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE electrooptic modulation; optoelectronic devices AB Numerical simulations were used to study the effect of electrode loss on the two-tone spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) of analog photonic links with linearized directional coupler modulators. Radio-frequency loss in the traveling wave electrode significantly limits the frequency bandwidth over which this class of electrooptic modulator can effectively enhance the SFDR. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Brost, GA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. EM brostg@rl.af.mil NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 1041-1135 J9 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L JI IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 18 IS 1-4 BP 514 EP 516 DI 10.1109/LPT.2005.863170 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 020HL UT WOS:000235899300169 ER PT J AU Cannata, JM Williams, JA Zhou, QF Ritter, TA Shung, KK AF Cannata, JM Williams, JA Zhou, QF Ritter, TA Shung, KK TI Development of a 35-MHz piezo-composite ultrasound array for medical imaging SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article ID HIGH-FREQUENCY; PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCERS; BACKSCATTER MICROSCOPY; SINGLE-ELEMENT; FABRICATION; DESIGN; EFFICIENT; FILMS AB This paper discusses the development of a 64-element 35-MHz composite ultrasonic array. This array was designed primarily for ocular imaging applications, and features 2-2 composite elements mechanically diced out of a fine-grain high-density Navy Type VI ceramic. Array elements were spaced at a 50-micron pitch, interconnected via a custom flexible circuit and matched to the 50-mu m system electronics via a 75-mu m transmission line coaxial cable. Elevation focusing was achieved using a cylindrically shaped epoxy lens. One functional 64-element array was fabricated and tested. Bandwidths averaging 55%, 23-dB insertion loss, and crosstalk less than -24 dB were measured. An image of a tungsten wire target phantom was acquired using a synthetic aperture reconstruction algorithm. The results from this imaging test demonstrate resolution exceeding 50 mu m axially and 100 mu m laterally. C1 Univ So Calif, NIH Resource Med Ultrason Transducer Technol, Dept Biomed Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. USAF, Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, MS USA. RP Cannata, JM (reprint author), Univ So Calif, NIH Resource Med Ultrason Transducer Technol, Dept Biomed Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. EM cannata@usc.edu FU NIBIB NIH HHS [P41-EB2182] NR 48 TC 130 Z9 133 U1 3 U2 26 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD JAN PY 2006 VL 53 IS 1 BP 224 EP 236 DI 10.1109/TUFFC.2006.1588408 PG 13 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 002XN UT WOS:000234645500024 PM 16471449 ER PT S AU Matson, CL Haji, A AF Matson, Charles L. Haji, Alim BE Bruzzone, L TI Cramer-Rao lower bounds for support-constrained and pixel-based multi-frame blind deconvolution - art. no. 636503 SO Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing XII CY SEP 13-14, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE support; blind deconvolution; multi-frame blind deconvolution; Cramer-Rao lower bounds; image reconstruction; noise reduction AB Multi-frame blind deconvolution (MFBD) algorithms can be used to reconstruct a single high-resolution image of an object from one or more measurement frames of that are blurred and noisy realizations of that object. The blind nature of MFBD algorithms permits the reconstruction process to proceed without having separate measurements or knowledge of the blurring functions in each of the measurement frames. This is accomplished by estimating the object common to all the measurement frames jointly with the blurring functions that are different from frame to frame. An issue of key importance is understanding how accurately the object pixel intensities can be estimated with the use of MFBD algorithms. Here we present algorithm-independent lower bounds to the variances of estimates of the object pixel intensities to quantify the accuracy of these estimates when the blurring functions are estimated pixel by pixel. We employ support constraints on both the object and the blurring functions to aid in making the inverse problem unique. The lower bounds are presented as a function of the sizes and shapes of these support regions and the number of measurement frames. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Opt Div, DES, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Matson, CL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Opt Div, DES, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6460-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6365 BP 36503 EP 36503 AR 636503 DI 10.1117/12.688405 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFI69 UT WOS:000242041600004 ER PT S AU Kiel, JL Alarcon, RM Parker, JE Vivekananda, J Gonzalez, YB Stribling, LJV Andrews, CJ AF Kiel, Johnathan L. Alarcon, Rodolfo M. Parker, Jill E. Vivekananda, Jeeva Gonzalez, Yvette B. Stribling, Lucille J. V. Andrews, Carrie J. BE Blouin, EF Maillard, JC TI Emerging tick-borne disease in African vipers caused by a Cowdria-like organism SO IMPACT OF EMERGING ZOONOTIC DISEASES ON ANIMAL HEALTH SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th Biennial Conference of the Society-for-Tropical-Veterinary-Medicine CY JUN 26-JUL 01, 2005 CL Hanoi, VIETNAM SP Soc Trop Vet Med, CIRAD, FAO, USDA, APHIS, USDA, ARS, Asian Dev Bank DE Cowdria; Ehrlichia; viper; heartwater ID RUMINANTIUM INFECTION; DNA-PROBE; HEARTWATER AB Heartwater is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by the rickettsial organism Cowdria ruminantium, currently Ehrlichia ruminantium. It poses an imminent threat to the Western Hemisphere, where it could cause mortality in cattle and other ruminant livestock in excess of 70%. It has been reported in the Caribbean; and its vector, Amblyomma sparsum, has been found on imported African spurred tortoises (Geochelone sulcata) and leopard tortoises (Geochelone pardalis) in southern Florida in the United States, leading to an importation ban on these reptiles. Symptoms have not been previously reported in reptiles. Here, we report peracute and acute deaths in African vipers imported from Africa through Florida. Signs included vomiting mucoid fluid, diarrhea, emaciation, convulsions, and death. Postmortem showed few gross lesions. The most consistent peracute and acute lesions were the pulmonary lesions and pericarditis with considerable bloody fluid in the pericardial sac (hydropericardium). These lesions strongly resembled the lesions of heartwater and a coccobacillus of less than 1-micron diameter was isolated in viper cell culture. The outbreak was brought to a halt by tick control and treatment of all exposed snakes with tetracycline. This isolation, tetracycline sensitivity, clinical signs, preliminary results with polymerase chain reaction of pCS20 ORF, and the viper preference of the disease may indicate a Cowdria-related attenuated species that has adapted to infect reptiles or an emerging new form of this group of microbes. C1 USAF, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Northrop Grumman Inc, San Antonio, TX 78228 USA. RP Kiel, JL (reprint author), 2486 Gillingham Dr, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. EM Johnathan.Kiel@brooks.af.mil NR 13 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXEN, ENGLAND SN 0077-8923 BN 978-1-57331-637-8 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2006 VL 1081 BP 434 EP 442 DI 10.1196/annals.1373.062 PG 9 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Veterinary Sciences GA BFZ67 UT WOS:000245654200057 PM 17135546 ER PT S AU Haugan, HJ Brown, GJ Mahalingam, K Elhamri, S Mitchel, WC Grazulis, L Shank, JM Houston, S AF Haugan, H. J. Brown, G. J. Mahalingam, K. Elhamri, S. Mitchel, W. C. Grazulis, L. Shank, J. M. Houston, S. BE Dereniak, EL Sampson, RE TI Growth of short-period InAs/GaSb superlattices for mid-infrared photodetectors - art. no. 629502 SO Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Conference on Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE mid-infrared detector; InAs/GaSb; superlattices; molecular beam epitaxy ID II SUPERLATTICES; INFRARED DETECTORS AB The purpose of this work is to explore mid-infrared (IR) photodetector materials that can operate at room temperature. Shorter-period InAs/GaSb superlattices (SLs) have larger intervalance band seperations, which is beneficial for reducing Auger recombination and tunneling current, thus making room temperature operation possible. To test these possibilities, several short-period SLs ranging from 50 to 11 A were designed for 4 mu m detection threshold and molecular beam epitaxy was used to grow specially designed structures. Since morphological degradation is generally expected in shorter-period SLs, their structural qualities were monitored by transmission electron microscopy. The effect of layer properties on the optical and electrical properties was studied using low temperature photoconductivity measurements and magnetic field dependent Hall measurements. The samples with larger-periods (50 to 31 A) showed excellent structural qualities, leading to sharper photoresponse band edge (5 meV) and lower residual background carrier concentrations (8x10(10) cm(-2)). As the period approached 24 angstrom, slight layer thickness undulations within the SLs were observed and these undulations intensified as the period further reduced to 17 angstrom. Evidently, these structural degradations strongly influence their optical properties causing significant broadening in photoresponse band edge (9 meV). In the thinner samples with the period below 17 angstrom, no optical signal was detected. With slower growth rates, samples with periods as thin as 19 angstrom were grown without significant layer thickness variations. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Haugan, HJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6374-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6295 BP 29502 EP 29502 AR 629502 DI 10.1117/12.680530 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFI14 UT WOS:000241972600002 ER PT S AU Hubbs, JE Gramer, ME Maestas-Jepson, D Dole, GA Fetrow, M Bowers, D Boger, J AF Hubbs, John E. Gramer, Mark E. Maestas-Jepson, Diana Dole, Gary A. Fetrow, Matthew Bowers, David Boger, James BE Dereniak, EL Sampson, RE TI Measurement of the radiometric and polarization characteristics of a micro-grid polarizer infrared focal plane array - art. no. 62950C SO Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Conference on Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE infrared; Focal Plane Array; polarization; extinction ratio; HgCdTe; LWIR; IRFPA AB Remote sensing applications make use of the optical polarization characteristics of a scene to enhance target detection and discrimination. Imaging polarimeters typically utilize polarizing arrays located in front of a focal plane array as a means of extracting polarization information from the optical scene. Over the last few years, technology development efforts have resulted in FPAs that integrate the polarizer with the infrared focal plane array (FPA). This paper will report on the radiometric and polarization characterization of a micro-grid polarizer FPA from DRS Infrared Technologies, L.P. (DRS). These measurements were performed to evaluate the radiometric performance and the polarization characteristics of the FPA. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Infrared Radiat Effects Lab,Ball Aerosp & Technol, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Hubbs, JE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Infrared Radiat Effects Lab,Ball Aerosp & Technol, POB 5209, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6374-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6295 BP C2950 EP C2950 AR 62950C DI 10.1117/12.685468 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFI14 UT WOS:000241972600009 ER PT J AU Lu, YL Mandeville, WJ Knize, RJ AF Lu, YL Mandeville, WJ Knize, RJ TI Electro-optic effect in relaxor ferroelectric films and superlattices SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics CY APR 17-20, 2005 CL Shanghai, PEOPLES R CHINA DE electro-optics effect; relaxor ferroelectric; single crystalline thin film; superlattice; rare-earth doping AB Electro-optic (EO) effect in single crystalline thin films and superlattices made from relaxor ferroelectric lead titanate doped lead magnesium niobate (PMN-PT) and rare-earth doped PMN-PT materials have been investigated. Strong in-plane EO anisotropy has been found in both single crystalline thin films and superlattices. A large out-of-plane EO coefficient was observed in PMN-PT superlattices. Such a significant enhancement can be attributed to the spontaneous polarization coupling between the two crystalline phases in superlattices when the stacking period is below 90 nm. When doping with erbium, the EO effect in PMN-PT single crystalline film films decreases as the erbium concentration increases. This research has been motivated by the development of various promising integrated photonic devices such as waveguide EO modulators, waveguide lasers, and photonic bandgap devices. C1 USAF, Dept Phys, LORC, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Lu, YL (reprint author), USAF, Dept Phys, LORC, 2354 Farichild Dr,2A31, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM yalin.lu@usafa.af.mil NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2006 VL 80 BP 29 EP 37 DI 10.1080/10584580600656023 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 058QW UT WOS:000238680700005 ER PT S AU Park, JS Giordano, J AF Park, Joon S. Giordano, Joseph BE Mehrotra, S Zeng, DD Chen, H Thuraisingham, B Wang, FY TI Access control requirements for preventing insider threats SO INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY INFORMATICS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE InternationalConference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI 2006) CY MAY 23-24, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE ID SYSTEMS; WEB AB Today the Intelligence Community (IC) has faced increasing challenges of insider threats. It is generally accepted that, the cost of insider threats exceeds that of outsider threats. Although the currently available access control approaches have a great potential for preventing insider threats, there are still critical obstacles to be solved, especially in large-scale computing environments. In this paper we discuss those requirements with respect to scalability, granularity, and context-awareness. For each requirement we discussed related problems, techniques, and basic approaches to the corresponding countermeasures. Detailed solutions and implementations are not described in this paper. C1 Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Park, JS (reprint author), Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. EM jspark@syr.edu NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-34478-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3975 BP 529 EP 534 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEM80 UT WOS:000238207800052 ER PT S AU Okolica, JS Peterson, GL Mills, RF AF Okolica, James S. Peterson, Gilbert L. Mills, Robert F. BE Mehrotra, S Zeng, DD Chen, H Thuraisingham, B Wang, FY TI Using author topic to detect insider threats from email traffic SO INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY INFORMATICS, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IEEE InternationalConference on Intelligence and Security Informatics (ISI 2006) CY MAY 23-24, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE C1 USAF, Inst Technol, AFIT, ENG, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Okolica, JS (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, AFIT, ENG, Bldg 641,Rm 220,2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM james.okolica@afit.edu; gilbert.peterson@afit.edu; robert.mills@afit.edu NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-34478-0 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 2006 VL 3975 BP 642 EP 643 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BEM80 UT WOS:000238207800071 ER PT S AU Oxley, ME Magnus, AL AF Oxley, Mark E. Magnus, Amy L. BE Priddy, KL Ertin, E TI Information Forensics and the art of inquiry - art. no. 622902 SO Intelligent Computing: Theory and Applications IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Intelligent Computing - Theory and Applications IV CY APR 17-18, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE Information Forensics; Active Querying AB In future battle spaces, multiple disparate sensors and unmanned vehicles will be in simultaneous use and form ad hoc networks whose services collectively reason on the situation. Network services must evaluate incoming information to determine if the information is relevant and actionable. Information Forensics services can accomplish this evaluation by interrogating the source. The competency of an interrogator can be quantified by the level of their questions. This paper will discuss the different levels of abstraction in learning and how they relate to networks that support active querying. C1 USAF, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Dept Math & Stat, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Oxley, ME (reprint author), USAF, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Dept Math & Stat, Inst Technol, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6285-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6229 BP 22902 EP 22902 AR 622902 DI 10.1117/12.668378 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BEV01 UT WOS:000239573500002 ER PT J AU Vidulich, MA Nelson, WT Bolia, RS AF Vidulich, MA Nelson, WT Bolia, RS TI Speech-based controls in simulated air battle management SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB This experiment evaluated speech-based controls as an aid for Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) operators performing simulated Battle Management Command and Control tasks. Twelve AWACS operators were required to track a package of fighter aircraft, receive verbal target changes, and pass the verbal changes to the lead fighter aircraft in a simulated battlefield air interdiction environment. The availability of speech controls for selected human-machine interface manipulation tasks was varied. The participants' mission performance, mental workload, opinions, and real-time control modality preferences were recorded. The results strongly supported the application of speech-based controls in the AWACS interface. C1 USAF, Res Lab, HECP, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Vidulich, MA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, HECP, 2255 H St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM michael.vidulich@wpafb.af.mil NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 1050-8414 J9 INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Aviat. Psychol. PY 2006 VL 16 IS 2 BP 197 EP 213 DI 10.1207/s15327108ijap1602_5 PG 17 WC Psychology, Applied SC Psychology GA 051AH UT WOS:000238132100005 ER PT J AU Seetharaman, G Le, HV AF Seetharaman, G Le, HV TI Video-assisted global positioning in terrain navigation with known landmarks SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS LA English DT Article DE visual navigation; GPS fault tolerance; unmanned air vehicles; low-altitude aerial imagery ID HOUGH TRANSFORM; IMAGES AB We present a rigorous geometric analysis of the computation of the global positions of an airborne video camera and ground based objects using aerial images of known landmarks. This has also been known as the perspective-n-point (PnP) problem. A robust Hough transform-like method, facilitated by a class of CORDIC-structured computations is developed to find the camera position followed by a method of computing the position of a ground object from images of that object and three known landmarks. The results enable fast and effective visual terrain navigation of aerial surveillance Systems when the global positioning and inertial navigation sensors become faulty, inaccurate, or dysfunctional. These new hardware implementable algorithms can also be used with MEMS based INS sensors through a multisensory fusion process. C1 USAF, Div Elect & Comp Engn, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Vietnam Natl Univ, Coll Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Hanoi, Vietnam. RP Seetharaman, G (reprint author), USAF, Div Elect & Comp Engn, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM guna@ieee.org; hyle@hn.vnn.vn NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1550-1329 J9 INT J DISTRIB SENS N JI Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. PY 2006 VL 2 IS 2 BP 103 EP 119 DI 10.1080/15501320500201235 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA 041TR UT WOS:000237479400001 ER PT J AU Kannan, R Wei, SQ Chakravarthy, V Seetharaman, G AF Kannan, Rajgopal Wei, Shuangqing Chakravarthy, Vasu Seetharaman, Guna TI Using misbehavior to analyze strategic versus aggregate energy minimization in wireless sensor networks SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS LA English DT Article DE energy minimization; misbehavior; game-theory; sensor networks ID POWER-CONTROL AB We present a novel formulation of the problem of energy misbehavior and develop an analytical framework for quantifying its impact on other nodes. Specifically, we formulate two versions of the power control problem for wireless sensor networks with latency constraints arising from duty cycle allocations. In the first version, strategic power optimization, nodes are modeled as rational agents in a power game, who strategically adjust their powers to minimize their own energy. In the other version, joint power optimization, sensor nodes adjust their transmission powers to minimize the aggregate energy expenditure. Our analysis of these models yields insight into the different energy outcomes of strategic versus joint power optimization. We show that while joint power optimization fits the accepted paradigm of cooperation among sensor nodes (for example large number of sensor nodes cooperating for a task such as target tracking), it comes with both advantages and disadvantages when energy misbehavior is taken into account. One advantage is that it can (sometimes) be energy-dominant, i.e., the optimal energy cost for each node under joint energy minimization is lower than its strategically optimal energy cost. We then develop a model for characterizing energy misbehavior and show that joint optimization is disadvantageous because it is impossible to prevent misbehavior under any channel quality and load constraints, whereas strategic optimization is more resilient. We prove that it is impossible for a node to unilaterally and undetectably follow a different energy optimization strategy than the other nodes and hence the only threat to the network is misbehavior through false advertisement. We then provide sufficient conditions under which misbehavior through false advertisement can be prevented under a strategic optimization regime. Our analytical results reveal optimal strategies for attacking nodes in an enemy network through energy depletion and help develop effective defense mechanisms for protecting our own wireless network against energy attacks by an intelligent adversary. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. AFRL, SNRW, WPAFB, Dayton, OH USA. AF Inst Technol, Dayton, OH USA. RP Kannan, R (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM rkannan@csc.lsu.edu NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1550-1329 J9 INT J DISTRIB SENS N JI Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw. PY 2006 VL 2 IS 3 BP 225 EP 249 DI 10.1080/15501320600558666 PG 25 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA 065DY UT WOS:000239140800003 ER PT J AU Chen, JK Tzou, DY Beraun, JE AF Chen, JK Tzou, DY Beraun, JE TI A semiclassical two-temperature model for ultrafast laser heating SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE ultrashort laser heating; Boltzmann transport equation; semiclassical two-temperature model; electron drift velocity; electron kinetic pressure ID METAL-FILMS; MULTILAYER METALS; PHASE-CHANGE; PULSE; ABLATION; DYNAMICS; GOLD AB A semiclassical two-step heating model is proposed to investigate thermal transport in metals caused by ultrashort laser heating. Based on the Boltzmann transport equation, three equations of the conservation of number density, momentum and energy are derived for the electron subsystem. The thermal transport equation used for the phonon subsystem remains the same as that used in the phenomenological two-temperature (2T) model, including the energy exchange with hot electrons and the ultrafast thermal relaxation effect in general. The main difference between the semiclassical and the phenomenological 2T models is that the former includes the effects of electron drifting, which could result in significantly different electron and lattice temperature response from the latter for higher-intensity and shorter-pulse laser heating. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. AF Res Lab, Laser Effects Res Branch, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Univ Missouri, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM chenjnk@missouri.edu NR 28 TC 133 Z9 139 U1 4 U2 44 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0017-9310 EI 1879-2189 J9 INT J HEAT MASS TRAN JI Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 307 EP 316 DI 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.06.022 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Engineering; Mechanics GA 018TL UT WOS:000235787600031 ER PT J AU Bae, HR Grandhi, RV Canfield, RA AF Bae, HR Grandhi, RV Canfield, RA TI Reliability based optimisation of engineering structures under imprecise information SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS & PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE uncertainty quantification; Dempster-Shafer theory; optimisation; imprecise information; multiple-point approximation; engineering structure; evidence theory ID UNCERTAINTY AB In many engineering applications, probability theory has been employed in a multidisciplinary design optimisation procedure to address uncertainty in a structural system. However, in a general situation where some uncertain variables are not random or where complete information about their randomness is unavailable, probability theory may be inappropriate to describe the propagation of uncertainty. In this work, the Dempster-Shafer (DS) theory, also called the evidence theory, is proposed to handle this general situation as an alternative to the classical probability theory for the mathematical representation of uncertainty. Evidence theory allows us to express partial beliefs when it is impossible or impractical to assess the complete probability distribution confidently. DS theory is applied to a reliability-based optimisation problem in a general situation with imprecise information for an aircraft wing preliminary design example. C1 Wright State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Grandhi, RV (reprint author), Wright State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. EM hbae@cs.wright.edu; rgrandhi@cs.wright.edu; robert.canfield@afit.edu NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0268-1900 J9 INT J MATER PROD TEC JI Int. J. Mater. Prod. Technol. PY 2006 VL 25 IS 1-3 BP 112 EP 126 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 007YH UT WOS:000235006900008 ER PT J AU Choi, SK Grandhi, RV Canfield, RA AF Choi, SK Grandhi, RV Canfield, RA TI Robust design of mechanical systems via stochastic expansion SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS & PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE stochastic optimisation; polynomial chaos; joined-wing; Latin hypercube sampling; uncertainty ID POLYNOMIAL CHAOS AB This paper discusses stochastic optimisation using Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) with Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). PCE provides a means to quantify the uncertainty of highly non-linear structural models involving inherent randomness of geometric, material, and loading properties. PCE, specifically the non-intrusive formulation, is used to construct surrogates of stochastic responses for optimisation procedures. A standard optimisation algorithm is then used. In particular, the material properties of structural systems are assumed to be uncertain and treated as uncorrelated random variables. Implementation of the method is demonstrated for a three-bar structure and a complex engineering structure of an uninhabited joined-wing aircraft. C1 Wright State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Choi, SK (reprint author), Wright State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. EM schoi@cs.wright.edu; rgrandhi@cs.wright.edu; robert.canfield@afit.edu RI Choi, Seung-Kyum/A-5914-2010 NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG, 29 ROUTE DE PRE-BOIS, CASE POSTALE 896, CH-1215 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0268-1900 J9 INT J MATER PROD TEC JI Int. J. Mater. Prod. Technol. PY 2006 VL 25 IS 1-3 BP 127 EP 143 PG 17 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 007YH UT WOS:000235006900009 ER PT S AU Gillen, GD Guha, S AF Gillen, Glen D. Guha, Shekhar BE Gregory, GG Howard, JM Koshel, RJ TI Description of spherical aberration and coma of a microlens using vector diffraction theory - art. no. 63420B SO International Optical Design Conference 2006, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Optical Design Conference CY JUN 04-08, 2006 CL Vancouver, CANADA SP Opt Soc Amer, SPIE, Amer Soc Precis Engn DE vector diffraction theory; microlenses; aberration ID PROPAGATION AB Light distributions of a plane wave refracted by a microlens are calculated using Kirchhoff vector diffraction theory. Numerical results for one and two-dimensional beam profiles and the onset and effects of spherical aberration and coma are investigated for different lens parameters. C1 Anteon Corp, AF Res Lab, Dayton, OH 45431 USA. RP Gillen, GD (reprint author), Anteon Corp, AF Res Lab, Dayton, OH 45431 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6427-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6342 BP B3420 EP B3420 AR 63420B DI 10.1117/12.692198 PN 1-2 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA BFB73 UT WOS:000240891400011 ER PT B AU Smari, WW Kim, S McQuay, WK AF Smari, Waleed W. Kim, Seung-yun McQuay, William K. BE Zhang, D Khoshgoftaar, TM Joshi, BD TI Multi-disciplinary integrated framework and architecture for a human centered collaborative commerce system SO IRI 2006: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION REUSE AND INTEGRATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Intergration (IRI 2006) CY SEP 16-18, 2006 CL Waikoloa, HI SP IEEE DE collaborative commerce; human-centric computing; collaboration; Web-based computing; electronic commerce AB In recent years, collaborative commerce (or c-Commerce) and human-centric systems have been research subjects of keen interest in Web-based technologies and have become a major focus for many organizations. C-Commerce provides and supports dynamic collaborative environments over the Internet and other potential public information networks (PINs). It offers many levels of collaborative interactions and enables organizations and individuals to work simultaneously, cooperatively, as well as independently. Of late, it has become increasingly important to integrate human-centered designs in collaborative systems to achieve user-oriented environments. This paper presents Human-centered c-Commerce System (HCCS), an architectural framework for collaborative commerce with integration of some human aspects. We discuss its framework and describe each component of the proposed architecture. We contend that using an intelligent c-Commerce system, such as HCCS, will enhance collaboration between individual users and among organizations, and will provide effective infrastructure to achieve the intended objectives of collaborative work. C1 [Smari, Waleed W.; Kim, Seung-yun] Univ Dayton, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. [McQuay, William K.] Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Smari, WW (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. EM Kimseung@notes.udayton.edu; Waleed.Smari@notes.udayton.edu; William.McQuay@wpafb.af.mil NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-9788-6 PY 2006 BP 496 EP + PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BFI82 UT WOS:000242108800087 ER PT J AU Boerio, FJ Roby, B Dillingham, RG Bossi, RH Crane, RL AF Boerio, FJ Roby, B Dillingham, RG Bossi, RH Crane, RL TI Effect of grit-blasting on the surface energy of graphite/epoxy composites SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION LA English DT Article DE graphite/epoxy composites; grit-blasting; plasma etching; surface energy; surface morphology; surface composition; wettability ID ADHESION AB Contact-angle measurements were used to determine the surface energies of graphite/epoxy composites before and after grit-blasting with 80- and 220-grit garnet particles. Two different composite systems cured at 350 degrees F were considered but they behaved similarly. Contact angles made by a series of liquids, including water, ethylene glycol, glycerol, formamide, and methylene iodide on as-tooled and grit-blasted composite panels were measured using a contact-angle goniometer. The contact angles were used to determine the dispersive and polar components of the surface energy . However, instead of using the contact angles made by two liquids to determine the two components of the surface energy, we used the contact angles made by several liquids and a graphical technique to determine and to improve the accuracy of the measurements. It was found that the surface energies of as-tooled composites were approximately 35 mJ/m 2 and were mostly dispersive; the polar components were small. After grit-blasting with 80- or 220-grit garnet, the dispersive component of the surface energy decreased somewhat whereas the polar component increased significantly; the total surface energy after grit-blasting with 80- or 220-grit garnet was approximately 50 mJ/m 2 . Etching composites in oxygen plasmas had a similar effect on the dispersive and polar components of the surface energy and on the total surface energy. Grit-blasting with 220-grit alumina resulted in higher dispersive components of surface energy and lower polar components than grit-blasting with 220-grit garnet even though the total surface energy was similar after grit-blasting with 220-grit garnet and alumina. Correcting the measured surface energies for the effects of roughness resulted in small decreases in the total surface energy of the grit-blasted composites. However, even after correcting for roughness, the surface energies of the grit-blasted composites were still significantly greater than those of the as-tooled composites, indicating that grit-blasting resulted in changes in surface chemistry as well as changes in surface morphology of the composites. These changes in surface chemistry certainly included the removal of mold release agents from the as-tooled composites but probably also involved the creation of free radicals and their reaction with atmospheric oxygen to introduce oxygen-containing functional groups on the surfaces of the composites. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Boeing, Seattle, WA USA. USAF, Mat Directorate, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Boerio, FJ (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Chem & Mat Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM f.james.boerio@uc.edu NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8464 J9 J ADHESION JI J. Adhes. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 82 IS 1 BP 19 EP 37 DI 10.1080/00218460500418516 PG 19 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 997NL UT WOS:000234252300002 ER PT J AU Wurtzler, KE Morton, SA AF Wurtzler, KE Morton, SA TI Accurate drag prediction using cobalt SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 42nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 05-08, 2004 CL Reno, NV SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut AB The technical objective of the Second AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Drag Prediction Workshop is to assess the state-of-the-art computational methods as practical aerodynamic tools for aircraft force-and-moment prediction of increasingly complex geometries. With more emphasis being placed on CFD methods to evaluate aircraft designs early in the design process, the ability to accurately predict the forces and moments, specifically drag, on an airliner configuration is important. Using the CFD code Cobalt, force-and-moment calculations are obtained on a civil transport geometry with and without engine nacelle and pylon. Comparisons with experimental data show consistent agreement with forces and moments, wing Cp data, and qualitative data. Installation drag for the nacelle/pylon is well predicted. Relevance of the importance of the grid and robustness of the flow solver to the overall accuracy of the results is discussed. C1 Cobalt Solut LLC, Dept Marketing, Dayton, OH 45504 USA. USAF Acad, Dept Aeronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Wurtzler, KE (reprint author), Cobalt Solut LLC, Dept Marketing, Dayton, OH 45504 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 10 EP 16 DI 10.2514/1.8589 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 011RE UT WOS:000235285000002 ER PT J AU Maute, K Reich, GW AF Maute, K Reich, GW TI Integrated multidisciplinary topology optimization approach to adaptive wing design SO JOURNAL OF AIRCRAFT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA/ASME/AHS 12th Adaptive Structures Conference CY APR 19-22, 2004 CL Palm Springs, CA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, ASME, AHS ID COMPLIANT MECHANISMS; MORPHING AIRCRAFT; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; SMART STRUCTURES; HOMOGENIZATION; STRUCTURES/; SYSTEMS AB This paper presents a novel optimization approach to the design of mechanisms in morphing aircraft structures. The layout of the mechanism and the location and number of actuators and pivots are determined by an extended formulation of a material-based topology optimization. The design problem is modeled within a coupled fluidstructure analysis framework to directly assess aerodynamic performance criteria while optimizing the overall mechanized system. The proposed methodology is illustrated through the design optimization of a quasi-three-dimensional section of an adaptive wing, where the approach is compared to a conventional two-step approach of first optimizing the aerodynamic shape for one or multiple flight conditions, and then finding the mechanism that leads to this shape. The comparison shows that the interactions between flow, structural deformation, mechanism, and actuator must be considered to find the optimal solution. The optimization approach presented allows direct consideration of these interactions at the expense of an increased computational burden. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Ctr Aerosp Struct, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. RP Maute, K (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Ctr Aerosp Struct, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM maute@colorado.edu; Reich@wpafb.af.mil NR 55 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 6 U2 16 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0021-8669 J9 J AIRCRAFT JI J. Aircr. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 253 EP 263 DI 10.2514/1.12802 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 011RE UT WOS:000235285000031 ER PT J AU Hawkins, DM Basak, SC Kraker, J Geiss, KT Witzmann, FA AF Hawkins, DM Basak, SC Kraker, J Geiss, KT Witzmann, FA TI Combining chemodescriptors and biodescriptors in quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Indo-US Workshop on Mathematical Chemistry CY JAN 08-12, 2005 CL Pune, INDIA ID TOXICITY; MATRIX; MAPS AB In view of the wide distribution of halocarbons in our world, their toxicity is a public health concern. Previous work has shown that various measures of toxicity can be predicted with standard molecular descriptors. In our work, biodescriptors of the effect of halocarbons on the liver were obtained by exposing hepatocytes to 14 halocarbons and a control and by producing two-dimensional electrophoresis gels to assess the expressed proteome. The resulting spot abundances provide additional biological information that might be used in toxicity prediction. QSAR models were fitted via ridge regression to predict eight dependent toxicity measures: d37, arr, EC50MTT, EC50LDH, EC20SH, LECLP, LECROS, and LECCAT. Three predictor sets were used for each-the chemodescriptors alone, the biodescriptors alone, and the combined set of both chemo- and biodescriptors. The results differed somewhat from one dependent to another, but overall it was shown that better results could be obtained by using both chemo- and biodescriptors in the model than by using either chemo- or biodescriptors alone. The library of compounds used was small and quite homogeneous, so our immediate conclusions are correspondingly limited in scope, but we believe the underlying methodologies have broad applicability at the interface of chemical and biological descriptors. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Stat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Cellular & Integrat Physiol & Biochem & Mol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP Hawkins, DM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Stat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. EM doug@stat.umn.edu NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1549-9596 J9 J CHEM INF MODEL JI J. Chem Inf. Model. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 46 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1021/ci050252p PG 8 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Computer Science GA 008DU UT WOS:000235021200003 PM 16426034 ER PT J AU Vracko, M Basak, SC Geiss, K Witzmann, F AF Vracko, M Basak, SC Geiss, K Witzmann, F TI Proteomic maps-toxicity relationship of halocarbons studied with similarity index and genetic algorithm SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND MODELING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Indo-US Workshop on Mathematical Chemistry CY JAN 08-12, 2005 CL Pune, INDIA ID HIERARCHICAL QSAR APPROACH; 3-D GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION; DNA PRIMARY SEQUENCES; NUMERICAL CHARACTERIZATION; DESCRIPTOR SELECTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREDICTION; MUTAGENICITY AB In this work we analyzed proteomic maps obtained from hepatocytes, which were treated with 14 halocarbons. A similarity index was introduced as a robust measure of similarity between two maps or between two selections of spots within the maps. A searching algorithm was used to identify the spots that may play an important role in toxicity mechanism. The highest correlation coefficients obtained between the similarity index and biological parameter were larger than 0.9. C1 Natl Inst Chem, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP Vracko, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Chem, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia. EM marjan.vracko@ki.si NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1549-9596 J9 J CHEM INF MODEL JI J. Chem Inf. Model. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 46 IS 1 BP 130 EP 136 DI 10.1021/ci0502597 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Computer Science GA 008DU UT WOS:000235021200018 PM 16426049 ER PT J AU Swaminathan, S Ghosh, S Pagano, NJ AF Swaminathan, S Ghosh, S Pagano, NJ TI Statistically equivalent representative volume elements for unidirectional composite microstructures: Part I - Without damage SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE statistically equivalent representative volume element (SERVE); Voronoi cell FEM (VCFEM); marked correlation function; critical interfacial fraction ID MULTILEVEL COMPUTATIONAL MODEL; ELASTIC COMPOSITES; MATRIX COMPOSITES; PRINCIPLES; SYSTEMS; SIZE AB The representative volume element (RVE) of a material microstructure plays an important role in the analysis of heterogeneous materials, such as composites. Effective material properties in a composite material depend on the microstructural concentration and dispersion of different phases in the RVE. In this study, a combination of statistical and computational tools are proposed for identifying the statistically equivalent RVE (SERVE) for an elastic composite with nonuniform dispersion of inclusions. Numerical tests are conducted with various statistical functions of geometry, stresses, and strains to examine the validity of potential alternative definitions of the SERVE. In the first of this two-part article, methods are addressed for undamaged composite microstructures with continuous interfaces between the fiber and the matrix. The sequel article deals with the evolution of SERVE caused by damage due to interfacial debonding. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Columbus, OH 43202 USA. USAF, RL, MLBC, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ghosh, S (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, 650 Ackerman Rd, Columbus, OH 43202 USA. EM gliosh.5@osu.edu RI Ghosh, Somnath/A-2867-2012 NR 33 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 5 U2 27 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 2006 VL 40 IS 7 BP 583 EP 604 DI 10.1177/0021998305055273 PG 22 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 033XH UT WOS:000236887800002 ER PT J AU Wang, BG Callahan, M Bailey, J AF Wang, BG Callahan, M Bailey, J TI Synthesis of dense polycrystalline GaN of high purity by the chemical vapor reaction process SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE dense polycrystalline GaN; chemical vapor reaction process (CVRP); vapor synthesis; halides; nitrides ID GALLIUM NITRIDE; GROWTH; BULK AB A process for producing high-purity, dense polycrystalline gallium nitride is proposed. Dense polycrystalline gallium nitride was produced by the reaction of ammonia, gallium metal, and a halide source in a quartz boat containing metallic gallium. The process is called the chemical vapor reaction process. The hard crust-like pieces of polycrystalline GaN obtained are of high purity, can be used as source material for single-crystal growth by the ammonothermal technique, sublimation, sputtering, and pulse laser deposition. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Solid State Sci Corp, Hollis, NH 03049 USA. AF Res Lab, Sensors Directorate, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Wang, BG (reprint author), Solid State Sci Co, AF Res Lab, 80 Scott Dr, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. EM buguo@solidstatescientific.com NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 286 IS 1 BP 50 EP 54 DI 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2005.09.017 PG 5 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 995WM UT WOS:000234135300010 ER PT J AU Mudaliar, S AF Mudaliar, S. TI On the application of the radiative transfer approach to scattering from a random medium layer with rough boundaries SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article AB For studying the problem of scattering from a random medium layer with rough boundaries the radiative transfer (RT) approach is widely used. In order to better understand this procedure we compared it with the statistical wave approach. Two such wave approaches are presented in this paper: the surface scattering operator (SSO) approach, and the unified approach. In both wave approaches two conditions are essential for arriving at RT system: the ladder approximation to the intensity operator, and the quasi-stationary approximation of fields. With these approximations one arrives at the integro-differential equations of the RT system. However, to arrive at the RT boundary conditions, one has to impose further approximations. In the SSO approach weak surface correlation must be imposed. In the unified approach, one has to ignore the terms involving volumetric spectral densities, and consider only single scattering from the rough boundary when deriving the boundary conditions. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Mudaliar, S (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHE, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU VSP BV PI LEIDEN PA BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS, PO BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5071 J9 J ELECTROMAGNET WAVE JI J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. PY 2006 VL 20 IS 13 BP 1739 EP 1749 DI 10.1163/156939306779292246 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 120QV UT WOS:000243100800003 ER PT J AU Roberts, TM AF Roberts, T. M. TI Measured electromagnetic pulses verify asymptotics and analysis for linear, dispersive media SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article AB Electromagnetic precursors and other pulses in dispersive media have been studied theoretically since 1914. Yet a recent National Research Council study [1, pp. 73-75] found few measurements that verify the relevant theories. Verification is useful because, where independent theories and measurements agree, the results are highly reliable. This report describes two laboratory verifications of transient-electromagnetic theory that I completed recently. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHA, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Roberts, TM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHA, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU VSP BV PI LEIDEN PA BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS, PO BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5071 J9 J ELECTROMAGNET WAVE JI J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. PY 2006 VL 20 IS 13 BP 1845 EP 1851 DI 10.1163/156939306779292200 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 120QV UT WOS:000243100800013 ER PT J AU Stewart, JW Havrilla, MJ AF Stewart, J. W. Havrilla, M. J. TI Electromagnetic characterization of a magnetic material using an open-ended waveguide probe and a rigorous full-wave multimode model SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID COAXIAL PROBE; COMPLEX PERMITTIVITY; SPACE; PERMEABILITY; FREQUENCIES; REFLECTION AB In this paper a material characterization technique employing a flanged opened-ended rectangular waveguide probe is presented that now allows extraction of both permittivity and permeability from a conductor-backed lossy shielding material. As an added benefit, this non-destructive technique reduces sample preparation time leading to rapid measurement. Calculation of both material parameters is accomplished using experimental reflection measurements from two different thicknesses of a given material sample. A theoretical solution to the reflection coefficients is developed through a rigorous magnetic field integral equation (MFIE) formulation. The double integral that results from the spectral domain analysis is reduced to a single integral through careful application of Cauchy's Integral Theorem leading to improved convergence and is an additional contribution that is believed to be new for this particular structure. A comparison between the theoretical and experimental reflection coefficients allows extraction of the material parameters using a two-dimensional Newton root search algorithm. Parameter extraction results incorporating dominant and higher-order modes are presented and compared to results from traditional waveguide material characterization techniques. An uncertainty analysis is also performed to determine sensitivity to errors in sample and probe flange thickness. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Stewart, JW (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU VSP BV PI LEIDEN PA BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS, PO BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5071 J9 J ELECTROMAGNET WAVE JI J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. PY 2006 VL 20 IS 14 BP 2037 EP 2052 DI 10.1163/156939306779322693 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 127NT UT WOS:000243593900013 ER PT J AU Yao, JH Schwartz, SA Beeson, TJ AF Yao, JH Schwartz, SA Beeson, TJ TI Cyclic fatigue of three types of rotary nickel-titanium files in a dynamic model SO JOURNAL OF ENDODONTICS LA English DT Article ID ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS; TORSIONAL PROPERTIES; CLINICAL-USE; SYSTEMS AB The cyclic fatigue resistance of three types of nickel titanium rotary files was compared in a model using reciprocating axial movement. The influence of file size and taper was also investigated and fracture patterns were examined under SEM. The 10 experimental groups consisted of ProFiles, K3s, and RaCe files, size 25 in .04 and .06 tapers, as well as ProFiles and K3s, size 40 in .04 and .06 tapers. Each file was rotated freely at 300 rpm inside a stainless steel tube with a 60 degree and 5 mm radius of curvature. A continuous 3 mm oscillating axial motion was applied at 1 cycle per second by attaching an electric dental handpiece to the most inferior load cell of an instron machine using a custom-made jig. The number of rotations to failure was determined and analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests. Overall, K3 25/.04 files were significantly more resistant to cyclic fatigue compared to any other group in this study. In the 25/.04 category, K3s were significantly more resistant to failure than ProFiles and RaCe files. Also in the same category, ProFiles significantly outlasted RaCe files. In the 25/.06 group, K3s and ProFiles were significantly more resistant to failure than RaCe files, but K3s were not significantly different than ProFiles. In the 40/.04 and 401.06 groups, K3s were significantly more resistant to cyclic fatigue than ProFiles. SEM observations demonstrated mostly a ductile mode of fracture. The results suggest that different cross-sectional designs, diameters, and tapers all contribute to a nickel-titanium instrument's vulnerability to cyclic failure. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Endodont, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Endodont Residency Program, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. RP Schwartz, SA (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Endodont, Mail Code 7892,7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA. NR 15 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0099-2399 J9 J ENDODONT JI J. Endod. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 32 IS 1 BP 55 EP 57 DI 10.1016/j.joen.2005.10.013 PG 3 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 003KB UT WOS:000234679500012 PM 16410070 ER PT J AU Attar, PJ Gordnier, RE AF Attar, PJ Gordnier, RE TI Aeroelastic prediction of the limit cycle oscillations of a cropped delta wing SO JOURNAL OF FLUIDS AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE nonlinear aeroelasticity; computational aeroelasticity ID ANGLE-OF-ATTACK; NONLINEAR FLUTTER AB The flutter and limit cycle oscillation (LCO) behavior of a cropped delta wing are investigated using a newly developed computational aeroelastic solver. This computational model includes a well-validated Euler finite difference solver coupled to a high-fidelity finite element structural solver. The nonlinear structural model includes geometric nonlinearities which are modelled using a co-rotational formulation. The LCOs of the cropped delta wing are computed and the results are compared to previous computations and to experiment. Over the range of dynamic pressures for which experimental results are reported, the LCO magnitudes computed using the current model are comparable to those from a previous computation which used a lower-order von Karman structural model. However, for larger dynamic pressures, the current computational model and the model which used the von Karman theory start to differ significantly, with the current model predicting larger deflections for a given dynamic pressure. This results in a LCO curve which is in better qualitative agreement with experiment. Flow features which were present in the previous computational model such as a leading edge vortex and a shock wave are enhanced in the current model due to the prediction of larger deflections and rotations at the higher dynamic pressures. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USAF, Res Lab, VAAC, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Attar, PJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, VAAC, 2210 8th St,Bldg 146, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM peter.attar@wpafb.af.mil; raymond.gordnier@wpafb.af.mil RI Attar, Peter/B-1728-2008 OI Attar, Peter/0000-0003-3112-9205 NR 23 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0889-9746 J9 J FLUID STRUCT JI J. Fluids Struct. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 45 EP 58 DI 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2005.08.010 PG 14 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA 003PX UT WOS:000234695200004 ER PT J AU Bordner, RE Wiesel, WE AF Bordner, RE Wiesel, WE TI Trajectory estimation for satellite clusters SO JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE CONTROL AND DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID MOTION AB The problem of tracking a satellite cluster by using the periodic orbit/Floquet theory solution to relative motion can be separated into two coupled estimation problems: determining the periodic orbit, and determining the relative motion of the cluster. We have studied this problem with simulated global positioning system (GPS) data for the periodic orbit estimator and both simulated differential GPS data and timing synchronization data for the relative problem. After careful treatment of several singularities and instabilities, we have achieved accuracy of about 1 m in determining the periodic reference orbit and about 2-cm error in the relative motion. The relative motion estimate is very insensitive to significantly mismatched dynamics (e.g., solar Hares) that do significantly degrade the estimate of the reference orbit. C1 USAF, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Bordner, RE (reprint author), USAF, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0731-5090 J9 J GUID CONTROL DYNAM JI J. Guid. Control Dyn. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 29 IS 1 BP 172 EP 178 DI 10.2514/1.19693 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 004VU UT WOS:000234781400016 ER PT J AU Rauch, ME Graef, HW Rozenzhak, SM Jones, SE Bleckmann, CA Kruger, RL Naik, RR Stone, MO AF Rauch, ME Graef, HW Rozenzhak, SM Jones, SE Bleckmann, CA Kruger, RL Naik, RR Stone, MO TI Characterization of microbial contamination in United States Air Force aviation fuel tanks SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aviation fuel; microbial contamination; fuel microorganisms; JP-8; JP-4; Jet-A ID GENE AB Bacteria and fungi, isolated from United States Air Force (USAF) aviation fuel samples, were identified by gas chromatograph fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) profiling and 16S or 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Thirty-six samples from 11 geographically separated USAF bases were collected. At each base, an above-ground storage tank, a refueling truck, and an aircraft wing tank were sampled at the lowest sample point, or sump, to investigate microbial diversity and dispersion within the fuel distribution chain. Twelve genera, including four Bacillus species and two Staphylococcus species, were isolated and identified. Bacillus licheniformis, the most prevalent organism isolated, was found at seven of the 11 bases. Of the organisms identified, Bacillus sp., Micrococcus luteus, Sphinogmonas sp., Staphylococcus sp., and the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans have previously been isolated from aviation fuel samples. The bacteria Pantoea ananatis, Arthrobacter sp., Alcaligenes sp., Kocuria rhizophilia, Leucob-acter komagatae, Dietza sp., and the fungus Discophaerina fagi have not been previously reported in USAF aviation fuel. Only at two bases were the same organisms isolated from all three sample points in the fuel supply distribution chain. Isolation of previously undocumented organisms suggests either, changes in aviation fuel microbial community in response to changes in aviation fuel composition, additives and biocide use, or simply, improvements in isolation and identification techniques. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Syst & Engn Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Fuels Branch, Propuls Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Biotechnol Grp, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Universal Energy Syst Inc, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. RP Bleckmann, CA (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Syst & Engn Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Charles.Bleckmann@afit.edu RI Bleckmann, Charles/A-7447-2009 NR 33 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 33 IS 1 BP 29 EP 36 DI 10.1007/s10295-005-0023-x PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 012GT UT WOS:000235327000005 PM 16328508 ER PT J AU Allibhai, TF Spinella, PC Meyer, MT Hall, BH DiGeronimo, RJ AF Allibhai, TF Spinella, PC Meyer, MT Hall, BH DiGeronimo, RJ TI Survival of pediatric viral pneumonia patients following prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A case report and review of the extracorporeal life support organization (ELSO) registry. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2004 Annual Meeting CY APR 17-21, 2004 CL Washington, DC C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1 SU S MA 31 BP S261 EP S261 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 011XH UT WOS:000235301501031 ER PT J AU Croley, M DiGeronimo, R McCurnin, D AF Croley, M DiGeronimo, R McCurnin, D TI Lithium dilution cardiac output monitoring in a premature neonate model. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2004 Annual Meeting CY APR 17-21, 2004 CL Washington, DC C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. SW Fdn Biomed Res, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1 SU S MA 294 BP S308 EP S309 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 011XH UT WOS:000235301501293 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, MT Powers, GC Pierce, M DiGeronimo, RJ AF Shoemaker, MT Powers, GC Pierce, M DiGeronimo, RJ TI The increased usage of humidified high-flow nasal cannula versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure for neonatal respiratory disease: Observations and a retrospective study. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Experimental Biology 2004 Annual Meeting CY APR 17-21, 2004 CL Washington, DC C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. Santa Rosa Childrens Hosp, Pediatrix Med Grp, San Antonio, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1 SU S MA 119 BP S277 EP S277 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 011XH UT WOS:000235301501118 ER PT J AU Padmawar, PA Canteenwala, T Verma, S Tan, LS Chiang, LY AF Padmawar, PA Canteenwala, T Verma, S Tan, LS Chiang, LY TI Synthesis and characterization of photoresponsive diphenylaminofluorene chromophore adducts of [60]fullerene SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON-TRANSFER; FULLERENE-PORPHYRIN DYAD; C-60-DIPHENYLAMINOFLUORENE DYAD; PHOTOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; INTRAMOLECULAR ELECTRON; 2-PHOTON ABSORPTION; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; ENERGY-TRANSFER; C-60 AB A class of acceptor-keto-donor structures as hindered 9,9-di(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl)-2-diphenylaminofluoreno-methano[60]fullerene C-60(> DPAF-C-9) and the related bisadducts C-60(> DPAF-C-9)(2) and C-60(> DPAF-C-2)(2) were synthesized. They are derivatives of multiphoton absorptive C-60(> DPAF-C-2) showing enhanced cross-sections of simultaneous two-photon absorption under laser excitation at 800 nm in nanosecond region. Molecular synthesis of these C-60-DPAF conjugates involved the covalent attachment of a diphenylaminofluorene moiety to methano[60] fullerene via a keto linkage for increasing molecular acceptor-donor polarization of the chromophore in conjunction with the fullerene cage. Preparation of 7-(1,2-dihydro-1,2-methanofullerene[60]-61-carbonyl)-9,9-dialkyl-2- diphenylaminofluorene C-60(> DPAF-C-n) involved cyclopropanation of C-60 with a key synthon 7-alpha-bromoacetyl-9,9-dialkyl-2-diphenylaminofluorene. Synthesis of this synthon was achieved by a three-steps procedure starting from 2-bromofluorene via dialkylation at C-9 of the fluorene ring, attachment of a diphenylamino group at C-2 of dialkylfluorene, and Friedel-Craft acylation of the alpha-bromoacetyl group at C-7 of diphenylaminofluorene. All C-60-DPAF derivatives were fully characterized with the chemical structures confirmed by various spectroscopic analyses and validated by the single-crystal structural analysis data of C-60(> DPAF-C-2). Strong solvent-sensitive fluorescence quenching phenomena of C-60(> DPAF-C-2), C-60(> DPAF-C-9), and C-60(> DPAF-C-9)(2) were noticed, showing no fluorescence band above 700 nm in more polar solvents, such as DMF, PhCN, and THF, while in less polar solvents (toluene, CHCl3, and CS2) a fullerenyl fluorescence band at 700-710 nm was observed. It was attributed to the occurrence of electron transfer via the singlet excited state of the fullerene moiety C-1(60)*(> DPAF-C-n) in the former group of the solvents. On the contrary, energy transfer processes from DPAF-C-n moiety to the fullerene cage are favored in the latter group of the solvents. C1 Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Dept Chem, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. USAF, AFRL ML, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Tan, LS (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts Lowell, Dept Chem, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. EM Loon-Seng.Tan@wpafb.af.mil; Long_Chiang@uml.edu RI Tan, Loon-Seng/F-6985-2012 OI Tan, Loon-Seng/0000-0002-2134-9290 NR 59 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2006 VL 16 IS 14 BP 1366 EP 1378 DI 10.1039/b515055h PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 026HH UT WOS:000236329500011 ER PT J AU Jin, CM Ye, CF Phillips, BS Zabinski, JS Liu, XQ Liu, WM Shreeve, JM AF Jin, CM Ye, CF Phillips, BS Zabinski, JS Liu, XQ Liu, WM Shreeve, JM TI Polyethylene glycol functionalized dicationic ionic liquids with alkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substituents as high temperature lubricants SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-SYNTHESIS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; MOLTEN-SALTS; EFFICIENT; ETHER; WATER; NANOPARTICLES; DERIVATIVES; EXTRACTION; PALLADIUM AB A series of new polyethylene glycol functionalized dicationic ionic liquids with alkyl or polyfluoroalkyl substitutents (9-17 and 19-24) has been prepared. Important physical properties of these liquids, including glass transition (T-g) and decomposition temperatures (T-d), solubility in common solvents, density (d) and viscosity (g), were measured. These ionic liquids show high thermal stability and good lubricity. In general, imidazolium based dicationic liquids have higher T-d (> 415 degrees C) than their triazolium analogues. The introduction of polyfluoroalkyl groups boosts antiwear properties but also leads to a decrease in Td. These ionic liquids also exhibit excellent tribological characteristics even at 300 degrees C, which suggests use as high temperature lubricants. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Chem, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Universal Technol Corp, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. USAF, Res Labs, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Mat Div,Nonstruct Mat Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Lanzhou Inst Chem Phys, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. RP Shreeve, JM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Chem, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RI LIU, XUQING/E-4544-2011 OI LIU, XUQING/0000-0001-5998-6546 NR 39 TC 152 Z9 155 U1 5 U2 43 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0959-9428 J9 J MATER CHEM JI J. Mater. Chem. PY 2006 VL 16 IS 16 BP 1529 EP 1535 DI 10.1039/b517888f PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 031OK UT WOS:000236713700006 ER PT J AU Kales, SN Lee, EC AF Kales, SN Lee, EC TI Pseudo-latex allergy associated with "latex" paint exposure: A potential cause of iatrogenic disability SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-RUBBER LATEX; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; GLOVE USE; SENSITIZATION; SYMPTOMS; MANAGEMENT; CLAIMS AB Objective: We sought to describe outcomes for three health care workers with natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy reporting illness after exposure to latex Paint. Methods: We undertook a retrospective review of medical and occupational histories, diagnostic, treatment, and work recommendations. Outcomes included lost time, workers compensation indemnity costs, and return to work. Results: None of the paints contained NRL.. Cases 1 and 2 initially were misdiagnosed as suffering allergic reactions to NRL, resulting in 7 and 23 months lost time, $15,790 and $139,000 indemnity costs, respectively, and both failing to return to work. Case 3 was correctly diagnosed as not exposed to NRL, with only several lost days, no indemnity costs, and continued to work. Conclusions: The failure to recognize that synthetic paints do not contain NRL can lead to misdiagnosis, inappropriate exposure, and employers. work avoidance recommendations and iatrogenic disability. C1 Cambridge Hlth Alliance, Dept Med, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. USAF, Med Grp 72, Tinker AFB, OK USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Occupat Hlth Program, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Kales, SN (reprint author), Cambridge Hlth Alliance, Dept Med, Macht Bldg,Room 427,1493 Cambridge St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM skales@challiance.org NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3261 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 48 IS 1 BP 83 EP 88 DI 10.1097/01.jom.0000184882.67947.58 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 003GD UT WOS:000234668900011 PM 16404214 ER PT J AU Mihora, LD Jatla, KK Enzenauer, RW AF Mihora, LD Jatla, KK Enzenauer, RW TI Horner syndrome due to ectopic cervical thymus SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY & STRABISMUS LA English DT Editorial Material ID DIAGNOSIS; INFANTS; MASSES AB A 9-month-old infant presented with Horner syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging of his head and neck was unremarkable, but magnetic resonance imaging of his chest revealed ectopic cervical thymus. The patient's condition has been managed with imaging studies and close clinical follow-up. C1 Univ Tennessee, Chattanooga Unit, Chattanooga, TN USA. RP Mihora, LD (reprint author), SGOSE, Dept Ophthalmol, 5955 Zeamer Ave, Elmendorf AFB, AK 99506 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0191-3913 J9 J PEDIAT OPHTH STRAB JI J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 46 EP 48 PG 3 WC Ophthalmology; Pediatrics SC Ophthalmology; Pediatrics GA 004MP UT WOS:000234757200014 PM 16491727 ER PT J AU Keidar, M Boyd, ID Antonsen, EL Burton, RL Spanjers, GG AF Keidar, M Boyd, ID Antonsen, EL Burton, RL Spanjers, GG TI Optimization issues for a micropulsed plasma thruster SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID VACUUM-ARC; DISCHARGE; FIELD; MODEL AB Several issues related to the design of a micropulsed plasma thruster (mu PPT) are considered. It is concluded that the choice of the optimal energy level for a given mu PPT geometry is very important. If the discharge energy is small, propellant charring would limit the operational time of the thruster. It is found that the charring phenomenon is associated with nonuniformity (in the radial direction between the electrodes) in the propellant ablation rate. On the other hand, higher energy leads to discharge constriction on the positive electrode and causes azimuthal nonuniformity. Reasoning leading to such nonuniformity is considered, and general suggestions for optimal energy and thruster size selections are presented. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Aerosp Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Keidar, M (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 48 EP 55 DI 10.2514/1.13954 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 006QB UT WOS:000234910900005 ER PT J AU Allgood, D Gutmark, E Hoke, J Bradley, R Schauer, F AF Allgood, D Gutmark, E Hoke, J Bradley, R Schauer, F TI Performance measurements of multicycle pulse-detonation-engine exhaust nozzles SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE ANALYSIS; DEFLAGRATIONS; TRANSITION; INITIATION; MIXTURES; IMPULSE AB Performance measurements of multicycle pulse-detonation-engine (PDE) exhaust nozzles were obtained using a damped thrust stand. A pulse detonation engine of 1.88 m length was operated on a cycle frequency of 30 Hz at stoichiometric conditions. Both converging and diverging bell-shaped exhaust nozzles were tested for PDE fill-fractions ranging from 0.4 to 1.1. The area ratios of the nozzles were varied from 0.25 converging to 4.00 diverging. The nozzle length was negligible compared to the overall length of the PDE. The feasibility of normalizing the PDE nozzle thrust data was investigated by testing two different PDE combustion chamber diameters (2.54 and 5.08 cm) with the same nozzle area ratios. The optimum nozzle area ratio was found to be a function of the PDE fill-fraction. For fill-fractions at or below 0.5, the optimum configuration was a PDE without an exhaust nozzle. However, as the operating fill-fraction was increased to values close to or above one, thrust enhancement was obtained with a converging nozzle. The diverging nozzles also showed a relative increase in their performance with increased fill-fraction. Unlike the converging nozzles, the diverging nozzles and baseline configuration were observed to be sensitive to the ignition delay. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Allgood, D (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Aerosp Engn & Engn Mech, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. EM allgoodc@email.uc.edu; Ephraim.Gutmark@uc.edu; John.Hoke@wpafb.af.mil OI Gutmark, Ephraim/0000-0001-7816-4257 NR 22 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 22 IS 1 BP 70 EP 77 DI 10.2514/1.11499 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 006QB UT WOS:000234910900008 ER PT J AU Li, JC Visbal, MR AF Li, JC Visbal, MR TI High-order compact schemes for nonlinear dispersive waves SO JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE high-order compact schemes; KdV equation; KdV-Burgers equation; dispersive wave ID FINITE-DIFFERENCE SCHEMES; KORTEWEG-DEVRIES EQUATION; COMPUTATIONAL ACOUSTICS; MESHES AB High-order compact finite difference schemes coupled with high-order low-pass filter and the classical fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme are applied to simulate nonlinear dispersive wave propagation problems described the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)-like equations, which involve a third derivative term. Several examples such as KdV equation, and KdV-Burgers equation are presented and the solutions obtained are compared with some other numerical methods. Computational results demonstrate that high-order compact schemes work very well for problems involving a third derivative term. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Math Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Computat Sci Branch, Air Vehicles Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Li, JC (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Math Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. EM jichun@unlv.nevada.edu RI Li, Jichun/D-1434-2010 NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0885-7474 J9 J SCI COMPUT JI J. Sci. Comput. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 26 IS 1 BP 1 EP 23 DI 10.1007/s10915-004-4797-1 PG 23 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 013YK UT WOS:000235445700001 ER PT J AU Lane, SA Griffin, S Richard, RE AF Lane, SA Griffin, S Richard, RE TI Fairing noise mitigation using passive vibroacoustic attenuation devices SO JOURNAL OF SPACECRAFT AND ROCKETS LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURAL-ACOUSTIC CONTROL; TUNED VIBRATION ABSORBERS; SOUND-TRANSMISSION; GENETIC ALGORITHMS; MODAL EXPANSION; RADIATION; RESONATORS; ACTUATORS; PLACEMENT AB This work investigated the application of passive vibroacoustic attenuation devices (PVADs) for fairing noise mitigation. A PVAD is an integrated structural vibration mitigation device and acoustic damper. The PVAD was developed to provide low-frequency noise reduction and to be used as a supplement to acoustic blankets. This work presents modeling of the PVAD and composite cylinder test bed, simulations, optimization studies, experimental results using prototype devices, tests using two component devices, and tests using integrated PVADs on a 2.75-m composite cylinder. Two optimization schemes are presented: one based on radiation-mode analysis and the other using genetic algorithms. The measured experimental data supported conclusions from the model simulations and predictions. The performance of the integrated PVAD devices was better than that of individual components, and exceeded the performance of discrete masses and distributed mass loading. Narrowband reductions of 10 dB were demonstrated at low-frequency acoustic resonances. More than 6 dB of acoustic reduction was measured over the bandwidth of 50-125 Hz in the cylinder. C1 US AF Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Boeing SVS, Albuquerque, NM 87109 USA. RP Lane, SA (reprint author), US AF Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0022-4650 J9 J SPACECRAFT ROCKETS JI J. Spacecr. Rockets PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 31 EP 44 DI 10.2514/1.13926 PG 14 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 012ZT UT WOS:000235380100003 ER PT J AU Joshi, KG Frierson, RL Gunter, TD AF Joshi, Kaustubh G. Frierson, Richard L. Gunter, Tracy D. TI Shared psychotic disorder and criminal responsibility: A review and case report of Folie a Trois SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PSYCHIATRY AND THE LAW LA English DT Review ID DELUSIONAL DISORDER; DEUX AB We present a case of shared psychotic disorder involving three sisters who were successful in establishing an insanity defense on numerous felony charges in the South Carolina criminal court system. Two of the authors of this article were court-appointed examiners in this case. We then present a history of shared psychotic disorder, an overview of the use of this diagnosis in the defense of insanity, and a discussion of the disposition of individuals with "temporary insanity." Finally, we compare shared psychotic disorder, culturally based belief systems, and religious cults, with a focus on their common and contrasting characteristics. C1 Univ S Carolina, Sch Med, William S Hall Psychiat Inst, Columbia, SC 29202 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Forens Psychiat Serv, Lackland AFB, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. Univ Iowa, Carver Coll Med, Iowa City, IA USA. RP Frierson, RL (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Sch Med, William S Hall Psychiat Inst, POB 119, Columbia, SC 29202 USA. EM rlf51@scdmh.org NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PSYCHIATRY & LAW PI BLOOMFIELD PA ONE REGENCY DR, PO BOX 30, BLOOMFIELD, CT 06002 USA SN 1093-6793 J9 J AM ACAD PSYCHIATRY JI J. Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law PY 2006 VL 34 IS 4 BP 511 EP 517 PG 7 WC Law; Psychiatry SC Government & Law; Psychiatry GA 129FJ UT WOS:000243713700012 PM 17185481 ER PT J AU Hausman, SA Ooyama, KV Schubert, WH AF Hausman, SA Ooyama, KV Schubert, WH TI Potential vorticity structure of simulated hurricanes SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE MODEL; THERMODYNAMIC FOUNDATION; MOIST ATMOSPHERE; NUMERICAL-MODEL; ANDREW 1992; DYNAMICS; MICROPHYSICS; SENSITIVITY; RESOLUTION; EVOLUTION AB To better understand the processes involved in tropical cyclone development, the authors simulate an axisymmetric tropical-cyclone-like vortex using a two-dimensional model based on nonhydrostatic dynamics, equilibrium thermodynamics, and bulk microphysics. The potential vorticity principle for this nonhydrostatic, moist, precipitating atmosphere is derived. The appropriate generalization of the dry potential vorticity is found to be P=rho(-1){(-partial derivative upsilon/partial derivative z) (partial derivative theta(rho)/partial derivative r) + [f+partial derivative(r upsilon)/r partial derivative r] (partial derivative theta(rho)/partial derivative z)}, where rho is the total density, upsilon is the azimuthal component of velocity, and theta(p) is the virtual potential temperature. It is shown that P carries all the essential dynamical information about the balanced wind and mass fields. In the fully developed, quasi-steady-state cyclone, the P field and the theta(p) field become locked together, with each field having an outward sloping region of peak values on the inside edge of the eyewall cloud. In this remarkable structure, the P field consists of a narrow, leaning tower in which the value of P can reach several hundred potential vorticity (PV) units. Sensitivity experiments reveal that the simulated cyclones are sensitive to the effects of ice, primarily through the reduced fall velocity of precipitation above the freezing level rather than through the latent heat of fusion, and to the effects of vertical entropy transport by precipitation. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USAF, Weather Agcy, Offutt Air Force Base, NE USA. Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL USA. RP Schubert, WH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM waynes@atmos.colostate.edu NR 36 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 63 IS 1 BP 87 EP 108 DI 10.1175/JAS3601.1 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 008HP UT WOS:000235031100006 ER PT J AU Brungart, DS Kordik, AJ Simpson, BD AF Brungart, DS Kordik, AJ Simpson, BD TI Effects of headtracker latency in virtual audio displays SO JOURNAL OF THE AUDIO ENGINEERING SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOUND LOCALIZATION; HEAD AB A critical parameter for the design of interactive virtual audio displays is the maximum acceptable amount of delay between the movement of the listener's head and the corresponding change in the spatialized signal presented to the listener's ears. Two studies that used a low-latency virtual audio display to evaluate the effects of headtracker latency on auditory localization are presented. The first study examined the effects of headtracker delay on the localization on broad-band sounds. The results show that latency values in excess of 73 ms result in increased localization errors for brief sounds and increased localization response times for continuous sound sources. The second study measured how well listeners could detect the presence of headtracker latency in a virtual sound. The results show that the best listeners can detect latency values of 60-70 ms for isolated sounds, and that their detection thresholds are 25 ms lower for sounds presented in conjunction with a low-latency reference tone. These results suggest that headtracker latency values lower than 60 ills are likely to be adequate for most virtual audio applications, and that delays of less than 30 ms are difficult to detect even in very demanding virtual auditory environments. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Veridian, Dayton, OH 45431 USA. RP Brungart, DS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM douglas.brungart@wpafb.af.mil; akordik@sbcglobal.net; brian.simpson@wpafb.af.mil NR 15 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AUDIO ENGINEERING SOC PI NEW YORK PA 60 E 42ND ST, NEW YORK, NY 10165-2520 USA SN 1549-4950 J9 J AUDIO ENG SOC JI J. Audio Eng. Soc. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 54 IS 1-2 BP 32 EP 44 PG 13 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 018TQ UT WOS:000235788100003 ER PT J AU Lin, LC Ponnappan, R Yerkes, K AF Lin, LC Ponnappan, R Yerkes, K TI Actively pumped two-phase loop for spray cooling SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AIAA 43rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit CY JAN 10-13, 2005 CL Reno, NV SP AIAA AB A new closed two-phase loop that combines with a large area spray cooling unit for the cooling of high heat-flux power sources is developed. The fluid circulation is sustained by a magnetic gear pump operating with an ejector unit. The motive flow of the ejector shares the pumping liquid flow with the multinozzle spray. With the assistance of the ejector, the maximum spray pressure drop across the nozzle can be enhanced by at least 0.56 bar at critical heat fluxes (CHF). This increases CHF of the spray cooling by up to 16%. More importantly, the use of the ejector prevents the uncondensed vapor from entering the magnetic gear pump and stabilizes the circulation of the two-phase flow. During the experiment, a multinozzle assembly with 48 miniature nozzles is employed. The target spray cooling area is 19.3 cm(2). FC-72 and water are used as the working fluid. The present design concept can be applied to cooling systems operating in the aerospace environment. C1 Universal Energy Syst Inc, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Electrochem & Thermal Sci Branch AGRL PRPS, Propuls Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Lin, LC (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091-4344 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2006 VL 20 IS 1 BP 107 EP 110 DI 10.2514/1.15053 PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 006LZ UT WOS:000234900300011 ER PT J AU Urbassik, RM Wolff, JM Polanka, MD AF Urbassik, RM Wolff, JM Polanka, MD TI Unsteady aerodynamics and interactions between a high-pressure turbine vane and rotor SO JOURNAL OF TURBOMACHINERY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID FORCING FUNCTIONS; PART I; WAKE AB A set of experimental data is presented investigating the unsteady aerodynamics associated with a high pressure turbine vane (HPV) and rotor blade (HPB). The data was acquired at the Turbine Research Facility (TRF) of the Air Force Research Laboratory. The TRF is a transient, blowdown facility generating several seconds of experimental data on full scale engine hardware at scaled turbine operating conditions simulating an actual engine environment. The pressure ratio and freestream Reynolds number were varied for this investigation. Surface unsteady pressure measurements on the HPV total pressure traverse measurements downstream of the vane, and surface unsteady pressure measurements for the rotor blade were obtained. The unsteady content of the HPV surface was generated by the rotor potential field. The first harmonic decayed more rapidly than the second harmonic with a movement upstream causing the second harmonic to be most influential at the vane throat. The blade unsteadiness appears to be caused by a combination of shock, potential field, and vane wake interactions between the vane and rotor blade. The revolution averaged data resulted in higher unsteadiness than a passing ensemble average for both vane and rotor indicating a need to understand each passage for high cycle fatigue (HCF) affects. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Turbines Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Mech & Mat Engn, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Polanka, MD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Turbines Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM mitch.wolff@wright.edu; marc.polanka@wpafb.af.mil NR 13 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0889-504X J9 J TURBOMACH JI J. Turbomach.-Trans. ASME PD JAN PY 2006 VL 128 IS 1 BP 35 EP 42 DI 10.1115/1.2098752 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 007HN UT WOS:000234959700004 ER PT J AU Muratore, C Walton, SG Leonhardt, D Fernsler, RF AF Muratore, C Walton, SG Leonhardt, D Fernsler, RF TI Control of plasma flux composition incident on TiN films during reactive magnetron sputtering and the effect on film microstructure SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID BEAM-GENERATED PLASMAS; INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; PHYSICAL VAPOR-DEPOSITION; TITANIUM NITRIDE; ASSISTED DEPOSITION; ION IRRADIATION; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; SUBSTRATE; COATINGS AB A hybrid plasma enhanced physical vapor deposition (PEPVD) system consisting of an unbalanced dc magnetron and a pulsed electron beam-produced plasma was used to deposit reactively Sputtered titanium nitride thin films. The system allowed for control of the magnitudes of the ion and neutral flux, in addition to the type of nitrogen ions (atomic or molecular) that comprised the flux. For all deposition experiments, the magnitude of the ion flux incident on the substrate was held constant, but the composition of the total flux was varied. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy showed that crystallographic texture and surface morphology of the films were affected by the plasma flux composition during growth. C1 USN, Res Lab, Div Plasma Phys, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Muratore, C (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Tribol Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM chris.muratore@wpafb.af.mil NR 39 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 24 IS 1 BP 25 EP 29 DI 10.1116/1.2134706 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 005HV UT WOS:000234814100004 ER PT J AU Smith, RD AF Smith, Rhonda D. TI Integrity and the fragile self SO JOURNAL OF VALUE INQUIRY LA English DT Book Review C1 USAF Acad, Dept Philosophy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Smith, RD (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Philosophy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-5363 J9 J VALUE INQUIRY JI J. Value Inq. PY 2006 VL 40 IS 4 BP 479 EP 484 DI 10.1007/s10790-007-9026-3 PG 6 WC Ethics; Philosophy SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Philosophy GA 235EL UT WOS:000251216200008 ER PT J AU Clouse, WD Brewster, DC AF Clouse, WD Brewster, DC TI Graft-enteric erosion with fungal septic emboli SO JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY LA English DT Article C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Div Vasc Surg, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Surg,Div Vasc Surg, Boston, MA USA. RP Clouse, WD (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Div Vasc Surg, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. EM dcbrewster@partners.org NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0741-5214 J9 J VASC SURG JI J. Vasc. Surg. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 43 IS 1 BP 184 EP 184 DI 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.08.043 PG 1 WC Surgery; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Surgery; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 003CQ UT WOS:000234659600038 PM 16414410 ER PT J AU Swanson, LA Davis, JM Disimile, PJ AF Swanson, LA Davis, JM Disimile, PJ TI Vortex entrainment and separation using flow superposition SO JOURNAL OF VISUALIZATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Aerosp Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Engn & Sci Innovat Inc, Batesville, IN USA. USAF, WPAF, OH USA. RP Swanson, LA (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Aerosp Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1343-8875 J9 J VISUAL-JAPAN JI J. Vis. PY 2006 VL 9 IS 1 BP 5 EP 5 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 001RU UT WOS:000234554800004 ER PT J AU Swanson, LA Davis, JM Disimile, PJ AF Swanson, LA Davis, JM Disimile, PJ TI Vortex pairing SO JOURNAL OF VISUALIZATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Aerosp Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Engn & Sci Innovat Inc, Batesville, IN USA. USAF, Aerosp Survivabil & Safety Flight, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Swanson, LA (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Aerosp Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1343-8875 J9 J VISUAL-JAPAN JI J. Vis. PY 2006 VL 9 IS 2 BP 130 EP 130 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 030SC UT WOS:000236653700003 ER PT J AU Le, HV Seetharaman, G AF Le, HV Seetharaman, G TI A super-resolution imaging method based on dense subpixel-accurate motion fields SO JOURNAL OF VLSI SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS FOR SIGNAL IMAGE AND VIDEO TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE super-resolution; motion compensation; optical flow ID RECONSTRUCTION; VELOCITY; IMAGES AB A super-resolution imaging method suitable for imaging objects moving in a dynamic scene is described. The primary operations are performed over three threads: the computation of a dense inter-frame 2-D motion field induced by the moving objects at a sub-pixel resolution in the first thread. Concurrently, each video image frame is enlarged by the cascode of an ideal low-pass filter and a higher rate sampler, essentially stretching each image onto a larger grid. Then, the main task is to synthesize a higher resolution image from the stretched image of the first frame and that of the subsequent frames subject to a suitable motion compensation. A simple averaging process and/or a simplified Kalman filter may be used to minimize the spatio-temporal noise, in the aggregation process. The method is simple and can take advantage of common MPEG-4 encoding tools. A few experimental cases are presented with a basic description of the key operations performed in the over all process. C1 Vietnam Natl Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Hanoi 144, Xuan Thuy, Vietnam. USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Le, HV (reprint author), Vietnam Natl Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Hanoi 144, Xuan Thuy, Vietnam. EM hvle@hn.vnn.vn; guna.seetharaman@afit.edu NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-5773 J9 J VLSI SIG PROC SYST JI J. VLSI Signal Process. Syst. Signal Image Video Technol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 42 IS 1 BP 79 EP 89 DI 10.1007/s11265-005-4167-8 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 027LD UT WOS:000236416200008 ER PT J AU Harroff, HH Watson, DG AF Harroff, H. Hugh, Jr. Watson, David G. TI Pool the pups - Response SO LAB ANIMAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. RP Harroff, HH (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, 59th Clin res Squadron,59th Med Wing, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK STREET, 9TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0093-7355 J9 LAB ANIMAL JI Lab Anim. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 35 IS 1 BP 15 EP 16 DI 10.1038/laban0106-15b PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 070SY UT WOS:000239545600002 PM 16382225 ER PT J AU Hall, JM Bush, AC Kendall, BS AF Hall, JM Bush, AC Kendall, BS TI Atypical cytologic features in pap smears with Candida should not be entirely attributed to reactive cellular changes SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 95th Annual Meeting of the United-States-and-Canadian-Academy-of-Pathology CY FEB 11-17, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP US & Canadian Acad Pathol C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK STREET, 9TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 86 SU 1 MA 258 BP 58A EP 59A PG 2 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 996WY UT WOS:000234207600258 ER PT J AU Kendall, B Olsen, C Zahn, C AF Kendall, B Olsen, C Zahn, C TI Difference in ASCUS/SIL ratios by patient age SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 95th Annual Meeting of the United-States-and-Canadian-Academy-of-Pathology CY FEB 11-17, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP US & Canadian Acad Pathol C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. USUHS, Bethesda, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 86 SU 1 MA 268 BP 61A EP 61A PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 996WY UT WOS:000234207600268 ER PT J AU Kendall, B Zahn, C Rosario, D Olsen, C AF Kendall, B Zahn, C Rosario, D Olsen, C TI Cytologic features associated with high-risk HPV and abnormal follow-up in ASCUS smears from elderly women SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 95th Annual Meeting of the United-States-and-Canadian-Academy-of-Pathology CY FEB 11-17, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP US & Canadian Acad Pathol C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. USUHS, Bethesda, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 86 SU 1 MA 269 BP 61A EP 61A PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 996WY UT WOS:000234207600269 ER PT J AU Hall, JM Strauss, BL Shaw, JC AF Hall, JM Strauss, BL Shaw, JC TI CD10 immunostaining aids in distinguishing trophoblastic lesions from squamous epithelium in endocervical curettage SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 95th Annual Meeting of the United-States-and-Canadian-Academy-of-Pathology CY FEB 11-17, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP US & Canadian Acad Pathol C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK STREET, 9TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 86 SU 1 MA 834 BP 180A EP 180A PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 996WY UT WOS:000234207601268 ER PT S AU Ross, TS AF Ross, TS BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Giesen, A Nickel, D Davis, SJ Heaven, MC Schriempf, JT TI An analysis of a non-Gaussian, Gaussian laser beam - art. no. 610111 SO Laser Beam Control and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Laser Beam Control and Applications CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE Gaussian laser beams; M2; laser beam quality; laser modes AB It is possible to construct summations of Laguerre-Gaussian modes which have the appearance of a zero order fundamental Gaussian but which, in fact, have no zero order content. These examples have circulated informally as a warning against trusting a single beam profile measurement as to the indication of the modal content of a given beam. These 'non-Gaussian' Gaussian beams also turn out to be extremely revealing of the fundamental assumptions upon which all modal decompositions and modal-based beam quality measures are based upon. Due to the contrived nature of these beams, they are also subject to some very subtle but important theoretical errors. This paper will rigorously examine a 'non-Gaussian', Gaussian beam in terms of its amplitude and phase characteristics, propagation behavior, M-2 and what it reveals about modal decompositions and modal beam quality measures in general. C1 USAF, Res Lab, High Power Solid State Lasers Branch, Kirtland AFB, NM 87112 USA. RP Ross, TS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, High Power Solid State Lasers Branch, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87112 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6143-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6101 BP 10111 EP 10111 AR 610111 DI 10.1117/12.640436 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEE62 UT WOS:000236975200029 ER PT S AU Ehrenreich, T Zhdanov, B Knize, RJ AF Ehrenreich, T Zhdanov, B Knize, RJ BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Giesen, A Nickel, D Davis, SJ Heaven, MC Schriempf, JT TI Highly efficient cesium vapor laser - art. no. 610122 SO Laser Beam Control and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Laser Beam Control and Applications CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE optical pump; alkali lasers; cesium laser; high power lasers ID CS AB An extensive development of high power lasers for military and civilian applications has resulted in several highly successful laser systems based on chemical lasers. These lasers have some undesirable features, most notably their use of dangerous chemicals and excessive size. Alternative laser systems such as solid state, fiber lasers and semiconductor lasers have not achieved the necessary powers and beam quality. In this paper we present the results of our work on optically pumped cesium vapor laser development. We demonstrated efficient cesium laser operation at wavelength 894 nm with diode laser pumping. The measured optical efficiency was more than 32% with an overall electrical to optical efficiency of 15%. With an improved cavity design and narrowband pump source we have demonstrated Cs laser with slope efficiency of 81% and overall optical efficiency of 63%. This laser can be scaled to higher powers by increasing the volume of the active medium and number of narrowband pump diode lasers. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Phys, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Ehrenreich, T (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Phys, 2354 Fairchild Dr, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6143-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6101 BP 10122 EP 10122 AR 610122 DI 10.1117/12.645424 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEE62 UT WOS:000236975200064 ER PT S AU Madden, TJ AF Madden, TJ BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Giesen, A Nickel, D Davis, SJ Heaven, MC Schriempf, JT TI Flow unsteadiness in chemical oxygen-iodine lasers and its' influence - art. no. 61011V SO Laser Beam Control and Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Laser Beam Control and Applications CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE chemical oxygen-iodine laser; COIL; computational fluid dynamics; unsteady flow; line broadening AB Theoretical models for chemical lasers depend on a variety of assumptions and empirical data to provide closure and simplify solution of the governing equations. Among the various assumptions and empirical data that have been built into models for chemical lasers are assumptions regarding flow steadiness in the time domain and geometric similarity of the spatial domain. The work discussed here is directed toward elucidating and increasing the understanding of these assumptions commonly used in chemical laser simulation and the impact of their usage upon the predictions of these models. These efforts in turn are directly linked to efforts to achieve improved chemical laser efficiency and performance, as excursions outside the assumed to be 'well understood' traditional operational parameter space are increasingly necessary. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, High Power Gas Lasers Branch, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Madden, TJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, High Power Gas Lasers Branch, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6143-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6101 BP V1011 EP V1011 AR 61011V DI 10.1117/12.675333 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEE62 UT WOS:000236975200057 ER PT S AU Paxton, AH Miller, HC AF Paxton, AH Miller, HC BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Giesen, A Nickel, D Davis, SJ Heaven, MC Schriempf, JT TI Spinning disk solid-state lasers, computer simulation SO LASER BEAM CONTROL AND APPLICATIONS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Laser Beam Control and Applications CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA ID ND-YAG AB A computer code to calculate the output power and disk temperature distribution for a spinning disk laser has been developed. Calculated values agree well with experiment. The surfaces of the Nd:YAG rotating disk pass close to two water-cooled plates. A thin gap, filled with gas, separates each plate from the disk. For an Nd:YAG disk, results are given for a 50 mu m gap filled with He. C1 USAF, Res Lab, DELO, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, DELO, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6143-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6101 AR 610103 DI 10.1117/12.660682 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEE62 UT WOS:000236975200001 ER PT S AU Ross, TS AF Ross, TS BE Kudryashov, AV Paxton, AH Ilchenko, VS Giesen, A Nickel, D Davis, SJ Heaven, MC Schriempf, JT TI "Assigning error to an M-2 measurement" SO LASER BEAM CONTROL AND APPLICATIONS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Laser Beam Control and Applications CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE Beam Quality Measurement; M-2; error estimation; experimental methods; laser beam characterization; beam analyzer methods AB The ISO 11146:1999 standard has been published for 6 years and set forth the proper way to measure the M-2 parameter. In spite of the strong experimental guidance given by this standard and the many commercial devices based upon ISO 11146, it is still the custom to quote M2 measurements without any reference to significant figures or error estimation. To the author's knowledge, no commercial M2 measurement device includes error estimation. There exists, perhaps, a false belief that M2 numbers are high precision and of insignificant error. This paradigm causes program managers and purchasers to over-specify a beam quality parameter and researchers not to question the accuracy and precision of their M2 measurements. This paper will examine the experimental sources of error in an M2 measurement including discretization error, CCD noise, discrete filter sets, noise equivalent aperture estimation, laser fluctuation and curve fitting error. These sources of error will be explained in their experimental context and convenient formula given to properly estimate error in a given M2 measurement. This work is the result of the author's inability to find error estimation and disclosure of methods in commercial beam quality measurement devices and building an ISO 11146 compliant, computer-automated M-2 measurement device and the resulting lessons learned and concepts developed. C1 USAF, Res Lab, High Power Solid State Laser Branch, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP USAF, Res Lab, High Power Solid State Laser Branch, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. FU Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, High Power Solid State Lasers Branch FX This work was supported by the Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, High Power Solid State Lasers Branch. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6143-1 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6101 AR 610108 DI 10.1117/12.640434 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BEE62 UT WOS:000236975200006 ER PT S AU Rabarijaona, EG Reed, RA AF Rabarijaona, Eric G. Reed, Robert A. BE Kamerman, GW Turner, MD TI Impact of condensation upon LIDAR observables from aluminized solid propellant rocket contrails - art. no. 621408 SO Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI CY APR 19-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE lidar; solid propellant; rocket contrail; backscatter; aluminum oxide; condensation ID PARTICLES; EXHAUST AB Lidar has been used to track the downwind dispersion of rocket launch contrails and also to determine the particle size distribution of the primary Al2O3 smoke particles in the contrail. However, the determination of primary particle size from such lidar measurements is complicated by the presence of secondary smoke in the contrail composed of aqueous hydrochloric acid droplets. In addition, the secondary smoke tends to condense upon the Al2O3 primary smoke particles in the form of a liquid coating, with the primary smoke particles acting as condensation nuclei. The potential effect of this liquid coating upon the lidar backscatter return from the rocket contrail is estimated using a standard light scattering model (BHCOAT) for two-zone core-mantle particles. C1 AEDC, DOS, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. RP Rabarijaona, EG (reprint author), AEDC, DOS, Arnold AFB, TN 37389 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6270-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6214 BP 21408 EP 21408 AR 621408 DI 10.1117/12.665049 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BES20 UT WOS:000239256800008 ER PT S AU Blevins, DD Brown, SD Schott, JR AF Blevins, Daniel D. Brown, Scott D. Schott, John R. BE Kamerman, GW Turner, MD TI First-principles based LIDAR simulation environment for scenes with participating mediums - art. no. 62140G SO Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI CY APR 19-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE DIRSIG; laser radar modeling; ladar; lidar; DIAL; scattering AB Employing a modified photon mapping technique that originated within the computer graphics community, a first-principle based elastic LIDAR model was developed within the Digital and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) framework that calculates time-gated photon counts at a sensor from topographic reflections and multiply scattered returns. The LIDAR module handles a wide variety of complicated scene geometries, diverse surface and participating media optical characteristics, multiple bounce and multiple scattering effects, and a variety of source and sensor models. This flexible modeling environment allows the researcher to evaluate sensor design trades for topographic systems and the impact that scattering constituents (e.g. water vapor, dust, sediment, soot, etc.) could have on a Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) system's ability to detect and quantify constituents of interest within volumes including water and atmospheric plumes. This paper will present the numerical approaches employed to predict sensor reaching photon counts including specific approaches adopted to model multiple scattering and absorption within a plume. These approaches will be discussed and benchmarked against analytically predicted results using a non-stationary, diffusion approximation and a multiple scattering LIDAR equation. The analytical development and consistency of the modified photon mapping method with the underlying physics and radiative transfer theory for participating media is also presented. A representative dataset generated by DIRSIG of a DIAL system will be presented and analyzed for a synthetic scene containing a factory stack plume containing absorption and scattering effluents. C1 USAF, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. RP Blevins, DD (reprint author), USAF, 54 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6270-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6214 BP G2140 EP G2140 AR 62140G DI 10.1117/12.668958 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BES20 UT WOS:000239256800016 ER PT S AU Lach, SR Brown, SD Kerekes, JP AF Lach, S. R. Brown, S. D. Kerekes, J. P. BE Kamerman, GW Turner, MD TI Semi-automated DIRSIG scene modeling from 3D LIDAR and passive imaging sources - art. no. 62140I SO Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Radar Technology and Applications XI CY APR 19-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE DIRSIG; synthetic imagery; scene generation; hyperspectral; lidar; fusion; building reconstruction AB The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) model is an established, first-principles based scene simulation tool that produces synthetic multispectral and hyperspectral images from the visible to long wave infrared (0.4 to 20 microns). Over the last few years, significant enhancements such as spectral polarimetric and active Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) models have also been incorporated into the software, providing an extremely powerful tool for algorithm testing and sensor evaluation. However, the extensive time required to create large-scale scenes has limited DIRSIG's ability to generate scenes "on demand." To date, scene generation has been a laborious, time-intensive process, as the terrain model, CAD objects and background maps have to be created and attributed manually. To shorten the time required for this process, we are initiating a research effort that aims to reduce the man-in-the-loop requirements for several aspects of synthetic hyperspectral scene construction. Through a fusion of 3D LIDAR data with passive imagery, we are working to semi-automate several of the required tasks in the DIRSIG scene creation process. Additionally, many of the remaining tasks will also realize a shortened implementation time through this application of multi-modal imagery. This paper reports on the progress made thus far in achieving these objectives. C1 USAF, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. RP Lach, SR (reprint author), USAF, 54 Lomb Mem Dr, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6270-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6214 BP I2140 EP I2140 AR 62140I DI 10.1117/12.666096 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BES20 UT WOS:000239256800018 ER PT J AU Song, JW Lee, BL AF Song, J. W. Lee, B. L. ('Les') BE Bhatnagar, A TI Fabrics and composites for ballistic protection of personnel SO LIGHTWEIGHT BALLISTIC COMPOSITES: MILITARY AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID STRENGTH POLYETHYLENE FILAMENTS; GRAPHITE-EPOXY; LAMINATED KEVLAR; ELASTIC-MODULUS; VELOCITY IMPACT; PENETRATION; MODEL; PROJECTILES; DELAMINATION; INDENTATION C1 [Song, J. W.] USA, Res Dev & Engn Command, Natick Soldier Ctr, AMSRD NSC IP B, Natick, MA 01760 USA. [Lee, B. L. ('Les')] USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. RP Song, JW (reprint author), USA, Res Dev & Engn Command, Natick Soldier Ctr, AMSRD NSC IP B, Natick, MA 01760 USA. EM john.song@natick.army.mil; ByungLip.Lee@afosr.af.mil NR 95 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WOODHEAD PUBL LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA ABINGTON HALL ABINGTON, CAMBRIDGE CB1 6AH, CAMBS, ENGLAND BN 978-1-85573-941-3 PY 2006 BP 210 EP 239 D2 10.1533/9781845691554 PG 30 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BNE79 UT WOS:000274290300008 ER PT S AU Diggs, DE Grote, JG Hopkins, FK Hagen, J AF Diggs, Darnell E. Grote, James G. Hopkins, Frank K. Hagen, Josh BE Norwood, RA Eich, M Nunzi, JM TI Characterization of DNA-based materials for optical device applications - art. no. 63310O SO Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Linear and Nonlinear Optics of Organic Materials VI CY AUG 15-17, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE DNA; deoxyribonucleic acid; PMMA; Bromocresol Purple (BCP); optical planar waveguide; chemical sensor; and poled polymer ID COMPLEX; SENSOR AB The use of DNA as a functional biomaterial for optical device applications is becoming a fast-expanding technology. Various researchers are investigating salmon DNA as the primary ingredient in the design of optical waveguide devices. The interaction of the indicator dye molecule, Bromocresol Purple (BCP) with the unique homogeneous double helical structure of DNA for potential electro-optic and chemical sensing applications is reported. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Diggs, DE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6410-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6331 BP O3310 EP O3310 AR 63310O DI 10.1117/12.683467 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BFI59 UT WOS:000242040400020 ER PT S AU Wofford, JM Natarajan, LV Tondiglia, VP Sutherland, RL Lloyd, PF Siwecki, SA Bunning, TJ AF Wofford, Jeremy M. Natarajan, Lalgudi V. Tondiglia, Vincent P. Sutherland, Richard L. Lloyd, Pamela F. Siwecki, Stephen A. Bunning, Timothy J. BE Khoo, IC TI Holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) transmission gratings formed by visible fight initiated thiol-ene photopolymerization - art. no. 63320Q SO Liquid Crystals X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Liquid Crystals X CY AUG 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE photopolymerization; thiol-ene chemistry; transmission grating; HPDLC AB We report on the initial development of a visible initiator for thiol-ene photopolymerization using the 647 nm radiation from a Krypton ion laser. The photoinitiator system consists of the dye oxazine 170 perchlorate and the co-initiator benzoyl peroxide. Electron transfer occurs between the singlet excited state of the oxazine dye and benzoyl peroxide with subsequent decomposition of the peroxide yielding benzoyl oxy radicals capable of free radical initiation. We demonstrate that this photoinitiation system enables holographic patterning of HPDLC gratings as initial Bragg transmission gratings with a periodicity less than one micron using 647 nm radiation. These gratings were electrically switchable between a diffractive and transmissive state. Morphology studies using bright field transmission electron microscopy (BFTEM) indicate the phase separation of nearly spherical shaped nematic liquid crystal droplets of several hundred nanometers in diameter. This demonstration suggests that reflection gratings can be written using this photoinitiator system and 647 nm radiation which have switchable notch wavelengths approaching 2 microns. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Wofford, JM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6411-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6332 BP Q3320 EP Q3320 AR 63320Q DI 10.1117/12.682743 PG 6 WC Crystallography; Optics SC Crystallography; Optics GA BFI60 UT WOS:000242040500017 ER PT J AU Wang, RH Jain, VK Mall, S Sabelkin, V AF Wang, RH Jain, VK Mall, S Sabelkin, V TI Enhancement of fretting fatigue strength through stress-relieving slot SO MECHANICS BASED DESIGN OF STRUCTURES AND MACHINES LA English DT Article DE contact mechanics; fatigue strength; finite element analysis; fretting fatigue; stress-relieving slot; titanium alloy ID CRACK INITIATION; TI-6AL-4V AB Fretting is a complex phenomenon which enhances the stress/strain state in the contact region between two bodies due to micro-slip, and decreases the fatigue resistance of materials. Conventional fretting fatigue configurations generally involve the contact between cylindrical or flat with rounded edges pad and flat substrate (i.e., specimen) loaded by cyclic load. This study investigated the effects of stress-relieving slots, in a flat pad with rounded edge, on the fretting fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using the finite element analysis. Several fretting fatigue crack initiation parameters were analyzed using the computed stress/strain state. All parameters decreased in the presence of the slots. Further, the analysis showed that the slot length has the most dominant effect on crack initiation parameters. An optimum size and location of the slots was obtained for the geometry considered in this study. In addition, the analysis was supplemented with experiments to verify the advantage of stress-relieving slots to improve the fretting fatigue strength/life. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Dept Aerosp & Mech Engn, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Mall, S (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Shankar.Mall@afit.edu NR 29 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1539-7734 J9 MECH BASED DES STRUC JI Mech. Based Des. Struct. Mech. PY 2006 VL 34 IS 2 BP 113 EP 138 DI 10.1080/15397730600640404 PG 26 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 051WP UT WOS:000238192700001 ER PT J AU Gunzelmann, G Anderson, JR AF Gunzelmann, G Anderson, JR TI Location matters: Why target location impacts performance in orientation tasks SO MEMORY & COGNITION LA English DT Article ID MENTAL ROTATION; SPATIAL COGNITION; KNOWLEDGE; MAPS; ENVIRONMENTS; POINTS; REPRESENTATIONS; ACQUISITION; OBJECTS; MEMORY AB This research explores human performance in a spatial orientation task. In three experiments, participants saw a target highlighted in a visual scene and were asked to locate it on a map of the space. Across a of the experiments, the target's location in the visual scene influenced the participants' response times. Generally, response times increased when the target was located farther away from the viewer, when the target was farther to one side or the other, and when more distractors were nearby. However, there were important exceptions to these findings, suggesting that participants encode the location of a target hierarchically, using different features of the space depending on the target's particular location. We conclude that participants perform such tasks by extracting a description from the egocentric view and then transforming that description to allow them to find the target on the map. C1 USAF, Res Lab, HEAS, Mesa, AZ 85212 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP Gunzelmann, G (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, HEAS, 6030 S Kent St, Mesa, AZ 85212 USA. EM glenn.gunzelmann@mesa.afmc.af.mil FU NIMH NIH HHS [5-T32-MH19983] NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU PSYCHONOMIC SOC INC PI AUSTIN PA 1710 FORTVIEW RD, AUSTIN, TX 78704 USA SN 0090-502X J9 MEM COGNITION JI Mem. Cogn. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 34 IS 1 BP 41 EP 59 DI 10.3758/BF03193385 PG 19 WC Psychology, Experimental SC Psychology GA 035YM UT WOS:000237037700005 PM 16686105 ER PT J AU Salem, AA Kalidindi, SR Doherty, RD Semiatin, SL AF Salem, AA Kalidindi, SR Doherty, RD Semiatin, SL TI Strain hardening due to deformation twinning in alpha-titanium: Mechanisms SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-PURITY TITANIUM; ELEVATED TEMPERATURES; SLIP DISLOCATIONS; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; TWINS; SUBSTRUCTURE; COMPRESSION; TI; EVOLUTION; BEHAVIOR AB Novel experiments were conducted to elucidate the effect of deformation twinning on the mechanical response of high-purity alpha-titanium deformed at room temperature. Orientation-imaging microscopy (OIM), microhardness, and nanohardness evaluations were employed in conjunction with optical microscopy and quasi-static compression testing to obtain insight into the deformation mechanisms. Hardness measurements revealed that the newly formed deformation twins were harder than the matrix. This observation is perhaps the first experimental evidence for the Basinski mechanism for hardening associated with twinning, arising from the transition of glissile dislocations to a sessile configuration upon the lattice reorientation by twinning shear. This work also provided direct evidence for two competing effects of deformation twinning on the overall stress-strain response: (1) hardening via both a reduction of the effective slip length (Hall-Petch effect) and an increase in the hardness of twinned regions (Basinski mechanism) and (2) softening due to the lattice reorientation of the twinned regions. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLLM, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. Universal Technol Corp, Dayton, OH USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Salem, AA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, MLLM, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. EM ayman.salem@fnnet.wpafbml.org RI Kalidindi, Surya/A-1024-2007; SEMIATIN, SHELDON/E-7264-2017; OI Salem, Ayman/0000-0003-0907-1502 NR 37 TC 99 Z9 102 U1 6 U2 34 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 37A IS 1 BP 259 EP 268 DI 10.1007/s11661-006-0171-2 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 001GY UT WOS:000234522800026 ER PT J AU Zolock, RA Li, GM Bleckmann, C Burggraf, L Fuller, DC AF Zolock, RA Li, GM Bleckmann, C Burggraf, L Fuller, DC TI Atomic force microscopy of Bacillus spore surface morphology SO MICRON LA English DT Review DE spore surface; AFM; bacillus; B. anthracis ID ELECTRON MICROSCOPE; GENUS BACILLUS; CEREUS; THURINGIENSIS; ULTRASTRUCTURE; EXOSPORIUM; ANTHRACIS; HYDROPHOBICITY; MORPHOGENESIS; PROTEINS AB Bacillus spore surface morphology was imaged with atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine if characteristic surface features could be used to distinguish between four closely related species; Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Bacillus cere us strain 569, and Bacillus globigii var. niger. AFM surface height images showed an irregular topography across the curved upper surface of the spores. Phase images showed a superficial grain structure with different levels of phase contrast and significant differences in average surface morphologies among the four species. Although spores of the same species showed similarities, there was significant variability within each species. Overall, AFM revealed that spore surface morphology is rich with information, which can be used to distinguish a sample of about 20 spores from a similar number of spores of closely related species. Statistical analysis of spore morphology from a combination of amplitude and phase images for a small sample allows differentiation between, B. anthracis and its close relatives. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Air Force Inst Technol, Dept Syst & Engn Management, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USAF, Dept Engn Phys, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Primary Care Serv Flight, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Bleckmann, C (reprint author), Air Force Inst Technol, Dept Syst & Engn Management, 2950 Hobson Way,Bldg 640, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM charles.bleckmann@afit.edu RI Bleckmann, Charles/A-7447-2009 NR 37 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0968-4328 J9 MICRON JI Micron PY 2006 VL 37 IS 4 BP 363 EP 369 DI 10.1016/j.micron.2005.11.066 PG 7 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 053JS UT WOS:000238302000011 PM 16376084 ER PT J AU Ortegon, DP Davis, MR Sampson, JB Dick, EJ Kashyap, V Kerby, JD AF Ortegon, DP Davis, MR Sampson, JB Dick, EJ Kashyap, V Kerby, JD TI Bovine hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solution (HBOC-201) improves flap survival in a rat model of epigastric flap failure SO MICROSURGERY LA English DT Article ID ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR; PARENTERAL PENTOXIFYLLINE; IN-VITRO; CARRIER; PERFUSION AB Despite continued improvements in surgical technique and postoperative management of pedicled flaps, partial flap necrosis continues to be a substantial problem. Several researchers sought interventions that would decrease the incidence of this complication. The hypothesis of this study is that a bovine hemoglobin-based, oxygen-carrying solution (HBOC-201) will increase oxygen delivery, thus decreasing the area of necrosis of the marginally perfused portions of a pedicled flap. Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups (20 animals in each group): group 1, controls (surgical creation of flap only); group 2, HBOC-201, 2 g i.v., administered preoperatively and on days 3 and 5; group 3, HBOC-201, 4 g i.v., administered preoperatively and on days 3 and 5; and group 4, hemodilution (lactated Ringer's solution) administered preoperatively and on days 3 and 5. A ventral fasciocutaneous flap (5 x 7 cm) was elevated, based on unilateral superficial inferior epigastric vessels, and the flap was replaced and sutured. Animals were examined daily and euthanized on day 7. Prior to euthanasia, digital photographs were taken of each subject, and the images were analyzed for total area of the flap and area of necrosis, using ImagePro((H)) software. Using the calculated percentage of necrosis for each animal, a mean value of percent necrosis was obtained for each animal group and used for statistical analysis. Animals in group 2 demonstrated a decreased area of necrosis when compared with the control group (9.14% vs. 22.24%, P= 0.014). In conclusion, the oxygen therapeutic HBOC-201, at a dose of 2 g, administered preoperatively and on days 3 and 5, decreased the area of necrosis in a rat model of epigastric skin-flap failure. Further investigation of this drug and its effects on flap survival is warranted. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Plast & Reconstruct Surg, San Antonio, TX 78285 USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. RP Ortegon, DP (reprint author), 7018 Scen Sunset, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA. EM ortegond@uthscsa.edu NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0738-1085 J9 MICROSURG JI Microsurgery PY 2006 VL 26 IS 3 BP 203 EP 206 DI 10.1002/micr.20221 PG 4 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA 030UN UT WOS:000236660500016 PM 16493668 ER PT B AU Debany, WH AF Debany, Warren H., Jr. GP IEEE TI Modeling the spread of Internet worms via persistently unpatched hosts SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE DE exploits; Internet worms; malware; security patches; vulnerabilities AB This paper considers the effects of Internet worms on persistently unpatched hosts and hosts for which vulnerabilities are refreshed. Equilibrium conditions are obtained for which an Internet worm will self-propagate indefinitely. C1 USAF, Res Lab, IFG, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Debany, WH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFG, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. EM debanyw@rl.af.mil NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 204 EP 210 PG 7 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601000031 ER PT B AU Edge, KS Dalton, GC Raines, RA Mills, RF AF Edge, Kenneth S. Dalton, George C., II Raines, Richard A. Mills, Robert F. GP IEEE TI Using attack and protection trees to analyze threats and defenses to homeland security SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB Attacks against computer networks are a serious threat and occur quite often. Currently there are methods using attack trees that can be used to model how these attacks may occur. We have extended this concept to a new tree structure called a protection tree as a tool for decision makers to allocate limited resources towards the appropriate defenses against a specified attack. Protection trees ensure these limited resources are used in a manner to achieve the highest probability of success in stopping an attack. Protection trees are produced systematically by first developing an attack tree, computing metrics for each node of an attack, and then developing a corresponding protection tree with similar metrics. Eventually, libraries of attacks and available protections can be used to automate the process of developing the trees. An example attack and protection tree is used to notionally show how an organization such as the Department of Homeland Security can allocate resources to protect their computer networks from being compromised. Decision makers in the organization can use the resultant protection tree to determine where to allocate limited resources for the best protection of their network. C1 [Edge, Kenneth S.; Dalton, George C., II; Raines, Richard A.; Mills, Robert F.] USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Edge, KS (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM kenneth.edge@afit.edu; george.dalton@afit.edu; richard.raines@afit.edu; robert.mills@afit.edu FU Anti-Tamper Software Protection Initiative Technology Office, Sensors Directorate, of the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory FX This research was sponsored by the Anti-Tamper Software Protection Initiative Technology Office, Sensors Directorate, of the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 493 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601000076 ER PT B AU Jos, B Culbertson, T AF Jos, Basil Culbertson, Tracey GP IEEE TI Leveraging net-centric monitoring techniques with information fusion to increase US Air Force information dominance SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB Applications used in the Air Operations Center (AOC) do not adequately fuse enough data from enough feeds to provide strong situational awareness. Notice to Airman (NOTAMS), weather, maintenance, airborne networks, and AOC infrastructure data can be united in one display to fulfill this need. Master Caution Panel (MCP), developed for the AOC, provides situational awareness of impacts on operations by tying enterprise network components to the operational tasks they support. It monitors those networks (almost in real time), reports the status of mission critical networks and systems (in one user interface), and provides corrective measures for resource degradations and failures. The next generation of MCP, the C2 Resource Management System (C2RMS), extends outside the AOC environment with newer more extensible monitoring capabilities, including the ability to monitor next generation internet protocol based airborne networks. The addition of the C2RMS Monitor Development Kit (MDK) allows custom monitors to be developed with limited Java/JavaScript programming knowledge. Particularly valuable to the commander and staff is the fused information in a combined situational view portraying the readiness and capability of the aircraft fleet. AOC weather capabilities can be improved significantly. The Joint Weather Impacts System (JWIS) is an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) Web Service which provides high fidelity meteorological information to requesting agents. Using the MDK, a custom weather monitor has been developed to display the weather status of US military bases worldwide. Now, one can tell at a glance whether aircraft are capable of operating effectively given the current weather conditions in a specified area. The custom JWIS weather monitor, created with the MDK, is an example of technology that merges weather information with other existing data sources in a way that can improve the overall mission effectiveness of the AOC with little Air Force investment. C1 [Jos, Basil] USAF, Res Lab, IFSA, Rome, NY 13441 USA. [Culbertson, Tracey] SRA Int Inc, Dayton, OH 45431 USA. RP Jos, B (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFSA, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 737 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601001030 ER PT B AU Augeri, CJ Morris, KM Mullins, BE AF Augeri, Christopher J. Morris, Kevin M. Mullins, Barry E. GP IEEE TI HARVEST: A framework and co-simulation environment for analyzing unmanned aerial vehicle swarms SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE ID NETWORKS AB Unmanned vehicles have the capability to transform military operations. One relatively unexplored application involves cooperative unmanned vehicle systems called sensor swarms. We propose a conceptual unmanned vehicle swarm: a Host of Armed Reconnaissance Vehicles Enabling Surveillance and Targeting (HARVEST). A HARVEST swarm is theoretically capable of autonomous refueling, cooperative search, information fusion, and munitions employment. To enable cooperative swarm capabilities, we identify a set of individual unmanned vehicle services, e.g., localization, querying, and routing. The HARVEST concept, swarm capabilities, and unmanned vehicle services are embodied in our sensor swarm co-simulation environment. The goal is to improve simulation fidelity by integrating existing simulators used within the Department of Defense (DoD). The process of integrating multiple simulations is known as cosimulation; our design uses OPNET's External System Definition (ESD) to achieve co-simulation. This is the same interface OPNET provides to enable co-simulations based on the High-Level Architecture (HLA) defined by the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO). The simulators in the first sensor swarm co-simulation prototype are based on the technology behind NETWARS (OPNET) and the Java programming language. To integrate with OPNET, Java wraps the ESD C-based method calls. This co-simulation is known as a Java, OPNET, and C-Based Co-Simulation (JOCosim). The implementation details of and lessons learned from the first JOCosim prototype are described in this paper. We also briefly discuss the second JOCosim prototype currently under development. The newer version places all simulation control within Java versus just receiving data from OPNET. This capability is crucial to achieving the goal of the second prototype-integrating additional simulation tools such as MATLAB, FalconView, and Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED). C1 [Augeri, Christopher J.; Mullins, Barry E.] Air Force Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Morris, Kevin M.] Air Force Commun Agcy, Scott AFB, IL USA. RP Augeri, CJ (reprint author), Air Force Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM chris.augeri@afit.edu; kevin.morris-03@scott.af.mil; barry.mullins@afit.edu FU Air Force Communications Agency (AFCA) FX This work was partially supported by the Air Force Communications Agency (AFCA). The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force (USAF), Department of Defense (DoD), or the U.S. Government. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 1082 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601002003 ER PT B AU Noh, KL Chaudhari, Q Serpedin, E Suter, B AF Noh, Kyoung-Lae Chaudhari, Qasirn Serpedin, Erchin Suter, Bruce GP IEEE TI Power-efficient clock synchronization using two-way timing message exchanges in wireless sensor networks SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB A number of time synchronization protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been recently proposed aiming at maximizing the accuracy and minimizing the power efficiency. This paper proposes novel clock skew estimators for the protocols based on two-way timing message exchanges to achieve long term reliability of synchronization. The proposed clock synchronization mechanism is far more power efficient than the conventional ones by significantly increasing the resynchronization period. Moreover, it can be applied to the conventional protocols without any additional overhead. In fact, the proposed estimators assume simple steps and low complexity, a feature which is strongly demanding for WSNs consisting of cheap and small nodes. C1 [Noh, Kyoung-Lae; Chaudhari, Qasirn; Serpedin, Erchin] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 214 Zachry Engn Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. [Suter, Bruce] US Air Force, Res Lab, TFGC, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Noh, KL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 214 Zachry Engn Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM klnoh@ece.tamu.edu; qasim@ece.tamu.edu; serpedin@ece.tamu.edu; bruce.suter@rl.af.mil NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 1587 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601002080 ER PT B AU Hinman, RD AF Hinman, Richard D. GP IEEE TI Application of Cognitive Radio technology to legacy military waveforms in a JTRS (Joint Tactical Radio System) radio SO MILCOM 2006, Vols 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB There is a significant development of Cognitive Radio (CR) technology taking place under the DARPA Next Generation (XG) Communication program based on spectral sensing, adaptive waveform operation, machine readable spectral policy and policy reasoning engines. This paper describes how machine readable policy and reasoning technology from the XG program can also be used to benefit the operation of legacy waveforms on a multi-waveform programmable radio. In general a multi-waveform radio will possess the ability to generate transmissions which are not permitted everywhere the radio might be used. It then becomes the burden of the radio operator to be aware of their location, the operating rules for that location and using the radio appropriately. Machine readable policy and policy reasoning engines when combined with GPS based location awareness provides the opportunity to prevent a programmable radio from using prohibited waveforms in restricted regions without direct operator intervention. This paper describes a prototype waveform policy reasoning system that was developed on a Software Communication Architecture (SCA) platform and presents several examples of the utility of this capability to a radio system which operates in various policy regions. This capability is very beneficial to ensure network connectivityfor an aircraft radio which traverses numerous radio policy regions during a mission but also offers utility in ground based and littoral scenarios as well. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. RP Hinman, RD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 2129 EP 2133 PG 5 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601003082 ER PT B AU Hague, D Kung, HT Suter, B AF Hague, Dan Kung, H. T. Suter, Bruce GP IEEE TI Field experimentation of COTS-based UAV networking SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE AB Low-cost and high-performance Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) wireless equipment, such as IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN ("Wi-Fi"), has so advanced that it is now practical to use it in small low-altitude Un-manned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This new capability has inspired many novel application ideas in UAV networking. We argue that field experimentation of UAV networking is essential in collecting link measurement data, developing network protocols and applications, and evaluating their performance in realistic environments, and that it is feasible to conduct these experiments cost-effectively with COTS-based equipment. We describe several ongoing field experiments and initial results. Lastly, we briefly describe future testing plans as well as suggest methods of facilitating rapid and inexpensive UAV networking field experimentation. C1 [Hague, Dan] USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. [Kung, H. T.] Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA USA. [Suter, Bruce] Air Force Res Lab, Rome, Italy. RP Hague, D (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY USA. EM daniel.hague@rl.af.mil; kung@harvard.edu; bruce.suter@rl.af.mil NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 2512 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601004059 ER PT B AU Li, M Batalama, SN Pados, DA Matyjas, JD AF Li, Ming Batalama, Stella N. Pados, Dimitris A. Matyjas, John D. GP IEEE TI Multiuser CDMA signal extraction SO MILCOM 2006, VOLS 1-7 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2006) CY OCT 23-25, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE ID SEPARATION; FILTER AB We consider the problem of extraction on wireless direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. We develop an iterative least-squares-type algorithm that extracts the information symbols of the multiple concurrent DS-CDMA users and assumes no knowledge of either the signature waveforms or the channel state. The proposed scheme utilizes a novel initialization step that is based on auxiliary-vector (AV) subspace decomposition. Simulation studies evaluate the performance of the proposed extraction procedure in realistic data limited environments and show that, for observation records of sufficient length, information data extraction can be achieved with probability of error rather close to what may be attained with known signatures and channel state. C1 [Li, Ming; Batalama, Stella N.; Pados, Dimitris A.] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Elect Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. [Matyjas, John D.] Air Force Res Lab, IFGC, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Batalama, SN (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Elect Engn, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. EM mingli@eng.buffalo.edu; batalama@eng.buffalo.edu; pados@eng.buffalo.edu; John.Matyjas@rl.af.mil NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0617-3 PY 2006 BP 3056 EP + PG 2 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFU06 UT WOS:000244601005057 ER PT J AU McCone, D O'Donnell, K AF McCone, D O'Donnell, K TI Marriage and divorce trends for graduates of the US Air Force Academy SO MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARITAL DISSOLUTION; MILITARY; DISRUPTION; COUPLES; FAMILY AB Numerous data support the benefits of a stable marriage and document the negative consequences of marital distress and divorce. An estimated 40% to 50% of first marriages in the United States end in divorce (Bramlett & Mosher, 2002). Military members experience similar divorce rates overall but fewer divorces among officers (Karacaoglu, 2003). The marital status of U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA) graduates was assessed and evaluated for unique risk factors for this population. Results indicate that USAFA graduates from class years 1990 through 2002 have a lower divorce rate than the general U.S. population. When assessed separately, there is no effect of the timing of the wedding or the type of spouse on marriage disruption rates. However, there is an interaction between these two risk factors that increases the probability of marriage disruption for those who marry other USAFA graduates within 6 months of graduation. Implications and further research endeavors are discussed. C1 USAF Acad, HQ, DFBL, Dept Behav Sci & Leadership, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. USAF Acad, Off Inst Res & Assessment, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP McCone, D (reprint author), USAF Acad, HQ, DFBL, Dept Behav Sci & Leadership, 2354 Fairchild Dr,61-101B, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM David.McCone@USAFA.af.mil NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0899-5605 J9 MIL PSYCHOL JI Milit. Psychol. PY 2006 VL 18 IS 1 BP 61 EP 75 DI 10.1207/s15327876mp1801_4 PG 15 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 043DP UT WOS:000237580000004 ER PT J AU Staal, MA Stephenson, JA AF Staal, Mark A. Stephenson, James A. TI Operational psychology: An emerging subdiscipline SO MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY; DEFENSE AB There has been recognition across the Department of Defense (DoD) that psychologists are increasingly called on by military commanders to support military operations in unique and diverse ways. This call has resulted in the expansion of the role of military psychology. Military psychologists are treading where they have not previously, and this has raised a number of concerns in terms of training preparation and ethics. In this article we explore an emerging subdiscipline in behavioral science, operational psychology. A series of vignettes illustrates this subdiscipline in practice, and a discussion of training implications and ethical considerations follows accordingly. C1 Special Operat Wing 1, Hurlburt Field, FL USA. RP Staal, MA (reprint author), USAF, 1 SOSS OSM,595 Independence Rd,Bldg 91027, Hurlburt Field, FL 32544 USA. EM Mark.Staal@hurlburt.af.mil NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0899-5605 J9 MIL PSYCHOL JI Milit. Psychol. PY 2006 VL 18 IS 4 BP 269 EP 282 DI 10.1207/s15327876mp1804_2 PG 14 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 127DT UT WOS:000243566200002 ER PT S AU Preiss, B Greene, L Kriebel, J Wasson, R AF Preiss, Bruce Greene, Lloyd Kriebel, Jamie Wasson, Robert BE Schum, K Sisti, AF TI Air Force Research Laboratory space technology strategic investment model - analysis and outcomes for warfighter capabilities - art. no. 622802 SO Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications CY APR 18-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE AFRL; space technology; science and technology investment; portfolio planning AB The Air Force Research Laboratory utilizes a value model as a primary input for space technology planning and budgeting. The Space Sector at AFRL headquarters manages space technology investment across all the geographically disparate technical directorates and ensures that integrated planning is achieved across the space community. The space investment portfolio must ultimately balance near, mid, and far-term investments across all the critical space mission areas. Investment levels and growth areas can always be identified by a typical capability analysis or gap analysis, but the value model approach goes one step deeper and helps identify the potential payoff of technology investments by linking the technology directly to an existing or potential concept. The value of the technology is then viewed from the enabling performance perspective of the concept that ultimately fulfills the Air Force mission. The process of linking space technologies to future concepts and technology roadmaps will be reviewed in this paper, along with representative results from this planning cycle. The initial assumptions in this process will be identified along with the strengths and weaknesses of this planning methodology. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Preiss, B (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 1981 Monahan Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6284-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6228 BP 22802 EP 22802 AR 622802 DI 10.1117/12.657389 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BEU99 UT WOS:000239572900002 ER PT S AU Schum, WK Doolittle, CM Boyarko, GA AF Schum, William K. Doolittle, Christina M. Boyarko, George A. BE Schum, K Sisti, AF TI Modeling and simulation of satellite subsystems for end-to-end spacecraft modeling - art. no. 622804 SO Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications CY APR 18-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE C1 USAF, Res Lab, Res Aerosp Engn, Kirtland AFB, NM USA. RP Schum, WK (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Res Aerosp Engn, Kirtland AFB, NM USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6284-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6228 BP 22804 EP 22804 AR 622804 DI 10.1117/12.665745 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BEU99 UT WOS:000239572900004 ER PT S AU Macior, RE Mercurio, SM Walter, SM Rakowski, SW Kozak, MP Blount, MP AF Macior, Robert E. Mercurio, Steven M. Walter, Sharon M. Rakowski, Sheila W. Kozak, Mark P. Blount, Michael P. BE Schum, K Sisti, AF TI A comprehensive simulation environment for sensor fusion - art. no. 622819 SO Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications CY APR 18-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE sensor fusion; fusion testbed; multi-INT; simulation; algorithm development AB Future battlespaces will contain large numbers of varied sensors deployed on the ground, in the air, and in space. Military commanders will make more effective decisions if sensor data is fused to provide a cohesive picture of their battlespace environment. The Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate (AFRL/IF) has developed a testbed within which to integrate, evaluate, and demonstrate fusion and information technologies to support and facilitate the sharing and exploitation of data from a variety of sensors. The Fusion Testbed is used to support analytical studies, on-site and network distributed simulation exercises, and the processing of real-world, multiple source intelligence (multi-INT) data. Varied scenario simulation tools, platform and sensor models (including JSTARS, U2, and Global Hawk); data simulators for GMTI, ELINT and MASINT along with operational systems (including MTIX and KAST), and highly developed multi-INT data fusion systems are available for application to the problem of ground target identification and tracking against a variety of operational scenarios. Scenario animations display simulation environment activities and unique automated analytical tools quantify established Measures of Performance (MOPS). In total, the Fusion Testbed facilitates a broad range of command, control, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (C2ISR), and fusion technology developments. This paper describes the AFRL Fusion Testbed component capabilities and operationally-focused applications. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Macior, RE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6284-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6228 BP 22819 EP 22819 AR 622819 DI 10.1117/12.665060 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BEU99 UT WOS:000239572900041 ER PT S AU McKeever, W Gilmour, D Lehman, L Stirtzinger, A Krause, L AF McKeever, William Gilmour, Duane Lehman, Lynn Stirtzinger, Anthony Krause, Lee BE Schum, K Sisti, AF TI Scenario management and automated scenario generation - art. no. 62281A SO Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications CY APR 18-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE course of action (COA) simulation; scenario generation; effects based operations (EBO); "what-if" analysis AB The military planning process utilizes simulation to determine the appropriate course of action (COA) that will achieve a campaign end state. However, due to the difficulty in developing and generating simulation level COAs, only a few COAs are simulated. This may have been appropriate for traditional conflicts but the evolution of warfare from attrition based to effects based strategies, as well as the complexities of 4(th) generation warfare and asymmetric adversaries have placed additional demands on military planners and simulation. To keep pace with this dynamic, changing environment, planners must be able to perform continuous, multiple, "what-if'' COA analysis. Scenario management and generation are critical elements to achieving this goal. An effects based scenario generation research project demonstrated the feasibility of automated scenario generation techniques which support multiple stove-pipe and emerging broad scope simulations. This paper will discuss a case study in which the scenario generation capability was employed to support COA simulations to identify plan effectiveness. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of using multiple simulation runs to evaluate the effectiveness of alternate COAs in achieving the overall campaign (metrics-based) objectives. The paper will discuss how scenario generation technology can be employed to allow military commanders and mission planning staff to understand the impact of command decisions on the battlespace of tomorrow. C1 USAF, Res Lab, IFTC, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP McKeever, W (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFTC, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6284-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6228 BP A2281 EP A2281 AR 62281A DI 10.1117/12.672883 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BEU99 UT WOS:000239572900042 ER PT S AU Hong, SM Thiele, GA Penno, RP AF Hong, Seng M. Thiele, Gary A. Penno, Robert P. BE Schum, K Sisti, AF TI Multidisciplinary design optimization through use of stochastic mutation algorithm - art. no. 62280U SO Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications CY APR 18-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE Multidisciplinary Design Optimization; stochastic algorithm; genetic algorithm; mutation; aerodynamics; electromagnetic; backscattered field; wing planform; angle of attack; aspect ratio; tapered ratio AB The computation or prediction of plane wave back scattered field is one of the major design considerations of future aircraft and weapon systems. The task of computing the electromagnetic backscattered field of an air-frame structure is by no means a new endeavor. Whereas predicting a minimal backscattered field return under the manipulation of airframe geometry in the context of multidisciplinary design is considered the most prudent approach to obtain the optimal solution and is a new endeavor. The objective of this paper is to develop a mathematical method to couple the backscattered field with the defined aerodynamic performance constraints in the design process of future airframes. This paper will address the coupling of the electromagnetics discipline in a Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) scheme that includes the mathematical optimization of aerodynamics, or Aero discipline, including the coupling effects of aerodynamic performance (maximum value) with backscattered field return (minimum value) of a Zeroth (0(th)) Order Mode wing platform. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Hong, SM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6284-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6228 BP U2280 EP U2280 AR 62280U DI 10.1117/12.683304 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BEU99 UT WOS:000239572900026 ER PT S AU Porter, MJ Vasquez, JR AF Porter, Maynard J., III Vasquez, Juan R. BE Schum, K Sisti, AF TI Bio-inspired, odor-based navigation - art. no. 62280V SO Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications CY APR 18-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE fuzzy logic; plume tracking; navigation; plume navigation ID TRACKING AB The ability of many insects, especially moths, to locate either food or a member of the opposite sex is an amazing achievement. There are numerous scenarios where having this ability embedded into ground-based or aerial vehicles would be invaluable. This paper presents results from a 3-D computer simulation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) autonomously tracking a chemical plume to its source. The simulation study includes a simulated dynamic chemical plume, 6-degree of freedom, nonlinear aircraft model, and a bio-inspired navigation algorithm. The emphasis of this paper is the development and analysis of the navigation algorithm. The foundation of this algorithm is a fuzzy controller designed to categorize where in the plume the aircraft is located: coming into the plume, in the plume, exiting the plume, or out of the plume. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. RP Porter, MJ (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, 2950 Hobson Way, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6284-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6228 BP V2280 EP V2280 AR 62280V DI 10.1117/12.665842 PG 15 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BEU99 UT WOS:000239572900027 ER PT S AU O'Donnell, TH Santarelli, S Altshuler, E AF O'Donnell, Terry H. Santarelli, Scott Altshuler, Edward BE Schum, K Sisti, AF TI Genetic design and optimization of military antennas - art. no. 62280W SO Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications CY APR 18-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE genetic algorithm; optimization; antenna design; antenna optimization; GA; competent GA; genetic design ID ALGORITHM AB Genetic and evolutionary optimization techniques have been used in military antenna research and design at many levels, ranging from electrically-small antenna element design to broadband applications and array-pattern control. In this paper, we summarize in-house work in these areas, conducted at the Antenna Technology Branch of the Air Force Research Laboratory Sensors Directorate. In particular, we highlight areas where differences in modeling and simulation techniques have proven crucial in avoiding premature convergence and obtaining a valid optimal solution. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01730 USA. RP O'Donnell, TH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 80 Scott Dr, Hanscom AFB, MA 01730 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6284-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6228 BP W2280 EP W2280 AR 62280W DI 10.1117/12.669073 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BEU99 UT WOS:000239572900028 ER PT S AU Nunez, AS Marshall, PT McGrath, M Byers, CD Simpson, C Hong, SM AF Nunez, Abel S. Marshall, Patrick T. McGrath, Michael Byers, Christopher D. Simpson, Chad Hong, Seng M. BE Schum, K Sisti, AF TI ECM techniques generator - art. no. 62280Z SO Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Simulation for Military Applications CY APR 18-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE radar; electronic counter measures; electronic counter counter measures; range gate pull-off; genetic algorithm AB The development of electronic countermeasures against target track radars is both an expensive and time-consuming process. One method of cutting development time is to use genetic algorithms to develop electronic countermeasures using integrated software models of the target track radar and the jammer. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of this idea by using a genetic algorithm to optimize the parameters of a range gate pull-off electronic countermeasure technique to break the target lock of a generic radar split gate range tracker. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Nunez, AS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6284-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6228 BP Z2280 EP Z2280 AR 62280Z DI 10.1117/12.669055 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BEU99 UT WOS:000239572900031 ER PT S AU Williams, AD Palo, SE AF Williams, Andrew D. Palo, Scott E. BE Motaghedi, P TI Modeling and analysis of a robust thermal control system based on forced convection thermal switches - art. no. 622108 SO Modeling, Simulation, and Verification of Space-based Systems III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling, Simulation, and Verification of Space-based Systems III CY APR 17, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE satellite; thermal control; forced convection; thermal switch; responsive space AB There is a critical need, not just in the Department of Defense (DOD) but the entire space industry, to reduce the development time and overall cost of satellite missions. To that end, the DOD is actively pursuing the capability to reduce the deployment time of a new system from years to weeks or even days. The goal is to provide the advantages space affords not just to the strategic planner but also to the battlefield commanders. One of the most challenging aspects of this problem is the satellite's thermal control system (TCS). Traditionally the TCS must be vigorously designed, analyzed, tested, and optimized from the ground up for every satellite mission. This "reinvention of the wheel" is costly and time intensive. The next generation satellite TCS must be modular and scalable in order to cover a wide range of applications, orbits, and mission requirements. To meet these requirements a robust thermal control system utilizing forced convection thermal switches was investigated. The problem was investigated in two separate stages. The first focused on the overall design of the bus. The second stage focused on the overarching bus architecture and the design impacts of employing a thermal switch based TCS design. For the hot case, the fan provided additional cooling to increase the heat transfer rate of the subsystem. During the cold case, the result was a significant reduction in survival heater power. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Williams, AD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. OI PALO, SCOTT/0000-0002-4729-4929 NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6277-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6221 BP 22108 EP 22108 AR 622108 DI 10.1117/12.665847 PG 11 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BES59 UT WOS:000239301800007 ER PT J AU Hall, JM Bush, AC Kendall, BS AF Hall, JM Bush, AC Kendall, BS TI Atypical cytologic features in Pap smears with Candida should not be entirely attributed to reactive cellular changes SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 95th Annual Meeting of the United-States-and-Canadian-Academy-of-Pathology CY FEB 11-17, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP US & Canadian Acad Pathol C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK STREET, 9TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0893-3952 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 19 SU 1 MA 258 BP 58A EP 59A PG 2 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 995IR UT WOS:000234094500258 ER PT J AU Kendall, B Olsen, C Zahn, C AF Kendall, B Olsen, C Zahn, C TI Difference in ASCUS/SIL ratios by patient age SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 95th Annual Meeting of the United-States-and-Canadian-Academy-of-Pathology CY FEB 11-17, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP US & Canadian Acad Pathol C1 USUHS, Bethesda, MD USA. Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0893-3952 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 19 SU 1 MA 268 BP 61A EP 61A PG 1 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 995IR UT WOS:000234094500268 ER PT J AU Kendall, B Zahn, C Rosario, D Olsen, C AF Kendall, B Zahn, C Rosario, D Olsen, C TI Cytologic features associated with high-risk HPV and abnormal follow-up in ASCUS smears from elderly women SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 95th Annual Meeting of the United-States-and-Canadian-Academy-of-Pathology CY FEB 11-17, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP US & Canadian Acad Pathol C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. USUHS, Bethesda, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0893-3952 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 19 SU 1 MA 269 BP 61A EP 61A PG 1 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 995IR UT WOS:000234094500269 ER PT J AU Hall, JM Strauss, BL Shaw, JC AF Hall, JM Strauss, BL Shaw, JC TI CD10 immumostaining aids in distinguishing trophoblastic lesions from squamous epithelium in endocervical curettage SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 95th Annual Meeting of the United-States-and-Canadian-Academy-of-Pathology CY FEB 11-17, 2006 CL Atlanta, GA SP US & Canadian Acad Pathol C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78236 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK STREET, 9TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 0893-3952 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 19 SU 1 MA 834 BP 180A EP 180A PG 1 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 995IR UT WOS:000234094501273 ER PT J AU Hrozhyk, U Serak, S Tabiryan, N Bunning, TJ AF Hrozhyk, U Serak, S Tabiryan, N Bunning, TJ TI Wide temperature range azobenzene nematic and smectic LC materials SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article DE azobenzene; liquid crystals; multicomponent compositions; thermal phase transitions ID LIQUID-CRYSTAL AB We have developed a series of azobenzene liquid crystals (azo LC) compounds, both multicomponent as well as single component, that possess room temperature nematic and smectic phases. Some of these materials have a wide mesophase temperature range which makes them useful for a variety of practical applications. Two main strategies were used for controlling the temperature range of these mesogenic azo LC materials: 1) chemical modification of azobenzene molecules with different terminal pendants; and 2) development of multicomponent compositions. These materials were highly photosensitive exhibiting nonlinear refraction and transmission at nanowatt/microwatt power levels. Physical, electro- and nonlinear-optical parameters of many of these materials have been characterized in detail. C1 Beam Engn Adv Measurement Co, Winter Pk, FL 32789 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Tabiryan, N (reprint author), Beam Engn Adv Measurement Co, 809 S Orlando Ave,Suite 1, Winter Pk, FL 32789 USA. EM nelson@beamco.com NR 12 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1542-1406 J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2006 VL 454 BP 235 EP 245 DI 10.1080/15421400600655733 PG 11 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 056ZW UT WOS:000238565000020 ER PT J AU Carns, JL Cook, G Saleh, MA Serak, SV Tabiryan, NV Basun, SA Evans, DR AF Carns, JL Cook, G Saleh, MA Serak, SV Tabiryan, NV Basun, SA Evans, DR TI Photovoltaic field-induced self-phase modulation of light in liquid crystal cells SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article DE hybrid; light valve; LiNbO3 : Fe; liquid crystal; photovoltaic; spatial filter ID LITHIUM-NIOBATE AB We show that photovoltaic fields generated internally in LiNbO3:Fe substrates are capable of efficiently reorienting liquid crystal molecules leading to new concepts of optically addressable light modulators. Using an arrangement consisting of a liquid crystal layer in contact with one or more LiNbO3:Fe photovoltaic substrates, we observe spatial filtering due to self-phase modulation in a planar oriented cell. The LiNbO3:Fe substrates are arranged such that light propagates along the + c axis, allowing a secondary process of power transfer to occur through photorefractive contra-directional two-beam coupling. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Anteon Corp, Dayton, OH USA. Universal Technol Corp, Dayton, OH USA. UES Inc, Dayton, OH USA. BEAM Engn Adv Measurements Co, Winter Pk, FL USA. AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg, Russia. RP Evans, DR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM dean.evans@wpafb.af.mil NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1542-1406 J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2006 VL 453 BP 83 EP 92 DI 10.1080/15421400600651757 PG 10 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 055KQ UT WOS:000238449700006 ER PT J AU Cook, G Carns, JL Saleh, MA Evans, DR AF Cook, G Carns, JL Saleh, MA Evans, DR TI Substrate induced pre-tilt in hybrid liquid crystal/inorganic photorefractives SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article DE hybrid; liquid crystal; photorefractives; pre-tilt; surface effects ID BEAM AMPLIFICATION; CRYSTAL STRUCTURES; HIGH-GAIN; NIOBATE; LIGHT AB We report on the photorefractive properties of nematic liquid crystals sandwiched between windows of cerium doped strontium barium niobate (Ce:SBN). Unlike simple glass substrates, the Ce:SBN induces molecular pre-tilts that generate electric dipole moments in the liquid crystal through the flexoelectric effect. This enables the liquid crystal to become sensitive to the sign of the space-charge field and leads to an increase in the optical amplification when the cell thickness is decreased. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Universal Technol Corp, Dayton, OH USA. Anteon Corp, Dayton, OH USA. UES Inc, Dayton, OH USA. RP Evans, DR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM dean.evans@wpafb.af.mil NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1542-1406 J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2006 VL 453 BP 141 EP 153 DI 10.1080/15421400600651591 PG 13 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 055KQ UT WOS:000238449700010 ER PT J AU Evans, DR Cook, G Saleh, MA Carns, JL Serak, S Tabiryan, N AF Evans, DR Cook, G Saleh, MA Carns, JL Serak, S Tabiryan, N TI New phenomena in dye-doped liquid crystals: Black hole effect and switchable reversed diffraction SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article DE anthraquinone dye; bubbles; critical opalescence; light scattering; liquid crystals; Marangoni effect; micro-domains; nonlinear transmission AB A nonlinear extinction of transmitted light is observed in liquid crystal cells with large concentrations of anthraquinone dye. Two distinct mechanisms are responsible for this effect when exposed to low and high intensity light, respectively. At low intensities, critical opalescence, micro-scatter, and an increase in linear absorption occur; whereas high intensities result in scattering from photo-induced micro-bubbles. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Universal Technol Corp, Dayton, OH USA. UES Inc, Dayton, OH USA. Anteon Corp, Dayton, OH USA. BEAM Engn Adv Measurements Co, Winter Pk, FL USA. RP Evans, DR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM dean.evans@wpafb.af.mil NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1542-1406 J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2006 VL 453 BP 177 EP 190 DI 10.1080/15421400600654058 PG 14 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 055KQ UT WOS:000238449700013 ER PT J AU Jin, S Novak, KA AF Jin, Shi Novak, Kyle A. TI A semiclassical transport model for thin quantum barriers SO MULTISCALE MODELING & SIMULATION LA English DT Article DE multiscale method; semiclassical limit; Liouville; von Neumann; quantum barrier ID DRIFT-DIFFUSION MODEL; SCHRODINGER-EQUATION; LIOUVILLE EQUATION; GEOMETRICAL-OPTICS; BOUNDARY; WIGNER; WAVES; WKB; APPROXIMATION; TRANSMISSION AB We present a one-dimensional time-dependent semiclassical transport model for mixed state scattering with thin quantum barriers. The idea is to solve a stationary Schrodinger equation in the thin quantum barrier to obtain the scattering coefficients, and then use them to supply the interface condition that connects the two classical domains. We then build in the interface condition to the numerical flux, in the spirit of the Hamiltonian-preserving scheme introduced by Jin and Wen for a classical barrier. The overall cost is roughly the same as solving a classical barrier. We construct a numerical method based on this semiclassical approach and validate the model using various numerical examples. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Math & Stat, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Jin, S (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Math, 480 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM jin@math.wisc.edu; kyle.novak@afit.edu RI Jin, Shi/F-1252-2011; Novak, Kyle/M-5709-2016 OI Novak, Kyle/0000-0001-6564-9896 NR 36 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU SIAM PUBLICATIONS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3600 UNIV CITY SCIENCE CENTER, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-2688 USA SN 1540-3459 J9 MULTISCALE MODEL SIM JI Multiscale Model. Simul. PY 2006 VL 5 IS 4 BP 1063 EP 1086 DI 10.1137/060653214 PG 24 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 132UJ UT WOS:000243967500002 ER PT S AU Tadda, G Salerno, JJ Boulware, D Hinman, M Gorton, S AF Tadda, George Salerno, John J. Boulware, Douglas Hinman, Michael Gorton, Samuel BE Dasarathy, BV TI Realizing Situation Awareness in a cyber environment SO MULTISENSOR, MULTISOURCE INFORMATIN FUSION: ARCHITECTURES, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS 2006 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multisensor, Multisource Information Fusion CY APR 19-20, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE advanced fusion; situation awareness; Cyber Situation Awareness AB Situation Awareness (SA) problems all require an understanding of current activities, an ability to anticipate what may happen next, and techniques to analyze the threat or impact of current activities and predictions. These processes of SA are common regardless of the domain and can be applied to the detection of cyber attacks. This paper will describe the application of a SA framework to implementing Cyber SA, describe some metrics for measuring and evaluating systems implementing Cyber SA, and discuss ongoing work in this area. We conclude with some ideas for future activities. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Rome, NY 13441 USA. RP Tadda, G (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 525 Brooks Rd, Rome, NY 13441 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6298-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6242 AR 624204 DI 10.1117/12.665763 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES05 UT WOS:000239225800004 ER PT J AU Pender, MJ Sowards, LA Hartgerink, JD Stone, MO Naik, RR AF Pender, MJ Sowards, LA Hartgerink, JD Stone, MO Naik, RR TI Peptide-mediated formation of single-wall carbon nanotube composites SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TIO2 NANOCOMPOSITES; FUNCTIONALIZATION; IMMOBILIZATION; AFFINITY; POLYMER; DISPLAY; MATRIX AB The formation of silica- and titania-coated single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) using a multifunctional peptide to both suspend SWNTs and direct the precipitation of silica and titania at room temperature is demonstrated. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77005 USA. RP Naik, RR (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, 3005 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM rajesh.naik@wpafb.af.mil RI Hartgerink, Jeffrey/G-4275-2016 OI Hartgerink, Jeffrey/0000-0002-3186-5395 NR 51 TC 134 Z9 134 U1 6 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 6 IS 1 BP 40 EP 44 DI 10.1021/nl051899r PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 015DP UT WOS:000235532400008 PM 16402784 ER PT S AU Shea, MA AF Shea, MA BE Singh, RP Shea, MA TI Biological and physical oceanographic processes from satellite data SO NATURAL HAZARDS AND OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES FROM SATELLITE DATA SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 18-25, 2004 CL Paris, FRANCE SP Comm Space Res C1 AF Res Lab, VSBX, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Shea, MA (reprint author), AF Res Lab, VSBX, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. EM sssrc@msn.com; sssrc@msn.com NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD 0X5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2006 VL 37 IS 4 BP 763 EP 763 DI 10.1016/j.asr.2006.03.013 PG 1 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BEM75 UT WOS:000238187800018 ER PT S AU Miettinen, M AF Miettinen, Markku BE LlombartBosch, A Felipo, V LopezGuerrero, JA TI From morphological to molecular diagnosis of soft tissue tumors SO New Trends in Cancer for The 21st Century, 2nd Edition SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Cancer Symposium on New Trends in Cancer for the 21st Century CY NOV 12-15, 2005 CL Valencia, SPAIN DE sarcoma; translocation; fusion transcript; gastrointestinal stromal tumor; mutation; KIT; PDGFRA; schwannoma; perineurioma; NF2; human herpesvirus 8 ID GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS; CLEAR-CELL SARCOMA; NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE-2 GENE; LATENT NUCLEAR ANTIGEN-1; NERVE SHEATH TUMORS; OF-THE-LITERATURE; SSX FUSION TYPE; TERM-FOLLOW-UP; SYNOVIAL SARCOMA; KAPOSI-SARCOMA AB Cytogenetic discoveries of balanced translocations in soft tissue tumors have opened the way to molecular genetic definition of these translocations as gene fusions from the late 1980s. Many sarcomas are known to have such fusions, and the demonstration of the fusion transcripts in tumor tissue is of great value in specific diagnosis of synovial sarcoma (SYT-SSX), Ewing sarcoma (EWS-Fli1), clear cell sarcoma (EWS-ATF1 ), myxoid liposarcoma (FUS-CHOP), and other sarcomas. These translocations are believed to be disease-specific and pathogenetic forces, despite occasional observations to the contrary. Demonstration of SYT-SSX and EWS-ATF1 fusion assists in the diagnosis of synovial and clear cell sarcomas in unusual locations, such as the gastrointestinal tract, where these tumors occur with low frequency Demonstration of sarcoma translocations and their fusion by different assays is well established; use of in situ hybridization is limited by availability of specific probes. In two exceptional instances, the same translocation and gene fusion occurs in two unrelated diseases: ETV6-NTRK fusion in infantile fibrosarcoma and secretory carcinoma of the breast, and ALK-TPM3 fusion in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor and large cell anaplastic lymphoma. Thus, the target cell of the genetic change is an important factor to define the resulting disease. Activating mutations in two related receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), KIT, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) is central to the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and countering the mutational activation by specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as Imatinib mesylate, is now standard treatment for metastatic GISTs. KIT exon I I mutations (in frame deletions, point mutations, and duplications) occur in GISTs of all locations, whereas a characteristic exon 9 insertion-duplication AY502-503 is nearly specific for intestinal vs gastric tumors. In contrast, PDGFRA mutations are nearly specific for gastric GISTs, especially those with epithelioid morphology. Mutation type influences therapy responsiveness, but fortunately very few GISTs carry primarily Imatimb-resistant mutations. Secondary drug resistance acquired during Imatinib treatment based on new, Imatinib-resistant mutations is a major problem limiting treatment success. Loss of NF2 tumor suppressor gene in a biallelic fashion is believed to be central in the pathogenesis of neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) associated and sporadic schwannomas and meningiomas. The mechanism includes nonsense or missense mutation in NF2 gene, and loss of the other NF2 allele as a part of losses in chromosome 22q. Schwannoma types may differ in their pathogenesis: gastrointestinal schwannomas lack NF2 changes suggesting a different pathogenesis. Intraneural and sclerosing perineuriomas display similar NF2 gene alterations as seen in meningioma, indicating a similar pathogenesis and molecular homology Specific viral sequences of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) are diagnostic markers for Kaposi sarcoma (KS), and are absent in angiosarcoma. Despite discovery on simian virus SV40 sequences in mesothelioma as a possible pathogenetic factor, recent studies suggest that the presence of these sequences may be artifactual and based on common presence of some SV40 sequences as PCR contaminants. C1 USAF, Inst Pathol, Dept Soft Tissue Pathol, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Miettinen, M (reprint author), USAF, Inst Pathol, Dept Soft Tissue Pathol, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 70 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0065-2598 BN 1-4020-4966-8 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 2006 VL 587 BP 99 EP 113 PG 15 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA BFN31 UT WOS:000243248800010 PM 17163160 ER PT S AU Talbert, ML Baldwin, P Seetharaman, G AF Talbert, Michael L. Baldwin, Patrick Seetharaman, Guna BE Atiquzzaman, M Balandin, SI TI Information expectation from unmanned aircraft swarms - art. no. 63870A SO Next-Generation Communication and Sensor Networks 2006 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Next-Generation Communication and Sensor Networks 2006 CY OCT 02-03, 2006 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE DE unmanned aerial vehicle; simulation; swarm geometry; information expectation AB This paper lays the groundwork for modeling the quantification of sensor coverage for Unmanned Aircraft (UA) swarms of sensors. The concept of information expectation is defined, elaborated, and illustrated. Areas of interest (AOI)s are analyzed from a swarm standpoint to determine the quantity of coverage afforded by a swarm of multiple sensor-laden UAs. This work also investigates the coverage of AOIs as determined by the mission duration, area of the region, and time-variable swarm geometry. By experimentation using simulation, we gain insight into the quantifiable influence of varying swarm sizes and configurations on area coverage. This in turn allows validation of formulae and algorithms for computing approximation of expected opportunities for relevant information collection. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Talbert, ML (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6485-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6387 BP A3870 EP A3870 AR 63870A DI 10.1117/12.686315 PG 12 WC Telecommunications SC Telecommunications GA BFI50 UT WOS:000242034100008 ER PT B AU Smith, SD Nixon, CW Von Gierke, HE AF Smith, Suzanne D. Nixon, Charles W. Von Gierke, Henning E. BE Ver, IL Beranek, LL TI Damage Risk Criteria for Hearing and Human Body Vibration SO NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, 2ND EDITION LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID IMPULSE NOISE C1 [Smith, Suzanne D.] USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Smith, SD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 39 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0EL, ENGLAND BN 978-0-47017-256-8 PY 2006 BP 857 EP 886 PG 30 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Acoustics; Engineering GA BZH76 UT WOS:000301654400020 ER PT S AU Dutta, M Brown, GJ Ramadurai, D Geerpuram, D Yang, JY Kohanpour, B Chen, C Stroscio, MA AF Dutta, Mitra Brown, Gail J. Ramadurai, Dinakar Geerpuram, Dwarakanath Yang, Jiangyong Kohanpour, Babak Chen, Chen Stroscio, Michael A. BE Saraniti, M Ravaioli, U TI Carrier scattering by optical phonons, two-phonon processes in photon absorption, and spontaneous polarization in wurtzites SO NONEQUILIBRIUM CARRIER DYNAMICS IN SEMICONDUCTORS PROCEEDINGS SE Springer Proceedings in Physics LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Nonequilibrium Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors CY JUL 25-29, 2005 CL Chicago, IL SP DARPA, IBM, Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst, Illinois Inst Technol Chicago ID CRYSTALS AB This paper focuses on the role of phonon scattering in wurtzites, emphasizes results indicating strong carrier-phonon scattering effects in these materials, and illustrates band-bending effects in wurtzite quantum dots due to spontaneous polarization. C1 [Dutta, Mitra; Yang, Jiangyong; Kohanpour, Babak; Chen, Chen; Stroscio, Michael A.] Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Chicago, IL USA. [Dutta, Mitra; Stroscio, Michael A.] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. [Brown, Gail J.] AFB, Wright Patterson, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. [Ramadurai, Dinakar; Geerpuram, Dwarakanath; Stroscio, Michael A.] Univ Illinois, Bio Engn, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. RP Dutta, M (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Chicago, IL USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0930-8989 BN 3-540-36587-7 J9 SPRINGER PROC PHYS PY 2006 VL 110 BP 59 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics; Physics GA BFK57 UT WOS:000242486900014 ER PT S AU Rogers, JE Slagle, JE McLean, DG Sutherland, RL Krein, DM Cooper, TM Brant, M Heinrichs, J Kannan, R Tan, LS Urbas, AM Fleitz, PA AF Rogers, Joy E. Slagle, Jonathan E. McLean, Daniel G. Sutherland, Richard L. Krein, Douglas M. Cooper, Thomas M. Brant, Mark Heinrichs, James Kannan, Ramamurthi Tan, Loon-Seng Urbas, Augustine M. Fleitz, Paul A. BE Yeates, AT Belfield, KD Kajzar, F TI Development of novel two-photon absorbing chromophores - art. no. 633002 SO Nonlinear Optical Transmission and Multiphoton Processes in Organics IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nonlinear Optical Transmission and Multiphoton Processes in Organics IV CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE, USAF Res Lab DE two-photon absorbers; two-photon assisted excited state absorption; AFX; Pt TPA dyes ID OPTICAL-DATA STORAGE; ONE-PHOTON; ENERGY-TRANSFER; EXCITED-STATE; PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS; ABSORPTION; DERIVATIVES; SERIES; ENHANCEMENT; EXCITATION AB There has been much interest in the development of two-photon absorbing materials and many efforts to understand the nonlinear absorption properties of these dyes but this area is still not well understood. A computational model has been developed in our tab to understand the nanosecond nonlinear absorption properties that incorporate all of the measured one-photon photophysical parameters of a class of materials called AFX. We have investigated the nonlinear and photophysical properties of the AFX chromophores including the two-photon absorption cross-section, the excited state cross-section, the intersystem crossing quantum yield, and the singlet and triplet excited state lifetimes using a variety of experimental techniques that include UV-visible, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy, time correlated single photon counting, ultrafast transient absorption, and nanosecond laser flash photolysis. The model accurately predicts the nanosecond nonlinear transmittance data using experimentally measured parameters. Much of the strong nonlinear absorption has been shown to be due to excited state absorption from both the singlet and triplet excited states. Based on this understanding of the nonlinear absorption and the importance of singlet and triplet excited states we have begun to develop new two-photon absorbing molecules within the AFX class as well as linked to other classes of nonlinear absorbing molecules. This opens up the possibilities of new materials with unique and interesting properties. Specifically we have been working on a new class of two-photon absorbing molecules linked to platinum poly-ynes. In the platinum poly-yne chromophores the photophysics are more complicated and we have just started to understand what drives both the linear and non-linear photophysical properties. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Rogers, JE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RI Tan, Loon-Seng/F-6985-2012 OI Tan, Loon-Seng/0000-0002-2134-9290 NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6409-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6330 BP 33002 EP 33002 AR 633002 DI 10.1117/12.682984 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BFI42 UT WOS:000242013200001 ER PT S AU Hochhalter, JD Massarello, JJ Maji, AK Fuierer, PA AF Hochhalter, Jake D. Massarello, Jack J. Maji, Arup K. Fuierer, Paul A. BE Sasian, JM Turner, MG TI The origins of fiber print-through in lightweight composite optics - art. no. 628902 SO Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Novel Optical Systems Design and Optimization IX CY AUG 15-16, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE Carbon Fiber Composites; fiber print-through; Optical Testing ID MIRRORS AB NASA and the U. S. Air Force are looking to improve space borne telescopes by reducing mirror weight. One commonly attempted solution is to fabricate Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) mirrors using a mirror replication technique. These attempts have been hindered by the well-known fiber print-through phenomenon. The resulting sinusoidal surface distortion is fiber print-through, where chemical and thermal shrinkage during cure have been hypothesized to be the dominant causes. Although successful mitigation of fiber print-through via a polished resin layer method has been proven, an additional resin layer reduces the heat transfer through the mirror thickness that would be necessary for high-energy laser applications and also carries structural disadvantages. The purpose of this research was to quantify the dominating causes of fiber print-through and its contribution to the total surface roughness of a composite (where total roughness includes the elements of print-through and other surface anomalies that contribute to diffuse reflection). In order to quantify the causes of fiber print-through, a number of CFRP samples with varying fiber type, diameter and cure schemes were fabricated. The dominating causes of fiber print-through were then found by measuring fiber print-through, via microscopic interferometry, and determining which variables had the greatest influence on print-through. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Hochhalter, JD (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6368-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6289 BP 28902 EP 28902 AR 628902 DI 10.1117/12.681042 PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA BFG52 UT WOS:000241727800002 ER PT J AU Zeng, D Latham, WP Kar, A AF Zeng, D Latham, WP Kar, A TI Shaping of annular laser intensity profiles and their thermal effects for optical trepanning SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Beam Shaping V CY AUG 05, 2004 CL Denver, CO SP SPIE AB Laser drilling is very important in many industries such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, and materials processing. It can be used to produce critical components with novel hole geometry for advanced systems. Percussion drilling and trepanning are two laser drilling methods. In the conventional trepanning method, a laser beam is scanned along a circular or spiral orbit to remove material to achieve a desired hole shape. These orbits generally trace a circular path at the inner wall of the holes. This suggests that an annular beam can be used to accomplish trepanning, a technique we refer to as optical trepanning. The ray-tracing technique of geometrical optics is employed in this paper to design the necessary optics to transform a Gaussian laser beam into an annular beam of different intensity profiles. Such profiles include uniform intensity within the annulus, full Gaussian with maximum intensity, and half Gaussian with maximum intensities at the inner and outer surfaces of the annulus. (c) 2006 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon, Mech Mat & Aerosp Engn Dept, CREOL,LAMMP, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Air Force Res Lab, Albuquerque, NM 87117 USA. RP Zeng, D (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Coll Opt & Photon, Mech Mat & Aerosp Engn Dept, CREOL,LAMMP, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOCIETY OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225 USA SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 45 IS 1 AR 014301 DI 10.1117/1.2150789 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 014LJ UT WOS:000235481400010 ER PT S AU Vincelette, RL Thomas, RJ Rockwell, BA Welch, AJ AF Vincelette, Rebecca L. Thomas, Robert J. Rockwell, Benjamin A. Welch, Ashley J. BE Jacques, SL Roach, WP TI A comparison of a first-order thermal lensing model to a closed aperture Z-scan for the propagation of light in ocular media. - art. no. 60840G SO Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XVII CY JAN 23-25, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE thermal lensing; thermal damage models; optical radiation; retinal damage model; Z-scan ID REFRACTIVE-INDEX; WATER; WAVELENGTH; TEMPERATURE; DENSITY; STEAM AB The phenomenon of thermal lensing was investigated in water using a Z-scan method and corresponding first-order mathematical models. Data from first-order thermal lensing models and ABCD beam propagation methods were used to simulate the non-linear absorption of water held in a thin sample cuvette for a Z-scan optical set up of CW cases at 1313 nm. The single beam closed aperture Z-scan was then used to determine the non-linear absorption at 1313 nm for water in 10 mm and 2 mm cuvettes at 48.00, 16.80, 9.80 and 2.83 mW then compared to the first-order model data. The results from the closed aperture Z-scan were also used to back calculate the spot size in the far field for comparison to the model's prediction of the beam's temporal response. Experimental Z-scan data were found not to correlate strongly with our first-order model suggesting the need for higher order models to successfully predict spot size in absorbing media inside the Rayleigh range. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. RP Vincelette, RL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 2624 Louis Bauer Dr, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6126-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6084 BP G840 EP G840 AR 60840G DI 10.1117/12.645445 PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Engineering, Biomedical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Cell Biology; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEF89 UT WOS:000237158300012 ER PT S AU Pocock, GM Zohner, JJ Stolarski, DJ Buchanan, KC Jindra, NM Figueroa, MA Chavey, LJ Imholte, ML Thomas, RJ Rockwell, BA AF Pocock, Ginger M. Zohner, Justin J. Stolarski, David J. Buchanan, Kelvin C. Jindra, Nichole M. Figueroa, Manuel A. Chavey, Lucas J. Imholte, Michelle L. Thomas, Robert J. Rockwell, Benjamin A. BE Jacques, SL Roach, WP TI Injury thresholds for topical-cream-coated skin of hairless guinea pigs (cavia porcellus) in the near infrared region - art. no. 60840l SO Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XVII CY JAN 23-25, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE laser; laser safety; skin; Takata skin model; MVL; ED50; guinea pigs; laser induced breakdown ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; LASER-RADIATION; PULSES; NM; FEMTOSECOND; TISSUES AB The reflectance and absorption of the skin plays a vital role in determining how much radiation will be absorbed by human tissue. Any substance covering the skin would change the way radiation is reflected and absorbed and thus the extent of thermal injury. Hairless guinea pigs (cavia porcellus) in vivo were used to evaluate how the minimum visible lesion threshold for single-pulse laser exposure is changed with a topical agent applied to the skin. The ED50 for visible lesions due to an Er: glass laser at 1540-nm with a pulse width of 50-ns was determined, and the results were compared with model predictions using a skin thermal model. The ED50 is compared with the damage threshold of skin coated with a highly absorbing topical cream at 1540 nm to determine its effect on damage pathology and threshold. The ED50 for the guinea pig was then compared to similar studies using Yucatan minipigs and Yorkshire pies at 1540-nm and nanosecond pulse duration. I., The damage threshold at 24-hours of a Yorkshire pig for a 2.5-3.5-mm diameter beam for 100 ns was 3.2 Jcm(-2); very similar to our ED50 of 3.00 Jcm(-2) for the hairless guinea pigs. C1 US Air Force Res Lab, Opt Radiat Branch, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. RP Zohner, JJ (reprint author), US Air Force Res Lab, Opt Radiat Branch, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6126-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6084 BP L840 EP L840 AR 60840l DI 10.1117/12.647467 PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Engineering, Biomedical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Cell Biology; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEF89 UT WOS:000237158300014 ER PT S AU Heckman, EM Yaney, PP Grote, JG Hopkins, FK AF Heckman, Emily M. Yaney, Perry P. Grote, James G. Hopkins, F. Kenneth BE Grote, JG Kajzar, F Lindgren, M TI Development and performance of an all-DNA-based electro-optic waveguide modulator SO Optical Materials in Defence Systems Technology III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Materials in Defence Systems Technology III CY SEP 13-14, 2006 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN SP SPIE Europe DE DNA; optical waveguide; electro-optic modulator; optical material; electro-optic coefficient; nonlinear optics; biophotonics ID POLYMERS; DEVICES; COMPLEX; FILMS AB Marine-based deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), purified from waste products of the Japanese fishing industry, has recently become a new material of interest in photonics applications. The water soluble DNA is precipitated with a surfactant complex, hexadecyltimethyl-ammonium chloride (CTMA), to form a water insoluble complex, DNA-CTMA, for application as a nonlinear optical material. In order to fabricate an all-DNA-based waveguide, it was necessary to crosslink the DNA-CTMA films. Crosslinking makes the films resistant to their initial solvent; this permits spin-coating of successive DNA-CTMA layers without solvent damage. A chromophore dye is added to the core layer to allow for an electro-optic coefficient to be induced through contact poling. Through contact poling, an electro-optic (EO) coefficient comparable to that in other polymers was demonstrated in crosslinked DNA-CTMA films with the chromophore dye Disperse Red 1. This EO effect allowed for the creation of the first all-DNA-based EO waveguide modulator. The performance of the modulator is described. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Heckman, EM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6499-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6401 BP U41 EP U50 DI 10.1117/12.692619 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BFR12 UT WOS:000243917600005 ER PT S AU Khoury, J Woods, CL Haji-Saeed, B Pyburn, D Sengupta, SK Kierstead, J AF Khoury, J. Woods, C. L. Haji-Saeed, Bahareh Pyburn, Dana Sengupta, Sandip K. Kierstead, J. BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI A mapping approach for distortion correction in sinusoidally scanned images - art. no. 62450I SO Optical Pattern Recogniton XVII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XVII CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE image processing; image restoration; scanning; mapping AB We have developed a mapping algorithm for correcting sinusoidally scanned images from their distortions. Our algorithm is based on an approximate relationship between linear and sinusoidal scanning. Straightforward implementation of this algorithm showed that the mapped image has either missing lines or redundant lines. The missing lines were filled by fusing the mapped image with its median filtered version. The implementation of this algorithm shows that it is possible to retrieve up to 96.43% of the original image, as measured by the recovered energy. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Khoury, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6301-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6245 BP I2450 EP I2450 AR 62450I DI 10.1117/12.673439 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES08 UT WOS:000239230800018 ER PT S AU Heyse, M Jamison, K Stearns, R AF Heyse, Mark Jamison, Keith Stearns, Ron BE Thomes, WJ Dickey, FM TI Design, testing, and safety considerations of an optically isolated firing set - art. no. 628705 SO Optical Technologies for Arming, Safing, Fuzing, and Firing II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Technologies for Arming, Safing, Fuzing and Firing II CY AUG 15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE DE "high voltage tolerant explosive initiation"; "fiber optically controlled firing set"; "optically isolated firing set"; "Explosive Birdgewire firing set" AB Experimental investigations at the Air Force Research Laboratory's Munitions Directorate required a firing set to initiate detonators in ultra-high-voltage experiments, but commercial firing sets with adequate high voltage isolation could not be found. To resolve this issue a Directorate team designed, fabricated a new firing set, verified that it met all design requirements, and obtained safety board approval for its use. The patented design uses all plastic fiber optic cables, pneumatic controls, battery isolation, and redundant safety devices to withstand voltage differences of hundreds of thousands of volts between the operator and the experiment. This paper describes the efforts to develop a very reliable firing set that met the high standards required by explosive safety procedures. Design features include Faraday shielding, redundant lock out features, multiple safing circuits to handle a variety of fault conditions and fail-safe bleed down circuits to eliminate concerns with residual stored electrical energy. The high-voltage-tolerant firing set allows research in unexplored areas such as electro-explosive effects. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Heyse, M (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Munit Directorate, 101 W Eglin Blvd Ste 135, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6366-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6287 BP 28705 EP 28705 AR 628705 DI 10.1117/12.683276 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BFG56 UT WOS:000241728700005 ER PT J AU Kuo, PS Vodopyanov, KL Fejer, MM Simanovskii, DM Yu, X Harris, JS Bliss, D Weyburne, D AF Kuo, PS Vodopyanov, KL Fejer, MM Simanovskii, DM Yu, X Harris, JS Bliss, D Weyburne, D TI Optical parametric generation of a mid-infrared continuum in orientation-patterned GaAs SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION; FILMS AB We have generated an ultrabroad mid-infrared continuum by using single-pass optical parametric generation (OPG) in orientation-patterned GaAs (OP-GaAs). The spectrum spans more than an octave, from 4.5 to 10.7 eta m, measured 20 dB down from the peak. The 17.5 ram long, 0.5 mm thick, all-epitaxially-grown OPGaAs sample with a 166.6-mu m quasi-phase-matching period was pumped with 3.1-3.3 mu m wavelength, 1 ps pulses up to 2 mu J in energy. The OPG threshold was observed at 55 nJ pump energy with the pump polarized along the [111] crystal direction. The slope efficiency near threshold was 51%, and the external conversion efficiency was as high as 15%. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America C1 Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Solid State Photon Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. US AF Res Lab, Hanscom AF Base, Bedford, MA 01731 USA. RP Kuo, PS (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Edward L Ginzton Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM pskuo@stanford.edu RI Schaff, William/B-5839-2009 NR 15 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 13 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 1 BP 71 EP 73 DI 10.1364/OL.31.000071 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 996NU UT WOS:000234181600023 PM 16419881 ER PT J AU Evans, DR Cook, G Carns, JL Saleh, MA Basun, SA Seim, JM Mizell, GJ AF Evans, DR Cook, G Carns, JL Saleh, MA Basun, SA Seim, JM Mizell, GJ TI Major improvements of the photorefractive and photovoltaic properties in potassium SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LITHIUM-NIOBATE; KNBO3 CRYSTALS; INSTABILITIES AB Optical and electrical measurements have been made on a new codoped potassium niobate crystal (KNbO3:Fe,Ag) that yields a significant enhancement of the photorefractive and photovoltaic effects when compared with the published results for singly doped potassium niobate crystals. The codoped Ag impurity enters the K site, rather than the typical Nb site, thus changing the local field in the lattice. It is believed that Fe perturbed by the Ag in the K site is responsible for an enhancement of the linear absorption and photocurrent, as well as a probable increase in the effective trap density. An enhanced trap density is likely the cause of the increased photorefractive counterpropagating two-beam coupling efficiency. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America. C1 AF Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Technol Corp, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. Anteon Corp, Dayton, OH 45431 USA. UES Inc, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. AF Ioffe Phys Tech Inst, St Petersburg 194021, Russia. VLOC, New Port Richey, FL 34655 USA. RP Evans, DR (reprint author), AF Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 15 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 31 IS 1 BP 89 EP 91 DI 10.1364/OL.31.000089 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 996NU UT WOS:000234181600029 PM 16419887 ER PT J AU Szmulowicz, F Haugan, HJ Brown, GJ Mahalingam, K Ullrich, B Munshi, SR Grazulis, L AF Szmulowicz, F Haugan, HJ Brown, GJ Mahalingam, K Ullrich, B Munshi, SR Grazulis, L TI Interfaces as design tools for short-period InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices for mid-infrared detectors SO OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Photoelectronics CY AUG 30-31, 2005 CL Warsaw, POLAND DE superlattice; infrared detector; InAs/GaSb; interface; envelope function ID NO COMMON ATOM; OPTICAL ANISOTROPY; SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROSTRUCTURES; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; INFRARED DETECTORS; QUANTUM-WELLS; ASYMMETRY; SUBBANDS; INP AB The effect of interface anisotropy on the electronic structure of InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices is exploited in the design of thin-layer-superlattices for mid-IR detection threshold. The design is based on a theoretical envelope function model that incorporates the change of anion and cation species across InAs/GaSb interfaces, in particular; across the preferred InSb interface. The model predicts that a given threshold can be reached for a range of superlattice periods with InAs and GaSb layers as thin as a few monolayers. Although the oscillator strengths are predicted to be larger for thinner period superlattices, the absorption coefficients are comparable because of the compensating effect of larger band widths. However; larger intervalence band separations for thinner period samples should lead to longer minority electron Auger lifetimes and higher operating temperatures in p-type SLs. In addition, the hole masses for thinner-period samples are on the order the five-election mass rather than being effectively infinite for the wider period samples. Therefore, holes should also contribute to photoresponse. A number of superlattices with periods ranging from 50.6 to 21.2 angstrom for the 4 mu m detection threshold were grown by molecular beam epitaxy based on the model design. Low temperature photoluminescence and photoresponse spectra confirmed that the superlattice band gaps remained constant at 330 meV although the period changed by the factor of 2.5. Overall, the present study points to the importance of interfaces as a tool in the design and growth of thin superlattices for mid-IR detectors for room temperature operation. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. Universal Technol Corp, Dayton, OH 45432 USA. Bowling Green State Univ, Ctr Mat Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. Bowling Green State Univ, Ctr Photochem Sci, Dept Phys & Astron, Bowling Green, OH 43403 USA. RP Szmulowicz, F (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Frank.Szmulowicz@wpafb.af.mil NR 40 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU ASSOC POLISH ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS (S E P) PI WARSAW PA 2 KALISKIEGO STR, 00-908 WARSAW, POLAND SN 1230-3402 J9 OPTO-ELECTRON REV JI Opto-Electron. Rev. PY 2006 VL 14 IS 1 BP 71 EP 77 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 030GN UT WOS:000236622500011 ER PT S AU Khoury, J Vaccaro, K Woods, CL Haji-Saeed, B Sengupta, SK Armiento, C Goodhue, WD Kierstead, J Davis, A Clark, W AF Khoury, Jed Vaccaro, Kenneth Woods, Charles L. Haji-Saeed, Bahareh Sengupta, Sandip K. Armiento, Craig Goodhue, William D. Kierstead, John Davis, Andrew Clark, William BE Piprek, J Wang, JJ TI All optically-driven MEMS deformable device via a photodetector array SO Optoelectronic Devices: Physics, Fabrication, and Application III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optoelectronic Devices - Physics, Fabrication, and Application III CY OCT 01-02, 2006 CL Boston, MA SP SPIE DE spatial light modulator; photodetector; MEMS; deformable mirrors; adaptive optics ID MEMBRANE; BIAS AB In this paper we demonstrate the first optical actuation of a single-pixel, deformable-mirror MEMS device through a direct cascade with a photodetector. Photovoltaic, p-i-n, and avalanche photodetectors were successfully utilized. Mirror deformations were monitored by interferometry. Deformation is quasilinear at low light intensities, and saturates at higher intensities. Actuation at picowatt light intensities has been accomplished by cascading with an avalanche photodetector. We also describe the fabrication of an integrated device consisting of an all optically addressed deformable-mirror MEMS suspended over a p-i-n photodetector. Initial demonstration of optical actuation of the deformable mirror using the newly integrated device is also presented. C1 USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Khoury, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, SNHC, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 978-0-8194-6466-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6368 BP U38 EP U45 DI 10.1117/12.686272 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BFQ92 UT WOS:000243902000004 ER PT S AU Andersen, G AF Andersen, Geoff BE AtadEttedgul, E Antebi, J Lemke, D TI Photon sieve null corrector - art. no. 62730K SO Optomechanical Technologies for Astronomy, Pts 1 and 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optomechanical Technologies for Astronony CY MAY 24-31, 2006 CL Orlando, FL SP SPIE DE diffractive optics; space telescopes; high resolution imaging ID COMPUTER-GENERATED HOLOGRAMS; FRESNEL ZONE PLATES; FOCUSING ANALYSIS; OPTICAL ELEMENTS; EFFICIENCY; MODEL AB We present the concept of using a photon sieve as an inexpensive null-corrector. A photon sieve is a diffractive element consisting of a large number of holes precisely positioned according to an underlying Fresnel Zone Plate geometry. Using diffraction theory we can enlarge the holes significantly beyond the width of a Fresnel zone such that more light is transmitted and greater efficiency is achieved. Added to this, modification of the equations used to generate the hole locations can also permit the construction of any desired wavefront instead of a simple infinite-conjugate ratio focusing optic. This makes it an ideal optic for testing larger components in a null-corrector configuration. In this talk we will present theoretical and experimental results from tests of this idea. These include the fabrication of a 0.1 m diameter intensity photon sieve null-corrector specifically for testing a parabolic primary. C1 USAF Acad, HQ USAFA, DFP, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA. RP Andersen, G (reprint author), USAF Acad, HQ USAFA, DFP, Suite 2A31,2354 Fairchild Dr, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6338-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6273 BP K2730 EP K2730 AR 62730K DI 10.1117/12.669549 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEX62 UT WOS:000240017700019 ER PT S AU Foshee, J Tang, S Tang, Y Wane, X AF Foshee, James Tang, Suning Tang, Yuanji Wane, X. BE Grote, JG Kajzar, F Kim, N TI A fast electrically controlled large aperture laser beam attenuator SO Organic Photonic Materials and Devices VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Organic Photonic Materials and Devices VIII CY JAN 23-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE electro-optic bragg gratings; polymers; liquid crystals; attenuators ID DISPERSED LIQUID-CRYSTAL; VARIABLE ATTENUATOR AB We report a large aperture laser beam attenuator by using electrically switchable gratings. This attenuator separates an incident beam into the transmitted and diffracted beams. The light intensities of both transmitted and diffracted beams can be adjusted through electro-optical effect. By carefully selecting the liquid crystals and polymer materials, we obtained a 25 dB dynamic range of attenuation with a 0.5 dB insertion loss and response time about 200 mu s. C1 USAF, Res Lab, IFGD, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Foshee, J (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, IFGD, 2241 Avion Circle, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6159-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6117 BP U12 EP U19 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BEH35 UT WOS:000237250700003 ER PT S AU Grote, JG Heckman, EM Hagen, JA Yaney, PP Diggs, DE Subramanyam, G Nelson, RL Zetts, JS Zang, DY Singh, B Sariciftci, NS Hopkins, FK AF Grote, James G. Heckman, Emily M. Hagen, Joshua A. Yaney, Perry P. Diggs, Darnell E. Subramanyam, Guru Nelson, Robert L. Zetts, John S. Zang, De Yu Singh, Birendra Sariciftci, Niyazi Serdar Hopkins, F. Kenneth BE Grote, JG Kajzar, F Kim, N TI DNA - New class of polymer SO Organic Photonic Materials and Devices VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Organic Photonic Materials and Devices VIII CY JAN 23-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE DE deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; biopolymer; electro-optic modulator; organic field effect transistor ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; PHOTONICS; RESISTANCE AB Suitable organic and polymeric based materials for electronic and photonic applications must possess the desired electromagnetic and optical properties to achieve optimal device performance in order to be more competitive with their inorganic counterparts. A new class of biopolymer, processed from purified marine-based deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), has been investigated for use in both electronic and photonic applications and has demonstrated promise as an excellent dielectric and optical waveguide material. In this paper we present examples of devices using this new DNA-based biopolymer. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Grote, JG (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6159-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6117 BP U53 EP U58 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BEH35 UT WOS:000237250700008 ER PT J AU Ree, MJ Carretta, TR AF Ree, MJ Carretta, TR TI The role of measurement error in familiar statistics SO ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS LA English DT Article DE reliability; statistics; inference; interpretation ID TEST BIAS; SELECTION AB Measurement error, or reliability, affects many common applications in statistics, such as correlation, partial correlation, analysis of variance, regression, factor analysis, and others. Despite its importance, the role of measurement error in these familiar statistical applications often receives little or no attention in textbooks and courses on statistics. The purpose of this article is to examine the role of reliability in familiar statistics and to show how ignoring the consequences of (less than perfect) reliability in common statistical techniques can lead to false conclusions and erroneous interpretation. C1 Our Lady Lake Univ, San Antonio, TX 78207 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Syst Control Interface Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Ree, MJ (reprint author), Our Lady Lake Univ, 411 SW 24th St, San Antonio, TX 78207 USA. EM mree@satx.rr.com NR 29 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1094-4281 J9 ORGAN RES METHODS JI Organ. Res. Methods PD JAN PY 2006 VL 9 IS 1 BP 99 EP 112 DI 10.1177/1094428105283192 PG 14 WC Psychology, Applied; Management SC Psychology; Business & Economics GA 036XK UT WOS:000237110400006 ER PT J AU Brennan, J AF Brennan, J TI Experience of first deployed otolaryngology team in Operation Iraqi Freedom: The changing face of combat injuries SO OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 109th Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Otolaryngology-Head-and-Neck-Surgery-Foundation CY SEP 25-28, 2005 CL Los Angeles, CA SP Amer Acad Otol Head & Neck Surg Fdn ID CASUALTIES; WAR AB OBJECTIVE: In September, 2004, an Air Force otolaryngology team was deployed to Iraq as a member of the multispecialty head and neck team, which had historically consisted of neurosurgery, ophthalmology, and oral surgery. We examined our operative and outpatient experience to determine if otolaryngology would be a critical component of this new head and neck team. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Between September 7, 2004, and January 22, 2005, we collected data on all otolaryngology operative procedures and outpatient visits at the Air Force Theater Hospital at Balad Air Base, Iraq. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-nine patients underwent 257 operative procedures with the 3 most common procedures being complex facial laceration repair, tracheostomy, and neck exploration for penetrating neck trauma. In the otolaryngology clinic, we examined and treated 529 patients from throughout the Middle East. CONCLUSIONS: The otolaryngology team proved to be a critical component of the Air Force multispecialty head and neck team. EBM rating: C-4 (C) 2006 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. RP Brennan, J (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg, 2200 Bergquist Dr,Suite 1, Lackland AFB, TX 78236 USA. EM Joseph.Brennan@lackland.af.mil NR 8 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0194-5998 J9 OTOLARYNG HEAD NECK JI Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 134 IS 1 BP 100 EP 105 DI 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.10.008 PG 6 WC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery SC Otorhinolaryngology; Surgery GA 004EX UT WOS:000234735900018 PM 16399188 ER PT S AU Tomczak, SJ Vij, V Marchant, D Minton, TK Brunsvold, AL Wright, ME Petteys, BJ Guenthner, AJ Yandek, GR Mabry, J AF Tomczak, Sandra J. Vij, Vandana Marchant, Darrell Minton, Timothy K. Brunsvold, Amy L. Wright, Michael E. Petteys, Brian J. Guenthner, Andrew J. Yandek, Gregory R. Mabry, Joe BE Taylor, EW TI Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) polyimides as space-survivable materials SO Photonics for Space Environments XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonics for Space Environments XI CY AUG 14-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP SPIE ID INCOMPLETELY-CONDENSED SILSESQUIOXANES; MEDIATED CLEAVAGE; OXYGEN; COPOLYMERS; ROUTE AB Polyimides (PIs) such as Kapton((R)) are used extensively in spacecraft thermal blankets, solar arrays, and space inflatable structures. Atomic oxygen (AO) in low Earth orbit (LEO) causes severe degradation of Kapton((R)). SiO2 coatings impart remarkable oxidation resistance and have been widely used to protect Kapton, yet imperfections in the SiO2 application process and micrometeoroid/debris impact in orbit damage the SiO2 coating leading to Kapton((R)) erosion. A polyimide that is self-passivating by the formation of a silica layer upon exposure to AO has been achieved by the copolymerization of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) diamine with the Kapton((R)) monomers, pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4'-oxydianiline, resulting in POSS-Kapton((R))-polyimide. The self-passivating properties have been shown by monitoring a I micron deep scratch in POSS-PIs after exposure to AO. Kapton H-(R), SiO2-coated Kapton HN (R), and 8.75 weight % Si8O11 cage "main-chain" POSS-polyimide (8.75 wt % Si8O11 MC-POSS-PI) were exposed to equivalent AO fluences before and after being scratched. During the first AO exposure and outside of the scratch, these samples eroded 5.0 microns, 0 microns, and less than 200 nm respectively. During the second AO exposure, the samples eroded an additional 5.0 microns within the scratch and outside of the scratch, 7.0 microns within the scratch and 0 microns outside of the scratch, and 200 nm within the scratch and 0 microns outside of the scratch respectively. Surface analysis of MC-POSS-PI films exposed to a hyperthermal O-atom beam shows evidence for the formation of a SiO2 passivation layer upon AO exposure. This is exemplified by erosion yields of 3.5 and 7 wt % Si8O11 MC-POSS-PI samples which were 3.7 and 0.98 percent, respectively, of the erosion yield for Kapton H-(R) at a fluence of 8.5 x 10(20) O atoms cm(-2). Comparison of MC-POSS-PIs and "side-chain" POSS-PI (SC-POSS-PI) shows that these polymers have similar resistance to atomic oxygen and on MISSE1, in a sample tray exposed to all elements (AO, UV light) of the space environment, demonstrated the greatly extended lifetime of POSS-PIs over polyimide. C1 USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, PRSM,Mat Applicat Branch, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RP Tomczak, SJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, AFRL, PRSM,Mat Applicat Branch, 10 E Saturn Blvd,Bldg 8451, Edwards AFB, CA 93524 USA. RI Brunsvold, Amy/H-4315-2016 OI Brunsvold, Amy/0000-0001-9257-2978 NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6387-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6308 BP U38 EP U49 DI 10.1117/12.682379 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BFM15 UT WOS:000243026500004 ER PT J AU Gillen, GD Guha, S Christandl, K AF Gillen, GD Guha, S Christandl, K TI Optical dipole traps for cold atoms using diffracted laser light SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID RESONANCE-RADIATION PRESSURE; NEUTRAL ATOMS; CESIUM ATOMS; LATTICE AB We theoretically investigate the feasibility of using intensity distributions of light of a single laser beam diffracted by a circular aperture as optical dipole traps for cold neutral atoms. Localized and cylindrically symmetric traps on the central axis of the circular aperture exist for both blue- and red-detuned laser light. Experimental mapping of the spots of interest using CO2 laser light demonstrates the existence of these light distributions for laboratory conditions and their agreement with theoretical predictions. C1 USAF, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Gillen, GD (reprint author), USAF, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM ggillen@anteon.com NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 1 AR 013409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.73.013409 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 007ZB UT WOS:000235008900122 ER PT J AU Edwards, AH Pineda, AC Schultz, PA Martin, MG Thompson, AP Hjalmarson, HP Umrigar, CJ AF Edwards, AH Pineda, AC Schultz, PA Martin, MG Thompson, AP Hjalmarson, HP Umrigar, CJ TI Electronic structure of intrinsic defects in crystalline germanium telluride SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID REENTRANT PEIERLS DISTORTION; AMORPHOUS-SEMICONDUCTORS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; POINT-DEFECTS; GETE; PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; CONDUCTION; ENTROPY; FILMS AB Germanium telluride undergoes rapid transition between polycrystalline and amorphous states under either optical or electrical excitation. While the crystalline phases are predicted to be semiconductors, polycrystalline germanium telluride always exhibits p-type metallic conductivity. We present a study of the electronic structure and formation energies of the vacancy and antisite defects in both known crystalline phases. We show that these intrinsic defects determine the nature of free-carrier transport in crystalline germanium telluride. Germanium vacancies require roughly one-third the energy of the other three defects to form, making this by far the most favorable intrinsic defect. While the tellurium antisite and vacancy induce gap states, the germanium counterparts do not. A simple counting argument, reinforced by integration over the density of states, predicts that the germanium vacancy leads to empty states at the top of the valence band, thus giving a complete explanation of the observed p-type metallic conduction. C1 USAF, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Multiscale Computat Mat Methods, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Cornell Univ, Cornell Theory Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Edwards, AH (reprint author), USAF, Space Vehicles Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 35 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 4 U2 48 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 4 AR 045210 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.045210 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 007ZJ UT WOS:000235009700060 ER PT J AU Lo, I Tsai, JK Yao, WJ Ho, PC Tu, LW Chang, TC Elhamri, S Mitchel, WC Hsieh, KY Huang, JH Huang, HL Tsai, WC AF Lo, I Tsai, JK Yao, WJ Ho, PC Tu, LW Chang, TC Elhamri, S Mitchel, WC Hsieh, KY Huang, JH Huang, HL Tsai, WC TI Reply to "Comment on 'Spin splitting in modulation-doped AlxGa1-xN/GaN heterostructures' " SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Editorial Material ID HETEROJUNCTIONS; OSCILLATIONS; SCATTERING AB In this Reply, we reexamine the beating Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations by a nonlinear curve-fitting technique. The results do not support the arguments of Tang [Phys. Rev. B 73, 037301 (2006)], and it is unlikely that the beating Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations we observed in AlxGa1-xN/GaN heterostructures originate from magnetointersubband scattering. C1 Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Nanosci & Nanotechnol, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan. USAF, Res Lab, MLPS, Wright Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433 USA. Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Inst Mat Sci & Engn, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan. RP Lo, I (reprint author), Natl Sun Yat Sen Univ, Dept Phys, Ctr Nanosci & Nanotechnol, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan. EM ikailo@mail.phys.nsysu.edu.tw NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN PY 2006 VL 73 IS 3 AR 037302 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.037302 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 007ZH UT WOS:000235009500164 ER PT S AU Gavrielides, A Erneux, T Sukow, DW Burner, G McLachlan, T Miller, J Amonette, J AF Gavrielides, A. Erneux, T. Sukow, D. W. Burner, G. McLachlan, T. Miller, J. Amonette, J. BE Osinski, M henneberger, F Arakawa, Y TI Square waveforms in edge-emitting diode laser subject to polarization-rotated optical feedback - art. no. 61150M SO Physics and SImulation of Optoelectronic Devices XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XIV CY JAN 22-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE ID SEMICONDUCTOR-LASERS; SELF-MODULATION AB The response of a diode laser resulting from an incoherent delayed optical feedback is considered from numerical and experimental perspectives. We concentrate on a class of solutions that appear as regular square waveforms. A two-field model is used and the bifurcation diagram of these square-wave regimes is studied. Conditions under which they typically appear are determined. The roles of various parameters are examined, particularly with regard to the gains and losses of the two polarization modes. Numerical results axe in close agreement with experiments. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, AFRL DELO, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Gavrielides, A (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, AFRL DELO, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6157-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6115 BP M1150 EP M1150 AR 61150M DI 10.1117/12.661329 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEH29 UT WOS:000237250100007 ER PT B AU Roberts, TM AF Roberts, T. M. GP Electromagnetics Academy TI Measured electromagnetic pulses verify asymptotics and analysis for linear, dispersive media SO PIERS 2006 Cambridge: Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS 2006) CY MAR 26-29, 2006 CL Cambridge, MA SP Electromagnet Acad, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, MIT Lincoln Lab, Off Naval Res, Mitsubishi Elect Corp, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Electromagnet Acad Zhejiang Univ, MIT Ctr Electromagnet Theory & Applicat, Res Lab Elect AB Electromagnetic precursors and other pulses in dispersive media have been studied theoretically since 1914. Yet a recent National Research Council study [1, p. 73-75] found few measurements that verify the relevant theories. Verification is useful because, where independent theories and measurements agree, the results are highly reliable. This report describes two laboratory verifications of transient-electromagnetic theory that I completed recently. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20330 USA. RP Roberts, TM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20330 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROMAGNETICS ACAD PI CAMBRIDGE PA 777 CONCORD AVENUE, STE 207, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA BN 1-933077-08-5 PY 2006 BP 395 EP 398 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BFD87 UT WOS:000241313400081 ER PT S AU Reid, RB Oxley, ME Eismann, MT Goda, ME AF Reid, Robert B. Oxley, Mark E. Eismann, Michael T. Goda, Matthew E. BE Goldstein, DH Chenault, DB TI Quantifying surface normal estimation - art. no. 624001 SO Polarization: Measurement, Analysis, and Remote Sensing VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarization - Measure, Analysis and Remote Sensing VII CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE long-wave infrared; polarization; surface normal estimation; LWIR; polarimetry; Stokes vector; surface normal ID POLARIZATION VISION; ROUGHNESS; EMISSION AB An inverse algorithm for surface normal estimation from thermal polarimetric imagery was developed and used to quantify the requirements on a priori information. Building on existing knowledge that calculates the degree of linear polarization (DOLP) and the angle of polarization (AOP) for a given surface normal in a forward model (from an object's characteristics to calculation of the DOLP and AOP), this research quantifies the impact of a priori information with the development of an inverse algorithm to estimate surface normals from thermal polarimetric emissions in long-wave infrared (LWIR). The inverse algorithm assumes a polarized infrared focal plane array capturing LWIR intensity images which are then converted to Stokes vectors. Next, the DOLP and AOP are calculated from the Stokes vectors. Last, the viewing angles, theta(upsilon), to the surface normals are estimated assuming perfect material information about the imaged scene. A sensitivity analysis is presented to quantitatively describe the a priori information's impact on the amount of error in the estimation of surface normals, and a bound is determined given perfect information about an object. Simulations explored the impact of surface roughness (sigma) and the real component (n) of a dielectric's complex index of refraction across a range of viewing angles (theta(upsilon)) for a given wavelength of observation. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Reid, RB (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6296-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6240 BP 24001 EP 24001 AR 624001 DI 10.1117/12.664161 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES03 UT WOS:000239205400001 ER PT S AU Jones, DG Goldstein, DH Spaulding, JC AF Jones, Douglas G. Goldstein, Dennis H. Spaulding, Jonathan C. BE Goldstein, DH Chenault, DB TI Reflective and polarimetric characteristics of urban materials - art. no. 62400A SO Polarization: Measurement, Analysis, and Remote Sensing VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarization - Measure, Analysis and Remote Sensing VII CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE DE polarimetry; spectropolarimetry; Mueller matrix; bidirectional reflectance distribution function; urban material; pattern recognition; support vector machine AB A spectropolarimetric reflectometer is used to measure the monostatic bidirectional reflectance distribution function (mBRDF) and the complete Mueller matrix of a number of urban type materials over a broad spectral region. Derivative features from these measurements are computed and stochastic models of each material are constructed. The models are then used to generate data for separability studies by implementation of a kernel-based linear discriminant classification technique. The purpose for this study, selection of materials, measurements process, analysis techniques, and concluding results are all presented. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Jones, DG (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, 101 W Eglin Blvd, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6296-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6240 BP A2400 EP A2400 AR 62400A DI 10.1117/12.665012 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES03 UT WOS:000239205400010 ER PT S AU Goldstein, DH Jones, DG AF Goldstein, Dennis H. Jones, Douglas G. BE Goldstein, DH Chenault, DB TI Characterization of commercial sheet polarizer material - art. no. 62400J SO Polarization: Measurement, Analysis, and Remote Sensing VII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polarization - Measure, Analysis and Remote Sensing VII CY APR 20-21, 2006 CL Kissimmee, FL SP SPIE ID MUELLER MATRIX; POLARIMETER; RETARDER AB Sheet polarizers were invented by Land in the 1920s. The fabrication of the type of sheet polarizers we use today, i.e. H-sheet polarizers, was described in the basic H-sheet patent issued in 1948. Single polarizer transmittance, and parallel pair and crossed pair transmittance are typically quoted for these polarizers. In this paper we describe spectropolarimetric measurement results for a variety of commercial sheet polarizer and sheet retarder materials. The measurements cover the nominal spectral region for the polarization elements but also describe performance well beyond the advertised range. Mueller matrices for the elements were measured, and diattenuation and retardance for both polarizers and retarders are presented. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Goldstein, DH (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6296-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6240 BP J2400 EP J2400 AR 62400J DI 10.1117/12.665790 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BES03 UT WOS:000239205400016 ER PT J AU Lee, H Mall, S Nalladega, V Sathish, S Roy, A Lafdi, K AF Lee, H. Mall, S. Nalladega, V. Sathish, S. Roy, A. Lafdi, K. TI Characterization of carbon nanofibre reinforced epoxy composite using nanoindentation and AFM/UFM techniques SO POLYMERS & POLYMER COMPOSITES LA English DT Article ID ULTRASONIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; NANOTUBE COMPOSITES; LINKER MOLECULES; ATOMIC-FORCE; HARDNESS; MODULUS AB Carbon nanofibre (CNF) reinforced epoxy composites were characterized using nanoindentation, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Ultrasonic Force Microscopy (UFM). These tests were supplemented with ultrasonic wave propagation and three-point bend test methods. CNFs were functionalised with oxygen to improve dispersion and adhesion in the epoxy matrix. The CNF/epoxy composites showed an improvement in modulus and hardness compared to those of neat epoxy resin. The improvement was dependent on the functionalisation treatment time; however, the increase was of a different magnitude when measured by three methods: nanoindentation, wave propagation method and three-point bend (TPB) test. Thus, the indention test technique is capable of providing mechanical properties from a limited size and/or quantity of nanocomposites, which is generally the case during the initial material development stage. Further, the AFM-UFM was able to characterize the dispersion behavior of CNFs in nanocomposites, which is an important factor to improve the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. However, UFM provided much clearer information about dispersion than AFM. Finally, AFM-UFM appears to be a promising technique for observing nanocomposites at nanoscale and it has potential for the mapping of the local surface stiffness at nanoscale. C1 USAF, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Inst Technol, ENY, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. Andong Natl Univ, Sch Adv Mat Engn, Andong, Kyungbuk, South Korea. Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. USAF, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Mall, S (reprint author), USAF, Dept Aeronaut & Astronaut, Inst Technol, ENY, Bldg 640,2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Shankar.Mall@afit.edu RI Nalladega, Vijay/J-4833-2012 NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD PI SHREWSBURY PA SHAWBURY, SHREWSBURY SY4 4NR, SHROPS, ENGLAND SN 0967-3911 J9 POLYM POLYM COMPOS JI Polym. Polym. Compos. PY 2006 VL 14 IS 6 BP 549 EP 562 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 089TW UT WOS:000240905000001 ER PT S AU MacKinnon, AI Moore, SA Steinhubl, SR AF MacKinnon, Andrew I. Moore, Scott A. Steinhubl, Steven R. BE Foody, JM TI Aspirin and Antiplatelet Agents in the Prevention of Complications of Coronary Artery Disease SO PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY, SECOND EDITION: INSIGHTS INTO THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE SE Contemporary Cardiology LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; LOW-DOSE ASPIRIN; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; HIGH-RISK PATIENTS; UNSTABLE ANGINA; STENT IMPLANTATION; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION C1 [MacKinnon, Andrew I.; Moore, Scott A.] Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Cardiol, San Antonio, TX USA. [Steinhubl, Steven R.] Univ Kentucky, Div Cardiovasc Med, Lexington, KY USA. RP MacKinnon, AI (reprint author), Wilford Hall USAF Med Ctr, Dept Cardiol, San Antonio, TX USA. NR 129 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DR, STE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512-1165 USA SN 1191-7601 BN 978-1-59745-096-6 J9 CONTEMP CARDIOL JI Contemp. Cardiol. PY 2006 SI 2nd BP 285 EP 307 DI 10.1007/978-1-59745-096-6_15 D2 10.1007/978-1-59745-096-6 PG 23 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA BNF84 UT WOS:000274463100016 ER PT J AU Cigrang, JA Dobmeyer, AC Becknell, ME Roa-Navarrete, RA Yerian, SR AF Cigrang, Jeffrey A. Dobmeyer, Anne C. Becknell, Milton E. Roa-Navarrete, Ruth A. Yerian, Stephen R. TI Evaluation of a collaborative mental health program in primary care: effects on patient distress and health care utilization SO PRIMARY CARE & COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRY LA English DT Article DE behavioral health; mental health; primary care; psychotherapy; treatment outcomes; health care utilization ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; BEHAVIORAL HEALTH; STEPPED CARE; DEPRESSION; SERVICES; PSYCHOTHERAPY; DISORDERS; THERAPY; WORKING; MODELS AB Background: The effectiveness of a collaborative model of mental health treatment under conditions of routine care in a primary care setting has received limited evaluation. Potential effects include reduced symptoms and decreased healthcare utilization. Methods: The present study describes treatment outcome for 234 patients seen by a mental health professional in a primary care clinic using a collaborative model of care. Patients were seen for one session (n = 120), two sessions (n = 59), three sessions (n = 29), or four or more sessions (n = 26). Patients completed the Outcome Questionnaire-45 (OQ-45) at every session. Results: OQ-45 total scores for patients seen for more than one appointment showed statistically significant reductions in psychological distress from first to last session for all groups. Pre-treatment health care utilization was unrelated to level of psychological distress at the first session. A comparison of health care utilization for the six month period before and after the first session showed a small but statistically significant increase in total number of medical visits. Conclusions: The results support the effectiveness of a collaborative model of mental health care for reducing symptoms in patients seen in a primary care setting. Patient's overall healthcare utilization in the short term was largely unaffected. C1 Wright Patterson Med Ctr, Life Skills Support Ctr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Dobmeyer, AC (reprint author), Wright Patterson Med Ctr, Life Skills Support Ctr, 4881 Sugar Maple Dr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM anne.dobmeyer@wpafb.af.mil NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU LIBRAPHARM/INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI LONDON PA TELEPHONE HOUSE, 69-77 PAUL STREET, LONDON EC2A 4 LQ, ENGLAND SN 1746-8841 J9 PRIMARY CARE COMMUN JI Prim. Care Community Psychiatry PY 2006 VL 11 IS 3 BP 121 EP 127 DI 10.1185/135525706X121192 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Psychiatry SC General & Internal Medicine; Psychiatry GA 156VD UT WOS:000245677100004 ER PT B AU Banda, SS AF Banda, Siva S. GP IEEE TI Proceedings of 2006 Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation - Aerospace controls: The way forward SO Proceedings of 2006 Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, Vols 1 and 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation CY JUN 28-30, 2006 CL Ancona, ITALY C1 USAF, Res Lab, Control Sci Ctr Excellence, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Banda, SS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Control Sci Ctr Excellence, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9786720-1-0 PY 2006 BP 336 EP 336 PG 1 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BFP78 UT WOS:000243663000058 ER PT B AU Oppenheimer, MW Doman, DB Bolender, MA AF Oppenheimer, Michael W. Doman, David B. Bolender, Michael A. GP IEEE TI Control allocation for over-actuated systems SO PROCEEDINGS OF 2006 MEDITERRANEAN CONFERENCE ON CONTROL AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation CY JUN 28-30, 2006 CL Ancona, ITALY ID CONSTRAINED CONTROL ALLOCATION AB Much emphasis has been placed on over-actuated systems for air vehicles. Over-actuating an air vehicle provides a certain amount of redundancy for the flight control system, thus potentially allowing for recovery from off-nominal conditions. Due to this redundancy, control allocation algorithms are typically utilized to compute a unique solution to the over-actuated problem. Control allocators compute the commands that are applied to the actuators so that a certain set of forces or moments are generated by the control effectors. Usually, control allocation problems are formulated as optimization problems so that all of the available degrees of freedom can be utilized and, when sufficient control power exists, secondary objectives can be achieved. In this work, a survey of control allocation techniques will be given. C1 [Oppenheimer, Michael W.; Doman, David B.; Bolender, Michael A.] USAF, Res Lab, Control Theory & Optimizat Branch, 2210 8th St,Ste 21, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Oppenheimer, MW (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Control Theory & Optimizat Branch, 2210 8th St,Ste 21, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Michael.Oppenheimer@wpafb.af.mil; David.Doman@wpafb.af.mil; Michael.bolender@wpafb.af.mil NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9786720-1-0 PY 2006 BP 819 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BFP78 UT WOS:000243663000142 ER PT B AU Bolender, MA Doman, DB Oppenheimer, MW AF Bolender, Michael A. Doman, David B. Oppenheimer, Michael W. GP IEEE TI Application of piecewise linear control allocation to reusable launch vehicle guidance and control SO PROCEEDINGS OF 2006 MEDITERRANEAN CONFERENCE ON CONTROL AND AUTOMATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation CY JUN 28-30, 2006 CL Ancona, ITALY AB The moments produced by the aerodynamic control effectors on aircraft are typically non-linear functions of displacement with a region of linearity about zero displacement. For nominal operation with no locked or floating effectors and for gentle maneuvers, affine approximations to the moment displacement curves are sufficient as the effectors operate primarily in the linear region. However, if an actuator has become locked and/or aggressive maneuvering is required, the control effectors may require large deflections into the non-linear regions of the moment-displacement curve in order to maximize the available control power. As we move away from the linear region, the affine approximation becomes inaccurate, especially in cases where the slope of the moment curve changes sign. In this paper we will briefly review a novel approach that was developed at AFRL for solving the control allocation problem where the control moments are piecewise linear functions of the control displacement. The advantages of this approach are that it avoids cumbersome, high-order polynomial curve fits of the aerodynamic data and thus avoids solution of a non-linear programming problem. Stability and control derivatives are almost always stored in multi-dimensional look-up tables where it is assumed that the data is piecewise linear. The approach that is presented utilizes this piecewise linear assumption for the control effector moment data and accounts for non-linearities in the moment-effector relationships and position constraints on the effectors as well. The control allocation problem using piecewise linear functions is posed as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) and solved using a freely available GNU-licensed mixed-integer linear programming code. We will demonstrate two applications of the piecewise linear control allocation (PLCA) approach. The first application to be considered is to use the PLCA approach in the inner-loop control law of a re-usable launch vehicle on approach and landing. Body axis angular rates are controlled using a dynamic inversion controller. The vehicle will be subjected to two stuck control effectors, and recovery of the vehicle using only control effector reconfiguration provided by the control allocator and without trajectory reshaping will be demonstrated. However, the downside of the MILP formulation is that the optimization problem cannot be solved fast enough for real-time implementation on the current generation of flight control computers. The second application that will be demonstrated is constraint estimation for trajectory reshaping and re-targeting. In order to successfully re-target a trajectory when an aircraft has experienced degraded performance due to a failure or damage to the vehicle, the effects of the failure or damage on the lift, drag, and "trimmability" of the vehicle must be known a priori over the entire flight envelope. We present a method that allows for the effects of a locked or floating control effector to be estimated over the flight envelope. This method has the advantage of including six degree-of-freedom effects (i.e., trimmability) in the point-mass models used by trajectory synthesis algorithms. For situations where there are stuck or floating control effectors, the aerodynamic data does not change; therefore, the effects of the failure can be estimated over the entire flight envelope. We will show how to determine constraints on the trajectory using the PLCA approach that was outlined above. However, the "preference vector" used in the control allocator requires careful consideration along with the specific type of trajectory desired (e.g., computation of the maximum downrange vs. minimum downrange for the footprint), otherwise adverse interactions between the control allocator and the trajectory synthesizer may occur. C1 [Bolender, Michael A.; Doman, David B.; Oppenheimer, Michael W.] USAF, Res Lab, Control Design & Anal Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Bolender, MA (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Control Design & Anal Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Michael.Bolender@wpafb.af.mil; David.Doman@wpafb.af.niil; Michael.Oppenheimer@wpafb.af.mil NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-0-9786720-1-0 PY 2006 BP 825 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BFP78 UT WOS:000243663000143 ER PT B AU Dawson, K Maxwell, D AF Dawson, K. Maxwell, D. BE Sas, P DeMunck, M TI Quantification of asymmetric in-flight LCO response and prediction using neural networks SO Proceedings of ISMA2006: International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vols 1-8 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA2006) CY SEP 18-20, 2006 CL Louvain, BELGIUM SP Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Mech Engn ID CYCLE OSCILLATION PREDICTION; FIGHTER AB A static artificial neural network is developed to predict limit cycle oscillation (LCO) amplitude levels and frequency of external store configurations on a fighter aircraft. This work is similar to previous networks generated by the authors with the inclusion of continuous analytic descriptors of the aeroelastic modes and the flutter eigenvectors. The current work however uses the analytic descriptors of three normal modes, and allows the neural network to determine the effect of the coupling modes. In addition, asymmetric external store configurations are examined in this neural network, similar only by the missile configurations on the wingtips. A neural network with two layers, one with 41 nodes and the second with 17 nodes, is used for the prediction of the two outputs, LCO amplitude and LCO frequency. The methodology for the calculating the descriptors is presented, as is a comparison of the analytic and flight test descriptors. In addition, sample network input training data is provided. The results of the neural network using the analytic descriptors show a capability to predict trends for both the LCO onset speeds and the overall amplitude levels. This neural network was also capable of predicting an observed trend of LCO amplitude levels decreasing partially or completely after a certain airspeed. C1 USAF, SEEK EAGLE Off, TYBRIN Corp, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Dawson, K (reprint author), USAF, SEEK EAGLE Off, TYBRIN Corp, 205 West D Ave,Suite 348, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, DEPT WERKTUIGKUNDE PI HEVERLEE PA CELESTIJNENLAAN 300B, HEVERLEE, B-3001, BELGIUM BN 978-90-73802-83-4 PY 2006 BP 1547 EP 1561 PG 15 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Acoustics; Engineering GA BGG43 UT WOS:000246669502030 ER PT B AU Reed, S AF Reed, Shad BE Sas, P DeMunck, M TI Evaluation of strain dependent material properties of hard coatings SO Proceedings of ISMA2006: International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering, Vols 1-8 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA2006) CY SEP 18-20, 2006 CL Louvain, BELGIUM SP Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Mech Engn ID HILBERT TRANSFORM AB A novel vibration experiment consisting of a free-free boundary condition, an electromagnetic excitation source, a vacuum chamber, and a laser vibrometer based surface measurement system has been developed that permits high levels of excitation on highly damped specimens with a minimal amount of unwanted systematic error. While some of the aspects of this experiment are not unique, when combined with an processing technique that accounts for the nonlinearities present in the system, this experiment permits, for the first time, accurate measurement of strain dependent stiffness and damping properties of hard coatings at high strain levels. This procedure has been demonstrated using a titanium beam that has been coated with a free-layer damping treatment of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel. The results indicate that Magnesium Aluminate Spinel has both nonlinear stiffness and damping properties. The stiffness reaches a minimum value around 200 microstrain and the damping is a maximum that around 100 microstrain. C1 USAF, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Reed, S (reprint author), USAF, 2650 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN, DEPT WERKTUIGKUNDE PI HEVERLEE PA CELESTIJNENLAAN 300B, HEVERLEE, B-3001, BELGIUM BN 978-90-73802-83-4 PY 2006 BP 2121 EP 2135 PG 15 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Acoustics; Engineering GA BGG43 UT WOS:000246669503031 ER PT J AU Beach, TL Baragona, CA AF Beach, Theodore L. Baragona, Curtis A. GP NAVSTAR TI Satellite-to-Satellite Interference Effects Observed in High-Rate C/A-Code Power Measurements SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 19TH INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE SATELLITE DIVISION OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION (ION GNSS 2006) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute-of-Navigation CY SEP 26-29, 2006 CL Ft Worth, TX SP Inst Navigat, Satellite Div ID SIGNALS AB Ionospheric scintillation studies required the development of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers that could record high-rate correlator power measurements for the Coarse-Acquisition (C/A) code signal on the L1 carrier frequency. Spectrograms of 50-Hz power data soon revealed unusual time-varying patterns of weak power fluctuations that nonetheless were significant with respect to the background noise level. These spectrogram patterns, with approximately linear and parabolic forms, do not appear to be well known in the literature, although related phenomena have been observed and reported. We present examples of the patterns and evidence for their origin in satellite-to-satellite C/A-code interference. Among other factors, we demonstrate that the maximum value of the inter-satellite correlation term is not the -21.6 dB to be expected from the direct C/A-code cross-correlation result but rather is of the order of -9 dB. This inter-satellite correlation term permits the development of radio wave interference between pairs of satellites that meet appropriate Doppler shift and amplitude criteria, ultimately leading to the observed spectrogram patterns. It is important to ionospheric scintillation studies, and other civil radio wave interference studies, to be able to separate these inter-satellite effects from daily and transient multipath effects. Therefore, we suggest some techniques to discriminate between these phenomena. The goal of this paper is to raise general awareness of these inter-satellite interference effects for GPS, although applications to other tasks such as satellite orbital parameter estimation may be possible in the long term. C1 [Beach, Theodore L.; Baragona, Curtis A.] USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Beach, TL (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2006 BP 2261 EP 2271 PG 11 WC Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Physics; Telecommunications GA BPK07 UT WOS:000279025902072 ER PT S AU Pack, D York, G Fierro, R AF Pack, Daniel York, George Fierro, Rafael GP IEEE TI Information-based cooperative control for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NETWORKING, SENSING AND CONTROL SE IEEE International Conference on Networking Sensing and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control CY APR 23-25, 2006 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc AB In this paper, we present a distributed control algorithm to locate multiple mobile Radio Frequency (RF) targets using cooperative Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped only with Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors and angle of arrival sensors. The proposed control algorithm considers the number of UAVs involved, sensor schedules, and sensor trajectories to increase the performance of cooperative UAVs localizing ground targets. The UAVs use optimal recursive estimation techniques to minimize target localization errors and differential geometry techniques to generate UAV (sensor) trajectories. C1 USAF Acad, Fac Elect & Comp Engn, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Fac Elect & Comp Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Pack, D (reprint author), USAF Acad, Fac Elect & Comp Engn, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM daniel.pack@usafa.edu; george.york@usafa.edu; rfierro@okstate.edu NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1810-7869 BN 1-4244-0065-1 J9 IEEE INT C NETW SENS PY 2006 BP 446 EP 450 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BER46 UT WOS:000239057000080 ER PT S AU Morris, KM Mullins, BE Pack, DJ York, GWP Baldwin, RO AF Morris, Kevin M. Mullins, Barry E. Pack, Daniel J. York, George W. P. Baldwin, Rusty O. GP IEEE TI Impact of limited communications on a cooperative search algorithm for multiple UAVs SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON NETWORKING, SENSING AND CONTROL SE IEEE International Conference on Networking Sensing and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control CY APR 23-25, 2006 CL Ft Lauderdale, FL SP IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc ID NETWORK AB This paper investigates the impacts of realistic wireless communications upon a group of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) conducting a distributed global-search algorithm. A simulation of cooperative UAVs is implemented using the OPNET (c) tool. We evaluate the search performance of multiple UAVs when we change (1) communication range and (2) number of UAVs. The performance is evaluated based on the total time it takes for the UAVs to completely scan a given search area, the number of times internal areas are scanned, and the amount of communication throughput achieved / traffic generated. The results indicate that communication ranges and the number of UAVs were found to have a significant impact on the group's ability to search an area. These findings contribute to the research presented in [3], [4], [5], and [6] and demonstrate that the proposed global search algorithm should operate reasonably well in realistic conditions. C1 [Morris, Kevin M.; Mullins, Barry E.; Baldwin, Rusty O.] Air Force Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Pack, Daniel J.; York, George W. P.] US Air Force Acad, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Morris, KM (reprint author), Air Force Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Kevin.Morris@afit.edu; Barry.Mullins@afit.edu; Daniel.Pack@usafa.af.mil; George.York@usafa.af.mil; Rusty.Baldwin@afit.edu FU Air Force Communication Agency FX This work was supported in part by the Air Force Communication Agency. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1810-7869 BN 1-4244-0065-1 J9 IEEE INT C NETW SENS PY 2006 BP 572 EP 577 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BER46 UT WOS:000239057000102 ER PT J AU Veth, MM Raquet, J AF Veth, Major M. Raquet, J. GP Institute of Navigation TI Two-Dimensional Stochastic Projections for Tight Integration of Optical and Inertial Sensors for Navigation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 NATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION - NTM 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 National Technical Meeting of the Institute-of-Navigation CY JAN 18-20, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP Inst Navigat, Geoide, Geomat Engn, Intermap, Sander Geophys, Geomat Canada, Nat Res Canada AB Aircraft navigation information (position, velocity, and attitude) can be determined using optical measurements from imaging sensors combined with an inertial navigation system. This can be accomplished by tracking the locations of optical features in multiple images and using the resulting geometry to estimate and remove inertial errors. A critical factor governing the performance of optical-inertial navigation systems is the robustness of the feature tracking algorithm. Robust feature tracking research has focused on developing multi-dimensional feature transformations which are invariant to camera pose variations. In addition, significant effort has been placed into algorithms designed to pair features between images from large sets (e.g., RANSAC). This traditional approach requires large computational resources, especially when presented with imaging situations with sparse, partially obscured, or repetitive features. In this paper, the method of multi-dimensional stochastic constraints is applied to the optical-inertial navigation problem in two dimensional feature space. The resulting navigation system uses inertial measurements to aid the feature tracking algorithm, which results in improvements in robustness and processing speed. The performance of the optical-inertial navigation system is demonstrated using experimental data. C1 [Veth, Major M.; Raquet, J.] USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Veth, MM (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2006 BP 587 EP 596 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BPS32 UT WOS:000279767800055 ER PT B AU Baker, H Goodrich, S AF Baker, Hyatt Goodrich, Shawn GP Institute of Navigation TI A Low Cost, Single GPS Frequency (L1), MEMS Based, Attitude and Positioning Determination System for Weapon Testing SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 NATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING OF THE INSTITUTE OF NAVIGATION - NTM 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 National Technical Meeting of the Institute-of-Navigation CY JAN 18-20, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP Inst Nav, Geoide, Geomat Engn, Intermap, Sander Geophys, Geomat Canada, Nat Res Canada AB The 46(th) Test Wing at Eglin Air Force Base, in conjunction with Waypoint Consulting, has developed a low cost, L1 only, MEMS based IMU, attitude determination system. The system accuracies are plus and minus degree in heading and pitch and .2 meters in position. Roll is also available. The system fits inside a standard weapon 3 '' bomb fuze well. Commercial off the shelf GPS receivers and MEMS IMU were used for the system. A microcontroller was used to time tag the IMU data with GPS time. Information is transmitted to the ground for near real-time solution computation. Waypoint's Inertial Explorer software was used to compute a loosely coupled solution. A system description, Truck Tests and Weapon Test Results follow. Total system hardware is targeted at less than $30K. The system can ultimately be used for over the water attitude determination on weapon flight and impact. C1 [Baker, Hyatt; Goodrich, Shawn] 46th Test Wing, Tech Support Directorate Elect Design, Eglin AFB, FL USA. RP Baker, H (reprint author), 46th Test Wing, Tech Support Directorate Elect Design, Eglin AFB, FL USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NAVIGATION PI WASHINGTON PA 815 15TH ST NW, STE 832, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA PY 2006 BP 1068 EP 1080 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BPS32 UT WOS:000279767800105 ER PT B AU Thomas-Meyers, G Whitaker, R AF Thomas-Meyers, Gina Whitaker, Randall GP IEEE TI Knowledge glyphs as a tactic for multi-planar visualization of simulation products SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 03-06, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE AB Commanders' Predictive Environment (CPE) is a multi-year program that has been undertaken by the Air Force Research Laboratory to develop ways to allow commanders to better anticipate and predict the outcomes of actions of both allied and opponent forces. One objective of this program is to use intuitive and innovative visualization techniques to present known and alternative courses of action within the command center. One such technique currently under development is termed knowledge glyphs. This paper explains and defines knowledge glyphs and presents initial examples of their use. The current model for knowledge glyphs was developed with the objectives that it be internally coherent, referentially comprehensive, and explicitly linked to the visual interface elements that are most critical to commanders when selecting courses of action. C1 [Thomas-Meyers, Gina] USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Whitaker, Randall] Northrop Grumman Informat Technol, Fairbom, OH 45324 USA. RP Thomas-Meyers, G (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. FU AFOSR FX We would like to acknowledge the support of Dr. Michael Young (AFRL/HECS). Key members of an ongoing AFRL/HE Visualization Working Group who have been instrumental to the success of this undertaking include: Dr. Dan Repperger (AFRL/HECP); Ms. Denise Aleva, Dr.Paul Havig, Mr. George Reis, and Ms. Francine Schaffner (AFRL/HECV); Mr. Steve Fullenkamp (General Dynamics); and Mr. Gilbert Kuperman (AFRL/HECS). Additionally, we would like to acknowledge funding support from AFOSR, the Work-Centered Interface Distribution Environment (WIDE) program (managed by Mr. Jeff Wampler, AFRL/HECS), and the Commanders Predictive Environment (CPE) program (co-managed by Dr. Janet Miller, AFRL/HECS and Jerry Dussault, AFRL/IFS). Current de-1208Thomas-Meyers and Whitaker velopment of knowledge glyphs is being facilitated by the Human Systems Integration Information Analysis Center (HSIIAC). NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0500-8 PY 2006 BP 1203 EP + DI 10.1109/WSC.2006.323213 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGE17 UT WOS:000246261202038 ER PT B AU Skelly, JJ AF Skelly, June J. GP IEEE TI Temporal interface designs for modeling and simulation: Reducing display clutter by temporal fusion SO Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, Vols 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 03-06, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE AB This research examines employing "Temporal Fusion" to reduce clutter confusion associated with dynamic information displays used in C2 operations. The intent here is to design timing formats to aid targeting attention and memory Eleven subjects performed an attentionally demanding short-term (ST) memory task. Two different timing formats are used to carry memory set items. Task irrelevant items are present and timed to occur either synchronously with memory set items or asynchronously. Results indicate that dynamic irrelevant information added to the display can affect recognition memory. Performance facilitation is best when task irrelevant item timing is the same as memory set timing. These data suggest application of certain timing formats may play an important role in reducing clutter confusion by guiding attention and aiding memory when processing multiple sources of dynamic information. These data also have implications when designing interfaces for modeling and simulation tools. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Skelly, JJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0500-8 PY 2006 BP 1210 EP 1215 DI 10.1109/WSC.2006.323214 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGE17 UT WOS:000246261202039 ER PT B AU Aleva, DL Miller, JE AF Aleva, Denise L. Miller, Janet E. GP IEEE TI Visualization of the battlespace: A cornerstone of modeling for anticipatory behavior SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 03-06, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE AB In order to achieve Predictive Battlespace Awareness, representations of the battlespace must be accurate and timely. They must also provide predictive and actionable information to the user. Planners must be able to predict the impact of friendly operations on the enemy in order to stay inside his decision cycle. Further, they must be able to dynamically adapt an effects-based plan based on assessment of operations and the campaign. This paper outlines an operator-centered program for developing the models needed to provide the information and a systems engineering approach to designing visualizations which convey the information output to decision makers. Fundamental to the process is warfighter involvement at all phases. C1 [Aleva, Denise L.; Miller, Janet E.] USAF, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Aleva, DL (reprint author), USAF, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0500-8 PY 2006 BP 1216 EP + DI 10.1109/WSC.2006.323215 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGE17 UT WOS:000246261202040 ER PT B AU Painter, MK Erraguntla, M Hogg, GL Beachkofski, B AF Painter, Michael K. Erraguntla, Madhav Hogg, Gary L., Jr. Beachkofski, Brian GP IEEE TI Using simulation, data mining, and knowledge discovery techniques for optimized aircraft engine fleet management SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 03-06, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE AB This paper presents an innovative methodology that combines simulation, data mining, and knowledge-based techniques to determine the near- and long-term impacts of candidate aircraft engine maintenance decisions, particularly in terms of life-cycle cost (LCC) and operational availability. Simulation output is subjected to data mining analysis to understand system behavior in terms of subsystem interactions and the factors influencing life-cycle metrics. The insights obtained through this exercise are then encapsulated as policies and guidelines supporting better life-cycle asset ownership decision-making. C1 [Painter, Michael K.; Erraguntla, Madhav; Hogg, Gary L., Jr.] Knowledge Based Syst Inc, 1408 Univ Dr E, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. [Beachkofski, Brian] US Air Force, Res Lab, AFRL PRTS, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Painter, MK (reprint author), Knowledge Based Syst Inc, 1408 Univ Dr E, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. FU Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate (AFRL/PRTS), at WrightPatterson Air Force Base, Ohio FX This research was funded by the Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate (AFRL/PRTS), at WrightPatterson Air Force Base, Ohio under the technical direction of Dr. Brian Beachkofski. Assisting him in this role were Mr. Gary Smith of AFRL/PRTS and Ms. Cheryl Holtz of Universal Technology Corporation (UTC). The authors would also like to acknowledge the contributions of Mr. Scott Lasiter, the Hawk RCM program lead at Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center (OC-ALC), whose technical insights, vision, and support were pivotal to the success of this effort. Mr. Tom Felux, the Air Force TF39 RCM program lead, also provided invaluable technical input reflecting his work in estimating engine remaining life characteristics. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0500-8 PY 2006 BP 1253 EP + DI 10.1109/WSC.2006.323221 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGE17 UT WOS:000246261202046 ER PT B AU Price, IC Lamont, GB AF Price, Ian C. Lamont, Gary B. GP IEEE TI GA directed self-organized search and attack UAV swarms SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2006 Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 03-06, 2006 CL Monterey, CA SP IEEE AB Self-organization offers many potential benefits to autonomous multi-UAV systems. This research investigates the use of a self-organization (SO) framework for evolving UAV swarm behavior. This SO framework is used to design a UAV swarm simulation with evolving behavior. The swarm behavior is then evolved using a genetic algorithm (GA) to successfully locate and destroy retaliating stationary targets. This system is tested using both a set of strictly homogeneous UAVs and heterogeneous UAVs with intriguing results. C1 [Price, Ian C.; Lamont, Gary B.] USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Price, IC (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Grad Sch Engn & Management, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. FU Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate and the Sensors Directorate FX The sponsor of this research is the Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate and the Sensors Directorate. We also thank AFIT Prof. Bert Peterson for his role in motivating a consistent and complete SO model. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0500-8 PY 2006 BP 1307 EP + DI 10.1109/WSC.2006.323229 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BGE17 UT WOS:000246261202054 ER PT B AU Schweickart, DL Grosjean, DF Liu, X Kasten, DG Sebo, SA AF Schweickart, D. L. Grosjean, D. F. Liu, X. Kasten, D. G. Sebo, S. A. GP IEEE TI Partial discharge detection for evaluation of insulation integrity in aerospace electric power system wiring and components SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 27TH INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM AND 2006 HIGH VOLTAGE WORKSHOPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Power Modulator Symposium/2006 High Voltage Workshops CY MAY 14-18, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Dielect, Elect Insulat Soc, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, DEIS AB The paper describes the importance of partial discharge (PD) detection for aerospace electric power system wiring and components in low pressure environment. The relationships between recorded discharge pulse current waveforms and PD electrical characteristics are explained and discussed. Features of a new PD analyzer for low pressure applications are reviewed. C1 [Schweickart, D. L.] Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Grosjean, D. F.] ISSI, Innovat Sci Solut, Dayton, OH 45440 USA. [Liu, X.; Kasten, D. G.; Sebo, S. A.] Ohio State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Schweickart, DL (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. FU USAF-SBIR [FA8650-04-C-2485] FX Project is supported by the USAF-SBIR Program under contract FA8650-04-C-2485 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0018-8 PY 2006 BP 66 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGF53 UT WOS:000246445300015 ER PT B AU Koppisetty, K Sozer, EB Kirkici, H Schweiekart, DL AF Koppisetty, Kalyan Sozer, Esin B. Kirkici, Hulya Schweiekart, D. L. GP IEEE TI Helium breakdown characteristics under 100 kHz range pulsed voltages in partial vacuum for point-to-point electrode geometry SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 27TH INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM AND 2006 HIGH VOLTAGE WORKSHOPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Power Modulator Symposium/2006 High Voltage Workshops CY MAY 14-18, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Dielect, Elect Insulat Soc, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, DEIS AB In this paper we present our work on breakdown studies conducted in helium at partial vacuum conditions for a point-to-point electrode setup. A high frequency pulsed voltage signal is applied across the electrodes and the voltage-current characteristics are observed. The applied signal consists of a train of square pulses in the frequency range of 50 to 200 kHz with 50% duty cycle and rise/fall times in the range of 20-30 ns. These studies were conducted to understand and compare the role of the pulse repetition rate in electrical breakdown initiation in low pressure conditions. Preliminary data of voltage and current waveforms, along with the light emission data are presented. The optical data collected by a PMT (Photo Multiplier Tube) as a function of the time is presented in comparison to the varying voltage. C1 [Koppisetty, Kalyan; Sozer, Esin B.; Kirkici, Hulya] Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. [Schweiekart, D. L.] Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Koppisetty, K (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM kalyan_k@icee.org FU Universal Technology Corp., under Propulsion Directorate [F3361502-D-2299/DO-0024] FX Work supported by the Universal Technology Corp., under contract to the Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, contract number F3361502-D-2299/DO-0024 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0018-8 PY 2006 BP 112 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGF53 UT WOS:000246445300026 ER PT B AU O'Loughlin, JP AF O'Loughlin, J. P. GP IEEE TI Reset behavior of high duty cycle pulse transformers SO Proceedings of the 27th International Power Modulator Symposium and 2006 High Voltage Workshops LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Power Modulator Symposium/2006 High Voltage Workshops CY MAY 14-18, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Dielect, Elect Insulat Soc, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, DEIS AB Magnetic core pulse transformers operating in a repetitive mode must maintain the core flux density within the saturation bounds of the magnetic material to provide satisfactory performance. The instantaneous flux is established by the time integration of the induced winding voltage. Alternatively, the flux is also determined by the net instantaneous magneto-motive force acting on the core in relation to the core dimensions and material hysteresis characteristics. Core material is typically non-linear and is awkward to model, so the preferred method of flux determination is via the induced voltage integration method. During the output pulse duration, this induced voltage is forced on the core via the winding by the pulsed power source and establishes the instantaneous flux and flux time derivative during the pulse. In the steady state, the integration of the induced voltage that occurs between load pulses, commonly called the back-swing period, must equal the value established by the output or load portion of the pulse to avoid saturation. This back-swing period can be driven by an external forced re-set source or by the stored energy in the transformer acting through the equivalent circuit impedance. In this paper only the stored energy re-set process is analyzed. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP O'Loughlin, JP (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Av SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0018-8 PY 2006 BP 131 EP 134 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGF53 UT WOS:000246445300031 ER PT B AU Horwath, JC Schweickart, DL Garcia, G Klosterman, D Galaska, M Schrand, A Walko, LC AF Horwath, John C. Schweickart, Daniel L. Garcia, Guido Klosterman, Donald Galaska, Mary Schrand, Amanda Walko, Lawrence C. GP IEEE TI Improved electrical properties of epoxy resin with nanometer-sized inorganic fillers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 27TH INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM AND 2006 HIGH VOLTAGE WORKSHOPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Power Modulator Symposium/2006 High Voltage Workshops CY MAY 14-18, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Dielect, Elect Insulat Soc, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, DEIS AB Nanometer-sized inorganic fillers are increasingly used as reinforcing materials for mechanical or thermal property improvement of polymers. Improvements in mechanical modulus or heat deflection temperature are often realized. These fillers may also improve some electrical properties such as corona endurance or dielectric breakdown voltage in polymers. In compact high voltage power supplies, epoxy resins are often the potting material of choice in manufacturing processes. This is often true for applications requiring a robust or position-insensitive insulation system design, such as mobile communications equipment or aerospace flight vehicles. Nanometer-sized inorganic fillers in epoxy resins can result in improved mechanical and electrical performance, without affecting the processes for component manufacturing. In our previous work, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) was selected as the nanometer-sized inorganic filler of interest. POSS-filled epoxies showed a five times improvement in ac corona lifetime for selected POSS-epoxy blends compared to unloaded epoxy [1]. In the current study, the average dielectric breakdown voltage of POSS-filled epoxy was increased thirty-four percent compared to unloaded epoxy. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy showed uniform dispersion of the POSS filler down to a level of 10-100 nm. Dispersion uniformity appears to be a critical parameter in obtaining the desired property enhancements. C1 [Horwath, John C.; Schweickart, Daniel L.; Garcia, Guido] Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. [Klosterman, Donald; Galaska, Mary; Schrand, Amanda] Univ Dayton Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. [Walko, Lawrence C.] Innovat Sci Solut Inc, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. RP Horwath, JC (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0018-8 PY 2006 BP 189 EP + DI 10.1109/MODSYM.2006.365213 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGF53 UT WOS:000246445300045 ER PT B AU Domonkos, MT AF Domonkos, Matthew T. GP IEEE TI Switching requirements for stacked blumleins commutated by individual switches SO Proceedings of the 27th International Power Modulator Symposium and 2006 High Voltage Workshops LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Power Modulator Symposium/2006 High Voltage Workshops CY MAY 14-18, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Dielect, Elect Insulat Soc, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, DEIS AB Stacked Blumlein lines with solid dielectric potentially offer a compact pulsed power system for a variety of applications by combining the energy storage, voltage scaling, and pulse forming functions into a single device. By stacking the lines physically, not simply electrically, the line is made more compact because adjacent lines share electrodes. This design does not lend itself to the use of a single switch to commutate the stacked line, and multiple switches are far simpler to implement. The switch jitter and electrical characteristics strongly influence the performance of the line and the stresses on the dielectric. This paper explores the effects of switch jitter, inductance, the resistive decay during closure, and the closed-state resistance on the output pulse and dielectric stresses for stacked Blumlein lines using SPICE simulations. The impact of switch operation on the necessary dielectric strength and the quality of pulse is presented. The suitability of various switch technologies to meet the performance requirements is also discussed. C1 Directed Energy Directorate, Air Force Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Domonkos, MT (reprint author), Directed Energy Directorate, Air Force Res Lab, 3550 Aberdeen Ave SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0018-8 PY 2006 BP 372 EP 375 DI 10.1109/MODSYM.2006.365262 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGF53 UT WOS:000246445300094 ER PT B AU Fleming, TP Mardahl, PJ Bowers, LA Carlmnight, KL AF Fleming, T. P. Mardahl, P. J. Bowers, L. A. Carlmnight, K. L. GP IEEE TI Three dimensional PIC simulations of novel cathodes in the Michigan and AFRL relativistic magnetrons SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 27TH INTERNATIONAL POWER MODULATOR SYMPOSIUM AND 2006 HIGH VOLTAGE WORKSHOPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th International Power Modulator Symposium/2006 High Voltage Workshops CY MAY 14-18, 2006 CL Washington, DC SP IEEE Dielect, Elect Insulat Soc, IEEE Elect Devices Soc, IEEE Nucl & Plasma Sci Soc, DEIS ID E-BEAM ACCELERATOR; DRIVEN AB Several novel shaped cathodes for a relativistic magnetron were modeled and optimized using a massively parallel electromagnetic particle-in-cell code ICEPIC. The effect of using a shaped cathode to enhance key performance parameters such as output power, power efficiency and impedance, was examined. In simulations we saw a dramatic increase in the range of magnetic field in which the magnetron functions, an increase of output power, an increase in efficiency, an elimination of mode competition, and immediate start up. C1 [Fleming, T. P.; Mardahl, P. J.; Bowers, L. A.; Carlmnight, K. L.] Air Force Res Lab, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Fleming, TP (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Albuquerque, NM USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 978-1-4244-0018-8 PY 2006 BP 401 EP + PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BGF53 UT WOS:000246445300101 ER PT S AU Baliga, G Graham, S Gunter, CA Kumar, PR AF Baliga, Girish Graham, Scott Gunter, Carl A. Kumar, P. R. GP IEEE TI Reducing risk by managing software related failures in networked control systems SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 45TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14 SE IEEE Conference on Decision and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE AB Managing risk is a central problem in the design and operation of networked control systems, and due to the increasing role and growing complexity of software in such systems, managing software related failures is becoming a central challenge. Even simple programming errors can cause catastrophic failures [1]. Hence, it is vital to contain risks due to software related failures in such systems. Our main thesis is that most software related failures can be managed through relatively simple and generally applicable strategies, and such strategies can be effectively developed and reused with suitable support from software infrastructure such as middleware. We describe mechanisms in Etherware, our middleware for control over networks [2], for containing software failures, and demonstrate the effectiveness of these mechanisms through experiments in a vehicular control testbed. C1 [Baliga, Girish] Google Inc, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 95054 USA. [Graham, Scott] US Air Force, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Gunter, Carl A.] Univ Illinois, Dept Comp Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. [Kumar, P. R.] Univ Illinois, CSL, Dept ECE, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Baliga, G (reprint author), Google Inc, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 95054 USA. EM baliga@google.com; Scott.Graham@afit.edu; prkumar@uiuc.edu OI Graham, Scott/0000-0003-0193-1192 NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1546 BN 978-1-4244-0170-3 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2006 BP 2866 EP + DI 10.1109/CDC.2006.377538 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BHD08 UT WOS:000252251602152 ER PT S AU Erwin, RS Santillo, MA Bernstein, DS AF Erwin, R. Scott Santillo, Mario A. Bernstein, Dennis S. GP IEEE TI Spacecraft trajectory estimation using a sampled-data extended Kalman filter with range-only measurements SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 45TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14 SE IEEE Conference on Decision and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE ID ORBIT DETERMINATION; NONLINEAR FILTERS; SYSTEMS; SENSITIVITY; OBSERVERS C1 [Erwin, R. Scott] USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Santillo, Mario A.; Bernstein, Dennis S.] Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Erwin, RS (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM richard.erwin@kirtland.af; santillo@umich.edu; baero@uinich.edu NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1546 BN 978-1-4244-0170-3 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2006 BP 3144 EP 3146 DI 10.1109/CDC.2006.377394 PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BHD08 UT WOS:000252251604099 ER PT S AU Melin, A Erwin, RS Chellaboina, V AF Melin, Alexander Erwin, R. Scott Chellaboina, VijaySekhar GP IEEE TI Optimal dynamic assignment for low earth orbit satellite constellations SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 45TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14 SE IEEE Conference on Decision and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE DE linear programming; dynamic assignment problem; dynamic graph topology; dynamic task allocation graph theory AB In this paper we investigate the problem of autonomous task assignment for a class of uncertain systems described by dynamic weighted bipartite graphs. Specifically, we consider the optimal assignment problem for this class of system. First, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a perfect matching in a given bipartite graph. Next, we present an algorithm to expand the original graph to a virtual graph that guarantees the existence of a perfect matching. These results are then used to solve the optimal assignment problem for dynamic weighted bipartite graphs. Finally, we apply this algorithm to a group of low-earth orbit satellites that have the task of tracking multiple ground targets simultaneously. C1 [Melin, Alexander; Chellaboina, VijaySekhar] Univ Tennessee, Dept Mech Aerosp & Biomed Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. [Erwin, R. Scott] US Air Force Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Melin, A (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Mech Aerosp & Biomed Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RI Chellaboina, Vijaysekhar/I-6507-2016 OI Chellaboina, Vijaysekhar/0000-0003-2576-5037 FU National Science Foundation [ECS-0551947]; Force Research Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate FX This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant ECS-0551947 and in part by the Air Force Research Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1546 BN 978-1-4244-0170-3 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2006 BP 3205 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BHD08 UT WOS:000252251604116 ER PT S AU Cohen, K Siegel, S Seidel, J McLaughlin, T AF Cohen, Kelly Siegel, Stefan Seidel, Juergen McLaughlin, Thomas GP IEEE TI Low dimensional modeling, estimation and control of a cylinder wake SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 45TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14 SE IEEE Conference on Decision and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE ID LOW REYNOLDS-NUMBERS; FEEDBACK-CONTROL; DYNAMICS AB The effect of feedback flow control on the wake of a circular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 100 is investigated in direct numerical simulation. Actuation is implemented as displacement of the cylinder normal to the flow. This control approach uses a low dimensional model based on a 15 mode double proper orthogonal decomposition (DPOD). A state estimator was designed to enable full state control by estimating all 15 modes. However, a single input control law that applies linear proportional and differential feedback to the estimate of the first DPOD mode alone is effective. The control law is then modified to allow for multiple inputs which include feedback based on the estimate of the mean flow shift mode. The shift mode provides corrections for spatial variations in the POD Eigenfunctions which result from transient excitations of the cylinder. Results show that while both controller laws stabilize all 15 modes, the multi-input approach appears to be more effective. In the next step, the developed controllers will be validated in a high resolution simulation and in experiments. C1 [Cohen, Kelly; Siegel, Stefan; Seidel, Juergen] USAF Acad, Dept Aeronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. [McLaughlin, Thomas] USAF Acad, Aeronaut Res Ctr, Dept Aeronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Cohen, K (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Aeronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM Ketty.Cohen.ctr.il@usafa.af.mil; Stefan.Siegel.ctr.de@usafa.af.mil; Jurgen.Seidel.ctr.de@usafa.af.mil; Tom.Mclaughlin@usafa.af.mil OI Cohen, Kelly/0000-0002-8655-1465 NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1546 BN 978-1-4244-0170-3 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2006 BP 4597 EP + DI 10.1109/CDC.2006.377586 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BHD08 UT WOS:000252251606151 ER PT S AU Gupta, V Jeffcoat, DE Murray, RM AF Gupta, Vijay Jeffcoat, David E. Murray, Richard M. GP IEEE TI On sensor coverage by mobile sensors SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 45TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14 SE IEEE Conference on Decision and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE AB We study the problem of using a small number of mobile sensors to monitor various threats in a geographical area. Using some recent results on stochastic sensor scheduling, we propose a stochastic sensor movement strategy. We present simple conditions under which it is not possible to maintain a bounded estimate error covariance for all the threats. We also study a simple sub-optimal algorithm to generate stochastic trajectories. Simulations are presented to illustrate the results. C1 [Gupta, Vijay] Univ Maryland, Syst Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Jeffcoat, David E.] US Air Force, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. [Murray, Richard M.] CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Gupta, V (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Syst Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM vijay@cds.caltech.edu; david.jeffcoat@eglin.af.mil; murrav@caltech.edu RI Gupta, Vijay/C-7420-2009 OI Gupta, Vijay/0000-0001-7060-3956 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1546 BN 978-1-4244-0170-3 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2006 BP 5916 EP + PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BHD08 UT WOS:000252251602075 ER PT S AU Pachter, M Chandler, PR Darbha, S AF Pachter, Meir Chandler, Phillip R. Darbha, Swaroop GP IEEE TI Optimal sequential inspection SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 45TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14 SE IEEE Conference on Decision and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE AB In this paper, we consider a problem of sequential resource allocation. Such a problem arises in a simplified Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) scenario where a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) is tasked with search and classification in an environment with false targets. The MAV visits the objects of interest in a specified sequence for classification. A human operator aids classification of objects based on the images sent to him from the MAV and the operator may request that the object be revisited if he requires further information. Such a request is made at most once by the operator for each object. The information gained by the operator when any object is revisited is the same. There is a random delay in communicating his findings to the MAV and the probability density function of the delay is assumed known. The MAV has a finite fuel reserve and upon receiving the feedback from the operator, it must decide whether to revisit the object or whether to continue to the next object in the sequence. In every revisit, fuel is expended from the reserve and equals twice the delay plus a fixed fuel cost. The objective is to maximize the number of revisits so as to maximize the information gained about the objects, which enables them to be classified as targets or false targets. Using Stochastic Dynamic Programming, we show that there is a threshold delay for each object and it is optimal to revisit the object if the operator delay is smaller than the threshold and not to revisit otherwise. C1 [Pachter, Meir] USAF, Inst Technol, AFIT ENG, 2950 Hobson Way,Bldg 640, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Chandler, Phillip R.; Darbha, Swaroop] Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Darbha, Swaroop] Texas A&M Univ, Dept Engn Mech, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Pachter, M (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, AFIT ENG, 2950 Hobson Way,Bldg 640, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1546 BN 978-1-4244-0170-3 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2006 BP 5934 EP 5934 PG 1 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BHD08 UT WOS:000252251601056 ER PT S AU Kussard, MP Wu, NE Busch, T AF Kussard, Michael P. Wu, N. Eva Busch, Timothy GP IEEE TI Performance analysis of a controlled database unit subject to control delays and decision errors SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 45TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14 SE IEEE Conference on Decision and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE AB This paper is an extension of the work performed by Wu, Metzler, and Linderman on a controlled database unit. The system configuration has been changed from the earlier work to help further enhance the database performance. When a server. fails, state variable feedback is used to trigger the process of server restoration. In this paper, control delays and decision errors due to the time required and the uncertainty present in estimating the state are captured simultaneously within a single model of the system, whereas they were studied separately in two different models in the earlier work. The performance of the database unit is evaluated in terms of its mean time to failure, steady state availability, expected response time, and service overhead. These performance measures are examined with respect to the probability of correct decision to restore a server upon its failure, the length of control action delay, and the rate of server restoration. C1 [Kussard, Michael P.; Wu, N. Eva] SUNY Binghamton, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. [Busch, Timothy] Rome Res Site, Air Force Res Lab, Griffiss AFB, NY 13441 USA. RP Kussard, MP (reprint author), SUNY Binghamton, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Binghamton, NY 13902 USA. EM michael.kussard@binghamton.edu; evawu@binghamton.edu; Timothy.Busch@rl.af.mil FU U.S. AFRL [F30602-020-C-0225]; U.S. AFOSR [FA9550-06-0456] FX Manuscript received March, 1 2006. This work was supported in part by the U.S. AFRL Contract F30602-020-C-0225, and in part by the U.S. AFOSR Grant FA9550-06-0456. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1546 BN 978-1-4244-0170-3 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2006 BP 6093 EP + DI 10.1109/CDC.2006.377095 PG 2 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BHD08 UT WOS:000252251606020 ER PT S AU Camphouse, RC Djouadi, SM Myatt, JH AF Camphouse, R. Chris Djouadi, Seddik M. Myatt, James H. GP IEEE TI Feedback control for aerodynamics SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 45TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14 SE IEEE Conference on Decision and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE AB The two-dimensional Burgers equation is used as a surrogate for the governing equations to test order-reduction and control design approaches. This scalar equation is selected because it has a nonlinearity that is similar to the Navier-Stokes equation, but it can be accurately simulated using far fewer states. However, the number of states required is still well above that for which a controller can be designed directly. Two approaches for order reduction are used. In both approaches, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), also know as Karhunen-Loeve decomposition or principal component analysis, is used with Galerkin projection. In the first method, the traditional POD approach of selecting the modes to be retained in the reduced-order model is based on the energy content of the modes. In the second method, balanced truncation is used to select the appropriate modes. Both approaches capture the dynamics of the input-output system and are used for control design. C1 [Camphouse, R. Chris; Myatt, James H.] USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Djouadi, Seddik M.] Univ Tennessee, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Camphouse, RC (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM russell.camphouse@wpafb.af.mil; djouadi@ece.utk.edu; james.myatt@wpafb.af.mil NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1546 BN 978-1-4244-0170-3 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2006 BP 6807 EP + PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BHD08 UT WOS:000252251606149 ER PT S AU Doman, DB Oppenheimer, MW Bolender, MA AF Doman, David B. Oppenheimer, Michael W. Bolender, Michael A. GP IEEE TI Progress in guidance and control research for space access and hypersonic vehicles SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 45TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, VOLS 1-14 SE IEEE Conference on Decision and Control LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control CY DEC 13-15, 2006 CL San Diego, CA SP IEEE ID RECONFIGURABLE CONTROL; FLIGHT CONTROL; CONTROL ALLOCATION; IDENTIFICATION; TRAJECTORIES AB Over the past decade, both NASA and the U.S. Air Force have directed significant efforts aimed at reducing the cost of access to space as well as improving the reliability and safety of launch vehicles. From a guidance and control perspective, efforts have focused on the development of fault tolerant autonomous systems that can recover vehicles from failures or damage when physically possible. The state of the art is summarized in this manuscript and some of the challenges preventing widespread use of some of the techniques are discussed. The integration of vehicle health management systems with adaptive guidance and control is also discussed. C1 [Doman, David B.; Oppenheimer, Michael W.; Bolender, Michael A.] Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Doman, DB (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM david.doman@wpafb.af.mil; michael.oppenheimer@wpafb.afmil; michael.bolender@wpafb.afmil NR 71 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 10 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-1546 BN 978-1-4244-0170-3 J9 IEEE DECIS CONTR P PY 2006 BP 6837 EP 6851 DI 10.1109/CDC.2006.377649 PG 15 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA BHD08 UT WOS:000252251606153 ER PT B AU Stanek, MJ Visbal, MR Rizzetta, DP AF Stanek, Michael J. Visbal, Miguel R. Rizzetta, Donald P. GP ASME TI ON A MECHANISM OF STABILIZING TURBULENT FREE SHEAR LAYERS IN CAVITY FLOWS SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME FLUIDS ENGINEERING DIVISION SUMMER CONFERENCE, VOL 1, PTS A AND B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting CY JUL 17-20, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP ASME, Fluids Engn Div ID DELTA-WING ROLL; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; FLOWFIELDS AB Turbulent free shear flows are subject to the well-known Kelvin-Helmholtz type [1] instability, and it is well-known that any free shear flow which approximates a thin vorticity layer will be unstable to a wide range of amplitudes and frequencies of disturbance. In fact, much of what constitutes flow control in turbulent free shear layers consists of feeding a prescribed destabilizing disturbance to these layers. The question in the control of free shear flows is not whether the shear layer will be stable, but whether you can influence how the layer becomes unstable. In most cases, since these flows are so receptive to forcing input, and naturally tend toward instability, large changes in flow conditions can be achieved with very small amplitude periodic inputs. Recently, it has been discovered that turbulent free shear flows can also be stabilized using periodic forcing. This is, at first glance, counter-intuitive, considering our long history of considering these flows to be very unstable to forcing input. It is a phenomenon not described in modern fluid dynamic text books. The forcing required to achieve this effect (which we will call turbulent shear layer stabilization) is of a much higher amplitude and frequency than the more traditional type of shear layer flow control effect seen in the literature (which we will call turbulent shear layer destabilization). A numerical study is undertaken to investigate the effect of frequency of pulsed mass injection on the nature of stabilization, destabilization and acoustic suppression in high speed cavity flows. An implicit, 2nd-order in space and time flow solver, coupled with a recently-developed hybrid RANS - LES (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes - Large Eddy Simulation) turbulence model by Nichols et. al. [2], is utilized in a Chimera-based parallel format. This tool is used to numerically simulate both an unsuppressed cavity in resonance, as well as the effect of mass-addition pulsed jet flow control on cavity flow physics and ultimately, cavity acoustic levels. C1 [Stanek, Michael J.; Visbal, Miguel R.; Rizzetta, Donald P.] USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Stanek, MJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Michael.Stanek@wpafb.af.mil NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4750-3 PY 2006 BP 1237 EP 1255 PG 19 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BLH19 UT WOS:000270164100144 ER PT B AU Gaitonde, DV Visbal, MR Roy, S AF Gaitonde, Datta V. Visbal, Miguel R. Roy, Subrata GP ASME TI THREE-DIMENSIONAL PLASMA-BASED STALL CONTROL SIMULATIONS WITH COUPLED FIRST PRINCIPLES APPROACHES SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME FLUIDS ENGINEERING DIVISION SUMMER CONFERENCE, VOL 1, PTS A AND B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting CY JUL 17-20, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP ASME, Fluids Engn Div ID MODEL AB Numerical simulations are employed to understand the mechanisms by which asymmetric dielectric barrier discharges operating at radio frequencies reduce or eliminate stall. The specific focus is on a NACA 0015 wing section at a nominal Reynolds number of 45, 000 and 15 degree angle-of-attack. The body force is obtained separately from both phenomenological and first-principles based models. To overcome the daunting complexity of the latter approach, a procedure to couple unsteady force fields obtained from multi-fluid models to very high-fidelity implicit large-eddy simulations is developed, implemented and evaluated for a 5kHz signal. The paper discusses results with both approaches to understand the effect of Reynolds number, angle of attack, actuator strength and location as well as unsteadiness of actuation through radio frequency excitation and duty cycle variation. The results are assimilated in the context of the combined impact of near wall momentum enhancement and transition to turbulence. It is shown that force fluctuations at radio-frequencies result in the development of a rich turbulence structure downstream of actuation. These observations, as well as details of the acoustic signal, cannot be obtained from the simplified steady force model. For higher Reynolds numbers and relatively lower actuation forces, mechanisms that enhance turbulence development are the dominant consideration. These include not only radio-frequency force variations, but also streamwise vorticity generation through edge effects associated with finite-span actuation and wide-spectrum input associated with switch-on/switch-off inherent in duty cycles. C1 [Gaitonde, Datta V.; Visbal, Miguel R.] USAF, Res Lab, Computat Sci Branch, Air Vehicles Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Gaitonde, DV (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Computat Sci Branch, Air Vehicles Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM Datta.Gaitonde@wpafb.af.mil; sroy@kettering.edu NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4750-3 PY 2006 BP 1339 EP 1356 PG 18 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BLH19 UT WOS:000270164100152 ER PT B AU Gordnier, RE Visbal, MR AF Gordnier, Raymond E. Visbal, Miguel R. GP ASME TI HIGH-ORDER COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR UNSTEADY VORTICAL FLOWS OVER DELTA WINGS SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASME FLUIDS ENGINEERING DIVISION SUMMER CONFERENCE, VOL 1, PTS A AND B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting CY JUL 17-20, 2006 CL Miami, FL SP ASME, Fluids Engn Div ID FINITE-DIFFERENCE SCHEMES; VORTEX STRUCTURE; SIMULATION; EQUATIONS; MESHES AB A high-order computational method for the highly unsteady, complex vortical flows over delta wings is presented. A sixth-order compact difference scheme with an eighth-order low pass filter is used to solve the Navier-Stokes equations. Two approaches to turbulence modeling are investigated. The first scheme is an implicit LES (ILES) method which exploits the high-order accuracy of the compact difference scheme and uses the discriminating higher-order filter to regularize the flow The second approach is a new hybrid RANS/ILES method which employs a standard k - epsilon model in regions where the grid resolution is unable to capture the turbulent behavior, and transitions to the ILES method in the vortical flow region where large scale turbulent structures are resolved. Computational simulations have been performed for a 50 degrees sweep delta wing at 15 degrees angle of attack and a moderate Reynolds number: Re = 2 x 10(6). Solutions employing the two turbulence models are evaluated on a baseline grid. A fine mesh computation has been performed for the ILES approach to investigate the impact of mesh resolution on this scheme. Computed results are also compared with the limited experimental measurements available. Computations exploring the control of the vortical flows above a swept delta wing by use of a dialectric-barrier-discharge actuator are also presented. With the actuator located near the apex, significant movement of the vortex breakdown location and a dramatic transformation of the shear-layer sub-structures are demonstrated. C1 [Gordnier, Raymond E.; Visbal, Miguel R.] USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, Computat Sci Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Gordnier, RE (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Air Vehicles Directorate, Computat Sci Branch, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM raymond.gordnier@wpafb.af.mil; miguel.visbal@wpafb.af.mil NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 978-0-7918-4750-3 PY 2006 BP 1357 EP 1379 PG 23 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BLH19 UT WOS:000270164100153 ER PT B AU Zelina, J Greenwood, RT Shouse, DT AF Zelina, J. Greenwood, R. T. Shouse, D. T. GP ASME TI Operability and efficiency performance of ultra-compact, high gravity (g) combustor concepts SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst AB Future gas turbine engines are required to be more capable than their predecessors. This often implies severe demands on the engine that translate into increasing compressor and combustor exit temperatures, higher combustion pressures and higher fuel/air ratio combustors with greater turn-down ratios (wider operating limits between idle and maximum power conditions). Major advances in combustor technology are required to meet the conflicting challenges of improving performance, increasing durability and maintaining cost. Unconventional combustor configurations are one promising approach to address these challenges. Ultra-short combustors to minimize residence time, with special flame-holding mechanisms to cope with increased through-velocities are likely in the future. Engine cycles other than the standard Brayton cycle may also be used for special applications in order to avoid the use of excessive combustion temperatures, and to extract additional power from the system. This paper focuses on vortex-stabilized combustor technologies that can enable the design of compact, high-performance combustion systems. Compact combustors weigh less and take up less volume in space-limited turbine engine for aero applications. This paper presents a parametric design study of the Ultra-Compact Combustor (UCC), a novel design based on TVC work that uses high swirl in a circumferential cavity to enhance reaction rates via high cavity g-loading on the order of 3000 g's. Increase in reaction rates translates to a reduced combustor volume. Three combustor geometric features were varied during experiments which included (1) high-g cavity flame-holding method, (2) high-g cavity to main airflow transport method, and (3) fuel injection method. Experimental results are presented for these combustor configurations and results have shown promise for advanced engine applications. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Zelina, J (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4236-3 PY 2006 BP 87 EP 95 PG 9 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BFN89 UT WOS:000243377500010 ER PT B AU Zelina, J T Shouse, D Stutrud, JS Sturgess, GJ Roquemore, WM AF Zelina, J. T Shouse, D. Stutrud, J. S. Sturgess, G. J. Roquemore, W. M. GP ASME TI Exploration of compact combustors for reheat cycle aero engine applications SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst AB An aero gas turbine engine has been proposed that uses a near-constant-temperature (NCT) cycle and an Inter-Turbine Burner (ITB) to provide large amounts of power extraction from the low-pressure turbine. This level of energy is achieved with a modest temperature rise across the ITB. The additional energy can be used to power a large geared fan for an ultra-high bypass ratio transport aircraft, or to drive an alternator for large amounts of electrical power extraction. Conventional gas turbines engines cannot drive ultra-large diameter fans without causing excessively high turbine temperatures, and cannot meet high power extraction demands without a loss of engine thrust. Reducing the size of the combustion system is key to make use of a NCT gas turbine cycle. Ultra-compact combustor (UCC) concepts are being explored experimentally. These systems use high swirl in a circumferential cavity about the engine centerline to enhance reaction rates via high cavity g-loading on the order of 3000 g's. Any increase in reaction rate can be exploited to reduce combustor volume. The UCC design integrates compressor and turbine features which will enable a shorter and potentially less complex gas turbine engine. This paper will present experimental data of the Ultra-Compact Combustor (UCC) performance in vitiated flow. Vitiation levels were varied from 12 - 20 % oxygen levels to simulate exhaust from the high pressure turbine (HPT). Experimental results from the ITB at atmospheric pressure indicate that the combustion system operates at 97-99% combustion efficiency over a wide range of operating conditions burning JP-8 +100 fuel. Flame lengths were extremely short, at about 50% of those seen in conventional systems. A wide range of operation is possible with lean blowout fuel-air ratio limits at 25-50% below the value of current systems. These results are significant because the ITB only requires a small (300 degrees F) temperature rise for optimal power extraction, leading to operation of the ITB at near-lean-blowout limits of conventional combustor designs. This data lays the foundation for the design space required for future engine designs. C1 Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. RP Zelina, J (reprint author), Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4236-3 PY 2006 BP 137 EP 147 PG 11 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BFN89 UT WOS:000243377500015 ER PT B AU Rouser, KP Boyer, KM Byerley, AR AF Rouser, Kurt P. Boyer, Keith M. Byerley, Aaron R. GP ASME TI A contextual framework for enhancing an undergraduate thermo-propulsion sequence SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst AB This paper describes various techniques employed in a novel approach to instruction and assessment of an undergraduate sequence in thermo-propulsion at the United States Air Force (USAF) Academy. Integrated motivational contexts aid development of foundations in thermodynamics, compressible gas dynamics, and propulsion while reinforcing engineering problem solving skills. Students are first oriented to the context of new material. Subsequent lessons fortify the context, giving students the opportunity to collaborate on team design projects and interact with industry and government guest speakers. Real-world, practical examples and homework further motivate and help students grasp key concepts. Tests are administered in both oral and written formats with open-ended, scenario-based questions to assess student understanding of fundamentals. Grading procedures focus on analytical methods as opposed to numerical results. Specific performance criteria validate the achievement of course educational outcomes. Student course critique scores and written comments further support the assertion that a contextual framework is highly effective in teaching fundamental thermo-propulsion concepts. C1 USAF Acad, Dept Aeronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Rouser, KP (reprint author), USAF Acad, Dept Aeronaut, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4236-3 PY 2006 BP 981 EP 989 PG 9 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BFN89 UT WOS:000243377500098 ER PT B AU Behbahani, A Jordan, EA Millar, R AF Behbahani, Al Jordan, Eric A. Millar, Richard GP ASME TI A feasibility study of life-extending controls for aircraft turbine engines using a generic air force model SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst ID EXPERIMENTAL-VERIFICATION; MECHANICAL STRUCTURES AB Turbine engine controllers are typically designed and operated to meet required or desired performance criterion within stability margins, while maximizing fuel efficiency. The U.S. Air Force turbine engine research program is seeking to incorporate sustainable cost reduction into this approach, by considering a life-cycle design objective if the life of the engine is considered as an objective during the design of the engine controller. Specifically during aircraft takeoff, the turbine engines are subject to high temperature variations that aggravate the stress of the material used in their construction and thus a negative effect in their life spans. Therefore, the control strategy needs to be re-evaluated to include operating cost, and extending the life of the engine is one way to reduce that. Life-Extending Control (LEC) is an area that deals with control action, engine component life usage, and designing an intelligent control algorithm embedded in the FADEC. This paper evaluates the LEC, based on critical components research, to demonstrate how an intelligent engine control algorithm can drastically reduce the engine life usage, with minimum sacrifice in performance. Finally, a generic turbine engine is extensively simulated using a sophisticated non-linear model of the turbine engine. The paper concludes that LEC is worth consideration and further research should include development of the damage models for turbine engines, and experimental research that could correlate the damage models to actual damage for turbine engines. This could lead to implementation of online damage models in real-time that will allow for more robust damage prevention. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Controls & EHM, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Behbahani, A (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Prop Directorate, Controls & EHM, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4237-1 PY 2006 BP 717 EP 723 PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFN90 UT WOS:000243377700078 ER PT B AU Ou, S Rivir, RB AF Ou, Shichuan Rivir, Richard B. GP ASME TI Shaped-hole film cooling with pulsed secondary flow SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 3, Pts A and B: HEAT TRANSFER: GENERAL INTEREST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst AB The effects of the coolant jet pulsing frequency (PF), duty cycle (DC), and hole shape geometry on heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness were investigated with a film hole located on a semicircular leading edge test model with an afterbody. Cylindrical and diffusion-shaped holes located at 21.5 degrees from the stagnation line were investigated. An infrared thermography technique with a single transient test was used to deter-mine both the heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness. Spanwise averaged heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness were computed from the local values for all test conditions under the same Reynolds number (Re) of 60,000 and density ratio (DR) of 1.11. A dimensionless Frossling number (Fr) was used to represent the heat transfer coefficient. The effects of duty cycles of 50%, 75%, and 100% (continuous coolant) on film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient were investigated at coolant jet pulsing frequencies of 5 Hertz (Hz) and 10 Hertz. The duty cycle and pulsing frequency were controlled by the opening and closing time settings of two synchronized pulsed valves. The blowing parameters investigated included continuous coolant at the blowing ratios (M) of 0.75, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00. The subsequent pulsed cases for a combination of pulsing frequency and duty cycle were varied from the corresponding continuous case without changing the coolant flow rate (or blowing ratio) setting for a total of 40 cases for the shaped and cylindrical film holes. The shaped hole provides higher local film effectiveness values than the classical cylindrical hole when coolant flow is steady at M = 1.00. The higher local film effectiveness for the shaped hole was also observed for pulsed cases at M=1.50 (M-eff=1.25) and M= 2.00 (M-eff=1.07) due to wider film spreading or coverage. The pulsed coolant cases provide higher spanwise averaged film effectiveness than the continuous coolant at M=1.50 for both hole geometries. In contrast to the film effectiveness, the spanwise averaged Frossling numbers of pulsed coolant are lower compared to the continuous coolant for both hole shapes at the same blowing ratio. Combining the effects of heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness, one can compute a relative heat load ratio to evaluate the C1 USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Ou, S (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4238-X PY 2006 BP 259 EP 269 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BFJ47 UT WOS:000242366800025 ER PT B AU Clark, JP Grover, EA AF Clark, J. P. Grover, E. A. GP ASME TI Assessing convergence in predictions of periodic-unsteady flowfields SO Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2006, Vol 6, Pts A and B LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 51st ASME Turbo Expo CY MAY 06-11, 2006 CL Barcelona, SPAIN SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Int Gas Turbine Inst ID NAVIER-STOKES SIMULATIONS; ROTOR-STATOR INTERACTION; HEAT-TRANSFER; TURBINE; PERFORMANCE; FLOWS; BLADE AB Predictions of time-resolved flowfields are now commonplace within the gas-turbine industry, and the results of such simulations are often used to make design decisions during the development of new products. Hence it is necessary for design engineers to have a robust method to determine the level of convergence in design predictions. Here we report on a method developed to determine the level of convergence in a predicted flowfield that is characterized by periodic-unsteadiness. The method relies on fundamental concepts from digital signal processing including the discrete Fourier transform, cross-correlation, and Parseval's theorem. Often in predictions of vane-blade interaction in turbomachines, the period of the unsteady fluctuations is expected. In this method, the development of time-mean quantities, Fourier components (both magnitude and phase), cross-correlations, and integrated signal power are tracked at locations of interest from one period to the next as the solution progresses. Each of these separate quantities yields some relative measure of convergence that is subsequently processed to form a fuzzy set. Thus the overall level of convergence in the solution is given by the intersection of these sets. Examples of the application of this technique to several predictions of unsteady flows from two separate solvers are given. These include a prediction of hot-streak migration as well as more typical cases. It is shown that the method yields a robust determination of convergence. Also, the results of the technique can guide further analysis and/or post-processing of the flowfield. Finally, the method is useful for the detection of inherent unsteadiness in the flowfield, and as such it can be used to prevent design escapes. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Turbine Branch, Turbine Engine Div, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Clark, JP (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Turbine Branch, Turbine Engine Div, Bldg 18,Room 136D,1950 5th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA BN 0-7918-4241-X PY 2006 BP 1831 EP 1841 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BFK60 UT WOS:000242494000174 ER PT S AU Lebo, TM Gaborski, RS AF Lebo, Timothy M. Gaborski, Roger S. BE Hwang, JN TI A shape model with coactivation networks for recognition and segmentation SO Proceedings of the Eighth IASTED International Conference on Signal and Image Processing SE IASTED International Conference on Signal and Image Processing LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th IASTED International Conference on Signal and Image Processing CY AUG 14-16, 2006 CL Honolulu, HI SP Int Assoc Sci & Technol Dev DE computer vision; pattern recognition; physiological motivation AB Research in image understanding is an ongoing endeavor in a variety of disciplines and manifests itself in a variety of application domains. The typical goal of this research is to develop techniques to automatically extract meaningful information from a population of images. Object recognition is a key process in image understanding because it enables additional higher-level processing. We present a components-based object detection and localization algorithm that aids segmentation for static images, along with a new approach for the discrimination of object presence in the static domain. The approach integrates the learned knowledge about the category with the supporting information in the image to combine the segmentation and recognition processes, allowing their interactions to guide subsequent processing. An activation network provides top-down perceptual grouping to supplement the initial holistic interpretations associated with the initial hypotheses. Localization is aided by allowing an activated interpretation to trigger an investigation of reinforced interpretations that can support or suppress a current hypothesis, reducing the reliance on low-level feature detectors to achieve proper detection. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY USA. RP Lebo, TM (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Informat Directorate, Rome, NY USA. OI Lebo, Timothy/0000-0002-8042-7359 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACTA PRESS ANAHEIM PI ANAHEIM PA PO BOX 5124, ANAHEIM, CA 92814-5124 USA SN 1482-7921 BN 978-0-88986-583-9 J9 IASTED INT CONF SIGN PY 2006 BP 169 EP 174 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BFR52 UT WOS:000244029100031 ER PT B AU Fawaz, S Andersson, B AF Fawaz, Scott Andersson, Borje TI Statistical fatigue and residual strength analysis of new/aging aircraft structure SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE HPCMP USERS GROUP CONFERENCE 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Computer Modernization Program CY JUN 26-29, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP HPCMP Users Grp AB The structural integrity of both military and civilian transport aircraft fleets. is governed by Department Of Defense and Federal Aviation Administration regulations, respectively, dictating use of fracture mechanics techniques to determine the durability and damage tolerance of the aircraft structure. Driven by economic pressures, both fighter and transport aircraft are remaining in service longer than their original design lifetimes. Maintaining mission readiness and ensuring the safety of the flying public is of utmost concern and the responsibility of the aircraft manufacturers, aircraft operators, and airworthiness authorities. In general, a fracture mechanics based crack growth prediction model is just another tool in the designer and maintainer's toolbox to safely and efficiently manufacture and operate the aircraft. Furthermore, state-of-the-art fatigue life prediction algorithms may only consider simple, well-behaved structural cracking problems. Unfortunately, all modern aircraft are complex assemblies with diverse materials and joining methods. As a result, mission planners and combat leaders are forced to maintain the old paradigm of over-conservative fatigue life predictions and find-it and fix-it corrosion control programs. As a result, the main outcome of our Challenge Project is better fleet management through more robust fatigue life predictions in both peace- and war-time. C1 [Fawaz, Scott] USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. RP Fawaz, S (reprint author), USAF Acad, Colorado Springs, CO 80840 USA. EM Scott.Fawaz@usafa.af.mil; ba@foi.se FU 646 th Aeronautical Systems Squadron; 77 th Aeronautical Systems Wing; ASC; Wright-Patterson AFB; ASC Major Shared Resource Center (MSRC); Phil Bucci; Engineer Research and Development Center MSRC; Naval Research Laboratory; USAFA/MSRC FX The authors wish to express their gratitude to the 646 th Aeronautical Systems Squadron, 77 th Aeronautical Systems Wing, ASC, Wright-Patterson AFB for sponsoring this work. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of Brent Anderson, ASC Major Shared Resource Center (MSRC), Phil Bucci, Engineer Research and Development Center MSRC, Wendell Anderson, Naval Research Laboratory, and Steve Senator, USAFA/M&SRC in development of the computational platform. This work could not have been accomplished without the support of the DoD High Performance Computing Modernization Program. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2797-0 PY 2006 BP 13 EP 19 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGD48 UT WOS:000246173100003 ER PT B AU Keen, JM AF Keen, Joseph M. TI Applied computational fluid dynamics in support of Aircraft/Store compatibility and weapons integration SO Proceedings of the HPCMP Users Group Conference 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Computer Modernization Program CY JUN 26-29, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP HPCMP Users Grp AB The Air Force SEEK EAGLE Office (AFSEO), Eglin Air Force Base (AFB), FL, is the United States Air Force (USAF) authority for weapons certification efforts. AFSEO performs test and evaluation for aircraft/store compatibility certification. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is employed to support this process. Determining the flow about an aircraft/store combination may be extremely difficult. Complicated geometry features such as pylons, launchers, grid fins, and internal weapons bays create severe aerothermodynamic and acoustic environments which are challenging to simulate numerically. Rapidly and accurately modeling the trajectory of store separation in a high-volume simulation environment presents an additional challenge. The USAF requirement for numerous, simultaneous and quick-reaction solutions for a wide variety of stores and aircraft can only be accomplished through application of parallel high-performance computing resources that meet the significant computational and memory demands associated with the certification computational environment. Before operational use, all aircraft/store configurations must be certified for safe loading, carriage, and jettison/release. AFSEO provides flight certification recommendations which are based on combinations of engineering analysis, ground, and flight testing. Engineering analyses is provided by disciplines in carriage loads, store separations, flutter, ballistics, stability and control, and electromagnetic compatibility and interference. The AFSEO Computational Aeromechanics Team (CAT) provides time-critical CFD support for engineering analyses to optimize ground and flight testing. This contribution takes the form of carriage aerodynamic loads, store separation predictions, and visualized flow field physics. The knowledge created reduces risk lowers cost, and speeds the fielding of new weapons. This paper discusses four of the most recently applied AFSEO CFD tasks related to specific aircraft/store investigations and certifications. C1 USAF, SEEK Eagle Off, SK SKI 46, Eglin AFB, FL USA. RP Keen, JM (reprint author), USAF, SEEK Eagle Off, SK SKI 46, Eglin AFB, FL USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2797-0 PY 2006 BP 45 EP 51 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGD48 UT WOS:000246173100007 ER PT B AU Morton, SA Forsythe, JR Wurtzler, KE McDaniel, DR Cummings, RM Goertz, S Siegel, S Squires, KD AF Morton, Scott A. Forsythe, James R. Wurtzler, Kenneth E. McDaniel, David R. Cummings, Russell M. Goertz, Stefan Siegel, Stefan Squires, Kyle D. TI High resolution simulation of full aircraft control at flight Reynolds numbers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE HPCMP USERS GROUP CONFERENCE 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Computer Modernization Program CY JUN 26-29, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP HPCMP Users Grp AB This paper documents some of the early results of a three year project to develop a computational method for accurately determining static and dynamic stability and control characteristics of fighter and transport aircraft with various weapons configurations as well as the aircraft response to pilot input. In this first year of the project computational data is gathered for a rigid F-16 with no control surface movement in forced motion that approximates flight test maneuvers and wind-tunnel testing techniques. The data is then post-processed to determine the resulting static and dynamic stability characteristics. Static and rigid body motion simulations of the Blended Wing Body bomber/transport concept are performed and compared to detailed experimental data to validate the numerical approach. The main benefits of this effort are: 1) early discovery of complex aerodynamic phenomena that are typically only present in dynamic flight maneuvers and therefore not discovered until flight test, and 2) rapid generation of an accurate aerodynamic database to support aircraft and weapon certification by reducing required flight test hours and complementing current stability and control testing. C1 [Morton, Scott A.] USAF, SEEK Eagle Off, SK SKI 46, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. RP Morton, SA (reprint author), USAF, SEEK Eagle Off, SK SKI 46, Eglin AFB, FL 32542 USA. EM Scott.morton@eglin.af.mil; forsythe@cobaltcfd.com; wurtzler@cobaltcfd.com; David.McDaniel.ctr@usafa.af.mil; russ.cummings@usafa.af.mil; Stefan.gortz@usafa.af.mil; Stefan.siegel.ctr.de@usafa.af.mil; squires@asu.edu FU National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the US Air Force Academ y; Department of Defense (DoD) HPC/Air Force SEEK EAGLE Office Institute FX This research was performed while a co-author held a National Research Council Research Associateship Award at the US Air Force Academ y. In addition, this work was sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) HPC/Air Force SEEK EAGLE Office Institute for High Performance Computing Applications of Air Armament. The computational resources were generously provided by the DoD High Performance Computing Modernization Program, the Maui High Per formance Computing Center, Aeronautical Systems Center, the Naval Oceanographic Office, and the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center. The authors gratefully acknowledge the expert advice of the following individuals: Kelly Cohen and Thomas Yechout at the US Air Force Academy; Eugene Morelli at National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2797-0 PY 2006 BP 52 EP 58 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGD48 UT WOS:000246173100008 ER PT B AU Madden, TJ AF Madden, Timothy J. TI Chemical oxygen-iodine laser technology development using 3-d navier-stokes simulation SO Proceedings of the HPCMP Users Group Conference 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Computer Modernization Program CY JUN 26-29, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP HPCMP Users Grp C1 USAF, DE, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Madden, TJ (reprint author), USAF, DE, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2797-0 PY 2006 BP 124 EP 131 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGD48 UT WOS:000246173100019 ER PT B AU Asta, M Trinkle, D Woodward, C AF Asta, Mark Trinkle, Dallas Woodward, Christopher TI Ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations of molten ni-based superalloys SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE HPCMP USERS GROUP CONFERENCE 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Computer Modernization Program CY JUN 26-29, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP HPCMP Users Grp ID TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; WAVE BASIS-SET; AL ALLOYS; DENSITIES; METALS AB In the casting of single-crystal turbine blades, the composition (c). and temperature (T) dependencies of the liquid-phase molar volume (V (c, T)) play a critical role in driving convective instabilities and the associated formation of solidification defects. In support of a current effort aimed at the development of validated mathematical criteria for predicting the formation of solidification defects in Ni-based superalloys, ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations have been performed to calculate atomic volumes of Ni-Al-W melts. For elemental Ni and binary Ni-Al and Ni-W compositions, AIMD-calculated volumes agree to within 0.5-1.5% of recently measured values. For ternary Ni-Al-W melts, where direct experimental measurements are unavailable, AIMD results are in excellent agreement with the predictions of a recently proposed parametrization for V (c, T) in multicomponent superalloys. The results thus help to establish the accuracy of this recently proposed model in its application to the Ni-Al-W system. C1 [Asta, Mark] Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Computat Sci & Engn, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Trinkle, Dallas] Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL USA. [Woodward, Christopher] US Air Force Res Lab, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Asta, M (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Computat Sci & Engn, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM mdasta@ucdavis.edu; Jdallas.trinkle@wpafb.af.mil; christopher.woodward@wpafb.af.mil FU AFOSR under the MEANS II program [FA9550-05-0089]; Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program at the Aeronautical Systems Center, Major Shared Research Center on the SGI Origin 3000; SGI Altix FX The authors gratefully acknowledge support of the AFOSR under the MEANS II program (Grant Number FA9550-05-0089). This work was also supported in part by a grant of computer time by the Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program at the Aeronautical Systems Center, Major Shared Research Center on the SGI Origin 3000 and the SGI Altix. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2797-0 PY 2006 BP 177 EP 181 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGD48 UT WOS:000246173100026 ER PT B AU Bettencourt, MT Bowers, LA Cartwright, KL Greenwood, AD Fleming, TP Haworth, MD Lockwood, NP Mardahl, PJ AF Bettencourt, M. T. Bowers, L. A. Cartwright, K. L. Greenwood, A. D. Fleming, T. P. Haworth, M. D. Lockwood, N. P. Mardahl, P. J. TI Virtual prototyping of directed energy weapons on thousands of processors SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE HPCMP USERS GROUP CONFERENCE 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Computer Modernization Program CY JUN 26-29, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP HPCMP Users Grp AB This paper documents the changes required to permit ICEPIC to scale efficiently to the thousand CPU range. Substantial changes were made to the communication paradigm within the code, so that only one synchronization point is now required. This led to increase of a factor four in the number of processors ICEPIC can productively use on real world problems. C1 [Bettencourt, M. T.; Bowers, L. A.; Cartwright, K. L.; Greenwood, A. D.; Fleming, T. P.; Haworth, M. D.; Lockwood, N. P.; Mardahl, P. J.] USAF, Res Lab, High Power Microwave Div, DE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Bettencourt, MT (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, High Power Microwave Div, DE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. EM Matthew.Bettencourt@kirtland.af.mil; Lester.Bowers@kirtland.af.mil; Keith.Cartwright@kirtland.af.mil; Andrew.Greenwood@kirtland.af.mil; Timothy.Fleming@kirtland.af.mil; Michael.Haworth@kirtland.af.mil; Nathaniel.Lockwood@kirtland.af.mil; Peter.Mardahl@kirtland.af.mil RI bettencourt, matthew/I-5924-2014 NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2797-0 PY 2006 BP 259 EP 264 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGD48 UT WOS:000246173100038 ER PT B AU Maple, RC Osterday, R Vickery, R AF Maple, Raymond C. Osterday, Ryan Vickery, Rhonda TI Fluent VTK extractor SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE HPCMP USERS GROUP CONFERENCE 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Computer Modernization Program CY JUN 26-29, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP HPCMP Users Grp AB A Fluent User Defined Function (UDF) to extract and save portions of a time-accurate simulation is presented. This UDF, called the Fluent VTK Extractor (FVE) makes use of the Visualization Toolkit (VTK) library to manipulate unstructured grid data and perform file IO. The FVE UDF is applied to three unsteady flow problems. Data storage reductions of up to 99% and runtime reductions of up to 15% are observed. C1 [Maple, Raymond C.] USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. [Osterday, Ryan] USAF, NASIC ADAT, Washington, DC USA. [Vickery, Rhonda] Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS USA. RP Maple, RC (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM raymond.maple@afit.edu; ryan.osterday@wpafb.af.mil; Rhonda.Vickery@wpafb.af.mil NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2797-0 PY 2006 BP 384 EP 388 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGD48 UT WOS:000246173100059 ER PT B AU Ramseyer, GO Ross, VW Linderman, RW AF Ramseyer, George O. Ross, Virginia W. Linderman, Richard W. TI Information management support for interactive high-performance computing frameworks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE HPCMP USERS GROUP CONFERENCE 2006 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Performance Computer Modernization Program CY JUN 26-29, 2006 CL Denver, CO SP HPCMP Users Grp AB The information management capabilities of the Joint Battlespace Infosphere (JBI) and the evolving 100X JBI were evaluated to support a network of remote computers. The network consisted of an interactive testbed of distributed high performance computers (HPCs) across the Defense Research and Engineering Network (DREN). This Distributed Interactive High Performance Computing Testbed (DIHT) was developed to enable researchers to operate in near real time in a diverse HPC environment. This interactive environment included access to six remote Linux clusters, and allowed the rapid execution of parallelized software in real time. At peak times the DIHT is producing hundreds to thousands of information objects per second. C1 [Ramseyer, George O.; Ross, Virginia W.; Linderman, Richard W.] USAF, Res Lab, Rome, Italy. RP Ramseyer, GO (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Rome, Italy. EM George.Ramseyer@rl.af.mil; Virginia.Ross@rl.af.mil; Richard.Linderman@rl.af.mil NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 978-0-7695-2797-0 PY 2006 BP 410 EP 416 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BGD48 UT WOS:000246173100064 ER PT B AU Blackshire, JL Martin, S Cooney, A AF Blackshire, J. L. Martin, S. Cooney, A. BE Guemes, A TI Evaluation of crack and corrosion detection sensitivty using piezoelectric sensor arrays SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EUROPEAN WORKSHOP STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING 2006 SE Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY JUL 05-07, 2006 CL Granada, SPAIN SP Minist Espanol Educ & Ciencia, AIBUS Espana, BOEING Res & Technol Ctr Europe, Univ Politecn Madrid, Univ Granada, Ayuntamiento Granada AB The use of guided-wave ultrasound has significant potential for structural health monitoring in a number of critical aerospace applications. A key question which needs to be addressed with regard to damage sensing in realistic aircraft structures involves detection sensitivity levels for cracks and corrosion. In this research effort, a systematic evaluation of the detection sensitivity levels of surface-bonded piezoelectric sensor arrays has been undertaken using experimental studies and analytic modeling. A series of reference standards have been developed for variations in crack/corrosion sizes and types from micron to millimeter scales. Both engineered and realistic crack/corrosion conditions have been studied using distributed sensing approaches. In-situ damage initiation and growth studies are also being conducted using dynamic fatigue crack and electrochemical corrosion attack damage mechanisms. Preliminary results are presented for evaluating typical damage detection levels, where opportunities for improving measurement fidelity, quantification, and sensitivity in realistic aircraft structures are considered. C1 MLLP, AFRL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Blackshire, JL (reprint author), MLLP, AFRL, 2230 10th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-932078-63-3 J9 STRUCT HLTH MONIT PY 2006 BP 199 EP 206 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFY89 UT WOS:000245497300024 ER PT B AU Jata, KV Knopp, JS Aldrin, JC Medina, EA Lindgren, EA AF Jata, K. V. Knopp, J. S. Aldrin, J. C. Medina, E. A. Lindgren, E. A. BE Guemes, A TI Transitioning from NDE inspection to qnline structural health monitoring - Issues and challenges SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EUROPEAN WORKSHOP STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING 2006 SE Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY JUL 05-07, 2006 CL Granada, SPAIN SP Minist Espanol Educ & Ciencia, AIBUS Espana, BOEING Res & Technol Ctr Europe, Univ Politecn Madrid, Univ Granada, Ayuntamiento Granada AB The current practice to maintain military aircraft is based on periodic inspections, a time phased approach which often proves to be laborious, associated with unnecessary aircraft downtime, and can introduce unintentional damage resulting in significant cost and safety problems. To address these issues, a number of alternative approaches such as condition-based maintenance (CBM), structural health monitoring (SHM), and the design of smart materials based on SHM concepts are being studied by the research community and considered for application. In order to determine the best approach to maintain a specific critical component in an aircraft structure, a number of factors including the failure mode, environmental and loading conditions, location accessibility, system reliability, and cost must be considered. This talk will broadly address issues and challenges that face the transition from a traditional approach to maintenance to a hybrid approach incorporating structural health monitoring, from a scientific and engineering perspective. This talk will discuss the current status of the development of the SHM technologies for aerospace structures and their implementation, from both technology and cost points of view. In addition, the challenge of ensuring the reliability of health monitoring systems incorporating in-situ sensing will be discussed. Lastly, recent progress is presented on the development of model-based tools that help evaluate and design maintenance programs incorporating NDE and SHM to be most effective. C1 USAF, Res Lab, MLL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Jata, KV (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, MLL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-932078-63-3 J9 STRUCT HLTH MONIT PY 2006 BP 987 EP 995 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFY89 UT WOS:000245497300121 ER PT B AU Navarra, K Neslen, C Freemantle, W AF Navarra, K. Neslen, C. Freemantle, W. BE Guemes, A TI Health management and sustainment transformation in the US Air Force SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EUROPEAN WORKSHOP STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING 2006 SE Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY JUL 05-07, 2006 CL Granada, SPAIN SP Minist Espanol Educ & Ciencia, AIBUS Espana, BOEING Res & Technol Ctr Europe, Univ Politecn Madrid, Univ Granada, Ayuntamiento Granada AB The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), along with its many research partners, is actively engaged in aiding the transformation of the Air Force's sustainment practices. While the concept of health management has been discussed in the research community for some time now, the U.S. Air Force has faced many challenges which inhibit the transition of these technologies. However, times are changing in our Air Force. Transformation which is occurring at all levels of the Air Force seeks to eliminate the barriers which stand in the way of implementing Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM). This paper will briefly discuss the various Air Force (AF) sponsored transformation activities and how these programs represent real opportunities to transition technologies which the health management community has been working so diligently on. The remaining portion of the paper will describe AFRL's ISHM vision and focus on the authors' own research in embedded sensing systems. C1 USAF, Res Lab, MAt & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Navarra, K (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, MAt & Mfg Directorate, 2230 10th St, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-932078-63-3 J9 STRUCT HLTH MONIT PY 2006 BP 1004 EP 1011 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFY89 UT WOS:000245497300123 ER PT B AU Kuhr, S Jata, K Martin, SA Medina, E AF Kuhr, S. Jata, K. Martin, S. A. Medina, E. BE Guemes, A TI Evaluation of impact detection system using in-situ acoustic sensing SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EUROPEAN WORKSHOP STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING 2006 SE Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring CY JUL 05-07, 2006 CL Granada, SPAIN SP Minist Espanol Educ & Ciencia, AIBUS Espana, BOEING Res & Technol Ctr Europe, Univ Politecn Madrid, Univ Granada, Ayuntamiento Granada AB Future space vehicles are designed to transfer mission critical assets to, through, and from space. These vehicles will require robust thermal protection systems (TPS) that will endure the thermoacoustic loads of entering and exiting the atmosphere. As with past space vehicles, the TPS of future space vehicles will also be threatened by impacts from ground handling and micrometeoroids. A vehicle health monitoring (VHM) system is desired to detect, locate and quantify damage. In this study, acoustic signals generated from low-velocity impacts on a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) wrapped thermal protection tile were examined. A hemispherical impactor was used over a range of impact energies to induce minor levels of damage in the TPS material. Impact loads were monitored using a load cell attached to the impactor, while acoustic responses to the impact were detected using commercially available acoustic emission transducers and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensors. A 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, which has comparatively a lower degree of anisotropy vs. the CMC wrapped TPS tile, was also used for the impact events and acoustic signal measurement assessments. C1 USAF, Res Lab, MLL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Kuhr, S (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, MLL, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU DESTECH PUBLICATIONS, INC PI LANCASTER PA 439 DUKE STREET, LANCASTER, PA 17602-4967 USA BN 978-1-932078-63-3 J9 STRUCT HLTH MONIT PY 2006 BP 1020 EP 1026 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BFY89 UT WOS:000245497300125 ER PT B AU Hyde, MW Havrilla, M Crittenden, P AF Hyde, Milo W. Havrilla, Michael Crittenden, Paul BE Hamza, MH TI Free-space and waveguide technique for determining the resistivity of an R-card using the forward transmission coefficient SO Proceedings of the Third IASTED International Conference on Antennas, Radar, and Wave Propagation LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IASTED International Conference on Antennas, Radar, and Wave Progagation CY JUL 03-04, 2006 CL Banff, CANADA SP Int Assoc Sci & Technol Dev, IASTED Tech Comm Telecommun DE R-card; transmission; permittivity; resistivity; and material measurements ID DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT AB A free-space and waveguide technique for determining the relative permittivity and ultimately the resistivity of an R-card using the forward transmission coefficient is presented. The exact solutions for S-21 are derived in sections 11 and Iota Iota Iota. Utilizing the Maclaurin series for sine and cosine, approximations of the exact solutions are made which are simpler to solve than the exact expressions. The accuracy of the approximations is directly related to the R-card's thickness and wave number. Free-space (2 GHz - 18 GHz) and waveguide (8.2 GHz - 12.4 GHz) measurements were made of two R-cards of differing thicknesses and resistivities to demonstrate the method. C1 USAF, Inst Technol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Hyde, MW (reprint author), USAF, Inst Technol, 2950 Hobson Way, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACTA PRESS ANAHEIM PI ANAHEIM PA PO BOX 5124, ANAHEIM, CA 92814-5124 USA BN 0-88986-567-1 PY 2006 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BEW05 UT WOS:000239724800001 ER PT J AU Pavel, AA Kirawanich, P Islam, NE Sharma, AK Mayberry, CS Lucero, SL AF Pavel, A. A. Kirawanich, P. Islam, N. E. Sharma, A. K. Mayberry, C. S. Lucero, S. L. TI Minimizing reflection and focussing of incident wave to enhance energy deposition in photodetector's active region SO PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH-PIER LA English DT Article ID METAL PHOTODETECTORS; CHARGE COLLECTION; FIELDS AB Geometry of grating structure has been analyzed to maximize electromagnetic energy deposition onto the active region of a silicon photodetector. The concept of Brewster angle to minimize reflection from the grating surface and a differences-in-time technique to focus incoming electromagnetic radiation on the substrate has been applied to optimize the grated structure that amplifies transmitted energy through grating-substrate interface. The computed electric field at the interface for the new grating geometry has been found to be approximately 1.5 times higher than that of a square-shape gratings reported earlier. Also the average power depositions and electric field distributions on the grating-substrate interfaces have been studied which revealed the superiority of the proposed optimum structure. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Pavel, AA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU E M W PUBLISHING PI CAMBRIDGE PA PO BOX 425517, KENDALL SQUARE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 1559-8985 J9 PROG ELECTROMAGN RES JI Prog. Electromagn. Res. PY 2006 VL 65 BP 71 EP 80 DI 10.2528/PIER06062605 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA 122DT UT WOS:000243206600006 ER PT J AU Kache, S Kranthi, NS Nizam, MO Kirawanich, P McLaren, RW Islam, NE Sharma, AK Mayberry, CS Lucero, SL AF Kache, S. Kranthi, N. S. Nizam, M. O. Kirawanich, P. McLaren, R. W. Islam, N. E. Sharma, A. K. Mayberry, C. S. Lucero, S. L. TI Field analysis to optimize charge collection in a sub-micron grated metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector SO PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH-PIER LA English DT Article AB The effects of different geometries, heights and concentrations per unit area of gratings in the active region of a metal semiconductor metal photo-detector have been analyzed for enhanced charge collection through electromagnetic field analysis. Plots of the electric field amplitude as it propagates from the constricted grating region to a larger cross-section in the active region have been studied for comparison. This study shows that a hatched top cone shaped grating allows for maximum energy transfer into the active region, thus enhancing collection. The height for this structure is also a minimum over all structures, thus making the hatched cone the optimum design for enhanced collection. The cladding of such structures with SiO2 also appears to contribute to increased energy transfer into the substrate. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Space Vehicles Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Kache, S (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU E M W PUBLISHING PI CAMBRIDGE PA PO BOX 425517, KENDALL SQUARE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 1559-8985 J9 PROG ELECTROMAGN RES JI Prog. Electromagn. Res. PY 2006 VL 63 BP 75 EP 88 DI 10.2528/PIER06041803 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA 103UE UT WOS:000241911400005 ER PT J AU Kirawanich, P Wilson, JR Islam, NE Yakura, SJ AF Kirawanich, P. Wilson, J. R. Islam, N. E. Yakura, S. J. TI Minimizing crosstalks in unshielded twisted-pair cables by using electromagnetic topology techniques SO PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH-PIER LA English DT Article ID WIRE PAIRS; PREDICTION; MODEL AB Crosstalk reduction is analyzed for a reconfigured category-five cable network using electromagnetic topology-based simulation. The reconfigured network results in a marked reduction in inductive near-end crosstalk for the unshielded twisted-pair cable network. Analyses show that half-loop shifting of the generator-pair wires placed next to the receptor is the most effective way to control the near-end crosstalk level. This is primarily due to additional coupling sources induced on receptor wires that effectively deactivate the original cross coupling effect. The analysis also reveals the usefulness of electromagnetic topology-based simulations. The technique applied in this paper is applicable for any large network systems. A sub-network compaction scheme is critical in creating the equivalent junctions that provide a significant reduction in total computational time and total computer memory requirement for analyzing large network systems. For a 5.28-m long cable we have considered in this paper, the results are valid up to 10 MHz. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Directed Energy Directorate, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Kirawanich, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU E M W PUBLISHING PI CAMBRIDGE PA PO BOX 425517, KENDALL SQUARE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 1559-8985 J9 PROG ELECTROMAGN RES JI Prog. Electromagn. Res. PY 2006 VL 63 BP 125 EP 140 DI 10.2528/PIER06042603 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA 103UE UT WOS:000241911400008 ER PT J AU Kirawanich, P Islam, NE Yakura, SJ AF Kirawanich, P. Islam, N. E. Yakura, S. J. TI An electromagnetic topology approach: Crosstalk characterization of the unshielded twisted-pair cable SO PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH-PIER LA English DT Article ID WIRE PAIRS; PREDICTION; SYSTEMS; MODEL AB The inductive effect of near-end crosstalk for a category five unshielded, twisted-pair cable has been verified using the electromagnetic topology simulation method. Crosstalk reduction and its dependency on such parameters as driving signals, circuit configuration and impedance, are studied. The simulation results are consistent with analytical analysis. Results show that the straight-through, differential-generator, twisted-pair receptor model is the most effective configuration to control the near-end crosstalk level. This is due to the influences from both the neutralizing mutual inductance and the single current generator. The simulation results also show that electromagnetic topology-based predictions are valid only for cables that are electrically short. Simulations are carried out using a compaction scheme with a single equivalent circuit. As a result, the unshielded, twisted-pair cable portion of the circuit can be combined with a larger network for analyzing the overall response of the entire network system. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. RP Kirawanich, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU E M W PUBLISHING PI CAMBRIDGE PA PO BOX 425517, KENDALL SQUARE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 1559-8985 J9 PROG ELECTROMAGN RES JI Prog. Electromagn. Res. PY 2006 VL 58 BP 285 EP 299 DI 10.2528/PIER05091901 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA 073XD UT WOS:000239775100015 ER PT J AU Chatterjee, K Poggie, J AF Chatterjee, K. Poggie, J. TI A parallelized 3D floating random-walk algorithm for the solution of the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation SO PROGRESS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS RESEARCH-PIER LA English DT Article AB This paper presents a new three-dimensional floating random-walk (FRW) algorithm for the solution of the Nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann (NPB) equation. The FRW method has not been previously used in the numerical solution of the NPB equation ( and other nonlinear equations) because of the non-availability of analytical expressions for volumetric Green's functions. In the past, numerical studies using the FRW method have examined only the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation, producing solutions that are only accurate for small values of the potential. No such linearization is required for this algorithm. An approximate expression for a volumetric Green's functions has been calculated with the help of a novel use of perturbation theory, and the resultant integral form has been incorporated within the FRW framework. The algorithm requires no discretization of either the volume or the surface of the problem domains, and hence the memory requirements are expected to be lower than approaches based on spatial discretization, such as finite difference methods. Another advantage of this algorithm is that each random walk is independent, so that the computational procedure is inherently parallelizable and an almost linear increase in computational speed is expected with increase in the number of processors. We have recently published the preliminary results for benchmark problems in one and two dimensions. In this work, we present our results for benchmark problems in three dimensions and demonstrate excellent agreement between the FRW- and finite-difference based algorithms. We also present the results of parallelization of the newly developed FRW algorithm. The solution of the NPB equation has applications in diverse branches of science and engineering including ( but not limited to) the modeling of plasma discharges, semiconductor device modeling and the modeling of biomolecular structures and dynamics. C1 Cooper Union Adv Sci & Art, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, New York, NY 10003 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Computat Sci Ctr, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Chatterjee, K (reprint author), Cooper Union Adv Sci & Art, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, New York, NY 10003 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU E M W PUBLISHING PI CAMBRIDGE PA PO BOX 425517, KENDALL SQUARE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 1559-8985 J9 PROG ELECTROMAGN RES JI Prog. Electromagn. Res. PY 2006 VL 57 BP 237 EP 252 DI 10.2528/PIER05072802 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Physics; Telecommunications GA 073XB UT WOS:000239774900013 ER PT S AU Eyink, KG Tomich, DH Grazulis, L Pitz, JJ Mahalingam, K Shank, J Munshi, S Ulrich, B AF Eyink, K. G. Tomich, D. H. Grazulis, L. Pitz, J. J. Mahalingam, K. Shank, J. Munshi, S. Ulrich, B. BE Eyink, KG Huffaker, DL TI Self-assembly of heterojunction quantum dots(HeQuaDs) - art. no. 61290B SO Quantum Dots, Particles, and Nanoclusters III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Dots, Particles, and Nanoclusters III CY JAN 23-24, 2006 CL San Jose, CA SP SPIE ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; GROWTH; GAAS; NANOSTRUCTURES; SURFACES; DOTS AB Quantum dots (QDs) have been receiving considerable attention due to the unique properties, which arise due to the confinement of the electron and holes in a lower band gap material. The InAs on GaAs material system is one of the most studied combinations in which quantum dots form during epitaxy. These QDs form in a Stranski Krastanov manner via a self-assembly process in which the dots nucleate at a critical adatom coverage on a wetting layer of InAs. QDs may be vertically aligned by using the residual strain above a buried dot layer to enhance the nucleation of the second layer of dots. In this work, we show the formation of QDs, which are composed of multiple materials, can be formed through a marriage of these two concepts. In this particular demonstration, we formed InAs dots on GaAs and crowned the QDs with GaSb and encapsulated the entire structure with GaAs. Atomic Force Microscopy shows additional nucleation between the InAs layers has been minimized and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy shows the formation the composite structure. Transmission electron microscopy indicated a clear boundary between the GaSb and InAs regions. AFM analysis of the HeQuaD structure shows that GaSb material grows mainly on the two (110) inclined facets. Thus, the HeQuaD is elongated along the (110) direction. We have also obtained preliminary photoluminescence (PL) from a 3 layer GaS/InAs HeQuaD structure with a peak around 1.3 microns. C1 USAF, AFRL, MLPS, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Eyink, KG (reprint author), USAF, AFRL, MLPS, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6171-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6129 BP B1290 EP B1290 AR 61290B DI 10.1117/12.647021 PG 8 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BEF55 UT WOS:000237099100010 ER PT S AU Brown, GJ Haugan, HJ Szmulowicz, F Mahalingam, K Munshi, SR Ullrich, B Houston, S AF Brown, G. J. Haugan, H. J. Szmulowicz, F. Mahalingam, K. Munshi, S. R. Ullrich, B. Houston, S. BE Razeghi, M Brown, GJ TI Short period superlattices: Is thinner better? - art. no. 61271I SO Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices III CY JAN 23-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE infrared; detector; superlattice; InAs/GaSb ID II SUPERLATTICES; INAS/GASB SUPERLATTICES; MIDINFRARED DETECTION; INFRARED DETECTORS; MU-M; GROWTH AB For type-II superlattices with spatially indirect optical transitions across the band gap, short-period superlattices are often employed. The oscillator strength of intraband transitions, from holes states confined in one layer to electron states confined in a neighboring layer, are enhanced by increasing the wave function overlap of these states through reduced superlattice period. However, there are limits to accurately controlling an epitaxially grown semiconductor superlattice structure as the number of monolayers in each layer is decreased. For InAs/GaSb type superlattices, periods of 40 angstrom or less are relevant to mid-infrared detection. Characterization and modeling results for a series of InAs/GaSb superlattices with periods ranging 50 angstrom to 20 angstrom will be presented. These results explore the break point between when thinner is better and when reducing the period no longer optimizes the superlattice optical performance. C1 USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. RP Brown, GJ (reprint author), USAF, Res Lab, Mat & Mfg Directorate, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6169-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2006 VL 6127 BP I1271 EP I1271 AR 61271I DI 10.1117/12.666593 PG 12 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEH60 UT WOS:000237277500040 ER PT S AU Hood, A Razeghi, M Nathan, V Tidrow, MZ AF Hood, Andrew Razeghi, Manijeh Nathan, Vaidya Tidrow, Meimei Z. BE Razeghi, M Brown, GJ TI Performance characteristics of high-purity mid-wave and long-wave infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes SO QUANTUM SENSING AND NANOPHOTONIC DEVICES III SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices III CY JAN 23-26, 2006 CL San Jose, CA DE InAs; GaSb; superlattice; type-II; passivation; capacitance-voltage; mid-wavelength; long-wavelength; photodetector; focal plane array ID MU-M; PHOTOVOLTAIC DETECTORS; CUTOFF; RANGE AB The authors report on recent advances in the development of mid-, long-, and very long-wavelength infrared (MWIR, LWIR, and VLWIR) type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes. The residual carrier background of binary type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes of cut-off wavelengths around 5 mu m has been studied in the temperature range between 10 and 200 K. A four-point, capacitance-voltage technique on mid-wavelength and long-wavelength type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared photodiodes reveal residual background concentrations around 5 x 10(14) cm(-3). Additionally, recent progress towards LWIR photodiodes for focal plane array imaging applications is presented. Single element detectors with a cut-off wavelength, lambda(c,50%), of 10.2 mu m demonstrated detectivities of approximately 1 x 10(11) cmHz(1/2)W(-1) and quantum efficiencies of 32% at the peak responsivity wavelength of around 7.9 mu m. Furthermore, high-performance VLWIR single element photodiodes are discussed. The silicon dioxide passivation of VLWIR photodiodes is also presented, which resulted in an approximately 5 times increase of the sidewall resistivity. The latest developments in this material system lend further support for its use as a high-performance alternative for infrared optical systems compared to the current state-of-the-art imaging systems, especially those approaching the long-wavelength and very-long-wavelength infrared. C1 [Hood, Andrew; Razeghi, Manijeh] Northwestern Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Quantum Devices, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Nathan, Vaidya] US Air Force, Res Lab, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117 USA. [Tidrow, Meimei Z.] Missile Def Agcy, Washington, DC 20310 USA. RP Hood, A (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ctr Quantum Devices, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RI Razeghi, Manijeh/B-7265-2009 NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-6169-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2006 VL 6127 AR UNSP 61270U DI 10.1117/12.659120 PG 11 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BEH60 UT WOS:000237277500021 ER EF